1 50 11 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/bd92e4fbc33066336189ab94cb2cebd3.pdf faafa5c5af75e827adb96e85cb965890 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993 Description An account of the resource This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of <a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>.   Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,  later simplified to  Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes North Carolina, Western Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rob Messick Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource periodical indexes PDF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Death and Dying Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies European Immigration Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites Shelter South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/4d450fedff98db51d827ad2d6b6eb05e.pdf 17a990be6fc8c33627511b8f4ccfd428 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 7, Spring 1985 Description An account of the resource The seventh issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the culture of economics and work. This issue features an essay on economy by poet, novelist, and environmentalist Wendell Berry. Other authors and artists in this issue include: Donna Obrecht, Elizabeth Squire, Becky Wellborn, Sparrel Wood, Mark Friedrich, Rick Murray, Thomas Rain Crowe, Chip Smith, C. B. Squire, Robert Penn Warren, Barbara Reimensnyder, and Michael Hockaday. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Looking to the Future.......1 Sustainable Economics.......1 The Great Economy by Wendell Berry.......3 Native Village Economy.......4 Hot Springs.......5 Worker-Ownership.......6 Busy Needle.......7 Working in the Web of Life.......8 Spring Creek.......12 Self-Help Credit Union.......13 Responsible Investing.......15 Madison County.......16 Wild Turkey.......18 Update: Forest Service Plan.......20 Nuclear Waste Update.......22 The Gift Economy.......23 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional economics Sustainable development--Appalachian Region, Southern Cooperative societies--North Carolina, Western Barter--Appalachian Region, Southern Investments--Moral and ethical aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Children's Page Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hunting Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Villages Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/962957d2fbc58ba3d1a81a382fb3c3bc.pdf cc384e642678c5ef0ae41167bc6ca93f PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 8, Summer 1985 Description An account of the resource The eighth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the theme of celebration of life and community. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Dan Pittillo, Bill Oldham, Hilda Downer, Donna Obrecht, Barbara Reimensnyder, B.J. Bach, Jay Wentworth, Lowell Hayes, and Thomas Rain Crowe. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Celebration: Way of Life.......1 Katúah 18,000 Years Ago.......3 Poetry by Hilda Downer.......6 Cherokee Heritage Center.......7 Farmers Ball.......9 Celebrating Folk Arts in the Schools.......10 The Simple Tools of Healing.......12 Paintings by Lowell Hayes Poetry by Jay Wentworth.......13 Good Medicine: "Summer Solstice".......14 Sacred Sites Project.......15 Sun Cycle, Moon Cycle (Centerfold).......16 Wild Turkey Part 2.......18 Natural News Update.......20 A Children's Page.......23 Reviews: Minstral of the Appalachians Who Owns Appalachia?.......24 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee art Turkey Hunting--North Carolina, Western Folklore and education--North Carolina, Western Cherokee Indians--History Appalachians (People)--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Health Hunting Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Sacred Sites Turtle Island Water Quality Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/7e7d24eb4270ddd2fe219a5da68fd1f1.pdf f88274a18bcfefc1226b5e712085a2fb PDF Text Text laueXVD Fall 1987 $1.00 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS THE MOUNTAIN BLACK BEAR �(uTiJAR, P.O. Box 873 Cullowhee, NC Katuah Province 28723 Note new address, inside! ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Postage Paid . Non-profit Org. Permitt12 Cullowhee, NC 28723 �The Life and Death of Bear #87.... 3 Glady and Tire Pisgah Bear Project Bear Story...... ......... ................. 6 bySam Gray Issues (and a Few Answers) for che Black Bear:..................... 8 An lmerview with Dr. Michael Pelton The Challenger: ......................... 11 The Wild Boar in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park cougar...................................... 12 a poem Good Medicine: .......................... 13 "Finding Allies in the World" "Me and My Walker Hounds"...... 14 by Robert McMahan "Smells Like Money to Me:" ........ 16 a report on Champwn l lllUnlJJional by Jay S. Geru Bear ................. ........................ 18 THE BLACK BEAR IN KATUAH Exactly four years ago this autu!IUl, Katua/1 began publishing. Our first issue spoke to the sacredness of these mountains and to the journal's intent to explore how we humans could better understand our relationship to this region and how to more sensitively inhabit this place we call home. Because the totem spirit is the living soul of a region's natural life community, in the second issue of the journal, we searchingly asked "Who is the totem spirit of the Karuah region'? Which is the species most closely connected to the spirit of these IDOWltains?" The black bear, called Yonah by the Cherokee, answered: "/am a mountain in my body. Dark like the hills at midnight. Fur covers my back As the darkjirs clothe rhe ridges. l am massive. Rock is in my bones. My growl is the thunder, voice of the mils... a poem /Jy Scott Bird Green Politics in Katuah .............. 19 by Richard Harrison Natural World News ................... 20 Modem Science Restores Ancient Indian Maize Prt>tecting Our Mountain Werlands DOE Hot Meals Program No Problem with Tobacco Showdown ar Flat Creek NC Legislators Want Dump Peregrine Nesr Discovered Turtle Island Talking.............. .... 23 Al.ookatPeaceNer Old Galaxies:............... ............. 23 a poem by Michael Hockaday Drumming: ............................... 24 Letten to KatllQh Littering: The Same Old Story ..... 27 /Jy Michael Hockaday Fa11 Calendar of Events ............... 28 Webworking....................... .... .. . 30 So in that issue we began our quest co meet one of the most ancient inhabitants of these moumains--the black bear. The cover of the issue displayed Martha Tree's powerful drawing of the black bear spirit gazing up at the vision of the golden eagle. Within the pages of that second issue was a story-myth of the role that bears played in creating the human race and there were tales of encounters with the animal world by Snow Bear. Also there was a story about the exploits of two old bearhunters, Charlie and Russell, now both passed on .... and other black: bear lore. Now four years later, we find ourselves coming full circle. Again, we are asking "Who is the Black Bear?" and "What is our relationship to Yonah?" In this issue we are investigating in particular the future of the black bear here in southern Appalachia and the chances of its survival Concern for the survival of the black bear is not just an isolated case of kindness to a single animal species. The health of the entire Katuah bioregion is reflected io the health of the black bear. What is at stake is the present aod future existence of the bear's forest habitat -- the old, spreading trees capable of providing nuts and space to den; the herbaceous plants that grow up in their shade; the fertile soils rich in leaf-mold and teeming with micro-organisms that suppon their growth; the clear running streams that spring up among their roots; and all the other creatures that depend on and at the same time create the conditions of the climax growth stage of the Appalachian forest This is the balance that the mountains have been growing toward for millenia. The bears were not put here to be our teachers; the welfare of the human race is immaterial to them. But if the humans would humbly respect and learn from Yonah, the black bear would show us that the conditions of the climax forest are in the long run the best living conditions for us all. The life of the black bear is not only closely linked to the spirit of the land, but, as the Cherokee legend in this issue's "Good Medicine" column indicates, it is also joined in some deep and mysterious way to the spirit of the human inhabitants as well. Feelings about Yonah run deep, andlike any deep feelings-they are complex and inextricably mixed with emotion. TI1e bl:ick bear takes many forms in the minds and emotions of humans.... ..... Yonah as rhe mother bear, the Great She-Bear of the night sky, a cult figure in ancient times, the spirit of the great Mother Earth, massive in stature and a bountiful provider, warm and comforting, yet quick UJ anger and ferocious in her rage. .....Yonah as a funny, playful clown wlw entertains the tourists as they motor through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, drawing them out of their cars to cadge snacks and goodies. .....Yonah at the heart of the chase, the hunt, the annual tracking of wildness by the domestic llllmans. ..... Yonall as the shadowy figure, dark and savage, that takes shape in our fears just outside the safe boundaries of the setrlement clearing. waiting to maim tile unaware and steal tire fruits of civilized living ...... Yonah, the medicine animal, who, like the land, sleeps away the winter in a cave or a hole, dreaming powerful dreams and returning with knowledge from the underworld within the heart of the mountains. .....Yonall as the wise one who can show how to live close to rhe true spirit of these mountains. The black bear may take any or all of these forms within the human mind io our quest to know this ancient creature. Like any proper spirit, Yonah is elusive and impossible to pin down. But if we are to continue for long here in these mountains, we need to look inward and touch outward to learn the wisdom that the black: bear holds. . -·~ - The Editors pr �fi,ATUAH, EDITQRIAL STAFF nus ISSUE: Scott Bird Mamie Muller Rob Messick Michael Red Fox Martha Tree David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Judith Hallock Sylvia Fox Jeff Fobes Anne Muller Arjuna Cover: Blue Mountain Printmakers New Sharon, ME 04955 Back cover drawing: Laurie Pierce EPITQRlAL OFFICE rms ISSUE: Worley Cove, Sandymusb Creek The Southern Appalachian Bloregion and Major Eastern river systems STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co., Sylva, NC TELEPHONE: (704) 683-1414 WRITE US AI: K1JJW1h Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turtle Island, a small bw growing group has begun to taU on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name Kattiah" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicated by its nanual boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the north; the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills ro rhe south; and rhe Tennessee River Valley to ti~ west. The editorial prioriries I or us are to co/leer and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the aware11ess rlwt rhe land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. living in rliis manner is a way to insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its co11tinuing evolutionary process. We seem to lwve reached the fulcrum point ofa" do or die " sitttation ifl tenns of a qua/iry standard of life for all /i11i11g beings 011 this planet. As a voice for rhe caretakers of this sacred land, Katiiall, we advocate a cemered approach to the concept of decentralization. It is oiu hope to become a support system for those accepti11g the challe11ge of sustainability a11d the creation of harmony and bala11ce in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, perti11ent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that Kauiah will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing members. H Diversi1y is an imponant elcmen1 of bioregional ecology. bolh n:uural and social. Jn line wilh I.his principle. ~h tries IO serve as a forum for I.he discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only I.he opinion of I.he aulhors and are not necessarily I.he opinions of I.he KatUa/J edil°" « slalT. - The Editors the other galaxies... You open the way. In the last issue of Kattlah, we mentioned that with this current issue, we would be changing from our traditional newspaper formal to a new magazine format As you can see, we are in the process of reconsidering the wisdom of that change. We would appreciate your inpu1 as well in this decision. Would you rather have a more durable, but more expensive maga1ine format or a less durable, but less expensive newspaper format for Kari/ah? Please share your ideas, suggestions and preferences with us. We appreciate your feedback. The lnicmal Revenue Service has declared KJJtilnh a non·proli1 organilnlion under section SOl(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All coniribuuons IO KillHPli are deductible from personal income l!lX. �THE LIFE AND DEATH OF BEAR #87 by David Wheeler "Poachers Tune In On Sleeping Bears" declared lhe page one headline in lhe Asheville Citizen on the morning of January 17, 1987. Poachers had shot and killed an older female bear in her winter den site in a hollow cree within the confines of the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary below the Blue Ridge Parkway. The bear was number 87 of lhe bears who had been radio-collared for radio telemetry tracking by members of The Pisgah Bear Project, a research program being carried out by Nonh Carolina State University (NCSU) scientists and students. The radio collars emit a sustained signal that is tracked by directional antennas to plot a precise location of the animal to give a picture of its range area and its daily movements. People all through the mountains were shocked and angered that the poachers had located the helpless bear by monitoring the signals from her collar. When the poachers found her location, they had climbed her tree and shot her between the eyes while she was asleep, and then had cut down the tree to rettieve her carcass. People were particularly outraged because Bear 87 was about to give birth when she was killed. "Glady" was the name The Pisgah Bear Project researchers had given Bear 87. At the time of her death she had just turned 11 years old - a remarkable age for a bear in a region where few bears roam the woods for more than six years before they are shot Glady had been trapped and collared in June of 1984 and was well-known to the staff of The Pisgah Bear Project, who had "Glady" was the name The Pisgah Bear Project researchers had given Bear 87. At the time of her death she had just turned J1 years old - a remarkable age for a bear in a region where few bears roam the woods for more than six years before they are shot. monitored her movements almost daily since that date. In the subsequent two and one-half years of contact, she had been recaptured five times and had provided a wealth of data on her habits and movements. In the June previous to her shooting she had been caught, measured, and released. She was 125 pounds in weight, 148 centimeters (58.25 inches) in length, and 79 centimeters (31 inches) in chest circumference at that time. Glady had lived the life of any wild sow-bear for the first eight years of her life. ..She was one of the two cubs born that winier of 1976 in the warm darkness of her nwrher's den, and rhat small space was all she knew for the first four nwnrhs of her life. Jn the <kn she nursed and grew from one pound to four or five pounds by rhe rime her nwrher climbed our of her den bringing her cubs with her. Even beneath rhe rrees, the lighl of rhai April sun mu.st have been intensely bright to Glady's young eyes. Her mother continued ro stay near the den site for another monrh, nwving little and gradually beginning to eat rhe tender young grasses, branch lertuce, and squawroot (Conophilis americano) C()ming up through rhe leaves. As rhe spring progressed, Glady and her sibling followed their mother down to her spring range area, and, as food became more abundant, their mother put on weight, and rhe cubs continued to grow and gain in StTengrh. That first summer was a tklighr for rile young cubs. They stayed close to rheir - continued on llCll page Phoio: NC Wildlife RC50un:es Commission KATUAH- page 3 FALL 1987 �._....___....,._...,. ·=-- .. ........... - • --.-... - ... -·· _._.... mother and are buckberries under the tall trees, blackberries from the choked jungles along the open streambanks, and then browsed the open hillsides and forests for the succulent moL1ntain blueberries. They also raided yellowjacket nests for their larvae, and ate ants and grubs from rotten logs their mother tore open with her long claws. Once they watched from the groL1nd as their mother robbed a bee tree, slopping ow globs of the sticJ..y honey and delicious larvae, oblivious to the stings of the enraged bees And, if they \Vere lucky, they would occasionally find carrion th.Ill was not too spoiled lying in the woods. Mother ta11gh1 them to climb trees, to hide, and to wait motimilessfor her return. Tirey developed short. powerful legs 10 climb the mountain slopes and, although their eyes were never very useful, their noses became keen and sensitive as they became accustomed to the seems of the forest. Then in the fall, they joined their mother in gorging themselves on ripe acorns and hickory mus to build up fat to insulate and feed them during their winter den time. The cubs contented themselves with scooping acorns up from the ground with their front paws and dextrous lips, but their mother often went high into the oak trees, bending and cracking branches to bring the acorns, rich in protein and oils, within reach. Dllring this time the cubs and their mother were moving almost constantly, While male bears sleep lightly. often lying on the grou11d with 011/y a laurel thicket or broken brush for cover.female bears put more energy into finding a warm, secure den and sleep deeply, stirring little duri11g rheir whole rime of dorma11cy. using every possible minme to fortify their bodies to endure the winter's fast. The young bears were tired and, when at tire beginning of November the food supply declined and their mother started for tire high country to find an isolated den site, they were glad. They did not enter the den immediately, but for one month they lingered in the vicinity ofthe den site, eating what they could find, b111 not going far to forage for food. Finally, however, their mother showed them how to ingest a fecal plug of old leaves and twigs to stop elimination, and they followed her into the den. Their first year was over, While male bears sleep lightly, often lying on the Rro1md with only a laurel thicket or broken brush for cover, female bears p11111wre energy into finding a wann. secure den and sleep deeply, stirring little during their \\ihole time of donnaney. Tiie small family of bears did not leave their den to defecattJ or urinate during their four-momh denning period. By a miracle ofphysiology not duplicated in the animal world, bears recycle their 1-.aste water through their kidneys a1ul mrn the nitrogen from urea waste compounds back into protein. So, although Glady was gaunt and disheveled 1\'lren size emerged from the den in the sprinR. the remarkable metabolism and amazing endurance of her species had brought her through the wimer with no unus11al stress. Yet she was h11ngry, grumpy, disoriented, and in no mood to appreciate tire beauties of spring in the mountains. 8111 as food magically appeared in the forest, she grew in strength and confidence. She became eager for another year of roaming the slopes with her mother GLADY'S RANGE (South and cast or Mt. Pisgah. straddling lhe Blue Ridge Parkway, Pisgah N:irional Forest) KATUAH - page 4 FALL 1987 �and hu sibling. Glady thoughl the summer to come would be a repetition of the last, and so she was dismayed when in late June their mother drove the two cubs away with fierce growls and threats, when an amorous male bear began to move close to her feeding area. The two yearling bears stayed close together for companionship during that summer and fall, but they separared into individual dens ar the onset of winter. Glady was on her own then, but she stayed close to the familiar areas of her mother's home range. She saw her mother several times. but as long as it was not mating season, her mother did not seem to mind her presen~. It was two or three more years before Glady went into estrus, but as soon as it became evident that she was sexually ma11ue, another large male began w stay close to her and eventually mated with the young sow-bear. Glady continued to roam her range and feed during the summer and the fall, while, unknown to her, another unique adaptation was taking place within her body. The two fertilized blastocysts that were to be her first cubs did not implant to the uierine wall, but instead floated free in the uterus while blueberry season moved into acorn season, and Glady began intense feeding to gain weight for her winter dormancy period. The acorns were plentiful that year, and as Glady moved uphill to la11guish in the vici11ity of her den site, the blastocysts implanted themselves to her uterus and her cubs began to grow inside her, perfectly timed to emerge within her den in the dead of winter. I/Glady had notfoundfood enough to bring her up to a weight that would support reproduction and /actarion, through the "delayed implantation" process, as it is called, she would have passed the fertilized blastocysrs and terminated her pregnancy with little trouble and at a very slight physiological cost. Although she did not know she was pregnant, Glady took unusual care in picking a den site that year, and finally found a tree of wide girth with a decayed core and an opening, small and safe, high up the trunk. Glady bore two cubs in the den thaJ winter, although she was hardly aware of the fact. Even their insistent nursing did little to disturb her winter sloth. But when she awoke again that spring, she found she was the mother with two cubs looking to her to introduce them to the world. So life continued for Glady lhrough good yC3l"S and bad until June of 1984 when Dr. Roger Powell of the Zoology Dcpanmcnt of NCSU and other members of The Pisgah Bear Project research group caught her in a leg snare trap baited with odiferous sardines. The project was three years old al the time, and Powell and his crew were trapping, collaring, and releasing bears in the Pisgah Sanctuary with several specific KATUAH-page5 objectives in mind. Telemetry studies were providing data on the bears' movements and range areas. Trapping operations and the co!Jars were also aiding in collection of information on monality and reproduction statistics, to be used in evaluating the bear sanctuary and in drawing up guidelines to help determine state management policies and set hunting regulations. Simultaneously, bait station surveys (sec p. 9) were providing population indexes, and work had begun to determine exactly how much food for bears the forest does provide, which will shed additional light on the findings about the females' home range areas. The study has also shown that almost half of the human-caused mortality among the study animals has been a result of poaching. Now, although the study is not yet completed, some results are beginning to come clear. The bait station surveys show a population decline in the sanctuary from levels in the late 1970's. The decline seems to have halted, "and," cautions Powell, "that technique gives only a rough index, so I would hesitate to say how significant that decline is." The study has also shown that almost half of the human-caused monality among the study animals has been a result of poaching. "1be Project has been in the press a lot lately because Glady was shot in her den," says Powell, "and our findings on poaching have been what the press bas emphasized. There is no question that we have documented poaching in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary, but there's a lot more to the Project than evidence of illegal hunting. "From the habitat work that graduate student John Zimmerman is doing, for instance, we're getting to the point where we should be able to predict bear use habitat and develop models for what is good bear habitat here and what isn't. That could be very valuable to the Forest Service and the Wildlife Resources Commission. "We arc also developing a probability curve that will tell us for a bear of any given age what the probability is that it will live longer. I feel good about our reproduction data - it appears that the standard litter size here is between two and three cubs - but we're still missing some critical survivorship data on cubs and yearling bears, so we can't say for cenain whether survivorship is greater than or less than reproduction." The Pisgah Bear Project's best work has been in what it has found out about bear spacing patterns and social organization. The study has determined that although female bears elsewhere often guard an area to protect food sources, there is apparently no territoriality in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary. By following the interactions of neighboring females, masters candidate Peggy Horner demonstrated this by showing that they used the same areas at the same time without conflicts. Project members are now considering the hypolhesis that male bears define their territory, not by food avaiJability, but by Lhe availability of females. "What the bears appear to be doing is predicted by most behaviorial and ecological theories," says Powe!J. "But these theories were mostly developed for smaller creatures with shon life·spans, like hummingbirds and anolis lizards, which give a lot of data in a shon time. Bears have different time spans, but they appear to be working on basically the same rules. Thar's exciting to me. That means we don't have to rethink a lot of our behavioral and ecological theory." S incc food availability is a basic factor in the female bears' social organization, The Pisgah Bear Project is also measuring food production levels to see how they compare with levels in other study areas and what behavioral effects derive from this. This is done by loeating marked study sites in different areas of the sanctuary, which a.re then visited regularly by Project workers and every bit of food material of three major indicator food species (squawroot, berries, and acorns) arc gleaned and weighed. "The habitat here is tremendous" says Roger Powell. "When I get out there and actually sit down and pick berries at one of these sites, I'm impressed by how productive they are, and I can sec how, if you found a good berry site and ate berries all day, you could get faL" 'That's why I was enraged when I found out about Glady's killing. Had she been killed legally, I would have been sorry, but I would have accepted it. But to have tracked her down by radio, inside the sanctuary, inside her den absolutely enraged me. There's no sense to it." Until the time of her death, Glady played an imponant pan in the NCSU reasearch. Erran Seaman, a graduate student working with the project team, said, "Bears can live on toward 20 years if they're not disturbed. However, Glady was the oldest female we knew of in the sanctuary. They simply don't survive to live out their full life span. We don't have many that ate over five and one-half now. "That's why I was enraged when J found out about Glady's lcilling. Had she been killed legally, I would have been . continued on page 25 FALL 1987 �Bear Story by Sam Gray She was nuzzling and pawing at a spikenard root as big as her face when she first heard the hounds. Hunger was not the motive for grubbing in the dirt. She'd eaten well for the past month. The aroma was the thing. A discreet peace and a clear mind were hidden there in the array of smells released from the bruised starch of the rhizome. Reluctantly, she raised herself up into the October dusk to KATUAH - page 6 FALL 1987 �listen to the baying orison coming to her from another world. She could make out two separate packs of dogs and an indeterminate number of hunters. They were way down the mountain, working back and forth across cold traces, getting their bearings. Some of the voices were familiar; old hounds that knew her ways, ancient choruses that cried, "We've come." There were young, strong voices too. It would be a long race. She left the aromatic peace of the spikenard, made her way into the violence of the night. She moved upslope and to the northeast, leading them away from the tree where her cubs were perched. Her body and mind were quick and clear - water moving among stones. By the time she sprang from the upper timber into the wet grass of the Old Field Bald at the summit, her strategy was shaped. She paused in the shadow of a laurel clump to pant and listen. 111e bald was lambent and still, except for an owl cruising among the ash trees hunting rodents. From the clangor in the distance, she beard an old hound announce fresh scent. The other pack had diverged and was moving to the west. She snorted, sighed, and plunged down the north slope, gaining a deeper darkness and in moments a tiny rivulet that offered a quick drink and possibly some effacement of her trace. Further down, the creek was joined by a tributary and between the two streams was a quarter acre of doghobble bushes. She leaped into them, using her body to plane down the entangling mass, gain a foothold, and leap again, until she had crossed it and stood panting and listening. The dogs would be an hour getting through it. On previous chases, she bad, from this point, worked her way around the massive side of Cold Mountain, weaving back and forth from stream to doghobble patch to boulder field until the dogs were beaten flesh. It was her mountain. Tonight, however, something or everything was different. Something beckoned downslope and to the west. She had gone but a little way in that direction when she pitched forward, tumbling among rocks and moss and mud, moaning uncontrollably. The bear had been struck down by an insistent, sharply certain knowledge that reached her across the great heart of connectedness: her cubs were gone. By what wings or winds !his message had come to her cannot be told, but it was the truth. For at that moment, under a tall tree a mile away, a man, exulting in the certainty that she was elsewhere, was triumphantly holding aloft in each hand a squirming, mewling bear cub, grasped by the nape of the neck, bathed in torchlight and terror. With a single thrash and roll of her body the bear massaged her anguish into the moist earth beside the watercourse - and quickly left it there. The game was changed. Before the capture of the cubs, her strategy was determined by the need to protect them, even sacrificing herself if necessary. Now she must survive to breed again. And in another place. For nothing held her to Cold KATUAH-page7 Mountain now. For the remainder of the night the bear moved with unobstructed intention and speed down the great slope of the mountain. At first light she was lumbering along a gentler slope miles from the dogs. the hunters, and the pain. Ahead of her were a few apple trees, a meadow, an ancient fence, and beyond these, indistinct in the morning mist, the outlines of a cabin. It was his habit to rise early and in good weather to sit on the porch to watch the light gather. For half a century, be had done this in all seasons, liking best to sit in autumnal silence, reading the sun's progress among the hickories, red oaks, and maples of Lickstone Ridge - the leaves taking the light inside themselves and then giving it back, changed and revalued. He was an old man sitting alone, lost in early light and dreams, when he saw something moving out among the apple trees. His first thought was, "It's Trudy." Trudy had gotten up early, before him even, and was out there in her old black coat picking up the last of the apples. He slowly and unwillingly Jet go of this notion along with the brief joy it had borne him and forced himself to acknowledge that it wasn't Trudy. She had been dead now for over a year. The form emerging from the mist was not his wife, but a bear, and it was coming closer. The bear covered the ground between them quickly and darted under the cabin at a point where the sills were raised on rock pillars two feet from the ground. The unnailed puncheon floor inside the cabin began to rumble and raise as the bear moved around underneath. The old man stood in the doorway and watched the tremors until they ceased and everything was still. The thrum of cicadas, jarflies, and gnats pulsed in his ears. He felt strange - alive, but unsteady. Ile turned, groped for his chair, sank into it. The dreams in his head began to swirl together, and the images superimposed themselves on each other and over the mountain landscape before his porch. He opened his eyes. Two men were standing at the bottom of the porch steps. One of them was calling out his name: "Quill, Quill! Wake up, Uncle Quill!" A haze suffused everything and through it, as if from a great distance, he recognized bis neighbor. Vance Callahan, along with bis son, June. The old man struggled to his feet, and, leaning on a post for support, stared blankly down at the apparitions below. "We been huntin' bear all night. We're roundin' up the dogs now. You seen any, Uncle Quill?" The old man continued to stare, then cleared his throat as if to deliver some oratory. But all he said was. "No. No, I ain't." Vance Callahan said something the old fellow couldn't quite make out, and then the two figures were gone. The old man continued to lean against the post and stare out into the warm October afternoon. , FALL 1987 �ISSUES (AND A FEW ANSWERS) FOR THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BLACK BEAR: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton by Paul Gallimore and David Wheeler indicate that just prior 10 that time few bears were seen anywhere. They had been killed up to the most remote areas. The historic sites were Bone Valley up Hazel Creek and under Thunderhead Mountain on the west side. But it wasn't too many years after 1934 that the black bear population began to climb. The black bear population in the Park has been in the range of 400-600 bears for many years, and this breeding nucleus supplies the surrounding national forest areas. Dr. Michael Pelton has been studying the blac/c bears of the Guat Smoky Mowttains National Park. and the Cherokee National Forest/or 17 years as part of his job as professor in rhe Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Tennessee. In the course of his research he has trapped, tagged, and released more than 1,000 bears. He has helped to develop research methods that are now standard techniques in s111dyi11g bears and other mammals worldwide. He is an iruernationally-k.nown authority 011 bears, and travels to o ther countries to advise research efforts. In talking with him, he is relaxed and friendly, a person appreciative of wildlife, who just happens to have an extraordinary knowledge of the creatures of the forest around us. Katuah: We've heard an estimate of 2,000 bears in the Southern App:ilachian Mountains. Did that come from you? Pelton: That is a rough estimate that we came up with when we were puuing together the Tri-State Black Bear Study back in 1978. It's based on a combination of things: what we know about actual population density in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, bait-station surveys, and kill data. Historically, state game and fish commissions have taken the number of bears reponed killed during hunting season and assumed that number is 20 percent of the population, and as long as the sex and age ratios stay about the same, they assume everything is in a steady state. When the Park was set aside in 1934, the repons I get from those early records KATUAH - page 8 I say 400-600 bears, because they have dramatic population fluctuations depending on the hard mast (acorn and nut) situation. A crop failure sends the population way down, but then all the females are ready to breed the next year, so that with a good harvest, it soars right back up. It's a boom and bust cycle. Last summer during the drought everyone was concerned about the mast crop. We all thought it was going to be serious, especially following the poor mast crop of 1984, which set the stage for a tremendous number of cubs to be born in 1985. That whole generation was in jeopardy, but the shonage never developed. The harvest was spotty, but it wasn't disasttous, and a lot of young bears should have left their mothers and dispersed this summer. Kat fiah: It seems that if the times were hard for the bears, the percentage taken during the hunting season would go l!J2 instead of remaining steady. That would make kill data an unreliable estimate. It would seem that they would need to have some hard figures to actually know what is happening to the population in the region. Pelton: Estimating population is complicated. There are a lot of variables. The sex and age ratios have been holding steady, but it would be good to know more than the age srructure and the kill data to be able to tell what's actually going on. People who work with populations can take age structure statistics, and they can prove to you that a population is heading toward extinction; then the next minute they can prove that the same population is expanding fantastically. Censuses arc tough. That's what we tried to do for so many years in the Smokies: capture/recapture using various techniques, anything we could think of to count bears. It was a very intense research project on a small area. It's totally unrealistic to talk about doing something like that on a regional basis even one time, much less year after year. Ideally, I would like to do what they are doing in Pennsylvania: there they trap a lot of bears - a good percentage of the population - in the summertime, and then when the hunter kill data comes in during the fall, they compare the ratio of tagged/untagged bears. They feel like they are right on in terms of the bear population in Pennsylvania. The bait station index is the best method we have right now (see sidebar). It's rough, but it gives us more information, and it's a feasible method that could be carried out throughout the whole Tri-State bear range. We've gotten good correlations between bait station results and what we actually know about population density in the Smokies. For instance, for a long time we figured that the density of bears in the Cherokee National Forest was one-half that in the Park for a lot of reasons - road access, higher than usual poaching, and so on - and when we got in some bait station data, it indicated that the bait station talce was about one-half what we were geuing in the Smokies. It told us what we thought we'd find out. A friend of mine Died the bait station technique out in Idaho, and it correlated very well to what we found in this area. They're using it in Michigan and are very optimistic about it out there. Georgia Died it in the Chattahoochee National Forest for three years, and they are now going to make it a permanent part of their inanagernentprogram. It's a general index, and it works very well, if you don't expect more from it than that. Katuah: When you say the Tri-Staie area, what does that encompass? Pelton: It's basically the same as the area known as the Blue Ridge physiographic province (Katuah) in the states of North Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. The bear range is basically the federally-owned lands in this area. