1 50 2 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/9bb5d38ab2ac7dd93afbd2e75437af12.pdf a3788980e9f9bb0a5b8458d91eaa225f PDF Text Text Tape # 49 Outline Ira Donald Shull I. Birthplace, farm, 5th generation of Shulls, jobs, farming. II. Birth, house born in. III. Brothers and sisters. IV. Property V. Food. VI. Roads and transportation. VII. Storing food. VIII. Feather beds, shuck mattresses, straw beds. IX. Flax, hand looms, weaving. X. School. XL Civil War stories, slaves. XII. Jobs, leaving home, Washington. XIII. Churches. XIV. Valle Crucis - name. XV. Community, leaders, size, population. XVI. Elections, politics. XVII. Mail. XVIII. Badmen. XIX. Doctors, medicines, herbs, roots. XX. Unions XXI. News. XXII. Telephones. �Tape #50. Outline Ira Don Shull I. Telephones II. Farming, gambling in farming. III. Sheep. IV. Electricity. V. Depression VI. Government projects. VII. Blue Ridge Parkway. VIII. Bob Dalton. IX. Farming, markets. X. Banks closing. XL Neighbors during Depression. XII. Tourists. XIII. Selling Land after Depression. XIV. Cars. XV. 1940 Flood. XVI. First car. XVII. Horses. XVIII. Recreation. XIX. Barn raisings. XX. Weddings. XXI. Courting �PAGE(S) MISSING NOT AVAILABLE �2. Q: Now the first thing we want to know is about your childhood, where you were born, who your parents were, where they're from, how many brothers and sisters you had, how long ya'll lived around here and where everybody went from here. A: Well, I was born on this farm, not in this house, but in the home, the next house up where my sisters live now when they're here in the summer. They're in Florida in the winter, you know, up here where you're going. In 1892, eighth of November, that's when I was born. Q: Who built the house? A: My daddy, J.M. Shull. Q: And was he born here too? A: Yes, he was born, not in that house, but in another house that stood down where the garden is now. I can remember when they tore it down and part of the lumber out of that house is in the house that you and Frank are moving in, there's some of the lumber in that house. Q: How many brothers and sisters did you have? A: I had two half-sisters, my father was married twice. First to Holly Greene and she passed away and then later my father married All Baird and had four sisters and no brothers. I'm the only boy by the last wife Ali. Q: All this property you have, is it the same property that your father had? �3. A: I have a portion of it, he had more than I have. He sold off some. Q: Where did the land that your father owned go? Who got it and where was it? A: Well, he sold to various people, perhaps, I don't know, any number of people, the last account I had there were seventeen dwellings or seventeen people owned part of what was originally the old Shull farm. I have been told by the older folks, there were either 900 or 1100 acres. I never knew which. That was the original Shull property. All this down here and that there, the big ridge where those folks live, there was a big boundary. I own all of this, I think there's around 300 acres yet, I .own 225 of it, my sisters own the balance of it. What's left, in the neighborhood, there's 300 acres left of the original 9 or 11 hundred. Q: Did you grow your own food on this farm when you were a kid? A: Yeah, all of us. We had to grow about all of it, we'd buy a little coffee and sugar, was about the end of the buhing, so far as the eating was concerned. We used to grow a lot of cabbage and potatoes and vegetables, stuff like that and haul 'em to Hickory and Lenoir in a wagon in the fall of the year and trade 'em for our coffee and sugar and maybe a little flour. Q: What were the roads like then? A: Just trails, just about like this right down through here. Q: Just room enough for the wagon? �4. A: That was about it and you had to hunt places when you meet people to pass. You couldn't pass any place. You had to get out on the banks, I've seen 'em life the wagons out of the roads so you could get by. Q: And you'd go that way all the way to Lenoir? A: All the way to Lenoir. Took three days to go to Lenoir and if you went on to Hickory it took about a week. Load a wagon here with produce, 'bout a couple thousand pounds around the tongue, ten and a quarter. Take four horses, take it to the top of the mountain and from there on two horses could usually take it down the mountain. Q: Do you remember period of scarcity of food when you were growing up here? A: No, we never had any scarcity of food on this place that I remember. Q: Did you store a lot of food? A: Yes. year. Used to kill a dozen hogs and maybe a couple or three beefs in a Kept a big flock of chickens, a hundred or so chickens, big flock of geese and ducks. We used to pick the geese feathers to make feather beds. We used lots of feather beds back then. We did have some old shuck mattresses I guess back in the early days. and you'd roll over it it and the feathers you'd sleep warm and snug. Q: What's a shuck mattress? Put these feather beds on there would come up around you and �5. A: Well, it was a mattress similar to the ones they have now, but made out of corn husks. straw beds. They called 'em shuck mattresses. Straw beds, had lots of Have a big tick and fill it with straw and sleep on that; lot of people did. Q: When did it change? A: Oh, I don't know, it changed over the years so gradually I couldn't pinpoint it. I doubt if a person could sleep on a feather bed now, I couldn't* Q: Where would they get cloth to make things like mattresses? A: I don't know. They used to grow flax. didn't I? I showed you an old flax plate They used to grow flax right here on the farm, break it and weave the cloth on these old hand looms. when I could remember. They had a couple of 'em up here since My mother would weave. Q: Would she get together with most other women and they'd all sit around and do it? A: Everybody in the country had a loom. If you couldn't weave you couldn't be a wife hardly, or a housewife, if you couldn't weave cloth. Q: Were your sisters taught to do all those kind of things.? A: No, I don't remember that they were. Q: How about school as a child here? A: We had four months school; had to walk four miles to get there and back. �6. Q: Where was the school? A: One of them was way down yonder, you know where the next bridge is across the river down here below Valle Crucis. You ever been around that a way to Boone? Q: Down 194 towards 421, that way? A: Yea. You went over to Mountain City didnU you, in the night other night? On Mast Gap Road? The school house that we walked to down there was right on the hill. This end of that big bridge that's there now. We also walked to Shull's Mill to school, went both ways. We little fellows, we had to walk, too. You didn't ride then. Oh occasionally we'd maybe get a ride on a wagon or something. Q: What was the school you told me once that was in Boone you had to walk to? A: I don't know, what they'd call, common school I reckon's what they called it back those days, I don't know. There wasn't any graded school and terms they use not, that I remember. Q: Were all the different ages of students in one room? A: Yeah. They were all in one room, with one teacher. I remember some of my old teachers, Frankham was one. He was a great big, dark complexioned man with gray hair and had great big eyes half as big as that and he'd scare you just looking at you. Miss Kephart was another. Kepharts we have now, I don't suppose. No relation to the I never thought about it 'till this very �7. minute. You know Miss Kephart? Q: How did they keep discipline in the schools then? A: You'd get hit with an ox whip almost. Make you go out and cut your own hickorys to give you a lickin 1 with. Man they'd lick ya, too. Yes sir, whenever you got out of line back then you got it and when you got home you got another one if they found it out. We were taught to the tune of a hickory stick. Q: Did your father go to school? A: Yeah, he went to school. Q: Sime place you went? A: Oh, lawd no. The schools he went to wouldn't be a comparison either. Q: What were you gonna