1 50 7 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/bd92e4fbc33066336189ab94cb2cebd3.pdf faafa5c5af75e827adb96e85cb965890 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993 Description An account of the resource This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of <a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>.   Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,  later simplified to  Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes North Carolina, Western Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rob Messick Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource periodical indexes PDF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Death and Dying Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies European Immigration Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites Shelter South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/5f3f8b62bd6a3f9c717ec7bce721dab8.pdf 8dbe5987ca218068d745dd7a80a3c280 PDF Text Text PUBLISHED QUARTERLY ISSUE THREE SPRING 1984 ONE DOLLAR �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 3, Spring 1984 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Corn--History Seeds--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Organic farming--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Description An account of the resource The third issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as corn and its importance in through the centuries, heirloom seeds and organic farming, and human impact on forests. This issue also includes an interview with then Jackson County (North Carolina) Commissioner, Veronica Nicholas, on power companies and women in politics. Authors and artists in this issue include: R. Otto Wylie, Martha Tree, Thomas Rain Crowe, George Ellison, Judith Hallock, Jody Segal-Friedman, Clyde Hollifield, Robert Zahner, and Snow Bear. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Selu, The Corn Mother.......1 A Sustainable Agriculture.......2 Rebirth of the Sun Sister.......6 The Spirit of Corn.......7 Human Impact on the Forests of the Southern Appalachians...8 Good Medicine: Allies.......10 Kingfisher's Return (poem).......11 Power and Light: Veronica Nicholas.......12 The Little People.......18 Children's Education.......21 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Education Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Good Medicine Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2548901c8e81db0f1dc689fd56cb5e8b.pdf 491885735eda5ab93680a5efa814bbe1 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 4, Summer 1984 Description An account of the resource The fourth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as water quality, hydropower, forest management, the 1984 Cherokee reunion in Tennessee, and the 1984 solar eclipse. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robin Williamson, Michael Heron, Thomas J. Harshbarger, Jerry West, Margaret Kerr, Thomas Rain Crowe, Bennie Lee Sinclair, Clyde Hollifield, Paul Gallimore, Richard Hotaling, Avram Friedman, Jody Segal-Friedman, Jim Wayne Miller, Marnie Muller, J. Mackey, Chuck Marsh, and Robert Zahner. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Waterdrum by Sam Gray.......1 Living Trout: Living Water.......3 Trout An Article by Jerry West.......4 Streamwatch.......6 The Annular Eclipse of the Sun.......8 "Lord of Springs" poetry by Bennie L. Sinclair.......9 Waterpower.......10 Homemade Electricity.......11 Clearcutting Part II by Robert Zahner.......12 Living with Kudzu.......14 "Shapes" by Jim Wayne Miller.......16 Good Medicine: Going to Water.......18 Voice of the Turtle: N.A.B.C. Report.......20 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Small scale hydropower Kudzu Cherokee Indians--History--20th century Solar eclipses--1984 North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Cherokees Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Good Medicine Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources Stories Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/b43bdfc4e48d9084d720074c3f532000.pdf f6e1b33862bc826e4229a0a73d43e38b PDF Text Text ~JOO PubU6he.d Qu.o.JLt.eJtl.Jj l.6.6ue. IX Fall, 1985 �'-- CONTENTS THE WALDEE FOREST .......................... I THE TREES SPEAK. ... .......................... . 3 MIGRATING FOR~TS .. ......................... 4 "HOG KILLING SATURDAY" - A POEM ......... 6 HORSE LOGGING ................................ 7 THE NUCLEAR SUPPOSITORY: WE'RE NOT GOING TO TAKE IT! .... .. ....... 8 GOOD 'MEDICINE .............................. . 10 STARTING A TREE CROP ............ . ......... II NATUBAL WORLD NEWS ....................... 12 URB.AN TREES .................................. 15 ACORN BREAD ................................ . 19 MYTHnID .................................... 20 THE CHILDREN'S PAGE ...................... .. 27 M N ..... 00 N < oz: 1-4 ...:i 0 ~ (,,) :a ~ 0 ~ f'4 Cll i5 ;::) 0 0 °' :oz: .. § Cl:! ~ ~ ~ M ..... cc Iii< 0 IQ ~ ~ z 0 H f'4 u ~ a: 0 u (/) (/) ~ 0 0 f:( �!Jf;,, laid- his hand 'f"lt tk tr~: ~ ~ Jzad, Ju '7un so s~ and ~ ~;f & _fut mu:l -/Jzxmreya;vqU .1~ and tiz£ ~!fit; n4iilzv a:s _fa~ nor a:J" ~; it wa:s ik ~lrb_f & liP1::f -kw ii-45- A WALK IN THE WALDEE FOREST Near the top of Cowee Mountbir. in Macon coun ty ju&t below the national forest boundary, hes an 150 acre tract of forested mountain slopes that is a living testament to the life ~d work of a pair of reJ11arkablc people . oee Leather111c1n Smith ii' the fourth generation of her family lo Jive on the family homcsite. Her husbantl, Walton, is a forester of 35 years ' rxrerience ~ith thP U. S . Forest Ser~ice, anc !6 010re year6 a6 Q private consultant . In tl.ejr 47 years n1ana9in9 the property, they have realized a vi&ion of what a fJroduclive, habitable, ecologically l·t!althy section of the Appalachian forest could look like. There is " small SaW!!'i 11 on the plo<"f ar.c ~od- ..orlting shops that can turn tr<:cs ir.to saleable, finiEhec wood products nght there on the land. There are ale;o bec•hives, a trout 1>0nd, < Email garden plot, and o greenhouse, r.u t c.n l»<cursioro irto the Walcee Forest is fitl:'t clllC !Otl'r•CSL d jovrney 1rot<• a livir.•J n.<eodel o: tlie prir.t·i ples of all-aye, all-species forest manage~' nt: a n1.ir111qer1ent plan <ippropriate lo tlat. l'articul<1r c·onditions oC the ;.ppalachum hatdwood (orPSl. The key a• tt.i~ tt>chnique, accor<.inc; to Walton ~:r.ith , is an (!t(·hasis oi• st>lecti"e I ir•l".rr hcorVN•t inc;:. We waHea tllf" lano ~·itl> OPl• and Wallor. one cl<1y , .ind he Sl•OkE' first a~out the histor) of tlw place . "['e<0 • c l;re,.t-src.ndratt>nts <"co~IC I•.-:• ~ot•I. .. 1 CJ ! (•• <,ol<" . Tiwy \<&ltci to«pp<dr.tE-cJ "l ll 1o t , SC.> lhC) tlirneo :o sol'letl lr.y tl1<:y kr....,., olld tlidt ...~ f,1rni119 . "\;l1H I lol1)' Ci.lit•(: t<:ll, thif. l.lnd , .... s t.l'Vt it<l J..y v1r<,ir forest. Thf're ·n•tt poi, 1111 t t!'<'s ar.<.! otli111 ~.recies, 0 K.n{AH - page l but largely it was a mature chestnut trees, 3-6 feet in gro.. ing closely and forming so dense that nothing could btand of diameter, a canopy grow under try one thing, and if it doesn't work, I try something else. I've concluded that what I want is a mixed, all-age stand, meaning a diverse variety of lt . tree species o! all ages froa1 "Chestnut w4s not then considered desirable as a timber tree, and these people were farmers, so they had to clear the land, and grub out the stumps , because chestnut sprouts profusely . To them, the forest of great trees was seen only as a detriment to their way of life. "As they began to till the land, they built stone terraces to make snall areas of level land to raise crops . They raised small patches of corn, sorghum, and buckwheat; apples on the slopes; and free-ranged cattle, geese , h09s, and sheep for wool. It wos a l1ard way of life. seedlings to large, mature trees growing t09ether . "It will take tin.a to achieve this, because l started out with an even-aged stand, but now there is a variety of trees here--poplar, maple, hickory, oak, white pine, ash, walnut, an uoderstory of doqwood--and I will pick my select trees and thin around them, sOllle from below and some from above. "What I hope to get 80 years from now is trees of all ages, all species, and all size classes and ll>OVe strictly into selective, uneven-aged forest management. This is the start of it.• Walton led us up the road. It was a hot day, but the woods were cool and green--a pleasant place to be. We stopped in a grove composed primarily of tall, straight poplar trees. "The poplars on this five acre tract are 50-60 years old now. They have been thinned fro111 below," Walton explained. "We picked out our best trees and took 5 cords per acre of the rest. This freed up those high quality trees so they could get ample soil n.oisture and a certain a!':ount of sunli9ht to keep putting on n1aximur:: 9rowth. "We dicn't take out anythir.g we didn 't need to. We leave theGt.> understory trees--these d09woods, thi~ red ciaple--for 'nurse trees.' They "1<t~t.' the poplars gro~. shed their lower limbs, and ihoot straight for the sky. Those bi c, t l"t:'l.'S have de-1 in•bc-c. them- :..:--~ •1•0 like to show you this place arod some of the things we're doing t:f'rf' ." Wal ton set out up a srr.al 1 IO<Jgins ioocl ~i th a stride that denied hi5 7~ yo~tt of age . "MC..t>t ,,r my forest iG expriP1er·tal, • he raid ovet hi1> s!.ouloer . "I (continued on p. 22) Fsll 198~ �.( 2!2·,1.·. ·!1· 1 ·,· . ... Il il#ll(lll 1\QP1114tmnt10....,_ . EDITORIAL STAFF THIS ISSUE: David Reed Scott Bird Ba r bara Rein•ensnydE r Richard Ciccarelli Chip Smith Thomas Rain Crowe Sarah Jane Thomas J . Linn Mackey Martha Tree Michael Red Fox David Wheeler Marnie Muller EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Korey Goldsmith Cindy Kiger Joe Roberts Weogo Mark Yancey EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Long Branch Environmental Education Center Leicester, NC PRINTED BY: CORRESPONDENCE TO: Sylva Herald Katiiah Publishing Co. llox 873 Cullowhee, NC Sylva, NC 28783 TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 Special thanks to Tom Schulz, Larry Tucker, and Sparrel Wood ~: Great poplar and chestnut trees photographed at the turn of the century by the Whiting Lumber Co. to impress their stockholders with the wealth of timber available in the Appalachian forestlands. Fortunately, the trees pictured here escaped the saws, and the two poplars in the center may still be viewed in the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest area in the Snowbird Mountains of Graham County, NC . ,, ~ () He.ite. .&t .the. 6ordhe.itn-mo6.t he..a..ir..U.and 06 .the. Appa.la.clUan moun.ta.ln.6, .the. oldu.t mowi.tiLln Mnge. on oWt con.t.&te.n.t, T!J.4.tle. l6lo.n.d, a 6ma.U but gMw~ .9-:-0"P ha6 be.g~n ~ ~e. on a 6en.t.e. 06 .llUpon6-<.b.U.Uy 60.ll .the. .(.1"pU.c.a..ti.on6 06 .tha..t 9e.09M.ph.i..c.a.t and c.u.Uwutl. heJl.Uage.. Thi..6 6en.t.e. 06 .lle.6pon.6i.bil..lt.y ce.n.te.lt6 on .the. concept 06 Uv..<.ng wlth.&t the. na.tu..llal. 11.c.a.l.e. a.nd balance. 06 un.lvvwa.l 6yi..te.m6 and l.a.w6. We. be.g.&i by .&ivolWtg ~he. Che.itoke.e. name. "Ka.tii..o.h" 46 .the. old/ne.w name. 60.ll .thiA a.Ile.a 06 the. mo~ and 6O.ll .(,u j OU.llnttl 46 we..ll. The. e.d-U.o!WJ.1. plt,(.oll.U:A.u 60.ll 146 a.11.e. .to coUe.et and d.i66e.m.i.na.te. in6oltllla.tWn and e.ne.itgy whlc.h pe.Jt.ta.in6 "pecl6.<.ca.lty .to .thiA a11.e.a, and .to 604.teJt the. ai.ooJt.e.ne.66 .tha..t .the. l.a.nd .iA a Uv..<.ng be..&tg du e.itv.lng o 6 oWt l.Dve. and .lle.6pe.et. U.ving bt .thiA manne.it .U. .the. onl.4j Ull.Y .to e.Jtl>Wte .the 6146.ta..i.nabili..tll o ~ OU.ll b.io6phe.ite and a l.a.6.t.&tg p(.!tce. 6011. oWt4e.lvu .<.n .<,u c.o~ e.vo!.Li.U.orwty plt.OCe.64. We. "e.em .to have. JU>Ache.d .the. 61.t!Cll.Wft point o 6 a "dD d..i..e." 6.i...ti.uz.t.i.n .<.n .ttW!l6 08 a coniln.u.e.d qu.o..Uty 6.tand41td. 06 U.6e. on .th.l6 plo.ne.t . It .U. .the. ai.Jn 06 .thiA joWtnttl to do .<.a. pcut.t .<.n .the. .lle.-.&ihabita.tion and M.-cu.Uwt.iz..t<.an 06 the. Ka.tU.a.h plt.Ovince. 06 .the. Sou.the.itn Appa.la.clUan6. Th.l6 plt.OV.&tce. .u. .<.nd.i..c.a.te.d by U4 natWta.l bowtdaJt.i.e.6 : .the. Ne.w IU.ve.it vi..c.i..n.lty .to .the. no.ll.th; .the. ~oothil.l.6 of, .the. piedmont a11.e.a .to .the. eiu.t; Yol'lll Mowi.t.<Wt and .the. Ge.o11.g.itt hil.l6 to .the.. i.ou.th; and .the. Te.rute.t.He. IU.veJt ~·aUe.y .to the. we..&t . O.ll JRV0Clll':I0R We are not a people who demand, or ask anything of the Creators of Life, but instead, we give greetings and thanksgiving that all the forces of Life are still at work. We deeply understand our relationship to all living things •• ••• Our roots are deep in the lands where we live. We have a great love for our country, for our birthplace is here . The soil is rich from the bones of thousands of our generations . Each of us was created in these lands , and it is our duty to take great care of them, because from these lands will spring the future generations of the Ongwhehonwhe, We walk about with a great respect, for the Earth is a very sacred place. from: A Basic Call to consciousness: 'nle Hau de no sau nee Address to the Western World i<ArtAH - page 2. Humbly , 46 i.a6-appo.<.nte.d 6.t~ with 6acJte.d .i.A6.tll.tlctlon6 46 "new na..tlvu •· .to p1t.O.te.et a.nd ~uMVe .U6 64Clte.dne.66, we. advocate. a ce.n.teJte.d applt.Oal!h to .the. conc.e.pt 06 de.ce.rWu:LU.za.t.ion a.hd hope. .to be.cog Cl 6uppo.ll.t 61J6tem 6011. .thoH acce.pt.ing the. c.h.a.Ue.nge 06 6cu..ta.Utab.u.lt1J and .the. C.lle.a.t.i.ort 06 luvurtort.q and bell.cu1ce. .&t a J:./Jt.a.1. 6 en.t. e., he.ite. .<.n .thiA plo.ce.. �I.t l4XU> 0nl.y a. ,()ho/Lt :ti.me. a.g 0' iu. .:the. new .6 p!Llng le.a.vu we11.e. be.g,lnn.lng .:to ma.Ile. .:theNe.lvu e.v.<.de.n.t iu. .:they cove11.ed .:the. h.tvt.dwood.6 a.nd .:the. .60 6.:teJL de.c.lduoUI> tlt.e.u down a.long .:the. bo.:t.:toml> a.nd neM wa.teJL, .tha..:t my wl6e. a.nd I ma.de. oWt wa.y up .:the. U.llpe.n.:t-Uke. .6pine. 06 .:the. 8.tueJl..i.dge. Pllllb.way .:toWMd OWL dutlna;t(.011 06 M.t.Mltche.U ( '8la.ck Mowr..:ta.ht ' iu. known .to .:the. tlt.a.cli.tlom:ii. CheJtoke.e. people. 06 .:the. .1te.g.i.onl. We. we.Jte. on a pi.tgJL.i.ma.ge. o6 ' .:tha.niu. g.i.v.i.ng ' - - - g o.i.ng .:to .:th.i..6 .6a.CJte.d moun.ta..i.11 popula..:te.d by .:the. .6 p.iJLULu:t.t. a.ncu.:toM o 6 .:the. Che.Jtoke.e. .:the. ' Nunne.hu', .:to e.xcha.nge. 'tha.niu. ' and pJta.yeJL 6Oii. .:the. g.i.6t o 6 mo n.i.u .tha..:t ha.d g.1ta.c.loU1>l.y be.en p11.ov.i.de.d .:to U4 .:to do me.a.n.i.ng6ul. a.nd .i.mpolLta.nt wo.ltk .:toWMd .:the. p11.o.:te.ctlon 06 I .6a.CJ!.e.d .6.i..:tU I he11.e. .i.n .:thue. old mounta..i.n.6. To o66eJL the mon.i.u up .:to thue. a.ncu.:tolt.6 iu. a. pledge. 06 OWL .6e.Jtv.i.ce. .:to .:th.i..6 'ca.U.6e. ' , .tha..:t U be. done. .i.n .the. Jt.i.gh.:t wa.y a.nd .ln .the. 6p.(/vU 06 Wl4e.l6.l4hne.6.6 and he.a.Ung . To o66e.Jt .the. gJte.en g.i.6.:t up .:to .the..6e., 'the. wll.e. onu', .:tha.:t .:they be oWL 'gu.<.du' a.long the. pa..th.6 06 .:the. woJtk wl.:th .:th.i..6 p!l.O j ec.:t wh.i.ch la.tj ahe.a.d • .. A..6 we. dJtove. .:tfvtough the. ' ga.:te.wa.y' .:to the. p.i.nna.cle. 06 the. mounta..i.n: "CJulggy Galtde.M", a.:t a he..lgh.:t 06 oveJt 6,000 6.:t. we began .:to not.lee. how the. we.a.:the.Jt--.:the. tll.lnd.6, .the. 6.:totr.m1;, .:the. e.x.tlt.e.mu 06 he.a..:t and cold, and .:the. .:th.i.nne.Jt a.Ui.-- wa..6 'we.a11.b1p away' (a.lmo.6.:t iu. .i..6 .:the. wlnd we.Jte wa.te.Jt wa..6hb1g a.wa.y Mck, only .i.n .:th.i..6 caoe.: /tock. .:that had .:ta.fle.n .:the 6oJtm 06 tlt.e.u) a.:t the ve.ge,t.a.:t.lon .:tha.:t cove.Jte.d .:the. .:topo o 6 thue. old hUl..6, Ufle .:th.lnn.i.ng old ha.a. 8u-t along wl.:th .:the e.v.i.de.nce 06 na.:tuJtal .1te.ge.ne.Jta.:t.i.on, the.Jte we.1te .lnCJte.ao.i..ngl.y , iu. we. ma.de. oWt wa.y .:towa.Jtd .:the. top 06 .the mounta..i.n, .6ma.l.l a.Jte.iu. o 6 dea.d a.nd dy.i.ng tlt.eu .:tha.:t 4:tJt.ucfl U.6 a..6 be..lng unna..tuJta.l.ly 'bUgh.:te.d'. Smail 6.ta.nd.6 06 6-Ut. and pine-gJtOupe.d toge..:the.Jt and 4.ta.nd.lng out 1>.ta.Ji.k~ l.tj 611.orn .the 11.e.o.t-.i..n-fl.i..nd o 6 hea.l.:thy g11.ee.n and .:twl.6.:te.d '6a.m.i.ly' --iu. .i..6 do.i.ng 1>ome gho1>.:tl.1J gne.y dance. 06 6ubm.l.66.i.on .to .:the. e.te.me.n.U. The. whole. a.Ji.ea. l.oofl.i..ng iu. .i..(.. U ha.d come down wl.:th a ma.l..i..c.loUI> o 66-whUe ca.oe. o 6 .:the. 'me.Miu' --a d.i...6eiu.e. U.6ua.lf..iJ only acqu.i.11.e.d by the. tJOung ... "Sbtange.", 1 .thought .:to mtj6e.l6, ".:tha.:t .:theoe mountai.n.6 • .60 old, would have .ta.ke.n 0tl .:th.i..6 we.iu.e. 06 1Ch.ll.dJten If" we. moved 6l.cwly up .:the. moun.ta..i.11 . . . The clo1> <>A. .to .the .6Ull!l'llU we. 90.:t, .:the. l.aJi.g <>A. and g11.e.ve..1t .thu e a.11.e.ao o6 dy-i.ng eve.JtgJt.een.6 became. On bo.:th 6.<.du 06 .:the. 11.oa.d and -i.n eve.Jty d-Ut.e.c.t.i..on---So bl.e.a.fl On Mount Mitchell, a few miles north of Asheville, NC, Robert Bruck, associate professor of plant pathology and forestry at NC State University, is investigating the devastation of trees on high mountains in Katuah. According to Dr. Bruck, the red spruce and fir above 6,350 feet are in a severe state of decline with most trees 45-85 years old losing 90% of their foliage. The trees are shedding t~ir older needles and leav1ng only a small clump of chlorotic new growth on branch ends . Bruck' s findings indicate that the trees are being killed by pollutants. To confirm this suspicion, core samples have been taken from the dying trees with a bit and auger. The borings have reveaied a 50% reduction in tree ring growth since the early 1960's, yet rainfail data shows no evidence of drought. Aware that tree dieback has been occurring for two decades in the nort h- eastern U.S. and western Germany, au ala:tllldd Dr. Bruc k and other s c ientis t s have visited aud studLtd these f orests hopiug to find c lues as to the c!Xaet c ause of tree diaba ck in K atUah. M ost data reveals that symp toms of diebac k vary from region to r egion depending on tree s pecies, soil t ype, and climate. Rowaver Dr. Bruck has f ound c orraspouding s ymptoms exiat betweeu "lilaldsterb n " (trae death ) in West Germany and spruce-fir dieback in Kat~ah. Evidence bas been mounting in West Germany that ozone, a pollutant produced by a reaction of sunlight and auto exhaust, bas combined with acidic fog. These pollutants are· leaching magnesium, an essential element, from living trees . It is becoming increasingly clear (continued on page 27) continued on page 26 Fall 1985 .. ~ll.hll - '.}f;. ·C'.o. �, J; From within its borders , the forest looks old, permanent. Yet the timelapse views of the eastern forests provided in these maps compiled by Paul and Hazel Delcotirt's team of paleoelologists give a different story. Plants do indeed migrate, and in geological time the climatic changes that resulted in the formation and dispersal of the Laurentide ice sheet brought on drastic changes , causing whole forests to move from one area of the continent to another. The mops given here are from the Delcourt's article " Vegetation Mops for Eastern North America " in Geobotony ll{Plenum Publications, 1981 ); R. Romans, Editor. MAP KEY 0 Laurentide Ice Sheet • Tundra Boreal Forests Q Spruce @ The t.aurentide (ce Sheet covered the continent north of vhat la prHontly known n the Crdt Lllke1 Rqion. Tundra condition• prevailed ln the viclnity of the glacier •nd at hi&h elevatioftl tor soo ailu .south or th• lee front. Spruce .and jack pii>e fou1t1 held the territory ..,uth and ust of the alacl•rl .JdV&DCO- The cl1-t• vamed quickly .and dr•aat ic;oll:• b.lov thb belt. eo that an oalr.-hlclr.ory-eouthern pine auociat!on doainat•d the Atl&ntic and Gulf Coaot plains. The aixed .. Hopbyc1~ hard...,od forut that today inhabits the covH of Appalachia vas rutrlcted u this ciae to "refuaul •rus·· the blufflanda dong the IUuiHippi Rlvor Valley •nd ujor rlver corridor• U\ the southeast. A eypre••-auai. assoe:iacton lived in the ..,et ~ululppl boctoaa. ;and the ~lorf.de hninsub vaa covered ~Y .. nd dune scrub - including wild ro111a.1ry .and iaolaced 1tande >f .crub o.ait. Spruce-Ja ck pine Q @ Jac k pine - Spruce Mixed con ifer-norther n hardwood s Deciduous Forests Q @ G) Oak-Hickory Mixed mesopbyt ic Oak-Chest:n ut Southeastern Evergreen Forests <2'.) @ @ Cypress- Gum 0 Subt r opical Hard woods Oak- Hickory- Southern pine Southern pine Open Vegetat ion Types Q Q <:::> , ~:\ n;.ur 'l Oak savaruiah Prair ie or 'fhu .,,h1cJcr • lwd Ct:lt+.:.til'-!d LO l ht.: lat J.Lud\$ thu Ch:Ul Wk~¥ I raJ.elna th• tiUa luvcl soou.!what . und Liu: bc1lnning» of l ...akt.! •. rh Wt:h: vt11tble. thu Saint Lawrence fltv~c w.11 u•\d~r J~<!. Jnd lh"' \;.ould ail .. ctul w.itcre 1ttl1 draln-.d down thu Hi•111l-.111lppt 1 "'be.re the \lll1lc a.Jtruc.l: cuv-.:r peulatL.J. Th-. •pruce-Jac.k pin~ fote•t cr~cpln¥ \!.il•tw.atJ fro. th..: plalos. The w r • ..v\:ollth41er cMk-hfckory-.outh-.:.ro •v~rgl"-:t...-n ••~ l;,1t Ion w..a• •t J l t rc.atrlctcd to th~ •outhurn c.;,.a;t.al vL1dn•. Tb-.: 11lxt-od •.:»0phy1 h. 8pf..'Cie*I Mlntaha.-d tlwic fuoll1vlJ ln the 8lu{fl.,nd21i ,uuJ WJC.\:f t1Vt:t W•• corridor•. Sand Dune Sc r ub '- page 4 Tundro •tlll i;rlµp"J th~ AppJl .. <ltlJn h.:Jghl•. Pall 1985 -. I' �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wt ..... rOMSTDWILLllll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Mt~Rt-\TING Thia V"r1uJ w•• ~h«ncl~rlz1:J by a D11ld waralng tr.,nd. Th.: 1l•clera retr~•Led .oa..,W'hat. and ll.ic1al a\tll raletd Lho levt:l ot thtt ocun•. pushing th~ cont lncnL.al coast I lne:1 cloatt to Lhtotir prt::t:d'tl po1lt1oos. J•ck pint:-11f'rUC~ ••»OC:J•tlc;.n.> still do.lnatvd (r-oa th.c: •1Jvt;:,t.t to thu ccntr•l coa~L. A thin IMnJ of tran-.tclun..1 con1ft:r-oortltt.:-ro l1Jrd,,,..,.,,d fott.:..lit dtvtd"J th-.: ptnu-1pru~e bdt fro•• \l.&t11-cllailtt1 o•lhh:kury .-....oc:J .. t lvn wt1h: h c· uvi.:r ...J App.al.achh1 wnd lhl.t ur-.w th..at I • ''''" r-.-1uh:•¥t.:.11.: kfv,c v ••dli.:y s~~IJy. fOREST The 4.cu 1huct reached ita aouthernmoait li•it during thi• time . extending the coa11tltne out appr oxlaeL"ly 50 •iles beyond it_.: pr.ute.nt bouodar1ea. Spruce-jack pine cov~r ud thu are.at pl•in• we1t of tht H.Jasi11;stppt. Jack ptne-spro.ctt covt:r dc>t1lnat.:d the ea.atcrn half o( the continent eouth to the preaent-day borJtrr• of AlabaaJ and Cwraf•. Claci"r aultw•tec cool"'1 the Hl11luippl River Valhy, which prob.ably accounted for the anOllll&Joue eppura.nce of \tbite spruct1 tn.~••, a boreal opocl .. noca•lly not found rar 1outh. The enllre AppalachU.n b.oge wi1s creetcd by tundra, vhU.: colJ-wuthe.r spruce and fJr dOlll- "° naced lh" foreau on the 90uncnln ulopca. Thu WJ.Ulfni; li.:dlfh:tMluru• or j 1,000 - 12 ,000 yt:1.1r• 3¥,0 1.,rouaiht dvlu&"-tf of naln In Lhu w411c.u or tht: gtu~i1:re. Clacfol 111~1t was drulnJni rapidly thruuyh thu SL. l.awc.n .. -ncu RJvur h.•Mvln" the pruy,~nhor unwl Iona of the t;r~Jl l..Jk'-'•· Th~ apruct: .1nd J•c .. pint.: ••ao..:IJLJon1 covtar'--.J c-.:ntr.. t c.,twJM ttntJ tl-.1 Nev EnK,l»nd St•lu•. Th .... coo lC '-'r-ntr.>rthtir n tt.rJwood for ....$t 114>\l' ....J nurth and vest Into .J 1rwlly -=•paGdcJ tcrrltot'y. An Odk-hlckory {ot'~vt arose ~•l i>f th-.: 'll11owl••lppt i.1nJ wa111 .avln& -=-•tv.arJ, fo1low'".J by the d~v'1loptn, pr... Ir 1.... v"""-'l"'l fon. The aht:J •"llOphyt le for\.!t.l Jdvdnc'--.J fro. th~ r lvt.::r corr tdor., l-> tak• ov~r a tors'-' part of th~ central are:a. Ook-hlclt.ory ... southern ..:versr\!cn cov-:r ¥Lill P'-'ndwtcJ ln thi.: cudvtul ploSna Jr'-'as, but u CYJ•rl.•1:11• gum usatocl11tlun lc>uk uvvr th~ 11oouthufn <nJ ot Lhc ~lf~11da1adµltl 1 klvur t.::1Hridor. olt\J "'" uuk .. uvw.nndh LYt•u w.ft. uv~t In¥ un the ._.lur1JJ l''"·nnJn.111...l. Thb wu tho puk of tile "heplithano&J. • var1111ng period, and t ... parat u r u ware h1&her th<ln in the prHe.ot d•1· The land and fora1t conf1guration• bqao to tllte"" tho th&pu va ... r..ui.ar vith today. The: conUer-oortbaru ba.Tdvoode foreat covered a vast area fro. the Creat I.eke• rasioo to tbe coa1t. Tha oak-blclcory and aixed aHophyt lc hardwood !orut• occupied euentWly the • .,.. aru1 they do at prueat, wtu.la conditioas c.au.sed an oak-chutaut forest to ti•• to doeln&nce on the u1tuo 1lopes of the Appelacbi.ans, vbil1 spru:a •nd !lr still clung to the colder, biaher elevatioo1. Southern pine arose to doain.anc• over auch of the aru lt occupies todly. �Hog Killing Saturday BY H. M. SPOTISWOOD The red sun was waiting for me, round as the washpot that would be the center of my day. There I would chop the kindling, feed oak to the fire, stir the black water while they worked silently under the cedar. Grady was always there by seven, in his hard overalls, paid dollars for his sweet brutality. I knew the one they picked, had fed him rinds and the saved ends of Tuesday's cornbread. His grounds were avuncular in the sweet stench of Friday's dusk, his hide hard as a gritty July watermelon to my finger poking through the pen. Once I'd run the mile to Clara for a Nehi and some vanilla extract with screams following me through the pines as they cornered him to clamp the rings in his nose. Painless gristle, they called his snout, when I fingered the steel points like barbed wire spikes. For sure he'd rooted up three fences, ripped the small south pasture to a knobby moonscape. He knew me for peach seeds and rusty coffee cans full of Pa's rich, hard-bought cottonseed me.al. I still feel the guilt for the erotic rush of glee that lasted a second. And Grandma, the painful endless picture of her scraping his boiled nose with a paring knife. Grady I hoped, would hit his mark the first time with the scarred steel butt of the old axe. I listened too hard over the frantic steam, heard only board sounds and birds in the oaks. The afternoon was easier, foul and logistical. The mail ran at one, and Mr. Hardee waved. Bayree, the cats, and the thoughtless chickens were underfoot for items they could find. I created a parable for the high-stepping rooster mincing his spurs among the leafy entrails. The coarse salt did not hurt my bitten nails when we rubbed the bacon and hams to hang. I knew the bowl and Limp grey mountain of entrails would be waiting on the table. Pa brutalized my city taste with family ridicule for not tasting. He hadn't shaved. The hairs were coarse yellow in the light of kerosene. In the window curtained with gay feedsack the sun was an oblate orange yolk --·~-·s,epuating into the black <~eek~ ' f �HORSE LOGGING Fall 6.11.0m be.Utg a qua.Utt ruuicJvum.i.6m, togg.<.ng wlth hOJt6U .l6 6t.iU pMv.<.ng .it6 u»ILtlt a6 .the. method mo6t o.pp!tOplLi.a;te. 6011. «»JtlUng moun.ta.in 6l.ope.6 ldte.11.e. .the. togge.11. .l6 de.a.li..ng wlth a 11.0ugh Olt 611.agile. .teNUU.n 011. a 1U.9hl.y 6e.l.e.c:Uve. .ti.mbe.11. Cl.Lt. It .l6 al.60 6.Qrd.<.ng 6a.vOll. wUh l.a.ndowne.11.6 ldto hold coMe.11.- vat.i.on me.a6Wl.e.6 a.nd a.u.the..UC6 a6 h.i.gh p!l)..oM.t.lu . Holl.6e. togging a.l.60 luu. economic a.dva.n.ta.gu 6011. togge/1.6 ldto do n.o.t have. a. tot o 6 capUai. tc 6.talt..t a. bU6.<.ne.66 Oii. c.dio w.i.l.h tc ke.e.p the.ill. oveJtlie.a.d tow. With holl.6u , to~~e/1.6 ca.n ma.k.e. up .ui Mull c.diat they ta.ck. .ui 6-Uia.ncla.l.. ba.c/U.ng. John Va.v.U,, Ve.nn.i.6 Hotde.11., a.nd holl.6U Tony a.nd Flt.e.d «»11.k .Qr a.nd cur.ou.nd .the. Nan.taha.l.a Na.t.i.ona.t FOll.u.t. The.y a11.e. a. .tlgh.t .team, a.n.d tlte..i.11. e.xpe.11..le.nce. 6hoWA . The.y make. .the. ha.11.d woll.k 06 w.tt&tg a.nd ha.u.Ung .ti.mbe.11. took a.l.mo6.t e.a.61J. John: ' I started in on horses when I was four . My daddy started me. I worked some other jobs, but I ' ve al.ways kept my truck, regardless of what I've done . I like being in the woods. You don ' t make a lot of money , but if you ' re satisfied, that ' s what counts :· Dennis: You ain't gonna make nothing but a living, whatever you do. Anything you go after, a living ' s all you 're going to make out of it: John: •r•ve got a garden, my horse and my truck- I 'm never going to starve ." photos by Martha Tree Dennis : "Horse don't got to be a big one, i f he'll pull. I can take Fred, and he'll pull horses weighing 1800 lbs . When I call on him, he'll go out there, and he ' ll hang. He won ' t back back up . A lot of horses pull against it too hard, and they'll back back up. But I could hook Fred to that truck right tncre and call on ' im, and he'll stand on and pull 'til he dies . "!wouldn't cake n thousand dollar bill for ' im just like he stands there I ain ' t got that in ' im, but I wouldn't take it . He ' s paid for himself ten times over I could give him away today and still wouldn't go in the hole .~ K.\Tt:AH - page 7 Fall 1985 �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAlllFOIUTDWIWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. By Michael Red Fox The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has just announced plans to site and construct a Monitored Retrievable Storage facility (MRS) in Eastern Tennessee. Three possible sites have been chosen. The Clinch River Breeder Reactor site at Oak Ridge is the preferred site. TVA's H:lrtsville nuclear plant site and the Oak Ridge Reservation have also been included for further study. In January 1986 the DOE will announce which one of the three "semi-finalists" will host the MRS. DOE documents describe the MRS as a processing facility for spent nuclear fuel. The processing will include consolidation and packaging of high level wastes for delivery to permanent suppositories. The MRS will also serve as a backup facility for storage of spent fuel and high-level wastes from all commercial nuclear power plants, all foreign subscribers to the "Atoms For Peace" program, and U.S. nuclear weapons production. All three East Tennessee sites are upwind of Kat~ah. Several of the main transportation routes to the MRS site pass through our region including interstate 81 and interstates 26 and 40 , which conjoin at Asheville. If you thought Asheville was a "hot town" before this, just wait ... . •.. According to the DOE, the MRS candidates were chosen on the basis of cost efficiency, risk of accident, and the geographic relationship to the potential underg~ound suppository. It must be noted that the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 declared that no one state may get both sn MRS and a permanent waste dump . The relative prox1.mity of Kat~ah to the proposed MRS can lead to no other conclusion: Katuah is under siege! Not only does Katuah become a transportation corridor for nuclear waste from all over the world but, she also becomes a leading candidate for the sweepstakes nobody wants to win: permanent waste dump! The MRS is considered to be the "front end" of the permanent suppository. According to the "Mission Plan" being peddled by :<.n{.ui - page 8 the DOE, wastes processed at the MRS will travel across the country to the first geologic suppository. Currently stiff opposition, environmental problems , and legal fights are stifling DOE's plan to select A site in the western states, The agency cannot fail to notice that it might be sinpler to l) speed up selection for the ~astern suppository or 2) change the Waste Policy Act so that both suppositories wil l be built in the F ast. In fact Paul Kerns, a DOE front msn, bas recently said that if all of the candidate sites under consideration in the first round turn out to be losers the DOE may turn to the crystalline states for both suppositories. I I .. ·. I .\ " • I :i I \ I ~. Crvstalline (granite) rock formations are being considered for nuclear waste disposal because they are uniform throughout and have qualities allowing them to dissipate heat from nuclear materials. However in a blistering analysis of their own three year pilot study (1981-1984) called the "Climax Project" in Jack Ass Flats,Nevada, DOE noted serious problems. Not only did the expensive stainless steel cannisters leak, hut the te9tin~ caused cracks in the granite and the testing mechanisms failed so they could not determine how much leakage occurred! Among the crystalline suppository states, the Southeastern Region (includin~ Katuah) is perhaps the most vulnerable. Ginger King, of DOE's Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, conf inned this suspic ion when she said, "the most likely 9lace is the Southeast since 85i o f the nation ' s nuclear plants are east of the Mississippi." Much of the Northeast will be eliminated because of population density and distribution. Although the North Central Region has crystalline rock formations whic h are among the n~ tions most stable, Wisconsin, ~ichigan and Minnesota have erected legal and political barriers that may outweigh potential geologic suitability. Politics is the name of the suppository game according to Dave Berich of the Environmental Policy Institute in Washington. Unlike the North Central States, North Carolina, which contains most of the prime sites in Katuah, has no siting laws. There are no nuclear waste education programs, no citizen advisory boards, and no public surveys. North Carolina has not even one employee working fullt ime on our response to the suppository site project. What North Carolina does have is a governor who bas said he would not veto a site selected here. Every other governor in every state under consideration has promised a veto. A governor veto of a site mean~ that a full congressional review and approval is necessary before wastes can be implanted. A veto would force DOE to do the proper scientific studies to find the best site - not just follow the path of least resistance. Incredible as it may seem, at a public "infor111ation seminar in Boone, NC, DOE publicity man Kerns warned, ''What 1 can do is encourage you guys not to trust us; take us to taok." Dave Berich of EPI ar,roes. He has said. Fall 1985 " Si"~q - t-.J..J . /J; �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEAMFOM:~OWEWlll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . "There needs to be s whole new science developed for each repository site, nnd the DOE is unwilling to spend the necessary money and time to adequately study all the potential reek bodies for the best possible site." The rext step in the selection process is for the nuclear energy junkies at DOE to reduce their list of 236 crystalline rock sites down to 20 possible sites this November. TRANSPORTATION OP NUCl.EAR WASTES The llOE goes to gceat lengths to assure the public that the shipment of spent fuel is safe . It distributes films showing dramatic full-scale crash tests of spent fuel casks propelled by rocket sleds into a massive concrete wall at speeds up to 80 mph. The DOE fails to point out, however, that the casks were eaptY. though they implied otherwise, by calling them spent fuel casks. Upon testing the survivability of casks after a railroad accident with fire, the DOE failed to say that on the avera~e most railroad fires Nuclear Shipment Routes N\ TfaH - page 9 THI l/11ct1.t1 11111P1J11101r, WE'il i/OT t;O/NfJ 11 TANE 11/ last twice as long as the test fire. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission reported that the tests on Transport Cask<1 "wPre interesting but not particularly useful." The most definitive work to date on the possible results from a real transportation accident spilling real plutonuim has been done by Sandia Laboratories in New Mexico. Their analysis indicates that a "large quantity" shipment of commercial plutonium released in an urban area could result in nearly 4,000 latent cancer fatalities, 952 early morbidities (non-fatal health disorders) and scores of early fatalities. The cost of cleaning up such an accident could range as high as two billion dollars. The Sierra Club has estimated that there will be 9,000 shipments per year of high-level wastes from constipated reactors co t~ N~, i~l~i. W ~i~ ments per day to the suppository . The continued push towards a nuclear technocracy offers us no guarantees except the production of more nuclear waste. The time has come for the people of Katuah to form a solid core of diasent and stop this technological train wreck. We must demand that the governor veto any and all sites within his political realm. We must convince our congresspeople to invite DOE officials to come and experience our opposition. We must form affinity groups, like Ben Drake of the Highlander Center in :-:ew ~larket, Tennessee, who is organizing folks along tranooortotion routes. The nuclear waste suppository means degra~ation of the land, de~radation of the water, degradation of human health, radioactive particles in the air , and probable ~enetic damage and mutations among all living things in the area. We do not want to be known as the generation that let it happen here. The situation requires nothing less than our best efforts to shut this menace ,,,, # down! ,P"' Write to your political representatives expressing your opposition to the MRS, transportation of nuclear waste through Katuah, and the planned suppository. The Honorable James Martin State Capitol Raleigh, NC 27611 House of Representatives Washington 2463 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 Write to these folks for current information and join them in the battle to save Katuah! Blue Ridge Enviromental Defense League P.O. Box 1308 West Jefferson , NC 28694 Western North Carolina Alliance P.O. Box 1591 Franklin NC 28734 (704) 524-3389 Mr. Steve Conrad Director of Division of Land Resources Department of Natural Resource and Community Development P.O . Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611 Highlander Center Rt. 3 Box 370 New Market, Tn . 37820 Fall 1985 c; ~2.&q - H, •• J �The message the plant people give to us: from the sourwood's early red leaves, the beautiful multicolor of the saw briar, the yellow of the poplar, the rust of the oaks, the pinks and reds of the red maple·· all these differences create beauty that moves the inner part of ourselves and prepares us for the great rest. We are told it is the i:iiver of breath's plan that we may have differences. All of the giver of breath's creation lives in harmony and peace with one another with the expection of man. We are told that we have completed a circle of life by this time of year. Let's look at ~he lessons that have been given to us in this circle. It is alright what you are. It is alright what I am. Let's take and move evenly together with our differences and give our unborn and their unborn yet to be a chance to go through this same circle. Communities We are told these are the oldest mountains upon the earth. Life has been here longer than any place else on the great mother. We are told this is one of the few places upon the earth where spirit still dwells, in the deep rich coves where the seng grows and the voices of water are talking to someone. All the life forces talk to the spiritual aspect of ourselves, the real part of us. We are told that all through our mountains··from northern Georgia all the way up the Appalachian trail, from the moon eyed people to the native people to the European people's spirits have been attracted to the power that these mountains place upon us. We are told that people come here with their spiritual and relisious ideas because they seem to fit with what is here. ·1 hey start their own communities-- healing communities. spiritual communities, communities based on a_pamcular philosophy or political point of view. But a mistake that our brothers and sisters make causes them to miss the power and the gift that the mountains give to us all. Their communities develop an ego just as an individual would develop an ego. We are told that now the time of great rest comes upon the mountains again, as it has for thqusands of years, the time when trees lose their leaves and evergreens get greener. Let's listen to the message that the mountains and the streams say to us. We are told that the differences aren't enough reason for us to be separate. We should strive to pull our communities together, to work together to preserve this spiritual oasis for us all. We can work with people who are different without having expectations for them to follow our path. i<Ai~Af! - .eW!e 10 Fall 1985 11 Io �The publications listed below are available from Appalachian Regional Office, I.T.C.I.U.S.A,. lnc., Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Prices listed include postage and handling within the U.S. PROPAGATION METHODS AND SOURCES FOR UNCOMMON PERENNIAL FOOD PLANTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW IN TABULAR FORM Gregory Williams, 1983 (slightly ;.:vised 1984), 49 pp ., $6.00 . by Brian Caldwell We are trying an lntercropping system that might be of utility on other fal"lls. On an 80 ft. by 90 ft. test plot, we have planted raspberries in rows 15 feet apart (about Lwice the usual spacing). In the rows with the berry canes, we set young Chinese chestnut trees every 15 feet. The chestnut trees are mulched, weeded and fertilized along with the berries, which are allowed to grow close beside the trees. Beds of vegetables about 5 feet wide run between the raspberry-chestnut rows. This system is an attempt to care for a succession of crops with the least effort, while making good use of space . We suspect that the raspberries. grown without the use of pesticides, have fewer problems with fungal diseases due to the improved air circulation of wide rows. It seems reasonable to use the extra space for vegetables. Because rasp-· berry plantings typically last only about 5-7 years because of virus problems, the chestnuts provide a crop to "take over" after the berries.The young trees require special care (particularly weed control) for about 3 years after planting, yet bearing begins only after about 5 years or more.le does not make much sense to invest the special care and space exclusively for the non-bearing trees so we put them right in the berry rows! They will not seriously compete with the berries until the berries are on the way out. The berry mulching and fertilizing are ideal for the Lrees, and competition from the berries doe~ not appear significant. Note that. with the use of mulch, it is important to protect the tree trunks from rodents with some sort of guards. Eventually . we will have a grovt· of chestnut trees on a 15 feet by 15 feet spacing. This is too close for mature t recs. However, these a re• ~eedllng trees, not ~rafts . and iL is 11ko.!ly thoc some will be poorer beorl'rs thun OLhers.After about 15 venrs, Lhey will be Lhinned out, leaving onlv the best. The area formerly occ- upied by raspberries and vegetables will be sheep pasture . And the chestnut yield in the early years will have been much improved over the yield for trees originally planted on a recommended spacing of 30 feet by 30 feet. This system is appropriate for many kinds of trees . Strawberries could substitute for the vegetables, but blueberries, gooseberries, asparagus, and rhubarb all last so long that their total production as "raspberry substitutes" would be seriously reduced by the trees. Areas used for this system should be free from perennial weeds. to our plot, we have had problems only with the tarnished plant bug and, at first, coo low fertility for high raspberry yields. An organic fertilizer (about 20 pounds of N per acre) placed beneath the mulch the last two springs resulted in much better growth of the fruiting canes. The berries also benefit from vege• table fertilization. Reprinted from ~&~~estry Review. Back issues available from: Inte rnational Tree Crops Institute, Appalachian Regional Office USA Route 1, Gravel Switch, Ky. 40328 -- ~-(;& i.ist : tyu <N'O~ AGRISILVICULTURE FOR APPALACHTA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, Gregory Williams, 1979, 9 pp .• $2.00. ACRISfLVICULTURE : A NECESSARY RENAISSANCE, Gregory Williams, 1979, 4 pp., $1.00. TREE CROPS FOR SMALL FARMS IN APPALACHIA: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH, Flip Bell. John Pohlman, Gregory Williams, 1977, 24 pp., $4.00. ENERGY-CONSERVING PERENNIAL AGRICULTURE FOR MARGINAL LAND IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIA: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Gregory Williams, 1982, 52 pp. , $8'.oo HORTIDEAS, Published monthly, Subscriptions $10.00/yr. (U.S.) SOME SOURCES OF HARD-TO-OBTAIN SEEDS AND. PLANTS FOR TREE CROPPING CHESTNUT HILL NURSERY,Rt. 3, Box 477, Alachua, Fl. 32615. Hybrid AmericanOriental chestnuts. Price list free. DOUGLAS, Earl, Red Creek, NY 13143. Hybrid American-Oriental chestnuts. Send SASE for price list. HIDDEN SPRINGS NURSERY, Route 14, BOX 159, Cookeville, TN. 38501. Seedling and grafted fruit and nut trees, including honeylocust. Price list free. --- l!<?Q_KS ABQ.l!l'_!REE CROPS: TREE CROPS: A PERMANENT AGRICULTURE, J. Russell Smith. Devin-Adair, New York, 1953. Founding work for the tree crops "movement"; somewhat dated, but worth reading to get excited about the idea of a tree-based agriculture . TREES FOR THE YARD, ORCHARD, AND WOODLOT, Roger Yepsen, Jr., editor, Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania, 1976. Introductory chapters on landscaping. orcharding, nut trees. propagation, pest control. useful wild ~pecies, maple sugaring, and woodlot rianagement. NUT TREE CULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA, Richard Jaynes, editor, NNGA, Hamden, Connecticut, 1979. Very thorough and authoritativt• reference--" the bible"! ITCIUSA APPALACHIAN REGIONAL OFFICE, Route l, Gravel Swi.tch, KY 40328. Seeds and graf twood of select honeylocust, black locust, and American persimmon. Price list free. JOHNSON ORCHARD & NURSERY.Route 5, Hox 325, El1jay, GA 30540. Manx peach and nectarine cultivars, also graftc-d apples. Catalog, $1. LAWSON'S NURSERY, Route 1, Box 294, Ball Ground, GA 30107. Many apple and pear cultivars. Catalog free. ~ Special thanks to Greg Williams of t.T.C.l.U.S.A. Fall 1985 . ~ �·-----------------------·Wl-R>MSTDWILUM_____________________...... o~ NATURAL WORLD -( NEWS .,,/ ~':;:{<'!._ : bCac~ buws : a ~uestion of survivat / Black bears have well developed instincts for self-preservation and a reputation for taking care of themselves. tncreaslng human pressure, though, has seriously reduced their numbers to the point that they may not surTive! Recent research trom N. c. State University and the University ot Tennessee shows that over 12! ot the breeding tema.l.e black bears in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary, and over~ ot the total. population under study there are being killed! This devastating kill rate casts serious doubt on the ability ot the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary to 1D&inta1n an effective breeding nucleus. In the Harmon Den Bear Sanctuary, on the edge of the Great Smoky National Park, over 80% of the bears under study were killed. With the present black bear habitat a scant 5-10% of the species original range, serious questions arise as to whether or not the black bear may be completely extirpated from Katuah. Poaching is the major ceason the bears are disappearing. But dwindling range, periodic food short- Six endangered peregrine falcons took fl i ght from atop Grandfather Mount· ain, N.C. this summer. The restoration program, now in its second year is part of the ?lorth Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission's Nongame and Endangered Species Program. Most of the funding came via checkoff contributions on the ~ ages and an inadequate management plan al.so contribute to a dwindling bear population. Black bears reflect a medicine tradition long valued by our earth based cultures. The Cherokee believe black bear is a descendent of the human tribe and he left the villages to seek his own way in the forests. A Healing Management Program would include a moratorium on bear hunting until stable reproducing populations could be establisheP . North Carolina which has the longest bear hunting season in the southeast would do well to shorten the season by scheduling opening day later in the year. This would protect females since they go into dens sooner and would thus discourage their extinction. Other suggestions include, discontinuing use of radioactive iso· topes for scat monitoring, ban hunting with dogs, ban 2-way radio hunting, protecting old age timber stands for their den trees and hard mast (oak & hickory) and expansion of habitat areas and sanctuaries. state income tax form. A similar program is underway in Virginia with releases scheduled lo begin next year in the high mountains of Tennessee. Peregrine falcons are native to the high mounts ins of Katuah and will be sharing the air streams with 6 golden eagles released this summer from th e Shining Rock Wilderness. The restoration project is administered and staffed by the TVA and the N.C. Wildlife Commission. SG _, , " ...,.. _,;Jt Because of the urgency of black bear survival, it seems important for all of ua to begin to pool information on bear sightings and to document incidents of use of dogs, 2way radios , poaching, and other kills. This documentation will be decisive in influencing the Wildlife Resources Commission to shift its policies from species eradication to species conservation. To participate in the Bear Action Network, please call or write Paul Gallimore, Long Branch Environmental Education Center. Big Sandy M.lsh Creek, Leicester, NC 28748. 704/683-3662. To voice your conservation concerns, write NC Wildife Resources Commission, 512 N. Salisbury St. Raleigh, NC 27611. Please send a copy of your letter to each of the Commissioners: M. WoodroWli'rice, Dr. Richard Adams, David Allsbrook, Jack Bailey, Cy Brame. F.ddie Bridges, Joe Carpenter, Dr. John Hamrick, Henry Kitchin, Stuart Paine, Donald Thompson. Jerry Wright. and Vernon n ~vill, Executive Director. ~ '\. �The Western North Carolina Alliance, the Cowee Community Development Organization of Macon County, Alark.a Laurel Limited, and Walton Smith, a professional forester, have officially filed an administrative appeal with the U.S. Forest Service opposing clear- cutting, poisoning and burning on public lands in the Nantabala National Forest. The jolnt appeal argues that selective cuttin~ and all-age management are far superior to the proposed clear-cutting in the Little Laurel timber sale. It is argued further that the sale violates the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), the Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act, and the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA). Clear-cutting requires very little professional skill to implement and SU?ervise a timber sale. In the shore run, it produces the greatest mo~etary return and is thus attractive to administrators working on a limited budget. However, the method imposes adverse environmental conditions on an otherwise diverse and self mainttaining syst em, precluding the multiple use and long- term productivity of the southern Appalachian hardwood forests. A summation of these violations are as follows: The appeal maintains that in its Environmental Assessment (EA), the Forest Service fa Ued to consider selective cutting as an alternative. The appeal states that the EA "sets a precedent and represents a general policy ~· ..,-· ~- choice in silviculture techniques, a choice that should not be made in the absence of a 'systematic, interdisciplinary' analysis of long-term environmental impacts.·• The NFMA of 1976 was designed to restrict the extent to which the USFS incorporates clear-cutting in its overall management plans. The foundation for the enactment of NFMA was the Church guidelines which state that clear-cutting may only be used where "silviculturally essential" and after "multidisciplinary review" has been completed. The appeal states that the "EA contains no finding that clearcutting is 'ailviculturally essential'. The USFS's primary justification for clear-cutting is the allegedly high cost of selective cutting, a justification which violates Congress' Jirective that the 'greatest dollar return' is not sufficient reason to clear-cut. Section 4(a) of the ~ultiple Use Sustained Yield Act specifies that "some land will be used for less than all of the resources,., and that the best use is " not necessarily the combination of uses that will give the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output." The appeal supports the position that "each national forest must be managed with the goal of enhancing its unique inherent contribution to the entire system." Th:fq ... should not be (cont'd on p.14) ~ Champion International recently celebrated "75 Years of Excellence" but to the Pigeon River Action Group (PRAC) of Haywood County, NC, it represents 75 years of effluents. Recently, Champion's permit to dump wastes into the Pigeon R\ver came up for renewal. The North Carolina Environmental Management Commission (EMC) ( a state commission in charge of issuing permit renewals) issued a new pemit, called "toothless and vague" by many citizens, and submitted it to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for comments, according to federal guidelines. Earlier, the EMC had rejected suggestions by the the director of the NC Division of Environmental Management (who ultimately has to approve the permit , on the state level) to str engthen the (cont 'd on p.14) '(AttAl! - page 13 ---~=:..:...:,,,,:::....::===-=-....;~ ----ae- r .. In a time of misguided "Superfunds" and continuing "Studies" it is encourging to know that grass root efforts are still effective.•The snow balling movement to save the Horsepasture River is such a story. (See l<.atuah issues 16 & 18) . Since the spring of '84 the "Friends of the Horsepasture" have fought a proposal by Carrasan Co. (an out - of state investors tax write-off) to dam and develop the river and her five waterfalls. Hore than eleven hundred dues-paying members have contacted their elected officals in Raleigh and encouraged them to support N.C. Senator Hipps and Rep. Crawford's legislation that would include the river in the N. C. Natural and Scenic Rivers System. The bill wuld also direct the N.C. Dept. of Natural Resources to develop a management plan to qualify the Borsepasture for inclusion into the National Wild and Scenic River System. On June 7 the N.C. House and Senate voted unanimously in favor of this legislation. It is now up to Govenor Martin to request the U.S. Secretary of Interior to admit the river into the national system. Appropriation of funds to the U.S. Forest Service from the Land & Water Conservation Fund by Congress will be needed to purchase land to accomplish complete protection of the tract which includes 3 of the 5 major falls. U.S. Congressperson Rendon is exploring this possibility. . Hore info: FRIENDS OF THE BORSEPASTURE P.O.Box 272 ~~ Cedar Mountain,NC 28718 ~ �~ ' ?, no! ..