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a focal point for this range. We can call an area a discrete range as long ns there are connections between its various pans, and the Park is connected to all the major national forest areas surrounding it. But there is a very definite line of human habitation between the Cherokee National Forest in Tennessee and the George Washington National Forest in Virginia that cuts those two bear populations apart The assistant head of the wildlife department in Virginia called me last year to see about meeting at the state line to discuss reconnecting the national forest areas by means of wildlife corridors or conservation easements. FALL 1987 �Katiiali: Wouldn't corridors make bears more liable to poaching pressure by concentrating their numbers in a narrow saip of land? Pelton: This is a new idea, and I don't know exactly how wide a corridor should be to protect bears in this kind of country South of here we've seen black bears dispersed down hardwood corridors along riverbanks that are just a few yards wide. They are very vulnerable in th:u situation. The best survival habitat is~ of cover, and the wider the corridors can be, the better. I don't have much hope for anything outside the federally-owned lands. The rest is gone. Down in Louisiana they are reclaiming some abandoned farmland and putting it back into bear habitat, but I don't think that will be the case in Southern Appalachia. Once the second homes and the strip developments are there, they're there forever. K atua/1: Is the region approaching its carrying capacity for bears? P elton: I can't speak much for the North Carolina side of the mountains, but from what I can tell in the Cherokee National Forest. it's not near the carrying capacity. The mast production there cenainly is not optimal. A lot of these forests arc 40-60 years old now after being essentially wiped out during the '30's, and they're just beginning to reach mast production capability, so there's room to grow there. Wit h more control of illegal hunting activi ries. the density in the national forest could approach that in the Park, which is approximate!y one bear per 1,000 acres. K at fiah: What do you think arc the cumulative effects of human habitation on the bears? Pelton: "Cumulative effects" is a specific term for a relatively new idea tha t has already been applied to the grizzly s.ituacion our west. It means to take all the bits and pieces of impact and put them together to see how they fit in terms of an overall effect on the species you arc looking at. They are doing that in a very sophisticated way for the grizzly, and a Forest Service employee is going to develop a cumulative effects model for the Chauahoochee National Forest as a case study for the Southern Appalachians. That will involve him looking at all the population parameters he can dig out of our data base and adding up all those factors: roads, timber management, number of people, bunting, and so on. Essentially, he is going to t.alce each of those factors and index it with some son of value system that is weighted in terms of its assumed impact. Pe lton: I don't think it's going to be that sophisticated. This is just a one-person project. My personal concerns are, first, sustained, long-term mast production, and, second, access and how that's used. My first question is: is the clearcut technique setting into motion a situation where they are going to be perpetuating non-mast-producing species for eons of time? If there is a marginal cove hardwood setting where there was a good oak component, and it is clearcut , then that oak component is lost forever, either because it is replanted in white pine, or because it comes back in poplar, and they return in 60 • 80 years and cut it again when the poplar is large, but the oaks haven't had a chance to get started. f ve been ta.king the Forest Service to task for that. They argue that the oaks reach maturity in 80 years and start downhill after that, and that they need to be cut at that point. rm not convinced that the data would support them on that, particularly with white oak, which is the most important one. I'm not a forester, but from all the data that rve been a ble to dig o ut, they do not reach maturity until 120-150 years, when they arc reaching peak acorn production. O ur second poi nt is that the trees should be allowed to sustain their peak for a c:untinued on nCXI page TENN. N.C. s.c. GA. BLACK BEAR RANGE IN THE "TRI-STATE REGION" (Source: Tri-Stntc Block Bear s1udy, 1978) KATUAH-page9 BAIT STATION SURVEY K at uah : Will it take atmospheric deposition into account? The bait station survey was developed as a relatively inexpensive method that is easy to implement and provides a standard data base of relative density, distriburion. and activities of the black bear that could be easily implemented throughout the whole of Katuah. The bait, three panially opened cans of sardines, is hung at least 10 feet high in a small tree, so that it is necessary for a bear to bend the tree over to get at the cans. These stations arc spaced a1 one-half mile intervals along routes selecte d to systematically cover the chosen sample area at the density of one bait site per mile. Baits arc placed during the month of July, when bear activity is highest. The s lope; aspect, ele vatio n; oversto ry and unders tory vegetation ; d istance to the nearest road; timber c::= - ..,.ne....t; nmal past. 1u4 disllDce to die 1lle or bear sanctuary bat, boundary are noted for each bait site to aid in analysis of bear habits. movements, and habiw preferences. Each bait station is revisited five nights after it is set. Marks of tampering arc very clear, and the percentage o f baits taken is used as a comparative index value to give an idea of the bear population in different areas over the course of time. The more widespread the usc of the bait-station method and the higher the degree of consistency that can be achieved in its usc, the more value it will have as a research technique in the Southern Appalachians. The bear range in Tennessee and Georgia is being monitored with bait-station surveys c onducted by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and the Georgia Depanment of Natural Resources. The National Park service carries out surveys in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Isolated surveys are being done as pan of research projects in North Carolina bear sanctuaries. An annual, region-wide bait station survey is immediately possible and dcsircable as a means to provide uniform data among the differe nt p o litical jurisdic tions and agencies of Ka tuah. Coordina ti o n by a n i ndepe nde nt organization or the US Fish and Wildlife Service could enhance the value o f such a survey. All that is lacking is a committment from the US Forest Service and 1he NC Wildlife Resources Commission to make a region-wide black bear management swvey a reality. ~ FALL 1987 �• oonunucd rrom pm·ious page period of time to get the best mast crops. So I've been pushing them to increase the rotation time to 120-150 years. There is also a problem regenerating oaks. foresters just haven't been abk to work that ouL Some of them are certainly interested, but all they have been able to do is to go into a stand before they cut it and see if there's enough advanced regeneration (oak saplings) beneath it so that there will be some oaks coming back. If they cut too early the oaks will be out-competed by tulip poplars and other sun-loving, pioneer species. "It would help immediately also the effect of gener:il use of the ro:id forcing individual be:irs to shift their home range to another are:i. A be:ir chooses :in area for a home range because it's a good habitat :irea. :ind if he has to shift it over. he will either have to shift over to land that is not as good for habitat or he will push another bear over to poorer land. The more marginal the situation, the more vulnerable the bear becomes. I've said before that road development should be restricted where there is more than one-half mile of road per square mile of forest. Kai1ial1: But gating roads would if the Forest Service defined its job as more than just timber management. Like the Park Service and the state game and fish agencies, they need to play a tripartite role in managing the forest: biological management, enforcement, and information/ education." "MARK TREES" MYSTERY For many years naturalists have speculated on the meaning of the trees found in bear habitat area that have been purposcfulJy scarred with clawmarks. As ; yet, no one has been able to decipher the meaning oflhe "mark trees". Marie trees are not randomly scattered through the brush. They arc always on a trail and usually on a ridgetop along a very distinct game trail. Any species of tree may be marked. They are always live· although sometimes a tree may be killed by extensive marking. The marks arc definitely made by bears. They are always head-high, and sometimes bear hairs can be found caught in lhe b:irk of rough-skinned trees. The marks can be vertical or horizontal, but arc most oflen horizontal ns differentiated from the venical marks they leave \\hen they are climbing a tree. There are several theories as to the meaning of the m:irks. One thought is that it is females and males signalling to one another during the breeding season. Another idea is that the marks signify the dominance hierarchy among the males, panicularly during the mating season when they are competing for fem.1lcs. They could also be territorial markers placed by an adult female to warn away other females from her range area. Whatever the interpretation, the marks are of great imponancc to the bears. Tree marking appears to be highly ritualized. Some trees are marked once and never marked ag;1in, while others :ire marked year after year. But if a tree is marked repeatedly, the bears - even different bears - wiJI walk in the same footprints to get to the tree. Trappers used to take advnntage of this and set their traps around a previous footprint close to a mark tree. They knew that if a bear returned to the tree, he would follow the cJ<.isting footprints and be a sure ca~ help. Pelton: Cenainly, unless they use that road to make a clearcut..... It would help immediately if the Forest Service defined its job as more than just timber management. Like the Park Service and the state game and fish agencies, they need to play a tripanite role in managing the forest: biological management, enforcement, and information/ education. They don't do much enforcement. For example, they only have one man on the whole southern Cherokee National Forest. One person can't do anything in an area like that. They also don't do much educating of the local people about what the forest means and how it serves them. In the northeast people are more accepting of bears. Up there if a person killed a bear out of season, he'd get reponed. People would gee irate about it! Here you don't see that. It's a long-tenn educational problem. People need to learn about the animal. The Forest Service has not been fleJ<.ible enough about alternative silvicultural methods that might be applicable in cenain areas. They tend to generalize and say that they don't have the time or the personnel to try some other alternative Conn of cutting. The second concern is roads. We are finding that road density may not be as imponant as how the road is used by vehicles over time. There are two effects of roads. There's the direct effect of hunters using that road to kill a bear, and there's - Mike Pelton KATUAH - page 10 FAI.t 1987 �Attirude is very imponant as well. In Vennont, the Forest Service didn't have any trouble getting their mar.agemcnt plan for the Green Mountain Forest accepted. There they staned out on the right foot. Their approach was to question, "What's unique about this forest, and what docs it provide that won't be provided any other way?" The black bear was one resource they mentioned. Another was large saw timber grown on a long rotation. That just isn't available outside the national forest anymore. We have the opponunity to provide that as well Vermont also has some very strict land use and zoning laws. I saw them in action, and it's impressive. When anyone wants to do anything to change the land, especially above a cenain elevation, they have to appear before a board and justify their planning, even if they own the land. Pel ton: A lot. ....I have a lot of respect for the animal, more and more as each year goes by. I am constantly amazed at what it is capable of doing. There's a special relationship between humans and bears that has existed through time. There's a theory floating around that says it is because of the bears that we are here. As far as we know, the only place in the world where there hasn't been ttaccs of pre-historic bears is in central and southern Africa. and that's the focal point of the development of primates, and the thought is that had there been bears there, the primate species would never have been able to develop and evolve as they did. Bears were always imponant to the early culrurcs, but even in the present, there is an instinctive attraction that people have to the animal. Perhaps it's its human-like characteristics. I don't know what. Today I think people are drawn to the bears because they are symbolic of our remaining wild lands. Katuah: The black bear has been a major pan of your life for the last two decades. From your long experience with them, what have they come to mean to you personally? Resource Reading on the Black Bear: -The fragmented Forest, Larry D. Harris (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1984) - The Sacred Paw: The Bear jn Nature, Myth. and Literature. Paul Shepard and Barry Sanders (Viking Press, 1985) - The World of the Black Bear, Joseph V. Wormer (Lippincott, 1966) - Mammals of 1he Grea1 Smoky Mountains National Park, Alicia and Donald W. Linzey (Univ. of TN Press, 1971) - The Mammals of Nonh America, E.R. Hall (John Wiley & Sons, 1987) - Bear Crossjn~s: An Antholoc of Noah American Poe1s, Anne Newman and Julie Suk, eds. (New South Co., 1983) - The Tri-State Black Bear Study (by university faculty and government agencies in TN, NC, and GA - available from the NC Wildlife Resources Commission; 512 N. Salisbury St.; Raleigh, NC 27611) THE CHALLENGER: THE WILD BOAR IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK There is competition between the black bear and the wild boar ... The stiffest competition is in years of a poor mast crop, for then both species are trying for the same acorns. In the early 1900's George Gordon Moore, a wealthy English businessman, decided to entenain clients by creating a game preserve in the area of Hooper's Bald in the Snowbird Mountains. He built a huge enclosure of split chestnut rails and brought in a variety of big game animals - bear, buffalo, elk, and the European wild boar. The game park was a miserable failure. The fence broke down, the animals escaped, and vinually everything was shot in the open woods .....exccpt the wild boar, and they have been in the mountains ever since. Boars (Sus scrofa) are shy and secretive, so they are not often seen by humans, but they are impressive-looking animals. Average adult weight is 120-150 pounds, but individuals close to 300 pounds have been captured. Their long tusks are vicious-looking and can produce terrible wounds, but boars are generally shy and avoid humans whenever possible. The wild boar species is native to Russia, eastern Europe, and western Europe. In their native territory their major predator was wolves, which had already been exterminated from the Appalachians when the boars were first imported. A bobcat or occasionally a bear will kill a young piglet, but otherwise they have no natural predators in the mountains. After their escape, the boar population readily naturalized itself in rhe Appalachians, and in time the animal became a high-profile big game species in both Nonh Carolina and Tennessee. People from all over the country came to bunt wild boar in the wild mountains. At that time it was still legal to free-range domestic bogs in the forest. The two breeds had a lot of contact, and at one point hog cholera almost wiped out the wild strain. The two strains are of the same species, so they interbred freely. Even in 1973 ttappers caught two or three black and white spotted boars - the sign of mixed breeds. None of those have been caught lately, so it is assumed that the domestic hog characteristics have been eliminated. Inevitably the wild boars moved into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The first sightings were on Parson's Bald and Gregory Bald at the west end of the Park. The Park administration immediately recognized the threat from the wild boars and began a trapping program to catch the animals using hogwire enclosures. It was a futile effort. The hogs spread eastward, and now the entire Park is occupied by the species, although they favor continued on next page KATUAH - page 11 FALL 1987 �- continued Crom P&&C 11 the western end. On the Tennessee side of the Park hogs can be removed by trapping or shooting by a special team of hunters. They can only be trapped on the Nonh Carolina side of the Park. In 1986 over 1,100 wild boar were trapped or shot within the Park boundanes. Officials have no guess whether that is 10% Or 90% of the boar population. Whether or not the wild boar can be eliminated from the Park is no longer in question. The Park is a huge area over 500,000 acres - of which a large pan is only accessible by foot trails, and a large pan of that can only be reached by climbing cross-country through the thickest kind of brush. These inaccessible areas harbor a breeding nucleus of boar that multiplies exponentially in years of a good acorn harvest And immediately bordering the Park, the Nonh Carolina and Tennessee wildlife agencies are developing and promoting the wild boar as game animals. Wild boar do an incredible amount of damage wherever they go. Their rooting can tum over great areas of the forest floor as if it bad been tilled. They are a great threat to the many endemic varieties of plants that are found in the Great Smoky Mountains and exist nowhere else in the world. There are rare plants here that are in great jeopardy. Wild hogs will root up salamanders. They will wallow in the only water sources at the higher elevations and silt them and foul them, so that the water is undrinkable. They spread diseases to other wildlife species. The damage they are creating is serious, and much of it is permanent There is competition between the black bear and the wild boar. In a direct confrontation a grown bear will kill an adult boar, but these occasions are infrequent The stiffest competition is in years of a poor mast crop, for then both species are trying for the same acorns. Bears have an advantage in that they can climb into the tops of the oak trees and feed on the acorns before they drop. Bears arc also safely in their dens during the cold winter months, while the boars have to continue to forage for food in all weather. To make a dent in their population levels, the best time to hit them is at the end of a hard winter. They are in poor condition then. The wild boars' biggest advantage is in their remarkable reproduction capacity. Under the best conditions female bears, when they become sexually mature at three and one-half or four and one-half years of age, can have only two or three cubs every other year. Female hogs become sexually mature at six to eight months of age. After that time they can have two litters of four to eight piglets each year! The boar population is dramatically affected by the acorn crop. In a poor acorn year, rhey do not reproduce, but when the acorn crop is good, the boar population mushrooms. In that kind of situation the piecemeal control being practiced in the Park is not effective. . - Mike Pelton KATUAH - page 12 cougar thick velvet fur rippling bone muscle sinew moving eyes sharp clear piercing you pulse through the dense night air. lithe fluid lean slipping through pathways known only to your kind you stalk life itself in the still luminous forest. /# fr gn(ilie: Martha Tree poem: Mamie Muller �Finding Allies in the World We have been told that the Indian people native to Turtle Island saw the world differently than the Europeans do. They saw the world as a spiritual place, where Spirit took shape and existed in the many forms of the Creation. We have been told that the Indian people believed in power, and they sought power, but the power they sought was spiritual power and not power over others, such as the white people seek. We have been told that every rock and tree, every bird and every animal, each living thing in the world is an ex:pression of some aspect of the spiritual energy of Creation. Each entity has its own spiritual personality, so to speak. The native people saw some of these personalities as particularly good and desireable, and they would seek out these spiritual beings and ask their help for the tribe and the people so that they could get along in the world. They called these beings to become the spiritual allies of the tribe. We have been told that an individual could also seek a spiritual ally to strengthen some pan of his character and balance his personality. Preparation was an important part of this. Just because someone wanted an ally, it did not mean that the ally would come. First that individual would go to a medicine person. The medicine person would give them medicine to attract the ally - a feather, some hair, or perhaps a bone from that animal. And the medicine person might give that individual some advice on what to do and how to act and give that person a song with which to call the desired ally. Then the seeker would go off alone into the forest and fast and pray for that spirit to come. Sometimes, we were told, an ally comes to someone without that person even asking. A Cherokee man in the generation of our grandparents' parents was knocked into a river by a bear, who then pursued him into the water and slapped him down several times and clawed him. The bear went away leaving the man with scratchmarks and bruises, but did not kill him. The medicine people in the mans' village told him that Yonah had chosen to be his ally and would help and protect him. The medicine people said that it was apparent the bear had followed the man into the water to be sure he was marked. Always after that the man was called "Man-Who-Bear-Knocked-1nto -Water". One does not have to be mauled to realise the presence of a spirit ally, but people today are so domesticated that some have allies and are not even aware of it. We were told that once a connection with the spiritual realm was made, that people then spoke to their spirit allies in a tone of command. The Creator, and the Sun, the Moon, and Fire (which is the power of the Sun on Earth), are primary Jl9Wers, and these were always asked very politely to share their power. But other spirit beings were told what was needed, not arrogantly, but in a way that ex:pected their cooperation. We were told that even Kanati, the lightning, must sometimes be taunted and mocked before he will bring rain. Someone could speak to him in such a way, saying, "Kanati, you are considered a great power, yet there you sit, while I.be humans and all living things here below stand in great need of rain. Ha! ls this the best you can do?" But when speaking to Kanati in that way it is a1 ways wise to stand in a place where one can take shelter quickly. KATIJAH-page 13 We have been told, however, that although it would not work to beg a spirit ally for its help, one must always thank an ally sincerely for coming and lending its power. And nothing is given for nothing. A human must always serve an ally and think well of it to keep the spiritual connection strong. Yonah, the bear, we were told, is a spirit representing great physical srrength and endurance. The bear is strong in the ability to survive, because it can eat almost anything. It is also moody, and its temper is ferocious. In its build and its appearance, the bear shows it is closely related to the mountains. And since the red wolf, the elk, the panther, and !he woods bison are gone from the mountains, Yonah is the last symbol of animal strength remaining here. But, we were told, a spirit does not need to be large and physically strong to be a powerful ally. The dragonfly is a very small creature. It is not fierce. It is very delicate and beautiful, but the dragonfly is a very strong power in the world. We have been told that the golden eagle is a strong power both in the physical body and in spirit. The eagle could fly so high into the sky that he would disappear from the sight of those watching from the ground. When he returned and sat on a branch, he had such a regal look about him that the old ones would say,"Surely, he has spoken with the Creator." But, we were told, the Cherokee people did not consider the bear to be one of the str0ngest powers in the mountains, because they knew where the bears came from. The bears, it is said, were once humans, a clan of the Cherokee tribe called Ani-Tsa'guhi. One boy among them would spend a lot of time in the forest, until one day his mother noticed that he was starting to grow hair all over his body. "Stay in the village with us," she begged. "You spend all your time in the woods. You hardly eat with us anymore." "I am going to go to the forest to live all the time," the boy replied. "There is plenty of food to eat there, and I like wild food berter than com and beans. Why don't all of you come with me? There is enough for our whole clan to eat." The clan met in council, we were told, and they decided to go with the boy to live in the forest. He told them that first they must fast for seven days. So they did that, and after that time, they went away from their village. We were told that on their way, they were met by a group of messengers from the other villages, who had come to beg them to stay in their homes. But the Ani-Tsa'guhi could not be persuaded. In fact they were already starting to grow hair on their bodies. "We are going into the forest to live forever," said the Ani-Tsa'guhi. "There is plenty for us to eat there. But when you hunger, come into the forest and call us, and we will offer our bodies to you that you may eat our flesh. Do not be afraid to kill us, for we will live forever." And we were told that the Ani-Tsa'guhi taught the messengers the proper songs and told the messengers how to call them. Then, singing and dancing, the clan went away into the forest. As the messengers started back to their villages, they turned around for one last look, just in time to see the last of a line of black bears disappear into the trees. Therefore it is said that Yonah, the bear, is Cherokee, but is not Cherokee. The bear is considered a brother, bur there are stronger allies, like Fire and Water, and the trinity Kanati~ rattlesnake, and ginseng, living in the mountains. #- Tlu!se words are spoken by a traditional Clu!rokee. FALL 1987 �"ME AND MY WALKER HOUNDS:" An Exposition on Bears and Bear Dogs by Robert McMahan When I was seven years old, my daddy would take me hunting. He didn't force me to go. I went because I wanted to go. I'd say, "Daddy, you goin' bunting tonight?" "Yep." "You care if I go with you?" "Nope." Well, I'd go with Daddy. He'd lay out aJI night long. I'd make it 'til about midnight. They'd always cook a hot dog or fry some bacon on a stick about then, and I'd stay up for that, but lhen I'd go to the sleeping bag. As I got up to 10 or 12 years old, I got to listening to what they were listening to: the dogs. I got to be able to tell which dogs were leading, which dogs were behind, how long it was going to take this dog to catch up, or how far ahead lhat dog was from the pack. I started possum bunting when I was 14 or 15 years old. I'd borrow a certain redbone hound dog from my uncle. I lived in the very last house on the paved road, and I'd walk down to my uncle's house on lhe highway, borrow that dog, and walk back up to the top of that mountain. I enjoyed doing that. I caught some possums using a .22 and a two-cell flashlight. Most of the time that little two-cell flashlight wouldn't shine more'n three or four limbs up on the tree. If the little possum wasn't there, I'd grab my dog and go. l didn't pay no attention to walking three miles in lhere to that tree. Finally I got enough money to buy my own dog. A good dog cost $50-75.00 back then. It made it real big for me to know that !hfil dog belonged to~I started out bear hunting with an older man namedWade HaJl. I was about 22 when I first went out with him. The whole first year I hunted, I never saw a bear. We - oonlinued on ne.<tl page KATUAH - page 14 FALL 1987 �had some good chases, and we had some good times, but the bear just didn't show. I start breeding and training Walker hounds in L976. The United Kennel Club (UKC) recognizes six breeds of hunting hounds: blue tick, English, redbone, Plort, black-and-tans, and Walker. Walkers are making their mark in the bear hunting world. They're coming along. The reason these Walker dogs are coming along is that people are breeding them carefully. They're wanting to get the best. and they'll go where they have to to get the best. But anybody with a hound dog will tell you, you can breed the best to the best. but your wodc is still cut out for you, because you still have 10 train that dog. You're going to wear out a lot of shoe leather to make those pups into bear dogs. There are different things to look for in a dog. Myself, I'm looking for a good, medium-nosed dog. I don't want a real cold-nosed dog that can trail a track two days old. Sometimes that pays off: I've seen it happen that a dog will start on a cold trail he could just barely smell, go over the ridge, and a bear will be laid up there. If a bear gets in an area where there's mash (mast), he'll stay there 'til the mash is gone. But you can waste a lot of time that way, too. I also want a dog that'll go when I tum him loose. I don't want one hangin' 'round my feet. He's got to go 'ti! he strikes. The mouth is another thing. I like a dog to have a good bay mouth when he's trailing or running and just "hammers every breath," as I call it. That way I know right where the bear is at. And when he comes into the tree (trees the bear), he needs to change over to a good, hard, chop-mouth sound. You can tell when a good one does tree. Color is imponant too. I don't want no ticks in a Walker. I like big spots. If I find small spotS about the size of a quarter all over the dog, that tells me that's not a pure-bred dog. What's color is color, and what's aint, ain't. Before I go out there and breed to someone else's dog other than my own, I just about have to see how M's bred and raised his dog. I have to see what that dog does when it trees a bear or a coon. One thing to get straight: the dogs are the main factor in bear hunting. The greatest pan of the sportsmen in this area, all they want is to hear their dogs run, hear a good race, and see a good fi_ght The grea[er pan of them is not interested in killing a bear. We carry a rifle. We're legal - we don't believe that's illegal - but killing 1he bear isn't the main thing. To get a good gun dog, now, you do need eo gee him on a bear kill. You kill one to him, because chat really perks a dog up. He feels like he's accomplishing something then. He's got a taste of what he's supposed to be doing. But you don't have to kill every bear that a dog gets after. You could take one bear a year for a pack of dogs, and that pack will go in next year and run you anol.ber bear. Some people say. "You get more game from a bound dog." Well, that's not true. We hunt with our dogs, because that's KATUAH- page 15 what's important 10 us. I don't see any :;pon wha1soever in still hunting. That's why I don't deer hunt. You go up there early of a morning, get behind a tree, and sit there about two hours, and wait on a deer to come up. That deer doesn't even know you're there. He's grazing, and you stick that gun barrel out from around that tree, you shoot that deer, and he's a dead deer. He never knew what hit him. I could see doing it for I.be meat, but in this area here there's nobody who has to depend on deer meat or bear meat to survive. There's no point in going out there and just shooting it. 1lle way we bear hunt is in a group. It takes at least seven men who get along to make a good group. l could go bear hunting by myself, but more than likely I'd be fighting a losing battle. I couldn't stay up with the dogs, because when a bear is jumped, he'll turn and run. An averaged-sized native bear, a 100-200 pound animal who's been born and raised in these mountains, can run eight to ten hours or even longer. There's no way one man could stay up. But if you've got a good group of seven men, you get someone on one ridge, one on another, and one on another. There might be three dogs after the bear, and then when he comes my way, I'll turn my dogs loose to see what they can do. .....you could tap Sam on the lzead with your foot, and everything in him would just rattle. He was broken ruJ. to pieces. When a bear is jumped up and running, he might be a mile ahead of the dogs, but they can run him then with their heads down. A bear hunter can tell every one of his dogs by its bark. The whole rime he's listening to the chase, he's got that sound down pat He can tell which dog is which, and he can tell what it's a-doing. You can't tum a young pup on a track, because there's so much other game in these woods. You loose the well-trained ones first. Ihu'll stay on the bear. But if you go ahead and tum out 15 dogs, you're gonna have 10 that don't even know what they're out there after. They're going to be ahead of your dogs trailing the bear, and they're going to jump a deer or whatever, and - wham! - there's a big blow-up. You don't want more than seven dogs on the chase up to the point where they stop him. Then you turn your young dogs in on that. That's the way you make bear dogs. I've known limes when somebody saw a bear cross the road, and ~body got excited, and J<Ymbody jerked their dogs out. Ir didn't take that bear l 0 minutes to get tid of che dogs, but it took us three days to find chem. Not one dog got after the bear and we'd~ 1hat bear! You can put as many dogs as you like on a bear that's 75 pounds and up, and they'll never kill that bear. That bear's gonna take care of himself, he's dangerous, and he'll kill a dog. Everybody's got their own opinion about breeding and raising dogs, but I believe that if you're going to get a bear, you've got to have dogs that'll fight. You've got to have dogs chat'll nip at his heels and let him know that they're there and not be scared of that bear in no way. If you have dogs that'll fight that bear, that bear's gonna have to do one of two things: he's either going have to run and get the bell out of there, or he's going to have to get into a tree. A bear will kill a dog - he will, there's no doube about it A bear'll slap a dog, but his intention is 10 get the dog pulled into him, to get a mouth hold on that dog. If he gets a mouth hold on that dog, that's a dead dog. You can make it up for that dog, he's gone. We turned out one last year named OJ' Sam - as good a dog as I've ever seen turned after a bear. He was an English dog, and while I've been acquainted wi1h some dogs that were as gQQd as that one. but as far as being any better, they're hard LO find. This wasn't but an averaged-sized bear, and we turned Sam and the rest of the dogs on it, and in 15 minutes that dog was dead. What happened that panicular time was that we turned the dogs on one bear, but a bigger bear had crossed this other one's path going another direction. The bigger bear didn't run; he wailed for the dogs, and by the time we made it up to there, you could tap Sam on the head with your foot, and everything in him would just rattle. He was broken all 10 pieces. Personally, in my opinion, a bear's a beautiful animal. If you are out in the woods, and you happen to see one, chey look real pretty just because you so very seldom get to see one. But once you put the dogs on a bear, it's different. It's a fact of me saying, ''l'm going to stop you," and him saying, "No, you're not." If I win the battle, I've got him; he's mine. Then he's not so good-looking. I mean, he looks good, but not near as good as he was standing somewhere all alone, no dogs, up there. But if he kills or injures one of my dogs, when we finally get enough dogs on him to get him stopped, he's not good-looking at all. Once a good dog gets on the trail of a bear, he'll be there. He'll be there 'ti! he just totally gives out. When a dog like that gives out, he'll be two days before you find him, unless you know tight where to go gee him. because he's going to go out there somewhere and lay down. I'v.: carried several out of the woods. Even afeer two days, they'll walk four or five s1eps and fall down, walk four or five steps and fall down. It wasn't that the bear hu·: them in any way, it was just 1hat the dog I 1d, as the old saying goes, "busted a gut." When a bear is shot, we Lake it to someone's place, Clarence Hall's or maybe mine, and we lay him ouc and chop him up, and we take the meat and put it in10 liule piles, one for each man who's hunted wilh us. Each pile has the same amount of each part, and we put those in freezer bags, and carry that meat home. I like bear meat in the fall of the year, but I don't like it frozen too much. Several people down here call me every year, asking if I've got any bear meat. If I've got it, they're welcome to it. le does me good 10 see them eat it. - continued on page 26 FALL 1987 �Onphic by Rob Messick ~ "SMELLS LIKE MONEY TO ME" by Jay S. Gertz The campaign to get Champion International Paper Company to clean up the Pigeon River is not a new one. This long-term crisis has currently been reheated by a groundswell of opposition downstream, fanned by recent federal concern, and fueled by Champion's incendiary ultimatum: 'We cannot afford the pollution controls necessary to clean up our wastes, and we will close down rather than clean up!" By putting the people of Canton and Haywood County under the fear of widespread joblessness and the subsequent spectre of economic collapse, Champion has amassed quite a constituency of vocal proponents. Many residents believe that the environmentalists, the citizens of Newpon, TN, and all others who just happen to want a clean river in their backyards are black-hearted scoundrels pushing poor, little, old Champion to the brink of bankruptcy and ruination. Nothing could be further from the truth. Champion International, a huge, multinational corporation based in Stamford, CT, does have the resources and power to return the Pigeon River to its former crystal clarity. For Champion to bold the citizens of Canton economic hostage in this matter is patently unfair. Champion's claim that they cannot meet their own clean-up costs tarnishes their corporate image and philosophy. It is also KATIJAH - page 16 Other industries and individuals now see the Pigeon River as a potential resource again, not only in economic terms, but in terms of its former g Lory as a free-flowing, living stream. ironic, because Champion Corporation was a major factor in crearinft the economic structure prevailing in Katuah today. Champion Fiber Co. came to the mountains as the brainchild of Ohio-based industrialist Peter G. Thompson in 1905. At the height of the timber boom, Thompson and other nonhem industrialists purchased 400,000 acres of steep forest land, built a pulp plant on the banks of the Pigeon River, and began construction of a mill town, which he named after Canton, Ohio. Thompson showed great foresight in his undertaking. He shrewdly profited on a rural, unindustrialized area with an abundance of timber, a constant source of water for pulp processing, and a cheap and unlimited native labor supply. By 1914 the Canton mill employed 1,000 people, and the population of the surrounding area had jumped from 400 to 8,000. There was not a diversity of interests in the new company town of Canton. As in the other towns that sprang up ar that time, the single-interest economy was dominated by the controlli.ng industry in the area, the timber interests. In Haywood County, Champion become the guiding force for the entire locale. Following the pattern of industrial development then current in Appalachia, the company controlled the jobs, the political system, and the surrounding natural resources. The people of Haywood County were hard-working members of an isolated, agriculturally self-sufficient, indigenous mountain culture. Like other mountain people, many of them sold their land for ready cash and forsook the hardship of farming the difficult terrain for the promise of steady work and wages. This migration to the mill towns and industrial centers denoted a turning point in mountain life. It marked the beginning of the modem era, in which mountain people gave up their independent ways and became a part of the cash economy. By 1930 the Champion operation in Canton was the largest in the United States. Today Champion International is the founh largest company in the forest products industry. They are ranked as the 86th largest company in the world. Their sales in 1986 FALL 1987 �topped $4.3 billion. Champion is the second-largest private landowner in the US with 6.5 million acres of timber. They also own oil and gas fields with reserves of 2.5 million barrels of oil and 2.2 million cubic feet of gas. From mills in the United States, Canada, and Brazil, Champion produces 3.3 million tons of pulp, 815 thousand tons of newsprint, and 2.5 million tons of paper annually. Champion's six chief and 15 executive officers receive $6.25 million per year with additional incentive compensation of$2.8 million annually. Canton and Waynesville's 2,300 Champion also uses 43 millio11 gallons ofthe Pigeon River daily. This constitutes 90% of the total stream. Champion employees contribute a mighty share to the wealth of that international giant. They make one-third of the country's total of coated papers (including duplicating paper and most of the nation's dairy-type containers). In 1982 the Canton mill used 2,162 cords of wood and 956 tons of coal per day to make 1,620 tons of paper and board per day. Champion also uses 43 million gallons of the Pigeon River daily. This constitutes 90% of the total stream. The wastewater is extremely discolored by tannins and filled with other organic compounds. This "din". although not dangerously toxic, renders the Pigeon River unfit not only for aquatic life, but for commercial and domestic use as well. Champion Fiber was once the sole lord of a tremendous mountain fiefdom. The Pigeon was its personal river - itS chief resource, its sewer, and its ttansportation system. Other industries and individuals now see the Pigeon River as a potential resource again, not only in economic tenns, but in terms of its former glory as a free-flowing, living stream. Prior to 1900, the Pigeon River was as pristine a mountain stream as one could find in eastern North America. One could see the bottom through ten feet of water. Bass were prevalent, and upriver the speckled trout were plentiful. Sun perch, borneyheads, mullets, and hogsuckers could be caught by the string in a matter of hours. Mud tunics and muskrats could be trapped by the water's edge. Other riparian species lived by the Pigeon in great numbers. Now highly-colored tannins and other compounds enter the Pigeon at Canton. From this point on into Tennessee, the Pigeon River no longer has the natural vitality necessary to suppon typical aquatic life. The sparkling clarity of the Pigeon bas given way to a murky, smelly, and sometimes foamy brew. Above Canton the Pigeon River is designated a Class A-ll trout stream, and the water can be used for drinking or food production. Below Canton the river supports some atrophied "garbage" fish, like carp, goldfish, and suckers. The municipality of Newport, TN finds the Pigeon so noxious, that although the river flows through their city, they get their drinking water from the French Broad, six miles away. The Southern Appalachians of the late 1980's are home to a greater variety of corporate interests and economic livelihoods than ever envisioned by the early timber and mineral barons. One of them is the recreational industry, which includes fishing, hunting, camping, hiking, white-water rafting, kayaking, etc. A study recently published by two professors at Walters State Community College estimates the direct recreational benefit of a clean Pigeon River at $7.3 million per year. This does not include a projected increase in agricultural use or productivity along the river. or new industries. or a rise in real estate values or development Yet the river cannot be any sort of asset to anyone, as long as Champion views the Pigeon as its own and refuses to clean its wastewater any further. Champion lntemational, with annual assets in excess of $6 billion, claims it cannot afford to clean up the Pigeon River. Over the past ten years, Chamfion has earned $1.28 billion, paying $62 million just to stockholders. If Champion spent $60 million in colorant removal, their projected earnings would be reduced by $7 .8 million, which is only a loss of 8 cents per share. Champion's corporate philosophy is summed up in a document entitled l l i Champion Way. According to this document, "Champion wantS to be known as a company which strives to conserve resources, to reduce waste, and to use and dispose of materials with scrupulous regard for safety and health. We taJce panicular pride in this company's record of compliance with the spirit as well as the letter of all environmental regulations." In the mid-1960's Champion did begin instituting pollution abatement on the Pigeon. At that time only sludgeworms could live in the river. Gradually other life-forms returned to the water, but not in vast numbers or in the great variety of former times. Champion no longer provides the only source of livelihood in these mountains, and they can no longer dictate a single use for the river. Today, Champion's North Carolina wastewater permit docs not meet up with the stricter federal standards of the Clean Water Act, and Champion claims that it is economically impossible to bring the river up to legal standards. For Champion to claim that a fouled river is necessary to its business operations should be an outrage to all the citizens of this region. Presently existing waste handling technology could reduce the color pollution by 95-99%, and with 23% profits last year and 40% profilS projected for this year, Champion can cenainly afford to be cleaner. Another statement from ~ Champion Way points out the vast gulf between the corporate ideal and the hard-line stance of the Canton management: "Champion wants to be known as an open, LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM CANTON'S PLIGHT Despite financial headlines proclaiming a bull market on Wall Sacct and a rosy financial picture, the national economy has been sluggish throughout the 1980's. Champion Paper Co. has maintained a dominant place in the national financial picture by a drastic streamlining program begun in 1983. Shut-downs and layoffs arc pan of that program. They have laid off27,400 employees nationally in five years. They have divested huge scgment.s of their industry, such as brown paper packaging, envelopes, cardboard boxes, a distribution network, and an insurance company. Andrew Sigler, Champion CEO, plans to "meld remaining business and boost return on equity from single digits into the top quaner of US industry." The only way to grasp this potential 16% leap is to cut costs and raise productivity. The company intends to save $400 million (or 10% of its costs) annually. This may explain the company's bard-line stance on the Pigeon River plant. The Canton mill is already 79 years old, its rate of return is dropping as newer plants with more modem technology arc built, and it is obvious even to the plant management that it has outgrown the river that feeds it Champion will very soon, perhaps already, be faced with a choice of expensive modernization at the Canton mill or closing the plant and moving to greener J>3StureS. The decision, in fact, may already have been made. Champion will finish planning on a state-of-the-an mill in Halifax, NC in 1989. They could decide to close down in Canton and write off the capital loss in corporate wees. In that situation, they could only win by taking an uncompromising stance on pollution abatement. They would either force the EPA to knuckle under and maximize profits from the last days of the Canton mill, or they would provide themselves an excellent cover under which to pull out of Haywood County: it would then appear that it was the EPA and the "damn environmentalists" and not the profit motive that caused them to leave. Whether Champion chooses to squeeze Canton or to leave Canton, the outlook for that mill town, whose whole livelihood depends on the outmoded Champion plant, is bleak. Hindsight, of course, is 20/20, but it is obvious now that Canton should have begun years ago to diversify itS local economy, preferably with smaller, locally-owned businesses. It is also in times like these when the value of a strong agricultural sector is clear. Hopefully other towns will learn from Canton's plight. The temptation is great to give over to large outside business interests, when it seems that they have the power to make local residents pan of the American Dream. But the end result is inevitably economic peonage. The giant corporate interests do not come here to give money; they come here to taJce it, and they will stay only as long as their profit interest is served. In these times it may seem like bucking the economic tide, but stability in - continued on nexl ~&•· - continued en MJCI page KATUAH-page 17 FALL 1987 �continued from prcv ious page 1ru1hful company. We are committed to the highest standards of business conduct in our relationships with customers, suppliers, employees, communities, and shareholders In all our pursuits, we are unequivocal in our suppon of the laws of the land, and acts of questionable legality will not be tolerated." This sta1ement from a company that threatens 10 sink an entire region inio a depression if its excessive profits margins are not upheld. Champion no longer provides the only source of livelihood in these mountains, and they can no longer dictate a single use for the river. Champion must begin to accept the variety of commerce and the multitude of changes that have come to the mountains in recent years. If Champion would uphold its values of corporate excellence, it must stand by words like these: "If change has a most valuable lesson to offer, perhaps it is that we need not be victims of it, if we can accept it as an opportunity to grow and achieve. In this sense, we believe that the best companies are the ones with operating styles flexible enough to make necessary changes ..... " (from the Champion International 1986 Annual Repon) ~ -wntinued from previous page the long run is best maintained by making decisions locally about the land, its resources, and the economic sustenance that is based on them. Perhaps now it is again time 10 reclaim part of the mountain tradition of self-sufficiency disrupted by the arrival of industrialism to Appalachia. The days of an economy based on subsistence farming are past, but the more people who move into locally-based, basic production, such as producing food or finished wood products; or who serve the need for healing that draw people 10 the mountains; or who pioneer new, more appropriate occupations, the less catastrophic will be the corning changes in Haywood County and elsewhere. Canton and its individual residents would do welJ to de-emphasize their dependence on the Champion plant before the Champion company does the same. Local governments and far-sighted banks who would like to keep 1he local area functioning and in1ac1 could begin now to inventory local resources and opportunities and begin making money available for training and business loans to put the Canton economy on a firmer footing. An inventory of goods and materials imponed into Haywood County would also indicate needs that could be locally filled. The hope that Champion Paper can provide continuing security for the area is a strong one, but in the end a strongly diversified local economy will best withstand the ·vagaries of the industrial economy. Corporate interests are not always the same as local interests. Champion Company is a huge business complex and responds 10 changes in the economic winds far distant from the Southern Appalachians. To Champion executives in S1amford, there are many thmgs more important than the welfare of a small, isolated mountain town. To someone who lives here and sees their job threatened by shifts in corporate ~ economics, there is not. KATUAH- page 18 Bear In the core of the thing is darkness It is our final judgement While we sleep it paces outside our door It is the first time It has been around us So closely. Steaming shit in early morning. Maybe our private poems will never leave our heads, Thoughts about confrontations. Fear of opening that door. Maybe our pirate poems will leave our books And enter into our nights And bring us Interrupted dreams Of half knowing and fear until we awake And wonder over ignorance. It is the current tracking we must be Concerned with, tables turned. Hunting signs that read Know Me or Keep Out. Except for untamed few of us, We know only edge of mountain forest Home to the black bear. The word now is totem The word out is guns and dogs down Radios, cages, baiting - unholy The apparition before us is round Ginseng, Raccoon, Kanati, Bear, Wind, Earth gathered With one place empty, Us. - by Scott Bird FALL 1987 �/ GREEN POLITICS IN KATUAH Wlien Ille animals come to us, askitlg for our help, will we k11ow what tliey are saying? When the plants speak to us iii their delicate beautiful language, will we be able to answer tllem? When tlie planet lierself sings to us in our dreams, will we be able to wake ourselves, and act? -Gary Lawless, Eart/J First! can developed countrjes contrOI and dictate nctions to 'underdeveloped' nations. All people, no mnucr of what sex. color. creed, sexual oricnta~on or heritage must be empowered 10 have conLrol over the decisions which nffect their own lives We must live with a dedication for nonviolence in all aspects of our lives. Green panics are growing ~roughout the world today. Most notably are the West Germon Greens who during the lasl election won 8.3~ of the national voie and the same proportional number or scats in the Bundestag. Other pmies exist in 1131y, France. England, Canada, Cosu Rica, Brazil, Sri Lanka and Spain. It was an incredible evening. lhlll night in Amherst. MassachWICUS siuing with several hundred other people listening to G:iry rc:id his pocuy. We had already spent three days and nights discussing our ideas on wh:it the green movement is and what is happening in our own areas th:it is 'green'. Gary's words soothed our spirits and connected us all with our most fundamental belief-th:it we must live in harmony with all of nature. We have to develop a new p;irodigm for our world, one which follows a love and understanding for our role within nature as equals tO all other species, not as dominntors. We arc not, as our indus1.rial society purports, doing 'battle with' nature. As we recognize this fact. then we can see better how to reorder our lives nnd rcl::uionships with each other and the planet. This new paradigm must begin in our own local communities and regions, be it Katuah, the 01.nrks, or wbcrcvcr. During the I950's the civil rights movement began as a struggle by the peoples of color to empower themselves and take their n:uuro.I and equal place in a white dominated and contr0lled society and to change th:it society. This movement later IJUnsformcd into a celebration or peoples' or color bcrilllge and history and contribution to our world in freedom and oppre,sion. Later an lhe sixties. the emphasis v.'35 on community control. anti-war, feminism; and then in the seventies, aw;in:ness of en\·ironmcntal concerns and problems. l':ow in the eighties all or these concerns and energies for change arc drawing together into the grocn movcmenL Many people throughout the world are becoming awnrc Ihm specific io;sue activism, though icrribly necessary, doc.