say? A: Almost as far behind these today, there wasn't ihat much difference. Yes, he went to school. One of his brothers, Uncle William, he went to the state Senate, I reckon it was the Senate or Legislature or maybe both in Raleigh, I believe he was both. He was a one-armed man and my father, let's see, Phillip, Noey, and Benn, all four of 'em went through the Civil War. Q: Did he ever tell you about what it was like around here during the Civil War? A: Yes, I heard a lot of stories about what it was like around here. I forget what they called them, Rebels, they called them Rebels, when they came �through here and camped right up here, what they call the old Muster Field around the bend of the river up here, it's all growed up now, where they camped and they had to come down here to Grandfather Shull's. They had big log barns up there and big cribs of corn. They drove in there with their wagons and back up to the side of his crip, shoveled his crib out in the wagons and hauled it off. Q: These were the Rebels or the Yankees? A: Yankees, I guess they were. think. And they did take some of his horses I I heard them talk about they had one bay mare, an awful pretty bay filly and a young mule or two or something and some of them slipped down to the barn and turned them out, they'd run them across the river in this big field and the soldiers fell on their tracks. They wanted them and some of them went down there, according to the story as I got it, they tried to get them up but they could smell that campfire or something. They said that there weren't enough soldiers to get around them to bring those horses in, so they left 'em there. They had three left, this mare and a pair of mules. And they took their meat way down yonder in the swamp across the river and buried it right out in the muck to save it. Those were old stories before my day, that were handed down to me. Q: Were the men in that family fighting in the Rebel forces ? A: They were in the Rebels, the sourtherners you see. Q: Would the men in the family have been home here on the farm or would they have been out fighting somewhere else? �A: Oh, they were all gone, the men were gone, nobody here but my old grandfather and grandmother and that old nigger slave I believe they had. And she stayed right here, Grandfather Shull bought these slaves, he bought a mother and her child and old Will. He was an old man when I knew him but he was young and old Tuck was his mother. They called her Tuck, she passed away and Will grew up and stayed right here. Well, he ran away and married a white woman. Took a white woman and stole one of Grandfather's horses and run off to Tennessee or someplace, Virginia. And when boys got up the next day and found this good horse gone, they called the Shulls (the slaves had to take the same name as their owners) found him gone along with their good horse, they inquired around and found that he'd taken this woman, her name was Lyon something, they were getting their horse to go get him. "We'll go get that nigger. " Grandfather Shull came out and told 'em, "No, you're not going anywhere. You go to work, " he says, "That nigger will be back. " And sure enough after he'd sold the horse and run out of money and nobody wanted him, he came creeping back and they lived here on the place the rest of their days, raised a family, they all worked here. Grandfather Shull just let them stay up here and they worked right here on the place til he died of old age. He died while I was in the West. He was as white-headed as that when I left here but he was gone when I returned and I just inquired the other day about Gilbus Mitchell who was the only man I could thing of in the country. Boyd and I were talking about what become of old Will and I asked Gilbus if he knew where old nigger Will was buried and he said that he thought the county buried him on the county jfarm over near Boone. When they were freed they took off. He just stayed here and worked right on. �10. Q: What are some of the j-obs you've had? A: Oh, Lord, I've had so many, honey. From pillar to post, happy go lucky, didn't care much for anything, whether the boat landed or whether it didn't, just roving around. Got quite a bit of experience out of it, I don't know. I never had any education to amount to anything so far as books were concerned. Q: How far did you go in school? A; Eighth grade. What they call eighth grade now, they didn't have any grades back then. Q: When did you leave home to get your first job? A: Seventeen years old. Q: What job was that? A: I went West, landed in the state of Washington, sixteen miles out of Spokane, a little town called Cheny. Q: What job did you do then? A: I got a job with a man had a ranch with the name of McDowell, Shirley McDowell. First job I ever had away from home. He had a ranch outside of Cheny there and he also owned mining stock up in the Cortalane, you've heard of the Cortalane Indian reservation in Idaho, have you? Q: No. �11. A: Well, he had some mining stock up there in the Cortalane. Cortalane was mostly Indian, and he would go up there quite often, 'bout once a week I guess, to see about his interest there. The Indians were friendly with him, he was a friend of them, they liked to see him. other words. He got along with them in I worked for him, that was the first job I ever had away. I can't remember Mrs. McDowell's given name but they were a young couple, they just had two children, a boy and a girl, I remember. the girl Zona. Q: I guess. I think they called Is that right for a girl's name? Inver heard it. A: I believe Zona was her name and I forget the boy's name but they were an awfully nice young couple. They were just as nice to me as they could be. Q: What kind of work did you do? A: I just worked there on the ranch. Anything that had come up that he had to do. He had machines, thrashing machines and some cattle. I did every- thing that come up on the ranch and got scared to death there, I never been scared before in my life or since. Q: What scared you? A: Well sir, that was the worst scare any man ever had, to live through it. They had a big old well out in the barn lot 'bout as big as this table is round. And Mr. McDowell had gone that day across the Cortalanes over into Idaho across the state line. Quite a ways over there. And the school marm boarded, that's what they called 'em then, school marms, boarded at McDowells and �12. and Elizabeth, she'd gone to school, and Zona and the little boy had gone with her. And Mrs. McDowell was going to wash. Well-water was awful scarce and hard to get where you could find a well that would supply water, great big old well, it just had a big old wooden door, platform of a thing built to slip over this well. Hinged over there and you could take a hold of it here and turn it around until the whole well opened. Great big thing. Well, Mrs. McDowell was fixing to wash and I went to get a load of wood and she had her clothes out there and she's all round thre and I'd built the fire and when I came back, Mrs. McDowell was gone, there was the clothes, the water was hot and this well was open. Imagination, I just knew Mrs. McDowell was in that well. It just scared me; I hardly knew what I's a doing. I knew I's a stranger out there three or four thousand miles from home and they'd say, "Well, that fellow pushed Mrs. McDowell in that well. " That was just imagination, you know, and the longer it went and I went all over the place a yelling for her and a hollering. Doors was open in the house. Things scattered all over just like it was when I went after the wood. And I was so excited and so scared. His brother Jim lived up the road about a mile, and always kept a bunch of horses around. Two or three saddle horses and a saddle on one most of the time. I caught that saddle horse and I jumped on him, left everything just like it was and I just flew up to Jim's, told Jim about Mrs. McDowell had disappeared and he saw how excited I was and scared and me just a young lad. he caught a horse and started back with me. I think If I remember correctly, he said no, just forget all that, that wasn't nothing, talking 'bout me pushing her in the well that's why I's scared. We met a neighbor or someone. They �13. were scared then. Not many people ever traveled but someone come along and said she'd gone into town with another neighbor down there that drove up there in a buckboard, and she just jumped in the carriage and went with 'em and never left me a note or anything and scared me to death, never thought about what it would do to me, you know. Didn't intend to be gone long. It was 4 or 5 miles up to town. I won't forget that scare, never. Q: How long did you work on that farm? A: I didn't work there too long. I went there in spring of the year. Now when harvest season come along up in June or July, I got to seeing in the paper where they was advertising for harvest hands down in the Paloose country. And I talked to fellows around there that had followed the harvest season. $2. 