• clear-c utting (cont'd from p.13) compromised in order to harvest a fixed quota of timber on an annual basis.'' Cutting for pulpwood and replanting in white pine while neglecting the diversity of native species shows that the USFS is pursuing the "greatest unit output" and is in direct violation of this Act. The appeal is now being considered by Regional Forester, Joe Alcock. The Alliance has won a "stay'' on this sale and is advocating a moratorium on clearcutting in the Nantahala National Forests, until the contents of the revised 50-year forest management plan are revealed. CORPORATE FORESTRY PRACTICES Hello, A friend haa suggested that I write a letter to Kat6ah about my experiences with the forestry practices in the southeast of our country. I ' ve worked the trees (treeplanting) in the southeast for five seasons now, the last two as a foreman for a large treeplanting outfit. Most of my experience has been on land owned privately by large paper companies. If you study maps of the southern states , you'll see many large areas with minimum development. These are often paper company lands. Corn and cotton farming devastated much of this land, rendering it useless for farming and enabling the big companies to acquire it quite cheaply. Forestry, as practiced by the paper companies, means pines, generally genetically improved stock of the loblolly species. This inhibits local varieties and leaves little or no room for hardwood varieties. Once, while riding to a site with a young forester , I remarked about the nice big oaks in someone's yard. The forester smiled and said, "That• s two words that you don ' t hear in the same sentence in forestry school: ' n ice' and 'oak'. If it ' s not pine, it's weeds." Practices vary from company to company, and even from forester to forester within the same company, but generally the only areas left to hardwoods sre wetlands and drains , KA TG.\H - page 14 .....:: permit guidelines. One commission member stated," I would hate to see a threat put on a company that has really broken their back (to improve water quality on the Pigeon River)." EPA, within the 90-day comment period, responded to the EMC by insisting that the permit contain tougher language and specific action. Ignoring EPA ' s review comments, EMC went ahead and issued the original weak permit, anyways. Historically, the EPA has never voided a permit that a state has issued. However, in an unprecedented move, EPA voided this North Carolina permit in August. As indicated by EPA's comments to EMC, the permit did not comply with the required federal Clean Water Act guidelines. Now, the EMC has 90 days to draft a new permit or the EPA will take over and issue its own. James O. Sheppard, Jr., a spokesperson for the NC Division of Environmental Management has stated that the EMC might not have the statutory authority to implement the recommendations. Meanwhile, Tennessee is suing North Carolina and Champion stating and that often reluctantly. Even steep hillsides get replanted in pine. A few companies seem unwilling even to leave the drains i f they own land on both sides of a creek or river. Champion International - "largest paper company in the world" - also probably the largest landowner in the eastern US, is still doing clearcuts of a phenomal size: up to 2,000 acres in a single tract. Of course, clearcut ting doesn't eliminate hardwoods, as we ' re well aware. This means that the land must be further prepared for treeplanting by either rootraking and piling, chopping, and burning the brush; or even disking and double-disking the soil. These techniques eliminate hardwoods, as well as rootmats, groundcover, and most of the topsoil that's managed to reform onto what was often mediocre land at best. A technique rising in popular~ty that effectively eliminates the hardwoods and saves the topsoil is the use of massive quantities of herbicides. This can effectively wipe out the hardwoods, but it tends to hove very detrialental effects on wildlife, as well as on the foresters and technicians doing the applications. Aerial spray and burn is being utilized on a large scale. I've been on sites that were over 600 acres and devastated by application of herbicide and thorough burning. Some major problems arising from this approach are: overspray onto str eams and rivers and onto "innocent" land (including crop fields) and residential wells and springs. People directing the spray are often soaked by the stuff. Once the land is prepped, tree- ; .• ~ ...._: ~11111.·.-::~...'t. - _.,,.;r - '"'~ • e5cont 'd from p.13) that the mill should be required to clean up the river and thus meet Tennessee clean water standards. A 1980 N.C. state analysis showed that the water was so dark that sunlight could not penetrate and nurture the aquatic life required by most fish to live. Champion has recently installed a small scale ultrafiltration test syst to explore the feasibility of removing the color from the effluent. But, Dick Mullinix, chairperson of PRAG, points out that since 1973 Champion has held patent on a sy:;t:em that could clean up to 90% of the colored effluent but it was ignored, and only recently has public pressure forced the company to begin testing. PRAG and its legal backers, the Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation (LEAF, Knoxville,TN) and the Con servation Council of North Carolina, rallied support and urged EPA to take up this issue. Further legal action is expected. Hore info: ,_ °' ""' Pigeon River Action Croi ' p P.O.Box 105 h Waynesville, NC 28786 /. planters come in and set out the pines in a grid designed to close off a canopy in 5 to 7 years. This keeps out new growth and eliminates the diversity of plant life and habitat so necessary for wild things to prosper. "How about some solutions?" you say. The best solution is, of course, the people getting the land again, rebuilding homesites and gardens, and developing wells , springs, villages , and communities. But these are quite complex and difficult issues, especially as forestry in the private sector is first and foremost an economic undertaking. Perhaps some grassroots "forest watch" operations will develop, which might provide some means of regulating the use of the land and eliminating its destruction. lllaybe by restricting the size of some of these logging operations and giving local people some recourse to deal with abuses by their corporate neighbors. ln the meantime, l will suggest that, while travelling, you get on some "blue line" highways and see for yourself how the land is being cared for. Tom Franko Rt. 1, Box 243-8 Floyd, VA 24091 ~ P' Fall 1985 C. fl cc - AA �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111!11!!11. . . .!lll..... WIAMJORUTDWO.l.IN~. . . .~. . . . . .11111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . After three months of discussion and R-5 the only trees that will requir~ Ur' Gr¥ftc£s by Gus Radom "Thtn• arc tides in the affairs of humankind and we are at a low ebb." Preclsely at the moment requiring the Krcalcst leadership we have the least. This region, Asheville in particular, ls going through dramatic change: change that will touch our lives dircct ly and daily, whether or not we choose to be involved. Thg city of Ashevi11P fAcPs ~er ious problems. "Asheville," according to former city manager, Ken Michalovc, "is literally rotting away . " The infrastructure that supports our urban way of life is rapidly falling apart. But the deterioration that I wish to address is on the surface of the land. As our natural environmenl L•rodes, so does the quality of our lives . Cotn111ercial development is rapidly transforming the landscape and lhus the character of our city. The standard approach has been :o cut down all the trees, level the site, and pave everything . Once the process begins it snowballs . The development tragedies on Merriman Avenue have diminished the value of every home in North Asheville. Trees buffer our neighborhoods from the harshness of the street and the collllllercial districts. When they are gone we lose a part of our heritage. Our sense of place, our peace, and our solitude are diminished. Our homes constitute the largest investment most of us will ever make. We spend our entire adult lives paying for that investment. That purchase provides us shelter and offers us community . Collectively, our homes create our neighborhoods,our major place in the world . Our neighborhoods, under normal circumstances, pass from one generation to the next providing the same healthy environment year after year. Asheville has long provided all the South with a wonderful retreat. But how long, at the present rate, will there be a cool, green Asheville? We have oo coaprehensive plan of development. We have no blueprint to guide us. We are stumbling expensively into the future. A few private citizens, including myself. observing the damage snd seeing no established leadership addressing the issue of tree destruclion, have been trying to turn this around. KATCAH - page 15 research (gathering tree ordinances and advice from all over the South) we produced a tree ordinance unique to our situation. We consulted two members of the city council, seeking their support and advice. They suggested that we first gain the endorsement of the Tree Conunission and allow the commission to present the ordinance to council. We did this . For months we pressed the Tree Commission for their support of an ordinance t~at they should have initiated years ago. Thanks to the self-serving leadership of several members of the commission this ordinance was weakened by numerous amendments and delayed for more than nine months. The ordinance finally passed the Tree Commission , but the leadership of the commission has done nothing to promote this o rdinance before city council. The proposed tree ordinance is by no means assured to pass City Council. It is controversial and will cost the City some money to enforce . It will pass only if the members of the Council believe it has strong support from a majority of the people in the city. The proposed Asheville Tree Ordinance is designed to prevent the indiscriminate pruning and removal of trees in the City , but without denying the reasonable use and economic benefit of real property.Although the emphasis in this Ordinance is on protection, the authors intend this to be only a first step in a comprehensive program to preserve , maintain and replenish Asheville's green environment. The Ordinance has five essential components: ~~ ARBORIST First, it calls for the hiring of a CITY ARBORIST: a tree specialist who will help the city make informed decisions when tree removal is requested, and to help formulate policies to properly care for the City ' s own trees. Most importantly, the CITY ARBORIST will design an educational program to make the general public aware of the value of our own trees and to give technical information on how to care for them. PERMIT FOR REMOVAL -- -Seconcf,--c-heOrdinance requires any person who intends to remove any tree over 12 inches in diameter to obtain a permit from the City. The only exception to this requirement is trees within the setback lines of property zoned residential. ln other words, for property zoned R-1 thru a permit to be removed will be thost· within a certain margin around the perimeter of each lot . If a developer or landowner lntends to remove a t ree during the development of any land in the City. a lree removal permit will be required along with other building permits, and the City will have the power to rescind all the permits if the provisions of the Tree Protection Ordinance are not followed. The Ordinance also includes guidelines for the protection of existing trees during construction. A lree removal permit will be granted in any case where the applicant can demonstrate a good reason for removing the tree. Specifically , a permit will be granted if the tree is dead, diseased, or otherwise dangerous or obstructive, or if removal of the tree is necessary for the proper development of the property, or for the benefit and health of other trees.In some cases permits will be granted on the condition that new trees are planted on the property. Special provisions have been made ~n the Ordinance to regulate, but not impede, the pruning and cutting done by the public utility companies in the course of maintaining utility lines. Other special provisions have been made for emergencies such as severe storms,and for the appeal of permit denials. PRUNING AND TOPPING A third section of the ordinance requires that any pruning of trees be done according to standards set by the Tree Commission. Although no permit will be required for pruning, excessive pruning that cause the death of any tree will be treated as if the trees were cut down without a permit. The purpose of these provisions is to stop the unsightly mutilation of mature hardwoods in the name of •topping~ PENALTIES ~-Tht?°penalties section of the Ordinance makes both the lsndowner and the person who actually does the cutting subject to the penalties. The criminal penalties that may be imposed are $50. per tree, or 30 days in jail. Civil penalties can be up to $10,000 . PLANTING ON CITY PROPERTY -- Finally , the Ordinance encourages any citizens of Asheville to plant trees on City property in accurdanc .. with the City Tree Plan adopted by the Tree Commission. cont'd on p.21 ·• ~~~ ~ - " Fsll~l985 �t .• A Fall 1985 • t~ �Fall 1985 .... ~. - �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WEAM,OIOUTDWD.UM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Hello Ka tuah ! Just got done reading Gary Snyder's interview in The Mother Earth News and will use that reinspiration to write. Bioregionalism does nothing but make sense to me and I have discussed it with lots of folks since my introduction to it through ex-Co-Evolution Quarterly. I am drawn to the idea for ecological(moral) and political(decentralization) reasons. I do not consider myself a pessimist, yet I cannot see the institution of such "radical" politics in my lifetime. Still, given my personal reality and witnessing a growth of spiritual awakening in .. this country, it is time to promote sanity and cOllDDunity . The establishment of bioregionalism would be, to me, nothing short of mass enlightenment, the birth of human beings • .. •• We are capable as a species. May we rise to our potential through creative insight and courage. Please send me any and all necessary info to better educate me so I may pass the truth along to others. I'll thank you in advance for your kindness and help and your loving work for the earth and its creatures. · One woman, trying to walk in balance- Cotton Willis, Va. "one does not give over to alternative realities without summon ing up forces of nature and mind which urban-industrialism was designed to exclude, never to contain" Theodore Roszak Where The Wasteland Ends Dear Katuah, I ' m writing to request that you publish a correction to an article published in the Spring 1985 loouc of KotWih. The article was on Socially Responsible '"ii\veBting (page 15). The problem is simply that you screwed up our address in the "Resources" sect.ion. The address given is "28 Montpelier, VT.05602" . The correct address is: 28 Main St . ; Montpelier, VT 05602. While I have your attention, I just want to let you know that I think your publication is absolutely first-rate; it' s the strongest, most coherent publication I've seen yet from the bioregional oovement. Thanks for your help and support. Sincerely, Larry Lewack Marketing Director GOOD MONEY :<ATf. - page 18 .\H Dear Friends, I'm writing to express my feelings of how meaningful I think your paper is for the times we face today. I think Kat6ah represents an emerging awareness and networking of peoplP with many basic concerns. beliefs and philosophies.I think that i• is part of the global consciousness that is striving for peace, equality between peoples and nations, and an expression of feelings of love for the Mother Earth. ~et me tell you briefly of our goals and current function here at Northwoods Center for Natural Health. One is to network out info=mation to people in every way that we can . We do this through newsletters, talks, newspaper articles, etc. A second ts to begin a Center for networking with individuals that can help teach a selfsustaining way of life and a respect for the earth. With that we want to instill a greater degree of planetary consciousness in people by bringing them in contact with guest lecturers. Thirdly , we will have health retreat weeks for those interested in regaining health in a European rejuvenation setting. And fourth, we provide personalized health programs and back and neck pain therapy for any individual coming to our Center in Brevard. With Warmth and Light, Or. Frank Trombetta, O.Sc. Ro list ic Health 304 Water Oak Suites Brevard NC 28712 Hi Good People, The SU11DDer issue is great but the second part of Lowell Hayes' painting is upside down. The reservoir flooded up the valley covering the homestead as It rose. Touching gently our Mother Earth, Karl Yost Willis, Va. KatU'ah, On my 10th birthday, spent here in these mountains, I announced to my family that one day this would be my home. I knew even then that these maternal nurturing hills would cradle me and I would live a life close to the earth. Nowfinally-1 am home! No other place ever felt like home-only these mountains. So if this is my home, where are my roots, my past knowledge of gener. ations. my life cord? Katuah is just that ... connecting me with relatives living and those who have gone on before me. It is my anchoring roots-so that I may concentrate on producing nurturing fruits. Suaan Claese ~ �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WlAlllfOllUTOW'IU.EMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS 1 sit beneath the towering white oak, I feel the coolness of it's breath on this hot SU11111er day. I lay my palms upon the base of it's trunk and feel it's life blood courslng beneath the bark. Earth-breath stirs the leaves gently and I am reminded that where there is breath, there is spirit I remember the breathing of the oak and try to make my breath juat as silent. Leaning against the oak, I place my hands 'and bare feet against the bare soil; illlagining them to be roots, 1 push them into the soil and draw the Earth Hother's healing and growing power into myself The oak's abundant fruit has fed me, and now it's strong spirit nourishes me. I feel it's plentiful power flooding me with strength, vigor, and endurance I open my eyes, give my thanks to the white oak and realize that when I need these things, the oak will be there for me. 1 will protect and preserve it as long as I shall live, and I will pass the task on to my children, who inherit the stewardship of this land. With my newfound strength, I run up to the ridge and down to my valley home. FRIEND TO HUMANS The oaks have been known as sustainers and healers for centuries . A variety of species of oak (spp. quercus ) are indigenous to Turtle Island (N. America) and their gifts have been well known to many native tribes. I have been told that the old-time Cherokee runners earring messages between the different clans travelled only with extra mocassins and a pouch of acorn and corn Meal on their belts. The runners would keep a pinch in their mouth as they ran for an hour or so, then swallow and take another. This sustained the runners as they covered up to 100 miles in a loping, 20 hour trot through the rich woodlands of Katuah. All acorns are edible and all contain bitter tannin in varying amounts 'Ille oaks are divided into two groups by botanists: the white oaks, whose leaves have rounded lobes, with sweeter acorns and more tannin in the bark; and the red oaks, whose leaves have pointed lobes, with bitter acorns and less tannin in the bark. ~~st desirable for food are the chestnut oak (quercus prinus) acorns. The nut meats are the largest I know, so less time is spent shelling and they are very owcct The whicc ook (quercus alba) is so sweet that a light roasting will render them edible, with a bitterness comparable to that of coffee. Gather the acorns as soon as possible after they fall, as most become infested with weevils within a week. Green acorns are fine. The bitterness is removed by a leaching process. First, grind the shelled acorns in a flour mill into course acorn grits. The moist acorns will not pass through if the mill is set too fine. Put the grits in a cotton On Tall Trees O mighty oak Long in silence I look on you And draw power and renewal from your aura. Often I wonder of your making, Gnarled in places, How slowly, slowly do you grow, How long how many years in the making! Controller of climate and rainfall Protector of top soil, protector of the earth, Inspiring of strength Favorite of ancients of Druids, of religious groups. How mighty in sinew, Inspiring in strength! 0 to stop the crime Of wasting you! What mystery radiances breathe you in and breathe you out? You are of the tall trees, The friend of owls, You are old .•. so old! You are the acorn, You are the oak! © W. Walters oock, tic it closed and place in cold running water; a creek or in the sick under a slow, steady stream. White oak acorns will leach in 4-8 hours; some red oaks take as long as 14-16 hours. Just taste the grits to see if all the astringency has been removed. Then spread the grits in a thin layer on a flat surface (a stone heated by the sun or fire, or on a cookie sheet in a 200 degree oven) and dry thoroughly. Grind the brown grits into a fine flour. You now have a food that is approximately 6.5% protein, 68% carbohydrate , .1% fat and for each 100 grams, you get 12 mg calci11111, 314 mg phosphorous, 2 mg iron, .02 mg thiamine, .40 mg riboflavin and .5 mg niacin - not to mention all your body will tell you about its food value. ASH CAKES Traditionally, acorn flour and corn meal are mixed with water and a small amount of sifted oak wood ash (which makes the protein more accessible to our bodies) to make a stiff batter After your oak and hickory wood fire has burned for 1 hour, remove wood and coals, dig a large, bread loaf sized pit in the hearth and line it with red hot coals and ashes. Pour the batter onto the coals then place more ash on top, then more coals, then build the fire back up on top. After one half to one hour (depending on the size of your ash cake) I take out the bread. The blackened outer crust has formed an "oven" for the sweet, moist bread inside. Thia is a very sustaining food with a complete, balanced protein content. When you're in the kitchen, try this recipe for the most delicious corn bread you've ever had: I I cornmeal le l/2c acorn flour I/Jc soy flour l/4c w/wheat flour 2tsp salt l egg l}i;c milk 3tbsp honey Jtbsp oil optional: le chopped black walnuts le toasted sunflower seed mix all dry ingredients , add liquids and beat until smooth. Pour into muffin tins or cake pan and bake for 20-30 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean . Medicinally oak bark is a powerful astringent - antiseptic with several applications A decoction made (cont'd. p. 24) 198S �ed together to form a starry patchwork quilt of colldctive being . Feminine power is once more on the ascendant; the summer lion of personal will d:lssolves in the glory o f transcendent love ••• " " Feminine power is activated in the fall as vital energy descends to the roots of our beings . It is through the feminine aspect in human nature that the purifying fire of M ichael can rightfully be wielded. Justice, a feminine fi gure, watches over and weighs the spiritual harvest ••• " "In the first half of autwun, we gather in the harvest and clear away the 'chaff ' . In the second half, we integrate the spiritual fruits of the past year cycle. The 'sword of trut h' and the scale are symbolic of the first psychic process, which is inspired and facilitated by the observance of Michaelmas, the Great New Moon C ere1110ny, Yom Kippur, and Hallowmas. The mysticas al union of spiritual fruits is symbolized by the Jewish suka (four-sided hut), the Native American medicine wheel and World Tree with four roots, the Chr istian Ad ven t wreath , and the Chanukah dr e i dl .. . " Fil.Om the I n-tltodu.c,Uo n to .the Calendalt : "This calendar j ournal is intended to demonstra te t hat the celebrations of all racial and r eligious cultures represent complementary aspects of one gr eat world cult ure and are r eflected in the diverse psychic elements that m ake up each individual . Holy days and all notable historic events can be viewed in the context of the annual cycle as phases of individual and collective development. According to an old Dakota song ' t he year is a circle around the world '. The myths of all cultures can be meaningfully pr ojected on the mandala of the annual rhythm. " "Fall is the time to reap the psvchic as well aa physical fruits of th.a groving season. Each of us is a ray which goes forth 1o spring t o embr ace a particular aspact of crdation and r•turns i n fall with a ~rsonal harves t to share wit h our COlmllWlity. Individual •xpcriancea are now joinK.\TCAH - page 20 "Fall is the season of complet ion, of 1110ving toward mystic wholeness when diverse states of consciousness may be brought into h8rlll0ny. In the Gnostic view, Christ is the soul of the Earth (the incarnate solar principle). The soul of the world, the center of the circle cross of the Earth symbol, can be approached only by man.Heating within ourselves the essential nature of every religion and cult ure. The most important message of the fall is that all faiths are essentially bas.sd on one great body of truth of which each world religion and culture is an integral part. The medicine wheel is a primary Native American symbol which defines the four parts of the human psyche, provtd.ss a path to the integration of these psychic elemenes and indicates how the individual may best be integrated into the tribal community. A person first experiences each of the four directions before balancing i n the center o f the circle cross. Then all four states of being come alive at the same time and the medicine wheel begins to turn. The medicine wheel of Native Amer- ica and the Great Pyramid both symbolize the procciss of psychic transformation through which the formative elements of human nature are aligned and integrated by the fifth principle (the quJ.ntessence}, spiritual awareness. This transformative process is also the purpose of the Cherokee "s quard ground" which is used for ceremonial dance in this season. It is the basis for celebrating the four we4*. Advent period which culminates in the ligh ting of a f ifth candle in a "medicine wheel" circle of greenery . Fall is the season to create a new state of being, a more inclusive form of consciousness, aud it is the time to consciously let go of the old form, to ring in the new year. Creative meditation and rational fasting have a place in this process and so do singing, chanting , and dancing . Let's recall the words of Lame D e1:1r: 'Dancing and praying-it's the same thing', when w1:1 celebrate Advent and include a little enlightened Saturnalia, for its purpose is to break up psychic patterns from the old year, to help us open our hearts to the ligh t of a new star ••• " (f '1e~v ts~ c1vc- le~v-oV1noL the wov\d~ the "The New Moon of Libra , the first following the Fall Equinox , marks the spiritual New Year in the New World Cycle of Celebrations ... . This is the time of the Great New M oon Ceremony, the New Year celebration commemorating the world ' s creation in Cherokee and Iroquois tradition . Immersion in a pure body of w ater at sunrise followed by crystal ga zing co perceive the future year is a traditional aspect of the ceremony." Advance o r ders for The 1986 " New W l d Cycle of Celebrations Calenor dar Journal" a r e now being ta ken . Send $8. 00 to : New Wo r l d Celebra tions P . O. Box 6054 Charlot te, N 2820 7 ~ C !!". • --FaH l91f5 �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEAMFOFIUTOWlii.ERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11111!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review M)UNTAINEERS AND RANGERS: A HISTORY OF FEDERAL FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS 1900-81 Shelley Smith Mastran and Nan Lowerre (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402) $7.00 The federal government, particularly in the form of the U. S. Forest Service, has been a strong force in the development of the current were mounted knights carrying the conservation message into the wilds. Now, since the political tide has turned, a new chapter in the history of federal involvement in Kat6ah is being wcitten. The DOE is threatening to dump nuclear waste on the mountains. The Forest Service is meeting considerable popular opposition for undertaking large-scale clear-cutting operations, and has been implicated in offering the lumber interests large hand-outs in the form of below-cost timber sales. But that is to be read in the future. At present, MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS offers an illuminating look at one of the powers that helped to shape today . VRDAN Tl\EES (continued from p.15) Recently at a conference on Buncombe County ln the 21st Century, Ian McHarg, noted author and landscape architect , emphasized the importance of incorporating the natural environment into the design of our cities. Approximately 76% of Americans live in or near urban areas. This figure will rise. As we purchase smaller homes on less or no land, we instinctively turn to our urban forests for that occasional respite, for the reflection and solace we sometimes desperately need in our often crowded and hectic lives . Imagine New York City without Central Park. Urban forests offer city folks a wide variety of delights and benefits. In spite of unrelenting pressures for urbanization, 30% of the surface area of an average U.S. city is covered with trees. This is a larger portion of forest cover than is found in the typical countryside. The proposed city arborist in the Ordinance would facilitate the crucially importa:it integration of sound urban forest planning and management with commercial and residential development. In conclusion, as private citizens we have a responsibility to act when there is no action. If we fail to do so, we become the victims. Your help in the passage of the tree ordinance is critical. We need your influence, your letters, your phone calls . This is but a first step. We can turn this thing around. ~ economic and cultural realities of the Katclah province. Under contract to the U.S . Forest Service, researchers Shelley Smith Mastran and Nan Lowerre have docu~ented the federal *** presence and the changes it has "In the early days, only the largest brought to Southern Appalachian forestry and forest lands in the and highest quality trees were cut: course of the 20th century . cherry, ash, walnut, oak, and yellowUnlike many goverument public(tulip) poplar, often as large as 25 ations, MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS feet in circumference. Although it is not a monotonous litany of is difficult to imagine today, trees alphabet agencies or a selfwere felled that were larger in diajustifying array of statistics meter than an average man stands. Some designed to def end an agency portable sawmills were brought into budget. Rather, the authors have the mountains in the earlier years, produced a book that is interesting but logs from these enormous trees and readable because they have were usually transported to a'mill, given attention to the existing some miles distant, by horse, oxen, forestry practices and cultural or water . Typically, log splash dams patterns in the area and, for better were built on the shallow mountain or wors~, the profound effect the streams so that many logs could be federal agencies have had on land moved at one time. Logs were rolled use and the mountain way of life. into the lakes formed behind the dams, UndLCStandably, they linger in and with a buildup from rain or the golden days of forestry in the· melting snow, the.dams were opened to Appalachians: the days of Teddy let the logs cascade down the mountains. Roosevelt, Carl Schenck, and Prom wider places on the river, Gifford Pinchot, when the Forest Gi.1.6 Hado11.n, a ~i.den;t; 06 At.hetrees - as many as 40 to 120 at a Service was young and "the district ville, NC, htU> be.e.n a p!Llnci.pal. i.ntime - were lashed together to form -ltla;to11. ht de.ve.i.op.ing a comp11.ehe.nranger • •• was the backbone of forest rafts, which were piloted downriv~;~~ administration . " Forest rangers 1>i.ve Vi.ee. oJr.di.nanc.e. 601t hi.6 ~. to the mills." ,P"' at that time were crusaders - messengers bearing tidings of the young science of forestry, of conservation and enlightened land use to the mountain people. The days of the CCC, when thousands of people were gainfully employed at useful conservation work during the depression years is also emphasized, but the book does not neglect discussions of the social impact of the Forest Service's land acquisition policies, the economic effects of the federal government as landowner, and the controversy surrounding the RARE II proposals of the early 1980's . The federal government has figured so prominently in the history of Katuah since the turn of the century, that MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS offers a good overview of the history of the province and its forests during this period . The book is extensively annotated, and the bibliography alone is an excellent guide to readings on Southern Appalachia during this period. There is a certain admiration and nostalgia for the days when issues were simpler, before Forest Service "Aw, sheee-iit" ethics became entangled in the economics of the international timber market , and when the rangers Fall 1985 OS sgaq - Hf.~1/J. �The publications listed below are available from Appalachian Regional Office, l.T.C.I.U.S.A,, lnc., Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Prices l isted include postage and handling within the U.S. PROPAGATION METHODS AND SOURCES FOR UNCOMMON PERENNIAL FOOD PLANTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW IN TABULAR FORM Cregory Williams, 1983 (slightly vised 1984), 49 pp., $6.00. ;e- by Brian Caldwell We are trying an intercropping system that might be of utility on other farns. On an 80 ft. by 90 ft. test plot, we have planted raspberries in rows 15 feet apart (about twice the usual spacing). In the rows with the berry canes, we set young Chinese chestnut trees every 15 feet. The chestnut trees are mulched, weeded and fertilized along with the berries, which are allowed to grow close beside the trees. Beds of vegetables about 5 feet wide run between the raspberry-chestnut rows. This system is an attempt to care for a succession of crops with the least effort, while making good use of space. We suspect that the raspberries. grown without the use of pesticides, have fewer problems with fungal diseases due to the improved air circulation of wide rows. It seems reasonable to use the extra space for vegetables. Because rasp-· berry plantings typically last only about 5-7 years because of virus problems, the chestnuts provide a crop co "take over" after the berries.The young trees require special care (particularly weed control) for about 3 years after planting, yet bearing begins on l y after about 5 years or more.It does not make much sense to invest the special care and space exclusively for the non-bearing trees so we put them right in the berry rows! They will not seriously compete with the berries until the berries are on the way out. The berry mulching and fertilizing are ideal fo r the trees, and competition from the berries does not appear siRnificant. Note that, with the use of mulch, it is important to protect the tree trunks from rodents with some sort of guards. Eventually. we will have a ~rove of chestnut trees on a 15 feet by 15 feet spacing. This is too close for mature t rel'!1. llowever. t hcse a re seedlin~ trees, not ~rafts. and it is likely that somt• will be poorer bearPrs than others.After about JS vears, they will b~ thinned out, leaving onlv the best. The aTea formerlv occ~ :'-\;'~'AH - ?ag~ ll upied by raspberries and vegetables will be sheep pasture. And the chestnut yield in the early years will have been much improved over the yield for trees originally planted on a recommended spacing of 30 feet by 30 feet. This system is appropriate for many kinds of trees . Strawberries could substitute for the vegetables, but blueberries, gooseberries, asparagus, and rhubarb all last so long that their total production as "raspberry substitutes" would be seriously reduced by the trees. Areas used for this system should be free from perennial weeds. fn our plot, we have had problems only with the tarnished plant bug and, at first, too low fertility for high raspberry yields. An organic fertilizer (about 20 pounds of N per acre) placed beneath the mulch the last two springs resulted in much better growth of the fruiting canes. The berries also benefit from vegetable fertilization . Reprinted from Agroforestry Review. Back issues available from: - - International Tree Crops Institute, Appalachian Regional Office USA Route 1, Gravel Switch, Ky. 40328 ------ r-e.so-~ i.is~ : tyu U"op~ - - ~KS ABOUT TREE CROPS: TREE CROPS: A PERMANENT AGRICULTURE, J. Russell Smith, Devin-Adair, New York, 1953. Founding work for the tree crops "movement"; somewhat dated, but worth reading to get excited about the idea of a tree-based agriculture. TREES FOR THE YARD, ORCHARD, AND '"'OODLOT. Roger Yepsen, Jr. , editor, Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania. 1976. Introductory chapters on landscaping. orcharding, nut trees. propagation, pest control, useful wild species. maple sugaring. and woodlot management. NlIT TREE CULTURE IN NORTH AMERTCA, Richard Jaynes, editor, NNGA, Hamden, Connecticut, 1979. Very thorough and authoritativt• reference--" the bib le"! ACRISILVICULTURE FOR APPALACHIA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, Gregory Williams, 1979, 9 pp .• $2.00. AGRlSILVICULTURE: A NECESSARY RENAISSANCE, Gregory Williams, 1979, 4 pp., $1.00. TREE CROPS FOR SMALL FARMS IN APPALACHIA: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH, Flip Bell. John Pohlman, Gregory Williams, 1977, 24 pp . , $4.00. ENERGY-CONSERVING PERENNIAL AGRICULTURE FOR MARGINAL LAND IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIA: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Gregory Williams, 1982, 52 pp. , $8~00 HORTIDEAS, Published monthly, Subscriptions $10.00/yr. (U.S.) SOME SOURCES OF HARD-TO-OBTAIN SEEDS AND PLANTS FOR TREE CROPPING CHESTNUT HILL NURSERY,Rt. 3, Box 477, Alachua, Fl. 32615. Hybrid AmericanOriental chestnuts. Price list free. DOUGLAS, Earl, Red Creek, NY 13143. Hybrid American-O r iental chestnuts. Send SASE for price list . HIDDEN SPRINGS NURSERY, Route 14, BOX 159, Cookeville, TN . 38501 . Seedling and grafted fruit and nut trees, including honeylocust. Price list free. ITCIUSA APPALACHIAN REGIONAL OFFICE, Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Seeds and graf t wood of select honeylocust, black locust, and American persimmon. Price list free. JOHNSON ORCHARD & NURSERY , Route 5, 60x 325, E1ijay, GA 30540 . Mltoy peach and nectarine cultivars, also graft~d apples. Catalog, $1. LAWSON ' S NURSERY, Route I, Box 294, Ball Ground, GA 30107. Many apple and pear cultivars. Catalog free. ~ Special thanks to Greg Williams of LT .c.r.u.s.A. Ea-11 19a5 �....................................llllllll........... Wl4MIOOIOTOWILWIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. "T<•c '""'Y of our forebt .. rs and lut'.U<·•ncri ti uk u tern•s of o fl'" Cf'le,·t<!d "l*C'1es--whot tl.cy eel l ' iorf!ft trt'd Sl>t-ClE:s '--so that IJy el in in<>t ion ol l other tr<-es oecor ••e 1 'A t!(•d V.pt!tie!i .. The 1 'Afl'l•O Sf>eClt-C' ron•<-~t ~act•lct th•t • •orcsttr sl.ou le CJl'l r io of any t t ee Veil i eties bul thl' few thc>t are currently ld.<Jh on th<> 11... ikPl. Tl.is rnov.-s low.;1d ,, 110110C\.ll ur ,. prnct ice . l·•onocul tu re y1·owiny ovi:rtaxe& the soil, exposes tlie crop lrees Lo dun9er fron insec ts, disease, er fire, •rad pUtb the landow11cr at the n·l'rcy of • consta ntly fluctuat inc; lll<O ):et.. "Tl 1t: t. t t::..~ Ven i ~Lieb kuowu lW~y db 'wef'd s 1>C'cies ' .. re ~.ir>l'lY trcei. thdt we do not know how to use. Ev1:r~ Sl'(•ci<•s of tr<>e has j ts own pot..,11tial. As an exd~plE: the dogwood tree i s not tighly desira~le today, but 20 ye&rs ago do9woud wat• one of the mo11t valuabl~ wood~ in the forest. It was used to no~k.e textile shuttles, because the wooo would wear slllO(>th and would not pick the threads. Ever~· small town had a dogwood mill wh~-~ voltt'r &a,.s cul d09wood blocks irto squdre lo be roade :uoto i.huttles. Because textile blin ttlei; are now nade of COlll[>rt-sbed wood or ~yr•tl1E:llc l'ldterials, do<;wood h ..1< no n.iket today . But tl1a1 doc-s not ~"' tht: ..OO<; is cseless. rt su I l lb on( cf t hi! l:'est woods growir.<J. we s1rnr•lr llO:t'cl :o fir•c where it C"11n Ii<· l: Pt t used. "1'h<•H .:n~ othe r woods in birrdlar C' l r t·1Jn1! t nnc<'s. M 1..ll.t1r ry j s " .. pl vr•t J d woc1d ll•r i11lryi; . Sassafra .. wooo bot bf'iJUI If l: I l ones tJ11d ... ) J I yi V<· C1f j i Is 1 l• a1.i1 <J odor for 50 Yl"<•I>. Silv~·th<•ll ii; io 1•lai11 wood, but 1 t firii::l.1·~ "ell "r1u car1 l l• la.&ec.! 1 r t\Jt ri1 r y wood ; r oductt!. l'lM'I, t.Jl..n l l i " white wood . •r Uti(d 10 te ~01.11>0 .r 11,,. lntcl11•r t Joor <•f o;v«r~ nt>u1:tdit1 r.•! lt , t..< rul•s• INhl·n 1 t h•s sc.-nhbec "ith ""' <·r, ll t1.rni'c1 ,, lt11lli<11~t wJ·ite, c.lr•<bt J.ke . .. 111•• ~ lN> le1.111· !"locu . Fae-ti k a.c! c·~ \ Ood !w. l l ' (•WI ' C"hi•tdL t t-d!ol iCS . I Jtt.l J~Vl <i~'\'• ti • jCioc;! sr:ioll ~Ut'ilP!·t ('C'l\.d\.O lll· lUJ<'<> growing Sl't·c·icl wo,•dt- fM (to next page) KATUAP. - page 23 l8ll 1 ill. SIVILCULTURE SIMPLIFIED There are two major silviculture practices, even-aged and uneven-aged. Ir even-aged silviculturt a for~st is cut complet.ely to the bt1re ground and a r.ew forest is started with seedlings or sprouts from cul trees . An unevenaged forest contains trees of all age and size classes a11d n• be of one or ay 111any sJ,Jecit-s, as ir. the case with hardwoods . It is harvested perioeically by cutting a portion of the trees, usually the n~ture trees or trees of poorer quality. Even-aged s1l1;iculture is more coll1Itl0n with tie pinet-, firs, spruce, and other coniferous tr<·es, although it has been practiced i r. recent years on harc!woods. Even-aged silviculture can be accornplished by clearcut.Ling the forest in blocks or in strips , the latter bEing known ab the shelterwood system . The size of the cuttings varies from entire mountainsides to sruall blocks of 20 to 40 acres, or strips a few hundred feet wide that run ir. parallel bands or wind with the contour on steeper land. After clearcutlin9, a ne .. for1:st must be established. Nature will generally do this by seedlings or seeds left on the forest floor or from sprouts growing Croni cut stems. Humans can change this by planting sceolings of the tree species thal lhey desire. After a few yl'ars, the clearcut area grows up thickly with thousands of seeolings and sprouts and usually needs a cleanir.g to release the desired trees. This is usually done mechanically with tools, but can be done .. ith hArbicides th<at poi&on the unwanted sten.s. Fire can only be used after the trees gro..· larger, and some speci E.'s can wHhstand heat that will kill others. After 20 to 40 years a thinning cut lb made to harvest some pulpwood-sized trees while leaving the Detter trees for the final crop. The final crop of trees is harvested when rnat ure, usu.;lly 60 LO 80 years, and tt,en the cycle is repedted. Unever.-ac;ec! silviculturE: maintains a gra..ing forest o f all ages and size classes at all tines . Jt is much CJOre ~ifficl.ilt to practice and necessitates p1cfessic.nal i;k1lls t hat require a ful. 1rno.. Jedg<' of trc•t species , soils, ,,nd tt>eir intt-rrf\lationbhl.f•S. It also i-«qvire!- t he kno.. ledge to grade tree •1u.,) lly .>ml o htl J undcrstondi ny o! tla• fut tlCI' lire.ducts . al'l'l ic:.ltion o~ thu Silvi- noarkE·t~· Tl e cultural r.iethod is by ha rvesting , preferably for sale, bu~ sornt.ti1u~s as a non-commercial operatior. to improve a forest 1otand. Harvesting can be by the single tree selection method or by 9roup selection. The latter is more practical and often rl turns the highest product dividends . Jn sin9le tree selection, the !ore1oter marks individual trees that are mature, or trees of lower quolity thot ahould be removec for the im vr~ved growth of better quality trees. Removing these trees must be done very carefully to avoid damaging the trees to be left for future harvests . In group selection, an attempt is 111ade to harvest several trees fairly close together to open up a sizeable area , letting sunlight enter to give young trees a start . The area size depends on the nature of the timber , topography , and other facton,, and usually is not over an acre in size. Group selection makes harvestin9 easier. Thinning is a form of selective cutting and is applied when forest~ become too thick and tree growth slows down. "Thinning from above" means taking out the more mature trees and releasing the smaller ones . "Thinning from below" is taking out trees that have been suppressed or are of poor form and giving the larger and better quality trees less competition so they can maintain a high growth rate while adding on high quality wood . Selective cutting can be a coinbina tion of several of the above methods, the main purpose being to maintain a growing , viable forest of many species (especially in bardwoods), many age classes, and several size classes. Cutting cycles are usually 10 to lS years apart . In selective cutting , there is an opportunity to favor wildlife by leaving a certain number of den trees, dnd trees producing hard mast, like hickory and oak, even though their product value may be questionable. There is also an opportunity to favor aesthetics and recreational pursuits when selective cutting by JUciciously leaving unusual trees L~cause of size , species, or rarity . --Walton P. Smith �WALOEE FOREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ AMFOllESTDWBURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cont . from page 23 Walton looked up at the young poplars as if to check their yrowth and then turned awa~. "We recently had a little tornado in here," he said as we wound our way along the trail again, "and it blew down six white pine . l wasn't aol~ to get to them before, but we recently built a road in here, and now J can recover them. "A road is the first thing that a landowner needs to think about if he or she is considering forest management . There has to be access , no matter what kind of management practice one is going to undertake. Roadbuilding has got to be done right . Building the roads is wha t causes most of the erosion damage and tree damage associated with logging operations . "I can now get to over 80\ of this 150 acres for thinning and harvesting operations . This has cost me $4,000 over a period of 16 years . These are not gr aveled roads; they are woods roads with grassy banks . They have culverts and are not eroding . AlJ J have to do is go over them twice a year with a bush- hog mower . J don ' t think that represents unreasonable expense or maintenance . "Clearcutting on a larye scale requires a road built on 6 inches of rock and gravel to get in a cable rig and a tractor-t r ailer to haul the timber . That's why it cost the Forest Service one-half million dollars to put in a six mile road on the mountain above us . I couldn't get a tractorACORN ••• cont'd 61tOm p . 19 by steeping l oz. of the inner bark powder in l pint of water (dosage l ~sp. four times a day) is effective for diarrhea and dysentery . It can be used as a gargle for sore throat, or as an external wash for cuts and wounds and poison ivy, Jethro Kloss (Back To Eden) reports that the unleachc'd""acorn powder resist the venom of poisonous snakes and spiders. The decoction is also a good ingredient in ene.mas for colonic cleansing . In using t he food and medicine of the oak, let us always remember our trees with gifts - gifts of thanks trailer ng ir. on this roac!, but lhe <lifference is thcrt 1 log ,.jt h a ch., in saw and a wir.ch on I lie front. E111<l o!' /1 jeep. A Sl!lal l ldnclowner is workiny on an entirely different scale." As we continued our walk, Walto11 said, "We ' re goir.g by another s.Lc1nu of young fraser fir 1 'rr 9ro1dn9 for Christmas trees . I try lo h<tv., lt•..,Sf' areas clean·cl by h<1nd rather tl1<rn spraying then. witl• poisonous sprays . Jf I went simply by economics, it would pay to buy the chemicals ancl spray poison to keep the sptct.>ts d(,wn, but there ' s too niuch gooci Wdter up here to do 1.hcrt . I'd rathE:r spf:nd a tittle extra time ond effort a11a avoic the poisons . "l know of farms that have been passed down in the same family for generations . I ' d li~e to see forests treated like that as well. It takes SO and prayer for the spirit, the Creator behind the spirit and the knowlege to use these things wisely, gifts of cedar, sage or tobacco to nourish the body and spirit of the tree that nourishes us . In doing so, we may become like the oaks , the standing people, with our feet firmly planted in the Ear tr. Mother, our trunks strong and flexible in the fiercest of winds, our branches reaching for the heavens, accepting the light and warmth of the sun, turning it into food and medicin~ that our people may live . y~ars to g~I. ever) t loir g "'orlur y t l<;hl. We ' re jusl now <J"'ttin~ tlin<J& lO "'<a·k .r.Hjht bete . " Thundttt rut l• l fd i r. ti<· wi;st. Wal tor. qi.i cker1E'd tis E ...c< .. s 11E' ,. tc1 rl Eid up tie f i na J grc.ue towards the hOUSE'. "} f<ttt} thf-t(''li CJnt tlt~J ,y Wl' t'nVe to offer," le SblO tloughtfully. "\\e've wotkea 011 ll1J.!O vlace for 47 yc•s1·s now, anC: l ti ink we h .. ve dev ... lopi=C: a n•ociel tv show sornt principles lhat coUd be cc1rried out on a lary~t sc~le. "Quite .. (e-. ~ tudents <:<Jr.•e h•·re . l 91"e th .. r. tl1i~ sa~1e tour, and tl1ey ,;e• ti. is pl ii CE', ul\C: N1ny Of then Jl?dVC' with the &onoe c;,ut fecd1n9 that "" l.cive; that there ' s a .b~tttr way to 1.-.rnage lhis App.. lachian tinberland. " Lat.er , as we &ot i" the l.ouse Wdtchir.y the rain 1.>C•Und tl•e wirdows out~ide, Walton said, "Jf son•l'Ollt- ii. driviny by oro tt.e h\!,hwdy , Jookir9 al the forest, it odght look dense , dark und scart-y--full o~ bears and :maker; . Th~ edqe of tht forest is like a walled barrier that turns away mur•y people who aren ' t fc101Jli1>r -.i1.h thtforest. "But once one bn•oks throuyh tl:f: edge anC: 9ets in .. mong the trr•es, one· can see the forest. Jt can't be &een from the out.Eide . Jt becomt>s "n entirely different place con•pated to loow it appenred from the ldyhw.,y . lt's a place of beauty . A good 1.>lace to be--a qood place to live. ~ Necorded by D. W. ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~• ~a~0 ~\IIL~I 'Na~r~ T-SHIRTS Each origina l design hand screened in 5 colors on the finest 100% pre- shrunk cotton rl short and long sleeve t· shirts. Short Sleeve '10 PP · (.S&P CiVF<)c', l'f, o., ~(I s14 ,..pc1. CNAlf9£ ,.,. J Ong slPeve indudes howlc feothers /beorpow~) long Sleeve Nome Address Blocli 8eor 0 Silver 0 Ton 0 Wh'te u::::=;;:;;::;~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Phone Mostercord Viso tt Red-foiled Howle 0 Ecru Q Silver CJ Ton ""'" ' •: AqeA...,., N101nl• Ex-p--d ,,,e -- - .,- . :-- 1 Shor1 Q long Q S·M· l ·Xl 1 ~?,~,!!~d W•r•.,.ill•. llC28lRS or write for brochure ·~ ·-~· ,, KATUAfl - page 24 MALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/CAFE BOOKS - CARDS - RECORDS 6 1 HAYwooO ST. ASHElllU.E. N C. 28801 704-2!14-S734 Fall 1985 . �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WlAMOOESTDWrUIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . I ' ' A CHILDREN'S PAGE Compiled by Karen Paquette KATUAH KIDS TALK ABOUT THEIR FAVORITE TREES l Erin, age 7: The Black Walnuts in my yard are mine I like to climb them. Once I climbed one and wouldn' t come down - I ate my dinner up there until the bugs bit me too badly. I felt safe up there it was like my mother. Shane, age 11: , I like the big poplars on Standing Indian and I would like to visit the Redwoods . They both have a lot of history behind them. Today some varieties of trees are dying out because of acid rain and bugs like weevils. Some people in the world are not fortunate to have trees , like in the African deserts and the Sudan region. We need to share our knowledge of tree culture as well as appreciate our own trees mor e and take care of them Drawing by Savannah Shinnah, age 7: I like the Weeping Willow tree because I like the way it leans over with its branches and I like the name it tells what this tree is like . It makes me feel good to look at it. It likes to grow near water so its roots can grow down into the ground and get water from the creek . It only cries in winter because it doesn ' t get much sun and it smiles in the summer time . In Haiti they ruined all the trees and it became a desert. Everyone in the world must learn to conserve trees and plant more like on t ree farms . Clearcutting is not right if we don ' t have trees we will have problems . Trees provide shelter for birds and animals and prevent erosion . Emily, age 3: I like trees because they are pretty . 1 also like apple trees because they have food on them. Apples have lots of vitamin C in thero, they make me happy. Jason, age 8: There used to be a lot of American Chestnuts but they got the Chestnut blight. I see them lying down in the woods and I miss them . We still have the Chinese Chestnuts though, only they are different Trees are good for people. They give us firewood , boards , paper and food . We ' ve got to save trees ~chuh ; KATCAH - Fall 1985 page :?5 ~- ~aaq - llhJ IAA �.. ----111!1--------~----.