~ not change the root causes of the problems. Green politics is a holis11c view of life on Eanh. ft is based on the premise th3t we cannot pursue growlh for growth's sake without regard for its impacL It insists on the necessity tO chnnge our foc11s from quantity to quality of lifestyle. No longer can men dominate women; nor KATUAH- page 19 There are now over 75 gnssroot gTCCn organizations throughout the United StateS. They are networked togelher under an orgooization based in Kansas City. Missouri called the CommittteS of Correspondence. named afru the original grassrooc movement agnirul colonial rule in America. As l lhink of my community witlun Katunh I see many 'green' activities, though they may not Ten Key Values Ecological Wisdom Grassroots Democracy Personal & Social Responsibility Nonviolence Decentraliuition Community-based Economics Postpatriarchal Values Respect for Diversity Global Responsibility Future Focus have been labeled as such. Take, fer instance, the Stone Soup Restaurant in Asheville, NC. A worker-owned business, it is celebrating its tenth-year anniversary this year. 'Thue ue also the small business incubators located ii Waynesville and Marion, NC which provide a location and technical small business assisiaace to infant businesses for two years each. After this time the businesses move out into the community and new 'babies' move in. The Self-Help Credit Union is another example. This organimtion h!lp<; employees buy businesses which are closing, as well as sun new ones, throughout the state. The Swnnnanoa Valley Project 1s a case or local people taking contr0l of the direction of their community's growth and doing som~thing positive to unite them all. Through meetings with the local residents, they found what people liked about Swannanoa; what they didn't like: w~nt they wanted to change; where the investments of the people were used by the banking institutions whether within or out of the area; where did their community's garbage and waste go; and where do the valley's youth go when leaving school for good. This gave lhc people of lhe Swannanoa community a power to move in ways which they could truly affect their area's life. After reluming to Katuah from the conference in July, I helped tO set up an initial meeting to sec who in the area was interested in green politics. Over SO people auended from all around this area - Brevard, Hendersonville, Asheville, Madison County, NC. Since then we have organized a group called lbc Western Nonh Carolina Greens which has adopted the JO key vat ues or the Commiuees of Correspondence as its philosophical foundation. At our August meeting we filled out a questionaire to find out each person's views and ideas about how they would want the regional organization IO be involved politically, i.e. field Green Party candidates, support 'green' Democratic candidateS, or present green positions on specific issues IO the voters and traclitional candidaies. There was overwhelming interest in working on cnvironmen131 issues as well as presenting a 'green' position on local issues. Other interest arens are: organizing a town meeting or open forum with minutes being submitted 10 city/county government; promoting voter registration/ participation, particularly people of color; assisting local government and group recycling efforts; giving auention to low-income housing with a view to appropriate residential development in order tO avoid growth which forces people out or their ncighbolhoods and communities; and adding support to ongoing community groups and organll.ations. Monthly meetings are planned as well as separate 'green' value study groups. Times and dates will be announced in the Western Carolina Coalition for Social Concerns Calend:lr (always on display at Pack Library in Asheville, NC); on WCQS: Malaprop's bookstore in Ashe,·ille. as well as uca newspapers. For more information call 704/2.54-6910 or write: W.N.C. Greens P.O. Box 14-1 Asheville, NC 28802 Next Meeetlng: Sept 30 (see calendar p.28) Thi.r article was wriuen by Richard llarri.fon who has returned from a national grun conftreru:e which took place this swnmer (see Katilah Jssiu XVI). I/ere he shares his report with us as it relates to our bioregion. FALL 1987 �PROTECTING OUR MOUNTAIN WETLANDS NATURAL by William 0. McLamcy, PhD WORLD NEWS MODERN SCIENCE RESTORES ANCIENT INDIAN MAIZE For thousands of years the Cherokee Indians have had a distinctive variety of maize, or "com" as it came to be called by the European seulers. Ii was derived from the Harinoso de Ocho strain of maize found in northwestern Mexico, and it has long been a scientific mystery how the variety made its way to the Appalachians without leaving a trace of its passage between Mexico and the eastern mountains (see Krufuill. #3). In 1981 Dr. William Brown, retired president and general manager of Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. of Des Moines, Iowa, the world's largest producer of hybrid com seed, was visiting his friend Dr. H. F. Robinson, former professor of biology and at that time chancellor of Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, NC. During that visit, Brown noticed that some Indian farmers on Lhe Cherokee Indian Reservation in Cherokee, NC were still growing the old flour corn, although it had been contaminated by cross-breeding with varieties of commercial yellow dent com, commonly grown for s1ock feeding. The two decided to collaborate on a project to restore the Cherokee white flour corn, develop an improved, pure seed, and give it back to the Cherokee fanners for their own food supply and for distribution as ground meal outside the reservation. The project was begun in 1982, and the first two years were directed at making a basic improvement in the Cherokee flour com. Test plots were planted and seed that had the characteristics of the original maize white kernels free from indemations, or "dents" - was selected from the harvest. The second stage of the program was begun in 1984 and is almost completed. The objectives of this pan of the project are to purify the seed by eliminating all of the characteristics not found in the original Indian maize and to improve the yield. Brown and Robinson are working to derive flour com with shorter stalks; more ears of com per stalk; ears with eight or ten rows of kernels; and com free of tillers, or extra stalks. Taller com, or stalks weakened by tillers, may fall over and rot. The native Indian maize typically grew on stalks much taller than modem hybrid varieties. Among the techniques used by the scientists was the creation of "selfed one-generation" plants. In this process, the silks of a forming ear of com are dusted with pollen from the same plant, a kind of forced inbreeding to help eliminate foreign characteristics. KATUAH - page20 Plantings in fields in Cullowhee and Bryson City were harvested last fall, and the superior 10 percent of some 200 tested plants was saved to provide seed that was planted this spring to create the superior variety of flour com. The seed from that crop will be harvested this fall and will be given in carefully measured quantities to 20 Cherokee farm families for planting in 1988. Thus, after five years of work, Brown and Robinson will be able to return to Cherokee farmers a seed that will produce Cherokee maize in its historic white, smooth, flour kernel form. The Cherokees will be able to grow the maize for their own use as cornmeal, hominy, and grits, as they have traditionally, and it can also be ground into meal for commercial sales. The scant supply of it now available stays in demand at a premium price. The appeal of the pure com meal could make it an important product for tourist sales. And for the scientific world and the rest of us, the result will be the preservation of a locally-adapted species of native Indian maize that can continue itself here in the Appalachian Mountain region. (Source: Western Horizon: May, 1987) One of the least appreciated resources in Karuah is our wetlands. While we do not have environments as extensive or immediately impressive as the floodplain forests, cypress swamps, or salt marshes of the coastal plain, our own mountain bogs, pocket swamps, and beaver ponds are important pans of the uplands ecosystem and all the more precious for their scarcity. And they are under the same pressures as the lowland swamps - mainly dredging and filling for "development." Section 404 of the Clean Water Act states that anyone who wants to do any modifications of a wetland area must first get a permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers. lf that seems to you like setting the fox to guard the henhouse, your instincts are sound. In fact, no agency of the federal government has a worse overall environmental record than the Corps. On the other hand, to make any sense at all out of our dealings with the government, we need to understand that it does not function like an ecosystem. !1 is often at cross purposes with itself. From a practical point of view, what matters is lo identify the good individuals and the useful offices. Recently, a two-acre swamp just upstream from my house came under assault by crews using bulldozers. chain saws, and fire. It was a spot I have to pass on the way to town, and I have delighted in watching the maples be the first trees to tum red in the fall or scanning the edges for colorful or unusual birds - redwing blackbirds, yellow warblers, and perhaps an occasional teal. I would prowl the edges noting where the deer (so scarce in this pan of the mountains) had taken advantage of the protection of the thick growth and had found a small, dry spot in which to bed down. During spring and summer evenings the frog concert would entertain me as I went past, and I would sometimes see the muskrats and beaver who lived in the vicinity of the marsh. The tiny swamp even offered downstream residents like myself a modicum of flood protection. Local rumor had it that this delightful lµ'Ca, so full of natural life, was destined to be a trailer park. I wasn't happy about this. Since I knew the law, I phoned the Corps Regulatory Branch in Wilmington, NC to report the situation. I was dubious abouc what the result of this action would be, but, to my amazement, a biologist from the Corps was on the scene within two days time. While my reaction was not fast enough, nor the law tough enough, to save all the swamp, the owner was forced to modify bis plans and the habitat hangs on. More importantly, that visit was the beginning of a series of Corps actions in the mountain area that are enhancing the prospects for the survival of our mountain wetlands. In some cases itll has been removed and landowners ordered to carry out restoration work; in other cases filling has been prevented. FALL 1987 �Neither the law nor the agency are perfect. We have much better control over filling than ditching. Small projects are sometimes exempt. There are questions of interpretation, and the answers have not always made me happy. Nevertheless, contractors and developers in Karuah can no longer claim ignorance of the 404 permit process. So we have a tool to use. One of its limitations is that all of North Carolina is administered from the Corps Wilmington office some 400 miles away. With this in mind, a number of people in organizations in North Carolina have been trying to get the Corps to establish a regulatory office in Asheville. If you would like to help, write: Col. Paul Woodbury US Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, NC 28402 Tell Colonel Woodbury that our wetlands need protection, that it is the Corps' job, and that you are not sarisfied with the service we are getting. Suggest they open a permanent regulatory office in the mountains. Not all of Katliah is in North Carolina, but the situation is similar in other states. The bulk of the Corps' traditional work - the damming, dredging, canalbuilding and ditch-digging for which the Corps is so infamous - is in lowland areas, and so are their offices. Before residents of other states call on the Army Corps of Engineers to intervene in I.heir local sicuations, they might want to check with local conservation groups. The regulation branch in Wilmington, I am told, has a good reputation for dealing with conservation issues, and I am certainly impressed with the integrity of the individuals l have dealt with. Other district regulation branches may be equally conscientious, but I do not want to be blamed for loosing the proverbial fox into anybody's henhouse. Ecologically, our high-elevation wetlands are our most critical habitat. They are imponant stopover points for migrating birds whose flyways pass across the mountains. They are home for endemic, marshland plant and amphibious species that are found nowhere else. Other animals pass through the micro-marshes, some feeding on the rank growth, others preying on the smaller animals, and all taking advantage of the protection afforded by the swamplands' dense cover. If you see what looks to you like a wetlands violation, call Bob Johnson at tfie Wilmington office at (919) 343-4641. If you want to learn more about this, ca1l me at (704) 524-8369. Oraphic by Rob Messick D.0.E. HOT MEALS PROGRAM Natutal World News Sct"icc Natural World News has recently learned that the US Department of Energy (DOE) has finally come up with a solution to the bothersome nuclear waste crisis: we're going to eat it! The vehicle for this dramatic breakthrough is the Byproducts Utilization Program (BUrP). This seemingly innocuous scheme is the cover under which the doebo1s plan to recycle nuclear waste into the private sector. An early plan was to resurrcc1 "low-level" contaminated metallic hardware from nuclear plants as dinnerware. Now the doebots are planning to irradiate food with cesium 137 to help the food industry control spoilage organisms and give fresh food a longer shelf life. Developing cesium 137 food irradiation facilities (there arc plans calling for 1,000 such facilities) would serve the DOE in two ways: First, if the doebots are allowed to create an artificial market for Cesium 137, then they can put pressure on Congress to repeal a 1982 ban on the hazardous reprocessing of civilian spent fuel rods, which have accumulated in dangerous amounts in temporary storage pools at the nuclear plants. Congress originally institu1ed the ban to prevent circulation of the material to keep i1 secure from terrorists. Secondly, reprocessing would allevia1e the waste problem by reducing radioactivity up to 55%, thus encouraging the use and production of more nukes and more waste, and would generate plutonium enough to satisfy the Pentagon's appetite well into the 21st century. The food irradiation plan is being continued despite knowledge of potential health hazards as cited in the Congressional Record, S1788, February 4, 1987: "The application of ionizing radiation alters or damages food cells. It also creates reactive chemical intermediates known as free radicals, which react with food constituents to fonn potentially new compounds in the food called 'radiolytic products' or RP's. Some of these compounds, called 'unique radioly1ic products' or URP's, formed during radiation exposure are no1 known 10 exist previously in foods." In the US House of Representatives, Rep. Doug Bosco has introduced "The Food Irradiation Safety and Labeling Act of 1987" (HR 956). Senator George Mitchell has introduced a companion bill in the US Senate. The two bills would stop food irradiation plans until safety studies are completed and contain strict labeling regulations for irradiated food products. Unless you would like to be served up a plutonium/cesium 137 economy, you might want to write your Congressional legislators and express your support of the bills. Cesium 137 - all you care to cat! BURP! NO PROBLEMS WITH TOBACCO Nanni World NeWl Savice "We do not have a problem of pesticide use on tobacco," said NC Agriculture Commissioner Jim Graham, as he announced that an NC Department of Agriculture (NCDA) task force of inspectors has been specially trained to detect the use of herbicides (particularly Dicambra and 2,4-D) on smoking and chewing tobacco. The toxic herbicides kill the tobacco plantS prematurely and yellow the leaves, making it appear that they have been cured in the field. The herbicides are highly poisonous, and their use is illegal on tobacco and food plants. According to a report in the Agricultural Review. the official publication of 1he NCDA, the specially-trained inspectors will fan out to every tobacco-producing county in the state to stamp out any traces of illegal herbicide use on tobacco bound to domestic or foreign consumers. The inspectors will visually check tobacco crops for signs of illegal herbicides and will pull leaf samples for lab analysis. Offenders, who endanger the health of consumers and the reputation of the North Carolina tobacco product, will be hit with strict penalties, Graham promised. Commissioner Graham also sent letters to all of the major domestic and export tobacco companies to explicitly assure them that the North Carolina tobacco crop is uncontaminated with poisonous chemicals, and that there is no problem in the North Carolina tobacco fields. - NATURAL WORLD NEWS continued K.ATUAH- page 21 ®Xt page FALL 1987 �- NATURAL WORLD NEWS continued SHOWDOWN AT FLAT CREEK NalUnl World News The signs appear all around the Flat Creek Community on billboards, telephone poles, and motor vehicles: STOP VULCAN QUARRY! Vulcan Materials Company, a national corporation headquartered in Winston-Salem, N.C., has leased 99 acres and plans to blast 400 feet into the Eanh to mine the granite substratum below the Aat Creek Community. The angered community residents are not going to let it happen. Vulcan says there is enough granite to work. three shifts a day at the quarry for 55 years. How does that weigh against the risk to the health and well-being of Aat Creek, its watershed, and its people? Aat Creek itself would suffer. Any water that leaks into the 400-foot-deep pit during quarrying operations would be pumped into Aat Creek. That water would be laden with sediment, wastes, oil, chemicals, hydraulic fluids, and other debris from the mining operations. Vulcan is required to maintain only a 75 feet buffer strip between their operation and the waters of Flat Creek. "Seventy-five feet? That's the same as for my septic tank!" declared an irate residenL "What do they think they are doing here?" The ground water beneath the Flat Creek watershed would also be heavily impacted. A letter received June 24, 1987 from the North Carolina Dept of Natural Resources and Community Development listed four impacts a quarrying operation could have on ground waters around the site: 1. When the overburden above bedrock is stripped away, the water storage for the underlying fractured rock aquificr is removed. This can affect the flow of water in nearby wells and springs. 2. The blasting of bedrock can disrupt the flow of water in the fracture system supplying bedrock (drilled) well sand springs. 3. Dewatering the open pit could lower the water-table in the vicinity. 4. The exposure of fractured bedrock in the quarry can result in contaminated water entering and contaminating drilled wells in the vicinity. Constant blasting and the noise and dust from the cavalcade of trucks and heavy machinery will affect the two hundred homes and the two schools that are within one half mile of the quarry site. Vulcan already operates a quarry in Enka that blasts six days a week. The noise and the residues of the blasting dust are impossible to conttol. The new Enka High School, only two years old, is already starting to show cracks. Vulcan Materials Company has leased the 99-acre propeny in Flat Creek rather than purchase the land. Leasing relieves a company from any liability if water, air, propeny values, etc. are negatively affected by their panicular use or misuse of the land. A public meeting was held at the Flat Creek Elementary School August 6 in response to the announcement of the quarry plan. Over 600 concerned citiz.ens ancnded. KATUAH - page 22 For an area such as Flat Creek to become a "community'', a petition has to be submitted bearing the signatures of at least 20% of the citizens. Within four days 60% of the people of Flat Creek had signed a request for community status, and within one week Flat Creek formally became Flat Creek Community· a voice united. The concerns among the Flat Creek Community residents arc valid and immediate. With threatened water and air quality, daily explosions, increased traffic flows, and potential lowering of property values, it seems safe to say that Vulcan Materials Company would be more responsible and wiser 10 choose an area that offers less risk to humans and the environment than within the Flat Creek Community. NC LEGISLATORS WANT DUMP Nlllnl World News Service The North Carolina General Assembly bas decided, at least for the time being, to remain a member of the Southeast Low-Level Radioactive Waste Compact and to receive all the low-level nuclear waste from the member states for the next 20 years. In both the House of Representatives and in the Senate motions to table withdrawal legislation won overwhclmi_ngly by margins of 66-32 and 39-IO respecuvely during the last days of the session. Most of the western representatives voted for withdrawal. The three weeks of the legislative session saw an intensive campaign by paid utility company lobbyists to influence legislators. Their cffons apparently had effect, as the legislature passed RB 35, which calls for a Siting Authority that is not accountable to either the public or the legislature to decide on the location of the radioactive waste dump. If there is any positive benefit from these votes at all, it is that the roll calls indicate which legislators deserve to retain their posts and which need to be replaced in the primary election next May. Then we can try again next session. Our work is cut out for us. For more information, contact: Citizens Concerned about Nuclear Waste P.O. Box 653 Dillsboro, NC 28725 or Ron Lambe, Nuclear Waste Task Force WNC Alliance P.O. Box 157 Spruce Pinc, NC 28777 PEREGRINE NEST DISCOVERED NC Wildlife Reaowces Commission Thirty years ago the peregrine falcon, the fastest of the birds of prey, was wiped out of the Southern Appalachians largely due to damage from the pesticide DDT. For the past four years NC Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC) staff and volunteers have been "hacking" young peregrine falcons at several l<?Cations i.n t~e Katuah province to re-establish the bird m this pan of its native range. The program seems to be paying o~f. A pair of the peregrines have made a nest ~n the Pisgah National Forest. The female ln1d two eggs in the nest, one of which hatched a young chicle, who only lived for three weeks before dying of unknown causes.. Nevertheless, Allen Boynton, project leader for the WRC, was exuberant. "This is the first nesting pair of peregrines in the state in 30 years," he said. "All the people in the project arc thrilled." When biologists learned the sole falcon chick had died, they quickly sent for another peregrine chick that had been born in captivity. When the chick arrived, it was placed in the nest, a mossy area on a rock ledge. "When the adults returned, they flew aroung the nesting site, looking at the chick," said Boynton. "The chick staned begging for food whenever an adult peregrine would land on the ledge. After a couple of hours, the birds settled down. Several days later when I returned, I saw one of the adults feeding the chick. "We put the foster chick in to hold the adults at that nesting site and to give them experience in raising a chick," said Boynton. "We'll continue to watch for return birds, as well as releasing more falcons in future years." The peregrine project has released 45 young falcons in the state of Nonh Carolina in the four years of its existence. The project is funded by the Peregrine Fund, a national organization dedicated to re-establishing the peregrine in its native range, and taxpayers who marke<l the Non-game W1l<llllc Checkoff on their state income tax returns. The US Forest Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service have also provided funding and personnel for the project. ~ FALL 1987 �PeaceNet In tenns of networking continentally and globally, an invaluable resource is PeaceNet. PeaceNet is computer-based communication system helping the peace movement and the environmental movement throughout the planet cooperate more effectively and efficiently. With a large minicomputer based in northern California connected to Telenet, a common carrier, PeaceNet can facilitate letting subscribers communicate globally, usually through a local phone call. PeaceNet is compatible with virtually any personal computer or computer terminal outfiued with a 300 or 1200 baud modem. P eaceNet has more than 1,000 subscribers including the Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy as well as Earth Island Institute. PeaceNet now also serves EcoNet. PeaceNet has an electronic mail system which allows one to send and receive messages to and from the other PeaceNet subscribers and from Telex and University systems around the world. It offers easy-to-use tools for posting events on international bulletin boards, preparing joint projects through electronic conferences, and finding out the latest information on environmental and peace issues. In addition, PeaceNet can provide computer conferences, like specialized bulletin boards. By using this conference tool, a geographically spread out organization can carry on frequent and responsive communications. Some organizations use it to facilitate group decision-making and task sharing processes, long distance. Conferences can be set up in private fashion for a small group of users or they can be established as a public resource. PeaceNet also has databases which provide easy access to large quantities of information and allow for custom searching and output (printing) fonnats. Databases include: lists of speakers, organizations, and foundations as well as bibliographic, legislative and project infonnation. PeaceNet is a non-profit project of the Tides Foundation, based in San Francisco. So far, PeaceNet has been funded primarily through grant and gifts. Soon, though, fees from users will help it become financially independent. PeaceNet's rates arc extremely reasonable. Fll"Sl, you pay a $10 one-time sign-up fee. This gives you a user's manual and a free hour of off-peak computer time. Then you pay a monthly charge of $10, which gets you another hour of off-peak computer time each month. Every additional peak hour is $10 and every off-peak hour is $5. Sometimes, initial fees are waived and sometimes discounts arc available. If you are interested in finding out more about PeaceNet, writeorcall: PeaceNet 3228 Sacramento St San Francisco, CA 94 I I 5 (415) 923·0900 , Oacc it caac to ac j1st after the leans had catirely flllca ia the forests, whca cn1 loacsoac whip-poor-wills had goac, that s1rely it is c111g• jHt to breathe aad be, or take nothcr's h11d i1 Inc, sighiag to behold the old Milky Way dastiag the hcucas with a t&gae woader. Why do we aeed sach passioaatc delights whca we may fi1d aew streagth ia elder aightsT S1rcly te feel preaeditated s11 wara oa yon sh11lders all the S1aaer, or to gaze 1po1 fresh saow i1 wiater, is charge enough to wholly fill our days. So whcace comes the dark mysteries we breed, huiag to s1ffer, or at least astond the world, and her followers arouad usT We hue forgottca what we oace beheld: that life is what we make ef it: ao more. Tho1gh sickless cater as ia awcfal forms, our lowed oacs die eatirely, lcuiag aoae, aid weights of tragedy 11chor fi1e joys, of 11 iastaat we may feel sweet gladacss, seeiag though it fades, that it still eadares. So wherefore the sad, regrettable maaT Builg oace drau such sercadipity, 10 time is left to sorrow or coaform. Each murmur of aatare souads iHiolate. by Michael Hoctadag ~ • ,. ~ ~ 'furtlt ls/Olld is tht o/dlnew nativt namt for North Am.:rica KATUAH - page 23 Old Galaxies Cnpluc by Rob M~s1d: ~ �DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Persimmon seed, I am .... let me glisten in the sunlight to paint you colours, gold, bronze, amber forever. let me be free to grow to bear.... to watch my young sway, to grow, to bear. let me not lay on the cold, damp ground trample me not for the Eanh is my food and the sunlight my wonderment Dear Katuah, I am writing you I.his leuer because while visiting wiLh our new friends Ann and Michael at the Rainbow Gathering here in neighboring Graham County, we were given a copy of your paper. During our visit lo the gathering, my wife and I found I.hat our love for the mountains I.hat we live in was revitalized and reinforced by Lhe people's love and respect for nature and their desire to preserve our planet for generations to come. They also helped to remind us to judge only a person's deeds, not his looks or possessions. My wife and I both work at Mountain Park Medical Center in Andrews where we live. Some of our co-workers were quick to judge the Rainbow brothers and sisters by looks alone, never trying to understand what they stood for or believed in. I am 37 years old and can still remember what the sixties meant. I may have served in the Navy during that time, but I always believed that everyone should follow their own hearts and not be absorbed in the masses. We must remain individuals, yet not do anything to hurt any other living c reature, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant they may seem. My wife and I both stop for animals when driving, getting out and carrying turtles to the side of the road in the direction that they were heading. Getting back to why I am writing this, we would like any information pertaining to groups or activities in this area that we could attend or help at. We would like to help preserve our bioregion for all time. Also, please let us know about subscribing to your journal. Kelly (Kelly and Deborah Jones Andrews, NC) Persimmon seed, I am.... betraying the man. Bern Grey Owl Raleigh, NC Dear~ Dear Katilah, Someone showed me your summer issue and I noticed that your next issue, in the fall, is going to be on the black bear. As a bear hunter, I may have something in common with you. I want to see the black bear population flourish in these mountains. Here are some things that concern me about the present state of affairs: Jllegal hunting. In some areas in these mountains, poaching is rampant. What we need is good enforcement of the hunting laws. There needs to be enough personnel to do this. Illegal hunting doesn't do any of us legal hunters any good. Huntini: season in NC. The hunting season here in NC actually opens too soon(@ Oct 12). You see, female bears need time to get in their dens; they go into their dens earlier than the males. For the black bear to reproduce, it is very important to protect the females during this time. Also, they may still be caring for cubs at this time, and the cubs need the protection, too. Other states around here don't start up their season 'til later. That's what we need to do in NC. Although it's illegal, I have seen hunters shoot a female bear with cub. Radjo Collars. Some hunters rely on tracking bears with radio collars on their hunting dogs. To me, this takes the sport out of it .B.fil..l:ill. Although it is illegal, some hunters bait for bears. The law against this needs to be enforced as well. Having good hunting laws and the personnel to adequately enforce them is our best bet in ensuring a healthy black bear population for these mountains. anyone, - HELP! The word has been out long enough about scarab beetle larvae (see .K_illiiM. #12). After getting sick at yet another Rainbow Gathering, I'm pissed. The time for pondering has passed. It's time for Rainbow people to quit scratching their asses and produce a large enough crop of these critters to eat all the shits of a gathering. The larvae can be scooped up at the end and returned home. If it's a very cold gathering, a few candles in jars should keep their appetites stirred. The shitters won't fill up, and dysentery will become history. If not the Rainbow Family to lead the way of the future, who? 'Cause the larvae are coming to the world to clean up one of man's (sic) greatest problems with or without the Rainbow Family (unless the poles shift first... ..) I am but one person at a lonely Rainbow outpost, who can only do so much, like write you and send a few starters for new colonies. I kept them alive all winter! They are ready! Let's go! The time is NOW! Sincerely, Corry M.C. Rutherford County, NC KATUAH - page 24 FALL 1987 �The Lessons of the Hunt "Patience," says the stately Heron As it stands in the shallows, Waiting for a fish or frog To obligingly swim by. and isn't he contained in she? (She wishpered) isn't he in herand here and male in side of female? Isn't man in woman, prince in princess God in Goddess? Isn't Ibis a very narural thing in a very natural world Yes! i said (an excited fool now) Yes! HE is in HER! Yes! HEARE H*E*ARE "Patience," says the tiny Jumping Spider As it dans along a vine, Its huge front eyes alert For an insect's telltale twitch. "Patience, "says the coiled Rattlesnake As it lies beside a log, Waiting for an unsuspecting mouse To follow its accustomed path. "Concentration," says the Heron As, one slowly moving foot at a time, It stalks A shining minnow. HE*R HER And i saw this planet as a veiled cruxible of pressured light and She laughed and said even the Y chroma some's an X standing on one leg and i laughed too. "Concentration," says the Rattlesnake As the mouse scampers closer, For there can be But a single strike. "I see and understand," say I dr.iwing by Troy Settler Will Ashe Bason Check, VA "And thank you for your gifts. Now I can tread the inner paths To seek my own prey, Truth." e Douglas A. Rossman - continued from page 5 In his normal tone he resumed, 'The sorry, but I would have accepted it. But to have tracked her down by radio, insjde the sanctuary, inside her den absolutely enraged me. There's no sense to it. Someone hunting, even poaching, outside the sanctuary is likely to pick up transient males. But invading the sanctuary means a poacher is likely to get one of the females, which are the breeding element of the population." To protect the other bears, all radio collars have been removed, except for three bears the Project team has been unable to catch. Removing the collars has hampered the study this year, but Roger Powell says, "We're fairly confident that we have figured out a way that we can continue to collect data that will put the bears in no jeopardy of poaching - but we're not talking about it yet "Our project's handling procedure has one of the best safety records for least bear injury and monality of any large mammal study in North America. I feel good about that. We've put a lot of care into handling lhe bears promptly and safely, so that it has minimal impact on them. It seems that all that care has been worth it." bears have to live with people. We need to "Those of us who want to share the world with other creatures need to learn as much as we can about them ....." learn as much about the bears as we can, because I've got a feeling that most people are not ready to immediately stop changing the world to suit themselves. "Those of us who want to share the world with other creatures need to learn as much as we can about them, because there are a lot of people out there who don't care. "We need to get to the good things and keep them good, before other people get to those things and change them." c .. CD And, when asked if he thought that the bears had anything to teach us, he replied softly, "The whole world does. "I don't see the bears out there trying lO change things. They're living with the world the way it is. It seems that every time we change it, we mess it up. We're better offleaving it the way it is." KATUAH - page 25 ~~E.'11.~~ c ::> ~ ::> :~e:~~~ I 3 ~ .;..;~ri:l:lllL.IC~ ~~;;s;.::.::..;;...;;;..:;:c;::i;z..;:m:;~.a.:.;..l:ll;;L...:;~-=---':.;._.::.:...:::::=::......11..;:,;.;;.:.;...J ; FALL 1987 �- continued from page 15 Every year our club has a bear supper. Our wivcs'll cook bear meat. They fix ii about five different ways - baked, barbecued, stcwed.....any way you like it. And they make potatoes, bread, coffee, all the side dishes. It's a fine time, and it doesn't cost nobody a dime. You can cat bear meat 'til you can't eat no more. At the first part of the season when our club gets together, we take up a donation. Everybody pitches in $3-5.00, whatever they can afford. We put that money in an envelope, and one guy hangs onto it. If anybody's dog gets hun, and has 10 go to the vet, that money pays for that dog, no matter who's dog it is. A group of guys sticking together can 1113kc up that bill, where one guy can't afford it. We depend on Forest Service land to hunt. Bears like to go back into the deep woods. They always have, and, as long as there's a mash crop every year, they always will. For the last five or six years the mash has been spotty. If you go back deep in the mountains, you might find a big, bumper crop of mash on one mountain and none at all on another mountain. But I believe that as long as the Forest Service controls that land, and keeps people from building summer cottages there, we'll always have bears. They'll always be here. The hunters aren't going to destroy the bears, but the poachers nre something else again. They arc something the Wildlife Commission doesn't like; the sponsmcn don't like them; and the ochers don't like them either. But as long as there's man and womnn on the face of this Earth, there's going to be murders, there's going to be robberies, and there's going to be poachers. Hunters themselves are going to have to protect the wildlife. And they can do that, because they are out in the woods, and they can report any violations that they see going ~ on. l'nwiJona Ptr1Mal S..rv1ct Fill,,,. You< 8oolt Netds In 5r«1ahzed fjelJa --=~ UlTIIAVIOlET PUlllFICATIOH AHO FILTERING SYSTEMS SOlAll PRODUCTS · WATER AHALYllS OAJtY HEMSOTM 8oola.ltr ~ Htleh«is Sbopplq Ctntu ~ Nar1b c.rouna 28'07 RANDAU. C. LANIER ~2 .HWY 107 RT. 68 BOX 125 CUUOWHEE. NC 28723 Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic SCOTT BIRD GREG BLACK (704) 683-1414 683-4795 342 Merrlmon Avenue Ashevllle, NC (704) 258-9016 •.,.(notli«r Small lluslnut Jor IJorCd P£ACe ... '1\iilee, 'ltUll~I 'Na~rcm BOBCAT T-SHIRT SHORT SLEEVE T: $10.00 ppd. Colors: Ecru, White, Sliver, Se.foam (It. green) Teal LONG SLEEVE T: $14.00 ppd. (Includes Paw Print on Sleeve) Color1: Ecru, Sliver, Teal, White Satisfaction assured or return for full refund. Please Indicate size, color, sleeve length, quantity. --t<c.,_._ _ l :::I ICIU ........_M,w . , -.IC-!lO'I-._, ~a.. Introducing the BOBCAT This full color design Is hand-screened on T-SHIRTS OF 100% PRESHRUNK COTTON IN ADULT SIZES S,M,L,XL We •I.a have a line of sweatshirt• and kids T-Shlrts KATU All - page 26 c~•-..;::=:=:=:=:=: C WSA ~I Natural Food Store & Deli 160 Broadway Ashevllle, NC 28801 Where Broldway1Neta Mamnon Ave & 1-240 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday-Saturday: 9am·8pm Sunday: lpm·Spm (704) 253-7656 FALL 1987 �Littering: The Same Old Story ~ by Michael Hockaday I think it happened by accident, but it's hard to decide about some things. I'd bad it with a bag of fruit left aging on its own too long. It was time to go, so I brought it with me on my morning walk over along the pastures where the creek doglegs toward the big oak mountain. I stopped to toss those too-juicy pears toward a neighbor's cows clustered at the far end near the cornfields, leaving the bag by the wayside. I'd get it on return. Which I did, and found myself colJecting bottles, broken mostly, and cans: glass, plastic, aluminum. Beer cans were understandably the worst offenders, especially Budweiser, the King of Beer. Obviously Bud isn't wiser, and I still didn't understand. How quiet it was late Friday morning just coasting into the noon daze .... .leaves falling together in little groups or spiraling away one by one. Crickets caroled their tiny insect syrunphonies, or were they lullabies being put sleep by the vivid sunshine? Crows were growing less raucous, but the bluejays sure were arguing. I kept on with it, listening and cursing some. It was hard not to have bad thoughts against those who offhandedly dumped some of their junk on ~ nieghborhood, this stretch of public, county dirt road to boot! But I thought: I too am a litterer, though I don't break bottles against treetrunks or creekrocks, or cast my cigarette wrappers where all the world will see. Call that pride, ability? Ignorance? Carelessness? KATIJAH - page 27 No, I don't litter like I used to . Yet, as a consumer, I do my share of littering, for to buy and to throw away is interwoven. So there I was collecting garbage in my own neighborhood, which seemed at first a little embarrassing. I'll admit to being stubborn, but I didn't get it all. And I'm glad no one drove by. Those candy wrappers left seasoning for the last few weeks in the autumn sunshine had dried, melted, and broken into slivers that stuck to the blades and stalks of grass and weeds. I really couldn't pick them up without being quite meticulous, and it's true: the shade of my own front porch was calling me. Pausing in the road in the hot noon light, I remembered why I fear walking barefoot through these countrysides, crossing creeks at random, drying my feet in the cool shore sand: broken glass, jagged tin. Sparkling like mica under current, hidden under soft fall leaves. Dragging it all back home, I found out one thing: within an arrowshot of this old farmhouse I call home, a large grocery bag had been filled with that dirty stuff: garbage, junk, waste. Nowadays our roads are becoming dotted with more silver, red, black, orange, and less natural greens or the clear, plain color of the dirt of a Georgia country road. Why? I felt confused and very ignorant. It is more than a process of becoming an adult. A lot of conflicting thoughts and new questions came and went in my mind. Was littering a form of possessing, of exercising the right to litter the space around you, especially the place you grew up, the land you claim as yours? At first I believed the stuff I carried home was left by people driving through, or were my own neighbors littering? Could someone pay me to do this? Do I want to be a waste disposal unit? Hello, Mr. Dumpster. Or free to walk the woods and forest paths like I did the first year I arrived from a dirty city, going barefoot through the upland meadows, moving casually through deep grass, not finding any hurt but vinerash or stonebruise to my naked soles? And I would love to have those days again, though the past won't be reclaimed. But in the present, in today's world, does it seem too much to expect strolling barefoot through these hills, or to thoughtlessly race and dive into these lakes becoming clearer, yet thus more poisonous? Do you know where the honeysuckle clusters around that locust comerpost where the roads meet and the pavement starts? I found a pile of broken bottles there. And you know along the creek where the bitter, purple ironweed prospers in the low spots - I am finding layers upon layers of old junk: tractor tires, glinting slivers of old mirror glass, red velvet dance shoes dampening to tatters and dust Old garbage, family trash. The same old story. Quite usual. But still I feel a useless, impotent sense of despair as I see the simple, local, beautiful places marred by littering. Society at large won't solve it. Neither can I. That night I spent more time gazing on the feather of the grand Milky Way, appreciating clear, silver, tremulous stars. A cool wind stirred and freshened me. FALL 1987 �evenrs 3 WILLIS, VA "Healing the Family in the Wise Woman Way" - finding and preparing herbal medicines with Kathleen Maier and Sherry Willis. Indian Valley Holistic Center, see 9/19-20. SEPTEMBER 12-13 ASHEVILLE, NC RIVERFEST - "C'mon down to the riverside!" for the grand finale of French Broad River Week. Call (704) 254-8131 far more information. 