50 a day then was tremendous wages. Nobody'd ever heard of such wages. Well, I decided I'd go down and follow the harvest. I went down there. I was down there two or months I guess. Q: Where is the Paloose country? A: Paloose country? Well, it's south of Spokane. It's all Paloose country between Spokane and Walla Walla. forget. country. I believe they call it the Downem or, I Anyhow it was along the R&N railroad, R&N they called it the Paloose Very rich section of the country. North of wheat country. Q: How long did you work harvesting? A: Oh, I worked several harvests, different ones. I got in with a Richard Hagaman, Hagaman brothers. They were big operators. I got in with them �14. and they were originally from this country. Kelly that I was with. I called 'em Uncle Joe and Aunt There was Joe and Tom and Robie and four brothers. And I always called Uncle Joe and Aunt Kelly my home. I stayed with them. They were awfully good to me. I stayed right with them. Q: I think we better get back to Valle Crucis. What do you remember about the churches that were here? Did you go to church? A: Yes sir, my father was Sunday School superintendent for years, 'bout as long as I can remember. We had to go every Sunday. Q: Where was the church? A: Right where it is now. Q: Did most of the people in Valle Crucis go to that church? A: Yes. It was called Valle Crucis, too. Up where I go to church now was known as Upper Valle Crucis and this down here at the Methodist Church, they called it Lower Valle Crucis. Q: How has the church changed? A: Well, it's been added to quite a bit and more or less modernized, I suppose you'd call it. Q: How do you mean? A: Well, it was a little room to start with. Now they've built Sunday School rooms. �15. Q: Did they have hymnals? A: Oh yeah, they had hymnals. Q: Who was the preacher? A: Oh, there've been half a dozen, every so often. I couldn't tell you. Yeah, they change 'em I don't know who all; I can remember a few names, Dawson and Burris, Ader at the Methodist Church and I can remember a few up at the Episcopal Church. Q: Do you know how Valle Crucis got its name? A: Yeah. From the three creeks over there. No one ever explained that to you? To save my life, I've thought about it a lot. I don't get it but Dutch Creek comes down through here; Clark's Creek comes down through here; Crab Orchard comes in here. Not to a pinpoint, but I understand that it was named from them,three creeks forming a cross. That's the old story I've heard. Q: Maybe it was valley of the cross. A: Vale of the cross. Q: Who were the community leaders? A: My father was one of the leaders, Jim Shull, D.F. Mast, W. H. Mast, C.D. Taylor, L. H. Taylor, D.F. Beard, old Uncle Henry Taylor, the ones I can remember that were the leading citizens in the community. �16. Q: Why were they community leaders? A: Well, just like any other community, every other country, and every other community you know has leaders, don't they? Q: Yeah. A: Well, how would you describe it? Q: Did they have the most property, or were they just. . . A: Just prominent men, that's the best I could term it. Men stood up for what's right. Wouldn't that be the way you'd describe it? Q: I sure would. I sure would. A: They were church going folks. Q: How many people were in the community then and how has it changed? A: Comparatively few from what there is now and there wasn't but one house between my father's house, this house wasn't ihere, these houses down here, there was one house, little old log house stood up at the holler was the only house between my father's house and Uncle Fin's down there at Joe's where these folks bought me the pie the other night live. That house and one other between the store, just the three houses betweenvthe store and my father's back at that time. Now then there's another one isn't there? Q: What were the politics like? �A: Well, just of the immediate community it was mostly Democratic but for the township as a whole, it was Republican. Q: What constituted the township? A: Township's Republican. Q: The township of Boone, do you mean? A: No, Boone township's different, this is Watauga township. cut up into townships. The county's Let's see there's Shawneehaw, Watauga, Aho, Boone, Meat Camp, New River, Elk, Cove Creek is eight, Brushy Fork, I don't know whether there's eight or nine townships in the county or what. Q: Do you remember any particular elections? A: One more than the other you mean? No, I don't believe I could name one right at the moment that was outstanding. Most of the folks in this township, they're pretty level-headed, give and take in other words, give and take. I get along mighty well, this is a Republican township, but I get along with the Republicans mighty well. We joke back and forth. I'll go at a bunch of 'em, "Hi, Republicans" which used to back in long ago days would make 'em mad. They won't anymore, they'll take it" good naturedly. They'll say, "Yeah, here comes that lousy Democrat. " Q: You'd say at one time people wouldn't take it good naturedly? A: That's right, there was a time when anything mentioned in the political line would create friction. But that's all gone, people's got above that. Yeah, �18. Jim Church, his father's a Republican, Jim was raised a Republican, fellows up 'there around the filling station, man that made that remark is dead and gone now but he was a sort of a tight Republican, he said, "Jim", he was teasing Noy more or less, Jim's father, owns a motel and says, "Jim married in that Shull family down there and they made a Democrat out of him, " and said, "Now Jim's darn near made a Democrat out of Noy. " That's the way we get along, we just have fun out of it. over his politics. I'm not a gonna fall out with my neighbor I don't care how he votes, it's immaterial to me. He's got a good right to vote his way as I have" mine. Q: How did people get around in those days? A: On their, what they used to call 'em, mother's, got around by foot, that's the way you got around. Walkway wasn't crowded. Well, you could ride horse back some as some of the folks. Q: Did people around here have carriages? A: Oh yes, the country was full of buggies and surreys. Stagecoach line used to run through here and that was long before my day. Had a station up here at Grandfather Shull's where they changed horses, four, six horse team to the stagecoach. You've seen 'em on the movies. They had a station up here, he had a big barn and plenty of everything around him and they'd change horses there, that was a station to change horses. Q: Where were they coming from? �19. A: Running from. Butler, Tennessee, then to Morganton, N. C. was this run and I don't know where they went to from there any other place. It had quit running but I have a piece of the old stagecoach. It was up here for a long time. Grandfather Shull was a blacksmith, he had a blacksmith shop. Shoe the horses and help keep up the carriages, and I have a piece of that, we kids, my sisters and I, we played with that old stagecoach and climbed in it and out of it and make out like we's a driving it. Til it run it down, went to the bad and tear it off by