--- Wl-fOllQTDWW.OIS ____________________.. 11 '~~~~~~11rr~1~t 1.~;~~i111~11:1l\~1·~~~~~~:!~:;~~~:i:~1~ ~,~~~~~~~~~~;~~~ 1 I j·\\h•I lj I'l I which i..tJt.uck me a.& be-Uig the. co.Ue.ct.i..ve vo.lc.e 06 all. thohe. de.ad and dy.lng 6-iM j~ and pi.nu , i.1Wt-g11.e.y wUh an anc.ie.nt I mObb g11.owing 611.0m thW. bkel.e.ta.l 11.ema..i.n.6 I like. a be.a1t.d would g.11.0W 611.0m the. clun 06 a 111C1n only Hcond.6 dead ... And w.Uh .the. V1 aLUUte.nub 06 the. ' p11.uence' alt.o came a 'voice'-- a 6e.e..t.lng- which bpoke. .to me w.Uh i.u.ch an au.11.a 06 c.a.lm and w<.bdom continued from page 3 that goobebu.mpA (wha.t .the old moun.ta..i.n 6olli .LJt .thue moun.ta..i.n4 had call.e.d and li.6 e.lub lln4 .the. land.6 c.a.pe. be.com.i.ng "glolt!J bu.mP6" a.& 1 lln4 gllOIAl(.ng u.p, a .tha.t OUll. CJJJVi..ob.(,ty bee.a.me., Ve.Juj quickly, boy . .. I JU1lt all. u.p o.n.d down my CZIU!l4, a.& mo11. 06 a 6e.el.i.ng 06 oveJr.Whe.lm.lng btlll.1 walke.d 611.om .the. p:WWtg lot up .the. pll.iA e. and conce.11.n a.& .the. •ha.iJILi.ne.' o 6 h.lU and .<.n.to what had once. be.en '.the. .the. 6Olte.6.t !00.6 not only '.th.lnn.lng ' , but, wood6 '. . • .LJt 6ac.t, 'bal.d.lng' a.& we. 11.eache.d .the. What .th.iA 'voice o 6 M.che..typa.t knoiulng ' .topl UXl.6 .te.U.lng me UXl.6: .that .the ex.tent 06 Reaching .the. bu.nmlt 06 .the moun.ta.i.lt, a.& .the deva.&.t.a..t.lon I UXl.6 He.i.ltg and 6eet.i.ltg we. .twtne.d .thoi.e la4.t couple. 06 be.nd.6 .LJt i.o deeply lln4, in 6ac.t, a v.iA.lble 'b.lgn' .the. 11.0ad, what !CXt6 tu«tU.lng tL.6 «n4 - and i..t.a..te.me.nt made by .the i.p(.JL(..t 06 .thue Jtathe.11. .than a .tlvume. -like. v.iA .to. IJ.lttLi,t.tll.eu 1 ~ be.e.lng a.& 'de.ad'. That .th.iA .lng .the. ll.e..ttLll.n 06 ' .the. god.6' -- a .6Ce.ne. baCJte.d and ve.11.y publi..c. place had be.en 06 de.va.6.t.a..t.lon only compaJt.D.ble. .LJt my choben by .the. bpi.JL(..t6 06 human, bea6t, m.i.11d .to .<.magu 06 NagMak.l and H.lll.oi.h.ll!ICl and vege..ta.t.lon, to lllClke. a bold bta.teme.n.t 1 had been in 6.llm6 and p(.c.twte booki. . to .thobe. human be..lngi. i..t.Ul ~ng He.11.e. on .th.U powe11.6ul and baClte.d mouna.11.Dund .LJt .thobe. holUlU .the.y ca.Ue.d .to..i.n we. we.11.e. being g11.e.e..te.d by an a11.my 'bod.lei.'. That .t.lte dev.uta.t.lon 06 .th.iA 06 g11.e.y-ghob.te.d boul4 06 a d.iAembod.le.d 9e.og11aph.i.c landmo.11.k v.lb.Ued by .tholUland.6 '11ace.' ... TholUland.6 06 de.ad .tll.e.u! "The. 06 toUll..iA.t.6 and na.t.lvu each yeJVr., lln4 Cltown 06 CJtea.t.lon", I .thought bMCa.&.tall.owed a.& a b.i.gnboall.d, a.& a tlWUl.i.ng, o 6 .i.call.y .to mYJ>el.6. "So .thiA .iA .the. gi6.t .the. be.ve.11..ittj 06 .the. .imbalancu .that ex06 'WJ.jutJ.1' bu.towed upon .the. g11.e.a.t .l6.te.d .LJt .the. na..twi.a.t woltld a..t .the. ltandi. 'k.lngb' 06 .the na.twt.a..t kingdom! How .the 06, a.& a 11.uuU 06, .the. bhoJLt-i..lgh.te.d EaJLth be.kn.i.g h.t6 heA 'IUVIJl.ioll.6', .thob e .th.i.ltk.lng and VXJ.Yb o 6 .thob c now living .that Stave 4tlltv.i.ve.d and Jt..i.6e.11, .i.n pl!..lde. o6 accompU&hme.nt, .to buch g11.e.a.t 'he..lgh.t.6' ! " on .the. eall..th. So cle.M !00.6 th.iA mu Mg e. 1 !CXt6 11.e.ce..lv.i.ltg .tha.t U al.mob.t A6 my .11.ational m.i.nd .took ove.11. 611.om my We.11.all.y began .to .to.Ile. on both vo.i.ce. emo.t.lo ~ , .tll.y.i.ltg to .<.n.te.Ue.c.tuaU.z e. .the and language. a6 1 11.eache.d .the. .top 06 pou.lble. c.a..u.6e.(b I, .tlte. 1tea6on6 'why' , .the. mountain and a be.cl.u.de.d .lUtt.e 6011. ~ 'gho4.tltj clea11.Cut', .th.iA 'unclea.IL(.ng whe.11.e. T .&t.te.nde.cl to do a na..twi.al' d.iAa.&.te.11., me.mo.IL(.u 06 bto.IL(.u i..<.mple. Uttle. ce.11.e.mony 06 .thankJ>g.i.vand newh-11.epoll.U I'd heall.d, about how .i.ltg: .the. 'acid IUlht' UXl.6 beg.i.lt~ .to .to.ke. "The. i..lgn6 he.11.e. been by a.U U4 .to.fl. on .the. .tlt.e.u .i.n .the. h.lghe.11. wU.l i.how .thobe. cuJL(.olJJl people 06 el.e.va.ti.on.6, c.a.me. .to m.i.nd. And iulthout bc.ie.nce. .the. widup11.e.ad e.v.ldence. 06 any o.thvr. known pobb.lb.lUt.lu a6 1te.Mon6 , .the. e.x.te.nt o 6 .thw own du .tJt.uc.ta6 c.a..u.6e, 6011. all. .th.iA 6011.u.t laid to .lon. 06 .the. compounded nc. lui.e 06 l\n4.te., the. I Jta..in I e.a4il.lj and qui.ckty 1 1 ~ ~ 1 I ' I I liQJIC ,, KA n'AB - page 26 I I S I 1 1 JIUl.t a.& poW.y .u, the he.al.Utg a.&pec.t 06 language, i.o .iA .U .<.mpoJLtan.t people. took to .the.ut bod.lei. and m.i.nd.6 wUh 11.egall.d .to he.alih and 1 be..ing. To 6oCIUl .thW. pe.11.6onal and co.Ue~ve goal.6 on the. qu.a..Uty and longe.v.Uy 06 eu'.4.te.nce, and the.ut o.IL(.ginal an~ na..tWl.al b.lll..th.IL(.gh.t, be.yond death. It .iA he.11.e., .ln .thue WOJJ4, .that .the heaUng a.&pec.t6 06 '.the Cltea.t.lve' i.e.11.ve .to .ln6u.11.e. you.11. H11.6e. 06 pe.11.6e.ct.i..on, .thll.Ough tonge.v.Uy, o.11d .the con.t.i.ltua.Uon o 6 an a66.i.ltm.Utg and v.ltal 6u.twt.e.! The. jou.11.ne.y 06 hwnank.lnd a11.ound .the baCJte.d c.iltcle. 06 U.6e. w<.U b.IL(.ng a.U, 6.lnall.y, .ln.to .the. 6M.u.t o 6 .the. 11.eg.lon 06 un.lve.11.6al. con6c.io1Ul· nub and awa11.enu.6. A place whe.11.e. .the b.lg .tll.e.u gll.Ow. The hiding placu 06 .the unknown, and .the 'be.yond'. What one. dou he.11.e. among.6.t '.the. o.11c.ient onu' depend6 upon what one. ha.& done t\IUh idte.11.e one. ha.6 been be.60.lte.. How one ha.6 bu..i.U and completed tlte 'g11.oundwo11.k', .the. wo11.k iulth 'boil' , in .the. pllev-i.olUl expe.JL(.encu 06 one' .6 'joU11.ne.y'. He.11.e. among the old .tll.eu , one bll..lngb one.' b IUIWl.e.nub o 6 who one. .l6 .i.ltto JL(.gh.t .'leta.t.lon6h.lp 1 \IUh the. un.i.ve.11.6al bcale. 06 .the bp.lll.(.,tua.l-ph116.<.cal rnall./L(.age bha1te.d .lnhe.11.e.ii.tf.tJ -<.n .the. concept 06 .the. God-11.e.al.lze.d One.nub among all .th.lngi.! lri bO do.i.ng one. comu 6u.U-c.lll.c1e. .to one' b .tJt.ue beg.ltuU.ngi., and .iA 'Home.' . GODack now, and .te.U th.iA to all. IJOU know... " Th.iA th e.n, .iA what 1 have. be.en . Th.iA 1 ha~e. been -told. To i.hall.e. w.Uh IJOU., a.U, whom 1 know. Th-IA mui.age. 611.0m .the. vo.lce. 06 .the 'acid Jta.i.n' ••. - - -Thoma6 Rain CMwe. Fall 1985 �................................................Wl""'"*"DWILLllll................................................ Milw~ukee • C,leveltm::l continued from page J thac thc1 causes of tree dicback h.src in K atuah as wc1ll as in thc northc1rn Appalachians and the Black Forest of Wast C.sn:iany (where JO of all tr•n ra ~ardlc1Ss of elevation are dying)can be attributed to two general claa$i ficatioos of anthropogenic(human-madc) pollution: acid rain and at1D03phcric dc1position. Acid rain is arbitrarily defin.sd as any precipitation having a Ph lass than S.6 (7 i s n.sutral), since this is thc1 Ph wh.sra atmoshperic C02 combines with water in the air to form a dilute solution of carbonic a cid . Human mad.s sources o f acid substances are a r~ult o f t he living standard of highly industrialized countries. 'Ibey include auto exhaust, industrial c<mmissions from s~lters and fossil fuc1l c1adssions from c1lcctrica l gc1narating plants. Some of the acidic compounds arc sulfur dioxide (S02) , nitrous oxides (HN03) , hydrogc1n chloridc1, and hydrogen fluoride. 1besc1 compounds arc rc1laased into the atmosphc1ra and are widely disP•rsed by continental air fl<M. According to Or. Bruck and others, the mountai •. foraats of Katliah , acting like giant "scrubbers " , c harly racc1ivc very high ratci.s of acidic deposit ion. 'Ibis is largely due to t he geographic c1ffect of increasing ratll!I of p rc1cipitatioo as air masses are forcc1d to go up aud over high mountains. fin additional source of acidic deposition is simply cloud water interception by trees, as the tops of the mountains are often bathed in clouds passing by . Studies of these clouds and precipitation rates in the northern Appalachians show chat mow1tain tops receive four times more acidic deposition than lower elevations. 11l•r• a r e many effc1cts of acid rain on treclS and the soil in which they livc1. 8v overwhclminr th• natural soil Ph balance and causing a more acid soil, aluminum, a metal which is toxic to trees, is released and mad¥ available for uptake by trc1e roots. Atmospheric deposition can be defined as the combined anthropogenic (human-caused) pollutants falling back on Mother Earth. It is composed of assorted noxious effluvia includin~ ozone, heavy metals such as lead (from gasoline combustion and lead arsenate pesticides) , coppcr from smcllters and nitrogen compounds. According to those study in~ the dlehacks , there i s not enough data to c learly point fingers and say that a particular pollutant coming from a 1'..a rti cular source l s caus in~ apec l K.Arl:AH - page :'.!7 fie damage to tra•a in Katiiah. It is Or. 8ruck's contention that there may be a "stress syndrome" whereby various combinatioos of these toxic substances may be causing t he diaback . Experlmentall~ in the lab Or . Bruck has studied the affects of acid run from nitrogen and sulfur sources. He has discovered severe suppression of the symbiotic fungi known as mycorrhizae which help the trees' roots derive nutrition from tha soil . Bruck believes that the suppression of mycorrhizae (up to 50%) has led to severe supprassioo of tree root growth which may be causi.n g th• retarded growth obs erved in the trae ring borings. Alandog as these reductions appear to be, the question still remains: Is it reducad ring growth that is causing the trees to die? Exploring f urthar under the soil mantle where the treas' roots are bound inseparably with the lifegi ving mycorrhizae Bruck has found an extre~ly high accumulation of lead, particularly on slopes which face into the predoadnaot winds. Levels of lead ara three to seven times higher on top of Ht. Mitchell than in urban Asheville soil. Studies revd&l that there is alraady as much as two grams or 1DOre of lead per square met- Sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SOJ ~nd Nitrogen Oxides (NO,) In North Caroli~ so, 620,000 Ions/yr. - Ublot• WIND ROSE for Asheville, NC er in the forest soils at high elevatiooa ! Most studics on the toxicity of lead have focused an human beings, h<Mevar some studies have bean performed on microorganisms and planta. These studies clearly indicate direct metabolic effects in all life fora111. These studies also shOW-a marked reduction in species diversity of adcroorganisma in the soil and on leaf surfaces . When lead and acidity (under Ph 5) vars combined in ooa study, a profound effect oo the mobilization and utilization of lead was noticed. Certain species of mycorrhizae ware inhibited in soils that ware acid and contained lead while those same sp•cias of lll)'corrhizae ware present in a lass acidic soil with lead. Like the canaries used by miners to warn of impending danger our treas are a kind of environmental litmus. lbat litmus is giving an acidic reading threatening life as we know it. The. e.nv.ili.onme.n.ta.l co114e.que.nct.6 oG tong .teMI col!4wnption and ~.te. aJLt combtg home.. Whil.e. the. 1>~.t4 plod c.au,Uo1J.1;.t.y .in mowita.01 cemeteJt.tu 1>t11J1.Ch.ing 60.11. 1>pec..i.6.ic knowledge o& .the. IUU.t11. m.i.l>.t, we. 46 ch.i.J.dlte.n o 6 Motht11. Ellll.th mlJ.4.t l>eaAch de.tpllJ wltkin 60.11. a "p.Ur,Uua..t. d.U:tg no1>.l6 46 we.U. T.11.e.u M.e. OU.It gucw.Li.all4 and OWi. .te.acheJt.6, .theq g~ve com6oll-t and wl.6e. cou111>ei and .the.y aJLe. ca.lUng out .to each 06 IJ.4 NOW 6.11.0m de.adt.IJ 1>IV1.Du.d4 06 m.i.l>.t. We. can no tongtll. ign0.11.e .tlte. de.g1U1.d.Utg e.66e.ct 06 oWt 14UIJI> o 6 Uv.ing. OU.It Uvu 111tt bound i..n.6e.pa11.abty .to .the. .tli.e.u. 1n .th.U. c1.c1> e.d. e.cotog.ic.al. 1>y1>.tem we. Uve. .in, the..<A du.tJW.ct.i.on .inl>Wtu oWt du.tJwcwn. Tl1e. 1>e.aJtch 6011. knowt.e.dge. and a ".te.cltnotog.ic.al. 6.i.x" w.Ul ne.vt11. .11.e.place. 1te." pe.ct a.t. we. .intt11.t1ct w.i..th Moth eJt Ellll.th. by Michael Red ~ Fall 198) ~ >:)J.·F. - ~ 1,~ �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MA~fOIOUTDWEUEllS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 26 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Patrick Ball (Celtic harp) McDibbs 12 Cherry St. 12 ASHEVILLE, NC Asheville Ethnic Festival Montford Park Call (704) 253-3714 28 I CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day (traditional music, country dancing, crafts, exhibits, tobacco spitting) Western Carolina University 12 UUFF MOUNTAIN SEPTEMBER A REGIONAL EXHIBIT PRODUCED BY THE MEMBERS OF 111E APPALACHIAN CONSORTIUM MUSEUM COOPEBATIVE Opening night: September 12 Talk by Wilma Dykeman Founders ' Auditorium, 7:00 pm Public showing: September 13 - Januar y 23 Western Carolina University 13 13-15 TOCCOA, GA Earth Stewardship Seminar Christian perspectives on ecology. $95 Elevent h Colllllandment Fellowship 540 Oakland Ave. SE Atlanta , GA 30312 14 October - November CHEROKEE, NC " Cherokee Sculptor" - Carl Lloyd Owle Center of Cherokee Heritage 20-22 BLACK l()UNTAIN, NC Black Mountain Pall Festival (traditional music) Grey Eagle and Friends Call (704) 669-2456 21 Fall Equinox ~- ·"-'TUAll - page 28 CHEROKEE, 1~C Cherokee Indian Fall Festival (Indian dancing, stickball, chestnut bread, crafts , exhibits) Ceremonial Grounds 2 WILLIS, VA " Native American Teachings" AmyLee, Iroquois teacher and apprentice medicine woman Indian Valley Holistic Center Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA Willis, VA 24380 4-8 ASHEVILLE, NC " Rel ping Women Win : A Candidate Training School for Women" - League of Women Voters Call (704) 258- 8223 5 BONAS DEFEAT GORGE (Jackson County) Day hike with NC Nature Conservancy. $5. 00 Ann Mciver 130 Carr St. Chapel Rill, NC 27514 MOSHEIM, TN First Annual Organic Harvesters ' Festival Call (615) 422-7769 20-22 CLAYTON, GA NATURE'S DOLLAR WORKSHOP: A look at the real price of . . .• forest, soil, watershed & wildlife management, land use, pollution, etc . •• translating these key mountain issues into the language of nature's dollar. "Comparing human accounting with nature's accounting, the monetary dol lar is an incomplete and unrealistic measur e of the value of things." Friends of the Mountains Rt.2, Box 2306-A Clayton, GA 30525 (404) 782-2657 Asheville, NC CropWalk against hunger Call Sally Bridenstine, (704) 254- 5072 13 DEEP CREEK Swain Co. , NC Katuah Fall Gathering See notice next page 14 BEAR HUNTING SEASON OPEijS Beat the bushes ! warn Yona of the danger OCTOBER 1-5 "In exam.ln.<.ng .the meanlng~ 06 .the 6oJl£4t, we JLeaUze .tha.t. .the Appa.ta.c.h.la.n 601Lut .iA not jUJ.t a. na.twta.l .to.ndl>ca.pe, ,U .iA a. cuUwu:il ta.nd.6c.a.pe. • • • • In .6.tli.dy.Uig .the 6oJLUt, we .f.ea.ltn a.bou.t oWtcS e.lvu . . . • . " (Avery County) Day Rike $5. 00 NC Nature Conservancy See 10/5 5-6 BRASSTOWN, NC 12th Annual Fall Festival (Craft s fair, performances) John C. Campbell Folk School Rt. l Brasstown , NC 28902 Call (704) 837-2775 . .. a: ·~· 18-20 Willis, VA " Our Stories - Ourselves Louise Kessler, storyteller Indian Valley Holistic C'tr. Pre-register. See 10/2 19 ROAN MOUNTAIN (Mi:tchell County) Fall color hike. $5 . 00 NC Nature Conservancy See 10/5 19 BANNER ELK, NC Banner Elk Wooly Worm Festival 21 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS " Forests and Trees of the Smokies" - field school Non-Credit Prograns 2016 Lake Ave. Knoxville, TN 37996 11-13 BRASSTOWN, NC. Fall Craft Weekend (workshops) also Chamber Music Houseparty John C. Campbell Folk School See 10/5-6 12 SPRUCE PINE , NC 8th Annual Art Auction (includes tour of craftspeoples ' studios in Celo area) Toe River Ar ts Council Call (704) 682-7215 12 ASHEVILLE , NC Visit of delegation of Soviet women - sponsored by Peace Links Call (704) 258-8223 ••• ~· 17-20 Highlands, NC . • Fall Landscape Workshop (photographic exploration of Highlands area) Tuition $100 Highlands Biological Station P.O. Drawer 580 Highlands , NC 28741 25-27 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Dance Weekend (workshops in English country dance including Garland and Northwest Morris, also contra and square dancing) John C. Campbell Folk School See 10/5-6 26-27 GRF.AT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Mt . Leconte overnight hike See 9/21 31 Samhain Celebration �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WlAMrollESTDWBUM. . . . . . . . . .1111111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . NOVEMBER BRASSTOWN, NC 60th Anniversary Party of the Campbell Folk School See l0/5-6 2 "SWORN TO FUN" 9-lO WILUS, VA Massage Workshop Libby Outlaw Indian Valley Holistic Center . Pr e-register. See 10/2 16-17 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Winter Highcountry Camping See 9/21 s,~..alJll {j De~ .J>luxk .J>(a.<. 1111· ~·1.(i 6 P<1fartr_11 Bal<v1<"1•· • C...rfi..·d 'M:«j Dr'VujJl Sol.·~ 255-TQ~ t/.2~15.li Special thanks to Judith Hallock Nov . 2-3 ASHEVILLE, NC "Learning to Focus on Life" - seminar Dr. Scout Lee , part Seminole Indian, author, therapis t, professor, lecturer, comedian, mystic visionary, and master game player Offering experiences to develop creativity, courage, power, love, and fun Pre-register: Cat Gilliam 16 Lookout Dr . Asheville, NC 28804 (704) 254-8140 3-16 9 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Craft and Rome Week (Blacksmithing, tool sharpening, weaving, quilting, ax handles, wind energy turbine construction) John C Campbell Polk School See 10/5-6 Georgia Organic Growers ' Association Fall Conference For information, contact: Deborah Pelham 1185 Bend Cr eek Trail Suwanee, GA 30174 l \\. BURLESO N November I 3 October 4 6 Meditation in Action - K.'""'' A YO!!<' Weekend, With the Southern Dh,,rm., St~rr II 14 18 23 2S 27 A lfiking Meditation Wnkend foll Color l>oscm.oery. With JOHN ORR An Intens ive Meditation Re trea t With JACQUELINE S. MANDELL Yoga in the Iyengar Tntdillon W11h ULLAH SCHWARTZ @ 8 . 10 15 17 22 24 Joy and laughter · Finding Your Inner Child - With HARRIET ELDER A Weekend of Tibetan Buddhist Meditation - With JON BARBIERI A New View of Ancient Astro logy With HARRIET M1LLER Neuro·Lin.guistic Programming - With MIKE BUCKNER Dec. 28 · A New Year's Meditation Intensive Jan. 4 With JOHN ORR Southern Dharrna Retreat Center is located in a remote area of the Smoky Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina. For further information about Southern Dharrnaorabout any of the programsabove,call(704)622 7112,or 254·1351. or wnte; SOUTHERN DHARMA RETREAT CENTER Rt . I, Box 34-H Hot Sprmgs, NC 28743 ~ &Co. ~ ~~ . . . --<-._ ~ he rbs, native plants, perennials, flowers, fruit trees, bulbs, bedding plants. 80 lake&ide Drive 8/ IOths of a mile from Hardee'• in Franklin, N.C. for informatio n call 524-3321 SOLAR HOUSE WITH C~USE area near Franklin. Passive solar w ith cedar siding and tria, win· dow quilts, tromb wall. $68,500, negotiable financing. Call 524-3321 during business hours. Fall 1985 !i - ~ �NICARAGUAN COFFEE. Delicious,roasted coffee beans or ground coffee available for $6.00 a pound. Contact: Steve Livingston (704) 257-3019 LEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE FOUNDATION (LEAF) is a public interest law firm which works with the public,private and governmental sectors to promote a quality environment. More info: LEAF, 602 Gay St. Suite 507,Knoxville, TN 37902 VOLUNTEERS NEEDED at the Laurentine Shelter for the homeless to stay for either the evening or overnight. Ic Asheville,NC. Call Carol Lathuras: (704) 252-2752 APPALACHIAN PEACE EDUCATION CENTER (APEC) publishes APEC News, an informative peace newsletter for the southern VA area. More info: APEC, 114 Court St., Abingdon, VA 24210 GREENPEACE has established the Rainbow Warrior Emergency Fund to provide funds for the care of the children of the crewman who got killed when their flagship was bombed in July and to get the ship, the Rainbow Warrior, seaworthy again. GREENPEACE, 1611 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009 MADISON COUNTY PLOWSHARES PEACE GROUP has postcards of their "Windows on the World" Friendship Quilt available for $3.00 a dozen, ppd. Contact: Karol Kavaya, 25 Back Branch, Marshall, NC 28753 SELF-HELP CREDIT UNION has now opened a branch office in Western North Carolina through the State Employees Credit Union system. For more info: Write: S.B.C.U., P.O.Box 3259 , Durham, NC 27705. Or go by: State Employees Credit Onion, 200 All Souls Crescent, Asheville, NC/telephone: (704) 274-4200. SEAT WEAVING. Caning, rush, split seats. Also classes available. Call: (704) 253-6241 ONGOING SESSIONS in Raja Yoga for beginning and continuing students. Pre-registration required. Raja Yoga Ashram, 272 Patton Cove Rd, Swannan oa, NC 28778. (704) 686-3037 S.T.A.R., Space Technology And Research Foundation, is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization which uses monies to advance all aspects of parasensory phenomena and psi research. For contributions or subscription to bi-monthly newsletter: S.T.A.R. Fdtn, 448 Rabbit Skin Rd , Waynesville, NC 28786 RURAL SOUTHERN VOICE for PEACE (R.S.V.P.) is a network of people in rural/small city communities in the Southeast who are working to build the nonviolent alternative systems and lifestyles that can bri ng peac e to our world. Publishes RSVP Newsletter. More info: RSVP, Rt 5 Box 335, Burnsville, NC 28714 SO~H A VARIETY OF WHOLESOME BAKED COODS 704 293·5912 tiWV. 107 RT. 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 ~Sl 1 - '...-"°"Bl RD : cttd.. , £ rcd""ood ·""' rR gn~"~!~ WHOLISTIC HEALING SEMINARS in Barbados. For more info: Rita Li vingston, % Loving, 1424 South Palm Way, Lake Worth, FL 33460. (305) 582-7902 PRE '68 DELUXE SUNROOF VW MICRO BUS Wanted. With good body; Not running, O.K. Contact: We8go, 216 Botany Rd, Greenville, SC 29615. (803) 244-4786. WRITERS WORKSHOP. Classes in poetry, science fiction, technical writing,etc. At "ls Wall St. Room 18, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 669-5471 WEBWORK1NG is free. Send submissions to: Katua h P .O.Box 873 Cullowhee, NC 28723 PROOUCTS WATER ANAlYSIS RANDALL C LANIER c"';lom ""ood I N 17th YEAR OF PUBLICATION, Akwesasne Notes is a Journal for Native and Natural Peoples, covering world events which effect indigenous peoples. For subscriptions or tax-deductibl e contributions: AKWESASNE NOTES, P.O.Box 196, Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown, NY 13683-0196. 1 I We. now ---+-I BU ll::DING & NATURAL FOOD STORE & DELI r- REM OD ELIN G ~liH:::E:~r- -- · residentia l commercia l h4ve. e.ue.n.s.ive. montht.lj ~pec.ia.l.6, c.ui.th 4 cU6 6e1tent: SUPER SPECIAL EACH WEEK 160 Broadway Asheville, N.C. 28801 (704) 253-7656 Where Broadway Meets Merrimon .\nd 1·240 Open 7 Days A Week Monday · Friday 9:00 a.m. · 8:00 p.m. Saturday 9:00 a .m. · 6:30 p.m. Sunday 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m . �GET BACK! ISSUES OF KATUAH ISSUE ONE -AUTUMN 1983 ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984 Scotch-Irish Migratiof-lfit::? Meditations: Kat-·<-· 1(5"\~\J ~ Al+-~- ~ n ~tnl.CS • Old Ti \.?,. .tfioregioris • Chicken Wi.c: uam • Poetry: George Ellison Harvest • Old Ways In Cherokee • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism Past, Present, And Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness • Politics Of Participation ®\Q.I @ ISSUE TWO - WINTER 1983-84 ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Yona • Bear Hunters • Pigeon River • Another Way With Animals • Alma: Poems • Becoming Politically Effective • Mountain Woodlands • Katuah Under The Drill • Spiritual Warriors Winter Solstice Earth ceremony • Horsepasture River • Coming of Light • Log Cabin Roots • Mountain Agriculture-The Right Crop• William Taylor • Forest's Future ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984 ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985 Sl.lstainable Agriculture • sunflower_, • Human Impact On The Forest • Childrens' Education • Veronica Nicholas: Woman In Politics • Little People • M d icine Allies e Springs • Worker ownership • The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing• Working In The Web Of Life ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 ISS UE E I GHT - SUMMER 1985 Water Orum • Water Quality • Kudzu • Solar Eclipse • Clearcutting • Trout • Going To Water•Ram Pumps • Micro hydro • Poems : Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller Ce lebration: A Way of Life • Katuah 18,000 Years Ago• Sacred Sites• Folk Arts in the Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Hilda Downer • Cherokee Heritage Cen ter • Who Owns Appalachia? KATUAH: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians B0x 873i Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723 For more info: call Marnie Muller (704) 252-9167 Name Regu l ar M embership •.. • • $10/yr. Spon sor .•..•.•.••• • • • •• $20/yr. Cont r i b u tor ••••• • • • •.•. $50/yr . Address Enclo4ed ~~i4 C1 ty State Area Code KATUAli - Phone Number page 31 i r sustainable Economics • Hot Zi p i4 , t66o ~~ $ to give 4n e~t~a boo4t I can be a l ocal con t a ct person for my area f I I I i ORDER FORM Back Issues Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 4 Issue 5 Issue 6 Issue 7 ISSUE 8 @ $2.06 @ $2.00 @ $2 . 00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 TOTAL PRICE postage paid $ $ $-$ $ $ $= $ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 9, Fall 1985 Description An account of the resource The ninth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as nuclear energy, pollution and the forests, and other challenges with trees. Authors and artists in this issue include: H. M. Spottswood, Michael Red Fox, Brian Caldwell, Gus Hadorn, Walton B. Smith, David Wheeler, and Thomas Rain Crowe. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Waldee Forest.......1 The Trees Speak.......3 Migrating Forests.......4 "Hog Killing Saturday" - A Poem.......6 Horse Logging.......7 The Nuclear Suppository: We're Not Going to Take It!.......8 Good Medicine.......10 Starting a Tree Crop.......11 Natural World News.......12 Urban Trees.......15 Acorn Bread.......19 Myth/Time.......20 The Children's Page.......27 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Acid rain Paleoecology--Appalachian Region Trees in cities--North Carolina--Asheville Cooking (Acorns) Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Black Bears Children's Page Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Permaculture Pigeon River Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2eba56fdc00beaa31e7ec2362fbd5f28.pdf b4508265c38b24f4f7d519e688f43aca PDF Text Text --~ ATUAH $JOO ISSUE XV SPRING 1987 Wo.men's Voices ! �c,g u C ONZ L - • ..,t - ~ ~gtj ... tlo 2~r~ ~ ~ COVERLETS..................................................................................... 1 POEM: ·MY MOTHER'S eves·..................................................... 5 LISLOTT HARBERTS: FORESTER............................................... 6 SUSIE l\AcMAHAN: MIDWIFE......................................................... 9 RESOURCES FOR WOMEN..........................................................10 ALTERNATIVE CONTRACEPTION ............................................... 11 BIOSEXUALllY................................................................................12 BIOREGIONALISM AND WOMEN ................................................ 13 POEMS..............................................................................................14 GOOD MEDICINE: MATRIARCHIAL CULTURE. ........................15 PEARL ...............................................................................................16 NATURAL WORLD NEWS.............................................................18 A CHILDREN'S PAGE.....................................................................21 KAlUAH - pagc 32 i ~ ~ ~ I ~ r-- 00 ~ i I l'.I) ~ �ISSUE XV SPRING 1987 We, as women, live in a time of uncertainty, and crossing through this time often feels like fording a river. The bank looks far away, but when we reach it we may find that the cold, rushing water has purified and cleansed us. We, as women, are making those crossings. As well as being an uncertain time, this is also a time of choice for us. Pausing to reflect sometimes seems weak or indecisive, but this time may be necessary for making our choices. Let us take time to listen to our inner voice. Let us choose to fill our cup full oflove, and let the blessings of that cup spill over and fill every other part of our lives. It is imperative during this time of making crossings and choices that women support each other. We need to listen to one another, to continually take soundings. Where are we in the process? How are we doing? Where are we going? Our inner musing is sacred. Harmony arises as we join our voices together in true expression of our heart's song. In this time, women's voices need to be beard. Women are being born and waiting to be born. In the release of this energy of our transformations, we help to heal the world. That is our success. Francis Goodrich And Coverlets COVERLETS: WOMEN AND THE HANDICRAFTS REVIVAL CHALLENGE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION by Jan Davidson By 1895 the coming of the railroad had already brought the industrial revolution to the doorstep of the Appalachians. It began a decades-long migration that lured many families from their mountain farms to the fact.Ory gates looking for a place in the new social order. To observers during that period, it seemed that it would be just a matter of time until every vestige of the rural arts would disappear. Before that time people were thought to be well-rounded, achieving individuals if they were able to make everything for themselves - not necessarily well, but able 10 do it for themselves. AU of a sudden those people had become obsolete. One hundred miles away from the heart of the Appalachians in the North and South Carolina piedmont were modem, automated textile mills where children eight and nine years old worked 13 hours a day making and weaving thread. The mills would send people into the mountains to recruit families to work for them. They would find a mountain shack, one almost falling down, and tell the man of the family, "You're being left behind, buddy. You'd better get in line. Come down here, and we'll fix you up in a company house with electricity, indoor toilets, and good jobs for you and your entire family." Even now if you go look up the roots of families in Gaffney, Gastonia, and Greenville, SC, you will find that if you go back a few generations, a lot of them come right out of the hills. It was during this time that a woman named Frances Goodrich moved into the mountains near Asheville, NC. She was what mountain people call a "fotched-on woman". She was from Binghamton, NY of an old and wealthy New England family. She had attended the Yale Art School and (continued on p. 3) KATUAH - page 1 Sprin) 1987 �• JV\Tgi-H , ..... . . !U1i:J:CiilH:tdW l1li!:lt6'l1lMl#l4.itli il#l#1@f4U:@l 1tM#jM¢I......._ EDITQRIAL STAFF nus ISSllB: Scott Bird Michael Red Fox Judith Hallock Rob Messick Marnie Muller Tad Poles Chip Smith Brad Stanback Martha Tree David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Will Ashe Bason Chaquoia Mahaney Kay Byer Manha Overlock Sylvfa Fox Kathleen Mclaughlin Julie Gaunt (love and oookies) Tom Hendricks Raven and Minne Kala Emile Sawyer Oliver Loveday Sara Jane Thomas ..... and the light of children and Star Crystals EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Globe, NC WBITEUSAI: KlWBh PRINTED BY: Sylva~ Publishing Co. Sylva, NC TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 Box 873 Cullowhee, NC Katuah Province 28723 Speciat thanfts to ttichaet a.n4 ~on.n.i.e Li.ebhout for thei.r i.n.va.Lu®Ce cissi.sta.nce to u.s. The Internal Revenue Service has declared .Kalllab a non-profit organization onde.r section 50l(c)(3) of lhe Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to Kaliiah are deducn'ble from personal income i.ax. JRV0CllT:l0R Here in the southern-most hean/an.d ofthe Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turtle Island, a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of Jiving within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and laws. We begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Katftah'' as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The editorial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this area, and to foster the awareness 1ha1 the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is the only way to ensure the sustainability of our biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a "di> or die" situation in terms of a continued quality standard of life on this planet. It is the aim of this journal to di> its part in the re-inhabitation and re-culturation of the Katiiah province of the Southern Appalachians. This province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the north, the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley to the west. Humbly, as self-appointed stewards with sacred instructions as ''new natives" to protect and preserve its sacredness, we advocate a centered approach to the concept of decentralization and hope to become a support system/or those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that ~ will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing family members. - The Editors KATUAH-page2 : -· £~ing 1987 �COVERLETS (continued from p. I) been to Europe. She was very much a lady of her time. She was single, had no particular interest in raising a family, was very smart, and very much of an achiever. What was a woman with all these characteristics to do in the 1890's ? One answer for that time was to do good works: be a missionary, a social worker, a charity volunteer. The other answer had to do with art - a nice, proper, rich girl was very much involved with iL So Frances combined the two in her life. She came to Buncombe County, NC in 1890 to set up a settlement house. An important model for her work was Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago. This was a new idea, a very popular idea, and by 1890 most of the big cities in America had at least one settlement house. The first one had been started in London in 1884 when Oxford and Cambridge students organiud a settlement house in the slums. In that early manifestation of the idea, it was almost as if they thought that by placing a person from an upper-class background in a slum neighborhood, the effect would magically transform the neighbors. The model for a settlement house was a storefront in a poor neighborhood where volunteers opened the door and hung out a sign so that people passing by would see it and drop in to get information on nutrition, sanitation, children's education, money management - basic life skills that the poor people did not necessarily have. In the absence of any government social agencies, these settlement houses did a tremendous amount of practical good. In the settlement house movement handicrafts and social work were already tied together. To support this aspect of their work, the early social work volunteers drew largely on the writings of John Ruskin and William Morris, two Englishmen who were the spiritual godfathers of the settlement house movement and the arts and crafts revival. Ruskin and Morris proposed the movements as antidotes to the demeaning life industrialization had brought to workers and as a statement of the ennobling virtues of handwork. Ruskin had warned that people were becoming little more than parts of machines, and that they enjoyed no creativity or satisfaction in theii labor. His disciple Morris had early denounced the poor quality of machine-made goods, and the brutal industrial system that produced them. In time, be offered an alternative, setting up a workshop where high-quality, well-designed items were made using old methods of handwork. Ruskin himself had sponsored a revival of the handmade linen industry in Langdale, Englamd in 1885. According to Morris, "The beauty of handicrafts comes from this: that the workman has control over his material, tools, and time. The followers of Ruskin and Morris called themselves the Arts and Crafts Movement Their interest in old hand methods of manufacture had led them to pay special attention to those parts of rural England where, as in Appalachia, the Industrial Age bad not yet prevailed. The idea of the intrinsic value of handwork was a very old one, but it was given a new expression here in the 19th Century as the evidence of the evils of industrialization became obvious. (continued on p. 4) Coverlets display, 1935 - the photo has been marked to identify patlems for sales plll]lOSeS. Top row, from left: SL Anne's Robe, Blooming Flower. High Criclc, Zion Rosie, Dogwood. Bottom row: Whig Rose, Rattlesnake, Pine Cone, Three Roads Trail, Double Chariot Wheel KATIJAH - page 3 Spring 1987 �The Lealhuwood family. Coverlets were prized posessions and were ofien used as baclcdrops for fonnal family phocographs. COVERLETS (continued from p. 3) Frances Goodrich began the first rural settlement house in a cove near Asheville, NC. She was also instrumental in initiating what is now called the Appalachian handicrafts revival. Being a progressive, educated woman, it is likely that she was aware of Ruskin and Morris and the theoretical basis of the arts and crafts movement, but as she later told the story, the importance of the coverlets woven in backwoods cabins by the mountain women came to her as a sudden revelation when a neighbor woman brought her a fifty-year-old coverlet for a gift in 1895. Frances, with her artist's eye, was aware that this was a very fine piece of work. She knew that most of the women in the area had looms around the house that were not being used. Her first thoughts were: "Could we produce the coverlets at a moderate cost? And if so, could we find or make a market for them? At that time there was in this country no general interest in such handicraft, and little demand for hand-woven fabrics. 'The coverlet made a journey north, and the admiration it received made me believe that if we in the cove could produce the like, a market could be found It was surely worth a try, and in the trying we would at least have a good time." (Frances Goodrich, from Mountajn Homespun. Yale University Press, 1931) ON OLD BARN LOOMS The weaving tradition extended back to Ireland where weaving fine linens from flax was a very important cottage industry for the women of lower-class families. When the Scotch-Irish settlers came into the mountains, they began to raise sheep to supply wool for their clothing needs and built the old "barn looms", which were large and heavy but serviceable, to weave cloth for their families. It was on these looms that the techniques for the "overshot" coverlets, an authentic New World art form, were developed. In the old Appalachian cabin culture wool was processed at home, and the yarn was dyed with colors from native plants, such as mullein, goldenrod, Joe Pye weed, rock tripe lichen, the bark of chestnut oak and apple trees, onionskins, and marigold flowers. A few "boughten" dyes were also used: indigo, madder root, and cochineal being among the most popular and most available. The coverlets were woven from homespun, white cotton yarn across which the colored woolen yam was "overshot" to create the vibrant designs that carried names like: "Pine Cone Bloom", "49 Snowballs", Governor's Garden", "Star and Cross", "Sun, Moon, and Stars", "Lee's Surrender", and "Cat Tracks and Snails' Tails". By the I820's machine-made cotton had already begun to replace the homespun, but sheep were a usual part of the livestock of mountain farms to within living memory. Draft patterns passed down from mother to daughter within the family gave diagrammed instructions on how to KATIJAH- page 4 set up the loom, push the pedals, and alternate the colors. The coverlets were made for he.irlooms and were often in a mountain girl's dowry when she went off to be married. To the old mountain people the coverlets symbolized beauty, warmth, and kinship. They originally had no commercial purpose whatsoever. But during the handicrafts revival they began to be made as something to be sold out of the region that came to represent that region to the rest of the world. Whether for good or ill, this made a definite change in the relationship of the weaver to the piece of work and of the piece of work to the land. The old coverlets stayed right in the family. The coverlets made for Frances Goodrich went to Chicago and New York. One detail that exemplified that difference was the seam between the panels that were sewn together to make the coverlets. In most of the coverlets made before 1895, the seam is not closely matched. After 1895 most of the coverlets that were made for sale as part of the Appalachian handicrafts revival had peifectly matched seams. There were a couple of reasons for that. For one thing, the eqwpmenf became better. One of the advancements of the handicrafts revival was that during the 1920's the cumbersome, old barn loom was replaced by a well-built, streamlined loom that was smaller, lighter, and easier to operate. The women could run a more even beat on these looms, and the patterns came out more even. A second reason was that the ladies who were leading the handicraftrevival told che weavers, "Match the seams." It seems very quaint to some people that the mountain women needed someone to point that out to them. The real reason behind that, however, was in how they thought of it. A Yankee woman thought of a coverlet as a bedspread, and or course she wanted it to look like a single piece of cloth. B\lt the mountain women thought about it as a thing that was taken apart at the seams once every year or two so it could be W!lshed in the creek in a basket and spread across some bushes to dry. Then the coverlet was sewn back together, and if the middle panel looked like it was wearing out, the pieces were switched about so that the wear was distributed. The idea, after all, was to keep it clean, keep it in the family, keep it forever, and use it : When Frances Goodrich gave her reasons for working td begin the handicrafts revival, bringing money to the people was about the third item on her list She thought of it first of all as a way of bringing some color to the "drab lives", as she described them, of the mountain women. That attitude itself may have shown some cultural centrism. Mountain women generally maintained a stoic demeanor, and th~y certainly were not as expressive in their clothes and personalities as people at an urban art school. Frances Goodrich did not necessarily have a concept of folklore in mind either. Although she recognized the woven overshot coverlets as an old tradition, she was not so m·uch interested in preserving that craft as she was in px:oviding the women an activity. But her Allanstand marketing operation, which first worked from a rural location outside of Asheville and later moved into a storefront in town, did provide money for the (continued on p. 25) COVERLETS is an exhibit of an authentic mountain handcraft featuring 40 pieces woven between 1840 and 1940. Special attention is given to the mountain handicraft revival of the 1890's with photos and documents from several of the WJ:>men key to beginning the movement. The exhibit will be at the Mountain Heritage Center in the Robinson Administration Building on the campus of Western Carolina University, Cullowbee, NC through July, 1987. Visitors are welcomed from 8-5 on weekdays. "Weaving Wednesday" with demonstrations on band looms by volunteers from the Smoky Mountain Fiber Arts Guild is rrom 1-4 on Wednesday afternoons. A nine-projector, multi-image slide program "New Threads in Old Patterns" accompanies the exhibit. Spring 1987 �MY MOTHER'S EYES Mother, with your Falcon's eyes, I saw today in Cullowhee an Eagle which circled Overhead and Dipped its wings In perfect freedom. t• Mother, I was alone, Walking on a Mountain path. Mother, I was Alone and saw An eagle dip its wings and ,,,__ . --- Draw a circle Around the way I traveled as if My path was in the Sky and, child of Your falcon eyes, I Saw the earth with Eagles flying high. Mother, its wings Were dipped in An azure sky. Patricia Claire Peters KATUAH-page5 ~ing 1987 �- - - - ...... - .. - ~ ..-.... LISLOTT HARBERTS A Woman Who Cares For Forests Llslott Harberts by David Wheeler It was summer when we first visited Lislott Harberts why her forestry operation, FOREST CARE, was making such a stir among people who knew something about trees and about the timber industry in the Appalachians. I remember that when we met her on the job site, she came striding down out of the woods so confidently and with such a wide smile, that when she drew close I was surprised to see that she only came up to my chin. I also remember that mostly what we saw of her for the rest of that visit was the back of her green work jeans and the enormous chopping knife strapped to the back of her belt, as we hurried up the hill, listening to a description of the work in progress. Ms. Harben's FOREST CARE company is different from other forestry consulting firms in the Statesville, NC area: the business of FOREST CARE is not to extract the maximum profit from tree-cutting operations, but rather to set up long-term relationships with landowners to create healthy forests that are at once beautiful and profitable on a sustained basis. to find out "We have carefully chosen the name of our company: FORES!' CARE. In our complex English language the word "care" has two meanings: the primary one carries an emotional connotation. We at FOREST CARE care about forests. The second meaning turns the feeling into action: because we care, we have become 'caretakers'. 'Two basic rules make up the credo of FOREST CARE. Rule one: WORK WITH NATURE. Forestry can be defined as manipulation of living trees. Every species, every grouping of trees follows certain biological rules. By learning about these rules, we can encourage nature to do what she is already inclined to do. We can induce natural regeneration, improve growth, modify species composition, and get her generous cooperation. "Rule two naturally follows rule one: DONT MANHANDLE NATURE. If you throw a si/vicultural tantrum, expect to be spanked, because the lady has a way to fightback! "Don't expect trees to play roles they are not meant to play, or they will go on strike. Shade-intolerant species cannot regenerate in shade. Slow-growing species cannot KATUAH - page 6 compete with fast starters. Shade-seeking trees sulk in full sunlight. 'These seem like very simplistic rules, yet they are conrinuously overlt>oked in routine industrial for est managemefll." The two points that set FOREST CARE apart from other logging operations are, first, the differing goals of the company's management policy and, second, the skill with which they are carried out Ms. Harbens relies largely on selective cutting techniques to bring a forest stand to a long-term state of health. She will use clear-cutting on a site that has been "high-graded", where all the best timber has been removed. leaving only the poorer species and smaller trees to propagate a forest of inferior quality, but clearcutting is only done on a site that needs a completely new start to produce high-quality trees. The determining factors in the work of FOREST CARE are the needs of the land itself and the management goals of the landowners. "Don't expect trees to play roles they are not meant to play or they will go on strike. " "If a private landowner wants to manage a forest and has ruled out a clear-cut, aesthetics is almost certainly an important consideration in his or her management decisions. 'There is nothing more gratifying than to look at a quality tree. People see those trees, and, yes, they know there is money in that kind of timber, but there is also so much pleasure in the aesthetics. That is a non-dollar value that is very real in small woodlot managemem. "We try to keep a realistic sense ofbusiness. Slow, caring Spring 1987 �work tends to cost more than production-oriented logging, at least up front. Stumpage prices that are qumed in any given area are based on clearcutting, because that is the rowine procedure in our region. We tell landowners not to expect selective cutting for the same stumpage price. However, if they opt for the more costly approach, they can be almost sure that it is a good investmenl, since it is likely to lead to improved quality in their timber. "When we are called to a job, we submit our plan in the form of a proposal. We tell che landowner: 'This is whac we can do for you, this is what it will cost you, and this is where le will be different from a standard job; plus you will have a lovely place to walk in, you will have wildlife, and srreams that were clear bejore will be clear after the work is done. Then it is up to the landowner to make the decision." Ms. Harbens is of Swiss descent, and so bad a deep love and respect for trees instilled in her since childhood. But she did not begin her forestry career until she was already into middle age, and she and her husband wanted to begin to manage pan of the forest on their own propeny. "/got started because we could not find services for our own land. We had forest land, and we knew what we wanted done. We engaged a consulting forester who made us a management plan and put all these approaches in, and we said, 'Exactly whac we had in mind! Now would you please get the loggers in and let them srart?' "He said, 'Oh, there"s nobody who could do that!' "At that point my husband said, 'look, the kids don't really need you any more, so why don't you see if 'Y.f}JLCan get this project done.' "/ spent the next two years in the forest with the logging crews, observing, learning, supervising, arid participating where I could. The men showed me how to hook up a log, how to drive a tractor, why to do this, and why not to do that. We also tried new things together. I learned abow good logging and bad logging, good clear-cuts and bad clear-cUts. I realized that one ofthe biggest problems in the logging world is that loggers have never really had any basic skills training. And if you do not have the skills, you cannot plan a job." FOREST CARE got staned, as Ms. Harberts put.s it, because "the neighbors looked over the fence and said That's what Y& want."' Now FOREST CARE has two and sometimes three logging crews working regularly, mostly on custom forestry jobs for small landowners. The work is coming in steadily, and Ms. Harbens says she has been able to keep her crews working even during times when other crews have been idle. Llslott Ha.rberts is very aware of the contradictions of her position as a middle-aged, former housewife working in Lislott Harberts is very aware of the contradictions of her position as a middle-aged, former hou sewife working in what is traditionally a very masculine domain. what is traditionally a very masculine domain. "At first loggers thought it was preposterous. 'What? Work for a woman who can't even speak English?"' Ms. Harbens laughs. But she herself sometimes wonders how she came to be out in the woods dealing with the pressure of work that is physically demanding and requires const.ant responsibility for estimating and decision-making. She often reflects on bow strange it is that she should be one of those bringing the message of responsible forest management to the - continued on next page Lislott Harberts: ON SUSTAINED YIELD "It's not that no one knows what good forestry is. It's all there in the books. It's just that it's not being carried out. FOREST CARE does nothing that bas not been practiced before, but some of our practices are not commonly available in this region. Our goal is simple: we want to help landowners become the kind or stewards they would like to be. "The ability of a site to deliver sustained yield is very much a question of the size of the tract and the species of trees involved. A tract of several thousand acres can easily provide a good continuing yield, but it would be hard to get 50 acres of oaks to produce a regular income poplars and white pines, perhaps; oaks, no. "Sustained yield is also a question or timing. It often means postponing immediate gain for a greater gain in the future. •••• • "Deciding what techniques to use depends on the condHion of the site and the goals of the landowner. Everyone wants to get a good stand of quality trees on their land, but what is the best species for that particular site? "The landowner also may have other ideas in mind than just selling timber. Often with small KATUAH - page 7 landowners aesthetic and recreational factors figure strongly in any plan. We recently did a stand that was being managed strictly as a wildlife stand. A wildlife biologist was the first one on the site. It was interesting. His management plan suggested almost exactly what good forestry would have demanded. ••••• "I consistently am telling landowners that planting trees is not the same thing as forest management. If a landowner wants a particular species of tree, and the soil is right, then he may want to plant it. But usually it is much better to start with the natural habitat and ask, 'What will do well here? Let 's find out and help those species a long. ' " Planting trees is an uphill fight. It is a constant struggle to maintain the life of those trees for the first 8-12 years of their existence. " Yellow poplar, for instance, is a very promising species for a timber tree in the future that is very much maligned right now. There is no need to plant poplar trees. Given parent trees and some exposed soil, they seed themselves very easily. - continued on next page Sprin;J 1987 �Llslott H11rberts Appalachian foothills. But, considering it objectively, is it so strange that a woman should be especially qualified to work among the trees? The new forestry (Llslott Harberts would simply say "good forestry") requires, first of all, a rapport with naiure and a sense of the needs of the non-human forest community. The key to achieving a sustained yield of timber on any forest site requires an attitude directed toward fostering a healthy forest ecosystem in all its diversity rather than demolishing it for immediate profit. The field technique that fulfills that attitude is to regard each site, even each tree, as individual and unique and to prescribe the particular treatment ~ctated by each unique situation. " That tree will need to come out," she said at one point, "and it's going to fall right into the kindergarten where all these young sprouts are coming up." Ms. Harberts speaks of the trees in her charge in a highly personal way. As we went through the woods, she said, "There's a cripple, poor thing," and she would speak of "these gentlemen over here" or "Santa Claus over there". "That tree will need to come out," she said at one point, "and it's going to faJI right into the kindergarten where all these young sprouts are coming up." Drawing on her European heritage, Ms. Harberts is a capable, exacting business-person, yet she loves the forest for its beauty and brings a delightful sense of humor to her work. She is a very refined person, yet, like the loggers she ON SUSTAINED YIELD continued "Poplar is by nature one of the best-formed trees, and it has a tremendous growth ra te. It can be used for framing. The furniture industry favors it because it takes any kind of color stain. It is also the easiest species to manage for valuable veneer wood. ••••• "Selective cutting can be done only when there is saleable timber in the stand. Otherwise, a cut is a "timber stand improvement" (TSI) cut. A TSI brings little if any income to the landowner, but if I come into a mess, I will not tell the landowner, 'I will take out your good trees.' I say, 'Let's leave your good trees and take your bad trees. You will make less, but you r good trees wiJJ get better.' "TSJ is a big investment for the landowner, but in a promising stand it is a good investment that will pay off many times over as the lot is continuously managed over time. "When we do have conditions for selective cutting, there are many different ways to select. Some tree species lend themselves to single-tree selection. With white pines, for instance, we can create wonderful effects where in a single stand the grand-dad, the middle aged t rees, the teenagers, and the babies are all growing together, and this balance can be perpetuated. T his is the classic uneven-aged management system. It's possible with white pines because the you ng ones enjoy t he gentle light that is filter ed through the shade of their parents, and they will take the place of their elders when their grand-dad is taken out by selective logging. "Selective cutting with hardwoods is tricky and the results are not seen so fast. One of my KATUAH- page 8 works with, bard work in the woods satisfies something very deep and basic within her. She is highly disciplined she has mastered the technical aspects of her calling completely and has an impeccable knowledge of the forest trees, their habits, and their needs - but she is also flexible and learns from each new situation she encounters in her day-to-day experience. "A big problem in rhe timber industry of this region is thar the loggers are over-financed and over-equipped. In this area a cracr.or works better than a slddder for the smaller jobs. But fo~ a larger job one of the smaller skidders - say, a Franklin 134, a John Deere 450, or even a 500 - work fine. A machine any bigger than that would be 100 hard to maneuver for our type of work, and the job would actually go slower because the operawr would have 10 be Sfl awfully careful. 