18-19 3 ZIONVILLE, NC "Whole Brea1h Bodywork" workshop at Polestar Re11eat Center with Ginny Wright; 604 Mt. Vernon Ave.; Charlotte, NC 28203 ASHEVILLE, NC New Priorities Conference on Peace, Social Justice and the Environment.. 3-4 Includes featured speakers, workshops, panels and fellowship. Sponsored by Katifah and many other organizations. Asheville High School. $10 registtation, includes lunch; childcare $2. Info: (704) 252-3036 Is There a Future for the Southern Appalachian BLACK BEAR? 4-9 18-20 TOWNSEND, TN Tenn. Environmental Education Association Conference at the Great Smoky Mountains lnstitu1e at Tremont; Townsend, TN37882 GREAT SMOKY MT'NS. "Research on the Wild Mammals of the Great Smokies" with Dr. Michael Pelton. $40. Smoky Mountain Field School; Department of Non-credit Programs; 2016 Lake Ave.; Knoxville, TN 37996 A Wlldllfe and Habitat Conference September 29, 1987 WILLIS, VA "Health and the Human Mind" - the fundamentals of body electronics with Richard Lowenthal. $95 + $20 room and board. Indian Valley Holistic Center; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380 21 FALL EQUINOX BREAKS, VA Stage productions "South of the Mountain" and ''Talcs" by the Roadside Theater. For more info, write: The Roadside Theatre; Box 743; Whitesburg, KY 41858 22-27 BRASSTOWN, NC Coker Creek Anists' Creative Clothing Workshop. John C. Campbell Folk School; Brasstown, NC 28906 9-11 Owen Confemice Cent.er UNCA, Asheville. NC 19-20 19-20 STAUNTON, VA Earth First! Appalachian rendezvous and action against clearcutting in the George Washington National Forest Meet at North River campground, GW NF. For more info, call Roland Knapp at (606) 259-0252. Sponsored by: Environmentlll Studies Program. UNCA Soul.hem Appalachian Black Bear Fe.dcnltion Long Branch Environmental EducDtion Center KAWh.Biorcgio03l Journal 27 WILLIS, VA "An Afternoon of Personal and Planetary Healing" - circle on Mother Mound with Tom Williams. Donations. Indi~ Valley Holistic Center, see 9/19-20. 30 ASHEVILLE, NC Green Politics. Regional meeting of the WNC Greens. Montford Community Center. 7pm More info: (704) 254-6910. OCTOBER 15-18 HIGHLANDS, NC "Fall Landscape Photography Workshop" with Sam Wang - exploring and photographing fall in the beautiful Highlands area. $250. The Appalachian Environmental Ans Center; P.O. Box 580; Highlands, NC 28741 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mountain Fall Festival. Traditional music, dance, and stories by Gamble Rogers. the Houseband, Peter Ostrousko Band, Wild Asparagus, David Wilcox, Golden Rod Puooets and others. $30 for the weekend. Write: Grey Eagle and Friends; P.O. Box 216; Black Mountain, NC 28711 16-18 2-4 ZIONVILLE, NC "Healing Wise," a weekend seminar on herbal healing with Susan S. Weed. $125 or daily, includes camping, meals. Sun.- "For Women Only". Contac1: Phoenix Productions; Rt. 2, Box 59; Zionville, NC 28698 25-27 WA YNES VILLE, NC "Spiritual Astrology: Symbols of the Self" - using the birthchan as a mandala to center the Self among the various roles we play in life. Michael Thurma.n at Stil-Light Theosophical Retreat Cen1er; Rt 1, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569 25-27 KATUAH - page 28 HIGHLANDS, NC "Elders' Circle of the American Indian Council - elders from the Six Nations, Hopi, Pueblo, eastern and western Cherokee will speak at the Mountain; 841 Highway 106; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-5838 WA YNESVnLE, NC "The Modern Woman and Spirituality" with Elisabeth Peryam. Discussion, group work, ar.d worship for women at Stil-Light. See 9/25-27. FARNER, TN "Wild Foods and Medicines" expedition into the woods with Snow Bear. $50. Pepperland Farm Camp; Star Route; Farner, TN 37333. (704) 494-2353 2-4 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Courage, Kindness. Commitment, and Humor" retreat with Bo Lozoff. $50. Sou1hern Dhanna Retreat Center; Rt. l, Box 34-H; Hot Springs, NC 28743 CEDAR MOUNTAIN, NC Sierra Club "Outing Skills Workshop" - essentials of backpacking, knots, food drying, map and compass work and much more. $20 includes meals. Write for info before Oct 1 to: Shirl Thomas; P.O. Box 272; Cednr Mountain, NC 28718 17-18 WILLIS, VA "Introduction 10 Pennaculture" principles of cultivation with Thelma Snell. Indian Valley Holistic Center, see 9/19-20. 17-18 2-4 23-25 FARNER, TN "Primitive Camping Skills" learn to stay warm, dry, and well-fed wilh what lhe forest has to offer. See 10/2-4. FALL 1987 �- .. ' 21 KNOXVILLE, TN The Roadside Theatre presents "South of the Mountain''. See 9n.2·27. 25-29 WAYNESVILLE, !'liC Good cookin' at Stil-Light! "A Vegetarian Thanksgiving - The Role of Diet on the Spiritual Journey." $20. Sec 9n.5. 27-29 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Medicine Wheel/Mamlala The Circle of Peace" with Louise Sunfeathcr and Jennifer Gordon See 10/2-4. 14 Rob Messick 23-25 YELLOW SPRINGS, OH Conference: "The Self-Reliant Community" with Jeffery Bercuvicz, director of Rodale's Regeneration Project; Sue Jackson; William Berkowitz - identifying local skills, talents, and capital and using them to take the community's future in hand. $50 + $20 accomoclations. Prices include meals. Contact: Community Services; P.O. Box 243; Yellow Springs, OH 45387 WILLIS, VA "Rebirthing Weekend" Michael McDowell. $50. Indian Valley Holistic Cenier, see 9(1.7 24 W ILLIS, VA "Healing Old Wounds" rele:ising the past. Tom Williams. Indian Valley Holistic Center, see 9n.7. UNICO I ST. PAR~ GA "Earth Skills Workshop" for the whole family with Eustace Conway. Contact: Linda Rigell; Rt. l, Box 1426; Clayton, GA 30525. 28-29 DECEMBER 7-8 13-15 FARNER, TN Caving expedition. See 11/6-8. 5-6 SMOKY MT'N PARK Winter High Country Camping. The Smoky Mountain Field School. See 9/19-20. 11-13 14 GREAT SMOK Y MT'NS. Winter Field Botany. Smoky Mountain Field School, see 9/19-20. 23-25 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Dance Weekend. JCC Folk School, see 10/4-9. WILLIS, VA "Trusli ng In tu it ion" following the inner voice. Tom Williams. $60. Indian Valley Holistic Center. See 9n.7. 14 RADFOR~VA "Leaving Egypt" - stage production by the Roadside Theatre. See 9/22-27. 20-22 CHAPEL HILL, NC Economics As If Earth Mattered Conference with Herman Daly and Paul Wachtel. Center for Reflection on the Second Law. (919) 847-5819 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Intuition: Gateway to Knowing" - "Intuition is not psychic phenomena.... It is the Soul and its expression in form" - Joyce Keane. $20. Stil-Light, see 9n.5-27. HOT SPRINGS, NC ''Tibetan Buddhism: Traditional Methods for Spiritual Growth" - the Ven. Tubten Pendey. $75. Southern Dhanna, see ion.-4. 11-13 BRASSTOWN, NC 18 Olde Follcs Party. 19 Children's Pany. JCC Folk School, see 10/4-9. 30 HALLOWE' EN (Samhain) the ancient Feast of the Dead. 30-11/1 HOT SPRINGS, NC ''To Leap Like :i Tiger: A Zen Weekend" with B:irbara Rhodes. $86. Southern Dhanna, see lOn.-4. NOVEMBER 1-14 BRASSTOWN, r\C "Log Cabin Building" course with Peter Goit. JCC Folk School, see I0/4·9. 6·8 FARNER, TN Caving expedition to Cloudland Canyon. Basic safety. geology instruction by Snow Bear. Pepperland, sec IOn.-4. 6-10 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Meditation Retreat for Women" with Anna Douglas. $112. Southern Dharmn, see ion.-4. KATIJAH - page 29 FALL 1987 �STIL-LIGllT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT CENTER • a qu1el space for personal mcdiLntion, group interaction through study and community worlc, and spiritual semin:lrs. Contact Leon Frankel: RL I, Box 32.6; Waynesville. NC 28786 CRAFTSPEOPLE -send price listings to Gif1td /lands of NC, 331 Blake St; Raleigh, NC 27601 (Au'n: Bcm Grey Owl) - unique shop presenting 35-40 craflers' worlcs in Raleigh's City MlrkcL All aafts considered. ROCKIN' Willi BILLY B • Do the Dance of tht Dragonfly or the Rock 'Roll of Photosyntthsis in the "Music and the Natural World" workshop. Available for bookings for schools or loc3l groups, Jan. 29-Fcb. 4, 1988. Great motivation for kids! Call Ken Voorhis (615) 448-6700. FUTO~S by Simple Pleasures • affordably p1iccd Send SASE for info to: Simple Pleasures; Rt. I, Box 1426; Clayton, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920 I HA VE ACCEPTED the responsibility to participate m a powerful and imporunt cetemony to be condut1Cd in Nov. '87 inside the Great Pyrnmid in Egypt. I believe this wo1k will help uncarth ancient and new information crucial to the well-being of our planeL I h:ive received guidance Lhm in order to go on this mission. I would have to be sponsored. Plc.ise send don:itions t0: RL 2, Box 58; Willis. VA 24380 (att: Journey to Egypt) Tom W illiruns.. ...AnJ I/it £11r//1 limf APPLE TREES • grafted old-fashioned and contemporary. Send 50 cents for catalog: Henry Monon: RL I, Box 203; Gatlinburg, TN 37738 ASTROLOGICAL CHARTS. 7-pllge intcrproLntions of planets in signs and houses with plancwy aspects. Easy to read. Great gift for the newly-born. Send SS. name, date, time, and place of birth 10 Touchstone; Rt. 2, Box 314·K: Vilas. NC 28692 ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, herbs, and organically·grown, local produce at the WNC Farmer.;' Market! Look for the Fairglen Farms stall. units F and G in the wholesale area of the Farmers' Market; 570 Brevard Rd.; Asheville, NC (704) 2524414 ELEMEl'.'TARY SCHOOL TEACHER, certified, creative, self-motivated, and organized needed at Valley School, a parent-governed 11ltcmati"e school in Monongahela National Forest, WV Resume, references to: Teri Kutsko; I Kirt St., Elkins, WV 26241 (304) 636-2979 THE APPALACHIAN HERR NEWSLETTER: explonng the potential for herbs as ca.\h crops m Appalachia. Subscriptions $12/yr.. Write: Aopalnchj3n Herb Newslwcr • ASPI; RL 5, Box 423; Livini;sion. KY 40445 LAND TRUST in I.he forming on 57 acres near Boone, NC ~king famihcs wiLh strong visions and resources to manifest a peaceful place for our children to grow in love nnd to survive the coming of the new age. Paul and Susan Del Rios; RL 2, Boit 314; Vilas, NC 28692 (704) 297-4937 ROSE AROMATICS • essential oils have been healing body, mind, spirit, since ancient EgypL A most plcasa.nt therapy! Dabney Rose; 108 Church Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804 (704)254-9551 PURE HONEY • unheated and unfiltered. Poplnr, locust., and sourwood. One of nature's blessings! Price and ordering info from Jimmy Holladay, the Beekeeper; P.O. Box 908; Black Mt'n., NC 28711 (704) 669-9788 .. ANQ THE EARTH LIYEP HAPPILY EVER AEJ.El.· stories from folk U11ditions all around the world chosen lO help protect all living beings by bringing the world society a few steps closer lO peace and respect for au life. Edited by Floating Eagle Feather. $7.00 ppd. (All profits go to Greenpeace and the Peace Museum). Order from: Wages of Peace; 309 Trudeau Dr.; Metaire, LA 70003 ALTERNATIVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL - At Arthur MorgJll School 24 students and 14 staff lc:im together by living in community. Curriculum includes creative academics, group decision-making, a work program, service projects, extensive field trips, challenging outdoor experiences. Write: 190 I Hannah Branch Rd.: Burnsville, NC 28714 (704) 675-42.62 DRUMS - Custom handcrafted ceramic-dumbecks 8c wooden medicine drums. Call Joe at (704) 258-1038 or David at (704) 253-2846, or write ta: Joe Roberts, 738 Town Mountain Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. TECHNOLOGICAL APPROPRIATE COMMUNICATIONS • low-tech, economical telephone systems for the altcmntive community or farm. 2· 100 phones, a.utomatic or human-assisted systems available. Write: TAC; PO Box 936; Gatlinburg. TN 37730 MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS· herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726; Hampton, TN 37658 PEPPERLAND offers a vericty of outdoor education for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pcpperlnnd Farm Camp: Star Route; Farner, TN 37333 program~ 1988 SIMPLE LIFESTYLES CALENDAR • PhOlos of "CraftSpCOple of App:il:ich1a" by Warren Brunner and suggestions for simple hvmg for each day. S6.00 from Appalachia-Science in the Public Interest; Rt. 5, Box 423; Livingston, KY 4~45. All proceeds benefit the work of ASPI, n non-profit corporation. CHEROKEE INDIAN LANGUAGE classes. For info, \\rite Robcn Bushyhc:id; P.O. Box 705: Cherokee. NC 28719 APPLE TREES • Old·timcy and popul.1r contcmpor.uy varieties on sumdanl, semi·, or dw:irf stock. Send SASE for prices: Jeff Poppen: Long Hungry Creek N~; Red Boahng Springs, TN 37150 ARCHITECTURAL ADVICE ANO DESIGN: Adam Cohen; RL 2, Box 217; Check, VA 24072 SOCK-A-DOOZ PUPPET PETS • Walk 'cm, talk 'em. make 'em Oy. Wag their tails, you can try. They will love you. bug you if you're blue. Now PUPPET PETS can be your friends too. Handcrafted by Bonnie Blue; 78 1/2 Pauon Ave. (#10); A.~hevillc, NC 28801 FLOWER ESSENCES • Harmony with Nature & SpiriL Gentle emotional suppon durmg tr.lllsitions, specific issues, relationships. Opens communications. Self-adjusting, non-toxic, awareness "tools" for improving I.he inner quality. Correspondence to: Elaine Gcougc, c/o Patchwork Castle, Celo, 3931 HWY 80 So.. Burnsville, NC 28714 DAYSTAR ASTROLOOICAL SERVICE· natal, transil, comparison charts. Very accurate. Only S3.00 each. Chris and Will Bason; Rt. 2, Box 217: Check, VA 24072 (703) 651·3492 KATUAH ·page 30 APPALACHIAN GlNSENG CO. - Stratified seeds, seedlings, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 541; Dillsboro. NC 28725 WEBWORKlNG is free. Send submissions to: Kil.l.uAh P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 FALL 1987 �. /¥IDJ1lh wan~s to commtmicate yoiu· thougltts and feelings to the other people in the b1oreg1onal province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, drawings, or photographs. Please send yo1u contributions to 11S at: Ki:Wklh; Box 638 ·Leicester NC Karuah Province 28748. ' ' ' "Home" is shelter....."llome" is the heartll....•"Home" is conun11nity. Share yotu plans, sketches, and dreams with the others in tlie bioregion in the winter issue ofKm.tklh. The deadline/or conrriblllions is October 3. What does spring make you think of? Send your ideas to us for the spring isme. Mtdfrfnt- Alllts BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSUE lWO- WINTER 1983-84 Yona - Bear Huntus - Pigeon River Another Way With Animals - Alma Becoming Politically Effective Mouniain Woodlands - Katiinh Under lhe Drill - Spirilwtl Warriors full rolor T-snlrts In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today are only climinuitive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it. These beings are called with reverence "grandfathers". And of them, the strongest are Kanati, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the eanh plane; and Yunwi Usdi, "the little man", as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they are allies: their energies compliment each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality. all-cotton shins, they a.re available now in all adult sizes from the Kanfoh journal. "To show respect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in turn become an ally in the continuing process of mnintaining hnnnony and balance here in the mountains of Kau.iah." To order, use the form below. ISSUETHREE-SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture - Su.n nowen • Human Impact on the Forest • Childrcns' Education Veronica Nicholas:Woman in Politics - Linle People - Medicine Allies lSSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 Water Drum - Water Quality - Kudx.u ·Solar Eclipse· Clearcutling - Trout - Goin& to Wal&¥ Rom Pumps - Microhydto ·Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Tun Wayne Millet lSSUE FIVE. FAU. 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginsen& • Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism: Past. Present. and Futute - John Wi!nol)I • Healing Darkness - Politics of ~ ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984-85 Winter Solslice Earth Ceremony • HcrKp&Slurt River - Corrung or the Ugbl - Log Cabin Roota • Mountain Apiculturc: The Ril!lt Crop - William Taylor ·The Future or the Forest ISSUE SEVEN · SPRING 1985 Susiainable Economics - Hot Sprinas - Worker Ownership· The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey - Re'J'Onsible bwesting • Working in the Web of Life lSSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life. Kauiah 18.000 Years Ago • S6Cred Sites • Folk Aru in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer· Chcroku Heritage Center• Who Owns Appallchla? lSSUE NINE· FALL 1985 The Waldee Forest - The Trecs Spcalt • Migrating Foresu - Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop· Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Myth Tune ISSUE TEN· WINTER 19&S-$6 Kate Rogers - Cin:les or St.one • lntemal Mylhmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places • The Uktena's Tale • Crystal Magic • "Omu-nspcalcing" ISSUE ELEVEN - SPRING 1986 Community Planning • Cities and the Bioregional Vision - Recycling - Communil)I Gadcning· Floyd Counly, VA • Gasohol • Two Bioregional Views - Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Games - Good Medicine: Vasicns ISSUE n«RTEEN - Fall 1986 Center For Awakening· Elizabeth Calllri. A Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest MoTgan • Ocaling Creatively with Death - Home Buri.al Box • Th" Wake • The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwoods WiJdom • Good Medicine: n...s..-Lodge lSSUE FOURTEEN. Winier 1986-87 Uoyd Carl Owtc - Boogcn and Mummc:n AD Species Day - Cabin Fever Un ..cnlty • Homeless in KatUah - Homemade Hot Wall:r Stovcmakcis Narrative - GooJ Medicine: lntmpeci"5 Conummication ISSUE FIFTEEN -Spring 1987 Coverlcls • Wom:m Forester · Susie McMahan Midwife - Alternative Contraception • Bioscxuality - Bioregionalism and Women Good Medicine: Mlllriacharial Culwn: - ~ ISSUE SIXTEEN - Swnmcr 1987 Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Quest - First Flow - Initiation • Leaming in the Wilderness - Cherokee Olallenge- "Valuing Trees• -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KAJVAH: Biore~jonal Journal of the Southern Appalachians Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Marnie Muller (7().1)683-1414 Regular Membership........$ IO/yr. Sponsor..........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Address City Area Code KAJVAH -page 31 ~ess! t1ot£r.t"' Enclosed is S to give this ejfon an exrra boost State Phone Number Zip Back Issues Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ - Issue#_@ $2.00 = $ - Issue#_@ $2.00 = $ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ _ _ Complete Set (2-11, 13-16) @$19.00=$_ _ T-Shirts: specify quanticy color: tan S_ _ M_ _ L_ _ XL_ _ @ $9.50 each............$_ _ I can be a local contact person for my area TOTALPRICE= postage paid $_ _ FALL 1987 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 17, Fall 1987 Description An account of the resource The seventeenth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on black bears: their place and future in southern Appalachia. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Sam Gray, Paul Gallimore, Mike Pelton, Robert McMahan, Jay S. Gertz, Scott Bird, Richard Harrison, Michael Hockaday, Martha Tree, Marnie Muller, Rob Messick, Richard Harrison, William O. McLarney, Bern Grey Owl, Will Ashe Bason, Douglas A. Rossman, and Troy Setzler. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Life and Death of Bear #87: Glady and The Pisgah Bear Project.......3 Bear Story by Sam Gray.......6 Issues (and a Few Answers) for the Black Bear: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton.......8 The Challenger: The Wild Boar in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.......11 cougar: A Poem.......12 Good Medicine: "Finding Allies in the World".......13 "Me and My Walker Hounds" by Robert McMahan.......14 "Smells Like Money to Me": A Report on Champion International by Jay S. Gertz.......16 Bear: A Poem by Scott Bird.......18 Green Politics in Katúah by Richard Harrison.......19 Natural World News: Modern Science Restores Ancient Indian Maize | Protecting Our Mountain Wetlands | DOE Hot Meals Program | No Problem with Tobacco | Showdown at Flat Creek | NC Legislators Want Dump | Peregrine Nest Discovered.......20 Turtle Island Talking: A Look at PeaceNet.......23 Old Galaxies: A Poem by Michael Hockaday.......23 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......24 Littering: The Same Old Story by Michael Hockaday.......23 Fall Calendar of Events.......28 Webworking.......30 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern Bear hunting--North Carolina, Western Black bear--North Carolina--Fiction Black bear--Mythology Animals--Poetry North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Cherokees Community Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Pigeon River Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Stories Turtle Island Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d265838cdaadc8b321dba6f48590eaf8.pdf 1c5248620a6e795d64134a0d67addc57 PDF Text Text RESTORING THE CHESTNUT �"No other tree grows so rapidly or to such a great size 011 tile dry gravelly hills of the nonheastern states. Always beautiful with its massive trunk. its compact round-topped lzead, and slender dark green leaves, in early summer, long after the flowers of its companions have disappeared, the Chestnut covers itself with great masses of spikes of yellmi flowers. and is then the mos1 magnificent ohject in the sylvan landscape." 1 - Charles Sprague Sargent, Silva of North America ( 1896) ~LlAH JOURNAL Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #1 8 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �"Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chesmuts"................. 1 A Natural History Returning the Chesmut.. ................6 to the Eastern Forest by Scott E. Schlarbaum "Poem of Preservation and Praise" .......................................7 by Stephen Lewandowski Continuing the Quest.....................8 to Restore the Cliestruu by uicille Griffin Forests and Wildlifc ...................... 10 Eighty Years in tile Mountains by Taylor Crockett Gift of the Chestnut.. .................... 12 Chestnuts in the Regional Dier by Kim Sandland From the Roots ............................ .1 4 Chestnut Restoration Work An Herb Note from Lucinda ......... 17 Good Medicine:............................ 18 "The Cli.anges to Corne" Natural World News ..................... 20 Drumming: Leners to Karuah.......24 Review: Where Legends livc .......27 Young People's Page.....................29 Evcnts ........................................... 32 Webworking.................................34 "Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chestnuts" by David Wheeler I. The Forest of Old B orn as we are into the world of the twentieth century. we do not truly know the Appalachian forest. What we know as "the forest" now is a diminutive second growth sprouting from the seed and stumps of the devastation of the original trees. What we are witnessing now is the foresi's incredible powers of growth and rejuvenation and its determined endurance in the face of conditions that are becoming increasingly hostile 10 life. The forest we see is not the forest as it once was nor the forest as it could be. We have never seen the full majesty and power of the climax forest. the great specimens of "virgin" timber: massive beings - calm, beautiful, and so very alive. We never have experienced the abundance those trees provided. It is hard in the present day for our imaginations to even conceive of the numbers of living cre:uures, great and small, that the~c m:c:s supported and sheltered. "Climax" means 1he fullest expression of growth for any given environment • h is a state of dynamic equilibrium in the variety of species and distribution of populations that can sustain and continue itself un til a major climatic shift sets new conditions for climax. The deciduous forest in eastern Turtle Island (Nonh American continent) remained stable for thousands of years after the retreat of the last glacier. But within a mere 400 years after it was discovered by European culture, the forest was completely changed. ln the lowland areas, the climax forest fell back before the rush of European settlers as they immigrated in unprecedenied numbers in the 200 years following the discovery of the New World. In the last years of the nineteenth century and into the beginning of the twentieth centu~y. the remaining forest areas high an the Appalachian mounrnins were subjected 1~ timber ex.traction marked by a degree ol destructiveness unparallelled in history. . The deadliest blow, however, fell m the first half of the twentieth century when an introduced fungus disease from the Orient completely decimated the American chestnut rree (Ca.uanea dentaia (Marsh.) Borkh.), the largest and most prolific tree ~n the fore ..1. The sudden and ca1astroph1c disappearance of the chestnut sent sh~k waves through the whole forest communuy. The eastern climax forest was permanently altered, and every plant and animal species felt the impact of the chestnut's demise. (continued on p3gc 3) �," ~LJAHjOURNAL EDITORIAL STAFF THlS ISSUE: Scou Bird Jack Chaney Rob Messick Michael Red rox ChipSmilh David Wheeler Mamie Muller EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Sariuh LowuJay Martha Tree Sam Gray \Viii Ashe Bason Christina Mo"ison John Moffis Kim Sandland Judith llallock Tom lltndrick.s Michael Jlockaday John Lang Jeff SmJ1h John Creech Brad Stanback Brad Co111d Thanks 10 the following ror their help in preparing this issue or the Katuah Journal· Dr. Scou Schlarbaum, George Friacll. R.D. Wallilce. Dr. John Rush Elkins, Edwin M:inchester, Philip Rutter. COVER by Rob Messick PUBLISHED BY: Ka!Uah Journal PRINIED BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press WRITE TO US: K01U/Jh Journal TELEPllONE: (704) 683-1414 P. 0. Box 638 Leicester, NC KalUah Province 28748 Diversity 1s an impon.3nt element of b1oreg1onal ecology, both na1ural and social. In line with !hi..~ principle. the KatU/Jh Journal tries to serve as a forum for the di~ussion of regional i~'UCS. Signed 1111iclcs express only the opinion of the authors and are nol ncccssanly the opinions or Ole K<Ullah Journal editors or sUIJT. The lntemal Revenue Service has decbrcd Kati<ah u non-profit org;inization under section 501(cX3) of lhc Internal Revenue Code. All conlributions IO K01Uah are deductible from pcssooal income ux. TiiE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREOION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEM£Nf OF PURPOSE Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range 011 our continent, Turtle Island; a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name" Katf.lah" as the old/new name/or this area of the mountains and for ics journal as well. The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roa11oke River Valley to the north; the foothills of the piedmont area to the east: Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the soU/h,· and the Tennessee River Valle) to the west. The edi1orial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster tile aware11ess that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Livi11g in this manner is a way to insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a laslillg place for ourselves in its continuing evolwionmy process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a "do or die "situation in terms of a quality sta11dard of life for all living beings on this planet. As a voice for the caretakers of this sacred land, Katiwh. we advocate a centered approach to the concept ofdece11tralizatio11. It is our hope to become a support system for those accepting 1he challenge of sustainability and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism. pertinent information. articles, artwork. etc. with hopes that Katuah will grow to sen·e the best interests of this region and all its living. breathing members. - The Editors KATUAH - page 2 AUTUMN- 1988 �• "Chestnutt, of this sorte there is very greate plenty; the tymber whereof is excellent for building, and is a very good commodity, especially ill respect of the fruit, both for man and beast.'' ·Monon, New £11glish Canaan (quoted by Charles Sprague Sargent in Silva o/Norr/i America, 1896) (conltn~ fn>m page I) fl.The Life of the Chestnut The American chestnut tree was a life-form unequalled in the eastern forests of the Tunle Tsltmd continent. The chestnur was a member of the family Fagaceae, and the leaves resembled the leaves of the beech in appearance, although they were larger and longer. being six to eight inches in length, "oblong-lanceolate" (like a long ellipse, sharply pointed at both ends), heavily toothed along the edges, with prominent veins on the underside. The dark, gray-brown bark was fissured and divided into ridges interwoven into a distinctive criss-cross pauern. The leaves were late to unfold and were followed in late June or early July by the long, pendant catkins of drooping white flowers that made a striking show on the Appalachian hillsides. Chestnut flowers gave off a sttong odor that was fragrant to some and disagreeable to others. Because they bloomed well after the last spring frost, they set a reliable crop of nuts for wildlife LO feed on each year. After the first frost in October, the prickly burs began to open and drop their sweet chestnuts into the leaves on the forest floor. The nuts were smaller than the imponed chestnuts we are familiar with today. being one-hair 10 one inch in width, two or three to each bur. Declared "one of the most useful and beautiful trees of the forests of eastern North America" by Harvard Arboretum botanist Charles Sprague Sargent, the American chestnut was surely the hallmark of the eastern woodlands. The tree was adaptable to a variely of habitat situations and grew faster than any other hardwood tree in the forest: two reasons for its widespread success. The chestnul had a spreading crown, and cast a deep shade around its base as wide as the upper branches could extend. In the open it could produce a crown up to 100 feet in width. It grew rapidly on soils that were poor and shallow as well as on deep, fenile soils, and only avoided limestone-based soils. fl was moderately tolerant of the shade of other trees, and so could grow up through their shade until it in tum overshadowed them and suppressed lheir growth. The chestnut tree is thought to have originated in China. The first seeds could have been carried into Nonh America in the food pouches of migrating humans. The oldest evidence of the chestnut tree on this continent was found in Yellowstone National Park and dates back 50 million years ago to the Eocene Era. Once established on Tunle Island. the chestnut tree migrated widely. Signs of its presence have been found in Alaska and Greenland. But climatic changes gradually pushed the species into the eastern half of AUTUMN· 198 the continent. There were 18 or 20 glaciations during the last two million years. Each time the ice sheets pushed au before them. After each glacier retreated, the chestnut followed. The chestnut was a slow mover, probably because it was a self-sterile tree, and at the time of its demise it was still a relative newcomer to the northern pans of its habitat. Evidence shows that Cas1a11ea arrived in the Connecticut River Valley a scant 2,000 years ago. Jn 1914 Professor Anhur Graves of Yale University gave the range of Casr.af!4a as extending "from southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski River in northern Vennom, to southern Ontario, and along 1he American chestnut tree in size, but because of its rapid growth habit and greater tolernnce to shade, the chestnut prevailed as a dominant tree throughout its range, while the poplars were limited in number, usually being restricted to choice cove habitats. Today the yellow poplar inhabits m1my of the sites formerly dominated by chestnut. In its time. however, the chestnut tree often comprised 25% of the forest, reaching densities of 70-85% on the mountain slopes of Katuah. So plentiful was the species that a member of DeSoto's expedition through the Appalachians in 1520, who styled himself "The Gentleman of Elvas," declared as simple fact, "Where there be mountains; there be chestnuts: they are somewhat smaller than the chestnuts of Spaine," thus providing the first recorded reference to the species by a white person in the New World. m. Chestnut Ecology Natural r011ge of till! Am<ricon chL.ttnut tru. shores of Lake Ontario to southeastern Michigan, southward in the ~tern pan of its range to Delaware, and in the west to southeastern Indiana and extreme southern Illinois, while it extends along the wuthem Appalachians to north central Georgia. central Alabama and Mississippi, and central Tennessee (sec map)." In the southern mountains the tree was common on slopes between 2,000 and 4,000 feet in elevation, but it was seen in the low bo11oms and up LO 6.000 feet on the highest peaks. lt was in the Southern Appalachians that the chestnut attained its greatest dominance and its grandest size. Gifford Pinchot in a 1897 report told of tre~s reaching 120 feet in height and 13 feet in diameter. Although the chestnut usually grew to only 50-70 feet in height in t~e nonhem part of its range, a standard tree in the Southern Appalachians would be 90 feet tall and 4-6 feet in diameter, often living beyond 500 years of age. Only the yellow poplar tree ( Liriodefldron mlipfera) rivaled the The American chestnut tree was not only a grand and unique species in the 11egral eastern climax forest, it was also an i1 species. Oak trees. red maple, and sometimes hemlock and gray birch. were other t:ree species that, along with the yellow poplar, could make a place for themselves alongside the chestnut. In the shadow of their high crowns grew hazel, holly, and dogwood trees; huckleberries and other Vaccirrnium species: and spicebush, flame azalea, dog hobble, mountain laurel, and rhododendron: the familiar understory plants of the mountain forest. These species interacted with the chestnut trees in a multitude of ways to provide the conditions for their mutual growth. Even the soil chemistry and water patterns of the forest were 1nnuenced through their many generations of continuous habitation. This association provided optimal conditions for a wide variety of wildlife. Many animals ate the chestnuts: they were a nutritious. abundant, and dependable food source. Game nourished at a rate inconceivable today. Families of deer and flocks of turkeys moved among the thick trunks of the giant trees in the shady twilight. Foxes denned in fallen, hollowed trunks. Raccoons stored chestnuts in their holes high off the ground, while chipmunks carried nuts 10 their small holes among the boulders. Squirrels and jays quarrelled over possession of trees-full of the succulent feast. Immense flocks of passenger pigeons paused in their migrations to gorge on the small, sweet nuts. In winter. elk pawed the ground to tum up chestnuts hidden in the leaves beneath the snow. These animals in tum fed the great predators that stalked the woods and s:iiled the skies: the grny wolf, the mountam hon. the red-tailed ha wk. the peregrine fal<X>n. and the golden eagle. (continued on page S) KATUAH · page �Mrs. ~Jimh Shelto11 of Sevier Col/Jl/y. Tc1111cs.set with her um Olld thru daughters s1afllling in front of a giant chest11UJ tree MJJr Trtmofl/, presently in IM Great Smoky Mountains National Park.. /"his photo was taken 111 1920. KATUAH - page~. AUTUMN- 1988 �"They also grew behind my house, and 011e large tree, which almost overshadowed it, was. when in flower, a bouquet which scented the whole neighborhood, but tile squirrels and the jays got the most of its fruit; the last coming in flocks early in the morning and picking tile nuts out of the burs before they fell. I relinquished these trees to them and visited the more distant woods composed wholly of chestnut. These nuts, as far as they went, were a good substitute for bread." - Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854) (continued from p:1ge 3) And high in the trees the black bears would bend or break the branches in 1he foll of the year to pull the sweet nuts from their spiny husks to provide the all-imponant calories necesary for them to survive their winter sleep. Dead chestnu1 trees also provided large, hollow trunks that were the bears' preferred denning sites for a warm winter home and a secure place for the females to binh their cubs. Humans came to live in the forest. The Indians hunted Lhe animals that fed on the chestnuts and also foraged for the nuts themselves to store for the winter. As their agriculture developed, chestnut bread made of chestnuts ground into com flour and tied in com husks to boil became a staple dish. They also used an infusion of the chestnut leaves medicinally 10 cure the whooping cough. When the white settlers came, they valued the chestnut tree for the use they could make of it. Most of the newcomers were farmers, so they cleared the chestnut ttees from their farming fields and used the logs to build their cabins. They roofed their small dwellings with shakes split from bolts of chestnu1 wood. Chestnut rails and fence posts kept their animals in the pasture. And when the farmer died, he was buried in a chestnut box. Because of its high tannin content, chestnut was highly resistant to moisture and rot when in contact with the soil, and was known as the best coffin wood. 1n 1914 Professor Graves spoke of chestnut wood somewhat scornfully, saying, "...as far as the finer, technical uses are concerned, such as interior finish of houses, furniture, etc., it is decidedly second-class material because of its warping and checking tendencies; yet it is often used for these purposes, where 1he element of cheapness is the chief consideration. By the uninitia1ed, chestnut used in interior house finish may easily be mis1aken for the more expensive ash." But the wood was highly valued for its durability and was used for bridge and mining timbers, ships' masts. railroad ties, telegraph and, later, telephone poles. By the cum of the century, one-quarter to one-third of the saw timber crop in the Southern Appalachians was chestnut wood. It seemed that chestnut lumber was an inexhaustible resource. After 1900, tanneries bought 1he wood for $2.00 per cord to extrac1 the tannic acid from the bark and wood for leather processing. Chestnut was also a major source of pulpwood for the paperrnaking industry. With the chestnut so prevalent, it did not seem was1eful 10 sacrifice millions of board feet of 1he wood to the industrial mills. Mountain families also counted on the fall chestnu1 drop. It was an imponant pan of 1heir livelihood. Hogs were allowed to AUTUMN-19 free-range in the forest, and the family fed on fall chestnuts in the fonn of pork roasts and hog jowls during the wintenime. In an interview with journalist Vic Weals of the Knoxville Journal, John McCaulley, a former inhabilant of Cades Cove (now pan of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park), spoke about this way of stock-raising: "In the fall we'd separate into families and go into the mountains to 1end to our hogs - move them along from place to place where the chestnuts were plentiful. "Our hogs ran wild in 1he woods. We'd put a bell on the old sow and tum her out, with the liller, and go see about her, along. "And then in the fall of the ye.ar we'd drive !hem home just as fat as if they'd been in the cornfield. "The acorns hi1 in the fall, and the chestnuts hit, and, law, it wasn't no trouble to drive in a big herd of fa1 hogs." Foraging for chestnuts was also an important activity for many mountain families. John Mccaulley said, "I saw one time in the cabin at the bald mountain, 100 bushel of chestnuts, piled up there, and abou1 four men packing them off, every day. There was quite a lot of people there gathering chestnuts then. "There was worlds of chestnuts. I'm a-telling you, the whole eanh'd just be black with them .... "The last time 1 was ever on the mountain a-chestnut hunting, me and one of the girls rode up there one day. We got up there about one o'clock and we picked up seven bushel. ''We propped them up against a ltCC there and went back nex1 day with the mules and carried them home. We took them 10 Knoxville and got four dollars a bushel for them." FaJI was the time for game hunting, too. Every hunter knew that bear meat never did 1as1e right until the bear had filled up on chestnuts in the fall. Mountain families used the chestnuts in many different ways. For everyone and everything living in the Appalachian forest, the chestnut tree was an important fact of life. It was often taken for granted simply because it was so common, until, one day in the early I 890's, a boat returning from a successful trading nip 10 1he Orient docked in New York harbor. IV. The Destroyer Unbeknownst to anyone, a silent, invisible stowaway rode aboard that ship. Nursery stock of Oriental chestnut trees that were being imponed into the country carried in their tissues a fungus disease later 10 be known as Endorllia parasirica, the chestnut blight. Oriental trees had lived with the blight for thousands of years and had developed an inbred resistance to the fungus, but lhe native American trees were highly vulnerable to the invading organism. Observers on Long Island firs1 saw the effects of the blight in 1893, but it was not iden1ified until Hennan W. Merckcl, forester at the New York ZoologicaJ Gardens, recognized in 1904 that it was a fungus disease which was killing the tops of chestnut 1rees under his care. Merckel took bark samples to Dr. A.W. Murrill of the New York Botanical Garden, who named the new disease and published his findings. But Endotllia already had a headstan on the scientists. The blight spread by 1wo kinds of spores. 1n Lhe summer infected cankers on the trees oozed a sticky mass of spore material tha1 stuck to the feet of birds and insects and was thus carried long distances to other trees. In the winu:r clouds of microscopic spores, like puffs of dus4 were carried by lhe winds. On landing in a crack in the bark of a chestnut tree, the spores grew into the wood, causing large cankers (or swellings) on the irunk. The cankers were visible as orange-tinted (continued on p:ige 28) Summary of measurements of a group of nine chestnuts in a sheltered hollow on Noland Creek, Swain County, North Carolina (Soll. 9ooa: upecl., 1:outhe>rly1 • levadon, 2,500 ''"'I.I Age ...•.•.........••................•.......••..•.... years .. 202 Diameter of stump, inside bark ...............•..••... inches .. 41 Average increase in diameter of stump for each decade ••... do .. 2 Increase in diameter for last ten years ................. do .. 1.1 Height ..•.•...•...•...•.............•.•........•...... feet .. 108 Length of merchantable timber ...••.•........•...........• do •. 62 Diameter, at top of merchantable timber, inside bark .........•...........•. inches •. 21 Merchantable timber ..• - •.•..•............•....• feet B.M .•. 2,200 SOlVtt A'j(!rs.11.B. and WW. hM; The Soulhcm Appalachian Forest; US GttJlogical Sun;ey. Pro{u1Wmal Paper No. J7 ,p 49 (1905) KATIJAH- page 5 �RETURNING THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT TO THE FORESTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA by Scott E. Schlarbaum In the years following the infes1ation of the blight fungus that destroyed the American chesmut tree (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) throughout i1s range. developing blight resistance in the na1ive ches1nut became a goal for various scientific research programs in this counrry. Literally thousands of cross-pollina1ions were made in an effon to incorpor:ue blight resistance into the genetic background of 1he American chestnut. Native chestnut trees tha1 were believed to be blight-resistant were crossed with each 01her Other chestnut trees were crossed with Castanea species from Europe, Japan, and China, as well as with the closely related chinkapin species. Resistance to 1he blight was greatest in hybrids involving Asiatic chestnuts. However, 1hc poor form of 1hc Asia1ic species was also inherited. Differences in bligh1 resisiance were detected in the American x American crosse~. but 1he levels were so low that mos1 scientists gave up the project as unfeasible. Because of the largely negative results produced by these two lines of research, most of the breeding programs to restore the American chesmut to the eas1em forest had been discontinued by the mid- I970's. llowever, research on the Castanea species and on the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) did not stop. A small number of plant pathologists and breeders fom1ed a regional research project, "NE-140 Biological Improvement of Chestnut," to continue studying the species and the disease. This project still exists and has grown to include representatives from seven state agricultural experiment stations and various federal agencie~. Private organizations. such as the American Chcstnu1 Foundation and the Roche Institute for Molecular Biology. also arc involved in various aspects of chestnu1 research and anend annual NE 140 1cchnical meetings. Research projects range from tr.insi1ional breeding and plant pathology investigations to molecular generics studies of the tree and the pathogen. A renaissance in chestnut experimeniation came as a result of developments in two different areas of research. One was the discovery of trees that had been infected with less virulent strains of 1hc chestnut blight fungus (hypovirulcnt strains): the other was the discovery of an unexplored breeding approach tha1 may provide the solution for returning the American cheMnut 1rcc to its place in the eas1em forest The discovery of hypovirulent strains of the chestnut bligh1 fungus has excited both 1hc scientific communi1y and the general public (sec page this issue), A tree infected with a hypovirulcn1 strain of the Endotllia fungus can heal and eventually recover completely. Moreover, if spores of the hypovirulent fungus land on or near the infection site, 1hey can transform the virulent strain to a hypovirulcnt condi1ion, Figure t. BRF.EDISG SCllF..