souvenir hunters and I have one piece of it out there in the cellar now. The old original stagecoach, it run from, I bet it's the only piece left. Q: Where did the carriages and coaches come from? A: That's beyond me, that's what I don't know. I read something not too long ago about someone down this state I believe, either in this state or South Carolina that made those things, built 'em. Q: How did the mail work? A: Mail was carried by horseback mostly. Q: How often did it come? A: Once or twice a week, I think. Q: Did you ever remember getting things by mail order back when you were young? A: Yeah, yeah. Yes sir, used to order lots of stuff mail order. Yeah, I �20. can remember that. We get stuff yet, we very often order stuff by mail order. Til it come into the post office though we bought from Sears and Roebuck mostly; it always come to the Sears in Boone, went out there to pick it up. Q: Were there any notorious badmen and law officers in this area? A: Yeah! ; My Grandfather Baird was sheriff two terms of this county, and that's my mother's father, and there were plenty of badmen and plenty of mischief a going on. I can't remember hardly, yeah, I can remember it too, barely. Grandfather Baird that was sick, got rheumatism or something, and my father sherriffed for him that winter; he did the sherriffing for him. I remember him having one man in the county they called Wilson, Lucky Joe Wilson, called him Lucky Joe. And he was a bad actor and everybody was afraid of him, I don't know why, but Lucky Joe was considered dangerous, I think, and had to be arrested. He sent my grandfather word, called him Uncle Dave, that was his name, Dave. "If you'll come after me yourself I'll go with ye, but don't send them damn little deputies, I'm not blind. " Grandfather Baird got on his horse and went over there after him by himself, everybody begging him not to go, said Lucky Joe would kill him; Lucky Joe would do this. He went over there and Lucky Joe come out and invited him in to have dinner, he went and eat dinner with him, and after dinner Grandfather said, "Well, Joe, " says, "You have to go along. " Old Joe went with him right on to jail. Not a bit of trouble. Q: Where was the jail then? �21. A: In Boone. 'Bout all there was there in Boone then was a courthouse and a jail, that's all they had. Now that story's before my day. That was handed down to me but it was right, because I know it was right. I believe he was the man. I'm not sure whether I ought to tell these old stories or not. I think he's the man that died out of jail on the doctors over there at Boone one time. Q: Lucky Joe? A: Yeah. I think it was Lucky Joe, now I won't be too sure, but he took a notion he wanted out of jail and he just died, ^hey laid him out, they had what they called cooling boards then, they laid him out there, used to have what they'd call watches or sit ups with the corpse. Anyhow, they shut Lucky Joe up in this room and all went out and he heard 'em lock the door. After they went out, Lucky Joe got up and opened the window and when they come back to look, Lucky Joe was gone. He wasn't dead after all. I think that was Lucky Joe. Q: That's pretty lucky, I'd say. A: Yeah, I've heard so many. Yeah, he said, "Aw, the doctors don't know anything about you anyhow, only what you tell them. " I guess the doctors didn't know too much back in those days. Q: Were there any doctors in this area? A: No, very few. Very few. I can remember, I don't believe there were but two doctors. I don't know whether there was any other doctor in the county or not. Dr. Phipps and Dr. Philips. Philips lived in that end of the county and �22. Phipps lived in this end. Those are the only two doctors I can remember hearing mentioned back in those days. I don't know there might have been another one, but I never heard, don't remember it. Q: Did people use doctors much then? A: No, no. They made their own teas out of roots and herbs and stuff. They didn't have much medicine except what they made at home. Q: Do you remember any roots or herbs that they used in particular? A: Yeah, sure I can remember some of them. Not too long ago, I remember one til now. People used to have a lot of sore mouth. This yellow root that grows on the bank of the river down here, I gathered it for someone a year or two ago, they sent here. You get some yellow root. This lady had had a sore mouth for, oh, just a year or two ago, and wanted to know where to get some yellow root. Q: Yellow root's the name of it? A: I don't know whether it is or not. It's what I call it. I guess there's some other name for it, I don't know. Q: Do you remember any other roots and herbs that they might have used? A: Yeah. They made lots of sassafrass tea out of sassafrass and spricewood and catnip tea. Yeah, I can remember several of those. Q: What were they used for? What was sassafrass used for and what was catnip used for? �23. A: Hoarseness, sore throat or congestion or something like that. Q: Did people use ginseng for much here? A: Sang? Ginseng? Yeah! They hunt that yet. house where you're moving in, he was good at it. This man that lived in this He'd sell three or four hundred dollars worth of ginseng nearly every year. He'd get out here on Sundays and scour the mountains, he knew every holler, rock and spring in this country. His father was SAP.d at it and he'd been trained good at it and they'd just hunt ginseng and sell it. Made good at it. Q: What did they use if for? A: I don't know what it's for. It's high priced stuff. Q: So people around here really didn't use it much, they just sold it. A: Yeah, they sell it. Q: That's still going on a lot? A: Yeah, sang business is big business. high priced stuff. Not big here of course, but it's Howard Mast down here at this store, I don't know, he did, he may not no more but he did buy it for a while. Q: I know they buy it in town too. A: Yeah, they buy it. The wild, they have it cultivated, but the wild ginseng brings nearly two times the money that the cultivated does. Now I don't know why, I never knew. Oh, these old stories, I don't know. �24. Q: When did the unions start coining in? A: The union, labor union? Q: Yeah. A: I don't know. I wish to the lord it'd never been born. Q: Did you feel it much in Valle Crucis? A: No, no. Q: How did you get the news then? A: We didn't get much news other than local. referring back then. Back in those days, you're You know how we get it now, don't you? Q: Yeah. A: There wasn't much, maybe we'd get our newspaper once a week or something like that. Q: Where was the newspaper printed from? A: Well, Charlotte mostly. Charlotte. I believe the first good newspapers came from Charlotte Observer, Charlotte Times; Observer I guess was about the first one I can remember. Q: When was that? A: I don't know. Years ago. once a week. Wasn't many newspapers. You might get it �25. Q: Were people much concerned about national politics? A: No, no, wasn't much concerned about no politics 'cept at home. No, they didn't take any of it too serious. Good thing they didn't. Those were the good old days. People was honest. You could leave everything unlodked and go back home and find it like you left it. Now, you can't sleep with it and keep it. Keep everything under lock and key and that don't do much good. Q: What do you think's the cause for the difference? A: Greed, I guess, don't you? What would you think? Q: I guess so. A: I don't know how to put it any simpler, would you? Q: No, I think you've 'bout got it there. So, now tell us about when you helped start the telephones in this area. A: Oh, yeah. Well, we had a little old local system around here as long as I can remember. Them little old crank things on the wall. Did you ever see any of them.? Q: Yeah, on T. V. A: Well they had those 'bout as long as I can remember but they wasn't very, they's better than no phones. Daddy had one. There's several in the country. We couldn't hardly get into Boone or out of the valley, just call your nearer neighbors. But this new system came along, Skyline I believe is what they call �26. it, isn't it? Q: Yeah. A: And the way it all come about, I was in Boone going down one side of the street, David Farthing, his father had it, the little old system and David had been in this telephone meeting that I'd never heard of, I didn't know anything about it. When he hollored at me across the street and said, "Wait a minute, I want to see you. " Came over and he told me, says, " If you guys want a telephone, you'd better get busy. " And I asked what he meant by getting busy. Says it cost him so much to keep it up and people, lot of them didn't pay for the phones that had 'em and they's behine and David said, "Tell me, " says, "I'm not a going to break myself up nor mortgage my farm to keep up this telephone system. " Says, "What I mean and I been in a meeting down here and you have a chance of getting a telephone system that will work. " And I got him to explain it to me, REA sorta behind it or something like that, you know, in connection with the REA Electric, they got it on their poles. meeting in Boone and I went, he told me about it. Well, they had a That was the very first thing I ever heard, just fell on to me out of the clear, blue sky. I went to this meeting and the people promoting this system refused to come what they called west of the mountain, the Rich mountain over there, you know what the Rich mountain is. Q: Yeah. A: They would put it into Boone and east but they refused to come west of it. And I asked him what it would take to induce 'em to come west. They said if �27. we could get a hundred signers, a hundred telephones, they would consider it. Well, I asked him what a hundred telephones would mean, what it would take to get 'em. Took $35 deposit to get a telephone. it was our only chance. I went to work on it. miles, I don't know how much. Well, I come on home and I seen I guess I drove two or three hundred Sight on earth, though, my own car, gas and expense, and everything a selling those telephones and I had an awful time, I go t way up to 85 or 90 of 'em somewhere and I just about got burnt out and disgusted. I had an uncle that sorta half way opposed it and he said, "You're running around here selling folks things they don't need and don't want and not able to pay for. " Anyway I kept a going on with it and I got up 85 or 90 I give every man that bought a phone from me my receipt for his $35. And I turned the money in, that was a very dumb thing of me and I poured business to him but I never took any receipts, I just turned the money in. Well, the administration changed, went from one administration to the other. Q: In Boone? A: SJo, in the nation. Q: What administration was it? Which one did it change from? A: I don't remember which a way it went, but anyhow whoever went in up there in Washington held the thing up. Well, I got out here and sold all these folks telephones, majority of them Republicans, that's where your politics comes in again, me a Democrat. couple of years. They got so when they'd see me, it was held up for a "Where's our telephone? We want our telephone or we want our money. " Put me on the spot. I didn't have either one, their money nor �28. their telephone either one and we had a little meeting one day. They had a right to demand their money or a phone. One day, when I thought a bad day Saturday afternoon, I went to the store, Foscoe and a bunch of 'em in there and they commenced talking about it, "We want our money or we want our telephone. " I talked a little with 'em, I told 'em, "Why, gentlemen, I don't have either one and I don't have money enough to pay you but I'm here to write checks just as long as I've got a dime to write on. Now, who's first?" And they commenced talking among themselves a little bit and one of 'em spoke up and said, "I don't believe it's fair to make Don put up that money out of his own pocket. " I'd explained to them that I didn't have a thing to show for it and they got to talking among themselves and I told 'em, I said, "if you'll j u s t bear with us and go along with us, we'll get these phones but I can't promise you when. " After discussing it pro and con, "Well, I guess that's about the only thing to do. Say you haven't got money enough, there's no use in some of us getting money and some not. " And they just went along with me and the things come through and now every feller and his brother's got a telephone. They wouldn't part with them at all. Q: So they finally came? A: Yeah, they finally came, but it leaves me in the position of kinder being a daddy of this system, you understand? Q: Yeah, yeah. When was that? Do you remember what years that would have been? A: No, I can't remember. It's not been long, many years. We haven't had this system too long. �29. Q: Would it be like the '30's, '40's, or '50's? A: Oh, it must have been in the late '40's or early '50's, somewhere in that neighborhood. This Mrs. Ayers that died the other day up here was one of the first 'uns to take a telephone off of me. She took a telephone and plunked down here thirty-five bucks, one of the first ones. I guess I was really the first one to sign the thing, I imagine I was. Q: Were you living here then? A: Sure, yeah. I guess my sisters was about the next 'uns, a working up the road. Q: What kind of operation were you running here on the farm? A: Oh, I've done a little of all of it: livestock, crops, and produce to general crops. Sheep and cattle was my first start. Did that for a number of years, I have some things out there in the garage that the bank gave me for being, go out there and read 'em, they'll tell you better than I can, couple of them. One of 'em was on sheep, livestock and other one was on the first man in the country to grow 135 bushels of corn an acre, I think. They gave me something. Wanted me to put 'em up out here at the road and I wouldn't do it, I stuck 'em up out in the garage. Wasn't trying to advertise because you had a little streak of good luck one year, might have had bad luck next year. make a little this year and lose it next year. on the face of the earth. Q: Hew do you mean? That's the farmer luck; you Farmer's the biggest gambter Did you ever think about it ; �30. A: Takes more chances than any other one man. You gamble again' Nature. When you're farming, you plant a crop a hoping to do something but it takes twelve months to find out. If you play your money on a horse race here you know in a few minutes, but if I play my money in a big crop down here in the field, I've got the hailstorms, the windstorms, the floods, the drought, I'm a gambling again1 Nature. Q: Does the amount of money you'll make on a certain crop change a lot from year to year? A: Oh yeah, you might make some this year and lose it next on the same crop. Yeah. I did very well in the vegetable business, that is, I didn't go to the poor house on it. What I did, when I went to growing potatoes and beans, they call it majoring in school, I don't know what you'd call it on a farm, but I went to cropping; let my livestock slip. I sold my sheep. Well the dogs ran me out of the sheep business, I just drifted down on them and played vegetables along here several years, paid off and did very well through the Second World War period. them. They were clammering for something to eat. I did very well through Now then I played out of cattle or out of vegetables, I did, two years ago, quit that, drifting back towards livestock. Now I'm going to try to finish out with livestock a little bit. Q: Who sheared the sheep when you used to deal in sheep? A: They used to be some men in the county that made a business of it. Q: Traveling about from farm to farm where they could work sheep? �31. A: Yeah, yeah. We had a man in the community, he's dead and gone now, by the name of George Lester. He's almost a professional sheep shearer. He could shear sheep, did a good job. Q: How were the sheep sheared before electric equipment? A: I've a hand shearer up there and a pair out here too. I can show you the very first ones that they used. They clipped 'em by hand this a way and this one up here I have, it turns with