'Tracwr-1.oatiers serve our purpose much helter llwn a truck with a knuckle-boom loader, because 1hey are so much more mobile. Jf you don't have big jobs, il's a real project moving a knuckle-boom from one site 10 another. 'We IUJVe a flying crew 1hat can leave one job and be a1 work again a1 ano1her si1e in two hours. When you have a lot of big dinosaur equipmem, 1here's no way you can do 1/wt. Jfyour equipmem is big, you need a big job. "/ 1hink it's bes1 10 buY the fines1-grade equipmen1. /i's cheaper in the long run, because the good equipment will hold together and produce, produce, produce, and you avoid a fol of repair bills and down-lime, which can get very expensive. "We do not do subsidized logging. It is my responsibiliry to see that/, the loggers, 1he landowner, and the sawmill all make some ITl()ney. With my kind of crew - continued on page 26 crews bas just finished selective cutting in 110 acres of hardwoods. This was one of the most challenging jobs we have done. It took a year, and we took out a million board feet of timber. "We used two k.i nds of selective cutting at that site. If we saw a mature poplar within a good distance of two younger poplars, our very skilled loggers wouJd take that big poplar out between the younger trees. But there were other areas where all the trees were big oaks with lopsided crowns that had not been harvested 40 years ago because they were worthless as timber trees. Literally, taking two of these trees out made a one-quarter acre opening in the forest canopy. This was not big enough to provide ample light for young oaks to grow, so we had to enla r ge these cuts to three-quarters of an acre. Then a slow-growing species like oak would have enough room to regenerate. That was also a selection, but it was a group selection. "If understory trees are not in the way of one of the 'stars', then leave them. These trees are 'trainers' for the next generation of the dominant species. Ideally, we want to arrange it so that the crowns of the best trees are unencumbered by competition, but their trunks ar e protected. ••••• "There is a tremendous need to educate landowners about selective cutting - about the methods, the cost picture, and the benefits. But if it could be d one we could expect to see far-reaching chan ges in the timber industry. A well-developed p rivate timber-producing sector would relieve a lot of pressure on the Forest Service and would set an example that would help change the forestry practices used in the national forests. Conceivably we could, over time, move gradually back into selling high-quality hardwood ~ timber." pt' Spring 1987 �- · .. .a. - a• .. - ... _ - ...- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . �W®mm<em 0 m IR<e~®lllllf<t~ <C~IDft~ll' In response to the needs of women in its area, the YWCA of Asheville, NC has set up a Women's Resource Center. It is a place to share and exchange information as well as to fmd out about resources available to women. The Center offers one-to-one peer suppon, educational seminars and the opponunity to join an existing group or form a new one. As a meeting place for all women, the Women's Resource Center is a welcome asset to the community. Topics of interest include: single women parenting; juggling work and parenting; traumatic birth experiences; employment and widowing. Members and non-members alike are welcome at no charge. Suggestions and input are invited. For more info, contact: Ann Von Brock, YWCA, 185 S. French Broad Ave., Asheville, NC/# 28801. (704) 254-7200. I' Until fairly recently, the problem of domestic violence has been very effectively "hushed-up". It has been traditionally dismissed as an individual or family problem to be dealt with privately. This is changing thanks to a sisterhood of domestic violence programs which have sprung up across the U.S. Some courageous women, often having escaped a battering situation themselves, started providing shelters for their battered sistm. These first sheltecs became models for later programs. R.E.A.C.H. of Jackson County, NC is one of the local groups in mountain communities that are reaching out to abused women. Mountain women, who may be affected by geographic isolation and economic stress, face increased risk of domestic violence. Also, there is an increased incidence of abuse in the "bible-belt" area Already, in the few years of its o.-ation, R.E.A.C.H. has supported hundreds of women in their process of empowennent. It has become a major resource for women in breaking the cycle of violence in an area where they previously suffered in an absence of support. Frequently, different forms of domestic violence occur in one family. Furthermore, the self-perpetuating nature of family violence means that children who grow up in a violent environment will continue the pattern as adults. How many more women need shelter or suppon and do n()( seek it? They face economic, social, and psychological obstacles in leaving the men who beat them. They may be immobilized by fear, anger, guilt, or even doubts about their own sanity. KA TUAH - page 10 We live in a society which tolerates and to a large extent encourages violence. This is a major cultural flaw. Domestic violence is a symptom of a widespread disease. It's time for men and women together to re-assess our culture's propensity to violence. There are peaceful societies where children grow up to love peace. We can surround our children with loving and affectionate environments. Conflicts can be negotiated without the use of violence. Domestic violence can be relegated to the pasL Let's choose peace in the home now. There are about 20 domestic violence programs in the Katuah area. For more information about the programs, contact: Georgia Network Against Domest.ic Violence 250 Ga. Ave... SB Suite 367 AtWu.. Ga. 30312 404.524-3847 Norlh Carolina Coalition A&ainst Oomestic Violence POBoxrn Conc:onl. NC 28026-0877 704-786-9317 T - T u k Fon:e On Family Violence PO Box 120972 Nashville, TN. 37212-0972 615-242-8288 Virginians Against Domestic Viol~ POBoxS692 Richmond. v &. 23210 804-780..3SOS West Virginia Coalition Against Domestic Violence Fam.ily Refuge Service ~YWCA of wi-ling Chapline SL noo Wheeling, WV 26003 3044IS-6334 graphic: Swain Co. SAFE. inc Spring 1987 �IR~~ a7 !~ lh>®®lk~? ....~mm~ $llll!!~$~®1D~ ~a W®mm~m 0 $ ~ftllll~a®~ ~ ffi®~®lllllr<t®~ lllft A~lU A rich selection of Women's Studies courses are available not only to students at Appalachian State University (Boone, NC) but also to anyone in the wider community...women .and men. Courses include such topics as: Sex Roles In Cross-Cultural Perspective; Woman As Image & Image-Maker; and Appalachian Women: Myths and Reality. Since 1979, ASU has offered students the opportunity to elect a minor in Women's Studies by taking an interdisciplinary program of co~ taught in various departments across campus. In addition to the Women's Studies Minor, other opportunities both academic and non-academic are available including academic and professional advising; a speakers' bureau on topics related to women; and non-academic services available on and off campus. An informative newsletter is published six times yearly by the Office of Women's Studies which lists events, classes and resouroes. For more info on the newsletter or the programs: Office of Women's Studies, 107 D.D.Dougherty Library, ASU, Boone, NC 28608/ Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside of Her Susan Griffin Eartli Wisdom Dolores LaChapel/e Always Coming Home Ursula LeGuin In Search ofOur Mothers Gardens Alice Walker Goddesses In Everywoman Jean Sltimcda Bolen Fai Is A Feminist Issue Susie Orbach Spiders And Spinsters Marta Weigle Moon, Moon Anne Kent Rush Women's Mysteries Esther Harding Our Bodies, Ourselves Boston Womens Health Collective mid many others... .. .,..· ·.• ··.• . Just before the first frosts make the leaves tum, the Queen Anne's Lace comes into perfect harvesting condition. The umbels are brown, folded up, and dry, but the seeds are not yet scattered. Plants growing like this in close proximity to our doorstep and in great abundance are saying, "Use me. Use me often." Herbalist Susun Weed has shared the information with us that Queen Anne's Lace (or Wild Carrot) is possibly the best contraceptive there is. Apparently Indian women in the Far East have been using Wild Carrot seed as the preferred method of contraception for ages. In her book, ~ Wise Woman Herbal for the Childbearin& Year, Susun mentions these hairy little seeds as a morning-after contraceptive. The directions she gives are to talce one teaspoonful the morning after a fertilizing intercourse and continue for five days. Queen Anne's Lace seeds work by making the inner wall of the uterus slippery so that no egg will implant. How beautifully simple! Since writing her book Susun has learned of a group of white women in Alaska who have been using Wild Carrot seeds with great success for eight years. They were eating up to half a teaspoonful of the seeds everyday. They woul4 sprinkle the seeds on their food and keep a bowl of them sining on the table so they could take a few seeds each time they walked by. Two of the women decided they wanted to have children while they were using this method, so they simply discontinued using the seeds and conceived promptly. Hall women knew about this method and would put the method into practice, what a blow to the drug companies it would be! Who would want to cal their pills and suffer the dreadful. side effects (one of them being the draining of money from our pockets) any longer? A very dynamic resource for accessing women's music is Ladyslipper's annual publication of the most comprehen.;ive Catalog and Resource Guide of Records and Tapes by Women. This exceptional annotated me catalog offers recordings by an expansive variety of female musicians, writers, comics and composers. Ladyslipper is a regional, non-profit. tax-exempt organizatioc involved in many facets of women's music. Begun in 1976, its main emphasis is to heighten public awareness of the achievements of women artists and musicians and to expand the scope and availability of musical and literary recordings by women. To contact Ladyslipper, P.O.Box 3130, Durham, NC 27705. graphics: Rob Messick KATUAH - page 11 am .,.,., ,, - Ise Williams Spri.rv; 1987 �H ealing Our H earts H ealing The Earth The Promise of Biosexuality "The flowering of human sexuality is the untapped resource for the evolution and healing of the Planet." The nature of my experience as a human being has been such that I have spent a lot of time looking for deeper meanings in my experience, and looking for the events or feelings which give meaning to iL Probably the most "disturbing" and enlightening type of energy I have worked wilh consistently over the years is sexual energy. Over the last several months, I have come upon information and experiences which have allowed me to integrate my sexual expression with my devotion to the earth. I call this integrative sense "Biosexuality". In a nutshc!L it is "experiencing the erotic energy of the earth". It is also getting outside of the ego boundaries we feel trapped in, and feeling our sexual energy as a flow, rather than a "drive". While I have not been able to clearly define what "sexual energy" exactly is, I know it when I feel it, and I experience somewhat the same energy in erotic encounters that I do when t am intensely involved with the natural world. This experience has led me to conclude that this energy is one that flows in, around, and through us, which we can tap into and channel. There has been a lot of information published by cco-feminists on how the oppression of nature is linked, philosophically and literally, to the oppression of women. I acknowledge this work, and owe a debt to these writers. What I am striving to do is to derive inspiration for healing the earth from our experience in healing our separation from our sexual natures. Western "rational" patriarchy has tried to teach us that the earth is our enemy, and that our bodies are dirty. The contradiction of either one of these false concepts must lead inevitably to the contradiction of the other. This process should be acknowledged and expanded upon, and we will gain much wisdom and joy thereby. These understandings about sexual energy, which is the force which keeps life activated, are little known or investigated in the Euro-American cultural reality. Various ancient disciplines explored these energies, and the work of Wilhelm Reich and Carl Jung did a lot to open up these hidden matters. In the current era, as we get in touch with our own feelings as well as ancient wisdom, there is much to be done. The basis of "Biosexualiry" is a holistic sexuality, which strives to transcend ego boundaries, extending throughout the body and beyond. It requires that one be willing to look at the hidden parts of the psyche, and explore the mysteries of the erotic. As a man, I can affirm that these are difficult and important steps on the road to spiritual liberation. Quoting Edward Whitmont, "The new holistic consciousness perceives human existence as an aspect of a unitary, cosmic organism. From that perspective, conscience is an inherent potentiality which underlies existence, rather than a quasi-accidental byproduct of man-made culture." The legend of the Cirail includes a motif in which the Goddess has been ignored or despised, and the land is barren. It is the quest of the Grail Knights to encounter the Goddess, and affirm her power so that the land may be fruitful again. This is a very powerful metaphor for the present ecological catastrophe facing civilization. A key ingredient in healing the wrongs perpetrated in the name of human sexual expression is the respectful validation of female sexuality. We see this happening today in changing panems of sexual expression, as well as the validation of the Goddess through earth r ituals and scientific acknowledgement of the Gaea Hypothesis. The Feminine Principle must be restored to its pince of power in the human psyche. The key element is not the oppression of women, but the oppression of the feminine in both men and women. The imponance of feeling values must be restored to us all, and the sovereignty of women needs to be respected in human affairs. Our sense of alienation is created and bolstered as pan of the patriarchal worldview. We experience a.lienation from our own bodies, and alienation from nature. Young people are frequently taught to fear both the earth and their own feelings as evil, dirty, or poisonous. We are taught to fear the destructive forces in nature, and to dread the changeability of the weather, and our own (or another's) emotions. We try to control that which we fear, and will destroy that which we cannot control. This concept of "power over" lies at the root of all oppressive power relations, both among humans, and between humans and other life forms. We learn to separate all our experience into "good" and "bad", black and white, life and death. If we see these as opposites rather than as pans of the same thing, we are split apan from our deeper nature; our minds can deny our bodies, our thoughts can conquer our feelings. When we accept death as a natural part of the process, we may truly begin to live our lives. The denial of our sexual natures and the desire to control nature are both attempts to gain power over death. This is a needless effort; we cannot control death, but we can accept our whole experience in all its beauty and power. As we become aware of our animal/erotic selves, we can use sexual energy as a bridge between action and feeling. We are often unable to allow our work and emotional life to be in harmony. They seem like two different things. Jn erotic expression, action and feeling arc blended, and we have a chance to experience this blend.. We can get used to feeling our emotions and creatively acting on them. We can learn to acknowledge our feelings without becoming their prisoner. The healing of the split between our emotional and our acting selves is pan of the healing of the rift between the "spiritual" and the "political" in our transformational work",,# This is at least one of the promises ofBiosexualiry. ,ltY graphic: Rob Messick KATUAH - page 12 Spring 1987 �Bioregionalism/W estern C ulture/Women Bioregionalism begins to tap the very heart of the Western historic tradition by re-asking the question: "Whal is our place in t he uni verse?" Bioregionalism does this by squarely challenging the error of hierarchical thinking as it looks at: • the historic dogma of the male God's dominion (read oppression ) over the heavens and the human (white) male's dominion (oppression) over the Eanh • the secular, ptolemaic system of anthropocentrism whereby all of nalllrC revolves around lhe human race • the more "liberal" concept of benign (read pa1ernalis1ic) stewardship whereby humans "t.akc care or the Earth. As if that was not enough in itself, bioregionalism has also begun to challenge the very innards of historic Western tradition by examining the error of body/mind dualism .. This dichotomy has been woven into the very fabric of Western culture for hundreds of years, and it will be difficult to realize all the ways it has affected and lobotomizr,d us. However, bioregionalism, with its emphasis on in-corporating (literally) the sensual, the spiritual and the mental in our relationship with our Earth means that healing is occurring - that mind and body are beginning to grow together once again. Praise to all of us in our efforts toward this healing, for it is wi th this healing that our Earth will become less tormented. Another error of thinking underpinning Western culture which bioregionalism challenges is the "trash your homeplace... there's always a new frontier" mentality. In light of bioregional self-criticism, I ask that we all regard these errors of thinking in depth, in order to see how they affect not only how Western culture relates to the Earth bat also how it relates to the female. In the interest of bioregional self-criticism, I suggest that we explore in earnest how these two areas are vitally intertwined and how, in order to deal with the treatment of Earth, we must also deal with the treatment of Women. Hiera rchical T hinking For thousands of years we have been assured that God is male; that the human male has dominion over the human female; that the human female came from the human male; that the human male has dominion over the female and children; that the human male has dominion over the female, children and animals, plants and the Earth itself. This opinion has been the basis for overt physical, political, spiritual and psychological oppression for centuries. Finally, a number of males today have begun to "catch on" (many females have known for quite some time), to realize that by this system they too are entrapped. They have begun ·to realize the perverseness and pervasiveness of this system, ~s some people in the white population have begun to get a glimmer of the oppression directed towards peoples of color. Still, realization is only a first step. Pervasiveness is insidious when it comes to actually changing an age-old system. Body/Mind Dualis m By historically divorcing 'mind' from 'body', Western culture was able to do away with a number of truths. This KATUAH - page 13 by Marnie Muller was accomplished by drastically reducing the human powers of perception and declaring them to be false. Our perceptions (not deceptions) had told us that the Earth was alive, that we were pan of this functioning process...that che food we ate and the air we breathed united us with this intimizing process...that our children were born of this process...that the Eanh turned from this process. Stars beckoned us. Waters lapped us. Sunlight fell on us. Music/sound pulsed through us. Western culture untied us from this "process" - from sensual reality. (By 'sensual', I mean all the aspects of our being which allow us co experience fully, with all our senses, the creation around us.) Western culture began to emphasize mind and 'spiric' and to denigrate the sensual. The sensual became "other'' - it was a source of enticement, temptation, of sin, blame - something to be suppressed.· Because the culcure was dominaced by male patriarchal concepts which identified the male with 'mind', the female was then identified with 'sensual', 'flesh', 'dark'. With suppression came oppression. Objectificacion and use of the female and objectification and use of the Earth occurred. Perception of the full presence of the female and of the full presence of the Earth was obscured because of this objectification. T he Homeplace In bioregional thought, the homeplace is sacred. In Western culture, it is the place "to get away from"; the homeplace is the place where chores need to be done, where children are, where the elderly need to be cared for. In a wider context, the homeplace is boring, should be used up so that new frontiers can be moved towards. At best, it is used as a retreat. Throughout cultural history, the female is associated with the homeplace. It is here where we, as bioregionalists, most need to look. Whether male or female, we need to allow our homeplace to be resacralized. Our shelter (whether nomadic or stationary) is our place from which we go out and to which we return. It is our membrane - something to be cared for, nunured with energy, loved. Sometimes we have a shelter with someone else - a partner or friend. Sometimes we have children - sometimes we have elders with us - in our shelter. It is a place to be in, ~o relax in, to prepare food in, to repair when necessary. It is situated in a wider place - a homeplace of Nature - a place to know ...to find out about water, animals, plants, trees, soil, wind currents, seasons, migration patterns. Reconnecting with our homeplace allows us, in a safe way, to begin reconnecting with our inner selves. In tum, we Lhen connect or reconnect with other humans. In addition to Western culture's treatment of the Eanh and of the female, we also need to look at Western culture's treatment of the child. Our homeplace will not become "breathable" again until we do this. Western culture treats the child as though s/he is not really all the way there. It is as though the culture's bounds of reality have become so narrowed that no longer can the full presence of the child be acknowledged. Within the child's psyche there is so much crossover between the 'sensual' and the 'conceptual' that in order to acknowledge and rejoice in the full presence of the child, we as a culture would have to "un-atrophy" our powers of perception and reincorporate the 'sensual' into our lives. A step in our own healing process is to recognize and nurture in children the gifts of "being" we are attempting to reclaim for ourselves. As we bioregionalists truly begin to locate ourselves in the universe, let us, as females and males, begin to locate ourselves in relation to each other. Then we can mutually begin to work together on an equal basis to reform the values of our human culture as it affects ourselves and ou~ homeplace Earth. /:' ,,# Reprinted wi t h pe rmiss ion from Raise The Stakes, Planet Drum, Summer, 1984. gnphicby Ta1aAndres Spring 1987 �Graphic by Anne McDonald MOTIIER MOON by Linda Mathis Mother Moon I have come for your embrace. I begged long and hard for the Wind to bring me. My insides Are in turmoil from the pulling of the tidal wave. The smell of the forest fem has made my senses drunk. My fingers have raked the face of the great rock cliff. Take my blood Mother Moon. A sacrifice to You. Wrap your white feathered arm about me. Your helpenhe Wind has chapped my skin. He teased me saying my tears Were biner like crab apple and too salty to the taste. I have tried so hard, but the first night you were only Quarter-moon. The Wind held my wrists and hissed no... Witches Moon. I tried to sleep. Again I tried to find You. The Wind had left me And I had hope, but you chose to stay behind the clouds. Now at last I have found you, Mother Moon, shining white and Wise. The Wind laughs around me. Hear your daughter, strengthen me. The dirt between my fingers is cold and hurts, the ground under my body hard and uncaring. Warm me with your beams of star dusl Help your daughter, Mother Moon. - by Linda Mathis / Meditation I entered the Medicine Wheel and sat facing the North. I spoke my intention--to sing for the Eanh, for the people in my life, and for myself. I sang to find our way home. I sang for illumination. I sang for ease in the world and with each other. My vision staned in the west when a strong male Native American Helper sat to the west slightly behind me. The deer spirit came next and my song choked for her, because I hadn't expected to be so honored by her prese.nce, and because I felt touched by her muteness. My song had two sounds, one in the South which was feminine, and one in the North which was masculine. As I moved around the circle my song blended into one sound and I could no longer remember the first song. I approached the East and felt no one occupying that space. Regardless, as I began to sing in the East for whoever needed it, I felt a strong Native American Grandmother Helper move in. I had felt her presence earlier over my shoulder, but she was reluctant to reveal herself then. As I sang my song in the East, again my voice choked. This time I was literally moved into my own hurt femaleness-the part of me that had felt silenced, as a child, in schools during my hospital birth experience, and living as a woman in a "man's world." I felt the hurt part of me that had kept my words in, thinking that I could protect others from their own pain. I felt the part of me that has been untruthful and afraid to fully believe in my own power. I changed the song in the East. I sang out my grief, and with my Grandmother attending me, I was eventually able to sing my song out strong. My Grandmother and I exchanged communication. I was given a direction to affirm. I can say anything I want to. I must. I am cheating myself and others if I do not speak what I am directed to. My Grandmother lives in me. I am her. She is me. I am healing the male/female in myself. I am balancing those shields. Colleen Redman-Copus KA1UAH - page 14 ~ ,P-:..J Sprir¥J 1987 �This is a transcription ofthe views of a traditional Cherokee medicine man concerning the Cherokee matriarchal culture. The Cherokee culture is matriarchal and probably comes originally from our Iroquois ancestry.. because no other southeastern tribe has a matriarchal culture. The matriarchal culture with the Cherokee worked probably different than other matriarchal cultures. We got our clan from our mother, all of our lineage comes through our mother. An example, the clan was almost Ii.kc your last name as far as identification, etc. In this culture, the women owned all the property, the house and most of the stuff in it -all but the men's personal stuff. Men preferred to have female children because their lineage came through the female. A man couldn't exist without a woman in the culture, he had no home ; if a conflict came between them, the woman would throw the man's personal possessions--his tools or his weapons, whatever he had, out 1.11 the yard and he had to go home to his mother. If his mother wasn't alive, he would go home to one of his sisters and if he didn't have a sister, he didn't have a home. So there probably was a little more 'harmony' in the home in those days. We also used to have an official and sort of unofficial office..we had what we call "The Beloved Woman" or "the Beloved One" and it was a woman that was chosen by natural consensus from all the people.. based on the kind of person this woman was. She was always helping and sharing and giving and loving and wise in what she did and made wise decisions and all the people would choose her to be the Beloved Woman and she was in that position all her life 'til she died. And the kind of influence she had over the people was in several different ways. During the time there was any conflict in our tribes, any captives that were brought into the village -she decided what happened to them; if the chief in the tribe decided to go to war, her influence was so sttong that she could cause that decision to be changed. I know that a lot of us ln.dian people are looking for our ttaditional ways. Some of us think that perhaps we have to go to extremes and wear buckskins and all that son of stuff. That's not our traditional way anymore in a sense. The buffalo arc gone and the freedom we had of moving around the earth on the land like we did is all gone. That was a different time. But we can look back at our ancestors and we can see good things, useful things. One of these is the matriarchial system. It seems to me that where there is a sttong matriarchal culture, there is less conflict with our neighbors, less war. Women, it seems to me, arc not as 'aggressive' as men and they mollify that aggressiveness. I think it is important that women really look at themselves and try not to go into cxttemes. They arc egg-carriers, and they are nurturers and 'taker-carer-of-ers'. And from the very existence of humans, they've probably been in this role. So what I am saying, women can be a nurturer and a taker-carer-of and still express their natural talents as human beings--doctor, lawyer, whatever. I think if one studies that ancient matriarchal culture as I have been describing, I think you'll find that women had value--trcmcndous value. They had pride and dignity and they didn't have to go to extremes and feel uncomfortable about their womancss and their moon lodges. Politically, we've always had women that were in high positions within our tribe. During war, numerous accounts of white people in battles with Cherokee describe that afterwards they found many women painted and dressed as warriors. Throughout our history we've had famous women as warriors. We arc what we arc and we should find the best of what we arc... And the negativeness of myself as a male, such as aggressive behavior, these are the sort of things I've learned 10 lessen by observing women's ability to instinctively know how to nurture and to take care of and show outside affection. Due to the extremely strong influence on the Cherokee people, the matriarchial system has broken down. There's sttong signs of a matriarchy still there. It still isn't as I described it before because a patriarchial culture has enforced some of their ways on them. And I had to teach myself and work hard to pick up on these qualities which I think are very desirable. And probably if we had more of these qualities we could interact with not only individual people but with individual countries. That's 1 l( I KATUAH-page 15 all. ') Spring 1987 �EFFIE (1901-1918) Come a day ~e now with the sumac burning fiery on the mountain, and the poplar yaller, I think on Effie and our time back yonder, before the Kaiser's War where life was simpler, us playing Jack in the Bush and singing songs, or kicking the stick going 10 school, till our high tops was scuffed, and we got fussed at for iL Effie and me was like sisters only bener, for we was agreeable always and shared our thoughts, and giggled and cried at a heap of things together. And at the proper age, Effie turned to womanhood, filling out, and hiding behind the privy door at times 'till my womanhood come, too. Then we ogled the boys and always combed our hair, and pinched our cheeks for color. We sneaked on face chalk and sported sooty lashes that run, and laughed while we swished our sateen skins and flirted. Then, the boys went across the waters and died in the war, sometimes before our leners come, us feeling romantic and not understanding sorrow, then, until Effie come down sick and wasted before my eyes, in pain. And time on end I sat and held her hand, her singing, and giggling, and crying, not herself. And no more'n a year gone by, Doc Allen come and shook his head, sad. 'There ain't no manner of hope," he said, and I watched her go, at fall-time, holding her hand, and couldn't cry Ii.Ice the rest when Effie laid in her box. And folks whispered and said it was onnatural, but I said, "Leave her go, for Tdon't want Effie back to hurt no more." It's been nigh onto sixty year, since Effie left, and it's been hard sometimes. But I've bad her remembrance in my heart. And after Carl and me married, later, come us a little girl, and her name was Effie. And I loved her, too. Pearl from the book by PATRICIA SHIRLEY young and strong, while my tears run, and Ma called, "Pearl, I need you!" I stayed too long, till Aunt Juncy Ball, dark and spiteful, come and whispered in my ear, "If I was you, Pearl, I'd get to Will's Holler before my man didn't need me no more." and I said, "What do you mean, Aunt Juney?" And she said, "I've said my say." Brother Pleas carried me and my babies to Will's Holler after I'd kissed Ma goodbye, her crying. And I waited in my own house till the cock crowed, for Carl who come Sll'Ong and handsome through the door and stopped short, saying, "What are you doing here?" And I answered, "I can come home, if I choose, I reckon, and were you with another woman?" And Carl scringed and owned up. "You were long gone, and she didn't mean nothing, Pearl, but I was lonesome." And I turned away, bitter, when he reached to me. And I said, "Don't never touch me no more." And Carl got down on his knees and vowed he'd never look at another woman all his life. It tore me up, as I couldn't hardly stand to sec him cry, and I said, "I'll think on it, but tell me who the heifer was." Carl didn't want to but allowed it was Iva Belle Gibson over the ridge, that no account female who was easy with the fellers. And I said, "Ain't you a'feared of the disease?" And Carl said he was too strong for that I put him off, and he worked in the fields like his life dependod on it And soon I took LIFEAINT ALWAYS FAIR, 1923 Go ahead and cry, girl. Tears help when the pain bums deep, and you'd as soon die as not. You ain't the first whose man broke her trust and wants it back lilce nothing ever happened. But you can build from mistakes, girl, if you put your mind to it. II ain't easy. I know. My nightmare come before ever your daddy was bomed, when Pa died. With Pa in the ground that day, I longed to go home with Carl and lean on his strength. But Ma plagued me to stay and comfort her. So with a little'un on my hip and a knee-child a'holt of my skirt, I watched Carl ride away, KATUAH-page 16 my babies and went over to see Iva Belle Gibson, and found her sitting on the porch with a red ribbon in her yaller hair and a red dress, and I said, "Iva BeUe, that color suits your kind, and if you look at my man again in your lifetime, I will put a stob through your hean and call the devil up to burn you in hell!" And Iva Belle looked scain and said, she wouldn't, as she didn't want no curse. And I said, "Do you have the disease?" And she swore she hadn't never, so I left her on that porch and went home. And Carl begged me again to forget, and I said, "I'm still thinking on it." And he said, "Don't put me off too long, Pearl, for I treasure you and won't never stray again." So it was time to balance the partS for what come next and believe in the Lord that things work out to make us strong, and I quit thinking on it, and took a chance on Carl, geuing your daddy on the heels of iL Carl kept his word, and we never talked it again, but times I thought of him sharing with Iva Belle Gibson what was rightfully mine, and it was hard to take. Life ain't always fair, girl, and I knowed I'd remember it always, but you build from mistakes, if you put your mind to it. You got to lean on your faith. Spring 1987 �THE SIMPLER LIFE, 1926 Ways have changed since Carl and me made crops for a living on that steep ridge in Will's Holler, with weekend farmers now-a-days planting a row of this and a row of that, fertilizing and spraying, turning bits of soil with little tractor-plows, in their spare time from a job in town. As they look back to "olden times," envying folks that simpler life. I recollect most, in that past time, the younguns and me putting in the crop one year, Carl laid up with shoulder and leg broke from cutting wood. and he couldn't do nothing much to help. And Carl cursed and beat his good fist agin the wall, while I hitched Sal to the turning plow and snaked rows around the ridge top, Herman and Ben rolling the destroying rocks into Hope Creek. And I kicked the plow at ever turn, letting the mule drag it back into place, for it was the fourth month of carrying Carlie in my belly, and the going was hard. TIIlNGS, THEY WORK OUT, 1924 Law, Hallie, I've been where you're at. I recollect when there was just a handful of meal and a tad of long sweetning between us and nothing, with four hungry younguns to feed. It was bad, me laying big-eyed of a night, with the fifth one kicking at the knot in my stornick. to say there was more to come, and I cried. But I couldn't fault Carl when the com warshed off the scrabbly ridge side in Will's Holler, along with the garden stuff, down into Hope Creek, while the cow died that year. Carl, he didn't sleep much neither but tromped oatSide of a'night worrying, working bone-tired of a'day so we'd survive. Ma come, sometimes, with food to help us through, while Carl's head bent in shame that he couldn't provide. And once I said, "Ma, we're pore as Job's last turkey, with no letup in sight, and I'm near loony with it all. Ma. what're we going to do?" And Ma. she said, "Things, they work out, Pearl. What you've got ain't no better or worse than most folks, sometimes. It's hard! But your daddy and me, we went through bad times and come out stronger for the fight. Pearl, the Lord and Carl won't let you down, and come later, that baby will be your delight." Ma. she patted me and said, "Things likely won't come as you pictured, Pearl, but they'll work out." Next day, Carl come and said we was going to the coal camp, while the baby got bomed and seed money got saved for next year's crop. And his back was straight and his head up, while he said. "It won't be much, Pearl, but we'll eat all right." And I went, for the Lord and Carl was doing their part, when Carl, he'd always shunned t.he mine. My little one was bomed in that dirty town, with Ma helping out, and I said, "Ma, you're smart, and I'm calling this one Will Hope, for he needs his piece of home." At planting time, Hallie, we was clawing at the ridge again, then routed mulish weeds in com rows, while eyeing new potatoes and coming beans in the garden patch, and tracking our good milker down the holler by her neck-bell. And like Ma said, your Uncle Will Hope was my delight. We'd got through a terrible bad time, but I fell a deeper strength for whatever come next. The Lord don't give all good things, Hallie, else we'd not have room to grow. You place your faith in Him and do your best. Things, they work out. KAlUAH-page 17 I dropped com we'd shelled on a winter's night, Herman and Ben covering it with the scrabbly soiL And when the com pushed up, we hoed from daylight, sometimes stopping to blow in a fence comer, going on again, 'till shadows was as long on the ridges. And at the row's end, we'd leave the babies to play on a quilt, or maybe in the sled, for its sides kept them from the ground and outen harm. And Carl, clumsy, would sharpen our hoes, while the boys and me routed the weeds, row by row, around the ridge, backs tired and callouses hard, readying to lay the com by and take a little rest. Our last day out, we hoed and joshed in fun, at times, Carl minding Effie on the porch, while Jesse stood in lhe sled, throwing kisses at his ma, corning along the row. When I heared him giggle, saw him duck, to stand again, laughing, there come me a feeling along the ridge, and I run, yelling, with Herman and Ben behind, Carl lurching offen the porch in fear. And the ugly thing coiled to strike again, while Jesse, he hung over the sled box singing, "Pretty." But I hit first, cutting it plumb into with the hoe, chopping till Hennan said, "You can quit, now, Ma." And he flung it down the ridge like the evil rocks. And I cried, holding Jesse, while Carl cursed some more. Herman got hisself the rattlers to save, and then we went back and finished our job, praying for a tolerable rain that didn't warsh the soil, and for a good crop to trade on younguns' shoes and whatever else we needed through another year. That was our simpler life. I know my people. for through time they've handed down their stories ~lives through the stories of her life and the lives of her ancesU>rs. fJ:flJ:1 is a tapestry of Appalachian life and history extending from 1732 to the preselll. The book is available for $5.50 postpaid from: Seven Buffaloes Press; P.O. BoJC 249; Big Timber, MT 59011 ~1987 �MSD: "SLUDGE CAN FLY" MSD Boan1 oCDircctors P.O.Box 8969 Natural World News Service NATURAL WORLD NEWS THE BATTLE IS LOST, BUT..... Natural World News Service The administrative appeal filed by the Western Nonh Carolina Alliance (WNCA) to change the clear-cut prescription for the Little Laurel timber sale on the south side of the Cowee Ridge above Franklin, NC was flatly turned down by the US Forest Service (USFS) at the national level. The appeal procedure on that suit exhausted, the WNCA has conceded the sale, as the group does not have the resources for an expensive civil coun action. The group will carefully monitor the Little Laurel clear-cut, both to be sure that proper logging practices are adhered to and to analyze the effects of the clear-cut technique on a typical section of Appalachian hardwood forest. In turning down the Little Laurel suit, the Forest Service refused to consider the validity of other forest management techniques other than clear-cutting and even-aged forest management Therefore the WNCA feels that it would be wasted energy to initiate suits on upcoming USFS timber sales in the Greens Creek and Terrapin Mountain areas. The group's Forest Management Task Force is, however, considering a challenge of the USFS 15-year management plan for the Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests. Clear-cutting is the predominant management program in the plan, and the Alliance feels that shelterwood cuts, proposed for some areas as a compromise measure, arc unacceptable, as they are only "delayed clear-cuts" that still lead to even-aged forest management, which is inappropriate in the Appalachian hardwood forest community. The WNCA also plans to step up irs edcucational campaign about the forestry methods used on public lands, analyze practices on private lands, and try to reach small landowners to initiate selective cutting and uneven-aged management on individually-held forest tracts as a demonstration to the Forest Service and to the public at large of the method's aesthetic and economic benefits and i1s long-term viability. For more information on the WNCA Forest Management Task Force, contact: Taylor Barnhill 101 Beech Glen Rd. Mars Hill, NC 28754 KA11JAH- page 18 Despi1e widespread citizen concern, Buncombe County's (NC) Metropolitan Sewerage District (MSD) has announced that it plans to build a sewerage sludge incinerator to bum solid waste generated by irs treatment facility. So far, no adequate environmental assessment of various sludge disposal options has been prepared, although such an assessment is required by law. MSD responded to the need for an assessment with a short, inadequate document, stating that incineration would have no environmental impacts. In fact, the scrubbers planned for the incinerator will not remove particles smaller than one micron which contain the heaviest load of heavy metals and dioxins. MSD does not have an adequate plan for disposing of its hazardous scrubber water. Also, MSD plans to place the ash from the incinerator, which will contain high concentrations of heavy metals, in its existing lagoon. How safe is that form of disposal? Full environmental and economic assessments of all the sludge disposal alternatives are needed in order for MSD to make an informed decision. Local citizen groups are calling for MSD to compost its solid wastes and sell the compost as a soil amendment for use on non-food crop plantings. As an added incentive, Buncombe County is open to the possibility of setting up a co-composting facility with the MSD. Citizen input is particularly needed at this time. Citizens groups are recommending that a letter be sent to EPA with copies to MSD, the NC Natural Resources & Community Development Depanment (NRCD) and elected officials. EPA, Region IV Harold Hopkins. Chief Facilities Construct.ion Branch Waw Management Div. 345 Courtland St, NE Atlanlll, GA 30365 Asheville, NC 28814 Siephanie Rici:uutlsoo NC Dept of Natural Resources & Community Development Consll'Uction Grants Section 521 N. Salisbury St. Raleigh, NC 27611 For more info: Citizens for Clean ~ir.,# (704) 628-1636 or (704) 658-0294p EPA PROTECTS PIGEON from Gary Davis, Knoxville. TN The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a draft of a permit for the Champion Paper Co. to continue to operate on the Pigeon River in Haywood County, NC. The EPA draft toughened the standards for water color, one of the most controversial water quality factors, saying that the river must not be occluded more than 50 color units 0.4 mile downstream from the plant. The pennit did not revise water temperature requirements, but controlling the water color would require recycling of the water from the bleaching process, which would effectively cool the water as well. The Champion Company is expected to appeal the terms of the EPA permit. As it does each time compliance with environmental regulations is required, the company is loudly proclaiming that it will have to shut down all its operations in Haywood County if they are forced to bring their plant operations up to an acceptable standard / Spring 1987 �"They've Got Us Surrounded .... And They're Closing In" On the one hand, nuclear pollution. On the other, potemial disaster. Karuah is surrounded by a nuclear noose of present dangers and planned radioactivity sites. And the cord is being pulled righter about our throats. 1987 and 1988 will be years ofdecision for the mountain province. Low-Level Waste Dump The MRS Oconee I, 2, and 3 On February 5, 1987 Frank Scanlon, deputy attorney-general of the State of Tennessee, submitted an appeal to the US Supreme Court contesting a ruling in December by the Sixth District Court of Appeals that gave the US Department of Energy (DOE) legal pennission to continue the process of installing the Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) facility in east Tennessee. The MRS would handle high-level radioactive nuclear wastes, storing them temporarily and re-packaging them for "permanent" storage in a nuclear waste suppository. The MRS is presently slated to be constructed at the site of the defunct Clinch River Breeder reactor near Oak Ridge, TN. Tennessee officials contend that the MRS should be halted because the DOE violated the law by not informing the state and its citizens before moving in to begin work on the facility. The Supreme Coun will rule in the late spring or early summer on whether or not it will bear the case. An injunction issued by a lower court prohibiting the DOE from continuing siting activities on the MRS will remain in effect until the Supreme Court gives its final verdict. In the meantime President Reagan has included $58 milJion in the budget he recently sent to Congress for funds to begin construction of the MRS. Debate on the MRS will now begin in the national legislature. The DOE is not relenting in its search for a first round nuclear waste suppository in the west, but it is meeting passionate opposition in the designated areas, and its construction timetable is threatened. The agency has already contracted to take reactor wastes from private utility companies in 1996, and it wants the MRS to ensure that it will be able to meet that deadline. Residents of Katliah need to oppose the MRS facility with every means at their command. If the plant is installed, the results will be devastating for the Appalachian Mountains: 1) The high mountain forests downwind of the plant. already dying from atmospheric pollution, will be burdened by additional toxic radioactive contamination. In the event of an accident, the mountains will receive the full brunt of the effects of any radioactive release. The crucial decision point in the question of whether the state of Nonh Carolina will stay in the Southeastern Low-Level Nuclear Waste Compact will come during the current session of the NC State Legislature. The Compact is a large game of Russian roulette in which eight southeastern states have come together to put all of their low-level radioactive waste (LLRW's) for the next 20 years off on one of the member states. If the NC State legislators elect to stay in the Compact, direct action by the citizens of the state will be required to avert the siting of a low-level waste dump in North Carolina that would otherwise have to accept 32 million cubic feet of radioactive wastes over the next 20 years. Five sites on the North Carolina Piedmont are among those deemed "suitable" to handle the wastes. These wastes are termed "low-level" radioactive wastes, but because of inadequate containers, careless handling, and "disposal" by burying in shallow, underground trenches, they are at least as dangerous as high-level radioactive wastes. .. It would be an ecological and financial disaster for North Carolina to accept the wastes of all the states of the Southeastern Compact. To date, all facilities where low-level wastes have been stored have experienced severe leaking and environmental contamination. All the sites except the Barnwell site in SC have been forcibly closed, leaving clean-up bills in the millions of dollars for the taxpayers of each state to pick up. Shallow-trench burial has been proven ineffective and should be banned. Yet it is the disposal method of choice despite the threat to the physical and genetic health of nearby human and animal residents and plant life. Visible from the top of Whiteside Mountain near Highlands, NC, the Oconee I, 2, and 3 nuclear reactors sit in the lake district of northwestern South Carolina. These plants were designed by the Babcock and Wilcox (B&W) company to the same plan as the ill-fated reactor at Three Mile Island that suffered a partial meltdown in 1979. In 1980 the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) stated that eight B&W nuclear power plants, including the Oconee I, 2, and 3 generators, would have to undergo safety modifications to prevent a repeat of the Three Mile Island accident. Yet today, due to negligence or indulgence on the part of the NRC, the Oconee plants are still in operation, their basic design problems unchanged, despite accidents at each of the reactors. While they arc operating, the three nuclear power stations constitute a significant threat to the lives of all living things in their vicinity. The Union of Concerned ScientistS (UCS) last February filed a formal petition with the NRC listing these conditions and demanding that the eight plants in question, including the Oconee reactors, be immediately closed until the necessary changes are made. "The unique B&W design makes the reactors extremely sensitive to even minor failures,"said Robert Pollard, USC safety engineer and former NRC official. "Something as tiny as a blown fuse could send a B&W plant into a tailspin that could lead to a major accident with a large release of radiation." In 1 979 the Oconee 3 plant lost its integrated control system. In a B&W reactor, this could lead to serious consequences, but fortunately in this instance the situation was brought under control. Other accidents have occurred at each of the plants, underlining the concern of the UCS that the plants be brought up to minimum safety levels before a serious incident occurs in the course of normal operation. The NRC has taken note of the safety problems existing in all the B&W reactors. They set two deadlines, first in 1984 and again in 1986, for the built-in safety hazards to be rectified, but hedged on both deadlines when they expired. Why the NRC is not fulfilling its responsibilities is not known, but it is clear that while the NRC may be watching out for somebody's interests, it (conlimM!d on pqe 20) (continued on page 20) (continued on pqe 20) Shaded areas rqweun1 po1ettliaJ dump siles for IC1W'-levtl 11MCkar waste ill Nonlt CtuoliM.. Spring 1987 KA1UAH - page 19 ; , • ·~ l �MRS (continued from page 19) 2) The mountains will become the neck of a funnel of radioactive waste pouring into Oak Ridge from the east and southeast. Unmarked 1rucks and trains carrying the highly volatile and dangerous wastes will begin moving daily through the KatGah province. The steep, winding transp<>rtation routes and unpredictable weather of the mountains will make a catastrophic accident very likely. 