\fE TO PROVL'Cf: BLIGJl1" RESISTAXT .~ .\fERICA.\' CHESfNLfTS Chinese ---- I11 YBRlDIZt\'flO:'ll t IF cF.:-;ERAno:-;I I ---- Badcross (BC) Bh11ht Resistant American Bhght Suscephblc to Amcm:nn Chestnut t !Uc:, GENERATION! I Snc1!n for Perltal Rcs1slancc Badcross Parhall\' Rrsastant Trees IBt + Gl::;>.;ERATIO:\I I Scrncn und Baclccros~ t lBC CF.NERATIQNI I Snecn 11ncl Cross within BC, Crnarahon Ir Resistant + GE.'\ERATID~I ''' Pnrli«lh Resistan1 Susrcptible I Screen & Select Resistant Trees + Breeding Population of Resistant Tr~' Prepared by ProfCSD" Sclllarbaum a!icr Burnham Gl.OSSARY: Baduoss. C'o" betwun a hybridJ:td o/!Jf"llll o!ld MLm«r of its f'<J'tlll s~ctts Blight rtslstane1. l11lr.trittd abif1ry to l41tlutalld blight. Cambium .l'trtical ll1}tr 111 sttms ofplanu 011d trus 111 which trat1Sport of nu1ria1ts occws: includes tlr.t ph/O(m alld xy/tm ltJytr!, Canlctr. Wowul caused by dJSeaSt; infection .nit Fplcormlt sprouts. Smalt brancht'J that cofrU' off the sidts of tht' main sum. KATUA I · page<> Hybrid. Cross betwu11 rwo sptc1e.s, tht olfspr111g of 14·hidi dots not necusunlJ ahibit purt111 chvactL.nsacs. llJpo•irultnt uss vrTult11t, l4'tilkt11td str0111 of blight Phlotm. Stem laytr which carries org.1nic mattrial i11 plants. S1ratificatian.C0<1/ing of ued.s to trUmic na1ival 1Hntu111g prou.u. Xyltm. Sttm layer which carrits ..atu i11 plants. AlHUMN- 1988 �• .• thereby allowing the tree to recover. Early observation of the hypovirulent strains gave rise to optimism that a biological control for chestnut blight had been discovered. Unfortunately, this optimism was premature, as infection by hypovirulent strains does not immunize a cree, as vaccinarions do for humans. For a tree to recover from the blight, spores of the hypovirulent strain of Endotlzia must come into contact with each virulent canker. There is also a question of compatibility, as there are many varieties of the blight, and a hypovirulent strain may not necessarily combine with a panicular virulent fonn of the fungus. Despite the fact that hypovirulence is not the whole answer to the chestnut blight, extensive research is being conducted on these variant strains. This research is providing much-needed information on lhe biology of the chestnut blight fungus and contributes greatly to the overall scientific effon. ' I I ' ':' I \ : I 11 ,' The gTeatest promise for a return of the American chestnut, however, lies with a breeding scheme commonly used with agronomic crops. The technique was devised by Dr. Charles Burnham, professor emerims at the University of Minnesota and a member or the National Academy of Science. In a survey of the scientific literature undenaken some years ago, Dr. Burnham uncovered some clues that led him to believe that restoration of the American chestnut might still be possible. Results of the early experiments had caused scientists to believe that resistance to the blight was contr0lled by many genes and that it was genetically linked to the low, spreading growth form characteristic of the Oriental chestnut varieties. In reviewing the data, Dr. Burnham came to the conclusion that blight resistance was controlled by only one or two genes, and he found no evidence that blight resistance and tree form were linked together. These realizations led him to investigate one breeding approach that had not been fully explored: backcrossing of hybrids to pure American chestnut stock. Professor Burnham escima1cd chat af1er initial hybridiza1ion between American and Chinese chestnuts, t4fee generations of backcrossing of blight-resistant selections to American chestnut would yield trees that were predominately American chestnut, possessing the moderate blight resistance of the first generation Chinese x American hybrids (see diagTam). Intercrossing of third generation backcross trees would produce a percentage of trees with the form of the American chestnut and the blight resistance of lhe Chinese strain. Currently there are a number of regional breeding projecis following Professor Burnham's stra1egy. Even within the same species, trees exhibit different charac1eristics in response to different environmen1al conditions, and trees must be bred to meet the demands of the area they are to inhabit. Therefore, each region is developing its own chestnut population, specifically adapted for conditions in that region. In the Southern Appalachian Mountains, chestnut restoration work following Dr. Bumham's approach is being carried out through a cooperative project formed by the University of Tennessee with the National Park Service, the US Forest Service Southern Region, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Tennessee Division of Forestry, and the American Chestnut Foundation. The American chestnut t.ree sprouts vigorously from the roots and so, although the cops of the giant chestnut tree have been destroyed, recurring root sprouts preserve the species' genetic architecture. These sprouts can reach reproductive maturity in the fores! Scion wood cuttings from flowering sprouts bave been gathered by National Park Service staff in 1he Great Smoky Mountains National Park for grafting at the University of Tennessee. A substantial breeding population is being accumulated. If enough grafts flower next year. actual breeding will begin. Unfonunately, most chestnut research programs arc hampered by a lack of funding. It may be d1fficuh for a (continued on page 23) AUTUMN- 191SIS • • • . . . . . ... .. . . . . ~ . • . . .. • •. •. • • .• .· .. .. • Poem of Preser\'ation and Praise • • • • for the /-lemlock!Canadice Watershed • • • . • • • • • • by Stephen Lewandowski . • • • • • ... .••. .. ..•. . .. ... ·: • • •. HERE JS THE LAND WHERE TREES HAVE A VOTE. WATCH HOW THEY ARE CAST. WHITE PINE VOTES FOR CLEAN AJR. BLACK WIUOW VOTES FOR WATER. YOUNG POPLARS LOITERING JN A CROWD VOTE FOR A FLOWING SPRING. TRIBES OF CHESTNUT AND ELM ARE SADLY DIMINISHED: THEIR ONCE GREAT PLURAUTIES SILENT. SHAGBARK HICKORY VOTES IN A HAJL OF NUTS. SUGAR MAPLE AND BLACK CHERRY CAST A SWEET BALLOT. AT THE MARSH EDGE BEECH, BIRCH. MAPLE AND ASH GATHER TO DISCUSS ISSUES. SCOTCH PINE PLANTATIONS VOTE IN A BLOCK UKE A UNION. HERE AND THERE LONELY IDEALISTIC HEMLOCKS HANG AGAJNST A SHADY BANK STILL VOTING AGAINST GRA Vl7Y. AGAJN THIS SPRING WITH FLOWER. LEAF, ROOT, BRANCH AND BOLE. TREES VOTE UNANIMOUSLY TO BASK IN SUNSHINE, TO HOW SOIL AND DRINK WATER, AND TO RETURN US BREATH. . • ."' . :• · .• • · • • • • • • • • • • • .• . . . .. • • • . . · . • • • • :· • . . • • • . . • • • . • • • .. .. ... • ... ..... ... • .. •. •. .. . .. .. .. .. ... . .. • • .... • .. ... • ·: •. • • • ·: •. • ... • • •. •. •. •.. • • •. •. • • .. .. ·: ·: • • • • • • ·: • .• • . • • • • . ·•. . ·• . .. .. •. • •.. • • Sttphtn Uw<Jndowsk.i is a biortgionol ~I and native of tlu! Fingtr LaUs arta of Ntw York Sta~. lit i.f currtntly d1smct educator with tht Ontario Counry Soil and Water Conservation Dwrir.t. lli.f works inc/ULlt . Daohe'ko, The • .. .. Three Sisters an Seneca Life: lmphcauons for a Z-:auvc Agric:uhurc an the Finger Lakes and Ten Tilousand Y~ m Ten Mmu1c:1. a shon na1ur:il history of the Wc~tcm Finger • • ... .. • ·: •. Lair.cs. . . . . . . . ..... . . . KATUAH - page 7 -- • ... .. . • �This idea is not new. It has been tried previously, but worldwide scientific investigations of the past 30 years have supplied Griffin and Elkins with crucial information their predecessors lacked. The earliest crosses to encourage blight resistance in ches1nuts were made by R. B. Clapper and A. H. Graves in Connecticut. Their approach was to develop a hybrid between the American and the Oriental chesmut strains that would display the physical characteristics and vigor of the American, while retaining 1he bligh1 resistance of the Oricn1al. Hybrids from their first generation of crosses were more blight resistant than 1he American chesmut and still had reasonably straight forest form. To further increase resis1ance. these first genera1ion trees were backcrossed to Japanese and Chine~e chestnuts. Most of these seedlings grew to favor the short, spreading "apple tree" of the Oriental parents. From this group the best trees were selected on the basis of their resemblance to the American chestnut. These hybrids were planted in a sepnr.lte orchard to produce nuts by open pollination. Seedlings from these experimenis and other hybrids from later, more complicated. crosses were planted in eastern forestlands. The largest of these hybrid plantings was established in the Lc:sesene State Forest in Virginia by Richard A. Jaynes of the Connecticut Agricultunil Experiment Station in cooperation with the Virginia Division of Forestry. Eyvind Thor at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville was the first to graft shoots derived from mature trees surviving in the wild. Many of the resulting t.rees were likely to have carried some degree of blight resistance, but Thor was hindered by the lack of a definitive test for resisrance co the blighc. The university deemed his work unproductive and destroyed the nursery after his retiremenL The fate of Thor's trees convinced Griffin and Elkins 10 begin the American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation. They joined with Al Dietz., who had for 30 years been working to induce mutations for blight resistance by exposing American chestnuts 10 ionizing radiation. With the help of Bruce Given, they were able to propagate their large surviving trees by grafting. The ftrst crosses were made between the most resistant trees from lhis graf1ed stock. The trees from these crosses are growing and Spain, and Yugoslavia, and for centuries were of great economic imponancc. Thus it was wi1h dismay that growers in Europe learned of an outbreak of the chesrnut blight fungus (£11dothia parasitica) in Italy in 1938. By 1950 the blight had spread widely in ltaly and was reported in France and other countries as well. While the European chestnut was somewhat more resistant to blight than itS American cousin, it could not defend itself against the lethal disease, and the European chestnut industry appeared doomed. However. in 1953 an Italian plant pathologist named Antonio Biraghi reported seeing groves of chesmut trees which appeared to be healing from the blight. He found that cankers were successfully fonning scab tissue, and that new cankers were restricted to the bark layer of the trees. Jean Grente, a French mycologisl, visited the Italian trees in 1964 and gathered sample materials for research. He found that there were two different stmins of the blight fungus: one was a less virulent, "hypovirulent," form of the original Endorlzia strain. Grente's most astonishing find, however, was lhat the hypovirulencc factor was transmissible: hypovirulent mains could infect the virulent E11dothia and confer the hypovirulent charJcteristics upon the killing fungus. When he inoculated blight-ridden trees wilh the hypovirulent fungus, he observed tha1 the infected cankers began to heal over, and that the trees eventually recovered. Gren1e began inoculatin~ infected trees on French chestnut plantations. After several years of continued inoculation wherever blight cankers appeared, he found that the hypovirulent blight had begun to spread naturally throughout the groves where it had been applied. The European chestnut industry was thus saved from extinction. Reports of a possible biological control of the chestnut blight in Europe caused great excitement in Nonh America. Research was begun and still continues at Michigan State University. West Virilinia University, the Connecticut Agricullural Experiment Station, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. The excitement increased when in ronn Woodcut by Rollo CONTINUING THE QUEST by Lucille Griffin "It is Ml beyond the grasp of science to restore the American chestnra to economic importance. It corild be accomplished within the next 50 years." • Prof. Cary Griffin A new breeding program is a11empting to develop a bligh1-resistan1 American chesmut by combining 1he genes from several large survivors of the devastation of the chesmut bligh1 fungus which swept through the eastern United Suues during the firs1 hnlf of 1his century and killed 99.9% of the species. Surviving American chestnut trees have been found in Ohio, West Virginia. and Virginia in spite of 50 years' assault by the blight. Gary Griffin a1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and John Elkins of Concord College, West Virginia. have saved genetic material from HYPOVIRULENCE European chesmut 1rees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were found growing near the Black Sea and were introduced into Europe by the Romans. They were planted widely in Europe, paniculnrly in Italy, France, • KA TV.~~-l - page 8 these large survivors as scion wood to be grafted onto other rootstocks. When they flower, the grafted trees are tested for possible resistance to the chestnut blight. They are then handpollinated to combine and possibly increase in their offspring any blight resistance that their parent trees may possess. By developing blight resistance in this way through several generations of genetic crosses, the scientists hope to develop a fully blight resistant American chestnut tree. ~U"ft.JMN • !988 �awaiting tests for blight resistance. Besides lacking a reliable screen for blight resistance, Clapper, Thor, and the other early researchers knew nothing of a weakened strain of the blight fungus (called hypoviruient), which was not identified in this country until 1977. They also did not know co assess the role of the environment, which sometimes enhanced tree survival. Thus, the effects of nature intervening on behalf of certain American chestnut trees were often wrongly identified as indications of natural, and therefore heritable, blight resistance. Accordingly, selections made in earlier breeding trials were often mistaken, and doomed the success of those early programs. The development of an observational index 10 blight resistance by Griffin was a significant contriburion to chestnut research. The test is simple. One year after inoculating a tree with virulent Endothia parasi1ica, the vertical length of the cankers is measured and factored by the percent of cankers reaching the tree's vascular cambium layer underneath the bark. This gives a shorthand "canker severity index" thac has proven to be a valuable shortcut 10 determining the mosi likely breeding stock. This test has helped to determine why a few large American chestnuts still survive in the Southern Appalachians: some arc living mainly because of the effects of the hypovirulent fungus; a few because of some degree of herirnble blight resistance; and many because of a combination of these factors. in addition to environmental advantages. At Concord, Elkins developed a chemical test for blight resistance in Chinese chestnuts through analysis of the tannins. He is now working on a similar screen for the American chestnut. based on enzymatic analysis. Such a test would greatly improve breeding efficiency by further shortening the interval between planting and selecting from each generation. Offspring trees from lhe American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation breeding program are growing in the Manin American Chestnut Planting on Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia, and at Beckley, West Virginia. Planted in 1982, they represent the first generation produced by combining the genes of resistant American parents. Some may already have resistance levels adequate for planting in orch:ird or y:ird. By testing and selecting among them through several more generations of controlled crosses, as much blight resistance as possible will be loaded into the American chestnut. If all goes as predicted, 1rees resulting from this carefully directed breeding program will be fit to compete once again for a niche in our eas1em hardwood foresLS. calculate it with certainty, scientists decline to set a definite deadline, but they do offer a few hints. From germination, it takes the American chestnut an avCr:lge of ten years to bear nuts, though grafting may reduce that time period by three to live years. Chestnut 1rees usually reach large sawlog size in 50 to 55 years. but very favorable growmg conditions can shorten this estilllllte by as much as JO yeats. Gary and John, both about 50, expect to see blight-resistant American chestnut trees growing in Appalachia. They believe our grandchildren will see JOO-foot chestnut trees once again dominating the eastern forest. 1976 Mrs. Priscilla Johnson of Rockford. Michigan. found what she thought 10 be hypovirulent blight on trees in her town. Scientists in Connecticut confirmed that she had indeed found a naturally-occurring hypovirulent Endothia strain on the Nonh American continent. Jn the ~ame year hypovirulent strains were discovered on wild chestnut trees in Virginia. A research team at Michigan State University led by Dennis W. Fulbright also reported the encouraging news that hypovirulent strains of the blight were spreading among infected groves of old chestnut trees in Michigan. But the hopeful ~igns in :Vlichig:in occurred in an ecological vacuum: outside the irec's natural range. Experiments to test the hypovirulent £mlothia as a biological control for lhe blight within the chestnui's natural range proved discouraging. First. researchers found Lhat the varieties or the native strain of the parasite were many and diverse. Thcv found that in order for a hypovirulent" fungus to modify a leth.11 strain, the two must be compatible, or the hypovirulcnt fungus will have no effect. They were also disappointed to learn that applied hypovirulcnt E11do1Jria also offered no lasting cure. llypovirulence is caused by a virus-like factor in the cytoplasm of the weakened strain. a "disease of the disease," in a sense. Because lhe hypovirulent facto~ are transferred from one form of the blight 10 the other, the hypovirulent strain must come in contact with each infected canker. Trees do not acquire immunity from contact with the hypovirulent blight. New evidence also andic:ucs that the hypoviruleot blight is not always :;table and may rcven back to the v1rulen1 fom1. II appears th:u biological control of the chcsmut blight in Appalachia, "'here Endothia has been running rampant for 50 years. 1s much more complicated a proposition than it was in Europe. Scientist!> pursuing this line of research are now grappling with the questions of how much of a reservoir of hypovirulcm £11dmh1a and how many different forms of the ~train would be necessary to actually hope for any control in lhe field. Environmental factors must also be considered. Young chestnut sprouts or seedlings in a forest seuing must compeLe with other tree spt'Cics as well as fend off the blighL Just like the sprouting chestnut t.ree itself, however, hope for finding an effective strain of hypovirulcnt E11dothia is <>till alive. Besides being seen on \\ild chestnut sprouts in Appalachia. naturally-occurring hypovirulence has also been found on a plantation of trees planted for rcse:m:h purposes in Maryland. The trees with the weakened blight arc apparently recovering. More reason for hope comes from 11 planting of chestnut trees in Connecticut. Treated with a mixture of hypovirulent fungus strains ten years ago, the experiment w.is later declared n failure, and the trees were left for dead Recently. however, the disease has appeared to have gone "into rcmii.~ion." Old cankers arc healing over. and new ones arc le;;s severe. Dr. Jack Elliston and hls team arc working to find out .... hy. Biological control of the chestnut blight in Appalachia is ndmittcdly :i long shot, but some fair day it might be a p:in ot the program that restores the American chestnut tree to the eastern foresL ~ AUTIJMN · 1988 Living Chestnut Tree in Flc>yd Co.. VA How long will it take? Will we get to see lhe really big trees? Because they cannOI KATUAH • page 9 �FORESTS AND WILDLIFE EIGHTY YEARS IN THE APPALACHIAN WOODLANDS by Taylor Crockett Taylor Crockett was brought up in Black Mountain, North Carolina, the son of a Presbyterian minister. His father was ofren gone, raising money for the church, and young Taylor fell in with an old-timer who trapped, and hunted herbs and semi- precious stones. Taylor <kdares that hunting was "in his nature." During the 1930's, after his family moved 10 Macon County, North Carolina, the young man would go ow hunting and fishing for several days at a rime in between logging jobs. Sometimes he would carry a blanker with him; other times he would simply crawl into a "dry holler" with his dogs and pile old leaves high over the whole group of them to keep warm for the nighJ. In those days, when he was ''young and i"esponsible," he traveled the whole te"itory from Wayah Bald to the head of the Na111ahola River. The general belief was that the bears had been exterminated in that area, but Taylor explored places where other people never went, and he occasionally saw bear sign. "For years," he says, "I had the only pack of bear dogs in Macon County." He has always favored the Pion lwwul. In 1971 afrie11d gave Taylor a .44 Magnum pistol, and he used it for tlie rest of his Juuuing career, because it was easier 10 carry through the laurel thickets than his old .44 Winchester CtJTbine. Taylor and his wife live in a log cabin half-buried in additioru in the Carroogechaye Commw1ity south of Franklin, North Carolina. He was 81 years old on August 4, 1988. Perhaps that is why he noticed when he went om bear hunting last year that lie "could11'1 keep up with the dogs the way I used lO." -The Editors This pholograpli ap~ar~d in The American Lumberm111 shortly afltr IM turn ofIM u111ury. When the white settlers first came into this country, the mountains were covered by great, open forests. 1 moved 10 Macon County in 1928 and, when I arrived here, there was still a lot of virgin forest left. Half of the Nantahala River watershed was still virgin forest at that time. The carrying capacity of the forest was much greater at that lime than it is now. Under the conditions of the climax forest then: was a lot more sunlighr., and the woods were opened up so that certain grasses and weeds could grow under 1he 1rees. There was oak grass and wild legumes, like pcavine and beggar Lice, that kepi 1he animals fat. IJigh-bush blueberries and blackberries would grow in the openings where one of the big trees had died :ind fallen out of the crown. Mast was plentiful al that lime as chesmut. Some high coves I have seen were half chesmu1 and the rest would be a mixed stand of oak, (yellow) poplar, and cherry. These were big, rich coves with a good s1and of timber. ln the old days when the wl'llte people first came here, there were a 101 of bear, and the settlers had to thin 1hem down, if they wanted to plan1 any com or raise any livestock. In those times the way they raised lives1ock was to mark them and let them free-range in the open woods. They hunted bear partly for meat, partly for spon, and panly for self-preservation. because one bear could kilJ several sheep or a calf or a hog in one nigh1. Not every bear did that, but stock would be missing every now and then. I was talking with an old couple by well. Probably 20 perceni of the forest was the name of Phillips, inquiring about the KATUAH .- page 10 .. • history of the Plou dog breed. They told me that their father had come over from Haywood County and had brought his Plou hounds with him. They said that in the summer their father would trap bear, and then in the fall, when the weather got colder and the bears got fat and fit to eat, their father would take up the traps and hunt the bears with dogs. Hunting the bears so much exterminated them everywhere except for the roughest, most isloatcd pockets of land. In those days people virtually replaced the native wildlife with caule, hogs, and sheep. As the Forest Service began taking over in the l 920's, they instituted a "stock law," which said that a farmer had 10 fence in his fields and that livestock could run loose in the woods. But fewer and fewer people were depending on the open range, and finally a law was pru;scd that said that the livestock AUTUMN- I �The most critical changes affecting wildlife today are the result of clearcutting. In the next 25 years clearcutting is going to have a devastating effect on our wildlife. had to be fenced in. By that time most people thought that the bears had been completely exterminated, but I spent a 101 of time out there, and I knew better. I used to like to stan up Mill Creek, go out Old Bald, down to Wine Spring, over to White Oak, and come back out by Silcr's Bald and down. I would take off two, three, maybe four days, whatever I felt like. 10 fish and hunt. J spent a 101 of time in the upper reaches of the Nantahala River. Those thickets are rough up there, and once in a while I would see some bear sign. Nobody else knew about il, because nobody else went out there. Even the game warden said, "No, there's not a bear in these mountains." But in the '30's when the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was created, the bear started coming back. The population was back up to a pretty good level a decade ago, but it has been overhunted in the last five years-"ovcrkilling the increase," as they say. h's getting hard to find country to hunt over here. There are too many hunters for the mountain territory. Hunting appeals to 3I1 inherited streak that has been passed down from when we were nearly wild animals ourselves. Hunting b an outlet for that thing that's in our nature. Of course in earlier days there was a reasonable excuse for wanting to kill bears, because they threatened the people's way of living. That's not the case anymore. But any time a specie:; of wildlife has only a limited area in which the population can expand, they have 10 be kept under control, or their numbers will get out of hand, and they will starve or do the environment harm. Hunting is the best method, unless it is overdone. Hunting bears the old-time way made for a good contest. An ordinary man wouldn't get a bear every time. A man had , to be physically fit and willing to hang with it. h was a good contest. With these roads and thc:-.c walkie-talkies, it':-. not such a good contest anymore. I remember a bear they killed last year across the Glade Gap. That bear had run from way over on Tusquitec, across the mountain, and he was home free, except that a man in a truck saw him crossing the road. He got on that walkie-talkie, reached those men on the hunt, and told them where the bear was. They drove all the wav around, about 15 miles, put some more dogs on the track and eventually killed th:u bear. That':. ju't not giving the bear a chance. What appeab to me now is the dogs' pcrfom1am:e. A good bear dog puts his life at risk all the time. If he is going 10 slop that bear for you, he has 10 be constantly in and out. He pinches the bear, and he dodges. h's a satisfaction 10 see a dog 1ha1 really does 1he work. The contest of finding a bear. of hunting him, and watching the dogs perform is what appeals to me. I don't care about killing a bear anymore. 1 wan1 most of mine to get away. But once in awhile you have to get some blood for your dogs, or they'll wonder what i1's all about. I've noticed that when I was younger and able to follow my dogs close enough that they could sense my presence, they worked a 101 harder. They knew somebody was behind them backing them up. Even today, the more successful hunters will be the young fellows who follow their dogs up close. The most critical changes affecting wildlife today are the result of clearcuuing. In the next 25 years clearcutting is going to have a devastating effect on our wildlife. h's a cumulative effect. For the first few years clcarcuts provide more deer browse, and insects will be there for the turkey and grouse. But when those saplings get up 10-15 feet high, and they arc as thick as they can grow, lhey shade out all the early succession plants, and thereafter that area is of very little wonh for wildlife. It remains that way for years and years. until the uccs get large and old age thins the forest out naturally. But the Forest Service docs not let that happen. Under the even-aged management system, af1er 60-80 years they come back and clearcut it again. Clcarcuuing is also creating an imbalance in the timber species. When the chestnut died out, it opened up large spaces for sunlight to hil the forest noor, and, if it was a good, rich cove, this was an ideal situation for poplar 10 grow. The result was a 101 of young poplar thickets. Poplar is a fas1-growing tree and a good umber species, but it is not the same as oak or chestnut. Poplar will not suppon much wildlife. A boomer (red squirrel) or a gray squirrel might eat some poplar seed. but the main value of poplar for wildlife is that wherever poplar comes up. grapevines come up with it. Wild grapes arc a wry fine fall wildlife food; everything likes them. But they will not suppon the amount of wildlife th:ll a good mast crop will. Poplar is replacing oak, because it grows faster. Clearcuts arc creating conditions that favor the poplar. The Forest Service admi1s we are losing our oak trees, but they are continuing the policy that i~ responsible for the loss. In fact. if they had tried 10 think up the best way 10 replace stands of large oak timber with birch. red m.1ple, and poplar, they could not ha"c done better than what they nrc doing right now. None of those types of wood serve the same purposes as oak timber. The oak tree has some uses the other woods cannot fill. Poplar doesn't grow as fast on the poorer ridges. and these would stay in oak after clearcuuing. but the Forest Service is replanting these ridges in \\-hite pine. That is a poor policy. One hundred board feet of oak is wonh twice as much as 100 board feet of white pine. Of course, white pine grows a 101 foster, but while the white pine is making fiber, the oak tree will be furnishing wildlife food and a valuable timber. The F0Tcs1 Service is also putting roads through the last territory in which the bears can find a little isolation and pro1cc11on. Because of the roughness of the terrain, those areas were natural sanctuaries, but now those areas arc being laced with gravel roads. With tha1 kind of access and radios and radio-tracking collars on the dogs, it is going to be more than the bears can stand. Some hunters want the roads open, but a 101 of hunters have learned. When the Forest Service first put the gates up with locks on them, the hunters would shoot off the locks and go in anyhow. They could ride the roads in their jeeps and lei lhe dogs trot along, and 11 was easy hunting. But they found Out lhat after tWO Or three years Of that, they could ride around there all night and never sec a bear. That was when they decided that they would rather have it a little harder and have some game ro hunt for. So now, while not aJI hunters are reconciled to closing the roads, a 101 of them are. Even when it is gated, a graveled road gives more a'-ccss. Two years ago I got a bear over here 1n Macon County on a new gravel road. Before, ii was all I could do to get through that area with just two dogs; I couldn't go one·third as far in a day, so that gave the bear some protection. That extra access, even if it i:. on foot. is huning the bear, and there nrc rm.ny miles or :idditional acces). The Forest Service is essentially nuking a tree farm out of our wood.\. Small clcarcuts here and there would be alnght. But clcarcutting at the rate of 10.000 acres per year, the way we arc now, is going to result in a young forest that will not suppon the numbers of wildlife that 1he forest should. Because of both the densi1y and the species make-up, the forest is not going to support the game that it has in the past. KA TIJMI, page 11 �Gift of the Chestnut by Kim Sandland On a sultty July evening, my back weary from hoeing and weeding, strands of hair sticky-plastered down my neck, I dreamily anticipate snowboot puddles on lhe kitchen floor, a robe of snuggledown, and the simmering sweet smell of summer's preserved fruits wafting in from the kitchen. Cooking! Cooking is the last thing on my mind in summer .... or is it? Rummaging through the freezer I find it at la.st: one of winter's favorite memories- that la.st bag of chestnuts gleaned from a friend's Cherryville farm. I'm not lucky enough yet to gather my own, but as I chop a cupful of the fragram nuts, steamed tender and ready for sau!Cing in butter and brown sugar (or my favorite, maple sugar... and, yes, I add a liule rum to mine). and savor the anticipation of winier and winter foods, I know I will gather chestnuts from my own tree someday. Someday soon, it looks like. Parts of the nation are nunuring a growing chestnut agriculture with natives or with blighc-resistant hybrids of the once magnificent American chestnut tree. That chestnuts were once a staple in the diets of wildlife and humans in the Southern Appalachians is undisputed. The notes of early scientists and settlers, some as early as the 16th century, include chestnuts among the foods of native Americans. Among nut crops, gathered in the fall by Indians throughout the Southeast and dried for storage, the chestnut was the most important, followed by chinquapins (a small variety of the chestnut), pecans, hickory nuts, and walnuts. Mooney's collected field notes of the late l800's related how the Cherokee burned the forcSlS in the fall to clear the leaves and expose the chestnuts when they dropped to the ground as the burs split apart. Chestnut bread, made by adding chopped chesrnuts to a com batter, wrapping pauies of dough in com shucks and boiling them in water, and eaten fresh or sun-dryed for storage, was a delicacy for the Indians of the Southeast. This recipe and the value of gathering from the seemingly limitless bounty of plant and animal foods were passed along by natives to early settlers. Gathered chestnuts were used as a form of exchange by early Americans. The people of the Southern Appalachians. for whom chestnuts had been a plentiful staple, were especially hard-hit by the chestnut blight. Some of our elders living today may yet remember buying hot roasted chestnuts from streetcomer vendors, gathering chestnuts for the campfire roast, or enjoying grandmother's Thanksgiving stuffing. KA UAll - page 12 Chestnuts can return to Appalachia as an agricultural crop. Chestnut agriculture flourishes in Europe and in the Orient, where blight resistance has evolved or has been successfully introduced. Chestnuts have been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years, and chestnut orchards on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, for example, produce an average of more than 3,000 lbs. per acre. J.R. Smith, in his book Tree Crops, compared this yield to that of com in the Southern Appalachians: "Yields of corn in Appalachia and of chestnuts on European mountainsides are about the same in quantity, but the corn yield can be made only occasionally and for a short period of time before erosion destroys the field. Chestnut yields on and on and holds in place the ground it feeds on." Corsicans, Smith noted, consume chestnut bread instead of com bread, and feed farm animals with dried chestnuts. A rich chestnut stew , he said, has been a basic dish for the common people throughout Europe for centuries, while the wealthy have served it in pates and sugary dessens. In Corsica "one-third of a farm is in grafted chesrnut with a byproduct of wood; one-third of the farm is in tilled fields; one-third is in pasture and hay meadows." The chestnut ttee, a proven high producer, is also fast-growing, maturing to bear fruit in only three to five years. It could be an imponant family food resource on any Appalachian homestead and replace annual crops on at least a ponion of the acreage of every mountain farm. Retail prices of chestnuts run up to $6.00/lb., while wholesale prices run $1.00-3.00/lb.. Averaging 3,000 lbs. an acre, the income potential for farmers is evidem. Twenty million dollars wonh of chestnuts are imported from orchards in Italy, France, and Korea by the United States ever year . Chestnut orchards are established in the Pacific Northwest, where the climate and growing conditions suit the species, and where the blight has not spread from the east. With the introduction of blight-resistant hybrids, the same could happen in Katuah, an area where the chestnut once reigned over all flora. The chestnut is an ideally balanced source of nutrition: high in carbohydrates, moderate in protein, and low in fat. Nutritionally, chestnuts resemble a staple grain and occupy that place in traditional diets. Michael S. Burnell, in an article in the journal Chestn11rworks, entitled "The Grain that Grows on a Tree," reveals that an almond contains three times as much fat as protein, while a chestnut has three times as much protein as fat. Chestnuts compare favorably to brown rice in nutritional components in government studies, yet brown rice has over 100 times as much sodium as chestnuts. Chestnuts contain an optimal amount of three of the essential amino acids (the components of protein) needed for adequate daily nutrition, and, gram for gram, provide more protein value than eggs. Chestnuts have the added advantage of containing no cholesterol. Chestnuts must be cooked to be palatable (raw, they produce intestinal gas). They can be boiled or steamed until tender, then sauteed in buner and served by themselves or in a variety of combinations. They can be roasted in their shells in the oven or fireplace (the flat side is slit, traditionally in an "x," so they won't explode). They can be boiled in a syrup and baked in a sugar coating for an unsurpassed confection. Yesterday at my house we had a sliced chestnut-and-squash casserole, and today we had fresh blackberry and chestnut cobbler--the last of my winter stock. l happily visualize that glorious spreading tree in my pasture, only a few years from now, and already taste the fruits of my own gathering. AUTUMN - 1988 �Essential Alnico Acid Content <1119 ot amino acid per 9~ ot proteinl l\!Di no Acid Che;stnut .I.deA.l. Trypt.ophao Lysine Sulphurcontaining amino acids Isoleucine 11.67 54.29 51 11 50.24 37.38 26 42 106 106 193 89 Chestnut Stuffing 2 lbs chestnUIS, cooktd and sieved J cup dicttl apples 1cup grruttl carrot J12 cup m.elttd bu11er smsoning do.sh paprika I cup dictd cekry 2 cups fresh breadcrumbs Native American Chestnut Bread 112 cup chopped onion 2 rblsp. chopped parsley thyme, marjoram. and rosemary, if tksired Mix all together. Stuff turkey or pumpkin or MAJOR NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS squash. eu:. Sh.elf and put one lb. of chestnuts Chop finely or mash. Add e110ugh cornmeal to hold chtstnws togtthu, mixing ch.estnJAJS and cornmeal with boiling water Wrap in gru11 corn shucks, tying each one with white twine. Pfau in pot ofboilillg water and cook IWO /tours. Saft when ea11ng, if dWed. CHESTNUT CAKES CHESTNUT ALMOND 50\ Carbohydrate 5-10\ Protein 1-5\ Fats and Oils 20\ Carbohydrate 18\ Protein 50\ Fat. Thue may be se~d in ploct ofpow.tots: To one lb. of mashed, cooUd cht.rtnws, odd OM tbsp. cooud, chopptd onion; one oz. bw1u. and o beOlen egg. Mix thoroughly and shape into colts. COOi with egg and brtodcrumbs and fry until goldtn brown. Drarn and ~rve with parsley. 114 cup bUlttr 314 cup dark corn syrup 2 cups coolced rice 2 cups peeled chestnuJs I cup toastttl bread c~ I cup celery, chop(J(d J cup onion, chopped 2 tbsp. Uimari soy souce 1 112 tsp. poultry seOSQning or sage I 112 cup mil/cor cream (can be nut or soy} Sauti onion, celery, bread cubes, and chestnuts Ughlly. Combine with rest of ingrttlitlllS and boke at 3500 for JO min Northpon, WA 99157 <Doug/cw h)brids and other varieties) qntJ SttdliJigs} 1 tsp. vaniffa 2 cups boikd and grated or ground chest/IUts 213 cup sugar :J eggs btoten 1 singte·laycr pie shell Chestnut-Brown Rice Loaf Bear Creek Nuisery P.O. Box 411 Chcs1nu1 Hill Nursery, Inc, Rt. 3, Box U,7 Alochua, Fl. 32615 (Dunston hybrids and othLr blighz.resisJont grafts CHESTNUT PIE Recipes Chestnut Trees for the Orchs rd: Enrl Douglass Red Creek. NY 13143 (ChintSe·Amtritxur hybrid sud and settllings} Reading Resources: PreheOI oven to 45<fJ. Cream butlu and sugar togtthLr until flllffy; odd corn syrup, eggs. and vanilla. Lint pit plate with pastry and sprinkle with chestnuts. Top with beaten ingredit!llts. Salce/or JO mm.; reduct MOl lO 3500 and baJce 35 min. fongtr, or until a knife inserted in th.ti ctntu COlnl!S oui clean. Mok.es orre 8" pie. Nw Tru Culture in North America, edited by Richard A. Joynes and published by lhe Nonhem Nut Growcis' Associauon. They say it is "the most complete boolc on Nonh American nut ttetS ever wriuen; and lhis is true. ($17.SO from NNGA; Brolceo Anow Road: Hamden. CT 06518) The thru recipu above au from the Victorian Nui Growers Associa1ion Recipe Book; Mtfbourrre. Australia. Alf the above recipes were reprinted in Ch~mutworks and gleaned with pemussion. Trtt Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, by J. Russell Sm11h. Even though some of bis tnformalion is outdated. Smith's book is worth reading for his thoushtS on lrCt$ as food.producing crops. ·Lynn Fain:hild Chestnut Muffins 2 cups shelled, coolced chtstnJAJS 112 cup flour 1 tsp. hoking powder l tsp. so.It 112 cupmil/c 2 egg )'01/c.s, beaten 2 egg whites, beoten Purie the chtstnurs 111 blender; odd remoinillg ingredients. carefully folding in the well-baJtn egg whites lost Dalee ill muffin po11 in 3500 o~n for 15·20min. • {romS1 . F1ancU\>ilk WommrClub CooAbool<; SI Froncisvilk, 11/mois DraW1ngs by Kim Sandland AUTUMN· 1988 KATUAH • p;1ge I �FROM THE ROOTS: GETIING INVOLVED IN CHESTNUT RESTORATION WORK START......... . SAVE .......... A CHESTNUT TREE! ll will require a widespread grassroots ("treeroots") effort by the people of Appalachia if the magnificent American chesl.llut tree is to once again become a viable species in the orchards and forests of our mountain land. The time to st.an is now! People who intend to be serious caretakers may request chestnut seeds from the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation (see address under "Organi7.ations," p 16. Other sources for American chestnut seed and seedlings are listed at the end of this an:icle. Hybrid trees and foreign strains for orchard plantings are available from the nurseries listed on page 13. The several chestnut restoration organizatio11s listed need your help. Some suggestions on how to support them are given. Or, find several chestnut sprouts growing near each other in the woods, release them (clear around them), and care for them. These trees still carry the original chestnut gene pattern, and, if they can be brought to bear, will make a valuable contribution to the species' gene pool. paper towels will do. Be sure 10 leave lhe bag open or lO punch plenty of air holes in ii Pu1 the nuLS 1mmediatcly in a cooler or refrigerator (32-400 is best). Do no1 freeu. The vegetable crisper is an idc:ll spoL Keep the seeds in this environmen1 for abou1 two monlhs in order 10 siroufy them. Check lhem often, and do not let them dry out. • Source. American Chestnut Revival Planting and Protection IC possible, plant your nulS directly in their permanent site and avoid transplanting, which is very fussy work and always sclS back seedling growth. ChestnulS prefer moderately acid, sandy loam soil and sunshine and require a well-dr:uned location. For maximum protection from frost, plnn1 on high ground on sloping land. Avoid known frost pockets and wet spots. At least two trees arc necessary to pollinate nuts, and they should be no more than 200 feet opan for efficient pollination. The nuts, sprouts, and young uees must be protcctcd from animals. Squirrels, chipmunks, and mice cat the seeds and young sprouLS. Mice and Care and Maintenance of Chestnut Trees Handling and Storing Nuts The time lO collect nuts is after frosl in late September and early October. Remember. chestnut l1US are self-sterile, so lhey w1U DOl produce viable nut~. unless there is another tree nearby 10 pollil13lc them. The best straregy is 10 plan1 the nuts in the fall, when they would drop nmurally. This avoids the need for str.Uilication. (StratJlication meat\S to pass the seeds through a cold, donnnnt period of two months or more to s1imula1e the seeds 10 gcnninatc.) If you purchase seeds or need to Store them, ii is imporuint never to le1 lhe nuts dry ouL Drying kills the germ. Newly obl:llncd nutS should always be kept in a mois1 (no1 wet) contamer tha1 can breathe. A iiplock bag with moist peal moss or chipmunks gnaw the roots, and rabbits enjoy the young stalks. Deer nibble the new growth and rub agGinst the trunks or saplings. The "tin can plnnling method" de1ers early underground rodent damage. Remove the top from a soup, beer, oil or similar-si7.cd can. Cut a hole one mch m diame1cr in the other end; cover with one inch of soi I: ploce the chestnut on us side, then fill lhe res1 of the can with soil. Plant the can upside down, with the one·mch hole ru ground level. To preven1 the can from girdling the esublished seedling, check to be sure iron cans have rusted through: aluminum cans must be cut and removed once the seedhng is well-established. Young t.rces should be proieclt.d with plastic lJ'Ce guards availnble at nurseries. Rat trops baited with dry prunes or nulS IJed to the !rigger will caich squirrels and chipmunks. r'CllCing is always a good idea. If a nursery bed is to be used, fence around the prepared soil wilh 1/4-inch mesh screen that cxiends 6" to 12" below the surface lO prevent 1unnclling by mice and chipmunks. Individual seedlings can be protecled from deer rubs with wire fencing auached lO stakes abou1 a fool from the 1rce. An eight foot fcnc~ aroWld the yard or orclwd will keep ou1 deer. Less cxpcnsi ve than the big fence are the many deer repellants on the llllll'ket, which de1er by tasie, smell. to0ch, or all three. Consult your local nursery people. However, repellants must be re-applied aftcr each rainfall. For older seedlings. ooe of our coopcr310rs in Georgia reports tha1 hanging mesh b:lgs (like those in which citrus and onions me sold) full of human hair (barbershop sweepings) every three or four trees is an efTcctJve detcrrenL VA Tech Exlension recommends using a cake of Lifebuoy soap in the same way. Mulching protccts the young plants from extremes of heat, cold, and droughl and from weed competition. Mulch should be pushed b.1ck from the trunk during winter, so tha1 rodents will not hve there and nibble lhc IJ'CC. If one wi~cs 10 stnn the seeds in a protcetcd si1uation, Dr. Collin McKeen of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada has reported good germination results from American ches1nu1s planted about two lO three weeks aftcr hn.rvcs1 in a topless cold frame bu1l1 against the brick foundntion on the south side of his house. The box was aboul four feet by four feet and stood 1wo feet above the soil level. 