a crank. Clippers they call it. And then the electric one, I had an electric one. My uncle and I bought an electric shearing machine together. And I finally let, I don't know, Frank may have it down there yet, I don't know. Q: When did electricity come in here? A: Our first 'lectricity here came from the dam up the river yonder. You remember seeing that ol' broken down dam up there right this side of Hound Ears on'the river? Q: Yeah. A:. Well, that was where the power plant was, way down the road here just off below the road right on the bank of the river. And the '40 flood wiped that all out, the power plant. Most of it stopped over here in my bottom, awful lot of it. Q: The dam and the equipment, the power plant? �32. A: Some of it. Stopped right over here in my bottom, that great big metal iron thing as big as, oh, these two rows put 'together. I had to get a settling torch and the man worked nearly a week cutting that thing up 'til I could load it and haul it out. I have a picture of it somewhere. I climbed up on it and was sitting there when George Farthing made my picture. It should be here someplace. Q: When did electricity come in? A: Well, it had come in before '40. We got it from that little old dam up there. I don't know, in the thirties, late thirties I guess it was. thirties. That all washed out and washed away. Sometime in the This system that has it now, whatever it is, Blue Ridge Electric? They rebuilt it and took over after that system went out by the '40 flood. Q: How did it get started? Was it part of that government funding that got the electricity and the dam started? A: That first one? Q: Yeah. A: No, I don't thing it was. I think it was a local concern. What did they call that, Blowing Rock Electric or something? I don't rmemeber what they called it. It wasn't much service. It was just little better than none. Q: During the Depression how much did the government, like the national goverment function in here? I mean how much help was given by the national government to hereJ? �33. A: I wouldn't know. Q: Did the Depression affect you very greatly here? A: Yes ma'am. I'd go farther for a dime in those days than I would for a dollar now. A dollar's easier got than a dime was then, and worth more when you got it. Maybe that's a little far fetched. Q: I remember you told me that there was a time when money just wasn't changing hands that much, it was what you grew on your farm. A: That's right, by golly there just wasn't any money hardly. Q: By the time of the Depression were you using money more and missing it more ? A: You didn't have any. Couldn't miss it much because you didn't have any. Q: Before the Depression, was money being used more than, say, crops and barter? A: Aw, was it ever. If thre's any way in the world to get along, use what little money we had and any barter we could stir up. Yeah it was tough times. I remember one time it took every hoof that we could rake and scrape on this farm to pay our taxes. Q: Every hoof of what? A: Cattle and sheep or anything we could sell to -even pay my taxes. Now that was a pretty tough time. �34. Q: How much was taxes running then? A: Oh, I don't remember. Probably half as much. Not like they are now. Not near what they are now. I just remember we have to save about every dime we got all the year to have money enough to pay our taxes. Q: Doesn't seem quite fair, does it? A: No, your tax had to be paid. You have to pay them. If you didn't pay em, they'll advertise ya and sell ya out. Q: But it seems like if you gotta pay more taxes than you do towards your own living, it's not quite fair. It seems like if you're paying more taxes to the government than you are to your own living; if you have to pay more money to the government than you can pay yourself, it's a little too much. Did any families around here go out during the Depression; did they have to sell out because of taxes? A: No, no. I don't remember anybody being sold out for taxes. Yeah, there were, there is yet, not around here though I don't think. Ever once in a while you see something advertised for taxes. Q: How did the Depression affect your daily life, like getting shoes or things like that? How did it affect your children and family? A: Well, we got along on what we had. We just had to get along on less. We didn't get everything we wanted. Like Uncle Billy Caringer used to say, "it was good we didn't want everything we seen. " Maybe that helped some. Now �35. a days people wants about everything they see. Q: Did you have to work any other jobs beside your farming to make ends meet? A: No, I don't remember doing' that. Oh, I'd log, yeah. I'd do logging' and lumber but that was off of the farm here usually. Q: Sell your farm you mean? A: Yeah, yeah. I did lots of that. Q: Did you ever hear about any of the government projects like the WPA and the CCC? A: Lord, did I ever hear 'em. The WPA built this road out here just about it. Yes sir, the country was full of WPA hand. That was a fraud, ever I ne'er saw. That WPA gang made me sick. Q: Why? A: Way they piddled along. Q: They didn't have to work hard? A: No, never earned their money. More or less of a dole the way I figured it. Q: Where were they living when they worked on the roads? A: At home, what homes they had. Anywhere around here in these hills. �36. Q: What kind of things did they do, was it mostly building roads and all, that you remember? What kind of things do you remember them doing for the WPA? A: What did they use you mean, the tools? Q: Well, no. Whad did they do? I know they built roads, what else did they do or did they do anything other than build roads ? A: The road building was about all I know of. They might have had other WPA projects a going but I didn't know anything about 'em. Q: Do you remember the Parkway coming in? The Blue Ridge Parkway? A: Sure, sure I remember the Parkway. Bob Dalton is the daddy of the Parkway through here. You've heard of R. L. Dalton. He was one of the oldest congressmen in Washington for years. He's one of the old timer big shots up there, like Sam Ervin is now. You read about Sam Ervin? Well, Bob Dalton, they listened to Bob Dalton then like they do to Sam Ervin today. And Bob Dalton, I don't know how, but my wife was related to the Daltons. When she was up in Washington, Bob Dalton was there and they called her Bobby after Bob Dalton because she looked like him. Reba, Bob Dalton1 s daughter just passed away, it was in last week's Democrat. Did you read it, Jane? Q: No. A: Well, I knew Reba well. I know Hort and Claude. They had the three children. They all visited in our home up here. Reba was there, oh just two or three years ago she come by here to see Boyd. She and Boyd were �37. relation. She was Bob Dalton's daughter an.c£ they were related and now then Claude and Hort and Reba, Mr. and Mrs. Dalton, they're all gone, the Dalton family's gone. Q: I don't know my history well but did the TVA have much effect here? Or was that all in Tennessee? A: I don't recall anything about that affecting this section. I don't recall anything. Q: Did you have to cut down on the people you could hire and did thegirls, your daughters, work in the fields with you more than during prosperous times during the Depression? A: They worked in'the field a lot when I's in beans and vegetables. yea, I had hands here from all over the county nearly. Law, Truckes a running from Elk, I had two trucks hauling hands from down in Elk, east of Boone. You've heard of Elk?i Q: Yeah. A: I had one hauling hands from the Beech Mountain and Banner Elk country and I had one or two hauling out of Grandfather country up here. I don't remember, Boyd and Bill Leek lived here then. son and Bill helped out a lot. We had hands, Bill was my sister's Boyd and Bill run the bean picking end of it. I was out most, took me all night selling beans and I was out in the night and I had to sleep a little. I remember Boyd saying, I think she said seventy-five hands one day was the top number down there. We had 'em all the way from a half �38. a dozen to seventy-five in