3) An MRS in Oak Ridge would be an open invitation to the DOE lo implant a deep-shaft nuclear waste repository in Katuah. The second-round waste suppository has not been forgotten by the DOE. It has only been delayed for the sake of expediency. The close proximity of the second-round repository site called the "Elk River Site" by the DOE near Asheville, NC and the Great Smoky Mountains National ParJs would make it almost cenain that Katuah would be designated the eastern dump for the nation's nuclear trash. Contacc Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League PO Box 808 West Jefferson, NC 28694 or Western Nonh Carolina Alliance~ Rt 1, Box 304 · Zirconia, NC 28790 LOW-LEVEL WASTE (continued from p:ige 19) Transponation of the wastes also poses a danger. It is estimated that one 1ruck per hour will roll through the countryside carrying hazardous material to the dump site, endangering the lives and health of living things all along the route. Despite the obvious dangers and disadvaniages of a low-level radioactive waste dump in the state, NC legislators have proven reluctant to demand that the state pull out of the Southeastern Compact. This is because the large utility companies in eastern NC and throughout the southeast have been exerting powerful pressure behind the scenes to ensure that the state government offers no resistance to the Compact idea. The campaign to pull out of the Compact is being led in the state legislature by Rep. Joe Mavretic in the House and state Senators Charles Hipps and "Bo" Thomas, who will introduce bills into the current legislative session. "I think the best option is for Nonh Carolina to build its own facility, to go it on its own or with one more state, maybe South Carolina or Virginia, to work with us," said Hipps at a meeting with members of the Western Nonh Carolina Tomorrow last February. A strong popular movement to break away from the Compact has arisen among voters. A petition circulated by the group "Citizens for a Choice on Nuclear Waste" now stands ready to be presented to the state legislacure bearing 9,000 signatures of residents who wish the state to leave the Compact. Work begun by the Western Nonh Carolina Alliance in Polk County has resulted in community meetings in opposition to the dump that have drawn hundreds of participants. If North Carolina accepts the waste, responsibility for the long-term effects of the highly toxic waste products will be out of the hands of the utilities and far from the area where they are produced and consumed. This helps keep up the companies' profits and their media image and masks the actual costs of producing nuclear power. In NC 87% of the LLRW's by volume and 97% by curies (radioactivity) are produced by the utility companies from the generation of nuclear power. If the state broke away from the Compact and made the utility companies in the state assume responsibility for their own wastes, only a small facility would need to be built by the state's taxpayers to handle hospital and other low-level radioactive wastes. NC residents need to make their needs and feelings known. The only way to get the sheepish legislators to act is to make sure they realize that supporting the Compact idea would be political suicide. NC state residents need to demand Lt. Governor Robert Jordan, House Speaker Liston Ramsey, and their legislators to: 0 1) leave the Southeastern Compact 2) ban shallow-trench burial of low-level nuclear wastes 3) require utilities to manage their own wastes under state regulation. 4) begin phasing out nuclear energy in the state in favor of more benign sources of power. For more information, contact: Western Nonh Carolina Alliance Rt. I, Box 304 Zirconia, NC 28790 or Citizens For a Choice on Nuclear Waste POBox653 ~~ Dillsboro, NC 28725 ~ »MIL£ AAOtUS ""OM I . - <>COHEE UNITS •-3 I ·- OCONEE 1, 2, and 3 (continued from p:ige 19) certainly is not watching over !he interests of those who live in the vicinity of the three Oconee reactors. Local residents are urged to join the UCS petition and write to the NRC to request that the Oconee plants be immediately shut down because of their dangerous design deficiencies. Write: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1717 H SL NW /~ Washington, DC 20555 ~ I LISTEN I am a child of the mountains; For when a whippoorwill calls from the darkened Blue Ridge, I listen. And when I sit on a mossy rock next to the creek And see a Cooper's hawk skimming the pinetops. His cry as clear as the sky, I listen. And I listen to the ttain whistle moaning through the valley And the echoing rumble that makes me pull the bedclothes close to my chin; I am a child of the mountains and I listen. Julia Nunnally Duncan KATUAH - page 20 Spring 1987 �A CHILDRENS' PAGE T re_°'\- TYi e_ wor\ d .tQ''\'j .,- As a young girl, if you could do or give something to this world, what would you give? ! ( / o 0 ~p D :; Annie, age 7 years: 1 would give love, and I would tell them to treat people equally. Drawings by Hannah Freed Serena, age 5 years: I would give love. Abby, age 9 years . I would give a giant healing crystal to the world. ~~ -- Leila, age 9 years: I would let the world live, like the people who are building highways, I would just leave it alone. Samala, age 7 years: I would give things to poor people, things that they didn't have. Hannah, age 12 years: I would try to clean up this world and treat the world nicely so that it doesn't become trashy and go to waste. I'd also build houses for the poor so that they could have the same amount of money as everybody and live so people are so that there are no wars. KATUAH - page 21 We welcome original drawings, stories, poems, ideas or comments by individual children or groups for !his page. The children are our teachers! May their thoughts and dreams enlighten us! , Spring 1987 �·r. Trillium Cove 1· - ,'"'\ I DRUMMING LETTERS TO KATUAH precious, perfect day - a jewel clear 'midst sand and stones, we plucked it from the swift stream passing by, my cider friend and I. white trillium stars lighting still coves, our rising spirits from blue sleep ascended the feast of forest verdure sweet. KatU'.ah, Thank you for the letter and information you sent I very much appreciate your concern and help. I am in touch with another person who was active in the Allegheny Watershed group, but it seems that this bioregional sparlc is inactive for now. I am encouraged and will be contacting both the Kindred Spirits Journal and the community publication you provided. I know there are many people like myself who are searching for a better way of life. I know for myself, I often feel a sense of despair and alienation living in the midst of the dominant culture. I sometimes wonder if I am the only one who hears the birds, the animals, all other life forms cry out at the senseless and callous exploitation of the earth and its life, for the gross profit and material greed of humans. Then I read a joum.al like Karoah and somehow I feel better, I feel at least a sense of hope, that I am not alone, and that my beliefs and struggles are not totally crazy. It is of the utmost importance that people who believe in bioregional approaches to living somehow make contact with each other. I know the frustration I feel at not being able to find other beings in the Allegheny-Monongahela watershed to join together in building a better life. We arc all pioneers in re-inhabiting Turtle Island and need the support of each other. For myself, I know that to continue to remain within the modem-humanized industrial culture will soon destroy me. It has already taken its toll. I don't know where or how, but I must establish a closer relationship with the earth. I must at least try. Your journal has given me much courage in this struggle. Once again thanks for being there. Most sincerely, Ed Lytwak 30 Seanor St . Jeannette, PA 15644 NOVA After sixty years Rebecca tired of inventing new qualities for stars. They grew fewer as the city brushed her small frontyard, and those few couldn't carry all her dreams in their sagging tracks. So, ooe day when those old constellations left for the other side of the world, she found the deepest dry well in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, shinnied down from the noon heat for a new set of stars she could name without mythology: the magnolia tipped a careful question, caring to soften the distance of our years I asked, "ls every Spring forever new?" as through newborn, greening eyes our road ribbon'd the passing majesty, our hearts leaning homesick toward the Mother of all hungry life. shining his reply from ancient, young eyes, as o'er the highway our feelings unfurled like new leaves, each mile beguiled by pale quiltings of woolly hills and valleys plaid, "Oh, yes! Spring is eternally new!" eJCulting, we agreed for its purity of promise, for its tender, supple life, for its pouring and molding to shape our dreams. - Donna VanLear Dear K.anl.ah. I have been working 10 hours a day, seven days a week, and I haven't had time to answer your letters promptly or anything else. The computer factory I work at (UNISYS) is being closed due to merger of Sperry and Burroughs. Actually it was a hostile takeover. Anyway, about 2,000 people will be unemployed in Bristol. My job is being transferred to Winnipeg, Canada, and as soon as they get a "clean room" built there, I will be laid off. The other jobs are going to Nogales, Meltico and Israel. The Canadians and Mexicans are here now for training and are quarreling over which one will get our test equipment Last m<inth we shipped 15.9 million dollars worth of computer products to customers, and the president of the company wants one year of surplus to buffer the transition, but it looks impossible to me. I don't know where I will be working next, but perhaps I will have time to distribute some v~ .r.~ i..· .c.IWIJiUl s. I will try to come to the Spring Gathering, if I don't have to wodc then. Blessed be, Bia.kc Lawson Bristol, TN in dazzling dew; the red pair of possum eyes met with headlights on the backroads; the north quadrant, its promise changing with every hour, she named after herself and the small things in her path. - Marcia Hurlow KATUAH - page 22 Spring 1987 �Dear Kanlah, I write concerning a movement to create a 65,000 acre MORE WILDERNESS! wilderness area on the Virginia, West Virginia line in George Dear Karuahans. We dream of the day when large populations of the Gray Wolf, the Eastern Cougar, and Yona, the bear, again roam the wilds of the entire Appalachian Region. When the Appalachlans are able to support healthy populations of these and other indicator species, they should be able to support healthy populations of all native micro-organisms and plant and animal species. For this to happen, we need a large, contiguous Wilderness uniting Florida with Maine and the Maritimes, using the great Appalachian Trail as the "backbone." We are currently working on such a proposal for the Earth First! Journal and Katuah which we hope to publish in May. We need your advice and assistance in identifying core Wilderness areas (existing roadless areas and wild areas which ought to be quickly returned to a roadless state). These areas need not lie directly on the AT; wild corridors linking the core areas to the AT must also be identified. Which areas in your region should we include in the general proposal? (Think Big.) Which areas will need Wilderness Recovery plans? What steps will be necessary to reintroduce native species driven to or near extinction in recent centuries (i.e., the Chestnut)? How can we recover private lands in your region? What roads should be closed today? In a few years? In the long-range vision? We need descriptions of local bioregions. Are there special features of the geology and ecology of an ecosystem which caU for preservation? What are we overlooking? We especiaUy need the guidance of Native Americans, Poets, Artists, and Musicians. Please send copies of letters to both Jamie and Roland (who is designing a Wilderness Recovery plan for the Appalachians). In Wildness, Roland A. Knapp Jamie Sayen Rt. 2, Box 433-A RRl, PO Box 132-A North Stratford, NH Frostburg, MD 21532 03590 Washington National Forest. This new Shenandoah Wilderness would be the largest contiguous wilderness in the Southern Appalachians. Perhaps more importantly, for the first time a river valley with more than a large creek in it will be completely protected by the wilderness system. Many eastern National Forests, like George Washington, are slowly dying because thousands of miles of roads are being built along every stream bed. The biological diversity and carrying capacity of the Forest are dropping as more of the delicate riparian zones are invaded by roads. To complement this pattern, our wilderness system is designed to protect small islands of land that are usually too infertile and dry to support the full range of a forest plant and arlimal spectrums. The designation of Shenandoah Wilderness is definitely needed and entirely attainable. But the efforts to create at least one large wilderness in the Appalachians are approaching a major hurdle. The Forest Service is in the process of finalizing plans to reconstruct a road through the heart of the proposed wilderness area. The reconstruction of the North River Road will do irreparable damage to the primary waterway of the area, the North River. If prodded by numerous letters the Forest Service might slow down long enough to consider the benefits of not rebuilding the North River Road, which was destroyed by floods a year ago. It is the only major forest road in the section proposed to be wilderness, so its closure would open the door 10 wilderness designation. Please write to George W. Kelley, Forest Supervisor, George Washington National Forest at Harrison Plaza, POB 233, Harrisonburg, Va. 22801, encouraging him to study the positive and negative environmental impacts of rebuilding or not rebuilding this road. Letters to Virginia's Congressional delegation would also help. H you are interested in getting more involved in the designation of Shenandoah Wilderness, write me as well and I will send you some more complete infonnation. "No compromise in the defense of Mother Earth." John Hutchinson c/oOAlnc 1717 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington, DC 20036 Dear Kattlah, Thank you for your comments on creating a "new grammar" and for your dedication to using inclusive language in Karuah. The continued use of "he" and "him" as the standard is one of the subtle ways we continue to be told that the male is the nonn and the female is the deviation. Thank you for doing your part in the evolution of our language as it changes in respome to our changes. Sincerely, Glenda Neel Pender Nature's Cellar Dahlonega, GA SWEET WILLIAM Sweet William cut his plough into the earth, Sweet William flared a thousand shades of pink, The first my cousin, second it gave binh To color as would make the dogwoods blink While one farmed in these hills for sixty years, The other spread its wild-flower unde. foot r They both are part of Appalachian tears ... Where one's dug deep, the other's taken root -John Grey (DRUMMING continued nelll page) KATUAH - page 23 Tata Andres Spr.in; J.987 �I DRUMMING (continued from p. 23) lHE MOUNfAIN IS A WOMAN 1. Dear Katiiah You look at the evemng ridge; it is a pan of you now, Hearing that your next issue will be aboor women I wrote down these thoughts. I hope there will be room for them in that edition: and wonder how these things can happen. "Woman lam Spirit I am I am the infinite within my soul I have no beginning and I have no end all this I am" ...we always chant to end the meditation in our women's group. ''Woman I am." Yes. But what docs that mean? What docs it mean to be a woman? Katherine's question "When do you feel most like a woman?" had started me pondering at the last meeting. Unable to come up with an answer right away, we had decided to observe ourselves as "homework". When do I feel like a woman? As mother of a four month old, nursing and mothering arc prime occasions. And the pregnancy, of course. What couJd be more womanly than that? But I was 38 when my son was born. Had I not felt like a woman before? Looking back on my life (in those precious moments when he is asleep) I realize I spent much time proving that I was a non-typical woman. Woman as I saw her then was a weak, submissive being, whose interests were restricted to household matters, whose conversations were boring, and who defined herself mostly by adopting and rendering her husband's tastes, ideas and views. I did my best to turn out the opposite. I pursued a career, participated in intellectual discussions and chose hobbies where women were not usually found. Men were the scale I measured my worth on. I had to be as good, daring, intellectual, skilled as they were. After years of emotional healing I have enough self-esteem today to know my worth as a person. But as to my womanhood I am still puzzled, confused, uncertain. The man-oriented history of our civilization is frustrating. The perfectly masked female faces and girlish bodies in magazines and films, offices and shops are depressing. I lack role models. My body is the body of a woman. But what about my mind, my soul, my spirit? I am not alone in my search for identity within the female. Most of my friends share these feelings. We have been estranged from our essence for so long. We need time. Time to ourselves. And space and togelhemess wilh other women. This is how lhe idea of a Women's Wellness Week was born last year: a week for women to be together and explore !heir bodies, emotions, spirits. To reconnect with their special female power and to nurture those who usually do most of the nurturing for Dreamers often do The moon is as proud and distant in its rising as her smile this moon lifts proud and brooding somewhere inside of you Drifting as siJent and as singular as Bu the owl 2. Her daughter has touched you She is heaJing, she makes you bleed. She has a boy, her dreams are rcaJ. The mountain is a woman Once I made poetry now I will make songs. - Donald Morton The Hawk Wjnd There comes a day in the Spring of the year when Eanh and Air interact to create a special wind, a wind that allows the hawks to ride aloft on their great spring migrations. This same Hawk Wind affects the soul of Man, instilling in him - for at least this one brief day - a wanderlust that will not let him rest. This intense longing defies description, but once the Hawk Wind has claimed you, you will never forget it. The Hawk Wind is rising in the West,. And with it I must rise, Or be forever bound to Earth While in this earthly guise. @ Douglas A. Rossman others. We want to do all this again this year and have fun together at Indian Valley Retreat in August. It would be wonderful if many of you could join us for this special event. Or maybe organize a wellncss week of your own. I hope that all women will sometime be able to answer the question "What docs it mean to be a woman?" with "It means to feel good." Michaela Schmidt c/o Indian Valley Retreat Willis, Va. 1UAH - page 24 Spring 1987 �COVERLETS (continued from p. 4) mountain weaving women and did have an effect on the conditions of their lives. handicrafts revival was cenainly of economic benefit. It also had a big effect on a woman's position in the family in the cases where she provided the only source of cash and her work enabled the family to stay on their land. By the mid-1920's the mountains were dolled with schools, co-ops, shops, and settlement houses. But Frances Goodrich's dream of creating a market for mountain crafts had only been partly realized. In a 1928 meeting of mountain volunteer workers in Knoxville, TN, Olive Campbell proposed to Lucy Morgan that a guild be formed. ln December of that year another meeting wfls held in the weaving cabin at Penland that led to the founding of the Southern Highlands Handicraft Guild in 1931. Frances Goodrich offered the new organization the facilities of her Allanstand shop. Almost as soon as the guild was formed, it began its long involvement with the Great Smoky National Park and later with the Blue Ridge Parkway, providing items for sale and demonstrations of traditional crafts. In the mountains there is a continuum that remains here to this day. It consists of two overlapping traditions: the pioneer cabin culture that is 200 years old and still survives in some ways, and the craft revival tradition that is already 100 years old and is an individual as well as an intellectual, social, political, and economic movement. These two traditions blend together, and it is impossible to draw a clear line between where one Stans and the other ends. Even today new things are being discovered and other things revived. Back in 1895 people were pessimistic about the furore of the old, rural, mountain traditions. Today we can better realize the resilience and adaptability of the mountain ways. Mountain people are practical. They were never attached to tradition for tradition's sake. They have always been eager to find a better way to do things. But mountain people cling tenaciously to the old ways "if it suits 'em" to do so. MAINTAINING MOUNTAIN CULTURE Lucy Morgan and Olive Campbell represent the second generation of the Appalachian handicrafts revival. Lucy Morgan was a native-born Appalachian woman who founded the Penland School of Crafts in the early I 920's and Fireside Industries to help mountain women market their craftwork. Olive Campbell founded the John C. Campbell Folk School in 1925. These second-generation revival leaders had slightly different goals from their predecessors. "First, I wanted to promote a revival of mountain handiwork. Second, I wanted to add to their meager incomes while not forcing them to leave their homes," said Lucy Morgan. In her work she was always conscious that in helping mountain women get cash for their work, she was helping them to achieve a degree of independence that they had never had before. She appreciated that mountain women were breaking into the modem system by means of some of their oldest trades. ''Thoughts danced through my head nights and days," she wrote in later years. "My mind wove fanciful visions while my tired. sore fingers were weaving tangible materials. I saw innumerable women in modest mountain homes, happily engrossed in weaving beautiful homespuns in delightful old designs, their worries vanishing and their hopes brightening for their children's futures. "I saw the education of countless mountain children, even college educations, being clacked out on home looms in the coves and valleys and along the slopes of the Blue Ridge and the Great Smokies." <Gift from the Hills, by Lucy Morgan with LeGette Blythe, Univ. of NC, 1950) The mountain economy was largely outside of the cash economy - particularly during times like the Civil War and the Great Depression. The men could feed their families from their farms, but, shon of leaving home, there were few ways for them to bring in any cash. During the Depression the Jan Davidson is locally well-known as a musician who plays traditional mountain mu.sic, bw he is also curator of the Mountain Center in Cullowhee, NC. He, his wife Nanette, who calls a lively square dance, and their son, John Neil; ~ live in Webster, NC. p Landlines ~ mu.1( Orac(es - C6u~, <"1)5tc.Ur., Custom Mapping and T Geographic Information Management yl~•r)Q wnls, l~rods 0 A ndrew W. Feonslem CnrtOQropheT T...,e 108 Chu•ch Rd. A.h..mo NC 28804 (704) 254-9551 / PruviJm11 Pcnanal ~rvlu Fllhn11 Yc•n Boole Needs In Speciallz.etl Acids 701-26+ 5866 tmor, 1"""E' ]"°"'' /Co. Tm*(~,... 601 Ca1t1p f((IOt'~c:L $tat~"' Ol<llt1Ut)1 / (( .. 1g7 /I c...t.J '• <'1".w.i~ .... r1, om.,. Books Q.,J Things L~- ·· l08 Blowing R..ick RQad 8unM, Nonh Carolina 28607 GARY HEMSOTH ~ Tho powotM GOLDEN EAGLE ria.1 alloYe 1111 tluo Ri<ftt mltlis lull .o1.. dos1111. h•ftd.scr....., ... r. ~~:,Ts Of 100'1. PRESHRUNK COT· Colon:SilYor.fcrv.wi.•tc Sinr;AdUlllS·XL. ShottSIHveT: .lduft·SIO.OOppd. 1\jane,, 1 ~~ I unno 'Na . . ~r~~l ~ ~ Lon1Slttv1T: Adull·Sl4-00ppd. All designs, except Golden Eagle, also available in sweatshirts. Feather or tracks imprinted on sleeve. ULTRAVIOLET PURIFICATION AND FILTERING SYSTEMS SOLAR PRODUCTS· WATER ANALYSIS RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 ..-----------·-----·--·------· ! : MIO! Ordtr To: Rl<lc• Runner H•M•I• 1033°h81ls1mlld.. Waynuvillt,NC 28785(7041456·3003 O MuttrClrdHo. _ __ _ _ _ _ __ , :JClltck ! O MoneyOnltf O VISElp.D•~------Name _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I • AddttH _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1 Lona Sitt•• Includes d•ialled prom ot tuther on slttvt. S..trsfaction auurtd orrtlllmlortull refund. _ _ _ _ _ __ : FRIEDMAN & .HWY. 107 RT. 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 8 DESIGN, INC. ENERGY SYSTEMS THAT PAY FOR THEMSELVES '': • Pt\on•- - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - 1 :JChtck her> tor rR££ COl0:~~~:~=~:;,~;.';.~~:~11 Gnphi<s. PO 80Xe57 OIUSllORO. NC 29125 KATUAH - page 25 Sprin;J 1987 �using this kind of equipnumt, we can all go home with money in our poclcets." Feminine qualities would seem to be excellent assets when supervising work among the webs of a complex life community. It requires a sensitive hand to create a scene of beauty while keeping the books balanced. Compassion is needed to keep the life processes of a place in mind while trees are dropping and bulldozers are moving across the forest floor. And it takes a calm mind to clearly discern the line between purposeful production and wasteful destruction. "With my kind of crew using this kind of equipment, we can all go home with money in our pockets." "When I got into this business, I didn't know anything about logging. I was so disgusted IJy the clear-cutting issue, that I wished I could do forest management without having to deal with loggers. Needless to say, I soon found out there was noway. "So I first hired two men. I was told they were excellent loggers. They came in at the given time, 7:00 am, they tUTned on their saws, and off they went. They worked for an hour without looking up, and trees were flying in all directions. I thought, This is great. Within a day this will all be cut.' But then I realized that all that material had to come out. Unless you stop at the right moment, it becomes rather complicated, and you have to climb over a lot oftimber to pull the next piece out. 'This was the beginning of my learning. I told myself, 'We need a plan. In order to know haw to finish, we need to know how to start.' ·so I read some boo/cs and consuilld with some penple experienced in harvesting, and 1111/lde a plan. I taught the loggers. I said, '/nstead of felling everything left and right, go a little bit more slowly and/ell them in rows. Then between the rows will be spaces we can plant.• "Now, every time we do a cut, we have a plan. "loggers at the sawmill are like washerwomen at tire public fountain. Wiren they get together, they yak. Tire loggers all know who is cutting what for whom for haw much. They know it all. And now I'm beginning to have loggers who call us and say, 'I would like to work for you.' I've had several crews I've worked with. Some could change their ways, others couldn't. We say, 'We'll give it a try, and if you find this is not the way you can work, then that's too bad.' The men who work with me are very responsive. I love them. They work hard. But I mark every tree, I lay out every foot of the skid trail myself. I always let them know that 'mama is here'. Seeing Lislott Harbens' excitement when she is in the woods or talking about her work, observing her relationship with the forest, and watching her chaoning, yet utterly competent manner of doing business, it makes one think it would be good to see more women earning degrees in forestry school or going out into the woods to tend the rrees. FOREST CARE may be contacted at 437 Walnut Street; Sta1esville, NC 28677 or aJ (704) 873-5344 or (704) 872-1930. Uslott Harberts has said, Hf would love to /rave a FOREST CARE <XJmpany up in the high mountain area. It would take an enterprising person with the rig/it qualifications. It would take an initial investment, but we would lend our name to the enterprise, if an entrepreneur would be willing to subscribe to tire guidelines and standards / that we have set up for our company. ~\\~>~\\'\ll\\"''i'l\'!\'\'~·~~'°''tt\\\'\~\~"'\\.t~\\1:'~''\)\~,~~¥\\\~i~~~~\tMi~:A~\l\~~ti'\~¥\~~-t.\\'l.°tli ~~$ ~ Susie helped out area doctors like Doc Wilkes, Big ~ * ~ ~ $ ~ - Susie McMahan/Midwife · continued tromi>&&e9 ~ ~ ~ $. ~ ~ ~ jf If, 1: ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'J; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :::;. ~ ~ -,.. "veil" is a membrane which sometimes envelopes the infant's head at birth and is refened to as a "caul" in medical tenninology). When cars got more common, Susie remembers stepping out of a car to go deliver a baby and sinking waist deep in snow. But weather never stopped her from helping those who needed her. Lawrence was obviously behind her all the way, for when she was away delivering someone else's child, he kept their 11 children at home. Susie said she was lucky she never had to deliver a baby so small it had to be incubated. Back in those days, the incubator consisted of a basket filled with wool to warm the child, said Susie. Her babies were always five pounds or larger, and the largest she can recall today was 12 pounds, one of her daughter's children. The Morgan twins (Harold and Carroll) stick out in Susie's mind even today, because she had to fight so hard and long to keep the babies breathing. Luckily she had some help that day. While she breathed life into one baby, she said the other one would stop breathing. She'd hand the breathing child to her helper while she breathed life back into the other one. For over half an hour Susie continued to breathe into the infants until they began to breathe on their own, putting them into wann water to help stimulate them. "Th. ir mother tells 'em even today they'd better be c good to me because I saved their lives," said Susie with a laugh. Doc Nichols, and Little Doc Nichols. She said often Doc Wilkes would stay until she could get there, and he would then leave mother and baby in her capable hands. Susie recalls the good doctor telling his patients, "I know Mrs. McMahan can do as good as I can," before he left When trials arose during a binh, Susie had to use her instincts to save lives. After walking four miles out into the mountains Susie thought a baby was not going to get born because it was crossways. She got some help and held the mother up on he.r head so she could tum the baby. The baby was born safe and sound. Often the families slept on bed ticks made out of tow sacks and stuffed with cornshucks. If the baby was born before she arrived, she often had to fish the infant out of cornsbucks. Susie had all her children at home, most delivered by other midwives. When a doctor was available, she would use him. As a midwife, probably some of Susie's proudest births were her own grandchildren, many of whom she helped to bring into the world. Today Susie has 123 grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and great-great-grandchildren. uld Susie dretired asdahmid.walife in 1966il, whedn whomen co get to octors an ospll s more eas y, an s e was no longer needed as desperately as she had once been. "I thought I'd done my duty," she said. And no one could argue with that statement! ,.~ ~ Reprinted with permission from The Sylva /h.rJJ.JJL. Sylva, NC ~ ~ -: ;5 ~ ~ ~ t: ~ ~ ;:;:. ~ ~ ~ ..;. ~ t r;,,. 1i>- ;.i ~ ~ ._p ~ ;.t.. ;:; :.r_ ~ ~· '9'i ~ ~ ~tilNli'•~'Mii~Wi~Jt~.'''M.f~\~~~,~~~~..tt~~r.~~flt;\~~t~\~l~~~l~J\','ix~\\.\'~!.ttt~~~\~\\IW,tl(~W4\\~tl\{{!~~U~:tt1~~j,W+\'~ KATUAH - page 26 Spring 1987 �MARCH 23-25 CREA T SMOKY MTNS "Spring Wildflower Pilgrimage". Auto and walking tours to view the diverse vegellllioo or the park in spring. Coniact Park Headquarters; Gatlinburg, TN 37738 24 ASHEVILLE, NC "LATINO·. highly acclaimed. fcnturc-length film shown during Central Americn Week. 7:30 pm. Humanities Lecture Hall, UNC·A~ S2.SO 25 26 ASHEVILLE, NC Acid Rain Panel Discuss1on.Wcnoca Sicmi Club. Uniwian Church. 7:00 pm social: 7:30 pm program. ARDEN, NC "Dreams" with Adrienne Quinn <Dreams· Seem Mcssaecs [rpm Your Mind). Creating and interpreting dreams. 9 am • 4 pm. Love offering. Unity Center: Airpon Rd. (704) 684-3798 27-29 25-26 FARNER, TN "Wild Foods, Earth Medicines" • identification, preparation, cookery. Meals. bunks. Pre-register: Pcppertand Fann Camp (sec 3128-29) JOHNSON CITY, TN 10th ·Annual Appalachian Studies Conference. "Rememberance, Reunion, & Revival: Celebnuing A Decade of Appalachian Studies". Info: Helen Roseberry; East TN Siate University: P.O. Box 22, 300A; Johnson City. TN 37614 (615) 929-4392. 30 BOONE, NC Paul Winier Concert. Farthing Auditor1um, Appalachian State University. SYLVA, NC Gurney Norman, Appalachian prose writer~ pjyjnc Rjghl's Trip>. reading from has works :it City Lights Bookstore. 55 E. Main St.. 7:30 pm 30 DUBLIN, VA "LEAVING EGYPT" · The Rood.side Thca1tc Info: (606) 633-0108 28-29 1-3 27 MAY FARNER, TN Caving Expedition with Snow Benr. Instruction in snfety, geology, cave formations.Pre-register: S6S includes meals, equipment. Pcppcrland Farm Camp; Sw Rouie; Farner, TN 37333 FARNER, TN KATUAH SPRING GATHERING at Pcppcrlnnd Farm Camp. Sec announcement next page. 10 28-29 WILLIS, VA "Natural Vision Improvement• with Michaela Schmidt. Indian Valley Holistic Center; Rt 2 Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. (703) 789-4295. KNOXVILLE, TN "Fundraising Workshop for Grassroou Orpnil.ations" with nationally acclaimed consultant Kim Klein. 9 1111-4:30 pm. $35. To rcgisicr (before 3(1.7): Community Shares; 517 Union Ave (Suite 203): Knoxville, TN 37902. (615) 522-1604. APRIL SWANNANOA, NC WATER FOR LIFE/ STREAMWATCH. Siatewide gathering or citiicns concerned with improving rivers .t streams in NC. Speakers, workshops, activities for teachers. recreational activities, ac. Info: Environmental Sllldics, Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC 28778 2 WILLIS, VA Couples Workshop with Tom Williams. Indian Valley Holistic Ccnl.CI' (see 3128) 2 BRASSTOWN, NC Homesteading Workshops. John C. Campbell Folk School: Brasstown, NC 28902. (704) 837-2n5. 10-11 3-5 FARNER, TN Spring Camping Trip into a virgin hardwood forest. Wildflowers. foraging, tracking with Snow Bear (see 3/28-29). 3-5 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Tilc Mystic Journey Retreat". Southern Dharma Retreat Center; Rt. I, Box 34 H; H0t Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. 4 SWANNANOA, NC 3rd Annual WNC ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMIT. A look at key environmenlal issues, problems. solutions, and strategics. 8:30 am-5:00 pm., Kiuredge Center, Warren Wilson College. Registration $5. Info: Environmenlal Studies, Warren Wilson College, Swannnnoa. NC 28n8. 9-10 FARNER, TN "Earth Skills Seminar" • staying warm, dry, and well-fed with what the forest has to give. Pre-register: $50 includes mcab, lodging. Peppcrtand Farm Camp (sec 3128-29) 15-17 19-25 SW ANNA NOA, NC "Swannanoa River Awareness Weck" with Clean Streams Day, benefit square dance, etc. Info: Joe L..acltey, Environmental Studies.. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC 28n8. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC 1987 BLACK MOUNTAIN SPRING MUSIC FESTIVAL. Claudia Schmidt. Trapezoid, Tuin, The Folkiellers, Golden Rod Puppets, Braidstream, more. S30 for the weekend. Wriie: P.O. Box 216: Black Min., NC 28711. • continued on next p1ge 10-12 WAYNESVILLE, NC "The Sounds of Spring: A Silent Meditation Retreat". Stil-Light Theosophical Rctrea1 Center, Rt I Box 326, Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-4569 ~@(MJ~ft ~f!.IUJO~ ~~~ RECLAIM YOUR PERSONAL. POWER AT A NURTURING MOUNTAIN RETREAT CHl.DCARE AVl>U8.I: AUGUST 17 - 23 $285 HERBALIST, SUSAN WEED; BODY WORKER,UBBY OUTLAW CAROLYN MOORE, M.D. INDIAN VALLEY RETREAT RT 2 BOX 58, WILLIS. VA. 24380 (703) 789--4295 KATUAH - page Tl Spring 1987 �22-25 WILLIS, VA Vision Quest with Dan Goodp:ith. Indian Valley Holistic C.entcr (see 3128) 24-30 BRASSTOWN, NC "Native American Week" at John C. Campbell Folk School. Baskets, pouery, weaving, woodC3t'Ving. (soc S/2) 7-13 30 NC~ ALERT! 19-21 GREAT SMOKY MT'NS. "Geologic Evolution of the Great Smokies•, "Spring Wild Edibles". and • Animnl Life in Smoky Mtn. Sueams•. Smoky Mountain Field School (see 4/4) ~31 HENDERSONVILLE, NC NC Chapter Siemi Oub Annual Meeting. Kanuga Conference Center. Regisuntion fee. Info: Shirl Thomas (704) 885-8229. BRASSTOWN, JUNE DANCE WEEK, includes English Country, Scouish Country & English Garland Dancing. John C. Campbell Folk School (see 5/2). The IRS has proposed regulations to change the definition of lobbying. If adopted, these new regulations could d r astically affect what tax-exempt organizations can do. The changes would also be retroactive affecting the ww and ~ status of 501 C4 and possibly some 50 I C5 organizations. THE IRS IS ACCEPTING PUBLIC COMMENTS ON THESE PROPOSED NEW RULES UNTIL APRIL 3, 1987. Direct your comments to: WAYNESVILLE, NC • Flower Essences: Archetypes of Consciousness". Stil-LighL (see 4/10} 21 SUMMER SOLSTICE GATHERING and Seed Camp for National Rainbow Gathering. Rainbow Family of Living Light: Box 1097: Newport, TN 37821 23-24 JUNE 6 GREAT SMOKY MTNS "Forests and Trees of the Smokies". Smoley Mountain Field School (see 4/4} SWANNANOA, NC ALTERNATIVE FARMING FIELD DAYS. Sponsored by Carolina Fann Stewardship Assoc .. Keynote: Dick Harwood, fonncr director of Rodalc's Farm Research. Includes workshops, displays, field trips, etc. Info: Ian Robertson, Warren Wilson College, Swnnnaooa, NC 2877g. (704) 298-3325, ext 256. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Aucntion: CC:LR:T:E-154·78 Washington, DC 20224 For more infonnation: contact your local Sierra Club or Harvard Ayers, Blue Ridge Sierra Club, 205 Anne Marie Drive, Boone, NC 28607. (704) 264 4367 or 262-2295. Join a Circle of PEOPLE WHO CARE Cost if pre-registered by April 15: Katiiah Spring Gathering $20.00IJ.ri< $10.00chlf Cost al carll>: "working for a viable future for the Southern Appalachian Bioregion" Friday evening May 1 thru May 3 Sunday afternoon PEPPERLAND FARM CAMP wor1<shops on: Communities, Herb and Tree Identification Dowsing, Nukes, and Bear Action Crystal Circle, Childrens' Activities KA TUAH - page 28 $16.00 camping $20. ()() ~ $12.00 chl:1 All money received pays for food and camp costs. This Is a not·for-prof1t event. Name - - - - - - - - - - - - Address - - - - - - - - - - - Phone Enclosed is _ _ __ adults and _ _ Camping in payment for children. Bunk Please return to Katuah: Box 873: Cullowhee, NC: Katuah Province: 28723 For more Info, phone: (704) 586-3146 Spring 1987 �cefEBWO~ APPALACHIAN PATCHWORK - Mountain talcs and songs by the Appalachian Puppet ThC4trc. Cassette tape $7.00 from: Appalachian Puppet Theatre, 3SS Cedar Cteelc Road. Black Mountain, NC 28711 (704) 669-6821. DRUM WORKSHOPS - for children of all ages. Lherapeutic massage • Relaxes lhe body & mind ...Call Martha for more info at (704) 252-2420. CUSTOM CELTIC HARPS - A'CoW't Bason; Travianna Farm; Rt. I; Check, VA 24072. "AS WE ARE" - Women's music by Pomegrunatc Rose, a four-woman group playing lively original music. Cassettc tape available for $9.00 ppd. from RL 2, Box 43S; Piusboro, NC 27 IN DEFENSE OF SACRED LANDS • Support the rU'St Amendment lawsuit to stOp forced relocation of lhe Dineh (Navajo) people. Buy a sacred lands sweatshirt or long-sleeve T-shirt. SO/SO sweatshirts - $20 postpaid, in grey, red. turquoise. 100% couon long sleeve T-shirts - SI 5 postpaid, in black, forest green, lavender. sii.es: S-M-L-XL Crom BMLDiOC; 2501 N. 4th St; Flagstaff, AZ 86001. WINGED HEART HOMESTEAD - 283 acres in Indian Valley district, SW Virginia. On lhis farm we wam to start a selC-reliant communi1y of families emphasizing orpnic fanning methods and creative persooaJ and spiritu:il growth. Cootact: Mulawir; Rt HC-67, Box 171; Alum Ridge, VA 24051. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves, lincturcs, & oils for birlhing &. family health. For ' brochure, please wri1.e: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726; Hrunpcon, TN 37658 OAK LEAP WORKS - band-crafted futon mattresses, :i:abuton floor cushions, yogamats, and buckwheat hull pillows: standard 4 custom size$ available, to suit your needs. Write or call for our free brochure: Oak Leaf Works; Star Route, Box 43: Aoyd, VA 24091; (703) 763-2373. FAIRGLEN FARMS oCfers organic, biological fertilizers for farm and garden. Send SASE for price list. Biologically-grown produce to sell? We are intcreSled in acting as coopc:rative ma.dceting agents with other growers. Write: Route I, BOA 319; Clyde. NC 28721. COALITION FOR ALTERNATlVES TO SHEARON HARRIS (CASH) - is working to proiect the N.C. Piedmont from the Shearon Harris nuclear reactor and a low-level nuclear waste dump. Now, more than ever, they need financial support and people's energy. CASH; 237 McCauley SL; Chapel Hill, NC 27514. DRUMS - Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbeclcs & wooden medicine drums. Call Joe at (704) 258-1038 or David at (704) 253-2846, or writc to: Joe Robens, 738 Town Mountain Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. ORIGINAL WATERCOLORS - Nina Anderson; Box 888; CUllowhce, NC 28723; (704) 293-5670. THE CENTER FOR NEW PRIORITIES - now open, in Asheville, NC, for all groups dedicated to working towards genuine, life>orient.cd, change for the community. Office space, small meeling s113CC, and kitchen facilities are available. For more information, call (704) 254-4714 or write the Center, S4 Starnes Avenue, Asheville. NC 28801. The Center apprecia.t es donations. largCl or small, to help with iis upkeep and activities. FARM WANTED - young family seeks owner-financed, low down payment (SSOO or less) small acreage (10 acres or less) in lhe N.C. mountains for home, gardens, fruit tree, and peace. Also, we would appreciate info on jobs and/or job offen in the area. We are young. hard-wating and dependable. Please write Mr. cl Mrs. Jorge Veluque:i:; 174 Countrywood, Cleveland, TX TI327. CUSTOM WOODWORKS & HOME IMPROVEMENT CO. - tables, cabinets, bookcases, house repair. Gerald Ashe; (704) 497-9834: Whittier, NC 28789. KA1UAH • page 29 PERMACULTURE ASSISTANT- "For five years now I've been doing research and trials on Permacnlturc candidate species for the interior Soulhcastem Highlands. I need to find an apprentict/research assistant. preferably one with the potential to become a partner and/or eventual successor. Gardening and writing experience would be useful, but 1 will IJ'8in anyone with a sincere interest." Adam Turtle; Nobody's Mountain; Livingston, TN 38S70. INDIAN VALLEY RETREAT - 140 acres in Blue Ridge mountains with facilities availnble to rent for groups or individual retreats. either guided or unstructured. Send for information and seasonal calendar of healing, transfomuu.ive events to: Indian Valley Holistic Center; Rt 2, Box S8; Willis, VA 24380. 0.INCH RIVER EDUCATIONAL CENTER offers counseling for individuals, couples, groups. Also classes in personal growth and body awareness. P.O. Box 993; Abingdon, VA 24210. CREEKSIDE PRESS • Assistance for authors and poets in editing, computer services, and submitting manuscripts for publication. Lori Ward Hamm: P.O. Box 331: Abingdon, VA 24210. FARM FOR SALB • 43 acres, Calhoun C1y. WV; S room older house, deep well. 30+ apple trees, indoor hot water and bath, outdoor toilet, FREE NATURAL GAS, hilltop, 1/4 mile well-maintained access road. Allan cl Carol Freeman, (704) 264-S726. $30,000. PEPPERLAND FARM CAMP - a unique summet camp experience for children 6-16 years. Adventure trips, riding, Indian lore, swimming, more. Delicious vegetarian meals - special diets accomodaled. Also seeking counselors and staff. For info: Pcpperland Farm Camp; Star Route; Farner. TN 37333 (704) 494-2353 FOUR WINDS VILLAGE - health and spiritual retreat; home for children in need. For visiling info. write: Box 112: Tiger, GA 30S76. Sprin:J 1987 �MORE cef€BW OR/5efg APPRENTICESHIPS - offered in large. organic, market garden business and home subsistence/ preservation garden. Gardeners have eight years experience teaching organic, biodynamic-Frcnch intensive, labor intensive gardening. Housing. Contacc Bob and Sandy Gow; Rt. 2, BOJC 51; Zionvillc, NC 28698. (919) 385~. "CELEBRATION SPACE: Songs 10 Celebrate Life" - A cassette tape completely produced, pezforrned, and recorded by members and friends of the Floyd County community IO raise money for the Floyd County Community Hall. This audio songbook contains IS original songs and chants and 3 traditional songs to learn and sing in your own community. The sound quality is uneven, but the energy, spirit, and joy shine through. For the cassette tape with lyric sheet (ppd.). send $10.00 IO the Floyd County Community Hall Project; Rt. I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091. TWO PAPERS - "How 10 Stan a Co-op" and "Steps Toward Forming an Auto Repair Cooperative• by Dr. Rodney S. Wead, PhD. Available from Appalachian People's Service Organization; P.O. Box 1007; Blacksburg, VA 24060. TECHNOLOGICAL APPROPRIATE COMMUNICATIONS - low-tech, economical telephone systems for the alternative community or farm. 2·100 phones. automatic or human-assisted systems available. Write: TAC; PO Box 936; Gatlinburg, TN 37730 ARCHITECTURAL ADVJCE AND DESIGN: Adam Cohen; Rt. 2, Box 217; Check, VA 24072 DAYSTAR ASTROLOGICAL SERVICE - natal, transit, comparison charts. Very accurate. Only $3.00 each. Chris and Will Bason; Rt. 2, Boit 217; Cbcck, VA 24072 (703) 651-3492 SOCK-A-DOOZ PUPPET PETS - Walk 'cm, talk 'cm, make 'cm fly. Wag their tails, you can try. They will love you, hug you if you're blue. Now PUPPET PETS can be your friends loo. Handcrafted by Bonnie Blue; P.O. Box 65; Genon, NC 28735. ASREVll..LE I BUNCOMBE COUNTY SOLID WASTE ALTERNATIVES PLANNING WORKBOOK: A design for handling solid wastes in any urban context. SIS from Long Branch Environmental Education Center, Rt. 2, Box 132; Lcices!Ct, NC 28748. ~OBS CONCERT - Music and stories about Martin Lulher King, Rosa Parks. and other champions df peace & courage. for information and boo\.ings, contacc Meg Macl..eod. 160 Aint St., Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 2S4-64S4. ELACHEE NATURE SCIENCE CENTER dcdicaled to the undcrslanding and appreciation o( the natural world. For membership or visiting info, write P.O. Box 2771; Gainesville, GA 30503. WEBWORKING is lice. Send subm~sions IO: . K.a.tGah P.O. Box 873 Cullowhce, NC KatUah Province 28723 THE SECOND NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS was a continental gathering of biorcgionalists held in August 1986 on the shores of Lake Michigan. The NABC II Proceedings, a 90-page quality paperbound book, conUlins reports and resolutions from seventeen committees, highlights and texts of panels, workshops and presentations on such subjects as eco-feminism, pennacuhure, native peoples and people of color, economics, and spirituality, as well as biorcgional an, poetry, and photos. The publication is an anractive and comprehensive current statement of the bioregional movement. Price is $10 each plus $1.50 p&h. California residents add 6% sales tax. Wholesale prices available. Alexandra Han/ Proceedings; Box 10 IO; Forestville, CA 95436. ln Canada, contact Christopher Plant, The New Catalyst; POB 99; LiUooct, BC VOK IVO Canada. Al ARTHUR MORGAN SCHOOL 24 students and 14 staff learn together by living in community. Curriculum includes creative academics. group dccision.maJcing, a work program. service prOJCClS, extensive rield trips, challenging outdoor experiences. Write: 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714. FLOWER ESSENCES - Harmony with Nature & SpiriL Gentle emotional suppon during transi!JOllS, specific issues, relationships. Opens communications. Self-adjusting, non-toxic, awareness "tools" for improving the inner qll31ity. Correspondence to: Elaine Geouge, c/o Patchwork Castle, Celo, 3931 HWY 80 So.. Burnsville, NC 28714 STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT CENTER - a quiet space for personal mcdlllltlon. group intcracLion through study and community work, and spiritual seminars. Contaet Leon Frankel; RL I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 .. CIBlllNI&SIE ACUlPllJ~C1'1U!ilE AMP lllIIE!il!OILOG 'W CILlIMIC NATURAL FOOD STORE & DELI We now have. u.tVtA.ive. monthly ~pe.cial..6, wi.th a di66t1te.tit SUPER SPECIAL EACll 160 Broadway Asheville, N.C. 28801 (704) 253-7656 MALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/CAFE 342 MERRIMON AVE., ASHEVILLE. NC 704 -258·901 6 BOOKS - CAROS - wmc RECORDS 61 HAYWOOO ST ASHEV1ll.E. NC 28801 70l·25<1-873ol KATUAH ·page 30 Open 7 Daya A Week Where Broadway Meets Merrlmon And 1·240 9:00 a.m. · 6:30 p.m. Monday • Friday 9:00 a.m · 8:00 p m Saturday Sunday 1:00 p .m. • 5:00 p.m Spriz¥J 1987 ::. �KJl.Jimh. wants to communfcate your tlwuglits and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, drawings, or photographs. Please send your contributions to us at: Kmlmh,· Box 873; Cullowhee, NC ; Ka/Uah Province 28723. In the summer we will be considering an and music, gardens and growing, and the process ofinitiation that ta/res place as we move through our life stages. Medtrlnt'-' ."'111tes Please send your ideas for futme themes for K.!uiiah. BACK ISSUES ISSUE 1WO • WlNl'ER 1983-84 Yona - Bear Huniers - Pigeon River· Anolhct Way Wilh Animals - Alma - Becoming Politically Effective - Mounlllin Woodlands - Katiiah Under the Drill· Spiriwal Warriors ISSUE THREE· SPRING 1984 Suslainable Agriculture - Sunflowers • Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens' Education • Veronica Nicholas:Woman in Politics - Lillie People - Me<licine Allies ful I color T-s6irts In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today arc only diminutive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world. but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it These beings are called with reverence "grandfathers". And of them, the strongest arc KilWi, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake , who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi Us<fi. "the little man", as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in itll own domain. Together they are allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing power of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Kawah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top-quality, all-cotton shirts, they arc available now in all adult sizes from the~joumal. "To show respect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in tum become an ally in the continuing process of maintaining harmony and balance here in the mountains of Katllah." To order, use the form below. ISSUE FOUR • SUMMER 1984 Water Drum - Water Qualiiy - Kudzu - Solar Eclipse - Clearcuuing - Trout - Going to Water • Ram Pumps - Microhydro - Poems: BeMie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest ·Old Ways in Olerokee - Ginseng • Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heriiage - Bioregionalism: Past. Present, and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Darlrn~ ·Politics of Pani<:ipation ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984-85 Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony • Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Roots • Mounraln Agriculture: The Right Crop • William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs • Worker Ownership • The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turlcey - Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life ISSUE EIGHr - SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Katllah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE· FALL 1985 The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak - Migraling Forests • Horse Logging • Staning a Tree Crop • Urban Ttt.es - Acom Bread - Myth Tune KATUAH: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Box 873; Cullowhee, NC; Kanlah Province 28723 For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 252-9167 Regular Membership........$10/yr. Sponsor..........