'The soil was a sandy loam mix. Seed nuts were laid on their sides on the soil and covered with a mulch or rolled leaves. A wire screen was fitted over the top to keep out animals. uanting from Our MistakLs Th4 photo shows an U.co"ectly applied soil comprtss. The tree is an American chestnw trtt that was about ltn years old in 1987 w~ the pMlO was talcen. The tret belongs to Mrs. Barbara Suman ofCt:nJre Island, Oyster Bay, NY WM is pading UJro soil aroWld the base of the largtsl of three soil compresstS, which wert! securt:d over the silts of blight outbrtak. This /Tu is now dying from the bligh1. The first error is that this particular soil compress was applied Ont! year 100 late. The trtt was already ~d......in applyillg the compress. hawtvu, tlie two lowest limbs should havt bun cut away tnlirely and burned. The uwnk sMuld thln have /Ken covered with one large compress from ground ltvel "' ont foot above the highest infection silt. Although this porticuku ca# was a failure, it was a valuoblt tdut:ation in MW to apply the soil compress correctly that has sub~quently hllped w greatly. • from Lucille Griffin . . . KATIJAH - page I AUTUMN· 1988 �Drawing by M. Tree Transplantin2 Unless con~lanl ~urvcillance is possible. or lhe seedling is a precocious grower (20" or more m !he first year), it is best IO wall until seedlings arc two y~ old before moving lhcm Crom I.he nursery to the permnnen1 site. Transplant them when I.he seedling is donnant (no leaves) • in the fall or the spring in the soulh, but only in lhe ~ring in the north. The chestnut has a large tap root • e:inra care must be taken not to injure it becau.~ this inJury is life· th~tcning to the b'Ce. Proper handling is important. Seedlings should be planted as soon as possible. Purchased seedlings should be SIOrcd in a cool pbce out or sunlight The rootS .J\ould be wroppcd in sphagnum moss and always kCPI moist. but not soaking wet. If lhc objective is rcfon:station or growing trees for wOO<I production, tr.1nspllln1 seedlings at 10 Coot intervals (435/acre). IC lhe object of plllnting is nut prodllCtion for humans or animals, plant the U'CCS at 2S foot inlCJ'Vl1ls (70/acn:) with the inicntion or removing every other tree (for sale as a specialty wood) when the crowns begin to touch. Do not plant the uus f urtller than 200 feel apatl, as this will limit pollination. Review irisb'UCtions for pro1CCtion. Cart ofTransplanttd Chestnut Setdlin~ ChestnutS do not requite a rich soil, but lhe R111jor nutricntS should be balanced. However, the nut crop w1U be beucr and the nut size lnrger lf the tree is growing on deep, fcnile soil. Fertilizing should no1 begin unul lhc second yw after a tree is planted. On poor soil apply an organic fcrtihzmg rru:ictun: or one pound of S· IO·S per year of tree age or per inch of tree trunk. diamc1tt. Water the same as you would garden crops. Keep grasses and weeds outside a two foot radius around !he ~ling~ by cultivaung or mulching for at lea.'11 five years. Cbesfnul Blight 'The fungus Endothia parasirica is present throughout most of !he eastern US. Jn some orchards. however. a virus disease or the blight fungus causes hypovirultnu, which wCllkcn~ its attack on lhc chestnut. American chestnuts infected by the hypovirulcnt fungus usually survive. To idcn11ry blight. look for oval·~hapcd. reddish-brown local discolorations of the bark followed by premalUJ'e yellowmg of the foliage above. SomclimC$ protruding orange stubs of lbc fungi may be visible. Epicormic sproutS growing from the trunk of lhc tree arc a good mdic.ation of lhc blight. Look JUSt above the sprouts to sec !be canlccr. If a canker is on a minor limb, trim off lhc limb and bum it If n occurs on lhc ma.in trunk any place wilhin reach. apply a soil compress. Chestnut trees need careful watching, because 11 lakes only one year for lhc blight io ltiU a young tree. FIRST AJD FOR CllESTNUTTREES: THE SOIL CO:\fPRESS METHOD This technique m:iy be used to protect a planted tree, or to kocp alive selected sprouts in the woods. It will work as high on the ucc a.~ you can manage to hfl lhc soil! To m:ikc the Soil Compress: Cut away any branches, even healthy one~. which occur 10 lhc area that must be covered by the soil comprc.-.s. Fit a sleeve: or polyethylene or similar sheet pl:istic 0( Lal' J>3pcr around lhc cm:umfcrcnce of lhe trunk from ground level upward IO a point that 1s as far above the infection as IWO times the length of the infection (because there is probably more Endothia just under lhe bark lh:ll has not yet broken out). Secure and seal the lower edge of the sleeve by mounding soil up around 11and1>3ckmg iL firmly. Fill the sleeve with wet gllrdcn soil 1• to I If]." inches thick all the way around. There is an antagon1st1c orgwusm which occurs naturally in moist soil; wherever it is kept in conta.cl with the disease, 11 ..,,u lull the fungus. For the Soil Compress to succeed, 11 must be appbed at lhc earliest Stages of the dLSCa.IC, when the infection is pcrllaps under the bark but has noi yel pcncumcd the wood. • So11.rct: Tht Amtrican Chts111u1 Cooptra(()r-s' Foundmion (drawn largtly from tM Handbook of North American Nut Trees tdittd by Dr Richard A. Jaynts) (COl'dJIUIDd on rwu pea") AUTUMN· 19 8 TUAH ·page 15 �FROM THE ROOTS: ORGANIZATIONS (continued from page IS) BRINGING BACK THE CHESTNUT TREE Nonh Carolina (where American chestnuts grew best) as a last bastion of polentially good trees. The blight came later 10 Nonh Carolina; hence the trees have not been subject to StreSS from the blight for as long as those we have worked with, and more may be living." - John R. Elkins, secretary. Cooperators are also needed to Taise and care for chestnut trees from seed. Volunteers must be ready to be responsible for a long-tenn project and prepared to make regular repons of successes and failures. The American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation is a publicly-supported, tax-exempt foundation under section 501 (c)(3) of the IRS code. All donations arc tax deductible. "Wt art h4ppy to be involved in IM process of restocking lhtse hills with this beautiful Olld prodtutnot tree." CHESTNUT COOPERATORS THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT REVIVAL do Carol Klinger Rt. I Dowelltown, TN 37059 The Mountain Garden Club, Highlands, NC THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT FOUNDATION do Dr. David W. French Depa rtment of P lant Pathology University of M innesota St. Paul, M N 55108 The American Chestnut Foundation was formed by a group of prominent scientists in 1983 as a non-profit foundation to suppon biological research and genetics projects to restore the American chestnut tree to its natural range. The American Chestnut Foundation provides the suppon for the breeding progTam developed by Dr. Charles R. Burnham that is being carried out in Minnesota and several regional centers, including the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. This program is the most promising for a speedy return of the American chestnut tree. Mr. Phillip Rutter, president of the foundation, says, "As a scientist, I have to say that there is an 80% chance that I will live to see a blight-resistant American chestnut. As a human being, I'd say it's 100%." Regular membership in the American Chestnut Foundation is $15.00. Members receive the Journal of the American Chestnut Fou11dation and may attend the annual meeting to hear progress reports on foundation projects. Donations arc tax deductible. The foundation needs help with fundraising, public education, and finding wild chestnut tree locations. KATUAH - page 16 The American ChestnUJ Foundation requesrs rhe help ofall concerned abou1 the fate of Ult! American chesrnut rree. The State of New York is now considerating legislation to establish a national chestnut research cemer ro be affiliated with the state university system and ihe American Chestnut foundation. The legislators sponsoring this effort need to know that there is widespread StlJJf)()rt for this idea. let them hear from you. Write to Assemblyman Francis J. Pordum; Legislative Office Building (Rm. 252); Albany, NY 12248. A~1ERICAN CH ESTNUT COOPERAT ORS FOUNDATION 2100 J efferson St. Bluefield, WV 24701 "Our top priority is for long-term funding of the regional effon already underway: first, 10 develop a blight-resistant :4Jnerican chestnut tree capable of competing m our eastern hardwood forests, and second, to develop economical biological control measures against chestnut blight in the forest environmenL....Foundation work will be focused in the Appalachian Mountain area." Besides funding, cooperators arc also needed to help locate surviving American chestnut trees which could be valuable sources of genes carrying resistance to the blight. "We are especially interested in the environs of the Blue Ridge Parkway in The American Chestnut Revival is a people's organization supponing the return of the American chestnut. The group is the creation of the Cumberland-Green Council, our bioregional neighbor serving the watersheds immediately west of the Kawah Province. The Revival sponsors want to link up with Katuah people 10 make the American Chestnut Revival a cooperative, inter-regional effon. The stated goals of the group are to: 1) replenish our woods with the American chestnut - a beautiful, useful species 2) promote diversity and ecological health in our forests 3) move toward a healthy, self-sustaining agriculture 4) educate the public and our public servants to the realities of deforestation, ecological monocuhurization, and general environment.al degradation. The first priority for the group is to locate and correctly identify existing wild chestnut trees. Identification is tricky; even expens are sometimes fooled, but the group hopes to c:ualog large native chestnuts, keep track of them, and protect them for the future. The group is also seeking chestnut sdon wood for research purposes and for their own grafting projects. American cheslllut genes current.ly exist in a pure fonn in surviving mature trees and in root sprouts from trees whose tops were killed by blight. They are also assisting in technical research projects as needed. They presently are maintaining a close connection with Dr. Scott Schlarbaum and his project at the University of Tennessee. If you want to help bring back the chestnut, take part in the American Chestnut Revival! ~ AUTUMN- 1988 �RESOURCES Seeds and Seedlings: Sources Bear Creek Nursery P.O. Drawer 411 Nonhpon, WA 99157 (American, ChiMSe, and hybrid CMStnllt seedlings, grafted rrees - 5% of the value of any sale of ches11uas benefits ti~ American CMstruu FoW1daritJn) Wexford Soil and Water Conservation Disnict 200 West Thirteenth St Cadillac, Ml 49()()1 (American chestnut seedlings - $41.40 for JO, $25.80for 5. Writefororderi11g i11fom111tion.) Louis Lipovsky RFD Brunswick, ME 04011 (American chestllUl seedlings) Benhan Rajala 3030 lsleview Road Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (American cl~stnUJ seed) Donald Rudisuhle Rt. 3, Box 216 Caladonia, MN 55921 (America11 cl1es11111t seed) Periodicals CMstnurwork.s is edited by R. D. Wallace and published by the Chestnut Growers' Exchange. lls purpose is to promote chestnuts as an agricultural crop, and to research the natural history and culture of the chestnut. Valuable updates on scientific research on the species. Two issues per year for $10.00. Write to: Rt. 3, Box 267; Alachua, FL 32615 The Journal of the American Chestnrlt Foundation focuses on the work of that organization, but also carries articles by other top scientists working to restore the American chestnut to the wild. Membership: $15.00 minimum donation. See ACF address p. 16. ...tn J!er& Note from Luci.mla. . .. 'The clear, crisp days and nights of autumn arc, to me, the best times for gathering roolS for food and medicine. Roots can actually be gathered anytime from lhe first frosts of fall until the early spring because that is when the energy of the plant is in the rooc but to me the best time is autumn. I like fall gathering for two reasons: fi.rst, my memory of exactly where the plant is is the freshest (often dying rock and dead tops remind me of the way) and secondly, ~use after the heat of summer passes my personal energy is rising, and that feels like a good time to make medicine. My personal ritual is to gather from the third quancr to the new moon, following the first froi.ts. Now is the lime for the hardier roots - burdock, yellow dock. cchinacea, dandelion and comfrey. My lools vary from a digging stick for the comfrcy to a pick axe for the AUTUMN· 1988 Diagram 1: Genetic Hybridization of Chestnut Tree Species Castanea dentata with Castanea mollisima Drawing by Rob M&asick burdock. While I dig the root I tell the roots why 1 am gathering them and ask for their healing power. Then I listen. After I have dug the roots I need, I leave a gift of tobacco or a prcuy rock or ~hell, and smooth rock the earth over my diggin\. One of my favorite fall tonics is an iron rich mix of dandelion root, yellow dock root. and burdock root. 1 cut up the root~ and put them in a jar and then cover them with apple cider vinegar. I use vinegar for the tincture because alcohol inhibilS lhe absorption of the minerals. ln vinegar, ilS shelf-life is shoncr, bul it will last unlil next fall. I also dry some of each root for infusions. Considering how hard il is lo gather burdock root, I have io admit I try to use mostly tincture so I don't have to dig so much! Comfrey root I use in a number of ways, I've already dried the leaf for lea, now I dry some of the root in a darlt, dry place. I also malce tincturci; in alcohol and Ill vinegar and, lastly, make an oil extraction in olive oil. Comfrey is one of the most used herbs in my medicine cabinet. so I try to keep it in all the varied ways I might use it. Echinacea is the herbal antibiotic and I cannot imagine a medicine chest without it The kind of echinacca which grows here is Echin1Jcea purpurea, and it only has medicinal properties if it is freshly tinctured (i.e., dig fresh root, uncture immcdiaiely). When it dries it has no medicinal value. To make an infusion, it is necessary IO order ec/unacea angustifolia. which grows profusely in the West There are numerous other fall root plants, but these are the ones which are the mainstay:; in my medicine chest I value lhc rime I spend in the autumn gathering root medicine and feel the time spent, in itSClf, is a tonic and nourisher of my spirit It prepares me for the winler to come. KATIJAH · page 17 �THE CHANGES TO COME (TM>e are the words ofa uaditionol Cherl>Ut: medit1M person.) I can agree with some of the things the Judeao-Christian philosophy considers evil. but not the majority of things. To me what is evil is that a small percentage of the world's population can justify destroying the Earth in the name of profit. I think that it is the ultimate form of separ:nion--for the ego of the human to think that the Eanh begins when one is born and ends when one dies--to think that one can flush one's waste in the river and not care about it going to one's neighbors. We arc destroying the Great Life. When I was about founcen years old l went with my grandfather to listen to an old man talk. We went over to these people's house and they had a fire outside and they greeted everybody and passed coffee around and I was proud that I could sit in the circle and listen. The old man talked about lots of things, but one thing he talked about strongly impressed me-in fact it scared me so bad I thought it was going 10 happen in the next few days. He said that the Earth's existence was m four quaners, and each quaner was a very Jong time-thousands, maybe a million years, I don't know. But he said that the bear was on three legs now and is about to siep down on the founh. And he said every time that the Ear1h goes through shifts from one quaner to another one. there is a cleansing process. The cleansing takes the form of droughts, floods. earthquakes and all these things. The old man kept repcaung that the Earth is living, ll's not dead. Volcanoes nren't things of the past, they're things of now, Floods nrc things of now, nnd droughts are things of now. 111e Earth is alive. My body is a miniature Earth, as all kinds of organism~ are miniature Eanhs, but \\e are all connec1ed to this greater organism. We are like a cell in this Great Life. When I take an alien substance inio my body, like cigarette smoke or some other kind of pollution, ir's destructive to me and I can feel the evidence of it. I become ,,hortwinded and feel all the symptoms. I may not feel the effects as strongly at first as I do later. The Earth is now strongly feeling the effects of all the cmp thnt we have been puuing in her atmosphere and in her streams. The point I want 10 make is that the evidence of the effects of our abuse of the Eanh is here for everyone 10 sec. The Earth is heating up--the greenhouse effect. I ha1e to bow to the ~icntists, but even the scientists are saying that we an: in danger because of our own ncuons. There are 1wo things we need to do. We have no choice. l think we should do everything that we possibly can to reverse this process because of the unborn-yet-to-be. The unborn-yet-to-be have the right to KATIJAH- page 18 be included in all the decisions we make today. Part of that decision-making is 1ha1 they should have the same choices about the environment as we do. I can breathe fresh air, I can swim in the streams, although it's getting harder even now in our generation. A friend who just got back from New Jersey said she couldn't swim, because the beaches were closed because of hospital wastes. A place where she had swum all of her life had been taken away from her. Before the non-Indian came 10 this country I could go to any stream or river and drink from it, but I no longer can do that. I don't know of a river anywhere that I can drink out of. I don't know of a srream anywhere I can drink out of. And where I am right now I don't know of a spring I can go to and drink out of that I wouldn't be afraid because of agricultural run-off or any of those sorts of things. There is the evidence. And the evidence is multiplying by millions of tons just in my own lifetime. It is not fair that a few people based on materialistic and shiny, glittery things can make the decisions for the majority in the name of profit. It isn't even in the name of national security . It is in the name of individual, personal profit. because the only philosophy we have as a society b to manufacture and to consume, manufacture and consume--that's our only philosophy. So in terms of this reality the most important thing is that these people be perpetuated, no matter what happens with the waste. I intend to do everything within my po"'er--and I encourage everyone I meet-to deal with this crisis. I don't use scare tactics, but I do say whats going on. and I tell people that they have a responsibility and an obligation. Some people say, "Yeah. \I.ell, people have always said the Earth is going 10 be destroyed. anJ there have alv.ny~ been bad times ...and my father said it wa.-; bleak and it was gorng to end," and so on and so on. At first that statement bothc:red me. But there are 1wo forces on the planet: there's good and there's evil. and we have to have both forces, or there's no existence. And I think that the force that de~trovs the Great L.ifc is evil--be,-ause 3 few can't make these choices for so many and so many yet-to·bc. The force that destroys the Earth-that destroys the streams, that kills all the animab off, and that cuts all the trees down- is an evil force. Now, I am a pacifist in the sense that I believe in nonviolence. I think the Quaker attitude would help us deal with this situation. We can do somcthmg about it in our own regions: we can quit buying products that destroy. We can examine how we can gear down our own lives - not in the sense that we are bleakly going to do away with everything. but we can do without things like styrofoam, electric toothbrushes and all these unnecessary kinds of things. We can try to make everyone in our little area conscious of what's going on. Stan from there, and encourage people from other areas 10 do the same thing. AUTUMN - 1988 �The second step we need to take-and I think this is just out of real procticality--is to make certain preparations for ourselves and our families, and maybe in some instances for our community as well. The number one thing is 10 think of ways ro feed ourselves when we unplug from that consumer/manufacturer society. One of those things that we have to consider is gardens--ways to raise a 101 of food in small an:as-and also alternative forms of fanning, such as dryland fanning like the Hopi Indians do. They raise food down there in a place that gets very little rainfall. We need to learn how to catch waternnd conserve it. Even if you have only one moist spot, plant some kind of food there, even if there's room for only one plant. We need to look al the indigenous plants around us as food sources. Lamb's-quarters is a wonderful food. but we pull it up and throw it away. Yet i1 keeps returning, because it's adapted 10 the area. Look at plants, like the different species of com: from the hard flim com that grows in the southwest to the softer meal com that grows here. Think about both of those plants and start growing them and adapting them to this clim:nc. Do the same thing with pumpkins. squash. and maybe even the more arid-land food plams and trees. like some of the nut trees. When you think of growing planes. consider them as protein and carbohydrate sources. Grow plants that fill those needs. And get several varieties of each one of several species. Be very selective about your seed. If you have a dry year, pick '1he best plants for seed. Don't do anything else with them, but encourage them 10 make seeds. even if it means stripping them of leaves in order to encourage the seeds to grow instead of the fruit, if it's that way. And then pick the seed from there and be merciless about picking the right seed. We ought to be concerned about that People ought to get into different kinds of food preserving--canning, drying, and all fonns of food processing. We need to sort 0111 our refuse and look a1 what's there. I take all of our kitchen garbage :ind throw it tn our compost pile to make soil out of it. Even when I pull a weed out of the garden, l put 11 m there. I think it's important to build up the soil to be :is stron~ as it can. Don't depenct so much on :mimal protein, because the animals will be falling under the same environmental stresses that we Y.111, and plants are much more odnptable to drastic environmental changes than the animals. Don't dismiss that when you consider your sources of protein. I think for agriculture we should consider draft animals as a back-up. Mules eat les~ food and ure stronger than horses. We ought to think about alternative energy sources. An energy source that does pollute 10 a cenpin extent, but is cenninly not a~ polluting as automobile~ and coal-powered plants, is the small steam engine. It can run lots of tools: it can even generate electrici1r. if people are still wanting electricity. Or consider alcohol-based machines that use alcohol fuel from plants. I think people ought to consider those sorts of things. Another thing that has much to do \\ ith biological survival is psychological and spiritual survival. Going from a society in which almost c:very desire and whim is met--or able to be met, if one has the money-and leaving all that will create certain psychological stress. The outside information that we get from TV's and radios may not be there eventually. That's going to be a psychological trauma for ~ople. People \\ill have 10 learn to deal with the psychological and emotional upheavals which will come up when their so-called reality is fractured in some way or another. That needs to be addressed. I also think that groups of maybe 25 people-or 30 at the very most--who live reasonably close together and are of like heart and like mind should make some kind of pact together. A group that size is a very compatible group for surviving. I think we ought 10 include our children in what's going on and what's happening. for the simple reason that they're the ones who are going to inherit whatever is left here. Political action should be the emphasis for every group of people. I think that nuclear war is an incredible threat. and I'm no1 putting that down, but I think the number one issue for this planet right now---0ne that will be more devastating than even nuclear war. unless it's total nuclear war--is the environment. If anyone doubts that, all they have to do is look around. It's a new age for us all--a new age in which the survival of our species is going to be a number one concern. Our philosophy is that the EJnh is one gn:at living organism, and it operates like my own body. When something a11:icks me--viruses or whatever--my immune system goes 10 work. I think we have bc:come a cancerous cell in this environment, and the droughts, the eanhquakes. and all these kinds of events mean that the Eanh is alive. Its ex1Stence is threatened by one of its pans. and l think it's kickmg in its immune systc:m. I think we're probably overpopulated on the planet. I know we arc overpopulated as a species. Even if we all work on it right now, y.e're s11ll going to led terrible effects from 11. 11 we all had it in our minds that "We are going to clean up 1he Eanh." and started doing everything right now. we would still feel negouve effects from what we've done in the past. People are afraid of havin!! to do with less. We could have a much higher quality 01 lifc--not only for ourselves. but also for the whole planet. We may have 10 give up some of our so-called independence. but this is an illusion anyhow. We're going to have 10 change our way of thinking. There are lots of ways we can go, but the whole thing concerning the planet tod:iy i~ that first Y.C ought 10 identify the problem. It's like slcoholism. Until one admits there is a problem. there is no solution. But the minute one admits there is a problem, then you're one step towanl a solution. The big step. Drawing by Rob Messick AUTUM,\1- 1988 KATUAH - page 19 �. ... . .. Natural . . . Wor l d .. . News ........ . • • • • • • • • Natura l • • • Wor l d . .. News .. . . . .. ... . . NP&L SALE APPROVED; DUKE POWER INVADES Narural Wodd News Savicc The controversy over Ille erection of a high p0wer tnlnsmission line in Transylvania and Jaclcson Counties is mounting. Dulce Power Co. of Charloue, NC has gained the approval of lhe NC Public Uti Iities Commission (PUC) for ilS purchase of the Nantahala Power and Light Company (NP&L) in wesletn North Carolina. The company now has righl-of-way access 10 scU ilS nuclear-generated p0wer 10 Alcoa and TVA customers in Tennessee. The PUC ignored a las1-dilCh effort by local mounlain people lO form an energy co-op as an alternative lO Duke's purchase of NP&L. To lrnllspon this p0wer, Duke has proposed clcarculting a huge swath of forest about 1,300 feet wide by 30 miles long. The line would slfelCh from Lake Jocassee in South Carolina to a substation in the rown ofTucicasegee in Jackson County, NC. Residents of the Lake Toxaway area are greatly upset that lheir view of Touway Moun&ain WlU be SpOiled - IO lhe extent th3l they hued 10p lawyers and enjoined Duke from any further conslrUction until they revealed plans for an alternative route. Tom Sweatt of the Lake Toxnway Property Owners Association paints out that "there are a IOL or people who have spent a lot of money lO build homes where they can have a good view of Toxaway Mounuun. • ln addition, Swe:m argues that Duke's proposed route would endanger rare and Propoud Transmission Corridor from JocasM!e to TudJ:!Mgu-DukL Power line KATUAH - p:ige M threatened plant communities and encroach on pristine trout wruers in fackson County. Unfonuna1ely on alternative route for the powerline propOsed by the homeowners nnd Other concert1cd groups trespasses through more of Nantahala Nationlli Forest than Duke's proposed route and will pass close 10 the homes of the residents of the Owens Gap area Cena.inly the allemlllivc would reduce the visual impact of the line on the Lalcc To,.;away homeowners. but l11e line would impact other residents and fragment an eminently important habil.al area in the Nantahaln Nlllional Forest. USFS PROPOSES NEW REGS Natural World News Service The US Forest Service (USFS) has received nearly 1,000 wriucn responses to sweeping regulation changes proposed this spring. On May 16 the USFS published revisions to its appeal regulations. A year in the milking, these fat-reaching revisions would fundamentally all.Cr the USFS appeals process, and undercut the meaningful right of appeal fOf all outside panics cooccmed with USFS decisions. The agency is heralding the revisions as an au.empt to increase efficiency, reduce delay, and benefit the public. Yet all evidence points lO inl.emal mismMagCmCl1t and agency inaction as Ille causes of most delays in the current appeals process. ll is clear that the proposed revisions will nol benelit Ille public. Two setS or appeal ·processes• are proposed. Forest planning, timber management. and Other so-called "policy decisions" will be relcgalcd to a sccond·class status of appeal under 36 CFR 217. Democratic "due process" fealurcs would no longer be avail3ble in p0licy appeals. A second set of rules (36 CFR 251) would govern appeals dealing with agency administration of written ins1tuments, such as special use permits. The USFS prop0scs to m:tintai"I full due process procedures for apppcals of this ruuure. Notices of appeal (now clllled "requests for review') would be combined llllO a single document with a suitc.ment of reasons. This document. along with any siay requests, would have to be filed within 45 days from the dale or publication of the decision in a local newspaper. No time extenS1ons are pcnnittedl This means that Forest Service planners h11ve years 10 strategize clearcuts, roadbuilding, recreation development, and other assaults on "natural resources." Deep ecologists, ci11ZCOS' groups, and their allies are allowed only a moolh and one half ro prcp:irc a defense. Other "efficiencies· the Forest Service proposes would limil project appeals (umber sales. etc.) to the level of the regional forestc.r. Appellant replies to agency submissions ("responsive suuemcnts") and oral pre~cnU1tions would be cl1min3led. While the USFS is nOI proposing a liling fee for entering appeals, the agency IS specifically rcquesung public comment on this controversial issue. The proposed changes in regulations would further insulate the Fore~t Service from c11izcn review of improper decisions. If changes in regulations are ro be made, they must be balanced._ fair, and aimed at increasing efficiency and better decision-making. The proposed revisions fall far Mon of these basic goals. By denying the public o right lO a meaningful nppeal, the propOsed rules changes fora: parties seeking ro influence the USFS to t:lke lheir coocems to court. Private citizens and conservlllion organizations do not have the financial resources IO suppon numerous lawsuits. Although the shon comment period alloled foe the proposed regulation changes expired on July 12. 1988, the Forest Service needs IO hear how people feel about being cu t out or the decision-making process for the National Forests. Theie is a tremendous amount of momentum within the USFS 10 adopt lhesc revisions. The timber indusuy is exerting pressure lO limit the scope of Ille appeals process. Send your ktters to: F. Dale Robtrnon, Chief US Fortst Suvice P.O. Box 96()9() Washington, DC 2()()90. Send copies 10 your congressional rtprtsoltati\leS. FOREST WATCH! HELP WANTED! Nawral World News Service A "Forest WalCh" program is being started in K:uuah. Members of the Wilderness Society, Western North Carolina Alliance, Carolina Mounlain Club, Audubon Society, and four local Sierra Club groups are creating a coalition that will interact with rangers in each US Forest Service (USFS) district. Forest Watch members will sit down with rangers to discuss and review environmental asscssmenL~ for proposed timber cuts, roads. and other Forest Service ac11v1ties before they are begun. Successful Forest WalCh operations arc already in action in other National Forests (e.g., the Chauahoochce NF in Georgia). At the least, such oversight activity will hold the USFS lO 1lS own forcsl managemcnl plans. At best.. both volunteers and rangers will move closer to cooperation and muwal understanding, to lhe bcnelil of all. Workshops will be offered on forest management and on the Fores t Service decision-making process. Those who would like to ltnow more about forestry and multiple use demands, and who would like to have some mOuencc on the future of the forests Ill Kauiah, $hould conlllCI Ginny Lind!>ay: P.O. Box 1275: West Jefferson, NC 28694 (919) 982-3633 or Speed Rogers: 251 Purple Finch Lane; Brcvnrd NC (704) gg3.304g_ AU1ID1N - 1988 �....... Natural ... World ... News ........ . RESISTERS RISK ARREST AT Y-12 WEAPONS PLANT by Pat Montee In an historic moment on August 6. 1988 at lhe gnies of the Y -12 Nuclear Weapons Components Plant in Oak Ridge, TN, five people linked anns and in a simple trespass action crossed over a symbolic line onto lhe plant grounds to be arrested by local police. The action was the first act of civil disobedience at Y-12 and was lhe culmill31lon of a day of concern for lhe plant's role in nuclear weaponry and nuclear cootamination. Preceding lhe arrests 200 demonstrators rallied at a municipal park and then paraded lo Y 12. Speakers at the rally urged support for a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty. The demonstration was held on lhe anniversary of lhe dropping or lhe first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The protest was organized by the recently-formed Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance (OREPA). Co-sponoors included Tennessee Peace and Disarmament Campaign, Jackson County (NC) Peace Network, Western North Carolina Alliance, Madison County (NC) PlowsharcS, and lhe American Peace TCSL Those living near weapons facilities across the country are beginning to speak ouL The August 6 protest at Oak Ridge was minored by other grassroots demonstrations at DOE facilities in Aiken, SC, Amarillo, TX. and the Nevada test site. The formation of OREPA is a call for public auention to the DOE's Oak Ridge facility. In February of last year the Radioactive Waste Campaign, a public interest organization, pinpointed the Oak Ridge Reservation as one of the most scvesely contaminated government facil1ucs m lhe US. Millions of pounds of uranium-derived wastes have been dumped in landfills at Y-12. Between World War II and 1981, over 12 million cubic feet of low-level rad.ioactive WllSUl we.re buried at lhe Oak Ridge Reservation. Radioactivity has seeped out and contaminated streams and groundwater bolh on and off the site. The TV A has identified more than 140 dangerous chemicals and radioactive materials present in Oak Ridge creek bouoms. The Y-12 plant manufactures uranium components for lhe primary sUJge and the principal nuclear components for secondary stages of thennonuclC31 weapons. Covering an area or 3,400 acres and employing over 7,000 people, the Y-12 plant plays a pan in the production of every major nuclC31' weapon in lhe US arsenal. 1l was Y -12 which produced I.he firsi gram quantities of highly enriched uranium used in the "Litlle Boy" bomb which dcsuoycd Hiroshima. One or I.hose arrested Ill y -12, Chris Irwin, a University or Tennessee student and a native of Knoxville, said, "IL seems lhal at Y-12 I.hey just ignore us. I've written my congressman ·everyone has .....SomcbOdy luld 10 do ~mething. If I don't, who will?" Sharing this concern for the future, Judnh Hallock, a resident of Jackson County, NC and a mother or three, was quo~d by the Associlucd Pres.-. as saying before her arrest. "My children arc m dotnger. The plnncl is in danger. and I feel I h;ive no choice.• Others arre.~led were: Jeff Warner, 24, of Bowling Green, KY; M)'T'B Zeller. 40, or Madison A County, NC; and Doug Mason, 38, the father of two children, who is from Memphis, TN. The five anest.ed were booked at the site and released on lhett own recognizance. At n hearing the following Monday at the Anderson County Court.house, they received a eiUJtion for simple trespass. OREPA is forming an active regional community lO non-violenlly overcome the violence at Oak Ridge. A "Nuke Watch" action as planned for Octobcr24-29at y.12. To conwcl the Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alhancc, write Box 1101: Knoxville, TN 37901 or call evenings at (61S) 588-9370. "the most massive crackdown of its kind in lhe country". During lhe investigation. undercover agents bought 266 gall bladders. SS claws, 77 feet, four heads, nine hides and one black bear cub. Agents also round dead bears in the woods from which only the gall bladder and claws had bcc:n removed, with the rest left to rot Black bear pans are commonly sold illegally both on the intcm.llional and domestJC rruirkets. During lhe three year operation, wildlifo officers were receiving criticism about not acting against poaching. However, to have made a premature move would have blown lhe cover on lhc entire operation. Wildlife orrocers and olher state and federal agencies formed 28 raid teams that served the . -~ ,~ ~ anc~t and search warrantS in a 20-county area in ~.,.. .;,. / ,.t' ,,frl __ ~ K.atliah. .: '.. /~}'- -~ '//• "'.r r ..- -·~ All or lhis in. tense activity, however. -~ 1 ~ culminates in the cowuoom. h i~ up to the federal .;.fJ/r~~, . ~udge to enforce the ex1s_ting law.s ~ regulations. as .;.,,,J.11"'' ~.._.,...., ·~/ 1t relalCS to bear poaching. If I.he Judge treais lhe ,,,,~,,,,,.....____, ~ "~ mauer lighlly and elects to impose very lenient ..._'<.~ sentences, ii would.be a signal to poachers that they ~-" ~ . ''"·"'"' ~~" could continue w1lhout severe c.onsequences. It fl///" , \ would also be a blow to the wildlife officers who at • · ...,..., ' times risked their lives uncovenng the poaching network. Lcuec; to the US District Attorney would let the court know that citi7.ens are watching and care PERE GRINES RETURN about lhe outcome of I.his case. Send a leuer Nanni World News Setvicc expressing your feelings and concerns to lhe D.A. who is prosecuting lhe federal government's case Five pairs of the peregrine falco11s •haclced against the poachers. out" Last summer by human volunteers have Max Cogburn returned to nesting places established in National US District Au.omey Forest areas in the Kauiah Province. US Courthouse, Rm. 306 The small, but eictrcmcly swifi, raptors were I00 Otis SllCCl obSCIVed at nesting sites at Linville Gorge, lhe AsheviUe. NC 28801 Shelton Laurel area of Madison County, Looking (704) 259-0061 Glass Rock, Whiteside Mountain, and Pickens .r - -" · ' ,r...._, ;. ,. j:-,,.. ..,,,.,?';,::,: ' Nose. One young falcon was nedged from lhe DCSl on Whiteside Mountain, and a heallhy chick is livmg in the nest ID I.he Shelton Laurel area. To avoid disturbance to the nesting falcons, hang gliding and rock climbing were lmhed at Whiteside Mountain and Looking Glass Rock unul August 31 of this year. Climbers and gliders were very cooperative wilh the closings. The peregrine restoration project is a JOinl effort of the US Forest Service, the NC Wildlife Resources Commission, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and a private organiation called The Peregrine Fund. The NC state income LaJt refund "Check-off for Nong:imc and End:ingcred Wildlife" contributed substantially to funding for the projecL BEAR POACHERS ARRESTED Natural World Ncw1 Scivice aa A three-year investigauon into bear poaching in western Norlh Carolina and ca~tern Tennessee led to charges again.~t 43 people who were uccused of illegally profiting from the marketing of gall bl!lddus and olher b13ck bear paru. Both federal and state wildlife officers panic ipated in "Operation Smoley." de.<.eribcd as PUBLIC INTEREST LOST IN THE OZONE Nuural World News Savicle On July 2. 1988, ozone levels recorded at the oz.one monitoring Slation in Fairview, NC, outside of Asheville, reached 118 parlS per billion (ppb), within 2 ppb. of the 120 ppb. maximum Standard allowed by the Environmental Protccuon Agency (EPA) under the Oean Air AcL Ozone in the lower aunosphere is a proven ha.z:lfd llult contcibut.eS io smog, rcspinuory disease in humans, and damage lo trees and crops. At excessive levels. o:r.one does acute damage to the lungs or children, old people, asthmatics, and I.hose who arc doing SLrCnuous outdoor exercise. Ozone has been shown to be pan of the deadly combination of factors that is killing the spruce/fir forest on Mt. Mitchell. Paradox 1cally, 07.0ne in 1he upper atmosphere is necessary 10 slueld lhe Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiauon in the run's rays, but m the lower atmo:;phcre it ~ a dangerous pollutant, and Asheville re:;1dcn1S rue now aware thal their cuy. too. ha:. an air qualuy problem. Yet, one month after lhe high reading was recorded, the 01.ooe monitoring station was closed. According 10 Ronald Boone, lhe director of the (conllnucd on nut Ne) - p:igc 21 �...more...Natural World News LOST IN THE OZONE (canlin\IOd from IJa&C 21) Western North Carolina Air Pollution Control Agency, construction had displaced the Station from its original location at Fairview school. and lhere was no ochet space available in Buncombe County r0t the 8 root by 8 foot IJ'ailer which houses the monitoring instruments. The EPA granted permission for the closure. This action was iaken shortly before the summer heat wave, which undoubtedly booSted ozone levels considerably in Asheville and surrounding areas in tho French Broad River basin. ff«, sugnant air masses provide ideal conditions ror lhe creation cl owne and keep the gaseow subslance trapped in valley areas, inslead of allowing it to dispetse. Had the sys1em been in operation, it almost cettainly would have recorded orone levels higher lhat the 118 ppb. reading or July 9. Readings during August would in all probability have shown Iha! Asheville was exceeding the re.detal Slandattls for ozone. The EPA has declared th:u if a city exceeds the maximum allowable ozone SUUldard of 120 ppb. two times in a single year, vehiculnr emissions ICStS must be undenaken immediately. Hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust combine with nitrous oxides Crom industrial and utility company fumes to create Orone. The EPA also says Iha! if the ozone problem persists in a city, tha1 ci ty will be designated a "non-attainment area• and be rcsuicted from starting any new industries that require smokcsUICks to exhaust industrial vapors. If Asheville were restricted as a "non-a1 tainmen1 area." it would obviously slow the city's industrial grow1h, and might adVCtSC!y affect tOUnSt tr.iffic as well. The ozone monitoring station is still closed, and Boone says that. as ozone levels decline during the cooler months, it will probably be April of 1989 before another locauon for the focility will bc found. Having no accurate de1ermm:1uons or how severe the ozone problem actually is m the French Brood River ba.sin will do liule to relieve public uncasinesi. about the situnuon. And pulling orr finding a locntion for the small testing sUllion for nine months does little lo bol.'ilU public confidence thnt the problem IS being adequately dc:ll t with or even considered. Having unknown levels or 01.one in Asheville's air supply iL1so r:uses other quesuons. bolh environmental and political New datn have been made public that show that long-term exposure to lower conccn11111Jons of ozone impairs the foncuonmg of the lung.~. causes adverse biochemical renctions in the lung$, and acceler.ites lung delerioration due to aging. These data have led scientists to urge the EPA lO immediately ndopt more stnngcnt oz.one standards. If the standnrds were changed, the EPA predicis lhat nine urbnn areas in the US would be ou1 of compliance. Prominent on that list is Asheville, NC. Is the municipal public hc:llth admmistrauon trying to sidestep the consequences of exceeding federal regulations by subjecting city ~dcnLS IO the consequences of exc:essi ve air poll uuon levels? Buncombe County's Metropolitan Sewage Administmtion is presently considering construcuon of an incineration plant to dispose of the area's sewage sludge. The pt;in has already come under severe criucism, as it would add several types of KA TUAH • page 22 dangerous gaseous pollutants into the area's air flow. With Asheville already suffering a critical air pollution problem, it seems obvious that an insUllation which would make major contributions IO the ambient air toxicity should be avoided. Yet, at recent hearings on the incinerator proposal, of all !hose who made presentations, only two individuals spolce in favor or the plan. Those were Jim Tenney. Di.rector of Public Health for Buncombe County, and Air Pollution Control Direct.or Boone. Actions such as this call into question the competancc or public health adminis1n1tion in Buncombe County, or r.iise the ugly possibility that the public health is being made subservient to the intcrest.s or economic and industrial growth. CP&L RA TE INCREASE (or " LET THEM EAT CAKE") residents posted their own black-and-white metal signs aloog a 30-mile stretch of the river. The s igns warn that fish from the river ate contaminated with dangerous levels of dioxin, a toxin that "causes cancer, miscarriages. and birth defeas." Recent EPA tesl.S have found dioxin in most or the 120 flSh taken from lakes fed by the contaminau:d river. One brown U'OUt was round to contain 80 pans per trillion or dioxin, more than three times the allowable dose. Shelley Stcwart. a Greenpeace official from Seaule who studies the pulp and paper industry. says thal "lhere is no levd al which this stuff can be considered safe.