here picking beans. Q: Who would drive those trucks? A: Well, I drove it. Q: Oh, you'd go haul the hands in and take 'em back? A: Oh, those coming in? Q: Yeah. A: No, men that lived in those sections of the country. I had them trucking. They'd get up their own load, say they come from Elk down there, had a man by the name of Watsonlived down there. The other man, I had two of 'em coming out of there, Carlton and Watson. They'd hunt up these hands themselves and I'd give them so much for bring in the hands. They'd bring 'em in and work their bunch of hands, say a man brought in twenty on his truck. He would work that twenty in the field, would make him oversee his own gang and then would pay him so much for bringing the hands in and taking 'em home. Q: Do you know of any farms around here that still have an operation to such an extent that they have to bring in hands ? A: No. Nothing like that now. I don't know of a thing like that. Q: When did that stop? A: I doubt whether there's a thing like that operation in the county or not. �39. Q: When did that stop? When did the farm start getting smaller? A: Stopped, oh, not long after the second World War. When they were pushing so hard for the war. Q: And then what happened? A: Well, we just drifted off into this general trend, what I've told you. Q: You do like a smaller area of beans and a smaller area of cabbage so you can take care of it all pretty much with less people. A: Yeah, I drifted out of vegetables, back into livestock and I've been a drifting along with livestock since, doing no good. Make a little money one year and lose it the next. Q: You think the smaller farm will ever have a revival? A: I wouldn't know. business. I think each way, you change your mind ever which Advocating here a few years ago to either get bigger or get out. You might have seen something to that effect. out. It was either get bigger or get This is not a farming country here no way. Q: Anymore? A: No, this isn't a farming county, Law, no. Q: Would you say that it ever was really a farming country? In the mountains? A: Yeah, back in the days when there wasn't any big farming. It was all small �40. farming. People made a living. Q: And I guess your farm was like supplying people in a smaller area, whereas now a days the trucks have to go all over the country, when they get ~ a truckload of canned beans they might go all the way to California with them or something, whereas those days they didn't. A: No, they didn't have to go so far. We had canneries nearer. The bean market was in Mountain City and they got one in Boone after that and they got one in Jefferson. You let one thing start off and do very well at it for a year or two, anything that you make a little money at, then the others will all jump in and try to get their fingers into the pie. Have you noticed that? I happened to be in with Mountain City when the bean market started over there, in fact I got a little share in it, I just stuck to Mountain City. Q: Are there still markets in Mountain City and West Jeffer-son now? A: I don't know whether they're buying beans there or not. I quit and forgot about the beans. There wouldn't be any way now to get 'em fixed. I'd like to see ya get seventy-five hands down here now. Money couldn't get 'em. Q: Do you remember during the Depression any banks closing around here or stores closing up? A: Yeah, seemed like there was a little bank in Boone that folded up, they called it the People's Bank I believe. up. I'm not too sure but I believe that folded I think they started a little bank over there they called the People's Bank and I don't know whether the Depression was responsible for it or not, but �41. I imagine it was. Q: Did any stores have to close down? A: I don't remember any at the moment. Q: Was there more of a feeling during the Depression of neighbors helping neighbors rather than there is now? A: I believe they were a little better to cooperate in that respect. I've always had good neighbors. I could go out most anytime and get some of my neighbors, if I's in a pinch, I could get help. Q: When did the recreation aspect of tourists start coming in? A: Law, they had tourists before they ever got to.. . , they didn't know the word tourist, I reckon. It was 'bout as long ago as I can remember, better homes of the community kept what they called 'em then, boarders. Summer people that had a little money and wanted to get out of the hot weather down south, come up to the mountains. And the various homes would take in a few, whatever they could handle. My mother up here used to keep, well, she 'tised to could take care of fifty or twenty boarders and had hired help. Aunt Josie Mast do the same, and Aunt Vick Taylor. The better homes would take these folks in. There wasn't no motels those days and mighty few hotels. And that was way back yonder, quite a while ago. Aunt Josie. Q: What would they do during the day? Yeah, mother used to keep 'em and �42. A: Aw, they'd fish a little, some of 'em. Some of 'em hike a little. Q: Watch ya'll work? A: Yeah, and lay around in the shade mostly and watch the rest of us work, make a living for it. Q: Where did they come from? A: Down anywhere, down the country where it's hot weather or be hot. Most of 'em out of South Carolina and southern Georgia and down in there where it's hot; get out of the heat. They wouldn't stay long; they couldn't afford it I don't reckon. They's all comin' and a goin', it was just to come and a go. You'd get application like you wanted some one come next week, three in a party or four or something. You might have three or four going out and you could take 'em in on a certain date; keep filled up as you could. It was just a constant thing. Q: Did that continue during the Depression? A: Not much. People too hard up. Didn't have anything to board on. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appalachian Oral History Project Interviews Description An account of the resource In 1973, representatives from Appalachian State University (ASU) began the process of collecting interviews from Watauga, Avery, Ashe, and Caldwell county citizens to learn about their respective lives and gather stories. From the outset of the project, the interviewers knew that they were reaching out to the “last generation of Appalachian residents to reach maturity before the advent of radio, the last generation to maintain an oral tradition.” The goal was to create a wealth of data for historians, folklorists, musicians, sociologists, and anthropologists interested in the Appalachian Region. The project was known as the “Appalachian Oral History Project” (AOHP), and developed in a consortium with Alice Lloyd College and Lees Junior College (now Hazard County Community College) both in Kentucky, Emory and Henry College in Virginia, and ASU. Predominately funded through the National Endowment for the Humanities, the four schools by 1977 had amassed approximately 3,000 interviews. Each institution had its own director and staff. Most of the interviewers were students. Outgrowths of the project included the Mountain Memories newsletter that shared the stories collected, an advisory council, a Union Catalog, photographs collected, transcripts on microfilm, and the book Our Appalachia. Out of the 3,000 interviews between the three schools, only 663 transcripts were selected to be microfilmed. In 1978, two reels of microfilm were made available with 96 transcripts contributed by ASU. An annotated index referred to as The Appalachian Oral History Project Union Catalog was created to accompany the microfilm. The catalog is broken down into five sections starting with a subject topic index such as Civilian Conservation Corps, Coal Camps, Churches, etc. The next four sections introduced the interviewees by respective school. There was an attempt to include basic biographic information such as date of birth, location, interviewer name, length of interview, and subjects discussed. However, this information was not always consistent per school. This online project features clips from the interviews, complete transcripts, and photographs. The quality and consistency of the interviews vary due to the fact that they were done largely by students. Most of the photos are missing dates and identifying information. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collection 111. Appalachian Oral History Project Records, 1965-1989 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-1989 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Scanned by Wetmore, Dana Equipment Hp Scanjet 8200 Scan date 2014-02-18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Ira Donald Shull, March 27, 1973 Description An account of the resource Ira Shull was born November 8, 1892 in Valle Crucis, North Carolina on a farm where he grew up. During his young adult life, he moved out west to the Washington area, specifically Spokane where he worked on a ranch. Mr. Shull had a hand in bringing telephone lines to the Boone area in the 1940s. Mr. Shull refers back to his childhood and community life in Valle Crucis including politics, transportation, postal service, outlaws, and homemade remedies. He goes into detail about his experience farming livestock and crops. Mr. Shull also talks in detail about the Great Depression including the WPA projects going on at that time. He shares stories of outlaws and the Civil War his grandfather shared with him as a child. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hallstrom, Jane Shull, Ira Donald Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Appalachian Oral History Project Interviews, 1965-1989" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/195" target="_blank">Appalachian Oral History Project Interviews, 1965-1989</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/27/1973 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright for the interviews on the Appalachian State University Oral History Collection site is held by Appalachian State University. The interviews are available for free personal, non-commercial, and educational use, provided that proper citation is used (e.g. Appalachian State Collection 111. Appalachian Oral History Project Records, 1965-1989, W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC). Any commercial use of the materials, without the written permission of the Appalachian State University, is strictly prohibited. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 44 pages Language A language of the resource English English Type The nature or genre of the resource document Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 111_tape50_IraDonaldShull_1973_03_27M001 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Valle Crucis, NC Subject The topic of the resource Farm life--North Carolina--Watauga County--19th century Farm life--North Carolina--Watauga County--20th century Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Depression--1929--North Carolina--Watauga County Ranch life--Washington--Spokane Boone Civil War Great Depression outlaws telephone Valle Crucis Washington WPA https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/a983b99c5e1d3f54d707a8598cbfe3a5.pdf 21eae64ba32dd20f64c842793cec648f PDF Text Text �yw j . / r%f * — JtvT^/ '*~Jf ' VVWn"-rvt*w" v*-**-v7 y^^K-^7 /^ ' y^r? y?T>wYVT? -^n/yi xv-rt^»*-t-v»^-- . •^tyw^' trv ~~!r*^v �JTvvO ri/lMVy-TVL-v yyviM'J/VVV-i'-i} 35?*: v HJLt^r^--- &J~ �f^^^y^^i—. CX>lx^Vvv-<, YL>+^KJ— , \>L*sJ.x^K-V-vi-vV fisfSlMs^l^-~V^ /-7«--^X—-^-T^-l^^->— •* £<xt~^l/ ix1X*~KxVk/r <' (^xt~t/ �f U JUa I l**-*_-^S--y->xM>- -*d*S^*:~ Xv«/-1>-*-«^-t5t. fi fl ^vt L JLv-^ ^Cxi^VTxKlX-^ ' /I ' -^H^o, *- lAf-t^-fi. 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" j^_ ^^-^) - - •• /J^T -— ^ /^^^ — --*' V v ^ * -^^> ' ^<? £**3 ^^ yU^J J?>-wt^^ ^^CWJL- �f ^^-v-v-^0 /v /2-2/-V^>- ^—t-oJ-Tt-'•* CJL-txA/ Q^P-S-r&sL/ t* 7 >a-**-r>«^- . SrT^tn^<-<J{ J-Z^rffi^-^ �-f~&y / fsV^c-ffl V ^x-^*^-^V«*^-^r~~ A^-Vt W-^H eAsuJ^ , f W-SV^L, /. f^u^-c &l^r* trisuS- f x/ QAt^u-^s^^^ P'P^S -• >Cc_ ��• ' u& . *^*-*ft-~^^i^>^£. •^7^????l~. r*4**^**~ ^ -^^^ P �f —-vtx-<^-»- ^--b<-^£-*u^i^i—<3 fit-^-^L. �'W" . THE PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. 'E Prothonotary or Golden Swamp Warbler is one of the very handsomest of American birds, being noted for the pureness and mellowness of its plumage. It is found in the West Indies and Central America as a migrant, and in the southern region of the United States. In the Central West it appears as far north as Kansas, Central Illinois, and Missouri. Its favorite resorts are creeks and lagoons, overshadowed by large trees, as well as the borders of sheets of water and the interior of forests. It returns early in March to the Southern states, but to Kentucky not before the last of April, leaving in October. A single brood only is raised in a season. A very pretty nest is sometimes built within a woodpecker's hole in a stump of a tree not more than three feet high. Where this occurs the nest is not shaped round, but is made 1 j conform to the irregular cavity of the stump. This cavity is deepest at one end, and the nest is closely packed with dried leaves, broken bits of grasses, stems, mosses, decayed wood, and other material, the upper part interwoven with fine roots, varying in size but all strong, wiry, and slender, and lined with hair. Other nests have been discovered which were circular in shape. In one instance the nest was built in a brace hole in a mill, where the birds could be watched closely as they carried in the materials. They were not alarmed by the presence of the observers but seemed quite tame. In restlessness few birds equal this species. • Not a nook nor corner of his domain but is repeatedly visited during the day. ' ' Now he sings a few times from the top of some tall willow that leans out over the stream, sitting motionless among the marsh foliage, fully aware, perhaps, of the protection afforded by his harmonizing tints. The next moment he descends to the cool shadows beneath, where dark, coffee-colored waters, the overflow of a pond or river, stretch back among the trees. Here he loves to hop about the floating drift-wood, wet by the lapping of^pulsating^Vavelets, now following up some long, inclining, half submerged log, peeping into every crevice and occasionally dragging forth from its concealment a spider or small beetle, turning alternately its bright yellow breast and olive back toward the light ; now jetting his beautiful tail, or quivering his wings tremulously ,^he darts off into some thicket in response to some call from his mate ; or, flying to a neighboring tree trunk, clings for a moment against the mossy hole to pipe his little strain, or look up the exact whereabouts of some suspected insect prize." � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/b3c01b4c86e312eaa36ea87d6a9f5d57.pdf fb55a115433cb3e0e56e12d4f9c73b52 PDF Text Text ��������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. <br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note.</strong> Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene,Volume 8 [February 1, 1912 - June 30, 1912] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 26.4 MB 37 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_008_1912_0201_1912_0630 Description An account of the resource These diary entries range from the dates of February 1, 1912 through June 30, 1912. In this range of dates, Greene writes about the harsh winter, the church, the farmers union, the birth of the family’s fourth child, and much more. Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s Alden Isaac Allie Eggers baseball Beaver Dam Bethel Church Board of Road Supervisors Brother Wilson Chores church corn currant pudding Democratic Primary Dr. Bingham drummers Farmer's Union farming Fork Ridge G.P. Sherrill Henly Greer Henry Norris Hunting J.C. Davis J.R. Garland Lee Swift Mabel mill Moses Eller Pleasant Eastridge Roy Eggers sermon Silverstone Singing Snow Sunday School Sunday School Convention sweet potatoes telephone Theodore Roosevelt tobacco W.F. Reese W.H. Greer W.Y. Perry William H. Taft Zionville