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Address Enclosed is $ to give this effort an extra bOost City State Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code KATUAH-pue31 Phone Number ·- - - - - - .. =---"'--•• -- ISSUE TEN - WINTER 1985-U Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone - Internal Mythmalcing • Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knaoth - Mythic Places - The Uktena's Tare Crystal Magic - "Drcamspcaking" ISSUE ELEVEN - SPRING 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the Bioregional Vision - Recycling - Communily Gardening- Floyd County, VA· Gaoohol - Two Biorcgionat Views · Nuclear Supplement - Foxfue Games -Good Medicine: Visions ISSUE THIRTEEN· Fall 1986 Center For Awakening - Elizabeth Callari - A Gentle Dealh - Hospice - Ernest Morgan - Dealing Creatively with Death • Home Burial Box • The Wake - The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine: The Sweal Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· Winter 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogers and Mummers - All Species Day - Cabin Fever University - Homeless in Katiiah - Hommade Hot Water - Stovemaker's Narrative • Good Medicine: Interspecies Communication Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.00 $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.00 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.00 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.00 = $_ _ CompleteSet(2·11, 13-14) @ $18.00 =$_ _ = = T-Shirts: specify quantity color: tan s__ ~ L_ _ XL_ _ @ $9.50 each............$_ _ TOTALPRICE= postage paid $_ _ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 15, Spring 1987 Description An account of the resource The fifteenth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on women: Francis Goodrich's settlement work, Lislott Harberts' Forest Care business, midwife Susie McMahan, the Cherokee matriarchal culture and various resources for women in general. Authors and artists in this issue include: Jan Davidson, Patricia Claire Peters, David Wheeler, Angela Griffin, Rob Messick, Ise Williams, Marnie Muller, Tata Andres, Linda Mathis, Colleen Redman-Copus, Martha Tree, Patricia Shirley, Gary Davis, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Donna VanLear, Marcia Hurlow, John Grey, Donald Morton, and Douglas A. Rossman. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Coverlets.......1 Poem: "My Mother's Eyes".......5 Lislott Harberts: Forester.......6 Susie McMahan: Midwife.......9 Resources for Women.......10 Alternative Contraception.......11 Biosexuality.......12 Bioregionalism and Women.......13 Poems.......14 Good Medicine: Matriarchial Culture.......15 Pearl.......16 Natural World News.......18 A Children's Page.......21 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Women-owned business enterprises--North Carolina, Western Coverlets--North Carolina, Western--History Midwifery--North Carolina, Western Ecofeminism Patriarchy Matriarchy North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Children's Page Community Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Forest Practice Good Medicine Katúah Pigeon River Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Stories Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/cbf32695fba405c0cff45e3e9c54db62.pdf 616631b2f61e4f3060a633a13326ea4d PDF Text Text $1.50 ISSUE 25 FALL 1989 . for all things wild I ,.. �October 27, 1989 "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" Owen Conference Center, University of ~orth Carolina Asheville A major conference bringing together scientists, educators, government land managers, and conservationists to speak about the condition of the Southern Appalachian habitat and the necessity to initiate new programs for habitat preservation and restoration to maintain the the southern diversity of life in mountains. For more information call (704) 251-6441 Registration: $20.00. October 28 October 28 "Wild in the Streets: The Feral Ball " "For All Things Wild" Warren Wilson College Swannanoa, NC Issues and strategy discussion among activists directed to arrive at means of restoring biological diversity in the Southern Appalachian region. Speakers: Reed Noss, Laura Jackson, Robert Zahner, Peter Kirby, Jamie Sayen, David Wheeler. Open discussion period. Registration: $5.00. For more info:, call (704) 298-3325 (Ext. 250). rock to the music of Grandmother and One Straw We call upon the spirits of the wild! Come costumed as one of our native mountain species - or to express your own wildest self! 8:00 pm. Location to be announced. Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �The Great Forcst ........................... 3 by Sam Gray Restoring the Old-Growth Forest........5 by Robert 'Zahner Regional Planning for Habitat Intcgrity................... 8 by Laura Jackson A Question o f Value ...................... 10 hy Dm·id Wheeler Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation ................ 12 by Anna Muir Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" ................. 13 by Julia NUlllllJJ/y Duncan A Place for Bears ......................... 15 An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" .. 16 by Annelinde Metzner Eastern Panther, Where Are You?...... 17 by Patrick Clarlr. Oak Decline ................................ 19 by Hetllher Blair People and Habitat ........................ 2 1 by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawart Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries ..............23 Natural World News..................... 24 Drumming ................................. 26 Living Green .............................. 29 Baner Fair................................. 30 (Natural) Resources ...................... 31 Events Calendar........................... 32 Webworking ............................... 34 1'"iirt. t 989 To sense what ls happening In the mountains, we begin by perceiving the Southern Appalachian region as an ongoing. functioning. organic euent. ..within the greater biosphere. We can then tdenUfy ourselves and our species In relation to It and sense our place within Its evolutionary history and cycles of renewal. From the perspective of the whole we are one species among many each \vith its own contribullon to make. each wilh its own demands for habitat. When there is a disturbance in the pattern of the whole. the effects even tu ally reach every inhabitant. Human beings have been here for very few of the millions of years the forest has been patiently growing within a dynamic balance. In recent times. our perception of these forests has often lacked wisdom and humility. resulting In actions destructive to our home. We can sense our relationship to the whole, but we will never be able to encompass It with our Intellect alone. We are in it and of it. This Is the Great Mystery of existence. Intuitively we can perceive this Mystery. We can revere It and celebrate lt. And by acting tn concert with the Life cycles, we can come to know It more fully. This knowing then leads us to respond. In thls issue of Katuah. we look at biodiversity and habitat ln the Southern Appalachian region and how they are being disrupted. Finding out about the current situation In Katuah prompts us to acuon--to speak out. protect. restore. Throughout the articles. it becomes apparent that to truly understand this region. we need to experience. acknowledge, and serve the region as a whole. -The Editors Biodiversity is defined by ecologist Recd Noss llS "a full complement of the native plant and animal species in their natural or normal patterns of abundance." Biodiversity is the foundation of evolution in any biorcgion. Habi tat is defined as an interdependent community of life that supports the various species that live within iL Habitat is the foundation of biodiversity. �STAFF THIS ISSUE: R.ichacd Lowenthal Christina Morrison James Rhea Manha Tree Rob Messick Mamie Muller Chip Smith David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scott Bird Jack Chaney David Red Kim Sandland Heather Blair Sam Gray Marsha Ring Morgan Swann Thanks as well to Joe and Rhea and the Mountain Garden. We offer special thanks for the influence of Grandfather Mountain. COVER by James Rhea PUBLISHED BY; Ka11"1h Journal PRINTED BY; The Waynesville Mountaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE IBJS ISSUE: Globe Valley W&ITEUS AT: TELEPHONE; (704) 683-1414 Katt1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both nmwaJ and social. In line with this principle. the KatU/Jh Journal lrics to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of lhe Ka1Uah Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatU/Jh a non-profit organization under section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to KatU/Jh arc deductible from personal income tax. 'LNVOCA.TWN Do you think you can take over the universe and improve it? I do not believe it can be done. The universe is sacred. You cannot improve it. If you try to change it, you will ruin it. If you try to hold it, you will lose it. -from imsage 29. Tao Te Ching attributed to Lao Tzu ™E SOUTHERN APPALACillAN BIOREGION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turrie Island; a small bur growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of rhar geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of 1miversal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Kaufoh" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the nonh; thefoorhills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley ro the west. The editorial priorities for us are to co/leer and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the awareness rhar the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is a way ro insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a " do or die " situation in terms ofa quality standard of life/or all living beings on this planet. As a voice/or the caretakers ofthis sacred land, Kac-Uah, we advocate a centered approach to rhe concept ofdecentralization. It is our hope to become a support system/or those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation ofharmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that Kac-Uah will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing members. -The Editors f"~U.. 1989 �It may be that s.ome little rcx:::>t of the sacred tree still lives. "-lou-ish it then, that it may leof and bloom and fill with singing birds. - Q,lock Elk Until recent time a great inland forest overlay the eastern ponion of Nonh America-a continuous biologic fabric extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama, west along the tributaries of the Mississippi, and boundaried in the east by the pine barrens and lowland marshes of the coastal plain. This forest had its origins in an ancient circumpolar forest system that dominated the temperate zones of Asia, Europe and Nonh America in the Eocene epoch of the Teniary Period (50 million years B.P. [Before Present]) when the continents were closer together. In spite of the intervening continental drift, successive ice ages and vast chasms of time, there remain, to this day, striking botanical linkages in the existing forest remnants of these continents. This is panicularly evident in genera such as Acer (maples), Panax (ginseng), Cory/us (hazels}, Populus (poplars), Cornus (dogwoods), and Rhododendron. (continued on ncxl page) f'ca!t. t 989 Ji:.ati&ah Jo\lrnQL p1i9e 3 �(continued &om page 3) The vast inland forest of Eastern America was geophysically dominated by the long spine of the Appalachian Mountains which determined the Forest's biological stTucture and diversity. Contemporary references to what remains of this forest employ terms such as "mixed mesophytic", "eastern hardwood" or "temperate deciduous" to describe it. For purposes of this essay, acknowledging its extent, its ancient origins, its astounding diversity and resilience, its immense productive capacity, and its profound effect on various human populations over the past 10,000 years, it will be telllled "The Great Forest". When ecologists first began attempting to describe temperate forest ecosystems, they developed the model of succession and climax growth. This model, describes a developing forest that is undergoing a series of stages in which pioneer plant communities and their associated fauna colonize the area and are then replaced by successor communities of larger trees until a forest of dominant trees, known as the "climax forest" establishes a stable equilibrium. This climax old gTOwth would cominue until some "disturbance" such as fire, disease, climate change or human impact takes out the climax community and the succession cycle begins again. The succession-climax model is a useful one for understanding the ecology of the Great Forest. It helps us to recognize the importance and relative stability of old growth forests and it describes how biotic communities in a forest maintain and transform themselves over time as they respond to discontinuities and disturbances, panicularly those caused by humans. The first humans in the Great Forest were nomadic gatherer/hunter groups who arrived after the last glaciation some 10,000 years B.P. These groups ranged over many thousands of acres of oak-chestnut climax growth as well as other forest biomes and while their impact on the forest was small by contemporary standards, it was nonetheless important. Fire was the principal instrument of ecologic change and was to remain so even into recent rimes. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - the Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades that too was gone. Seventeenth century Europeans observed and commented on the burnings. "The savages," wrote Thomas Morton, "are accustomed to set fire of the country in all places where they come and to burne it twize a year, viz: at the spring and the fall of the leafe." The purpose of the burnings was no less than ecosystem management: facilitation of travel, augmentation of browse area for game, encouragement of desirable herbage such as blackberry. raspberry, and cenain grasses. the increase of mast-producing trees Uke oak and chesmut on the drier, warmer soils of a burn area, and the destruction of vermin and pests such as fleas. Selective burning by the lndfans promoted a mosaic quality in the forest ecosystem and created areas in many different stages of succession wilh extensive boundary areas and a greater variety of game and plant habitats - a phenornonen ecologists refer to as the "edge effect". Thus the Indians practiced their own subtle kind of forest management and husbandry. So subtle in fact, as to be undetected in early European descriptions of the Great Forest. When 17th and l 8rh century promoters of North American real estate extolled the "natural" abundance of the land, they were unaware that they were describing an ecosystem that the natives had been shaping for thousands of years. Other imponant aspects of the complex relationship between the Great Forest and its native inhabitants escaped the notice of the Europeans. As William Cronon points out in his masterful ecological history of New England, Changes in the Land, a central fact of temperate forest ecosystems is their periodicity. The overlapping cycles of light, dark, long days, short days, waxing/waning of the moon, the flow of sap, the rurting of deer, spawning of fish, the matings of turkey, bear and frog, the fruiting of plants and the migration of birds... these and myriad other contrapuntal rhythms of the Great Forest's energy cycles were understood and celebrated by the natives. Their own life rhythms of seasonal nomadism, work, ritual and play were evolved from the greater cycles of the forest . The European immigrants' experience of natural cycles, on the other hand, had been filtered for over a millenium through a culture offixed abodes and a social hierarchy that discouraged nomadism as well as wilderness. It is in the context of the periodic cycles of the forest that Native American spirituality can best be understood. The Indians did not attempt to manipulate, through magic and ritual, these cycles to their own ends and were often confounded or amused by the imprecatory prayers of the whites seeking the blessings of good harvest and fortune from an awesome and distant god. Rather, their own spiritual practices were designed to attune and inform themselves to the subtleties of the forest's cycles. The anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski recognized this when he wrote in Myth and Primitive Psychology, "Magic never originated; it never was created or invented. All magic simply was from the beginning, as an essential adjunct to all those things and processes which virally interested man (sic)." The natives inhabited an animated forest world that was alive unto its fanhest recesses with seen and unseen powers. Their task - the task of mind - was to so organize themselves as to develop understanding of and consonance with these powers. When Europeans began to arrive at the Great Forest of North America in sufficient numbers by the mid-17th century, they were not disposed to recognize the animated universe that sustained the natives. They could not or would not see the forest that the natives knew, nor could they recognize the subtlety and intelligence behind the Indians usage of the forest as habitat, susraining process, and sacred ground. The European immigrants faced the Great Forest with a conflicting array of perceptions and attitudes. The forest was at once a threat and an opportunity. The dominant sentiment in regard to the forest was that it was an enormous commodity. Coming from lands long divested of forests held in common, the right to extract and expon timber almost at will was an overwhelming prospect 10 early entrepreneurs. Wood was the main raw material for residential and commercial building on both sides of the Atlantic, but it was even more in demand as an energy source. Seventeenth and eighteenth century industries in metallurgy, glass making and ceramics required enormous amounts of wood for firing furnaces and for charcoal. Individual household consumption was also extraordinary by european standards. Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist visiting colonial eastern America in 1749 wrote," an incredible amount of wood is really squandered in this country for fuel..." As early as 1640, Boston was experiencing wood fuel shortages and most major New England and mid-Atlantic settlements were soon to follow. foll, 1989 �The principal commodity that the Great Forest represented to the E.uropeans was the land itself. Their original concepts of real propeny were derived from the manorial system of feudal Europe and can be ascenained by reviewing the terms or the Royal Charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company: "To have to houlde possess and enjoy the aforesaid continent, lands, territories, islands, hereditaments and precincts, seas, waters, fishings, with all and all manner their commodities, royalties, libenies, prehemynences, and profitts that should thenceforth arise from chcncc, with all and singular their appunances and every pane and parccll thereof unto the said councell and their successors and assigns for ever." The comprehensive, medieval, abstract quality of these early claims underwent an evolution as they passed through the lexicon of 17th and 18th century New World institutions, but the focus on "commodities, royalties, liberues and profitts" never changed. What also wen1 unchanged, leading to countless misunderstandings and much bloodshed, was the European assumption of the sovereignty of propeny rights granted through 'legal' title 10 Land. To the natives, the notion that parcels of land could be considered commodities, bought and sold like cattle, boundaried, possessed, 'improved', divided and sold again or transferred to heirs was absurd. For them, land tenure was a function of usage and usage was linked 10 the mobility that was a central part of the strategy of resource management based on periodicity. The Indian villages moved from habitat to habitat to find maximum abundance with minimal work and reduced impact on the land while the Europeans, in fixed abodes on their titled propeny, worked long hard days 10 intensively farm or 'improve' land with the eventual result being ecological degradation. It was the concept of 'improvements' - replacing forest with fields and pasture and the building of sheds, barns and homes - that soon became the colonial justification for dispossessing the natives. A people who moved around on the land and worked it so lillle could have no justifiable claim to possess it. There were plenty of references in the bible and in Calvinist theology to back up such a sentimenL The unimproved forest with its native inhabitants was eventually seen as an affront to progress, and Christian community. r"u, t 989 With God's backing the righteous began to exterminate or conven the savages and 'improve' the Great Forest out of existence. The decimation of the Great Forest proceeded in two fairly distinct historical phases - the first, occurring in the colonial period and lasting until about 1850, can be termed pre-capitalist. It was characterized by the deforestation patterns of an agricultural economy. The best land was cleared for field crops and pasture. Commercial extrnction of timber for energy or wood products was confined to terrain accessible by human/animaJ power. The second phase was indusoial/capitalist and it continues to the present day. Utilizing machinery, organized capital, and cheap local labor, the forest was harvested to satisfy national and international timber demands. As habitat for the incredible diversity of wild plants and creawres was impoverished, fonunes were amassed by men far away who were never required to look upon the devastation. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - 1he Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades 1ha1 too was gone. As humans, we have known the forest in many ways - as home, as sustenance, as sacred ground, as repose, as commodity, as teacher, as refuge. Our species is only now realizing the extent of its power 10 diminish the radiance of the Great Forest. We are beginning to understand a glimmer of what was... for we were once forest-dwellers. Today there is an archetype becoming known in the human spirit ...of regeneration. There is an embryonic recognition of what we have lost and of what we must restore. We cannot continue as we have done. The forest calls 10 us to come back, for our own sake and for the sake of all our relations dwelling therein. The quotation from Black Elk that begins this essay captures this hope for us when he speaks of the roots of the Sacred Tree the Tree of Life. The Sacred Tree, a universal symbol of regeneration of both the human spirit and of the Earth, nourishes our memory to recall that though the Great Forest has been felled, it cannot and will not ever leave us. wriuen by Sam Gray plU>co ofJoyce Kilmer Memorial Forest on page 3 by larry Tucker x.at.Uah JounuiL p!UJ• s �Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner A thing is right when it rends to preserve the inregriry, stabi/iry, and beauty of rlze biotic community. Ir is wrong when it tends otherwise. - AldD Leopold (I 949) We stand at the threshold of a great decision. We are on the verge of re-defining the importance of our mountain landscape, its natural habitats, and the Life forms they support. Science has shown tha1 such habitats are vi1al to planetary life support systems where natural communities of interdependent plants and animals can maintain reservoirs of biological diversity. When extensive logging destroyed the primeval fores1s of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, a critical factor for biodiversity, habitat continuity over large areas, was eradicated. During the century between 1830 and 1930 forest clearing and burning ravaged native bio1ic communities and terminated unknown numbers of plant and animal species. Habitats were fragmented, and many surviving endemic species were left in smaU, isolated communities. ln the first quaner of the twentieth century the Southern Appalachian National Forests were established as watershed preserves. Federal conservation policies permined many forest habitats to begin the natural process of restoring themselves. This regrowth ecosystem, or second generation forest, was similar to the original primeval forest only in that it still contained most of the original plant and animal species. Today, after 60 to 80 years of recovery, the new forest is still maturing, still unfolding its species composition as new niches are created in the complex progression toward what modem ecologists term an "old-growth forest." But it still has a long way to go to reach biological maturity. There is now the potential to restore a diversity of species that would resemble the old primeval forest. There is also the danger, because of present National Forest management plans, of losing much of the restoration already gained. The United States Forest Service (USFS), administered by foresters who are highly competent timber managers, interprets the Congressional Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 with a strong bias toward harvesting commercially mature timber. The Act states implicitly, however, that al/ resources of the Notional Forests ore to be managed for sustained yield. Other acts of Congress go on to define natural diversity as a vital resource of 1he public lands, and mandate that this resource shall be maintained through habitat preservation. This paper is written with the intent of furthering public knowledge of this important environmental issue. Three Levels of Diversity lo the despoilment and fragmentation of the original forest, three levels of diversity were either destroyed or placed in jeopardy: ( l) genetic diversity within species, (2) species diversity within habitats, and (3) habitat Xatium Jo~rrmt P"9e 6 diversity within landscapes. We have no record of how many species were irretrievably lost, but 1oday we are beginning co count the numbers that are presently endangered and threatened with extinction. Let us consider how lhese three types of diversity are essential for a healthy bioregion, and how all three can be restored as the new forest grows toward biological maturity. Genetic Diversity: A great many species counted as rare today could again become more abundant if we allow natural biotic processes to evolve unmolested. For example, in the forest of today the mountain gentian plant (Gentiana decora Pollard)_grows singly or in small colonies in damp, rich wooded habitats, generally isolated from other members of the species by unsuitable habitats. Gentians are pollinated by several rypes of inseclS who are able to cross-fertilize separate colonies of the plant. Thus, if undisturbed by human activity, pollen exchange will increase genetic diversity within the gentian species over an ever-increasing area of 1he mountain landscape. This renewed generic vitality is critical to the future well-being of the species, as human-caused environmental changes continue to force all forms of life to adapt to such stresses as aunospheric pollution and accelerated climatic warming. The same situation is true for literally thousands of species of plants and animals throughout the mountains. Each example f"~U.. t989 �requires its own special sening, but the common theme is natural balance. An endemic terresual mole salamander, Ple1ho<k>n1ordani, is a highly significant insectivore in the world beneath the leaf litter of a mature hardwood forest. This salamander requires large areas of ~ontinuous forest cover to afford geneuc n11gra11on among populations. Thus. when the cwopy overhead is fragmented or removed. breeding populat!ons of this animal disappear to reco.,,er only w11h the re-establishment or the mature hardwood fores t. Many species of reptiles. amphibians, and anhropods w11h limited mobi:ity have similar requirements for genetic exchange. Conditions that promote generic diversity arc essential so each species can adapt and evolve, panicularly in light of the accelerating environmental changes expected in the next century. Species Diversity: The next scale of diversity is that of species within habitats. This is often misinterpreted by federal land managers to mean "the greatest number of differe nt species for each given unit of land." It is well kno wn that the na tural succe ssio n of weed y species occupying disturbed sites provides a wealth of diversity in te rms of to tal numbe rs. The Southern Appalachian Mountains today abound w ith disturbed sites, the result of Jar.d clearings, road bui lding, comme rc ial and reside ntial development, forest c learcuuing, agricultural activity, and wildfires. Therefore. the weedy plants and small animal species that characterize early succession habitats are most commo n throughout lhe region. But what about species diversity in other habitats once prevalent in the primeval forest? Two hundred years ago a north-facing site at 3,SOO feet elevation in the Blue Ridge Mountains would likely have supported a mature oversrory of 20 or more tree species, with many large trees over 200 years old. The midstory would have been composed of perhaps 20 or more species of smaller trees of all ages, from reproduction saplings fillin1 canopy pps to very old species adapted to live out their lives in the shade. Many tree species, such as basswood (TUia ~rerophylla VcnL), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), buncmut (J1111lans cinera L.), mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.), mountain winterbcny (Ila mofllana T . and G.), ycllowwood (Cladrastis kentulcea Rudd), and, of course, American chestnut (Castanea delllQta Borich.). were more common in this ancient foresr lhan they are today. Shrub spec ies were numerous, and carpeting !he ground in many places were large colonies of painted trillium (Trillum undulatum Willd.), baneberry (Actaea pachypoda Ell.), do g-tooth violet (Eryrhronium americum Ker.), um brella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa Michaux). jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisema triphyllum Schott.), and many fem species. Rotting logs provided substrate and micro-habitats for many S1>ecies of fungi. mosses. splecnwons. and all the attendant invertebrate and small vertebrate animals that were essential to the health of the entire larger community. The large trees. living and dead. provided food, shelter, and breeding situations for many birds and other venebrate animals that require a biologically mature. undisturbed. mixed hardwood forest habitat. The mature forest was a dynamic biotic community that f'Q{L, t989 supported a large array of interdependent species. !'\one of the plants or animals mentioned above is exceptionally rare today. although a number of today's threatened or endangered species. such as the small whorled pogonia (lsotria medeoloides Rafinesque), could well have been present in such a habitat. The particular corn/Jination of these species. however, taken together as a functionmg ecosystem. is today a rare occurrence. What species m ight be present on such a site today'! Following the indiscriminate logging and burning at the the tum of the century, conditions were so severely altered that the second-grow t h forest now consists typically of a mixture of 60 to 80 year o ld oaks and hickones, with perhaps fewer than 10 other tree species. More prominent today are the m1d-successional species: yellow poplar (liriendendron tulip/era L.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobw L .), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L .). sourwood (Oxydendron a rboreum L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum Nee s.), and stump sprouts o f Americ an chestnut. Scauercd individuals of most of the original species are also present, but the species composition is so drastically altered that the highland forest is typically c lassified as ~oalc-hiclcory" ralher than "mixed hardwoods." Large cavity trees arc rare. The large decomposing logs that typify biologically mature habitat are largely absent from today's regrowth forests.The number of undcrstory and ground cover species are now reduced, retaining those that thrive on disturbance, such as species of berries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia) and rhododendron. Early succession habitat caused by human disturbance is the only habitat type that is well-represented on the second level of biodiversity, the diversity of species within habitats. But the forest communities are slowly maturing, and species enric hment is occurring gradually in those habitat s that arc left undisturbed. Biologically mature habitats, or old-growth mixed hardwood forests, are again a possibility within the next century. Just as genetic diversity within a species is e ssential for adaptation for survival in a changing enviro nme nt, so spec ies d iversity with in a habitat is essent ial for the whole community of interdependent plants and animals to meet the demands of evolution. The future of those species combinations best adapted to old, mature hardwood forest communities depends on the integrity of the entire habitat. Habitat Divers ity: Differentiation on the third level of biological d iversity, that of habitat diversity in the regional landscape, has also been gradually emerging in the Southern Appalachian Mountains throughout the second half of this century. The national forest-; provide large, contiguous blocks of forest area. which, if they continue to be left und1stur_bed. ha~e the potential to mature into a mosaic of diverse forest habitats, each accommodating its own composition of species, and all together making provision for the genetic diversity essential for species evolution. The key requirement for this regional diversity lies in maintaining a continuity of undisturbed habitats across the landscape. Disconnected habitats that are left to mature as isolated fragments cannot serve as more than small rcfugia for generic material. Such limitation confines ecnetic variation within the boundaries of each of these tiny habi1a1 areas and restricts the potential for evolution to respond to future changes in the cnvironmenL The current policy of national forest management is to accommodate landscape diversity by pwcscrving fragments of old growth stands dispersed throughout a landscape that is predominantly even-aged st~nds .of commercially valuable tree species wnh provisions for a few important species of game animals. This concept of diversity is analogous to the preservation of species in arboretu ms. bota nical gardens, and zoos. Cen ainl y a bead-lily (Clinronia borealis Raf.) in a cultivated garden has lost most of its wild "lily-ness," because a wildflower removed from its natural habitat is no longer serving its role as a strand in the web of life. In like manner, a fragment of old-growth forest preserved in a landscape of managed young forests has lost its essential nature, as it is no longer a pan of the web of biological e volution in the region its generic material serves. At the level of habitat diversity. just as at the two lower levels. the ability or an entire bioregion to adapt and survive environmental change depends on the diversity of its natural habitats. The greater the number of mature �REGIONAL PLANNING FOR HABITAT INTEGRITY by Laura E. Jackson Laura Jackson is the author of the study Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of the Southern Appalachian National Forests, a comprehensive overview and critique of the US Forest Service's Land and Resource Managemem Plans for the six national forest areas of the Southern Appalachians. Laura is completing graduate work at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Duke University. She wrote the sllldy in cooperation with Peter Kirby, regional director, and other staff members of the Southeast Regional Office of the Wilderness Society under a Stanley Fellowship grant The book is published and made available by the Wilderness Society. Mountain Treasures at Risk is an excellent resource for anyone who is concerned about habitat i11 the Sowhem Appalachians. The text is clear a11d to the point. The graphs and tables are pleasing to the eye and revealing in their content. Forest issues are de-mystified in a way that only someone with a clear comprehension of the dynamics involved could articula1e. 8111, most of all, Laura Jackso11's suuiy is invaluable because it is wriuen by someone with no ves1ed economic or poli1ical in1eres1 in 1he Appalachian public lands b111 rather by someone with 011ly the interests of 1hefores1 01 liean. The book talks in a straigluforward way about tlie effects 011 the forest of below-cost timber sales, over-roading, and the i11equities i11 budget and emphasis show11 i11 Forest Service management programs. The swdy co11clt1des with guidelines/or managing the Sowhern Appalachian 11a1ional fores ts 10 protect wild la11ds a11d the biological diversity they harbor, meet recreatio11al and aesthetic demands, and restore the forest 1wilo1. 011 page one of Mountain Treasures at Risk the report states that the two major flaws i11 the Forest Service ma11ageme111 approach is the agency's emphasis 011 commodity ex1ractio11from the mow11ai11forests Olld their failure to recog11ize the Somhern Appalachia11s as a regional habitat system (in other words, a bioregio11). /1 says, 'This report is the only ctunulative analysis to dote to examine the Forest Service's plaru for thil unique nwumuin environment." This is true. Many t/1a11ks. In the following article Laura Jackso11 explains further the differences in understanding that result from viewing the Ka11'iah provi11ce a11d its disti11ctive habitats as a whole, rather than breaking it into administrative pieces.... ·DW Mountain Treasures at Risk is available at M charge by writing to tht Wilderness Society Southeast Regional Office at 1819 Peachtru St. NE; Atlanta, GA 30309. (Jlowevtr, consider making a volU11tary donation. Tht reference is wt// worth It.) >C.at i'.&ah Journat paqe 8 T he fragmentation of Souther n Appalachian habitat is the familiar result of a utilitarian value system that prizes goods production and consumption over a healthy relationship with our land. Forest managers ask how their stands can fulfill national timber quotas. State governments ask if thei r wilderness fragments arc sufficient to satisfy recreational demand. But their questions are framed within self-imposed limits of vision that reach only to the orderly edges of administrative boundaries. Consequently, they are too narrow in scope to address what arc now the most critical issues. In this age of dwindling native populations, dying mountaintops, and other large-scale ecological catastrophes, we must adopt a broad regional perspective in order to evaluate and implement essential environmental solutions. The regional framework provides a logical context by which to approach land management decisions. The natural expanse of an ecosystem (like a prairie, desert, or mountain range) with its local resources, indigenous populations. and traditional activities, can suggest environmentally appropriate patterns of growth and development. Requiring collaboration among public agencies and private owners, the regional perspective is gaining support around the world as the solution to maintain ecological systems and the integrity of the human/environment relationship. As the dominant land manager in the Southern Appalachians, the US Forest Service is in a position to best exemplify the philosophy of regional stewardship. Currently, however, the agency is under extensive criticism for its unimaginative, homocentric planning and management techniques. The Forest Service conuols approx:imatcly three million acres in six Southern Appalachian national forests. Despite the contiguity of these lands, each national forest is administered as a separate unit. Staff vision and authority stop at the legal boundaries. As a result, individual forest planners have set inconsistent standards for managing shared animal populations, lost opportunities to protect roadlcss areas that straddle state lines, and purposefully altered rare habitat in order to incroduce elements already common on adjacent private lands. In the Katuah province, towns and private inholdings comprise about half of the acreage within official national forest boundaries. These lands support agriculture, industrial forests, developed and roaded recreation, and other human-altered environments. Consequently they have attracted hardy, invasive wildlife that thrives in modified senings and displaces native mountain species. A crucial role of federal stewardship, therefore, is to promote natural habitat continuity as a public investment in biological diversity, clean air and water, and the Southern Appalachian wild native heritage. A satellite's-eye view of the Southern Appalachian Mountains shows the Appalachian public lands as a green island standing alone above lowlands crowded with human beings and the products of their ac1ivi1ies. This mountainous ecosystem of tremendous natural beauty and scientific importance is also in increasing demand as a source for consumptive supplies. A closer look would show public forests fragmented by private inholdings, development spreading across newly-cleared hillsides, and wildlands straining under increased resource use. Yet, to date, the core of the Southern Appalachian habitat survives relatively intact. Invisible from overhead, yet just as real in its effects on the highland forests, is the administrative fragmentation that further stresses the region's habitats. Southern Appalachian forests fall under the jurisdictions of five state governments, as many federal agencies, and dozens of counties with differing objectives for the use of their mountain commodities. Countless private corporations also make decisions based on their own perceived interests in the resources of the Ka1uah province. The accumulated effects of numerous land-use decisions made in the isolation of corporate boardrooms, federal office buildings, and the offices of county or state agencies threaten 10 mortally fragment Katuah's natural systems and desuoy their ecologi.cal functions. If the administering agencies could view the mountain region from the viewpoint of our imaginary satellite hovering above, their perspective and consequently their management priorities might be changed: • From overhead, it is clear that the Southern Appalachians are a biological island, the last remaining large block of forest habitat in the southeast. Many areas can contribute to the regional and national timber supply, most of them better than these steep mountain forests. But where better can we look for wilderness, and the shady, moist storehouses of undiscovered ecological value? • The region's remote ridgelines and pristine streams constitute rare wildland linkage opponunities for migration, genetic exchange, and the daily roamiogs of wide-ranging mammals. These travelways could also extend to wildlands in the Central Appalachians to the north, and perhaps south into the Florida peninsula as well, to ensure strong, adaptable populations of black bear, mountain lion, and other large predators. Broad corridors connecting natural habitat areas along the length of 1hc Appalachian range would serve as ecological escape routes in cases of severe environmental stress, whether of human or natural origin. rau. 19e9 �•The Appalachians are the headwaters of all the great rivers east of the Mississippi. If streams and rivers are not pure at their origins, they can never be clean anywhere along their length. The expanses of forest that cover the green mountains are also a fountainhead of valuable oxygen in an increasingly polluted armospherc. • A regional perspective would correct the misconception that each national forest should provide the public with equivalent proportions of all resources. The southeast supports an abundance of cleared fields, thickets or young "pioneer" trees, and the understory plants and animals associated with early successional habitats. However, areas of contiguous, remote forest and old-growth comrrunities are precious and rare. Species plentiful in one nationaJ forest might be uncommon everywhere else; therefore these should be preserved at the expense of more ordinary forest uses. • Research priorities and resource inventories also attain broader significance when framed in a regional perspective. State wildlife officials and federal land managers currently repon environmental characteristics in terms of acres, head counts, and dollars. Such data arc easily tabulated and readily available by state and ownership category. Yet these quantitative measures fail to capture the more comprehensive information that is critical 10 effective habitat management Ta!L, 1989 • To ensure that resource u1ili7.ation docs not deplete an ecosystem's natural variety, managers must monitor across the landscape. They must mitigate the encroachment or common edge habitat into the diminishing forest interior. They must delineate and protect multi-state blocks of continuous forest and migration pathways. Responsible stewardship also requires improved biodiversity measurements, the promotion of ecologically rich old-growth stands, and the restoration of degraded lands. These and other research objectives necessitate inter-agency cooperation. working relationships with private landowners, and a more holistic view of the natural environment and our relationship to it. The responsibility for regional planning docs not lie solely with public agencies. Farmers, industrial foresters. university administrators, even individual homeowners must ask how their lands contribute to the environmental landscape. Particularly those who profit financially from Katuah's natural features - the outfitters, resort managers. and members of the entertainment and service sectors that surround public lands - should suive to maintain the integrity of the regional environment both as a business investment and as a means to compensate the land for its free use. Private landowners can do a great deal to strengthen the vitality of the region by managing their land to help reconnect the broken pieces. The time has come for landowners and managers to acknowledge their shared responsibility for environmental stewardship. We can no longer afford to view properties as discrete units unto themselves. to be modified, unadvised, by their current legal authorities. Businesses, families, and public agencies arc but temporary guardians of many tiny pieces of the Eanh. Yet the natural processes that permit our physical survival, as well as foster creative imagery and inspiration, besr operate unconstrained by anificaJ divisions. In order to maintain for the future the fundamental life-support systems of humans and other species, we must begin to counter the legacy of fragmentation with a commitment to environmental unity. We must explore land uses that do not deplete the Eanh's suitability for the other life forms with whom we exist. We must instill a deep appreciation for nature and natural processes in our schoolchildren. We must not insist on using. viewing, or populating every available surface, so that truly wild expanses may sustain the large animals who suffer in our presence. Much to their credit, federal agencies in the Southern Appalachians arc now experimenting with cooperative management programs. These require our encouragment and participation. Ccnainly sacrifices of power, pride, and privacy will be necessary to restore our suffering environment Yet their significance wanes beside the tangible and spiritual rewards of a cooperative survival mission never before attempted and never more important. x.atfulh Journm pCUJe 9 �A Question of Value by David Wheeler The decades between 1880 and 1920 were the years of the timber barons in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. This was the great "logging boom," in which virtually all the first-growth, "virgin" forest was cut off the Appalachian slopes. Fortunes were made during those years, but the money did not stay in the mountains. The wealth went to the corporate magnates and investors in the eastern cities and in Europe. When the ravishing of the Appalachian forests was completed, the big companies headed for greener forests to the west, and the local people were left with a strong dependency on the wage-earning system and without the means to support it. Today the old-growth forest, the first forest, is gone, but the view that the forest is a collection of resources, there for the use and benefit of human beings still underpins our basic attitudes and policies toward the Appalachian woodlands. The US Forest Service exemplifies that attitude. Their policies and priorities suue plainly that they consider the growing of hardwood timber to be the fir.a purpose of the Southern Appalachian national forest land. In the Jefferson National Forest in Virginia, two-thirds of the Forest Service budget goes into timber-cutting and road-building, which is directly tied to logging operations. In the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forest, 40% of the budget is allocated to timber and roads. Beyond that, a good portion of the adminis1rative budget (which comprises 25% of the overall budget and is tallied separately) also goes to overseeing timbering and road-building operations. Only 3.4% of the NantahalaPisgah's annual budget goes to monitoring and providing for the needs of wildlife. The road-building that logging operations demand is the most expensive and damaging of all the activities carried on by the Forest Service. This is particularly true in the southern mountains where the slopes are steep and highly erosive (see page 12). The justification for this continued environmental destruction and human intrusion into remote habitat areas is the familiar "jobs and money" refrain. Much ado is made of the timber shortage that would result if unconstrained logging in the national forests were to be stopped. Timber industry lobbyists declare 1ha1 old-growth forest is wasteful, that there is already more than enough land set aside for habitat, and argue against evidence that shows a forest diminishing in native diversity and threatened in its ability to provide the clean water and air that help to nourish life on the planet. Unhappy over the timber quotas set in the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the National Forests in the Southern Appalachians, the timber interests demanded, and won, an agreement from the Forest Service to sponsor a timber demand study, thinking that would give them leverage to XQt\mh Journc:i! pa9e 10 Phoro by Roo Musick/Profea Ligltthawt further increase the Forest Service's emphasis on timber cutting. The result was the "Southern Appalachian Timber St udy" prepared by a team of researchers headed by J. Edward de Steiguer of the Forest Service's Southeastern Experiment Station. The repon exploded like a bombshell onto the environmental scene. First, rather than verifying a strong demand for hardwood lumber from the National Forests, che repon found that the prices offered had actually been decreasing over the last decade! . And, rather 1han showing that the Nauonal Forests were making an important contributi?n co the region's timber output, che report pointed out that che National Forests contribute only 10 percem of the regional timber supply. And this 10 percent is largely wood of poor quality, used mostly for making pallets and boxes, but also for railroad ties, mine props plywood, chipboard, and finally paper pulp. A portion of the better-quality hardwoods are used as veneer woods and in the manufacturing of furniture, decorative trim, and hardwood floorin~, but the study mentioned in passing that a growing percentage of best hardwoods were being exported out of che country 10 buyers overseas! The Forest Supervisor's office in Asheville, NC stated that only 700 jobs throughout the North Carolina mountains were directly relating to timber harvesting in the national forests. In rhe Ka111ah province only rwo counties, Graham and Swain, are dependent on logging in the national forest as an important pan of their overal I economies. But the forest, like anything that lives, is much greater than the sum of its parts. The cash price of the standing timber is a paltry amount compared to the true worth of the forest. How could one appraise the rich diversity of life in Karuah, unequalled in the temperate zones of the world? We can on.ly be grateful for the priceless blessings of dark soil, pure water, and clean air. We cannot calculate the inestimable value of the fragile quality of wholeness. There has been much controversy lately about clearcutting and the methods by which timber is cut in the National Forests. However, as biologist Glenda Zahner has said, in the face of the perceived dangers to the survival of the whole Appalachian habitat it appears that the question is not how timber is taken, but whether timber should be cut at all in the Southern Appalachian narional forests. Well-known are the infamous national forest "below-cost timber sales" that have come to light in the past few years. These are sales in which the expense of the wood, site access and preparation, and the administrative management of rhe sale are not covered by the price received in the sale con1rac1. Thus, the Forest Service has actually lost money selling timber in many pans of the country, including the Southern Appalachians. Figures collected for 1987 from the six National Forests in the Southern Appalachians (including the Pickens Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest in South Carolina) show that the Forest Service lost $5.5 million dollars in that one year alone from their disastrous timber policies. Below-cost timber sales constitute an unauthorized hand-out 10 the lumber interests from the agency • and thus from the US taxpayers. The $5.5 million deficit from one year of clearcutting the forest could pay 275 of those 800 working timber-related jobs in the North Carolina national forests one year's salary of $20,000 to leave the forests uncut and to protect them as viable and living habicats. The succeeding generation of trees that replaced those carried away during the great Appalachian lumber rush are now reaching 60 to 80 years of age. The trees are approaching sawlog girth and soon their growth rate will begin to slow. This is the age of economic maturity (not to be confused with biological YaU.1989 �• maturity, which is anywhere between 200 and 500 years of age). This is a critical decision point in our policy-making: is the forest to be set back to the staning point again, or is it to be allowed to continue on toward the old-~wth stage to provide optimal habitat for the native foresr species? The Forest Service has made its position clear. On page 33, de Steiguer's "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" said, "From 1977 to 1986, the National Forests progressively increased the harvest volume of all stumpage products except softwood pulpwood. Real prices fell during the same period. In fact, the price lines are pracrically a mirror image of the volw11e lines." The report showed that the rate of timber cutting in the Southern Appalachian National Forests doubled from 63 million board feet in 1977 to 126 million board feet in 1986, even as prices were declining. Wise business practice would suggest witholding supplies when t.he price is low. The Forest Service has done e1tactly the opposite during the last decade, selling more and more timber for less and less money. Because timber quotas have been determined on the basis of political considerations rather than a response to the real market, taxpayers have been paying for the privilege of having the National Forests clearcut by the timber industry. At the time of this writing, the Forest Service is planning to again double timber cutting levels in the Southern Appalachians between 1986 and 1996. If timber sales continue 10 lose money at the same rate that they are now, then the money lost on below-cost timber sales wiU also double during that time. Under the current versions of the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests, almost 2/3 of the national forests are deemed suitable for logging, and all of that area is scheduled 10 be cut within the next 50 years. The narural cycle of succession leading to an old-growth, climax forest habitat will be cut short throughout two million acres of the national forest lands. Oak trees, many of which will be just beginning to produce the acorn mast so important to black bears and many other forest inhabitants, will be toppled in clearcuts, and a portion of the cut-over areas will be burned or sprayed with poisonous herbicides and planted in straight lines of white pine trees, which create inferior habitat for most forest species. The large, open clearcut areas left to regenerate naturaUy wiU invite yellow poplar trees to invade and take over land that may have been dominated by oaks and other tree species that prefer some degree of shade. Clearcuts do encourage diversity - a diversity of weedy plant and animal species at the expense of increasingly rare old-growth habitats. Today the old pattern of lumber extraction is being renewed as "the international timber commodities market." Once again, Appalachia is being relegated to the position of a t:olonized economy from which raw materials leave the region for processing elsewhere, along with the power and the profits. The United States is vinually the only country in the world with the capability to produce temperate hardwoods for expon. Most of the American hardwoods, particularly the oak lumber that is most in demand, come from the ratt. 1989 Appalachian Range. Canada is supplied almost enurely from the nearby Nonhem Appalachians. Because they are of higher quality, the northern hardwoods are also preferred in the discriminating European market. Buyers in the Far East, however, are more price-conscious, and increasing amounts of Southern Appalachian wood has been sold in Asia. It is difficult to determine how dependent on foreign sales the mountain timber industry has become, because lumber to be shipped overseas is shunted from logger to wholesaler and perhaps to several brokers before it finally reaches its port of embarkation. The US Depanmenr of Commerce conveniently requires no records of the point of origin of exported lumber. Industry representatives and Forest Service analysts say that of the total amount of hardwood cut each year, only 40-50% is large enough and of a quality that could be considered for export. They estimate that approximately 20-25% of that export-grade wood is sent overseas. However, because this is the highest-quality material of the wood species that are most in demand, the economic value of the exponed hardwoods is much greater than their percentage in volume and is very important to the hardwood market as a whole. Distribution of Annual Timber Removals in the Southern Appalachians. 