• Stewan also pointcd out that dioxin levels in the Pigeon are the second-highest found yet in the EPA's current analysis of 100 rivers below pulp and paper mills. Dioxin residues result Crom tile chlorine bleaching process used by Champion and other mills. Grttnptace may be contacted 01 (404) 874-8581. Nanual World News Service On August 8, 1988 the NC Public Utilities Commisssion (PUC) granted Carolina Power and Light (CP&L) a 9.1% increase. Profits from the rate hike will benefit the shareholders of the privately·held monopoly and will pay for the extr&Ordinarily high cost of building the Shearon Harris Nuclear PlanL According 1 F3lr Share of North Carolina, a 0 consumer advocate group. CPclL has spen t S4.S million on outside consultants to teSury in the rate case. A key issue was the cost overruns incurred in the conSU11Ction of the Shearon Harris planL Design changes and reworking during construction added at least $200 million LO the cost or the nuclear power pl:inL In testimony before the PUC, Chip Smith of Fair Share presented an anmysis of over l,000 changes 1n design during a nine-mont.h period. CP&L's own records showed most were errors and only one was cau!S(XJ by changes m rcgufauons. Fair Share maintained that the cost of misl.'lke~ made during cons11UCtion was excessive. CP&L mainl.3ined it "should 001 have to be pctfecL" In the linal weeks before the PUC decision, a S300.pcr-hour CP&L consullllnt stated that 1f widows and orphans could nOl pay lhetr electric bills, they could tum their lights off. Does this reveal CP&L's true pcrspecuve? Writt th<! NC Public U11li1its Commission or P.0 Bo.IC 29510: Raleigh, NC 27626 10 t.ICpl'US your opinion of 11rL1r dtcision. and ID Fov Shart of North COTolino: P.O. BO.IC 12543; Raleigh. NC 27605 111 support of thtir worlc. POISON PIGEON FISH NllUnl World News Service Representauves from the Greenpeace organization and 01hcr concerned people recently accused Nonh Carolina's Health Dcpanmcnt or dragging its feet in posung warnings along the Pigeon River, which the Env1 ronrnenUll Protccuoo Agency (EPA) has round is contaminated with the chemical dioxin below the Champion International paper mill m Canton, NC. Dr. Ted Taylor. a State tolliCOIOglSI, could not say when the sign would be posted, even though the flSh have been known 1 be toXJc since last 0 spring. "MOURNING THE VICTIMS" NlllWIJ World News Service East Tennessee residents seeking to short-circuit Champion International's bid for a wastewater permit a1 a public ~earing August 18, mourned for 1 Cocke Cow!ty cancer victims 67 whom they believe died as a result of accumulations of dioxin from wastcwater dumped into the Pigeon Rtvcr by the Champion plant in Canton, NC. Organizers of the variance hearing labeled 167 cent.er-section seats with the names of the dead and marlced the rows with block bows. Flags in Newport, TN bung at half-mast as a memorial rite was held. which fcatwcd the unveiling of a cenoiaph listing the names of the cancer vicums. Champion has produced blc:iched paper in the Canton plant since 1908. and scientisL' say dioicin is a byproduct of the bleaching process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Tenne..~see omcials inili.ally proposed a wastew;iter pennn for the company that would have set a SO-unit color limit on the river at the statc line. Although dioxin levels nre not adclres.o;ed m the proposed wastewacer pcrmu. envrronmentahsts say that chemical and color levels ace closely associaced Tennessee Governor Ned McWhcrter 1s likely to make the linnl dec1s1on. Speakers at the hearing directed therr 1111ger at the governor almost as often a.~ at Champion. McWhcrtcr campaigned in Newpott during the last elecuon, promising to help clean the darkened and foamy Pigeon River. which nows through the ci ty's downtown distncL Two Asheville researchers demonstr:ued a new process they have developed, which they say can clean up the waters or the Pigeon. University of North Carolina Asheville professor Richard Maas and scienust Philip Neal hope to sell Champion on their method, tha1 they say could remove 90 percent of the color in the water. Wilma Dykeman, Tennessee state hisiorian, called a11en1ion to Champion's history of environmental abuse. and went on LO say that human actions should not be allowed to destroy any natural re.source. One speaker suggested that to establisb a vanance would open a Pandora's box to industry. Another Cocke County resident said that he felt that SU\lc leaders, by holding the hearing, were requesting the public "to make my murder legal.• So Greenpeace voluntocrs and ea.st Tcmesscc UTUMN • 1988 �(continued from page 7) Natural World News SPECIAL REPORT THE DOGWOOD BLIGHT by John Creech For as long as people have lived in Appalachia. they have delighted in the white dogwood flowers which splash the hillsides in spring. The bright red berries of the dogwood arc an important food source for many bud Gild ammal species when lhey appear in the fall. And the dogwood tree plays an imponan1 part in the ecology of the forcsL II is a prevalent understory tree that helps to develop the dark, loamy forest soil that is the basis of life. Soon, however, the great contributions of this small ltCC may be a thing of the past For, even as we lament the blight that killed the chestnut tree back to the ground, another blight lhreatcns the existence of the dogwood r.n:e I.Oday. The dogwood blight has been liule-publiciu.d, yet it has been killing Cornus Jlorida uces throughout a three million acre area in Georgia, Tcnn~ee. and Nonh Carolina. according to Professor of Foresuy Roben Zahner of Clemson University. Unlike the chestnut blight, which was introduced from Asia and swept through lhe Appalachian range 10 a period of 40 years, the anthmcnose fungus which causes the dogwood blight has coexisted with other plant life throughout the region for thousands of years. Scienlists first identified the fungus on dogwoods in Now York and Pennsylvania about 10 years ago. Reseachers at Cornell University inilially believed that some species of the fungus had mutated and attaekcd dogwoods only in the nonheasL However, an identical fungus was discovered on dogwoods in the Cashiers, North Carolina nrea about five years ago and has since been identified on Cornus f/orida trees throughout the Appalachians. The alternate-leaf dogwood (Cornus alttrnifolia), which is not as prevalent nor as beautiful as the flowering dogwood does not seem to be affected by this fonn of the blighL The blight thrives most successfully in moist, shaded areas such as mature forest areas, where it appears first as colonies of spots on lower tree branches. Sunlight inhibits the fungus, so it climbs upward from the shaded interior leaves, blackening and curling all of a tree's healthy foliage in a shon time. The youngest trees are the first 10 succomb to the infection. One scientific hypolhesis is that environmental StrCSSCS may have weakened lhe dogwood tree species 10 such an extent that 11 has become susceptible to the blight fungus. If this is true. as well as boding ill for Lhc dogwood species, it may mean that other trCCS as well arc on the threshold of their tolerance of hUITlllll pollution. Currently rcscarchcrs arc cultivating dogwood trees in controlled environment chambers under various kinds of simulated streSS s1IU31ions. Folinge on young trees has been leached with anlficial acid rain at levels similar 10 those present in the Ka1Uah region today. Investigators have found that these dogwoods take inoculation of the fungus quickly and easily, whereas trees grown free of acidic precipitalion have taken inoculation poorly or not at all. Acidic moisture qwtc possibly destroys the waxy layer of cutin on the leaf surface. leaving interior cells vulnerable to infection. Thi~ damage. perhaps coupled with stress from ozone or other pollutants, allows the fungus to destroy lhc affected leaves in a single year. The metabolism of lhe dogwood U'CC requires tremendous amounts or calcium for sustained and heallhy growth, all of which must be cycled up from the soil. Zahner and others in the scientific community believe that the chemical relationship is such that sulphur and nitrogen deposited in the soil from precipitation are releasing large amounts of aluminum normally bound in chemical comb1ruuions and unavailable. The roots of the dogwood tree draw dissolved aluminum into the tree, where, as Zahner says, the aluminum"competes with the sites on the cell membranes that would normally be occupied by calcium." Th.is creates a calcium deficiency which wealcens and evenlU3lly kills the trees. The dogwood is "not just another pretty tree." The pH of its foliage is basic, and, as the uccs shed their leaves in the fall. Ibis addition to the soil helps balance the soil pH throughout the yenr. Dogwood berries arc a dependable fall and winter food source for quail, IUrkcy, grouse, and a host of songbirds. They arc a wintertime staple for these birds, when v1nually no other foods arc available. Squirrels and deer also rely on this fruit for winter nutrition, and it is an allcmntive fall food for black bc8IS during a poor mast year. . . Zahner believes that this valuable member of the forest community 1s diminishing more rapidly than we rcali7..C. Indeed, the dogwood may soon be facing citlinclion in lhe Appalachian Mounuuns. ~owy display of the KATUAll - page 23 ;i' Photograph taken tarly in this century of miud timber growth on Moust Knob Branch of S110wbird Creek. chestnut enthusiast to understand why state and federal agencies are not providing strong support for chestnut research. The hard fact is that the chestnut is essentially gone from today's forests. Government research monies are already so severely limited that important areas of research for existing commercial species are often not addressed. Diversion of these dollars for chestnut breeding research, which can offer no absolute guarantees of success, would not be in the best interests of our forests from either an ecological or a commercial standpoint. Therefore, it falls upon the private sector, both individual people and organized foundations, to suppon chestnut research. Private support can come in a variety of forms: monetary donations, sharing knowledge of flowering chestnut sprouts with researchers. or volunteer labor. Private chestnut interest groups are forming in a number of states. The American Chestnut Foundation is an ideal organization 10 coordinate the activities of private groups and individuals. The Foundation's scientific steering committee is comprised of leading chestnut researchers and other scientific authorities. It advises and guides research conducted by the Foundation and associated cooperators. Private groups may become state chapters of the Foundation and thereby become linked with the scientific community. In summary, there is still hope for returning the American chestnut to the forests of eastern Nonh America. An increasing number of scientists, private individuals, and organizations are working toward developing a blight-resistant native chestnut. Reforestation of our woodlands with American chestnut trees is a massive undertaking and will only be possible through the cooperation and coordination of all interested parties. Hopefully, the results will be positive, and some day in the future some of us will be able to sil under the "spreading chestnut tree." Dr. Scott £. Schlarbaum is Associate Professor of Forest Genetics in the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries of the Institute of Agriculture at the University o/Tennessee in Knoxville. He direc1s the UT Tree lmprovemem Program and is coordinating a project to develop blight-resistant American chestnuts suitable for resroration ill the Appalachian Mowuain bioregion. , AUTUMN-1988 �Dear friends, We have heard about you lhrough friends and want to supparc your effortS at b1oregional enlightmcnt. We have a small family dairy with 25 cows, hogs, sheep, poultry, etc. on a 200 acre hill farm 20 miles north or Roanoke. We can spare you about 200 lbs of milk (translated mto monetary donation). Send us a few back issues if you have them. Lei us know when you need more. Many thanks for your effons. DRUMMING LETTE RS TO K ATUAH John & Linda Thornton Fincastle. Virginia Dear Friends, Dear KOJUah, A friend gave me a copy of Summer '&8 issue a few days ago. I read through ii with delight I've lived here 12 years loving these mountains while watching lhe desolation, which is gelling out or hand and going really rast It is good 10 see a journal which represents other, of a concern similar 10 my own. I feel less alone in my panicular facets or appreciation for this mOSt beautiful area of USNearlh ..•The change going on here is best expressed by announcers a1 monster IJUCk rallies when a big-wheel pick-up is crushing a line of cars, "The dcs11Uc1ion is awesome.• 1 enclose a donation 1ow3tds encouraging your efforts, and would love 10 panicipaie along the way in whatever capacity possible. I can write readably. and my heart is with you. T. J. Northington Spana, North Carolina Dear Friends, David Wheelers article, '"The Tracks or lhe Panther" is so incredibly beautifulIt was also very informative and inspiring. There is enough motivation and human power tO bring this wilderness corridor into reality' With just a handful or advocates locrucd lhrooghou1 lhe ll1C8 or the proposed corridor, interest can be drawn from local Audubon chapterS. Sierra Clubs. etc. I remember my first trip along the parkway and thoughts of what it could be like if moose, cllc, bear and wolves still remained. I remember the sadness of knowing they were gone. I beheved they could never return. What a gin Jamie Saycn has given us by focusing his energy and developing the PAW plan! And how fonunate we are to have KOJUllh to bring us the news! The PAW plan is so WORTllY of our aucnuonl WE can mnke a positive 1mpac1 on the ecology unlike anything that h:is been done to dale in lhe United StateS. Dear Friends at Ka11'ah, Blessings! Thanks so much for your wisdom and time on the phone (in helping to form a bioregiofllll journaJ for the Adirondack area). We are making some solid contaCtS with wrilCrS, graphic artists. and others who are encouraging us on to do this thing and are iniercslCd 1n participating. The crv.ies1 "chance• meetings cum out to be the most fruitful of all. We had spoken about lhe boundaries of this region - n's huge! The Adirondack Biorcgional Province (according 10 a map in the old RAJNBOOK) prcuy much follows the boundaries of the Adirondack Parle - 6 million acres! Needless to say, we llunlc that we can best get a clear image of the many ecosystems here if we divide this massive area into 4 to 6 (or more) sections, and in the first issue ask in1crcs1ed persons in each section tO connect with us - they can 1C3d us on an exploration of their particular sections - one fca1ured in each successive issue. How does 1ha1 look to you? Comments and advice are apprcciar.cdl I'll just enclose what we have so far. We'd love lO be able IO share Our copy of Ka1Uah with folks. but i1 is bccom ing dog-eared, ecc. Tt's in our collection or newsleu.ers that we are using as "texcbooks". If you could find some exlt3S, we would be happy IO help with a dona1ion 10 cover eos1 or postage and retail value of copies! (And, of course, to suppan your efforts there, a bil more green). A friend se1 up a barter for us: If I do a particular Indy's gardening, she will do our initial layout design! Tnlce care, Mamie and all! We respect you, KOJtlah! With Warmth! Joyce Vanselow Box 12 Riparius, New Yort 12862 With love, cxci1emcn1 and e1emal gratitude, Frank Trombeua HendCtSOnv1llc, North Carolina Dear KOJuah, ...Thanks. Your journal moved me, as a native or Kaniah now displxed to ScauJc. Clair Englander KATUAH - page 24 ...Found a copy of Kotuah Journal at the Appalachian Trail shelter on Wild Cat Mountain· near the Fish Hatchery - and near Camp Cherokee ...enjoying iL Beuy M Gore Dec!l1ur, Georgia Today I received your complimentary issue and I'd like to thank you very much for it When I saw 11 a1 the Black Mountain Festival, I knew it was for me. At present, I'm unable to send the SIO, but once I'm employed again 1 plan 10 subscribe. A li1Lle while ago a friend called to say he h:id mailed in a subscription in my name. Now, once I can afford it, I'll order one or your great tee shins. The day after returning from the festival, and after having !'CM your Spring issue. I h:id an asunl experience which I'd like to share with you and perhaps you could shed ligh1'as to lhe meaning for me. I was above the festival s11e and saw ii all - sky, mounUlins, meadow, ring of tents and pand; with 4 hawk feathers in the sky a1 cardinal poincs. Superimposed on it all were the words "Wolf Medic me". I am carving all or this in what I call a medicine shield format. and once it's completed and painted, I'll send you a picture. l wonder whaL the signific~nce of Wolf medicine is. Any ideas from you or your re:idecs? Thanks, Kicran Crunficld 412 ML View Valdese, North Carolina 28690 .. .I enjoy taking my newborn (well. actually he's 3 months old already) with me m the woods, and he looks around a1 the ll'CCS so w ide-eycd. He really loves the outdoors, and sometimes I will wonder, wow, if only you could see the Smokies, the wild rivers, the huge boulders, the trees, feel God's presence around you, way up on a mountain ...bul then I remember, my wife and I lived m Tennessee (Pigeon Forge) for four momh~ and we Jost everything we owned trying to survive up !here. I don'1 think I wilJ ever be able to live amongst the earth cathedrals of Kauiah, but I've kepi Philippians 4: 11 m my mind. I'm not t0ta.lly satisfied here in Texas, but I am doing wha1 I can. I've already planted 3 low chill apple trees on my 1/3 acre "farm", and I plan on using pcrmaculturc design principles throughout The beginnings of a Big Thickel/Texas pcrmacul1urc center, maybe? ... Peace and light, Jorge Vcl4zqu.e1 Rt 5, Box 86-D Cleveland, Teus 77327 AUTUMN - 1988 �Drawing by Rob Messick Dear Friends, I am a member or the Prison Opposi1ion Commiucc. We arc b:mling a prison the Arkansas S1:1te Boord of Corrections says lhcy wall build in our unique comer or the Ozarks. And we say they will not. We have over 3,000 sign31WCS on petiuons. At our last meeting, a mM named Ray Waus stood up and told how his grc:it. great-grandfather was born on the Trail of Tt3rs. He s:tid th:lt 300 Indians had died at a place called Lukcy Springs (obou1 three miles rrom my home). The TraiJ or Tears runs very, very near the proposed prison Sile. That night I was reading. I heard a rhythm--rain1ly at first, becoming louder--and then I "hc:ud" the words or the enclo.~ poem. As I Slit up lO get pen and pencil, a presence "sat down" to my len. It wns very, very UUlgible. (I am part Cherokee.) I wrote down the poem. Later, as I do1.cd off, I felt my right arm being rruscd an the darkncss--qu1tc eerie. Then a voice spolcc through me--a hu.~ky voice, like a man's. It s«med to me that a lot or time posscd-but my husband ~id u was only a liuJe while. •r had spoken of being "lost..los1..I had II()( died a Warnor's death. I had come to join in this new battle"." Yesterday we traveled over a portion or the Military Road--a part or the Trail or Tears. I saw Lukcy Sprin~. A little further along the road, I was led" into the woods. There I saw a faint impression in the earth - lhc old trail. Then I "heard" them again. I s:it on the ground. They said again, ·we did 1101 die a Warrior's death. When these leaves fall ... we will return .•." This autumn will mark the 150th "birthday" of the Trail or Tears. I sec this as a Vasioo Quc.~1! I intend to record mote or Ray W:m's stories and legends handed down in ha~ family • and I m1end to record the Voices of my people ti they ~to/through me. Arc you interested an my journal as I ltllvel along? Sincerely. Barbara Ellet Dail AUTUMN- I TRAIL OF TEARS A NEW PROTEST Our only mark a wind thaJ blows Upon our heads a thousand snows..... Ow only tears rain on the hills And the sobbing song ofthe wluppoonvil/s. YOU asked for the stOry of \lo hy I spc:ik about pcsticulcs. II is a question I have :l'kcd m>-sclf, because I would rather enjoy the farm quaclly or speak of the oneness or hfc. Several years ago I be&311 to conuic1 App31achian Power Comp:111y and slalC agencies 10 protect myself from p.!Sl!Cide exposure. I had had severe allergic reacuons to chcmicols and several years or health proi.tems• .,,,hich have healed 'The scns1tiv11y I ha'e now IO chemicals simply alcns me to theu presence tn the air. Often .,,, hen there LS pc.~ticulc an the air. 311d v3por from it docs get in the air, I hc.y others speak or symptoms which I know can be tnggcrcd by indirect pesticide exposure. I ~'peel that many people without recognizing at are nffcclCd to some degree by chemicals. Sance Uiey are a stress to the immune system, I wond.:r what wall be the long term consequences to children growing up in the midst of chemical use. And how much wall our environment absorb? I speak of my concern while knowing that symptoms reflect something deeper. Three umes I was accidenlly SPtayed in public places with herbicide or insecticide.and I think about the weeds and insects that arc labelled pc~ts ond lulled. And about lhc animals on which these chemicals arc tested. The language of public agencies IS facts and figures. a different language from that which Earth and its fauna and flora speak, but one which I have learned out of my experience. So I speak of facts and figures, though they arc but one level of a multi-leveled truth . Thanks to Ka1Uah for speaking so beautifully ol the mtcr-coonectedocss oC all life. Sincerely, Nancy Barnhardt ML Airy, Virginia Now peacefully we lie at resr Here in the Ozarks' Stoney brea.rt. In life we could not wulerstand Why we were driven across the land And now we hear, not even death Can save us from the white man's breath, For still he gives the loud commands Thal drove us once across srrange lands. He comes now ro disturb our sleep Where cedar glades a vigil keep. Hear us now. We will not go For on our heads a thousand snows. Hear us now. \Ve will not bend To the white mllll's ways again. Three Juuulred strong, a mighty ba11d To keep the wltire man from the land. They cannot build a prison here; Where live men like the the dead appear. Hear us now. We will not go. Hear us now. We rel/ you so. We waJJc these hills on ~ery wind. Great Spirit is a mighty friend. -Barbara Eller Dail Noncy has now moved to the Chapel Ifill, North Corolino area (Uwharria bioregional pro11inet} where she will be working as on tnvironmtntal lobbyist. Dc:it Kailiah friends, The issues you are dealing with are criucal for our continued CJtistcncc. Being a member of the Baha'i Faith and having Cherokee heritage makes me even more concerned about ha.rmony with nature and my fellow humans. Some Baha'i friends arid I arc in the planning stages of cstabli.~hing a Lcaming/Hcalmg center which v.oold work 10ward the uni[)' ol the healing .u and education methods. Therefore I would be very intcrcSIC.d m any Ulfornutioo or contacts )'OU may ha\'C in this area. I am especially inLCreSICd in knowing more about herbal n:mcdics such as those prescnlt.d by Carolyn Pon. I would v.-clcome the opportUn11y 10 meet with you to discuss some of our mulllal concerns and goals. I li\'C near the headwaters of the Clillch Raver. What do you know about this area (the Clinch Valley) being sacred tem1ory 10 the OlcroL.ccs? I am looking forward to heanng from you. Warmest Greetings, Oint Dye P.O. Box 55 Swords Creek, Virginia 24CH9 KATU AH - page 25 �(nruural) - no electne, no plumbing, and the liule DRUMMING continued from p. 25 wildlife people feel OK hete. Ka11lah editor: I really connected IO the concepis of your journal and your goals. as expressed in Earth First! (February issue, •Reviews"). all.ho' I myself see us as passed beyond the point of choosing qwtlity life stand:uds or not, for living beings. I feel humans have destroyed (and are destroying) so much of our basic life-support needs - air, watctS, soils- that we may only have a choice of octivating NOW IO save what's left., or simply become extinct in I.he very near fuuue. I've been trying IO "live on I.he land"hcre since 1978, doing a "half-passed" Job of it-still connected much IOO much IO machine age things. I'm trying now IO deepen my own dctcm1inalion, woit MUCH harder, sleep less. quit wasting time on any unnecessary things, and become much more self-suflicicnL Cutting off from machine age life 100% is my goo.I. I want IO produce all my own food and drinking water. finish the rock walls for this old home, can all the summer fruit here, and so on. I've kept my place very primitive Anyhow. I wnnt to offer you info of I.he suppon system that has enabled me to deal wilh never-ending stvere problems as natural world meets machine age. I refer to Nichircn Shoshu, Buddhist World Peace MovcmcnL Here's our chant: "NAM-MYOHO-RENGE-KYO" and we chJnt LO a small scroll called "Gohonzon" on which is inscribed concepts of universal enlightenmenL Due to I.he miserable schedule of my city job, I feared I'd not get my nightly chanting done last nighL I figured I'd fall asleep, after nighis of home-coming al midnight and 1:20 am, so I've been chanting how I'd stay awake. Sure enough, after some chanting. I dozed off last night. I woke up. but I jus1 would not get up, laying there, thinking of all the urgent things, but NOT MOVING. Then I heard "Thump. Thump." an odd noise ..?? I guessed what it was and jumped up. It was BAD KiUy, go1 in I.he cupboard, got my Swiss cheese, and was banging it on the floor to break off bites. It was chanting that brought Kiuy into the cabinet of food: the only lhing lh31 would get me up, without being dreadful, like a fire or such. I've chanted for Glady, murdered bear, that she returns to happier new life. Here's a grc:it phJ'Mc Crom our teacher, wriucn by Miao-lo, great Buddhist teacher of India: •A plant., a uee, a pebble, a speck of dust, each has innate Buddha D3turc, along with the other causes and conditions needed t0 auain Buddhahood." I hope you people there may only try this chanting 10 bring many bencliis to your own fine work. To locate members in your area, contact: Nichercn Shisher Community, 4603 Eastern Avenue. Mt. Ranier. Maryland 20712. (301) 779-3255. Sincerely, Janice Blise A Katuah reader in Knoxville, TN sends this flier that was being distributed there by you11g people in punk auire. ROOFING FOR AUNT PEARL "They want met' move I' town," bent over her cane and squinting up at me covered with stop-leak and tar, holding hot rolled roof, "but a told 'em: her palsied hand's finger pointing to the soil, "that I'm Cold Knob born. Cold Knob bred, 'n' when I die, by God, I'm gonna be Cold Knob dead.· KNOXVILLE PUNKS GO ECO ... - Bob Henry Baber Dear Kataah, Just wan1ed to write in and say how much I appreciate the efforts of those wildlife officers who for three years have !>een looking into the bear pooching here tn these mountains. h was very courageous of those folks to do that. . .You know t~ey were really laying their hvcs on the hne in some cases. So I think they deserve a special thanks from all of us who want to see the bears survive here. I hope the coun has the sense to follow through in adequate punishment of the people who were poaching. It doesn't do much good to do all that work and then have them not be strongly punished. The bears are having a hard enough time dealing with this drought. They don't need co be having to deal with all the threat of poaching as well. MAKE TH M PAY PLUG UP A MAGH1NE TODAY ! Sincerely, M. L. Lewis Let Ille Military-Industrial Complex Beware! �Medicine- .Allies ful I color T- sfJirts REVIEW Where Legends Live: A Pictorial Guide to Cherokee Mythic Places by Douglas A. Rossman (Cherokee Publications; Cherokee, NC), 1988 If you are enchanted by the colorful, moving myths ana legends of the Cherokee .... .if the skin along your neck crawls at the thought of Utluhtu, the Spearfinger, snaring the livers of unsuspecting victims.....if you have feared the giant serpent Uktena, bearing the blinding crystal Uluhsati on its head, luring even the greatest warriors to their death .. ... then you have also wondered about the dwelling- and haunting-places of these great creatures of myth. Where Legends Live, by frequent Kati1ah comributor Douglas A. Rossman, will provide you with a glimpse of those places. Black-and-while photographs depict the actual geographic locations of sites: from Gahudi ("the finding place"). where the great Uktena met its demise; to the various dwelling-places and council houses of the Nuhnehi ("those who have always been here"); to Uguh-yi, "the place behind the water," where Thunder Beings lived. Lovely stippled illustrations by Nancy-Lou Patterson bring alive the text. Where Legends Uve is the perfect companion 10 Cherokee myths and legends recorded by historians, ethnologists, and other writers. If you dare to view the land of the g.reat Uktena, Rossman's book is for you. In ths traditional Cherokee Indian belief. the .cr~~turss in the world today ars only dlmmultlve forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited ths world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, ths spirit world, the highest heaven. But a tsw of ths original powers broke through ths spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as ws know it. These beings are called with reverence •grandfathers•. And of thsm, the strongest ars Kanatt, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'natl, ths rattlesnake. who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi USdi, "the little man·. as ginseng ls called m the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they ars allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine a/Iles, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by lb~y Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality, all-cotton shirts, they are available now in all aduh sizes through the Kalanu bioreglonal mail-order suppUsr. Order shirts from: KAl.ANU Box 282; Sylva, NC Katuah Province 28779 Please specify size: Sm., Med., Lg., X·Lg. KRLRNU BI OREG I ONRL BOOKS ANO TOOLS FOR LIU I NG IN RPPRLRCHIR •The Education or LitUe Tree • by Forrest Olster A boy ltarllS oboUI lift from his Chtrok.te gra11dpam11s ON! 1ht surrounding hills. A story full of wisdom and love tlwt will one day be recognized as a lilerary classic. • S11.00 • Myths and Sacred Fonnulas or the Cherokee • collected by J31ncs Mooney A jollnlty through time and the Appalachian mythic lond.scap<!. - S15.00 • The French Brood • by Wilma Dykem311 A rousing history of the French Broad River wotershtd.full offaCJs and tht spirit of the mountainS. • SI0.00 • Strangers in High Places - by Michael Frome Tht story of 1/te Great Smoky Mountains and tht creation of a national park. • $9.50 • Landscaping with Native Plants - by Cordelia Penn Creating nmural londscQ/XS iJr ti~ eascernfores1 lands. • S7.00 • Where Legends Live - by Douglas Rossman A geography of Cherokee myth. · S5.00 All prices include posmge. - Kim Sandland P~ add 5% sales w IO iolal. Order from: KRLRNU P. 0. Box 282; Sylva, NC Kamah Province 28789 WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SO LAR PROOUCTS Member NC Wa1 Ouahly Assoc1auo11 er HWY 107 RANDA LL C LANIER RT. 68 BOX 125 704-293-59 12 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 .~·~ !> ~if."'~: Natural Food Store & Deli All 1101urol 160 8I080W1ly Ash9Yllle, NC 28801 · '.ll·1fiune- Cmm1..._ 1 Ht,,.x l.J.Jc., L .· ~n.;.au. Clary S.1gc. and more .lir.lf,,;.,.. /re~ cota109ue ,.,. ~ Bluebird Botanlcalt ~ ·oJ~ao.G.r> p 0 Bo• 1271 ~. . .;"'. 'J.~~·, fr~nkkn NC 211734 ~/ ~ ~ &rbdra R,;m,•n,nyder PhD ~, ~~-- t.... AUTUMN - 1988 ' Where l!lroadwly ~ Mlrrtmon Aw &1-240 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK SCOTT BIRD GREGBLAO( (704) 683-1414 fl8M795 Monday.S.urct.y: 9am·8pm Sunday: 1pm-5pn (704) 253-7656 KATUAH - page 27 �"A Cosby farmer used a hollow chestmn tree as a barn for a pig and a cow." JOURNEY • Dr. Frank W. Woods (University of Tennessee) 1. Gm wl.ncrel! IJear my &~ c:rown Slt h1.9h on my throne X.now the trees CGU ••• CaU ••• TauntLnlj ~out of my sf«p ... wa!.A. There·s sGfety ln the Jtock. B1.1t you Gre Q Coner too _.tnd, Q WQtc:fiu 1.mpotlult to tclL IJhere hGve you &ecn, c:row? you C:Qn trovd ln GU wortds Swoop down Qnd. r~ See lhroUCJh my CtJCS !he c:unnlruJ X.now my cfarrt.ness What CQn you. open wlth my beart.? l.lhat c:Gn you CJrGsp wlth my tciC.ons? Caw ••• C11W ••• n~ c:row splrlt f i.qflts the Ctil.Je Ctever down. you survwe t see throucfo your eyes the c:unnln9 1. &eco~ one wllh the c:row Thro"'Jh the c:rGclt. Ln the stone S!lp down journey deep l.n f t!Ajht n~ c:row Ln the nxu! p Lcrt.s at my m l.nd. 1.t dears the splrLt. wGy kle l.f"Gvet far ln c:a!t Wortds Author Lorna Thornborough stOJlding by a c~.ftnut giant in the I920's (continued from page S) The Last Rites We neec! to rleClt our hurts now Put our [lves ln order I? now We neel! to say what we m&Gn to stly and. pray for9we anci CJlve get Cuctd now Our [lves fttl5h &efore our eyes The o[c( ways Ifie I.le Gre rec1m1~"'9 the Ca~t nuis from Crow Woman Dreaming -poems by Colleen (Self-published), 1988 Redman Eight pages, available for $5.00--or trnde--plus postage from Colleen Redman; P.O. Box 634; Floyd, VA 24091. , KA TUAH • page 28 depressions in the bark with small orange bumps protruding from them. The can.kers grew through lhe phloem, to the cambium, and into the rree's xylem layer, eventually girdling the tree. By 1910 the blight had spread acf?SS New York and New Jersey and was moving nonh into Massachusetts. It had previously been spotted in locations in Pennsylvania. Already the blight had damaged millions of magnificent trees, and scientists knew that they were faced with an epidemic. Pennsylvania made the only attempt to stop the spread of the blig.ht. In 11 _1he state gathered a team of enunent sc1en11sts and spent $500,000 on their effons. bu~ to no avail. The blight continued on, mov.mg inexorably southward • almost 25 miles each year - through the valuable chestnut stands. By 1938 F.H. Milh:r, park forester in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, announced that 'Tully 85% of the chestnul in the Park has been killed or affecied by the blight." Undamage~ tree~ we.re found, p:micularly at 1he higher clevauons, even laie into the I 940's. but eventually v1nually all of them succumbed to the invader. An estim:ued 3.5 billion Castanea trees wllhered to the ground. The mighiy chestnut was vanquished. A mainstay of Appalachi:m economic life was lost v. ith the demise of the American chestnut, as well as an important source of sustenance for mountain families. But unquestionably it was the fore:.t wildlife that was hardest hit by the loss of this gre~t tree. No one was mrudng wildlife surveys m the early J900's, but it was apparent to any hunter lhat the loss of the chestnut severely curtailed the populations of several species of Appalachian wildlife. Black bears and wild turkeys were particularly threatened. Between the loss of the dependable fall chestnut mast crop and the inroads of over-hunting, both those species were almost eliminated from the Southern Appalachians. The chestnut tree is not entirely extinct but ll has been banished into a strang~ limbo. Root systems still live underground, and they still send up sprouts that in some places have become an imponam understory shrub. But ~fore ~e young saplings can reach matunty, their bark cracks, the typical cankers appea;. and the small trees are soon dead. W11hout leaves to suppon them, the chestnut roots arc slowly losing their vigor under~round. Few of the saplings reach nut-beanng age. and large chestnut trees surviving above ground are very, very few. . But isolated trees do survive. and through the work o~ sc~cnce pas_!onately s applied and sheer f:ulh in the resiliency ot the chestnut, hope for the former forest giant i~ grov. ing. A concerted effort on the pa.rt of a large number of aware volunteers could undo the damage we have done a~d restore the American chestnut tree to us naturnl habitat in Appalachia. "Where there be mountains, be there clte.wiuus once again!" AlJTUMN • 1988 �Young People's Page !\ature is a book with a lesson for each day. Before man This is where the animals roamed looking for prey. This is where the flowers grew making the valley be:iutiful. Then came man • I le destroyed the animal ' homes. I le killed 1he aninlats. I le polluted the air: and water. Man has done wrong. It is up to u. to correct htm. - M:itt Ghonnley Clnldrcn, running through the fields, Leaves. rustling through the winds. The sight of n:itun: make-. me h:ippy. But the iliought of nature m3kes me radiant. - Steve Yazdik - Kamari Venable As the cricket checpi; And the jays say goO<lnight To one another, I wonder "hy we must Destroy this world Which we do not own, But nrc pennincd to borrow. 'I'ake your problems to lhe mountains Ami ask for help. Your problems may be solveu. If you le:lrn how to listen. - Brittany Hop~ns . Wan.song lfarley Nature is talking to us. Some people have coough patience To listen to what it.says. The future can be changed If only we i.top to listen. - Suzanne Schenley - B:irbara Miller If every man had the chance to sit alone by a river. he may think twice what he does. - Amy Jones Thanks ro Amy Cogan ar Grear Smoky Wo11111ain Envimnmenral Education ln.srimre ar TrefTll)nt, locared in rile Grear Smnky Mo1111rui11 Nminnal Park. Drawing by Rob Messick AUTUMN- 1988 KATUAH ·page 29 �Helping Injured W ildlife Each year many injured or orphaned wild animals and birds of prey are brought in from the woods. The Western North Carolina Nature Center received over 600 creatures, mostly raptors, requiring assistance last year. Yet there arc few wildlife rchabilitators who have the necessary permits from the US Depanment of the Interior and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to care for the distressed individuals. Wildlife rchabilitators house, feed, and exercise the disabled birds and animals, and then introduce them to prey so that they can again fend for themselves. Presently, the few wildJife rehabilitators in the region are overburdened and cannot possibly keep up with the number of creatures in trouble that are constantly brought in. Clyde Hollifield, a wildlife rchabilitator from Old Fon, NC has conceived of a program to help bird and animal fanciers to become licensed rehabilitators. Working with the Western Nonh Carolina Nature Center, Clyde is organizing a series of night courses on rehabilitation skills: feeding, handling, observing and diagnosing bird and animal ailments, and emergency first aid. No experience or technical skills are required, just a desire and a commitment to help wildlife. Rehabilitators are volunteers who, though they receive no pay, gain deep satisfaction from their work. Being a wildJife rehabilitator requires dedication, but it can rake up as little rime as the practitioner desires. "Even keeping and releasing one bird per yeru- is a great help, .. says Clyde. "Every creature is important. Each bird that flies away is a valuable addition to the gene pool, and means many generations of offspring later on down the line. "Even if there were just 10 or 20 more rehabilitators in the area, that would be a great help." Those who would like to register for wildlife rehabilitator training classes or would like more information about the program, write or call Clyde Hollifield, 355 Cedar Creek Rd.; Black Mounrnin, NC 28711; (704) 669-6821. Call for Presentations lmernational Conference on Parkways, Greenways, Riverways The Steering Committee of the l111ulllJ(ional Con[erenu on Parkways. Greenways. Riverways;: The Way More Beouiifu/, to be held Sept.ember 19-22, 1989 in Asheville, North Carolina. invites your proposals flll' prcsenutions. An intemntional gathering of presenters is being sought to represem diverse areas as they relate to parkways, greenways and riverways--their conceptual foundations, their design and construction, and the roles they may piny in our future. Suggested topic areas include multi-governmental cooperation in the jurisdiction of, psychologic:il importance or. and habit.at preservation and the development of parkways, grecnways. and rivcrwnys. The Conference is intended to provide a forum for di31ogue and discussion. Presentations can be in the form or papers, panel discussions, films, videotapes, workshops, case studies. artistic interpretations. etc. Abstracts of presentations should be submitted in narrative form, no longer than two pages, and include presenter's name, institutional/organizational affiJiation, address, and ielephone number, and the title and description of the proposed presentation. DEADLINE FOR RECEIVlNG ABSTRACTS IS DECEMBER 1, 1988. AbstmclS or inquiries should be din!clCd to: Dr. Barry Buxton Appalachilln Consortium University Hall Boone. North Carolina 28608 (704) 262-2064 The Confetenee is sponsored by The Appalachian Consortium, The Blue Ridge Parkway, The River Foundation, The Lyndhurst Foundation, and the National Parlt Service. For additional ideas and inforl'll(llion, co111ae1 Kallinh co-editor Marnie Mu.lier who is a member of the Steering Committu. New River Symposium The New River Gorge National River, a unit of the National Park System in West Virginia., and lhe New River Slllte Parle in North Carolina arc again co-sponsoring the New River Symposium. The eighth annual throe-day symposium, scheduled for April 20-22, 1989. will be held in Radford, Virginia. The multi-disciplinary symposium is open to all those with a professional or avocational interest in the New River, which courses from itS headwaters in North Carolina through Virginia. to itS terminus in West Virginia. a disUlllce of approximately 250 miles. Papers for the symposium are being requested in natural and/or cultural history, folklore, :uchocology, geography, other na.1ur:il. physical. and social sciences, and the humaniLies. All papers should share Lhese common 1hcmes or the interrelationships of the natural, physical, and/or human environmenlS. In order for proposals to be considerod they must be received NO LATER THAN DECEMBER I, 198g and include a 250-400 word nbstrnct which will be reviewed by a panel of professionals. All proposals should be sent Lo the Chief of lnterpret.ation, Nationnl Park Service, New River Gorge National River, P.O. Box I 189. 03k Rill, West Virginia 2590 I. Questions C11D be answered by calling Parlt Headquarters at (3~) 465-0508. ~ T·SHIRTS, SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN 15 ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS EACH COLORFUL IIDHGN It; PRIN'lED ON Q.UALI'IY T' s Ai<D SWEA'fS �PLA NT A L ITTLE MAGIC Cullivating Communities In the Garden Amuica11 Community Garde11111g Association Conftwire · October 17-20. 1988 • Ask•·tllt,NC All o•cr lhc: country people arc working LOgcther io 1t:1nsrorm open, unu~ space mio viable community gardens. A communtty garden is made up or people, young and old. who appreciate the beauty of growing vegclllblcs and nowers and cultivating communities. Mountain ~ Gardeners in Communtty (MAGIC) (sec Katuah Journal, Spnng '86) has been developing twelve community gardens in Asheville, Nonh Carolina for the past six years. This fall, on October 17·20. 19118, MAGIC will host the American Community Gardening A-~soci:uion's (ACGA) annual conference.This will be a special opponunity for area residents to learn how alive community gnrdening really 1s--around the country. Formed in 1979. ACGA now has 600 members nationwide who suppon the greening or cilies and the building or communities through community gardcrung. Community garden supporters from all over lhc: country and parts or Canada will be imending and MAGIC would like to cxitnd a direct invitation to area residents 10 JOin m the events. The conference will provide a full schedule of acuvities including round ublc discussions. workshops, a trade fair, a BBQ/square dance and a umc for networking. The conference. to be held at the Quality Inn on the Plaza m downtown Asheville, will begin at 9:00 am Mond3y with the kcynot.c address by Jeff Bcn:uvit.Z, direct()( of the RcgcncrJuon PtOJeCt, Rodale Press. The Rcgcncrauon Project is pioneering an innovative rippro~h to community revilllli:r.ation by focussing on the living cn'·ironmcnt and sll'Cngthening local economic.~. Jeff Bcrcuv1l7 will provide pmctiail mformauon or value to groups working on de•cloping and strengthening communities. Workshops will be oHcrcd lrom 9 am 10 4 pm on Monday and Tuc.o;diy and 9 am to noon on Thursday. A lot:JI of 26 workshops will cover a wide range or topics, mcludmg sclf·help gardening programs, gardening with children, new village gardening in Mexico, recycling, and a homculturc therapy panel. The trade fair will run all d3y Tuesday nnd w11J feature ci1h1bits showing n:iuonal, rcgionnl and locul products that provide sarcr, more effccuvc gardening. Wednesday IS traveling d3y ror conferees. featuring vi,1ts to MAGICs garden .sites, a trip up to Cr:iggy G31d.:ns. and a BBQ/square dJncc at the Warren Wilson campus. The conference fees are SIOO for ACGA members and Sl50 for non· mcmbel'!. A·la·carte sclccuons of S35 for a full d3y or work.shops. S20 for the BBQ/sqlWC cbncc and SIO for the g:udcn tour arc offered. If you arc int.c~•tcd in attending or helping with the conrercncc, contact Tom Youngblood·~tctliCll at (704) 251-5666. • Kartn Morgan Herbal Wisdom WorlL<Jiops and I k1b:tl Products Send for Brochure Cyndi llcath Route 2 Box 251 Vala.