1980-1986 Fnrms 25.5% Miscclb ncous Owner.> l1riV"J tC 52.8% Nauona I Forests 10.0% Oz hcr l'uhlic Aboencics 1.9% S~ Moun1ain Treasun.sOI Rislc Much of the expon trade in hardwood is in kiln-dried, rough-sawn lumber. which is processed in foreign plants and used for cabinetry and furniture manufacturing. The country of Taiwan is among the largest buyers today. UnHke Japan and West Germany, which produce furniture largely for their own internal consumer markets, Taiwan manufactures furniture for export, mostly to the United States. The Taiwanese furniture industry is modern and efficient, and labor in that coumry is so cheap that they can pay to import lumber from the United States and then ship finished products back 10 sell at competitive prices in this country. John Syme, forest economist at Clemson University says, "Quite a lot of the furniture manufacmrers, panicularly in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, are buying fumimre or components produced in Taiwan and other Pacific Rim countries and then selling them along with what they manufacture domestically. This is typical of chairs in particular, and other items that have a high labor content." It is possible that consumers in the town of Sylva, Nonh Carolina could buy furniture that was made in Taiwan of wood that was cut within 25 miles of their own home. While they might notice that a piece is stamped "Made in Taiwan," they probably would not notice that the price tag includes fees for shipping the materials halfway around the world and then shipping the finished product aU the way back again. To stimulate a market that is not fast-paced enough for their liking, timber industry profiteers are supplying materials to keep alive wood-based industries in countries that, due to misuse and overpopulation, have already displaced their native forests. On paper, the hardwood timber industry generates great profits at the export game, but little of the money made ever returns to the region where the wood was originally grown. The materials are sold from the mountains with a minimum of processing - jobs are being shipped away along with the wood. II is the brokers and traders in the large eastern cities who benefit from timber exporting. They are few, bur they benefit greatly. Sending raw materials to have value added elsewhere is not advantageous for the regional economy, but ultimately it is the forest that pays the greatest price. Ir is the Southern Appalachian lwbicat that is being cut and shipped away overseas. It is the black bear's food supply, the shady canopy protecting the ginseng plant and the delicate ladyslipper. It is the cover that hides the thrush, rhe tall guardians who draw down and measure out the pure running water. It is the integrity of the biological system, that subtle sense of balance that is intangible, yet so important. Here again is that persistent question of value: for what we are losing, what do we gain? The approach that sees the forest trees as materials for human use requires chat the trees be cut down and carried away - extracted - before they are of value. But the other approach that sees value in the wholeness of living communities requires that humans keep their hands (feet, and wheels) off large areas of the foresL The Southern Appalachian national forests are a significant land area in the Southeast. They could be a magnificent habitat area. Timber cutting, which supposedly is providing the greatest economic benefits, is proving to be a public liability instead. The national forests in the Kan1ah province are providing very litcle timber, very few jobs, and very litlle money to the local people. Yet for those scanty benefits the mountain forestlands are suffering inestimable damage to the natural habitat chat will take centuries to repair where it is reparable at all. It is time 10 bring our forest policies back into balance with the forest. The "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" by de Steiguer. ct al., is available from tlze USDA Forest Service; Box 2750: Asheville, NC: Katuah Province 28802. This anicle also drew heavily on the excellent resource Moumain Treasures at Risk by Laura E. Jackson (see page 8). �Let's Close The Gate To Forest Devastation by Anna Muir "Our forests are national rreasures nor national rreefanns." - St1u11or Wye/le Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) As far as land use is concerned, the key to protecting the Southern Appalachian forest habitat is to deny human access. Access means roads. "In 1985, narionalforesrs in the sowliern Appalachians contained 4 ,95 J miles of permanent Forest Service roads. The agency plans ro add 3,263 miles of new road ro this transportation sysrem by the year 2030 in order to meet increased timber sale levels. The resulting 8,2 14 miles will surpass rlie distance from Denver, Colorado, to New Zealand. In less than 50 years, these national forests will support alrrwsr two miles of road per square mile of land, nor including state, county, or private roads." budgeted $13,600 per mile c road gentle slopes o and $22,700 per mile/or sreep slopes." - Laura E. Jackson, Mountain Treasures at Risk Timber sales add up to a net liability for the Forest Service and thus for the US taxpayers. In the Southern Appalachians alone logging cost taxpayers $5.5 million in 1987. It is a vicious paradox, because preliminary road building doom;; any chance that a timber sale might clear a profit before cu1ting even starts. Present policy states that the only viable method of timber cutting is clearcutting. Under repeated clcarcuning the original forest is never given a chance to grow back, thus clearcuuing represents forest fragmentation and species discontinuity on the grossest scale. But loggmg depends on the expensive permanent roads installed at the taXpaycr's expense. No roads, no clearcuts. - Laura£. Jackson. Moumain T~ at Risk R oad const ruc ti on c reates severe disruption throughou t many square miles of national forest habitat. The soil erosion and stream siltation associated with logging operattons arc predominately the result of the roading necessary to remove the timber. Great amounts of topsoil, D"CCS, and native herbaceous plants arc displaced all along the many miles of roads pushed into the forest habitat. Roading in steep areas undercuts soil and rock structures, maximizing erosion, often res ultin g in rockslides and soil slumping. "Access is rhe demise of bear habirar, and anybody with comrrwn sense will tell you that. The bear in the Piedmont has been wiped out and replaced wirh people. For every mile of road you punch imo these rrwuntains and leave open, you're jusr pulling anorher nail in the bear's coffin." - John Collins, wildlife blologw and big gamt program coordinawr, NC Wildlife Resources Commission. quoted 111 Wildlife in Nonh Carolina rrrJg<UIJIL In an inter-depanmental memo released to the public, US ForeSt Service Regional Forester Jnck Alcock stated that, "Approximately 98 percent of all recreation (in the national forests) takes place within three-fourths mile of a road." Oisregardfog the obvious question of where is one to find a patch of national forest that 1s nor three-fourths mile from a road, the regional forester's statement gives some idea of the tremendous negative impact of forest roads on the natural habitat and how tremendously helpful closing roads would be to the rejuvenation of that habitat. 'This is a wasteful program that continues a Jcind offar red calf existence even in these days of tremendous budget dejicirs ....ln the last si.:c [!Seal years alone the Forest Service constructed 3,725 more miles of road than needed, by its own projec1ions, for rimber harves1ing. Such unnecessary roadbuilding was1es the taxpayers' money, while valuable fish and wildlife habirar is destroyed." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr (D-CA) on the floor of the US Stnate. July 29. 1989 The primary purpose of the forest roads in the Southern Appalachian national forests is to bring in logging trucks. The Forest Service has claimed that the mosaic of roads interlacing the national forests is necessary to support the jobs and money generated by timber cutting. However, this claim has been proven false. Timber sales on the national forests have actually been losing money in recent years (sec p. 10 ), and a primary reason is the cost of road building in the steep mountain terrain. "Across rhe nation, approximately one-half of all Forest service rimber expenses are artribwable to road costs. Road construction is expensive, particularly in mountainous regions where many national fores rs are located. Planners for 1Jie Jefferson (Na1ional Foresr) Jc:.citUah Journm p ~ 12 197S 11l6S 19115 2030 T OTAL REGION. • Past, Current, and Projected Forest Service Permanent Road Milage on the Southern Appalachian National Forests, 1974-2030. Soun:.. flfowitam Trtasuru ill Risk "The excessive logging scheduled for remore and sreep terrain requires a degree of roading that will severely degrade rhe moumain environment. Within 50 years. 3,263 miles of new, permanent roads are pro;ecred for rhe Sowhern Appalachian national foreslS. Road consrrucrion is rhe most damaging activity conducted in norional fores1 management. Even miligalion ml!asures cannor prevent erosion, soil compaction, and habiratfragmentarion - ongoing results of road consrruction and subsequent use." - Laura E. Jackson. Mounu11n Treasures at Risk The greatest damage by forest roads 1s to habitat values as they occur in remote areas of the national forests. And the most damaging aspects of the forest roads are those caused by "cumulative cffectS" - those incremental changes that considered together add up to debilitating qualitative changes in the overall environment. Here is an example of "cumulat ive effects:' A road was bulldozed to a clearcut site. The logging trucks and heavy equipment went in, did their job and, after some months, came out, leaving a treeless forest area compacted and criss-crossed by caterpillar tracks. Some of the loggers were bear hu nters, and they noticed bear sign while they were doing their work. So, that fall, trucks with kennel boxes mounted on the back raised dust up and dow n the road, until the bear s were hunted out, and the hunters moved elsewhere to finish off the season. Now familiar with the area, some of the hunters brought a picnicking party to a pleasant pool they found in the creek flowing beyond the logged-over area. The following year some of the families rerurned to the clearcut to pick blackberries. And o ne of the teenagers remembered the picnicking party when he and his friends needed an isolated place to park and drink beer, so four-wheel-drive vehicles careened up into the forest several weekends in succession. The Forest Service, noticing all the use their small, rough forest road was attracting, upgraded the road to "meet the traffic demand" with the result that tourists in their large cars could ride all the way to the top of the ridge to enjoy the view .... And so it goes. Each of these uses is not significant in itself. Each is legitimate in its own way. But. compounded together, the overall effect is devastating to the natural habitat that once existed on that ridgetop, protected by several square miles of impenetrable forest. Cumulative effects all too often add up to a habitat destroyed. f"l:ltt, t 989 �"Anyone who can't see that open roads hurt bear habitat has got to be blind."- John Collins, wildlife biologist and big game program coordilliltor, NC Wildlife ReS(Jurces Commission Besides the direct monality due to road kills and increased hunter ingress, roads are a primary cause of the forest fragmentation that is one of the greatest threats to habitat in the Karuah Province. Roads mean people, and black bears and other large forest-dwelling animals shy away from traffic-bearing roads, so that large areas of previously umouched habitat, far wider than the actual area of the roadbed itself, are eliminated with the construction and subsequent use of new roads. Thus, the creatures native to the old forest are pushed into smaller and smaller range areas that are less and less desirable as living spaces as roads are constructed in areas that were once prime habitat. New roads also mean wide strips of cleared land and carry "edge effects,'' one of which is rapid invasion by early-succession ("weed") species of plants and animals, deep into the once-unbroken foresL Multiple Use M o dule (MUM) Rud NDM ill NaJural Areas JoMrnol "Mr. President, we already have an excess of Forest Service roads through our national forests ...." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr. (D-GA) on the floor of the US Senate.July 29, 1989 In the interest of habitat preservation, not only should the US Forest Service halt its road-building program in Katuah completely, but in key habitat areas existing roads should be closed, erased, and planted with fast-growing, hardwood, pioneer tree species to restore the natural character of the once-roaded areas as quickly as possible. Closing forest roads completely and permanently would open large expanses of forest in which the black bear and other old-growth dependent species could roam freely, strengthening the gene pool, and rejuvenating and expanding the present populations. Closing roads is a necessary prerequisite for any programs to reintroduce large carnivorous animals, such as the mountain lion, to restore proper predator/prey balances in the forest. Closing roads is a key pan of any program to restore old-growth habitat in the , Southern Appalachian Mountains. SparrowHawk The sparrow hawk became his friend, though distrusting him at first, not seeing that when the man found it entangled in fishing line at the junkyard, he meant anything but harm. But it softened as he sat in the dark room beside it silent, his eyes averted, letting it discover that he held it captive only because he cared and would offer freedom when the May hills were green and the air sweetened and warm. Trust came when he fed it chicken and trained it to fly from his fist at field mice and grasshoppers, nurturing its strength and confidence to face the world again. Yet he was reluctant to give it back to the endless sky and distant Blue Ridge, saddened not to hear its chirp or feel the light talons as it lit on his head or see the solemn brown gaze; but his time with the hawk was borrowed, and as it flew beyond the pines vanished with the stirring breeze he was glad to have known 1t at all. - Julia Nunnally Duncan T11Ct, 1989 D1awU1g by RobM~sick. �TA by Heather Blair fg[(, 1989 �A PLACE FOR BEARS An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton (This 1nttr11itw 1s a continuation of a conlll!rsation btg"" ill issut 17 of the Ka!Uah Journal.) Katuah Journal: What are the basic clements for good bear habitat? Pt/ton: In 1970 we questioned southeastern state fish and wildlife agencies about bear habitat Respondents indicated across the board that black bears need good food sources (acorns and berries) and thick understory cover of some type There seemed to be common agrccmcnt that these were necessary clements for good bear habitat. 1bc third element is privacy - some degree of seclusion and remoteness. Of these three clements there is no doubt that the privacy/protection element is the most irnponant. Black bears are omnivores and have a broad food habit. Throughout their range in North America nuts and berries are always present. Where these arc present the species will survive, but only if there is some degree of privacy. Kattlah Journal: Then how about the effect of roads? Ptll()n: Road density and rramc volume arc the two factors that interact to determine the degree to which a bear will avoid crossing or even coming close to a road. The animals can be affected in two major ways. First, the road may make the habitat less desirable. Therefore they shift their home range, usually to a less desirable habitation. Thus they would be more vulnerable to monality, as they would have to move around more to find adequate food, denning sites, or cover. Secondly, a road may result in direct monality. Besides obvious factors like road kills, the mere presence of a rood invites people to use ii. The more it is used, the greater the possibility that hunting will be one of those uses. Katuah Journal: Are there other cumulative effects of roads? Pelton: Certainly. Once a road is in place and opened, it attracts all kinds of human intrusion, whether it's logging or hunting. The Twelve Mile Strip (an area between the east border of the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle and the Pisgah 1"ational Forest) is an imponant dispersal area from the Park. It is also a major hunting area. However, the Twelve Mile Strip is essentially devoid of a resident bear population. There is a high degree of road access, which means heavy hunting pressure, and the 1-40 freeway separates the Twelve Mile Strip from the national forest, which is ccnainly a barrier to bear migration. A recent ttaffic surve)' we did on l-40 found that during the daytime a vehicle passed the counting point every three seconds. At night the traffic slowed to one vehicle every seven seconds. The only real land bridge is the steep ridge that runs over one tunnel. We also know that there arc 13 or 14 culvcrtS in that area which could be used to cross under 1-40, but we don't f'11U, t 989 ~ "11-Rltea know if they arc being used. From road kills we've found, we do know that bears do occasionally tty to cross the highway. When traveling the coastal area of Europe last year, l found it very interesting to see their road construction techniques. At locations where we would "cut and fill" in this mountainous countty, they "bridge and tunnel." It struck me immediately that the "bridge and tunnel" concept, for whatever reason they used it, is ideal for animals in that it leaves large corridors for dispersal movements, in contrast to the "cut and fill" method that we use at present The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Katuah Journal: That's interesting, especially since another major freeway is being proposed up the 1-26 corridor into Tennessee. It seems like it would be time to bring up something like that. You have also talked about acorns and their imponance to the black bear population. Pelton: The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Black bears react to this concentrated energy source in amazing ways. Ecologically, physiologically, and behaviorally they go through a ttemendous change each fall. Bears tty to incorporate prime acorn sites into their home ranges. But acorns produce sporadically, and in any given year black bears will leave their traditional home range areas and travel for miles to congregate at oak stands that have abundant acorns. During this "feeding frenzy," as we call it, they sometimes seem to ignore a human presence in situations in which at any other time they would have jumped into the bushes and run away. They also show much more tolerance for one another at these focal eating areas. There seems to be larger numbers of animals in smaller areas than at any other rime of the year. It also appears that bears can shift their ability to digest various foods, particularly to assimilate the fall mast more efficiently. Acorns account for their ttemcndous fall weight gains, which arc all put on as fat Considered together, all these changes point to the importance of acorns as a source of food for the black bear. During the fall months they put on their most significant weight gains. This fat accumulation must carry them through the winter denning and into the cub-bearing season. We have been able to correlate the availability of white oak mast and the percentage of females lactating, and we found a direct and significant relation to acorn production. More dramatically, in the event of a failure of the acorn crop, there is an almost complete faillll'C of black bear reproduction. If alternative mast c rops fail as well, it could mean w inter starvation for the animal The size of the acorn crop also directly affects black bear mortality. A scarcity of mast necessitates greater movements on the part of the bear population. This makes them much more vulnerable to all the factors of monality. It affects them coming and going: natality (reproduction) and mortality. For example, in Tennessee this year the state fish and wildlife agency is having to deal with a lot of three year old male bears moving out of the Great Smoky Mountains Narional Park and ending up in Gatlinburg and Sevierville. There is a dominance hierarchy among black bears, and the subadult males of two or three years of age tend to be the ones who get kicked out and have to disperse to new ranges. This example fits in with events that happened in 1984 when there was a tremendous mast faillll'C. No cubs were born that year in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. That meant that all the females were available to be bred in 1985. Therefore, they all had cubs in 1986. These are the young bears that are now (conlinuod on peg~ 16) XAtUAh Journot Pll98 t 5 �bein& forced to look for new homes. It's interesting how this situation today was precipitated by the events of five years ago. Katllah Journal: How docs clcarcuuing affect black bears? Pelton: My main concern is that clearcutting may be subtracting from the "principal," 10 put it in economic terms, of mast producuon. There is a trade-off between the summer mast that is produced for a few years and the years of hard mast production that are lost when oaks arc cut down. But my main concern is that it appears that foresters still don't have a full understanding of how 10 carry out a clearcut and have predictable results in terms of good, strong oak regeneration. We have made numerous observations on the Pisgah National Forest. In those instances it seemed that they were not getting the regeneration they should have. Thus this becomes a major concern. Once a srand is cut, it may be lost to acorn production for many, many years. Another concern is denning. Bears do sometimes den in the areas of thick undergrowth created by a clearcut, and that's fine, but where dogs are used for hunting, there is greatly increased hunting pressure. The bears seem to sense their vulnerability. The more exposed they are, the more apt they arc 10 leave and abandon their cubs. Female bears in particular need secwe sites, such as large cavities in old, hollow trees or rock crevices, in which to den. The more secure the denning site, the more likely they are to stay put. Twenty-five or 30 years ago clearcuts were hundreds of acres in size. Over the years they have been shrunken in size until now they are down to less than 40 acres in the Southern Appalachians. These are beuer for most forest species. It means more unbroken. contiguous areas. Smaller cuts spaced apart seem 10 be a more logical cuuing regime. Adjacent stands should be allowed 10 mature to mast-producing age. Katllah Journal· What specifically could we do to help improve habi1a1 for 1he black bears? Pelton: I think we need longer timber rotations. I still contend that we need 10 examine rotation times in light of the importance of acorns 10 bears and other species. I have a feeling that the rotation times need 10 be lengthened to give the forest as a whole a chance to be as it productive as it can be 10 produce the food that is necessary. That production time varies a lot from one variety of oak 10 another, but I think that the rotations are probably still too short The other need is, as I mentioned before, that foresters pay a 101 more attention to oak regeneration when they cut. They need 10 make ha1 sure that regeneration is advanced enough, 1 there are enough young oak seedlings and saplings on the ground, so that maple or tulip poplar or any other species don't overwhelm the oaks and take over the site. Clcarcuts should also be spaced so that acorn-producing stands are adjacent. roads. We have had a history of roads being opened and closed, opened and closed, re-opened and closed again in response 10 various political pressures.There needs 10 be a consistent and Slandard policy throughout lhe region regarding roads. Without it, there's no doubt that roads are going to be quite detrimental to black bears. Even gated roads arc being used for illegal hunting. Total closwe may have to be undenakcn. The state agencies in North Carolina and Tennessee are bolh putting a lot of thought into their bear sanctuaries. It migh1 be timely 10 examine the sanctuary boundaries in relation to where timber management activities and roads will or won't be, so that lhe efficiency of the system can be enhanced. They could make sure I.hat the boundaries of a sanctuary take advantage of a cenain prime white oak stand, for instance. I think we need to learn more about designing sanctuaries, but with a liule bit of thought and planning, perhaps the system could be improved considerably. Dr. Michael Pelton has studied the black bears in the Sowhern Appalachians/or the last twenty years. He is recognized world-wide for his knowledge and experience with bears and has advised bear research and restoration projectS in Norrh America and Europe. Rtcortkd by David Whukr Transcribtd by Marsha R111g Edictd by Kim Sandland and Dovid \Vhttltr About roads .. .ln a report I presented in 1985, I said that under present conditions black bears needed 10 have wilderness or quasi-wilderness, because of the indeterminate policies of the Forest Service about closing 'Jfu:rc fell tl1e min liealin9 forty rlays am! w e were fwatl ng, we w ere spfushi"'J am! Caugfi£119 boos wUh our rwses in f wwers aml throu9h tlui trus, nug9ets of s unlU)ht and •v•rywhcr• 9run reachL"'] to fwld us bark to touch am! 9run sprou ts, forgotten in corners wfu:r• 9run had com. rw more. C£u 7Mr• /eJ1. tlu& rain fu:ali"'], mil£"'] am! f a!l£119, remLmli"'J us of paths. rivulet.s /or9otten, paths unilwtujit of, ways too new to Lrn<UJi.ne, the joy of clesctmt unforesun, abandoned to tlu& twists of mud am! stone, un.ltwwn, new, quid.Ly. abrupt, steep. rai,n remlndL"'J to fall w'tlwui ceasi"'], fall 9Uully, /all gratefully, fafl, lo119Cr and try f or tlu& bottom, Ln mud, Ln stornJ, Ln green, Ln greetJ$St magnif£ceru;e of rain, the rain that falls ~lL119. f"aCL, 1989 �ArlWOl'.I: l¥y JamM Rhea If you ever talk to an old-timer, and you mention the word "panther," be prepared for some emotion-laden and perhaps superstitious stories. Human fear of the unknown has influenced and shaped the Eastern panther's destiny. Because of this fear the Eastern panther has been almost completely wiped out in eastern Nonh America. This article is an.anempt to decipher myth from reality and to present evidence for or against the existence of the Eastern panther today. TI1e following is an example of the typical panther story told to an old-timer of today by his or her parents: 'The night was dark and still. Daddy put a log in the fireplace and then tricked us liule'uns in bed. The only sounds were the hoot of a screech owl and inseccs serenading. And then, all of a sudden - a clt1unp, on the roof! Wha1's that, daddy?'we asked in fright. They got us children down and we gathered around the fire. We could hear the creature pacing back andforch above our heads. It was rryinR ro claw up some shinRles! 'Don't be afraid,' Mommy cold us, 'it'll be alright.' Daddy grabbed his gun from the wall. We knew it wasn't a/rig Ju. Then there was a loud, piercing scream! We knew it was the call of the painter." Is this scenario accurate - or is it just exaggerated mountain folklore? Was the Eastern cougar, or "painter," as it was called by the mountaineers, so bold as to come up to a human home and threaten to attack and kill humans? Do panthers still exist in the Southern Appalachians? What were, or are, they really like? Cougars were almost completely eliminated in eastern Nonh America soon after it was seuled by European immigrants. The attitude toward the great cat was the same auitude which caused the "taming" and destrucrion of the wilderness. The settlers anacked the animal, fearing it would prey on livestock and humans. Also, the destruction of the deer population through over-hunting and land-clearing, and direct hunting of the Eastern cougar saw this subspecies to its demise. 1"aCC.. l989 According to Robert Downing, former Forest Service officer in Clemson, South Carolina, the Eastern cougar (a subspecies which differs from the Florida panther, western panther, and twenty-seven other subspecies of Nonh American panthers), is as elusive as the answer to the questions asked about it. Many factors complicate the picture. First we must understand the habits and peculiarities of the panther. A cougar (Fe/is concolor) will live almost anywhere there are deer, or enough of the other animals of its prey base, such as racoon, opossum, rabbit, skunk, and fox. Deer, however, are by far the preferred prey of the cougar. All predators are best adapted for a specific prey animal. The deer is the right size and speed for the cougar and has come to be almost the cougar's only food source. ln Mexico where deer are few or non-existent, panthers prey on smaller rodents solely. This means that the panthers must spend more time and energy to kill more animals, but also shows their exrreme adapuibility. Unlike bears. panthers will not eat the meat of an animal they have not killed themselves. Occasionally an individual panther will acquire the habit of preying on livestock, although that occurrence is rare. Cougar are not and have never been a real threat to livestock. Wild boar, however, are definitely a possible prey animal for the cougar (which has implications for restoring balanced ecosystems in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park). Panthers feed only once every week or two. They kill only when hungry, usually eating pan of the deer and caching or hiding the rest to finish later. Robert Downing is called at least once, and sometimes several times, a month to investigate reponed sightings of the Eastern panther. He is presently rraining other Fish and Wildlife officials how to identify and verify rracks and scats. Only a rrained expen can tell the difference between a panther track and that of a large dog. Cats walk with their nails retracted (to keep them sharp). except on rare occasions when they are in a hurry. Panther scats average one and onequaner inches in diameter, and are smooth like those of a bobcaL Another panther habit is to kick up a pile of din and leaves on the edge of its territory and urinate on it. This habit is also shared by bobcats and foxes, so it takes a trained eye to determine the difference. Tracks are difficult 10 find in the mountains because the ground is either hard clay or the (continued on p:ige t8) JC.at ®h Jo1mmC. pa9e t 7 �FRONT COUGAR "'"~ (continued from page 17) constant rain washes the tracks away. Snowfall helps to locate tracks, but high mountain winds, subsequent snow storms, and melting make tracking in winter as challenging as any of the seasons. With so many sightings reported, Robert Downing finds it hard to believe they can all be wrong. But it is also hard to understand why there has never been an Eastern panther hit on the highways, when 5-15% of the Florida panthers (another subspecies) arc killed each year on the road. Perhaps the Florida panthers find roads more desirable to navigate than low, rugged wetlands. a problem the Eastern cougar would not have. Cougars were formerly common throughout North and South America. where they existed mostly on deer, bison, and elk. Today only small pocket populations survive, mostly in the western United States. Panthers are loners, rarely traveling in groups or packs. An individual cougar in the west occupies a 10-20 square mile territory. In Florida each panther uses 50-60 square miles because the population pressure 1s not as great There is no regular mating season for panthers. They will breed any time of the year once they come to maturity at three years of age. However, breeding for any one panther occurs only once every two tO three years. The two or three kittens in each litter are raised by the female. After weaning at two to three months of age, they accompany the mother on hunts. The panther ranges in length from five to eight feet, including the tail, and weighs from eighty to two hundred pounds. Their call varies. It can be soft like the cooing of a dove, a rattling growl, or an eerie shriek -- sometimes described as resembling the scream of an old woman. The panther does not scream when it is about to attack, as myth would lead us to believe. The bark of the grey fox is sometimes mistaken for a cougar call, although there is no resemblance. Some owl calls have even been mistaken for panther howls. In Florida, and many eastern states, panthers are protected as an endangered species. In western states cougar are managed by state fish and wildlife departments as a game animal. In Texas, there i s no protective legislation for the cougar whatsoever. A known population of panthers exists in Manitoba which has spread west into Ontario, and south into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Maine is an ideal habitat for the panther, as there are large areas with no public roads and large deer populations. But so far no panthers have been officially sighted there. Before there can be any action taken to protect the Eastern cougar and its habitat, the presence of the Eastern cougar must be confirmed. Roben Downing has written a report fol' the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service entitled: "The Current Starus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians." In it he describes recent reports, historical aspects, searches for sign, and research needs. The Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service pooled their resources and sponsored Roben Downing's study when the controversy came to a head in 1977. At that time several groups threatened to bring suit against the Forest Service unless it hailed timber harvests in an area where several cougars had reportedly been seen. If you think you have seen a cougar or its sign, this repon may help you to determine a true sighting. The conclusion of Robert Downing's study is basically that there is yet no conclusion as to the status of the Eastern cougar. Although it seems fitting and right for panthers to be inhabiting the southern mountains, not one official sighting has been made. Until then, panther advocates have no basis for demandfog protection for cougar habitat The best thing one can do at this point is to get a copy of "The Current Status of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," learn all one can about tracks and panther habits, and keep one's eyes and ears open when roaming the hills. The true spirit of native Appalachia will shine forth when species such as the panther (along with the American chestnut, gray wolf, and black bear) are existing together in stable and self-sustaining populations. Roberr Downing's reporr, "The Current Sratus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," is available from rhe Denver Wildlife Research Center; Department of Forestry; Clemson Universiry; Clemson, SC 29631. The Earth First! Biodiversity Project is collecting data for an Eastern Cougar Study. Your help is needed to document cougar sightings and habitat use in the eastern states. If you see a cougar, remember as accurately as possible the location; a description of the animal including height, length, approximate weight, length of the tail, and distinguishing marks; a description of the terrain; and an account of the event Send information to: Eanh First! Biodiversity Project 2365 Willard Road Parkersburg, WV 26101 Cougar tracks have four toe pad marks in a semi-circle ahead of the larger metacarpal pad. There are usually three lobes on the back of the metacarpal pad. The tracks of adult cougars measure 2 3/4 inches or more in width. Cougars have a central lead toe on each foot, and the two middle toes are not symmetrical, but one is normally farther forward than the other. Dog tracks appear similar to cougar tracks, but the toes arc almost directly opposite each other, and claw marks arc always visible ahead of the toe marks. Bobcat tracks are similar in appearance to cougar tracks, but smaller. The tracks of a young cougar will appear the same as those of a bobcat. If you see a cougar track, make a plaster cast. Here is how: I) Prepare the ground surrounding the track by removing any debris. Carefully remove any loose objects in the track itself. 2) Take a strip of light cardboard or plastic long enough to surround the track, fold it into a circle and fasten lhe ends togelher. Set it around lhe track. 3) Mix Plaster of Paris according to directions on package. Once mixed, plaster sets quickly, so be prepared to pour immediately. 4) Pour the plaster slowly over the track, taking care to fill all the recesses, especially the toe marks, to avoid air bubbles. Pouring too quickly will disturb the track. Pour plaster one inch over the track. 5) Allow the plaster to harden. Then lift the cast and carefully wipe away excess din and debris. / raet,1989 �Last fall, when the mornings turned c turned to gathering firewood, we didn't hav south-facing slope behind rhe cabin was doned oaks. We discovered enough snags just along the wood stove stoked all winter, and without I summer I've found enough dead and dying oak house next wioter, too. Oaks are treasured trees -- valuabl~ fo~~r. !f!l~per provide, valuable for their shady canopy and wood and their sturdy beauty. But something is oak forests of sourbcrn Appalachia. Since the ll980's, we've seen an increase in the mortality of oaks la ~land h3nlwood fcxests throughout the eastern United ~ This phenomenon, called• decline, has been o b s e r v e - y since the early 1900's, bat foresucs~.ud 1 are just beginning to tmensi.v~ it! Ciiiil'di k is having on the forest ecosystem. Oak decline is not caused by a single discaa odDlilllPa. bot a series of interactions between environmenw strelles, diseases, and insectS. A healthy oak ~ will begin to dec:Uae when it is subjected to unusual stress, such u drought; fiosl iniury or spring defoliation by insects. This causes physiological changes in the tree and its root n~omes vllJn~ IO lltlCk by the annillaria root'l'Offungus (Ari1tiJJaria metled), wllil:b aormally lives on roOlS of dead trees. This runaus killS put oflhe mot sySl!Cm, further weakening the tree and making it sa~ above ground auaclc by other diseases and iosects. The two-lined chestnut borer (Argilus bilineatus) is often fond in uees at this stage, its larvae making meandering galleries dna&b the inner bark and eventually girdling the tree. As the aee declines, ns growth slows down and the crown dies bact. Tbe dead branches exposed as the leaves die are the most obvious signs that a tree is being seriously stressed. If good condieiom return, a young, vigorous tree may be able 10 recover, bat an older tree will continue to decline and eveniually die, UiUll1y iwo to five years after the stress first occured. The U.S. Forest Service has been conducting surveys throughout Karuah to determine how widespread oak decline ~ and which areas arc affected most severely. By combining aerial surveys and data collec1ed on 1hc ground, resarchcn have de1crmincd that oaks are declining in all southern upland hardwood forests, but the damage varies greatly in different areas. Oak species in the red oak group (including bhd. scarlet and nonhcrn red oaks) are much more likely to decline lhan !hose in the white oak group (white and chestnut oaks). Oak decline 1ends 10 be grca1cs1 in areas where trees naturally grow most slowly -- on ridgc1ops, on shallow, rocky soils and on southand wes1-facing slopes. Age is a fac1or, too. "Declines arc, by and large, diseases of ma1ure trees." according to Sieve Oak, forest pathologist with the Forest Service. "However, chronological age may not f>e the best measure of tree maturity. On a high quali1y site, an 80-year-old black oak might be considered middle-aged, but on a poor site the same ttcc would be a senior citizen, and probably more prone to decline". Oak seedlings arc relatively intolerant of shade so they ••id br '° have a hard time establishing themselves under a forest caoopy. Once a dominant tree dies and more fight reaches the g10lllld. 1hey tend 10 be out-competed by fas1cr growing seedling -yellow poplar, maple, sourwood, black locust In order 10 be sure !hat oaks will be present in the next stand, it's generally agreed tha1 there must be a substantial number of oak seedlings and saplings already growing in tbc undcrstory before lhe dominant trees die. "If it doesn't maucr what kind of trees replace declined oaks, then decline is of no consequence because some regeneration will happen", Sieve Oak says. "But given the problems of oak regeneration, it's not at all clear !hat oaks wilt replace themselves after decline". Understanding the biological causes of oak decline and where it tends to occur gives some clues as to why we are seeing ao increasing number of dead oaks in the green mountains of our bioregion. Kan1ah forests were almost decimated by the "cut ou1 and get otlt" logging practices which prevailed around the tum of !he century. As a result, the majority of these next-generation forats are now in the 60 10 90 year range -- the age al which oaks become more vulnerable to the stresses that cause decline. 1llc long-1erm drough1 we arc experiencing is surely a contributing fac1or. Overall, the raie of global wanning since 1970 is higher than a1 any earlier recorded rime. If our heedless consumption of fossil fuels continues to blanket the earth with increasingly heavier layers of carbon dioxide, the drought stress caused by higher tcmpcra1ures will have dire consequences for the whole ccosys1em, and oaks may be among the firs! obvious casualties. Oak decline is also predicted 10 increase with the steady advent of the leaf-hungry gypsy moth as It chews its way south into these foresis. The gypsy moth, an insect pcs1 introduced 10 Nonh America in the ninc1eenth cen1ury, is expected 10 cause significant amounts of defoliation in the near future. One of the major current concerns about oak decline is the impact it has on wildlife. As their crowns die back, declining oaks produce less hard mast (acorns) and the nutritional value of the mast may not be as high. In one declining stand surveyed, the acorn yield was predicted to be 58% lower over five years than would be cxpcacd in a hcahhy stand. "Acorns arc very high in fa1 and carbohydrates", explains Lauren Hi1hmn. Forest Service wildlife biologist. "They arc one of 1he highest energy foods in !he forest". This shortage creates a grave situation for all animals which depend on acorns for fall and winter food -- black bear, deer, eastern wild turkey, racoon, squirrel and other small mammals. The populations of preda1ors such as bobca1, cougar and raptors a.re also adversely affec1cd by decline, since much of their prey consists of small mammals dependant on acorns. According 10 Hillman, decline also decreases the diversity of acorn species. Having a variety of mast in the forest, she says, "cushions failure in one crop which may have a poor production year. Given periodic hard mas(shonages, this could be a critical fac1or for wildlife survival". And !he impact of oak decline on wildJife wilJ be even grca1er in the future because many dying oaks will be replaced by (continued oo page 20) foU, 1989 JC.atimn Journa! p1i9e 19 �olher species of trees which won't produce any hard mast. "Black bear reproduction is directly dependent on. hard mast availability", continues Hillman, and she asscns that 1f oa1c decline continues to jcapardizc this food source, "the black bear . . might not stnive". If we consider long term trends m climate, the s1e~dy advance of the gypsy moth and the current age of our .f?"