~. NC 28692 The Second Annua l NEW PRIORITIES CONFERENCE The Ka11iah Journal again joins with a number of other organizations in the area to co-sponsor the annual New Priorities Conference o n Peace, Social Justice and the Environment. The theme for this second annual event is "Wake Up and Dream!" The conference will begin at 8 pm Fnday eve, September 23, with musical entertainment and will then continue all day Saturday, September 24. All activities will be held at Asheville lligh School in Asheville, Nonh Carolina. Registration begins at 8:00 am on Saturday with the opening plenary at 8:45 Keynote speaker will be Alan Gussow, national president of Friends of the Earth, who was enthusiastically received last year as one of the main speakers. Afterwards the morning workshops will offer ideas, skills, and tools needed for turning community "dreams" into reality. There will be two concurrent sessions in each of these subject areas: 1) Mediation/active listening/conflict resolution; 2) Community building; 3) Hope and empowennent/ dealing with change; 4) Earth awareness; and 5) Creative parenting/ non-violent lifestyles. For the session on Earth awareness. K acuali co-editor Marnie Muller, Kay Littlejohn, nauve Cherokee, and Paul Gallimore of Long Branch Environmental Education Center will jointly present a workshop entitled "The Earth is Alive: Living Withi n the Community of Life Systems." Drawing from the bioregional work of Thomas Berry, from contemporary biological and ecological findings, and from native traditions. they will lead a discussion on how to perceive, work with, and celebrate the ecological life processes in which we are immersed. rn the afternoon workshops trained facilitators will assist a dynamic coalescing of "dreaming" and strategizing by conference participants. Using the skills and ideas fro m the morning session. participants will have the opportunity to envision together and share their personal "community dreams," and then to develop positive "next steps" for individual and group actions. The closing plenary, which will conclude at 4:30 pm, will be a time for the afternoon groups to summarize and share the outcome of their workshops and to acknowledge their ongoing capacity to wake up and dream together during the coming year. Conference costs will be held at a minimum to encour:!ge as broad a participation as possible. Fee for Saturday will be $8 to $12. depending on preregistration and lunch options. Scholarships and group rates are also available. Childcare will be available for children ages 3-10. The fee will be $2 per child for the day. The Friday evening musical event will be offered on a donation basis. Volunteers to help with conference prepnration and publicity are needed. For more details regarding this imponanl event, call (704) 252-3036. Now available... A B ioregional Bibliography lis1ing major bon/c.s, periodicals a~ articles associa.1ed w!th 1/ze bioregio11al effort. An e.xcel/em wot f~r a: 11111s1s, scli'!ta;s. /1~rari~s, a~d 1e.acl1ers. Compiled by 1/ze Hudson 81oreg1onal Counc1/, in con1unc11on wuh 1he North American Bwregional Congress. /11c/U/k$ co1111tnit11J Jub/1J1J11g1, 46 pages. S4 00 111clu.ks po11agt. Carh or chr:ck (payabk 10 K. Salt). llwdw11 81oreg111nal CoW1C1/ clo 1\1,kSalt, I 13 W. //th S1 .. New. Yor.l. NY 10011. DESIGNS by Hob :-. tcssick lllustrnt1on & Dcs1~n In Pen & Ink and Colored Pcncll t!lti11ese ,At11p1111ct11re ut .Her/J11'41v e!iHk 11U.STCKSNJTSllCliT ASKVUl'....CZllOI IOU~toll AUTUMN· 1988 KATUAH ·page 31 �eveors ON-GOI NG • CULLOWllEE, NC "Mountain Troul" • exltibi1 wi1h prints, painungs, pholOS, sculplure, rceM!ings of old fishermen, and aquarium wilh live rrouL 8-5 Mon.·Fri., 12-4 Sal. al The MounUlin Het1U1ge Center. WesLCrn Carolina Universily, Cullowhee, NC 28723. SEPTEMBER 17-18 HARRISONBURG, VA "Restoring Wilderness in the East: A Deep Ecology Perspective" conference featuring Dave Foreman (Earth First!), Gary Lawless (Gulf of Maine Bioregion), Jamie Sayen (PAW), Barbara Dugelby (Earth First!), David Wheeler (Katuah). Sponsored by Virginia Earth First! and Virginians for Wilderness; co-sponsored by Kau1ah. At James Madison University in Harrisonburg. Registration: $10 advance, SIS at door. For more info: write VA EFI; Route 1, Box 250; Staunton, VA 24401 or call (703) 885 6983. OCTOBER 8·9 CHEROKIEE, NC 'The An of Troy Anderson (wescem Cherokee) and Shan Goshorn (eastern Cherokee)." Cherokee Hericage Museum and Gnllcry; Cherokee, NC 28719. LO 1-31 MARS HfLL, NC The Bascom Lamar Lundsford Mountain Music and Dance Festival. Mounuun crafts and mounUlin living CllhibiLions. music, stories, dancing. Evening concert. 7 pm. For more info .. call (704)689-1228. 1-2 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Music Fes1ival, John C. Campbell Folk School; Brosscown, NC 28902 2-14 VALLE CRUCIS, NC "The Great Mad Mother Earlh Pa.intings• • exhibiting lhe work of Marlene Mountain. Pan of "AesthcLic Access '88," privncc, non-<:ommcrcial ellh1b1tions at the Lowell Hayes Studio. Call for inviUltion: (704) 963·5835. CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival. Stickball, Indian dancing, cheslnut bread. exhibits. Ceremonial Grounds, Cherokee. 4-8 17-18 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Wild Mammnls of !he Great Smokies" field instruction with Dr. Michael Pelton. $45. Smoley Mountain Field School: 20\6 Lake Ave.: Knoxville, 1N 37996. 17·18 RALEIGH, NC Eart.h Skills Workshop with Eustoce Conway. ConL3Cl Bern Grey Owl: 4 Winds Indian Score: W. Johnson SL (919) gs6-0144. 6-7 CHEROKEE, NC Shan Goshorn speaks about her anwork. Cherokee Heritage Museum and Gallery: Cherokee, NC 28719 CROSSNORE, NC Forest Watch Training Program. Forest management. wildlife, water qunh1y, CIC. $3 registrauon. Dorm space available: S!3/nigh1. Meals extra. Sponsored by Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. NEW MOON 13-30 ASHEVILLE, NC "Moumain Sweet Tallc." 2-act play by The Follccellers (Barbara Freeman, Connie Regan-Blake). The Follc Art Center, Blue Ridge Parkway. S8 advance at Malaprop's, SIO al door. For more info., write: The Folktcllcrs; Box 2898; Asheville, NC 28802. 14-16 BLACK MOUNTAINt NC "The Black Mountain Festival" - traditional music and dance, children's activities. The Merropolitnn Blues All-Stars, 0.K. Bayou Dance Band, The Heartbeats, Johnny Gimble, Claudia Schmidc, Lorraine Duiset (of Trapezoid), callers Fred Park and Sue DuPre. For the kids: Goldenrod Puppets, songs and stories with Susie Crace. Camping or bunks. $35/person. Pre-regiscer: Grey Eagle and Friends; P.O. Box 216; Black Mouncain, NC2871 I 14-16 HOT SPRINGS, NC "S1umbling Toward lhe Light" retreat wilh Bo and Siia Lozoff. $50. Southern Dharma Retreat Center; RL I, Box 34-H: Hot Springs. NC 28743. 15-16 ASHEVILLE, NC The Second Annual New Priorities Conference on Peace, Social Justice, and the Environment - beginning locally and reaching out. Keynote by Alan Gussow (president, Friends of the Eanh). Workshops, including "The Eanh Is Alive" with Marnie Muller, Kay Littlejohn, and Paul Gallimore. Pre-register by 9/16 to 725 Chunns Cove Rd.; Asheville, NC 28805. For more info, see p. 31 or call: (704) 252-3036 23·24 24-25 RALEIGH, NC Ear1h Skills Workshop, see CARTERSVILL E, GA Southeastern Indian Cullural Festival al Etowah Indian Mound. Largest gathering or SE Indian artisans ever assembled. Contacc Valerie Spratldn (404) 942-8917. ASHEVILLE, NC American Community Garden Association National Conference at Quality Inn. Speaker Jeff Bercuvitz (director, Regeneration Project), 9 am 10/17. Trade show, 10/18. Workshops. Registration: S!OO/members, $150/non-members. For more info., see p. 3 1 or call MAGIC (704)251-5666. 17-20 9/17-18. 2S FULL MOON 20.23 J0..10/2 HIGHLANDS, NC Men's ReucaL A special weekend for and about men. A lime or exploration and shnring led by Dr. Bill Sutton, psychologist. SIOO. Highlands Camp and Conference Centcr: 841 Highway 106: Hlghlllnds, NC 28741. KATUAH • page 32 HI GHLANDS, NC "Fall Landscape Workshop." pho1ography instruction by Sam Wang. App3lachian Environmenial Ans Center: Box 580: 28741 AlITUMN - 1988 �24-29 OAK Rll)GE, TN "Nuke Wa1eh opera1ion ai Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Components Plant. Con1ac1 Oak Ridge: Environmcnllll and Peace Alliance: Box I IOI: Knoxville, TN 37901 or call evenings al (615 l 588-9370. WA YNESVlLLE, NC Seminar. •A Theosophical Pcrspecu ve on Dath and Dying· with Belly Bland. Towald removing fear and anxiety lhrough under..1:111d1ng of Ille process S20 donation. Std-Llgh1. Sec 10/21-23. 19-20 BOONE. NC Earth Skills Workshop w11h Eusll!cc Conway. Conltlct Allem Smnlcy (704) 872-7972. ATHENS, GA Sandy Creek American Indian Pow-wow and Rendezvous. sponsored by Ille Native American Cul1ural Prc.scrva1ion Socie1y Adults: S4.00. Children, seniors: S2.00. For more info.• call An:hie Russ (615) 525--6769. 28-30 HELEN, CA "EARTHSKILLS WORKSHOP• with Snow Benr and Darry Wood. Learn pnm1uve skills 1ha1 1each mindfulness as well as dex1erity. Prc-rcgis1cr S65 10 Bob Slack; Unicoi Smte P..uk: Box 1029: Helen. GA 30545. Call (404) 1178-2201 30-11/11 VALLF. CRUCIS, NC "Thero: is a River·. Ille paintings of Lowell Hayes on exhibll as pan or "Aes1he1ic Accc.~s '88." See 10/2-14. 23-27 21-23 29 21-23 HOT SPRINGS, NC "In1roduction to Zen Meditation, lkebana. and the Tea Ccre:mony" with Dnimn K:ungiri-Roshi and Tomoe Kniagiri. Sou1hern Dhnrma, see 10/14-16. 21·23 YELLOW SPRINGS, 011 "Building Community as if 1he Earth Mauers• conference. Susan Meeker-Lowry. Bob Swann, Chris Weiss, speakers. Community Service, Inc.; P.O. Box 2423; Yellow Springs, OH 45387 (513) 767-2161. ASHEV ILLE, NC Candidates' Forum - Morie Colton and other candidlllcs for SUllC lcgislal.ive posillons will discuss the issues at a public meeung. Sponsored by WNC Alliance, WNC Environmental Summi1, \VENOCA SicJTa Club. Asheville High School, 7 pm. Call 258-8737 for more info. 21-24 31 SAMHAIN (ALL llALLO\\'S EVE) - Hnllowe'cn celebration. Gel out and howl! PISGAH FOREST, NC Rock Climbing Clinic for novu:es at Looking Glass Rock. Gilbert's Rock. ConUICt Eagle's Nest Camp: Rt. 2, Hart Rd.: Pisgah Forest. NC 28768 (704) 877-4213. 23 FULL MOON WAYNESVILLE, NC A Thanksg1V1ng Weekend Spiritual Retreat at Sul-Light with Ille Stil-Lighl staff. Contemplation, discus.~ion of diet and a non-violcni lifestyle. excellen1 vegetarian food. S20. Stil-Light Sec 10/21·23. DECEMBER 2-4 llOT SPRINGS, NC "Tibetan Buddhism. Traditional Melhods for Spirilual Growth" wllh lhc Ven. Tub1cn Pcndey (James Dougherty). "Each moment of our li~·es provides us with the potential for inner growth." Southern Dharma, sec 10/14-16. NOVEMBER :!2 MADISON COUNTY, NC County-wide recycling day. Cash for trash. Raise money for your group! Call Lou Z.cllcr (704) 656-2773 for de Lail.~. 9 HOT SPRINGS, NC "A Mystical Sabbath" - exploring the inner ways and practices of Ille Jewish lrodition wi1h ordained woman rabbi Lynn Oouheb. Soulhcm Dharma, see 10/14-16. 4-6 22-23 ATLANTA, GA Earth Skills Workshop with EusUlce Conway. Contac1 Jill Korn (404) 736-9573. 2.1 11-13 9 J.ULL MOON NEW MOON NEW MOON 18 FRANKLIN, NC "KJllU3h: The Spiritual Landscape• prcscnmtion by David Wheeler and Mamie Muller of Ille Katdah Journal. Meeting of the Mountrun Ligh1 Network. Macon County Community Center. 2 pm. For more mfo, call Marion McCracken (404) 746-2454. However... We hope you'll make plans Lo come to the '.K.atU.ah '.Fall PtcnLc Fall Weekend scheduled for Sept 30 - Oct 2 in Floyd County, Virginia WILL NOTTAKE PLACE due to unforeseen community-wide health problems there. We apologize for any disappointment or inconvenience but will look forward to the possibility of planning it for 1989. ·~ . AU'fUMN - 1988 .. 'if .(~•·:- which we have now scheduled for SATURDAY, OCT. 1st Full Directions: (They're simple, but lhey work.) Go to Bryson City, Norlh Carolina. Follow the signs to "Deep Creek Campground". Optional: Camping is available on a first come basis. The Campground ls pan of lhe National Park system. from 11 :00 am ti! 4:00 pm at Deep Creek Campground in I.he Great Smoky Mountains National Park (as usual). Potluck Lunch games. music, fun. bioregional sharing! Everyone Welcome! Pu::nic info: (704) 622-3430 or (704) 683-1414 Picnic info: (704)622-3430or (704) 683-1414 .. KATUAH ·page 33 ~ �DRUMS • Cus1am hnndcraft.ed ccr:unic dumbecks &: wooden mediclllC drums. Call Joe Roberts al (704) 258-1038 or write to: 73g Town Mount.:iin Rd. ; A.'hcvillc, !l/C 28804. "I'm now 111 a minimum security prison in Knoxville {my home town). r can get out Nov. I, if I find a job before that date. Docs anybody Jeno"' of any job opponunities in the Knoxville area?" Rick Whiu.aker 185670; 5225 Ballard Dr.; Knox\•ille, TN 37918. SMALL HOUSE on land trust in rural NC mountains in exchange for pan-time farm chores and occasional companionship to creative, joyful, menially handicapped adult (or other lllbor, such as tallJCOtry). Quaker family. Meeting nearby. Write: Bob and Dot Barrus: Camp Celo: 1349 H3nnah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 TR.EE PLANTERS WANTED • small, friendly company. Hard worlc, eitccllcnt pay for n:sponSible people with own transport and camping set-up. Dc:c. thru Apr. Eckman Forestry Service; RL l, Box 290-D; Warrensville, NC 28693 (919} 385-6838. FUTONS by Simple Plea<urcs - affordably priced. Send SASE for info to: Simple Plcasurcs; RL I, Box 1426; ClaytOn, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920 SIMPLE LIFESTYLE CALENDAR, notceards, and publications on central Appalachian envuonmcntal issues and home ccologicAI projects avwlablc from ASPJ. AppaLlchia • Science in the Public Interest Publications: Route 5 Boit 423: Livingston. KY 40445 M. TREE DESIGNS: Olustrations and Design • Beyond the pages of lfiis journal, I work in pencil, colored pencil, ink, cut paper, and batik. Fine and graphic an to cxpn:ss and enhance our lives. Logos, brochures, books, portraiture, window and wall hnngings.. Contact Manha Tree (704) 754-«IJ7. EUSTACE CONWAY Guide and teacher of pnmiuve Earth Skills with cmphasi< on fire b1ulding, hide tanning, shelter. and foraging. He tc;Jch~ at public schools, parks, environmenwl centers. and classes of all kinds. For more infonnation conl:lCt him ac 602 Dc.irwood Drive, Gastonia, NC 28084 or call Allcm Sl3111cy at {704) 872-7972 RM DESIGNS • l u.<;e the mcdiu or pencils. colored pencil<, gouxhc, pen and ink, and photography m cre<1ung unique line and graphic an. I can make diagrams, logo<, linishcd prints. and design~ for brochures, cal.:ndars, cards, books. etc. Mandalas and symbols arc my tendency among other styles. Contact Rob M~<~ick (704) 7S4.fl097. KATUAH ·page 34 BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT · hybrid Amcricarl/Chine.~ Dunstlln chestnut trees - blight resistant, limber growth fonn, productive orchard crop with lnrgc. swceL easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut Hill Nursery: RL l, Boit 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 "TREASURES IN THE STREAM" • a cassette tape of songs by Bob Avery-Grubel. S 10 to Rt. I. Box 735; Aoyd, VA 24091. PEPPERLAND olTcrs a variety of outdoor education programs for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pcppcrland Farm camp; Star Route; Farner. TN 37333. WANTED: LAND m western NC. Family seeks 5 or more acres, preferably near Cullowhec, to preserve and eventually inhabit. tr you have or know of affordable land, contact Bob and Mary Davi~; 213 Westmon:land Ct., Georgewwn, KY 40324 (502) 863-4267. CROIV WOMAN DREAMING • selC-publishcd poetry journal, Celebrating, JOUmeymg, love's alchemy, p!J.netary last rites, renew-JI. SS (or trade) + po.uige: Colleen Redman: P.O. Box 634; Floyd, VA 24091 . CRAFTSPEOPLE - seeking American Indian and contemporary a.rt and craft for purchase or consignment. ConUICt Bero Grey Owl: Four Winds Indian Store: 616 W. Johnson St.: Raleigh, NC 27603 (919) 856-0144. WINGED HEART HOMESTEAD • 283 acres in Indian Valley district, SW Virginia. On tl1is farm we want to start a self-reliant community of families emphasi1.mg orgWlic farming methods and creative pcrsonnl and spiritual growth. Contact: Muzawir; RL HC-67, Box 171; Alum Ridge, VA 24051. HANDMADE HOME in secluded woods, beautiful Wears Valley, Sevier Co .• TN. 7+ acres on priVllte rd. w/ separate anist studio/guest room. House h3s l bedr'm .• bath, wildOowcr patio garden. Asking $52,700. Also•.... COMPLETE WOODCRAFT SHOP. tools and mvcntory for S31e. Located one mile from house on major highway. Reasonable lease on facility. Asking S8700. For more info on the above, call (615) 453-1206. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS • herbal ~Ives, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, plca...c wnte: Moon Dance Farm; Rt. I, Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658 ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY now forming in the mountnins of north GA. Joan others ~ccking gn:atcr cooperation and sclf-suflicicncy. Bnscd oo spiritulll and ecological values. Property IS now available. (404) n8·87S4. Wingtd lwm111 llgutt from Eiowah Mound, KJl!li.ah MEDITATION CUSHIONS • High qWllity traditional cusbaons as well as something new • an "inllatable 1.afu." For fn:c brochure, write: Carolina Morning Designs, Rt. l Box 31 -8, DepL K, Hot Springs, NC 28743 or call (704) 622 7329. STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT CENTE.R a quiet space for personal mcdiuation, group mtcracuon through study, community won.. and spiritual ~minar; . Contaet Leon Frunkel; Rt. I, Box 326: Waynesville, NC 28786 FLOWER ESSENCES · H3rmony with Nawrc and SpariL Ocntle cmouon3l support during transitions. specific issues. rclat1onsh1ps. Open commun1c11tions. Self -adJUSting. non-toxic, awan:ncss "tool\" f0< improving the inner quality. Write; Elaine Geougc; c/o Patchwork Castle: 3931 Hwy. 80 S.; Burnsville, NC 28714 HAND-CARVED WOODSPlRITS, mystical hiking stnffs. and wall hangings by Steve Duncan. For brochure, please write Whippoorwill Studio: Rt. 4, Box 981: Marion, NC 28752. WILDERNESS SURVIVAL TRAINING • one week basic to live week instructor certilicalion COU!SCS. Best training m shelters, fircbuilding. food procurement. plants, land navigation wi1hout JOIRing the army • maybe better! Professional training in beautiful wilderness setting. Green Mountain Wildc:rness Survival School: P.O. Box 125; Waitslield, VT 05673 (802)496-5300. APPLE TREES • old·timcy and popular rontcmpornry varicues on swndard. semi-. or dwarf stoek. Send SASE ror prices Jeff Poppen, Long Hungry Creek Nursery: Red Boiling Springs, TN 37150. APPLE TREES • grafted old -fashioned and contemporary. Send 50¢ for catalog: Henry Mon on; Rt. I, Box 203; G:lllinburg. TN 3773R APPALACHIAN O!NSENG CO. · stratified seed. . < !>Ccdhngs, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro. NC 28725. CHEROKEE INDIAN LANGUAGE classes For info, write Robert Bushyhcad; P.O Box 705; Chcroktt, NC 28719. WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions w: Kauiah Journal P.O. Boit 638 Lc1CCSLer, NC Kaulah Province 28748 AUTUMN· 1988 �In the winter issue of Kattloh Jo11r11al the focus will be on views of the economic and natural "changes to come" and lifestyles that will carry us through. The Katuah Journal wanes to commw1icate wmr tlumglus and feelings to the other people the in bioregional province. Send them tom as le11ers, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your comribwions to us at: Katliah Journal, P 0. Box 638, Leicester, NC. Kattiah Prt1vi11ce 28748. "Water" and "P~ce and Social Justice Issues in the Mountains" are possible topics for future issues of the Kati1ah Journal. What do you think? We would like 10 hear your perspectives on these imporunt questions. · BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSUE TIIREE - Spring 1984 Sustainable Agriculture • Sunflowers - Humnn Impact on the Fores1 - Childrens' Educnuon · Veronica Nicholru;: Woman in Politics - Liule People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOURTEEN· Winier 1986·87 Lloyd Carl Owle · Boogcrs and Mummers • All Species Day - Cabin Fever Unjvcrs1ty • Homeless in Kaul:lh • Homemndc Hot Wal.CI • Stovcmakcr's Narrative - Good Medicine: In terspecies Communication ISSUE FOUR - Summer 1984 Wiiler Drum - Water Quality • Kudzu· Solar Eclipse • ClellJ'Cuuing - Troul - Going to Water - Ram Pumps - MicrOhydro - Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wnyne Miller ISSUE FIFTEEN ·Spring 1987 Coverlcis - Woman Forester - Susie McMah.1n: Midwife - AJLCmative Contr3Ccption - Bi~llll3li1y • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Mauiacharial Culture - Pearl ISSUE FIVE· Fall 1984 Harvesc - Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng • Nuclenr Waste - Our Celtic Hcrit:1ge • Bioregionalism: Past. Present, and Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX - Winter 1984-85 Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony • Horsepns1ure Raver - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Roo1s Mountain Agriculture: The Righi Crop • Willi:un Taylor . The Fu1ure of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN· Spring 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership ·The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Union • Wald Turkey - Responsible Investing • Working in the Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT· Summer 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life· l<Duiah 18,000 Years Ago • Sncrcd Sites - Folk ArL~ in the Sche>ols - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heniage Ccmcr ·Who Owns Appala,h1a? ISSUE NINE - Fall 1985 The Wnldee Forest - The Trees Spc~k • Migrating Forests · Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop Urron Trees - Acom Bread - Myth Time ---- -- ------ ISSUE SIXTEEN • Summer 1987 Helen Waite - Poem; Visions in a Garden - Vision Quest • Firs1 Flow - lnitilltion • Leaming in lhc Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Vuluing T~· ISSUE TEN· Wlinccr 1985-86 Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone - ln1emal Mythmnking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places • The Uktena's Tale· Crystll Magic - "Drcamspcaking" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· Winter 1987·88 Vernacular Architecture - Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Ear1h Energies • Eanh-Sbcltcrcd LlVlng • Membr:ane Houses - Brush Shelter • Poems; October Dusk • Good Medicine: "Shelter• lSSUE ELEVEN· Spring 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the Biorcgional Vision - Recycling • Community Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Gtl.SOhol - Two Biorcgional Views· Nuclear Supplement - Foxfire Games • Good Medicine: Visions ISSUE NINETEEN· Spring 1988 Perclandrn Garden • Spring Tonics - Blueberries • Wildflower Gardens . Gr:anny Herbalist Flower Essences - 'The Origin of the Animals:· Story Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Troe ISSUE THIRTEEN· Fall 1986 Center For Awakening - Eliz:ibcth Callari • A Gentle Death · Hospice · Erne.'' Morgan • Dc;iling Creatively with Death - Home Bunal Box - The W;ike - The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwood.\ Wisc.lorn • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE nVENTY ·Summer 1988 Preserve Appalachmn W1ldcmess - Highlands of Roan • Cclo Communily - L:md Trust - Arthur Morgan School - Zoning Issue - "The Ridge• • Farmers and the Farm Bill - Good Medicine: "Lind" • Acid Rain • Duke's Power Play - Cherokee M1c:rohydro Project - ~UAH JOU RNAL For more infom1atio11: (70-l) 683-1414 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Name Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/y r. Address F.nclosed 1s $ City Area Code AUTUMN· 1988 to gfre this effort a11 e.ttra boost State Phone Number Zip Back Issues Issue # __@ $2.50 "' $ _ _ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue # _@ $2.50 = .S_ _ Issue # _ @ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $~ Complc.te set of available issues (see above) @ $30.00 =$_ _ l can be a local contact person for my area KATUAH ·page 35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 21, Fall 1988 Description An account of the resource The twenty-first issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the history of the American chestnut trees in the Appalachian mountains and a call for their restoration. Authors and artists in this issue include: Scott E. Schlarbaum, Stephen Lewandowski, Lucille Griffin, Taylor Crockett, Kim Sandland, David Wheeler, "Rollo," Martha Tree, Rob Messick, Lucinda Flodin, Pat Montee, John Creech, Barbara Ellet Dail, Bob Henry Baber, and Collen Redman. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. "Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chestnuts".......1 A Natural History Returning the Chestnut.......6 to the Eastern Forest by Scott E. Schlarbaum "Poem of Preservation and Praise".......7 by Stephen Lewandowski Continuing the Quest.......8 to Restore the Chestnut by Lucille Griffin Forests and Wildlife.......10 Eighty Years in the Mountains by Taylor Crockett Gift of the Chestnut......12 Chestnuts in the Regional Diet by Kim Sandland From the Roots........14 Chestnut Restoration Work An Herb Note from Lucinda........17 Good Medicine.......18 "The Changes to Come" Natural World News........20 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......24 Review: Where Legends Live.......27 Young People's Page.......29 Events........32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Chestnut--Appalachian Region, Southern Chestnut blight Cooking (Chestnuts) Forest health--North Carolina, Western--history North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Children's Page Electric Power Companies Forest History Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Hunting Katúah Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/1c66d72668d6d0c5f779ce2f7e9251cb.pdf e3dad0bbf507b013c86bf8dd2a5afb62 PDF Text Text �•u. 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When the Orioles first arrive the males are in the majority; they sit in the, spruces calling by the hour, with lonely querulous notes. In a few days the females appear, then the martial music begins, the birds' golden trumpeting often turning to a desperate clashing of cymbals when two males engage in a combat, for "the Oriole has a temper to match his flaming plumage and fights with a will." t This Oriole is remarkably familiar, and fearless of man, hanging its beautiful nest upon the garden trees, and even venturing into the street wherever a green tree flourishes. The materials of which its nest is made are flax, various kinds of vegetable fibres, wool, and hair, matted together so as to resemble felt in consistency. A number of long horse-hairs are passed completely through the fibres, sewing it firmly together with large and irregular, but strong and judiciously placed stitching. In one of these nests an observer found that several of the hairs used for this purpose measured two feet in length. The nest is in the form of a long purse, six or seven inches in depth, three or four inches in diameter ; at the bottom is arranged a heap of soft material in which the eggs find a warm resting place. The female seems to be the chief architect, receiving a constant supply of materials from her mate. Like human builders the bird improves in nest building by practice, the best specimens of architecture being the work of the oldest birds. The eggs are five in number, and their general color is whitish pink, dotted at the larger end with purplish spots, and covered at the smaller end with a great number of fine intersecting lines of the same hue. In spring the Orioles' food seems to be almost entirely of an animal nature, consisting of caterpillars, beetles, and other insects, which it seldom pursues on the wing, but seeks with great activity among the leaves and branches. It also eats ripe fruit. The males of this elegant species of Oriole acquire the full beauty of their plumage the first winter after birth. The Baltimore Oriole is one of the most interesting features of country landscape, his movements, as he runs among the branches of trees, differing from those of almost all other birds. Watch him clinging by the feet to reach an insect so far away as to require the full extension of the neck, body, and legs, without letting go his hold. He glides, as it were, along a small twig, and at other times moves sidewise a few steps. His motions are elegant and stately. / � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/ac25cbf609ea771b812b47b3f2c568b7.pdf 0ebb2add535e3bc6c7d8531bd08ad326 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene, Volume 7 [May 1, 1911 - January 31, 1912] Description An account of the resource These diary entries are from May 1, 1911 through January 31, 1912. This notebook was damaged and several pages are missing. Greene recorded his daily activities and interactions with his friends and places such as Miss Nancy Hagaman, and Henley Greer, and Zionville and Mabel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-1912 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 33.9 MB 53 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_007_1911_0501_1912_0131 Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s A.J. Campbell Beaver Dam Boone church Cove Creek Academy Cove Creek Church drought Farmer's Union Forest Grove G.H. Thomas Henly Greer Henry Norris Hugh Hagaman Hunting J.C. Davis J.F. Eggers J.F. Oliver J.J.T. Reese John Sherrill Lee Swift Mabel measles molasses P.C. Younce Reverend L.C. Wilson Robert Garland Roy Eggers School Fire schoolhouse sermon Silverstone Singing Sunday School Teacher's Institute The Farmer's Educational Cooperative Union trial W.F. 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" j^_ ^^-^) - - •• /J^T -— ^ /^^^ — --*' V v ^ * -^^> ' ^<? £**3 ^^ yU^J J?>-wt^^ ^^CWJL- �f ^^-v-v-^0 /v /2-2/-V^>- ^—t-oJ-Tt-'•* CJL-txA/ Q^P-S-r&sL/ t* 7 >a-**-r>«^- . SrT^tn^<-<J{ J-Z^rffi^-^ �-f~&y / fsV^c-ffl V ^x-^*^-^V«*^-^r~~ A^-Vt W-^H eAsuJ^ , f W-SV^L, /. f^u^-c &l^r* trisuS- f x/ QAt^u-^s^^^ P'P^S -• >Cc_ ��• ' u& . *^*-*ft-~^^i^>^£. •^7^????l~. r*4**^**~ ^ -^^^ P �f —-vtx-<^-»- ^--b<-^£-*u^i^i—<3 fit-^-^L. �'W" . THE PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. 'E Prothonotary or Golden Swamp Warbler is one of the very handsomest of American birds, being noted for the pureness and mellowness of its plumage. It is found in the West Indies and Central America as a migrant, and in the southern region of the United States. In the Central West it appears as far north as Kansas, Central Illinois, and Missouri. Its favorite resorts are creeks and lagoons, overshadowed by large trees, as well as the borders of sheets of water and the interior of forests. It returns early in March to the Southern states, but to Kentucky not before the last of April, leaving in October. A single brood only is raised in a season. A very pretty nest is sometimes built within a woodpecker's hole in a stump of a tree not more than three feet high. Where this occurs the nest is not shaped round, but is made 1 j conform to the irregular cavity of the stump. This cavity is deepest at one end, and the nest is closely packed with dried leaves, broken bits of grasses, stems, mosses, decayed wood, and other material, the upper part interwoven with fine roots, varying in size but all strong, wiry, and slender, and lined with hair. Other nests have been discovered which were circular in shape. In one instance the nest was built in a brace hole in a mill, where the birds could be watched closely as they carried in the materials. They were not alarmed by the presence of the observers but seemed quite tame. In restlessness few birds equal this species. • Not a nook nor corner of his domain but is repeatedly visited during the day. ' ' Now he sings a few times from the top of some tall willow that leans out over the stream, sitting motionless among the marsh foliage, fully aware, perhaps, of the protection afforded by his harmonizing tints. The next moment he descends to the cool shadows beneath, where dark, coffee-colored waters, the overflow of a pond or river, stretch back among the trees. Here he loves to hop about the floating drift-wood, wet by the lapping of^pulsating^Vavelets, now following up some long, inclining, half submerged log, peeping into every crevice and occasionally dragging forth from its concealment a spider or small beetle, turning alternately its bright yellow breast and olive back toward the light ; now jetting his beautiful tail, or quivering his wings tremulously ,^he darts off into some thicket in response to some call from his mate ; or, flying to a neighboring tree trunk, clings for a moment against the mossy hole to pipe his little strain, or look up the exact whereabouts of some suspected insect prize." � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/b3c01b4c86e312eaa36ea87d6a9f5d57.pdf fb55a115433cb3e0e56e12d4f9c73b52 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene,Volume 8 [February 1, 1912 - June 30, 1912] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 26.4 MB 37 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_008_1912_0201_1912_0630 Description An account of the resource These diary entries range from the dates of February 1, 1912 through June 30, 1912. In this range of dates, Greene writes about the harsh winter, the church, the farmers union, the birth of the family’s fourth child, and much more. Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s Alden Isaac Allie Eggers baseball Beaver Dam Bethel Church Board of Road Supervisors Brother Wilson Chores church corn currant pudding Democratic Primary Dr. Bingham drummers Farmer's Union farming Fork Ridge G.P. Sherrill Henly Greer Henry Norris Hunting J.C. Davis J.R. Garland Lee Swift Mabel mill Moses Eller Pleasant Eastridge Roy Eggers sermon Silverstone Singing Snow Sunday School Sunday School Convention sweet potatoes telephone Theodore Roosevelt tobacco W.F. Reese W.H. Greer W.Y. Perry William H. 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Apothe ;aries' Weight ( a b l e Showing value of Foreign Money in Dollars, 20 grains make 1 scruple Cents and M i l l s 3 scruples " 1 dram Liquid Measure' 4 gills make 2 pints " 1 ounce ' 4 quarts " 1 pound 31'4 gallons " 2 barrels " The Pound Sterling of Eng- 8 drams " land. Ireland and Scotland, 12 ounces " $4 86 65. 12d.-ls.; 20s.-*£. The value Long Measure of Id is 2 cts.; )s. is 24)4. The Franc of France, Bel- 12 inches make 1 foot 1 yard gium and Switzerland, 3 feet 6 feet 1 fathom .19 8 cts. 1 pole or rod TheReichsmark(Royalmark) 5K yards 1 furlong of the German Empire, 40 poles 8 furlongs 1 mile .23 & cts. 1 degree The Crown of Denmark.Nor- 69^; miles 1 mile way ar.d Sweden, .26 8 cts. 320 rods 1 mile The Lira of Italy and the 5,280 feet Peseta of Spain. .19 3 cts. The Florin of Austia, .41 3. Square Measure The Florin of Holh.nd, .40 2. 144 sq. in. make 1 sq. foot The Piaster of Turkey, .04 4. 9 sq. ft. 1 sq. yard Tne Dollar of Mexi.to. .909. 30 # sq. yds. " 1 sq. rod The Rouble of Russia, .669. 40 sq. rods " 1 rood The Milreis of Brazil, .545. 4 roods " 1 acre The Peso of Cuba, .92 5. 640 acres " 1 sq. mile The Dollar of Canada.1.000. O en ff " 1 en 27 cu. ft. " *1 cu. yard 128 cu. ft. " 1 cd. wood 24|4; cu. ft. " 1 pch. stone 16 drams (d r .) make 1 oz. NOTE—A 'd of wood is 16 oz. " 1 B). 8 feet long,co feet wide and a4 pi'e 4 fjet 100 Ibs. " 1 cwt. high: therefore, 8x4x4—128 feat. 20 cwt. " 1 ton A p^rch ol stone or brick is l(ij£ ft. long; lYs ft. wide and 1 *t, high. Troy Weight Try Measure '24 grains (gr.) make 1 pwt. 2 pints make 20 pennyworth " 1 ounce. 8 quarts " iZ prices " 1 Do. 4 pecks " - 1 pint 1 quart I gallon 1 barrel 1 hogshead Paper Measure 24 sheets make 1 quire 20 qnjres " I feam 2 reams " ! bundle 10 bundles " 1 bale Miscellaneous Thing* 12 units make 12 dozen " 12 gross " 20 units '• 1 dozen 1 gross 1 great gross 1 score iirtr. *NOTE—£. stands for Pounds Solid or Ci hie Measure Sterling; s. foj Shillings; d. for Pence. 1728cu. i n . m i k e l cu. foot Avoirdupois Weight ML, i pork- A man wa.ks 3 A horss trots 7 A hovse runs 20 A steamboat runs 18 A sailing vessel riK>» 10 A rifle ball moves 1000 Light moves 192,000 niles per second. Electricity moves 288,000 miles per second. 1 quart 1 peck 1 bushel Bible Arithmetic Ezekial's reed was nearly 11 feet; a cubit was nearly 22 inches; a hand's breadth is equal to 3% Inches; afinger's breadth is equal to a little less than 1 inch; a shekel of silver was about 65c.; a shekel of gold was ?'0; a talent of silver was $ »00; a talent of gold was i rly $30,000; a piece of silv or a penny, was 17c; a far ng was equal to .Ok.; amitt as less than a farthing; a g -can was .03c.; an ephah, or both, contained 4 gallons and 5 pints; a hin was 3 c;u^r\ ind 3 pints; an omer was c pints; a cab was 5 pints. ;* o � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/f89018e04a9853111d49971dd7efc7e9.pdf 2acef58d2974ed316ec5c59e2d7dd1a6 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene, Volume 11 [October 1, 1913 - December 31, 1913] Description An account of the resource Entries from these dates cover Greene’s daily activities. He describes his trips to church, to the market, and to visit his friends. Friends named include H.L. Laurence, Professor W.Y. Perry, and J.C. Davis. Greene also frequently wrote about the Roosevelt campaign and the weather situations that they experienced. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1913 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 29.5 MB 51 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_011_1913_1001_1913_1231 Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s B.B. Daugherty box supper Brother Trivett church Good Road Days Hunting J.C. Davis J.J.T. Reese Jack Greene Mabel Martin Warren measles mill mud tax P.C. Younce R.A. Thomas schoolhouse shucking corn Silverstone Stonewall Jackson Sunday School The Outlook Union Baptist Church W.M. Thomas women's suffrage Zionville https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/0e9f9812f094fab788424d2902696892.pdf 4ea8e2aabeffb2a8bf6a33e4f60f0376 PDF Text Text CHECKER BOARD COMPOSITIONS n*fff<*£*mij ��fr-^T^tA / Q//l*^4jst^*SsT*r*-i? �/ ^r -^^f-^j ^J^. v -—x-z-**^ sY?T7^r>-tf A -#• ^7*7*^**^-^-- ~V*~t*~Sttr?7 I/ ^^^~YV9 v-M-^-zy �/I isA^-ft /" / ! , /) £*7 /n^rT'^t^f^— / / lsts-#^>*? ^. (^V—tr-t (7 /r^t~4 t/1 rri-~t~~>^i— J £«- -L&syis-. * * /^ Q/-i^-*^Cc^t^ %-^-^t—i^f yAvc k-^^u^^^r~. -*->o- jJ^t*-*--s-A' ^ L. • J A <x (s4^/> fi^t^^~ r J^T^^Of^n/l l^^j^Pi^^i^<. 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' 0*~-i^t^Cs • + •' �-T'y -y-^y*^ *~*~-f ��BY CUTTING OUT THE BLACK AND RED DISKS A COMPLETE SET OF CHECKERS AND CHECKER BOARD CAN BE OBTAINED � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/777f0d0f4736524b6a9f503b8024a343.pdf bc444a0a688329ef2274cb5eb0c9df7b PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene, Volume 12 [January 1, 1914 - March 31, 1914] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 34 MB 51 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_012_1914_0101_1914_0331 Description An account of the resource Entries in this diary range from January 1, 1914 through March 31, 1914. These entries are a more poetic approach than that which was taken in Greene’s earlier diaries. His entries give insight into his church life, his work, political debates of the time period, and community and local events. Community members mentioned include Jack Greene, Roe Warren, J.R. Garland, and J.J. T. Reece. Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s Beaver Dam church debate Fork Ridge G.P. Sherrill Hunting J.C. Davis J.F. Oliver J.J.T. Reese J.R. Garland J.R. Wilson Jack Greene Lee Swift Literary Society Mabel mill prater meeting Reverend Harrison Farthing sawmill sermon Singing Sunday School The Clansman trial Upland Literary Society Upland School https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d713f48a0ceb3e67ffbf6bf8647e69b8.pdf edf5aa2f9958aba2773ca1f9fdf92927 PDF Text Text �M^I^O J^ y^vt? 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The Franc of France, Bel-12 inches make 1 foot I yard gium and Switzerland, 3 feet 6 feet fathom .19 8 cts. pole or rod TheReichsmark(Royalmark) 5% yards ' furlong :, of the German Empire, 40 poles 8 furlongs " mile .23 8 cts. degree The Crown of Osnmark,Nor- (f)Y& miles ' mile way and Sweden, .26 8 cts. 320 rods mile The Lira of Italy and the 5,280 feet ' Peseta of Spain. .19 3 cts. The Florin of Austria, .41 3. Square Measure The Florin of Holland, .402. l'-4 sq in. make 1 sq. foot The Piaster of Turkey, .04 4. 9sq. ft. " 1 sq. yard The Dollar of Mexico, .909. 30X sq yds. " 1 sq. rod The Rouble of Russia, .66 9. 40 sq. rods " 1 rood The Milreis of Brazil, .545. 4 roods " 1 acre The Peso of Cuba, .92 5. 640 acres " 1 sq. mile The Dollar of Canada, 1.000. *NOTE—£. stands for Pounds Solid or Cubic Measure Sterling; s, for Shillings; d. for 1728cu i n . m a k e l cu. foot Fence. Avoirdupois Weight 27 cu. ft. " 1 cu. yard 128cu. ft. " 1 cd.-wood 2414: cu. ft. " 1 pch. stone 16 drams (dr.) make 1 oz. NOTK—A wood is 16 oz. " 1 R). 8 feet long,cord ofwidn and a4 pile 4 feet feet 100 ibs. " 1 cwt. high; therefore, 8x4x4- -128 feet. 20 cwt. " 1 ton A perch of stone or brick i* lt»K ft. long; i K f t . wide and 1 it high. Troy Weight Dry Measure 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pwt. 2 pints make 20 pennyworth " 1 ounce. 8 quarts " 12 ounces •" 1 D>. 4 pecks " • j, 1 quart 1 peck 1 bushel- Average Velocity of Various Bodies Miles per Hr. A man walks 3 A horsa trots 7 A horse runs 20 A steamboat runs 18 A sailing vessel runs 10 A rifle ball moves 1000 Light moves 192,000 miles per second. Electricity moves 288,000 miles per second. George Washington died the last hour of the dai , the lust day of the wet-k, 01 the last month of the year, of the !ar>t year of the last century , UfKUld Measure 4 gills make 1 pint 2 pints 1 quart 4 4uarts " 1 gallon 31 '4 gallons " 1 barrel 2 barrels " I hogshead f Measure 24 sheets maKe 1 quire 20 quires I ream 2 reams " I bundle 10 bundles " 1 bale Miscellaneous Things 12 u n i t s make 12 dozen " 12 gross " 20 units " 1 dozen 1 gross 1 great gross 1 score Bible Arithmetic Ezekial's reed was nearly 11 feet; a cubit was nearly 22 inches; a hand's breadth is equal to 3£i inches; a finger's breadth is equal to a little less than 1 inch; a shekel of silver was about 65c.; a shekel of gold was $10; a talent of silver was $2.000; a talent of gold was nearly $30,000; a piece jf silver, or a penny, was 17c; a farthing was equal to .Olc ; a mite was less than T f a r t h i n g ; a gerah was .03c. an ephah, or both, contained 4 gallons and 5 pints; a hin was 3 quarts and 3 pints; an omer was 6 pints; a cab was 5 pints. � https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/908f3884bda5162f05badbec3b976572.pdf e7edfaaa67336c170f6d25a39d472828 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene, Volume 13 [April 1, 1914 - June 30, 1914] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 33.6 MB 51 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_013_1914_0401_1914_0630 Description An account of the resource Diary entries range from April 1, 1914 through June 30, 1914. These entries are quite often about the weather on that specific day, and the work that can be done. Greene also frequently writes about the church, the sermons, pastors, bible studies, attendance, and Sunday school. People and places mentioned in these entries include Joel Greene, J.R. Wilson, George Madran, Roan Creek Valley, Stone Mountain and Beaver Dam. Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson "Greene collection" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Watauga County (N.C.) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s Archie Warren Beaver Dam Brother Trivett cars Carter County church corn country store court David Laurence drought drummers Elizabethton farming garden George Madran Hubbard Swift Hunting J.F. Eggers J.R. Wilson Joe Greene Mabel mattock mill Neva road reports Roan Creek Valley shelling corn Singing Stone Mountain Sunday School T.A. Eggers taxes The Great Singing Thomas Greer warrant Will Norris https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/adc7cf39606dcb2a64a1b868b0c978af.pdf eb694bcd2eaba4a60b33fd81e2b53ee1 PDF Text Text �� https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/c1e82ae02bf1d2fef25b5b4069acff51.pdf 75aac19c457d85e8d9e63bd4436f6c2f PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Jackson Greene Collection Description An account of the resource The Andrew Jackson Greene Collection consists of more than 160 diaries written by Greene who describes Watauga County's education system, including Appalachian State Teachers College, cultural and religious life, and agriculture from 1906 to 1942. Biographical Note. Andrew Jackson Greene (March 2, 1883-August 12, 1942) was a life-long resident of Watauga County, North Carolina and instructor in several Watauga schools including Appalachian State Teachers College (A.S.T.C). Greene worked as a farmer, public school teacher, and college professor. Greene was an enthusiastic diarist maintaining regular entries from 1906 to the day before his death. He also recorded A.S.T.C. faculty meetings from January 9, 1915 to May 3, 1940. He married Polly Warren, and they had three children, Ralph, Maxie, and Lester. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190">AC.105: Andrew Jackson Greene Collection</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-1942 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright - United States</a> Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary of Andrew Jackson Greene, Volume 16 [December 1, 1914 - July 31, 1915] Description An account of the resource Entries for this diary begin on December 2, 1914, and end on July 31, 1915. These entries include information about Greene’s social life, and his work. He wrote daily about what he did the weather, and what his friends had to share with him that day. He mentions many local people and places including, but not limited to J. R. Garland, Reverend David Greene, Mabel, Vilas, and Boone. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a title="Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942" href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/190" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Andrew Jackson Greene Collection, 1906-1942</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914-1915 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 64.4 MB 61 pages Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 105_016_1914_1201_1915_0731 Subject The topic of the resource Watauga County (N.C.)--Social life and customs--20th century Baptists--Clergy--North Carolina--Watauga County Teachers--North Carolina--Watauga County Greene, Andrew Jackson, 1883-1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No Copyright – United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diaries Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Andrew Jackson " greene="" collection="" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/39" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Andrew Jackson Greene collection </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. <a title="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" href="https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> https://www.geonames.org/4497707/watauga-county.html</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910s Appalachian Training School automobile B.B. Dugherty Boone Brother Trivett church Commencement Day court D.D. Daugherty David Greene Doctor Butler Domestic Science Department Euterpian Literary Society flood G.P Sherrill garden Hunting I.G. Greer J.F. Olivers J.R. Garland J.R. Wilson Junior Reception Lee Swift Mabel Meadow View Club mill Newland Hall Professor Downum road work Senator Lineback state examination Sunday School teachers' club Union Baptist Church Vilas W.F. Reese Watauga Club