=sts, 1.t is reasonably safe to predict that oak decline is.a cond1uon wh~ch will not be disappearing in the near future. Is 11 a problem which needs to be addressed by forest management practices. or should oa1c decline be viewed as one factor among many in the evolution of a continuously changing ccosyst~m 7 . The oak-dominated forests m the mountains of southern Appalachia arc a result of land use history ov~r the last 200 years. Past agricultural use of the land, woods _grazing, fire control and the chestnut blight have all contributed to the present predominance of oaks. But given ~hat we know a.bout ~ak regeneration, it's a fair bet that there will fewer oaks an K~u3!1 forests in the future if some oak decline management 1s!11 undenaken. If the resultant changes in wildlife habitat, species diversity, wood supply and aesthetic valu~s are acceptable, t~en there isn't any reason to try 10 reduce the impact of oak decline. In areas where there is liule or no interference by humans, such as in designated wilderness areas, oak decline and other n~tural events are allowed 10 run their course. Then the ?Utc.ome 1s not influenced by the imposition of management ObJecuves which determine which resources to promote, oflen a1 the expense of other resources. However oak decline is increasingly being perceived as a problem of fo~st health in forests which are being managed to maximize one or more of these resources. The recently released Draft Environmental Impact Statement co".ering the Grassy Gap and Wesser timber sales in Nantahala Nauonal Forest. is one of 1he first public documents to address oak decline as a consideration in the action alternatives. The environmental and topographic factors which inc~ the incidence of decline cannot be altered by forestry pracuccs. However there arc silvicultural treatments which can reduce the effects of decline if the objective is to maintain a vigorous oalc forest. be One such treatment is thinning. Reducing the density of trees by thinning, especially when the trees arc ~l~tivcly young, should help alleviate water stress. However, 1h1~mg can cause an increase in armillaria root rot fungus, and u may actually increase moisture stress if decline is already in progress by exposing more of the soil surface to the drying effects of the sun. Another management strategy involves encouraging oa1c seedlings and saplings to grow in the understory of o~ stands which arc declining, or which arc at high risk for dechne. As noted earlier, oa1c seedlings under the shade of mature trees tend to be out-competed by more shade tolerant species. If the growth of these competing seedlings, saplings and shrubs is controlled, the young oalcs will be in a position to talce advantage of increased light when the mature trees arc gone. The method chosen to control competing understory vegetation is likely to cause some. controversy, si.nce .using herbicides appears 10 be more effecuve and economical m the shon tenn than cutting down the competing plants by hand. Hopefully, this decision will be carefully considered in view of its potential long term costs.. Much more needs t~ be ~nown about the complex interacuons of these che1D1cals rn the ecosystem before herbicides arc given a seal of appi:oval. . Some silviculturists advocate a second phase m the crcanon of a vigorous stand: cuning down the declining mature trees. From a silvicullural point of view, harvesting the big trees allows enough strong light to reach the ground for the oak seedlings to begin growing rapidly. Forest manag~rs "!BY .also .choose to harvest declining trees based on economic obJCCUves, 1f the trees can be sold as timber. Harvest methods have been at the center of a great deal of debate recently, with clearcutting generating most of the opposition. And the controversy is likel>: to become eycn ~ore intense with this issue, because clearcutung has been identified by many silviculturalists as the most effective way to manage.oalc decline. They affirm that if ~equate numbers of oak Sec<!lmgs and saplings arc present rn the understory, clearcumng a declining oalc stand is the most reliable way to ensure that ~e following stand will be less susceptible to the stresses which initiate decline. The major harvest alternative to clcarcutting is managing an uneven-aged forest by selectively cutting small groups of trees. This harvesting is done periodically, usually every 10-20 .Y~· and the trees arc selected in such a way that at least three d1sunc1 age classes will remain in the forest Uneven-aged stands are valued for containing a diversity of ages and species of trees and for their basically intact forest canopy. However, oak decline is more likely to increase in stands which arc managed this way than they arc in clearcut stands, because uneven-aged harvest requires more logging road construction, as well as more entries into the stand. This means there is increased potcmial for soil compaction, i:oot system damage and mechanical damage to the trees which arc not harvested. These injuries decrease a tree 's resistance to the stresses which cause decHne. Skillful horse logging would subs1amially decrease lh~se risks and would make uneven-aged management a beuer option for declining stands. Unfonunatcly, neither the timber industry nor the Forest Service consider logging with horses an economically viable practice. Small woodland owners, without the market pressures of big business, may find that using horses to log decline-prone areas, thereby creating space_ for youn.g vigorous trtts 10 grow, is a good way 10 m:in11ge de.chn .. on 1he1r land and encourage biodiversity. . Oak decline is a biological fact in the forests of Katuah. Watching robust, bountiful oak trees slowly lo.se th~1r stren~th and die is an emotional experience. Oak decline is an issue which gives us a chance 10 discuss what we value most about our . forests, and how we want 10 influence future forests by the decisions we make now. Photo abow, armillaria root rot fungus, courtrsy c{Strp~tt W. Oak f"llU,1989 �PEOPLE & HABITAT While many view the pastoral scenes and remote majesty of the Southern Appalachians as all-enduring, trends in human population l migration and unrelenting resource extraction have had monumental effects upon wildlife and the diverse flora of their native habitat. Today litlle remains unaltered by the effects of human activity. The landscape we view today is a threatened glimmer of what was once, but it still exists as one of the most diverse ecosystems on the North American continent. A universal tenet that holds true for every form of life is the ecological principle of carrying capacity: a given habitat can only suppon so many individuals of any given species. Beyond that threshold the numbers of the given species begin to decline or that species begins to impinge on the ability of the habitat to function and support other forms of life. The principle of carrying capacity holds as true for human beings as for any other life form. The difference is that we are so insulated from the greater environment by the barriers of civilization, that we often do not realize the impact we are having on local, to say nothing of distant, habitats. In the case of homo sapiens the situation is funher complicated by the effects of a highly-developed technology, which adds an additional element to the equation by magnifying the impact of a given number of individual humans. Bioregional awareness leads us to become as regionally self-sufficient as possible, so that we restrict the impact of our presence to our own bioregion. We also realize our responsibility to accurately determine the region's carrying capacity for human beings and to limit our numbers accordingly. A historical perspective of human manipulation of the Katt.lab province will help raise the question of the proper carrying capacity for human beings in our bioregion - the level that allows for the preservation of wild habitat. land already subject to conditions of dire overpopulation. The Old World represented a virtually inexhaustible well of humanity that flooded over the new frontier. After the mountain highlands were first penetrated by DeSoto in 1540, the question of access was of paramoum importance in the development of the Southern Appalachians. The Indian culture tied to the land and her offerings was rapidly overrun by the streams of white-skinned settlers that moved in along the major Indian trails 'through the Shenandoah Valley and from the Atlantic Tidewater area, widening the trails into roads as they went so that others could more easily follow. The first small communities sprang up along the river valleys and larger coves of the Watauga, French Broad, Little Tennessee, and Hiwassee watersheds. Although few and far between, their presence was marked by the agrarian need for cleared land. The bottomlands and wellands were cleared or drained firs1, and !hen trees were felled on the side slopes to make room for more fields and pastures. As the first sertlemen1s became towns, the clearings spread deeper into the mountains following small and muddy roads that wound along the river and stream tributaries. Early In habitants and First Immigrants The Cherokee Indians and the indigenous people before lived in balance with their world, utilizing the offerings of their Eden. Sources estimate the native population co be about 22,000 individuals throughout the entire region in the early 17th century. This number is somewhat lower than pre-Columbian levels because of war and disease brought by white settlers. (Today, that number would be considered only mediocre actendance at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta.) The native people manipulated their environment with a technology based on fire and scone tools. Even though they had developed a sophisticated system of agriculture before the arrival of the first white people, it is clear they never exceeded the ability of the region to support them. They did not interfere with the capability of the habitat to provide for other forms of life; quite to the contrary, the native people relied on that capability for their continued existence. The arrival of the first Europeans, however, changed conditions drastically. The first immigrants represented the overflow from a 1'a!L, 1989 Plwlo by Rob MusidJProject Ug/llhawlc These first settlers lived largely off the land, much in the manner of their native predecessors. Like the Indians before them, the white settlers annually burned off the forest floor. However, because of their greater numbers, this had a much greater effect on the forest than it ever had before. Even so, until the end of the 19th century most of the mountain highlands remained an impenetrable wilderness. Daunted by the richness of the New by CHIP SMITH and LEEK. FAWCETT World, the Europeans regarded the productive capacity of the land as limilless, leading them to farm and hunt carelessly and without regard for the future. Because they were completely ignorant of ecological balances, they exterminated game species of animals and birds and slaughtered the native predators so that their domestic livestock could free-range in the woodlands. Hogs and turkeys were particularly well-adapted to the forest environment and thrived on 1he fall mas1 provided each year. Once fattened, these were gathered into large "droves" and walked along the "drovers' roads" to markets in the piedmont Mountaineers also traditionally foraged for medicinal roots in the forest. As commercial demand for these natural remedies began to grow, medicinal roots became a prime baner item in town and at the crossroad country stores. As wagonloads of ginseng and other potent roots and herbs began to roll down the twisting mountain roads to the eastern cities, the rate of trade began to threaten the survival of ginseng and other herbaceous forest plants. The Industrial Era Grinding mills and small saw mills were the height of industrial production in the highlands until the mid-I 800's. The barter system was the usual means of exchange. The US Census estimated the population in the 18 western counties of North Carolina ac 200,000 in 1890. The lifestyle was still based primarily o n subsistence agriculture, hunting, and foraging. However, in 1880. the first train into the mountains pulled inco Asheville, and the Southern Appalachians were changed forever. The railroads represented a new degree of access, and they brought exponential population growth, absentee land ownership, and industrial commerce. The population of the city of Asheville (which today is only somewhat greater than 65,000 people) mushroomed from 2,000 in 1880 to more than 10,000 by 1890. Tourism also arrived on the rails, and sanitariums and luxury hotels offered all the comfons a tired and ailing flatlander could desire. Commerce was the primary reason for pushing through the railroads, and in the Southern Appalachian region, commerce meant timber. Large traces of land, often 30,000-200,000 acres in size, were opened up to exploitation and soon surrendered their bounty. Temporary company towns were built at the base of major watersheds and railroad lines extended into the highest coves. The early timber barons were industrialists, not foresters, and they neither knew nor cared about the ideals of sustained timber )'ields and forest regeneration. Their mastery of the new steam technology gave them access to the most remote reaches of the mountain forest, and the destruction they wrought there was unprecedented. The damage to the species composition of the forest was irrevocable, as was the damage to the soil. By the early 1930's 80 percent of the mountain (continued on page 22) JC.awc:ih Jo'4rnat plMJe 21 �(continued from pqc 2 1) landscape had been burned over. Little was left to shield the soil from the area's high levels of rainfall , and severe flooding occurred in 1896, 1901, and 1909, and periodically into the 1940's. A mountain native, the Reverend A.E. Brown provided first-hand insight in an interview in the Manufacturer's Record ip 1910: " ... these mountains were full of sparkling brooks and creeks which required a two or three week rain to make them muddy; today a few hours of rain will muddy them .... Many of the mountain streams are dry throughout the summer and fall, while in winter, the waters descend in torrents and do vast damage rendering wonhless the bouom lands... The sides of mountains have been denuded of their topsoil and bouom lands have been overflowed and swept away... " Shortly after the end of World War I most of the timber barons had tom up their tracks and moved on to the Pacific Northwest. By 1930 only a few companies, such as Champion Corporation, were left In the wake of the timber rush, and at the onset of the nation's worst drought and the chestnut blight, little was left for human or beast. The Present-day Forest (or Wha t You See Is What Is Lefi) Between the I 940's and the I 960's the population of the Ka1uah province remained static or even dropped The mountai n binhrate remained high, as it had in the past, but many young folks left the mountains to find wage work in the cities of the east and the midwes1. The bumpy roads offered a way out of the mountains tO seek the American Dream. During the 1960's and the I 970's, however, a change took place. The isolation of the "backward" Appalachians began 10 look appealing to flatlanders sick of noise, crowds, and pollution, and perhaps sick at heart at the manner in which they earned their wealth. The very isolation that had protected the mountains from industrialization for so long now proved their strongest attraccion. City-dwellers realized that they could "have" that isolation - all they lacked was a way 10 get there. Thus began the era of the four-lane. The Appalachian Regional Council brought in federal money 10 help state governments upgrade old roads and build modem expressways. During this same period agriculture declined sharply in the mountains - and with it declined the traditionally high binhrate that had always characterized Appalachia in the minds of outsiders. With the construction of new roads, in-migration became the driving force in the population growth of the Ka1uah province. Today the rate of biological growth (che ratio of the binh rate 10 the death rate) remains at flat zero or in fractions of a percentage point (0.07 percent in 1984), while the rate of in-migration continues 10 rise dramatically, putting the overall population growth of the Southern Appalachians well above the national average. The number of retirees translcx:ating to the mountains raises the percentage of monality, but a look at the figures shows the dominant influence of migration on the regional population. Lack of access has always been the limiting factor on growth • the growth of human populations, economic development, and Xat®h Journal pa9e 22 industrialization - in Appalachia. Lack of access protected the wild nature o f the mountain habitat. Now the cork is out of the bottle. The sporadic stream of in-migration has turned into a flood. As over-populated Europe once offered an inexhaustible supply of humanity to fill up the New World, the large eastern cities now do the same for the mountains, as the in1ersu1te highway system offers an easy means of travel. Along with the increaSe in new residents, there has been a tremendous increase in demand for recreational opponunities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the national forests. Today, human management and human use penetrates 10 the deepest reaches of the forest on 4,900 miles of forest roads and touches every aspect of life on virtually every acre of the mountain forest habitat. Meanwhile, wildlife has been pushed back to the most remote areas of the forest in search of food and safety due 10 the clearing necessary for roads and development and the associated noise. Environment Committee assures us that al l this developmen t can proceed with no impact whatsoever on the "beautiful mountain scenery that is so imponant to all of us" - in fact, it'll be even beuer, because there will be more people here to enjoy it wilh us. Typical of this approach is the l-26 Corridor Association, a coalition of Western Nonh Carolina industrialists, developers, and their followers, who believe it is imperative 10 immediately upgrade the present Route 23 to interstate proportions through Madison County 10 the Tennessee state line providing a d1rec1 connection between Asheville, Johnson City, TN, and the large industrial cities of the mid west. Jerry Grant, the biggest developer in the Katuah mountains, provides the following insight via the /-26 Corridor Association Newsletter: "We would be on the way to somewhere - not the end of the line. We think Asheville and this region are extremely fortunate 10 have an excellent liveability factor. We are able to attract the right kinds of industry." Those who still espouse this approach have not yet realized that whenever we perceive something as a resource, then it is automatically for sale. And once sold, it is no longer ours. It is gone. In another public relations publication of the l-26 Association, WNC at the Crossroads: Crisis or Opportunity?, this theme of development continues: "Improving the US 23 gateway to interstate standards opens the entire Ohio Valley and Nonheastem US to the WNC mountain expenence....Imagine how many more travelers would discover WN~ if traffic now using I-77 and 1-75 could re-route via 1-26 through the scenic Southern Highlands.... An interstate would produce many business opportunities away from its interchanges. Well-designed and The North Carolina Highway Bill (or Come One, Come All!) This summer in Nonh Carolina the state legislature passed a $9.1 billion Highway Bill. Governor Ji m Manin's plan is 10 place "every resident in the state within 10 miles o f a four-lane road," build by-passes around seven urban centers (includi ng Asheville), pave 10,000 miles of secondary gravel roads by 1999, and the remaining gravel roads in the state by 2006 (see page 25). To hear the road boosters talk, the new roads are going 10 bring in all the good aspects of industrial culture and none of the bad. There's big bucks in it for everyone, we are told, and, because we live in the mountains, things will be as nice as they always were. The ; N PR(S(NT 4 LA~ES -- fV\Ul'l.E CONNfClORS - - - W / 'll:/~E v"' . r •~ I I \I \ I '\ \ I \I \ \ '\ f'aU:, 1989 �perpetual wild sanctuaries It ts both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this time to intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. At this lime In Earth history. our human species Is severely and Irreversibly tmpacttng the ecosystems of the planet. As an acknowledgement of our reverence for Life and for the sake of our planet's biological heritage. ll Is Important that we lntenllonally leave perpetual wild sanctuaries where humans do not enter....places where the non· human life fonns tnd1genous to a pan.tcular area arc able lo proceed lndeflnltely. undisturbed by human presence. judgement. or Intentions. This Idea Is not wtlhout precrdrnt. In New Guinea there arc small areas of natural vegetation left amid lands that have been ovcr·grazed and ovcr·cut for cooking fuel. These small fragments of natural diversity are the burial grounds. rabu areas. sacred to the spirits of the ancestors. where It Is blaspht>my to tread. In old English estates. amid the Impeccably kept lawns and gardens. there Is one comer kept wild "for the fairies • that Is never entered These are probably areas that would difficult lo matntaln anyway. and these days the tradition Is most likely kept with tongue tn cheek. but ll Is slill kept, as ll has been for generations. In the small country of Costa Rica the newly-established tropical dryland forest national park Is divided Into three pans: one pan ts open to appropriate commercial use. one pan Is only open to tradltlonal native use. and the remainder Is not open to human use at all. Here In Katuah. there have always been energy centers and sacred sites endowed with spiritual power that were never entered except by lndlvlduals or small groups of people who felt compelled to venture there to fulfill a specific spiritual mission. ThJs idea could be easily translated lnlo our own lime. lf people took ll to heart. Small areas could be set aside on small tracts of land. but setting aside a mountain range or large areas of the forest to be forever undisturbed by human presence would make a significant difference tn the conditions of habitat and. no less Importantly. would transform our relationship to the land. It Is both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this lime to Intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. All who feel so tncllned are Invited to set off an area of land - however large an area for whJch the tndlvldual or group feels ll can accept responsibility - as a perpetual wild sanctuary. This could be done by purchase. decree. or by personal witness. The areas could be regarded as sacred shrines. devlc dwclllng-places. burial grounds. or liberated 1.ones. In whatever manner It Is undertaken. this commitment tnvolvcs a responstbtllty lo respect the boundaries and lo urge others who might come tn contact with the area to do the same. It also Involves educallfllt the young about the nature of this area and the purpose for selllfllt ll aside. that they might be willing to continue the practice. ll Is time lhts Is brought forward as a serious suggestion. May all beings live wUd and free! Plca.\C !lend any commcnis expressing your rcacuons, dreams, or visions about a perpetual wild sanctuary lO KatiUih Journal: Box 638: Leicester, NC 28748. (conlJnUOd from Pl&C 22) developed interchanges therefore not only enhance the corridor's immediate environs, but also seive as gateways which entice additional development into surrounding counties. "Regionally, the 1-26 gateway will increase traffic throughout WNC. Thus, thousands of businesses - both established and yet-to-be stand to benefit...The US Chamber of Commerce has determined that each additional 100 manufacturing jobs have the following positive (sic) benefits on a given locale: Non-manufacturing jobs .. ...............&! Population increase...................... 202 Family units .............................. I 02 Increased school enrollments............ 61 (t ndguote) The effects would certainly be positive for the developers and real estate speculators who stand to make a lot of money selling off the mountain habitat. For current residents, however, land booms do not necessarily mean more jobs. They do mean higher taxes as the local people absorb the costs of expanded water supply and waste disposal services to provide an infrastructure for the new industries. They do without fail mean over-crowded schools, higher crime rates, increased noise. congestion, sedimentation. air and water pollution. Richard Stiles. an economist for the Western Nonh Carolina Tomorrow group, a primary motivator behind the push for an 1-26 corridor, actually maintains that an interstate- level highway would be less ecologically damaging than expansion of the present Rt. 23. He says that this is because an interstate would have only limited access, rather than being lined with development. Such an analysis shows a complete ignorance or disregard for the idea that there is any limit to the regional canying capacity for human beings. T11U, 1989 Ptn:cmage Change in !>()pulation Size. Ra1c of Na1ural lncrcase. and Net Mignuion Rate for lhc Average of !he Eighteen Wt"stcm Counlle• of We.tern Nonh Carolina, 1940-1980 LEGEND: - - Rate of PopulallOD Change -""" ··· · Net Migrabon Rate: · • • - - Ra1e of Natural ln~ase 25 20 - 15 10 5- 0-5 ·IO· . :?Q - 1940-50 1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 (1971 l'"'JOC- ) Source: S«io-£c()namlc OverviLW of W~s1u11 Vorrli. Carol1NJ fo r ti!, Vtu11aMla PusaJi VaiwNd Fou compilttl by the .•t Sou1hnn Appalachian Ccnlef, Man Hall College, Mars Halt, NC Direct displacement by the interstate construction and resulting commercial development will remove thousands of acres of relatively undeveloped habitat. Migration routes and range areas of different animals will be disrupted by the cut-out, paved-over, and fenced-in interstate route. A new interstate route will greatly increase fragmentation of habitaL The forest north of Asheville will be severed by a route comparable in size and volume to the 1-40 interstate. Instead of one habitat area • however patchy and ragged it is at present - there will be 1wo smaller areas. The local gene pool, already in disucss, will be divided in half once again. However. the most damaging effect will be the ucmcndously increased volume of traffic that will pass over the new highway. A new superhighway will mean more use. more commerce, more in-migration, more human demands on the already over-stressed habitat. We long ago overshot the capacity of this region to suppon the weight of our population. As access opened the mountains to the ravages of unrestrained technology at the turn of the century, so now is it bringing in unrestrained numbers of human beings. We arc the greatest threat to habitat in the Southern Appalachians. Rather than manage the forest to meet our unending demands, we need to manage ourselves. our numbers and our way of life. that the forest may continue. In the long run, this would be the best for all the inhabitants of the mountain forestlands. ourselves included. This process requires values that are at once new and at the same time very, very old. These values arc the substance of the biorcgional vision. We need to learn/remember them and pass them on. Only then will we be able to approach a reasonable carrying capacity of human beings in the Katuah province of the Appalachian biorcgion. ~ Xot.Uah Journot p119e 23 �J CAPTIVE BEARS FREED! "ROAD MANIA" SLOWED NabJral World News Service Senator Wyche Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) led the US Senate lo adopt an amendment to the interior appropriations bill that cut the road-building budget of the US Forest Service by $65 million. Vowing lO curb "road-building mania" in the Forest Service, Fowler called on his Senate colleagues to pass the amendmenL They responded 55-44 in favor of the measure. Twenty-rive million of the recovered money would be returned to the federal treasury. The balance would be used for stewardship programs, habitat improvement, and land acquisition. In calling for support of the amendment, Fowler cited a Congressional Research Service study that found that road construction was the most environmentally damaging aspect of the Forest Service timber program. OTTERS MAKE A COMEBACK ... AND A GETAWAY Natunil World News Service CARNIVOROUS PLANT LISTED Norural Wbrld News Service NllUnl) World News Service Recent events in Cherokee drew attention to the plight of caged and exploited black bears. One evening this summer, several bears were "liberated" from Saunooke's Bear Den show by unknown individual(s). A large hole was cut in the outer wall of the enclosure, through which the bears escaped along the creek into the surrounding woods, and hopefully into the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle. The outcome for the escapees is unknown: Saunooke has made no comment as to whether or not the bears were quickly recaptured or escaped into the wild. In any case, this evem effectively brought the bear's situation to the attention of local media. People for the Ethical TreaUTient of Animals have annouoced plans to protest in Cherokee on September 9, 1989. They have been warned off by the Chief of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation, Jonathan L. Taylor. A clear message appeared on August 15, 1989 in the Asheville Ci1iz11n-Times that any animal rights protesters would be arrested and prosecuted for "interfering• with the reservati.on practice of exploiting bears. lo a pointed way. it is clear that on the reservation, as in many areas or Katuab. the rights or humans to exploit the bears supercedes any rights of the animal species. Loss of freshwater wetland habitat has eliminated or threatened many plant and animal species throughout the country. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has recently proposed to add to the Endangered Species List the mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sorrounio rubro ssp. jonesii). Native only to a few motmtaln bogs and streamsides in southwestern North Carolina and northwestern South Csrolina along the Blue Ridge Divide, the mounuiin sweet pitcher plant has been reduced from 26 known historical populations to only 10. The pitcher plant has been the victim of drainage of bogs. flooding. convctsion or the land for agriculture and grazing, various other forms of land development, and collection. Eight of the remaining 10 populations survive on private land where they may be subject to habitat alteration and collection by fanciers or carnivorous plants; the other two are situaicd on State or South Carolina lands. but are also vulnerable to recreation and illegal collection. The mountain sweet pitcher plant, like other carnivorous plants, traps and digests insects for food. 11 grows up to 29 inches in height, producing showy. typically maroon flowers gracefully suspended on single tall stems, each covered with a hood. Insects. attracted to the mouth of the pitcher by sweet secreted nectar, crawl or fall into the pitcher. Their escape is prevented by a smooth slippery surface just inside the mouth of the pitcher. and by stiff hairs lining the interior or the pi!Cher tubes, pointing downward. The insects are digested in the enzyme.filled fluid secreted int the pitchers. The mountain sweet pitcher plant and its related species have long inspired curiosity and wonder. Unless they are protected and s:ived they will soon inspire only memories. Your comments can be addressed to the Asheville Field Office: US Fish and Wildlife Service; 100 Otis Street (Room 224); Asheville, NC 28801. ACID RAIN A PROVEN KILLER NabJral World News Service A link between acid precipitation and a wsease which bas killed thousands of dogwood trees may have been proven by US Forest Service plant pathologist Robert Anderson and colleagues. Dogwood anthracnose, or dogwood blight, caused by Disculo fungus species, was first found to be infecting trees in the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest about 10 years ago (see Kotuoli Journal #21). Since then, it has spread lO many of the Southeastern states and caused high mortality among both woodland and ornamental dogwoods. More than one quarter million acres in Kllttiah have been affected by the disease. Otters, absent from the Smoky Mountains following excessive trapping and logging activities during the 1930's, are making a comeback. Not only are they successfully surviving in several reintroduction sites, they arc claiming ierritoric:; across mountain ronges from their points of rcintr0duction. Nine nvcr otters were rclea.~ into thc Little River on the Tennessee side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and at least two have crossed into Nonh Carolina drainages. The ouers arc eluding the tracking efforts of researchers. even though fitted with surgically-implanted radio transmitters. Kim Dcl..o'1ier, wildlife biologist for the Park. says, "Most of them have moved extensive disuinces from the release site to other drainages. We really don't know why they are moving so much." Recently, biologists have been able to track the otters only by air. A few oucrs from a 1986 release project an the Cades Cove area of the Parle also were sighted later in Nonh Carolina waters. FtShermcn have expressed concern that ottcrs will destroy game fish, but analysis or oner scat from river banks bv University of Tennessee researchers revealed that scat piles contain no trout bones. "Trout are fast and much harder to catch," says DeLozier. Instead. the otters prefer slow-moving fish like white suckers. daces, sculpins, and hogsuckers, says DeLo1Jer. For the ouers, •...these slow-moving fish ate like picking sweets from a candy store." The next proposed release of river ouers will Ulke place as early as this winter in a watershed on the Nonh Carolina side of the Park...but don't expect them to stay there for long. Xai.imh Journal pmJe 24 The disease is chanictcrized by putple-rimmcd leaf spots. followed by twig, brunch. and stem cankers. Trees ID the forest • parucularly trees growing ID moist environments at high elevations - suffer more from anthracnose than omrunental dogwoods located where the disease can be controlled by cultural practices. Among wild dogwoods, the disease is expected to continue 10 spread throughout the South. In the past researchers had not been successful m producing anthracnose symptoms on trees which had been inoculated with lhe Disculo fungus in the laboratory. In the recently reported experiments. one year old dogwood seedlings were exposed to various levels of simulated acid rain at a Forest Service lab. The seedlings were then exposed to Disculo inoculum and the subscquem rate of infection was noted. Exposed to the fungus alone, the trees showed no sign or the blight. but as the rain acidity levels were increased there appeared a corresponding increase in infection. Research is continuing to determine if the acid rain/anthracnose connectio~an be observed in dogwoods growing under field cond111ons. Anderson's work will be helpful in effons to s:ive the tree that bears the North Carolina state nowcr. Perhaps more importantly. however, his experiments have proven a link bclwecn acid rain and plant disease and decline. It is commonly accepted that airborne pollution is contributing 10 the deaths or red spruce and Fraser fir treeS at high altitudes in the mountruns, but Anderson's experiments offer the first scientifically accepted proof that acid min is a major culprit in any instance or forcs1 degradation. The logo above symbolizes the commitment of the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League to protect the integrity of the New River. The group is demanding that the State of North Carolina carry ou1 its rc.~nsibility to protect the river as a fcder:illy-dc.~ign:ncd Wild and Scenic River area. The New is presently designated a Wild and Scenic River for 26.5 miles or its length, but this designation is threatened by an alarming rate of de,•clopmcnt along its banks and a proposed water treaUTient plan! upstream of the fcderally-pro1cc1cd zone (sec Ka1t1aliJourna/ If 24). Join the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League's efforts on behalf of the New River. Contact BREDL: Box 1308; W. Jefferson, NC 28694. raC!., 1989 �. SAHC TO REVISE PROPOSAL Nmural World News Strnce The Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) has announced !hot il will drop o proposed National Scenic Area Proposal thllt the group hnd drafted as potential leg1slauon 10 define m:inagemcnt policy for the 24,000 acres of spcc18Cular landscape known as the Highl:inds of R0311. The ongin:ll propos:>I met w11h protest from local l:indowncrs and building conl13Ctors who felt thllt lhcii propcny rights would be violated by the plan. The SAHC sud m a prepared sl3tcmcm, "Since u has been our hope from the beginning !hot a proposal could be drafted which met with the approval of all part1e~ •... SAHC has withdrawn 1ts proposal for lhe present and 1ntcods IO revise the same <;<>as IO hopefully '™=Ct the conocms of local l'CSldcnts md landowners.• The conservauon group pbns to hold both formal and informal mceungs with all CO'ICcmcd to come up wilh a new and belier proposal for keeping inl.3Cl the beauty of the Roon Highlllnds. NC ROAD BINGE Nonnl World News Service The North Carolina state legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill o~ July 26 that will contnbute greatly to mushrooming development in the Klllliall province. By a House vote of 95-19 and a Senate vote of 39-11, lhe legislature raufied a highway package rood bill calling for S9. I billion for road construction throughout the Slate. In campaigning for the bill carher, Republican GovClllOI" J1m Martin vowed IO bnng every resident of the state within 10 miles of a fow--lanc highway. The bill would fund major road-building and road-widening projects and pave thousands of miles of ara,-cl roads. Pnrndox1cally, the governor turned against his own bill when Senate Democrats added a provision to use incrca~ vehicle sales taxes for 11110 years to fund pay raises for 1eaehcrs and swc employc:cs. But legislators did not respond to the governor's last-minute call to tum down lhe revised bill. Among the projects IO be funded by the massive highway constrUCtion act are widening of US 23 in Madison County 10 cn::ue a four-lane roadway between Asheville, NC and Johnson City. TN: widening of US 19-19E between Mars Hill and Ingalls m Avery County: expansion of US 19 between Bryson City and Andrews: widening of US 441 soulh of Franklin: and construction of a loop IO circle west of Asheville between 1-26 and US 23. 1"c:i[(, I 989 FRIENDS OF GRANDFATHER temperawrc in the river, which would cause populations of fish and olha- life to decline. Geologically, the Grandfather Mountain Window, where some of the oldest rock exposed on earth juus out of the gl'OWld, provides a unique glimpse into the past. 11 is estimated lhat Grandflllher Mountain is between 625 to 680 million years old, placing its formation during the Precambrian era, a time when life still existed primarily in the seti. and microorganisms were prom111CnL Fncnd~ of Grandfather is c , rently securing 501(c)3 non-profit status with the Elisha Mitchell Audubon Soc1c1y. It has also received suppon from the Blue Ridge Group of the Sierra Club and is worlcing with the Trust for Public Lands. To become involved or 10 send a donation to the Friends of Grandfather Mountain Fund please write to them at: P.O. Box 239: Sugar Grove, NC 28679. Nonnl World Ne"°' Service On !he northwest slope of Grandfather Mountain hes 1,200 acres for sale. 900 acres of lhis is owned by lhc Wilmore Corporation, headed by John Williams and Hugh Monon. A master pion has been drawn up which any developer interested in buying the property must agn:c to. Tiie sellers see this master plan. which includes a ski slope, shopping mall. convention center, golf course, and 200 or more homesiteS as being earned out m an envll"Ol\mentally conscious way. Friends of Grandfather Mountain is a group of concerned local citir.ens working to keep these envuonmentally sensiuve areas mtact by initiaung a media cnmpaign and an effort to purchase the land. By purchasing the land and placing it in the care of a conservation organi1.auon, perhaps future generations can enJOY at least one moun1:1m whose i.rrcplacable beauty lives unscathed. In protceting the land, douns of species of plants and animals would also be protccted. Many vnriwes of irces, and several rare nnd threatened plants and animals eiust on and near the 900 acre tract up for sale. Of pnme botanical concern are the Blue Ridge goldenrod and the Hclleri bla7jng star, both growing on the Profile Cliffs directly above the endangered land. These species are listed as critically globally imperiled by the Natural Heritage Program. The Blue Ridge goldenrod is also CODSJdered endangered by the State of North Carolina. DU"CClly off the Shanty Springs Trail arc bent avcns and lnuhng wolfsbane. These bcauuful plants arc also globally imperiled. Their ap(>C3rllllce is considered rare nnd highly localized. The proposed development would also displace hundreds of animal species mcludmg: deer. racoon, opposum. red and grey fox, bobcats and an occasional bear. Newly discovered is the presence of the northern Oying sqwrrcl, a "Jlt'CiCS endangered in the Sl&IC of North Carolina, just above the glade on the Shanty Springs trail. These small, nocturnal creatures seem 10 be declirung because of changes in vegetation and habitat disturbance. The population of these rare squirrels at Grandfather Mountain is the farthest north the species has been discovered in the state. Also, disturbing the territory below the hacking site for young endangered pe.rigrine falcons may reduce the chance of the mature birds renuning lO breed in lhal area. From the westtm slope of Calloway Peak, the highest peak in the Blue Ridge Range, spring three pristme streams which form the headwaters of the Linville and Watauga Rivers. Both rivers are currently being proposed for designation as Outstanding Resource Waters. The Watauga River may be unable to support additional treated wastewat.Ct, awaillng further LCSts by the NC Division of Environmental Management. Wastewater treallllent standards for the nver have already been made motC Stringent, and in some 111.S1allCC$ new pcnmts have been denied. Any silt or 1dditional emuent into lhcsc headwaters may ruin the nver"s quality. Of critical imponance is the potentinl increase of average water ACID VEINS Narunl World Ne"°' Sen-a The final mslallment of a ten year study on acid rain for the Kau1ah biorcgion has recently been released by Lhe Environmental Prolec:tion Agency. The final rcpon states th:11. 1f current sulfur emissions continue et the present rate, 129 streams in the region will become acidic within SO )'ClltS, and 203 additional sueams will be occasionally acidic. Researchers also projected the possibility of increases in sulfur emission during the same 50 year period. Starling with a steady inc= of 20% in the first 10 years and continuing for 15 years, then leveling offin the next 2S years. At lhis level 159 streams would become acidic:, and 340 would be potcntJally vulnerable IO periodic acidification. Presently there are no S11C811lS in KatWlh that are considered aciC:ic, and jUSt lhree are eswnated IO have an ac1d-ncutrali21ng capacity or lower than 50 m1cro-equ1valcnts per liter • the estimated vulnerability threshold or streams becoming temporarily acidic during heavy snow melts and rainstorms. Sulfur dioxide, wh.icb is convened in the atmosphere into acid, 1s primarily produced by C031-buming power plants and other industries. Oxides or n11.rogcn arc released in approxim3tely similar amounts by automobiles and industry. Even though the CIU"Tcm presidential admlnlscraUon has proposed a 10 million ton reduction in sulfur diollidc emissions and a two million ton reduction in nitrogen oxide releases over the next decade. one of lhe best means to reduce poisonous emissions is energy conservation, which lessens lhc need for both existing and proposed power plants. Here are some organizations that offer catalogs contammg energy-effiCIClll products: Tiie Renew America Prop:t: 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW (Sutte 63&): Washington, DC 20036 (&02) 862-2999 and The Rocky Mountain Institute: 1739 Snowmass Creek Road: Old Snowmass. CO 81654. �Gathering I dream the spirits gather, Gather in a space outside my Room. They call my name over DRUMMING And over, I stand Before them and their voices are The howling of wolves, lhe cooing of doves, LETIERS TO KATUAH We are in another place, They are touching me, I feel like a candle With a tall flame, They give me messages, When I wake I can only remember The voices of doves, Of Wolves, and the way We wavered over this world, Dear KatUah. I'm writing to thank you for sending the Katilah Journal all the way over to Swil.l.erlandl h's very important lhat people sian to think and care more and more about our environmental problems ALL OVER the world! I'm looking forward to your next issue! The seem of sandalwood. - Palricia Claire Peters YourS sincerely. Christine Moser ~t:.~S· p$. o-t$S ~ ri..~ \)~ tjl{C\;1!1 ~G·s~~s .~'.tS ....o~ ,.c9v~st:.•S v J\}t>G1!i :iS ~~ Dear Friends at Katrlal1 Journ(l/:, Dear Katilah Journal People, Your summer '89 issue on Ptau in the Mowttains was a moment of serendipity for me as well as good energy and inspiration. It connected with my moment of comple{ing a silk screened print inspired by and incorporating the Cherokee words for Water and S~ 7~(~:t;;)are:\JA 0' (pUJL'-) Phone~ally pronounced: ~ - q Ma. Justice prevails - this time - in S.E. Georgia. If here, anywhere! Your publication is excellent, keep it running. Can we do an exchange with you? At this time, it's a little out of balance, but the best we can do. h's all part of the same problem greed and power. Pax, Martina. John and Donna St. Mary's, GA ~ L/A1.,;1 -tho 1t1 :JU.. Several Cherokee people (Laura King, Pheasant Driver, Mary and G.B. (Going Back) Chiltosky) helped me with this identification and pronunciation. ~ 1hi1 G: spoken with urgency because water is critically essential to life. yours, delighted and connected, Margaret Gregg Jonesborough. TN love Story ! lie wirh the Eanlt Ukea lover. Embracing Her Enfolded in Her fragrance In the heat of Her body Through langucrous swooning afternoons And rhythmic pulsing nights. She is With me Dear KatW!h folks. A new book is out. that all serious gardeners and fanncrs should have. h's called Secrets of the Soil by Peter Tomkins and Christopher Bird (Harper & Row, 1989). Please try to get a copy! - from Knotts Island, NC Arowuim£ Inside me. Oneness. Greenness. Wilderness. Wildness. Swirling in the spiral Lost in Mystery. Knowing the Unknowable. -Mary dt La Va/ttte Xatiulh Jou.rnal p1i9e 26 f'aU., 1989 �Dear Friends. Greiuly enjoyed your spring issue. ns usual. need to call your attention, however, to what I consider the Planet Art article's wholely uncritical appr~~al of the current 'crystal craf.e'. So I thought I would send along Earth F1rster. Karen DcBraaJ's brillnnt linlc piece on crystals as an 31ltcdote. from 'Live Wild or Die', n recent Eanh First! dcnvauve. Please consider pnnting 1L Sincerely. Bill McCormick Crozet. VA Enclosed anic:lc {b) Karen OcBf.131): Crystals. Their shimmering beauty vibrates deep into your being, helping your being, helping you setf-actuahzc wuh healing powers und guided imageries. Cool and hip, right? New age and stylin', yes? But at what price? Well. hell, can a price be put on spirituality? Can a price be put on how the earth feels when her powerful energy trnnsm1uers and hc:llers arc ripped from her bowels for a profit, be u monetary orspmtual? The ripping (np off) of crysuils from the earth is causing her to ulcerate. Great eroding <;ear; rc,ult from the hungry hordes scouring the U.S.N:uional Forcsts (mainly in Arkansas) and areas in other counties, such as Mexico and Brazil. Armed to the teeth wuh screwdrivers, shovels and bulldozers, new-age hucksters and spiritual profiteers. well-meaning heaters and seelcers of the sacred arc mining and tearing at the earth with no thought of the cost to her. The environmental impact of our spiritually starved, buclc-hungry droves is not a consideration. Think about it. The next time you stroll by Toots for Fools (no kidding) or any other nashy crystal store in Santa Crut or elsewhere, and sec those t.v. si1~ cryslJlls glimmering in the display window, think about the hole it left when it was wrenched out by its roots. like a bloody wisdom t00th from a gum. And all those smaller oncs... thcy aren't laying around the forest noor like pine cones. "It resembles Gold Rush Days." said Montgomery County Sheriff James Carmack in Spectrum (Dee. 23, 1987). when asked about crysllll seekers in the Oucitn National Forest and surrounding areas in Arkansas. According to Carmack, people vandalve the area by stealing crystals from legal mines and digging illegal muics. These all cause erosion. The Forest Service liberally grants crystal mining permit,, 3Ccording to Spectrum. but the fees generated don't begin to cover the cost of m:>nitoring the mines or contr0lhng 1llcgnl hunters. Sure. crystals are poweiful. But maybe they are where they are for a reason. Leave them there, where the earth c11n use them as she sees fiL It is mter.:sung thnt newagc folks, who profess to care for the earth are so blinded by the crystal light that they are dcstr0ymg whnt they profess LO love. Their cryswls are bloody. Docs our endlessly raped earth need more of this? The NFS and the crystal-hungry massc.~ need to hear from environmentalists: crystal mining 1s yet another massive wounding that our earth doesn't need. We need to heal ourselves by healing the earth. Boycou crystals! If you own them, don't O:iunt them, which encourages others to get them. Let the NFS know th3t you don't want them to grant any more crystal mining permits. Let people know that crysrols belong to the earth! '' • J '· I .' Draw111g by Sw Adams Dear KatUah, I picked up the wonderful winter issue of your excellent and much needed publication at the Tremont Center in the Smokies. This issue has changed my perception and my life. I hope to live in the area some day. although I mny Opl to have a cabin in the woods of Kentucky or Indiana. It has been a dream LO live m the forest for a long time • by a stream. I wish to support and join the struggle for unity with the planet we inhabit. for stopping heedless exploiUltion and destruction, for nurturing life. I am in the process of nunuring my own life (much damaged in childhood). This nunurmg is most harmonious with the healing of the planet. Thanks for your work, Starfire Forest Voices I Sleeping on the wall of the world arching over the sun with the c11n•e off est trees or wlwse tips are rwe11ry leagues high i11 the morni11g light casting golde11 leaf shadows in this green place. The high wind orchestrates irs wisdom with the forest: Be at peace with the fly and pain of bursitis Let the heali11g ofthe pla11et be pan ofyou. Be one with me 2. Hush, the gods of the forest are speaking. They toss the sun with their fingers. The liale gods rising from the growui are staffs oftruth, each blade ofgrass a word of wisdom. 3. listen, the voice ofthe wmer sings, the naiad ofthe stream whispers 10 the silent one who rests by her way. The butterflies above are mating and the weefolk are white water rafting dow11 her tiny rapids in small spherical crafts. She says thar happiness is here with the jwnpingjish alld the drops of rain quietly sampling the edge of1he storm. Here hidden and safe I would wish to stay. 4. W01erfa/ls in nLrlung laugluer as white fire ascends in balance ofcoll/I/er energies providing one another's needs in mandala of reality, body alld spirit. -S111rfire Soledad f'p(t, 1989 �(conlinucd from page 7) habitat types represented in the landscape, the belier the possibilities for rhc survival of rhc whole. Older, more mature forests musr extend over many contiguous sites, not just on ridges and in coves, for successful migration of species. For life to adapt 10 changing conditions, reproduction of all but the most highly .inobile, weedy species must occur on adjacent sites. Following the mosr recent ice age, forest communities migrated at a rare of only a few miles per century as the climate v.'nmled over rhe course of thou,ands of years In the coming century, species tha• cnmnnsc marurc fore t communities musr migrate ar a rate perhaps I0 times faster, an impossible feat from isolated. fragmented habiratS. Optimum regional biodiversity, therefore, requires a continuity of habitats across the landscape in a mosaic of mature communities that includes all topographic conditions: ridges, nonh and south slopes, coves, streams and gorges, balds, and bogs. FederaJ protection has recently been extended 10 many of rhc latter communities (at least those thar are not commercially imponant) as Congressionally designated Wilderness Areas. But nearly all of the remainder - the large areas of contiguous second-growth forests that arc now cconomicaJly mature - is destined for violent disturbance before the tum of rhc cenmry. Defining Old-Growth Forests Forests managed for commercial timber and wild game species provide a great diver:;ity of plant and animal species through logging and other planned disturbances. Therefore, it is the conclusion of Forest Service policy makers that timber and game management activities meet the legal requirement for biodiversity. The one condition that managed forests do not meet is that of providing for the types of natural diversity in critically short supply: those associated with mature old-growth forests. The condition "old-growth" is defined by the Southern Region of the US Forest Service as any forest stand over 100 years of age. This completely arbitrary definition fails to meet the biological requisites for a mature forest, because it simply means that any forest stand older than an economic rotation for commercial timber harvest is classed as "old-growth." From the biological standpoint, an old-growth forest contains trees in all age classes, including dying, standing dead, and fallen dead trees. Because most of the trce species that comprise old-growth stands in the Southern Appalachian forests do not reach biological maturity for 200-400 years (and pcrhnps longer 10 be wcll-rcpresenied in t11e dying and dead tree categories), the present-day second-growth hardwood forests must be left free of disturbance for at least another 150 years. Even then, many micro-habitat niches provided by old windthrown trees, standing dead snags, and rotting logs will not become available until yet another century has passed. More imponantly, most of the plants and animals of our second-growth forests represent mid-successional species, which are not those that will eventually be present in the climax communities. The maturing forests of today will undergo dynamic changes in species composition when left undisturbed until they reach a condition of biological old-growrh. JCGtwm )o"rnaL paq~ 28 Artwork by Joma RN!a Herc we should dispel several common misconceptions regarding old-growth forests. First, old-growth srands arc not decadent. On the contrary, they arc dynamic and teeming with life. As old crees fall. many new niches are created for other plants and animals, both in the canopy overhead and in the rotting wood on the forest floor. Many microhabitats undergo constant micro-successions of plants and animals, as new niches arc created and old ones disappear. A second myth is that "old-growth" is synonymous with "wilderness." This is cenainly not true in eastern Nonh America, where we have very liulc true old-growth in areas that have been Congressionally designated as "Wilderness." There is one important difference between the two. Legal Wilderness is by definition for hwnon beings. a commodity for people to enjoy as a recreational experience, and it is managed as such by the public agencies. Old-growth forest is for bioro, preserved for the intrinsic value of all the various forms of biological diversity therein. Managing for old-growth, however, does not exclude use by people. rn fact, old-growth forests enhance benefits such as recreation, wildlife habitat, visual quality, and stream quality, as well as providing for essential biological diversity. Restoring Old-Growth Diversity We return full circle to the opening paragraph of this paper. "Today we stand at the threshold of a great decision" - one of the most imponant for public land use since the creation of the national forests. Current management plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests call for widespread timber harvest, largely by clearcurting, for most of the 60 to 80 year old second-growth stands that have reached economic maturity. There arc provisions in some forest management plans to temporarily preserve five percent of each harvested component (approximately 50 acres for each 1000 acres harvested) for old-growth . However, these temporary reserves are only fragments surrounded by young managed stands, and even these may also be harvested in the future. Tree species in the young stands created by harvesting will be heavily biased toward those with known commercial value, such as eastern white pine, yellow poplar, and the red and white oaks. This would reduce natural diversity ai.d would also reduce the potential for genetically stable communities in the future. An orientation toward timber management is not going to maintain regional biological diversity in its broadest sense. The United States IOOth Congress stated, "The Eanh's biological diversiry is being rapidly depleted at a rate without precedent in human history....Mosr losses of biological diversity are largely avoidable consequences of human activity ....Mointoining biological diversity through habitat preserv01ion is often less costly and more effective than ejforrs ro save species once tltey become endangered." (Quoted from H.R. 4335. 1988, emphasis added). We frequently hear reports of distinguished biological scientists warning that human-caused destruction of naturaJ habnats is the single most serious threat to survival of life as we know it on our planet. The loss of genetic diversity and the loss of entire ecosystems arc occurring at an accelerating pace around the world. The Southern Appalachian Mountains arc a pan of this grim picture. But the existing public lands have the potential to restore the natural diversity provided by the old-growth forests currently missing from the Appalachian biorcgion. Unbroken, naturally-functioning habitats must be restored here to provide the basic life suppon systems necessary to carry all forms of life through rhe unfolding ecological catastrophe of our times. We can overcome rhc mental blindness that would have us believe that providing commodities for people is the uhimote use for the Appalachian national forests. We can expand our vision to keep in mind the value of habitat, the foundation for all life. Whole and healthy habitats provide the necessary elements for the continued survival of the entire global ecosystem. Robert Zollner was a professor of forestry at Clemson Universiry specializing in the ecology of Sowhern Appalachian hardwoods until lus retirement in 1988. f'~U.. 1989 �LIVING GREEN <O Christoph and Mary-Clayton Endcrlein The Oreen Movement is more than 1 political ideology because Green vallltS also involv~ how we live every day. This list is for thl>se who have lhe "Green Spirit" and would like IO i~rponlle II further tnlO _daily living...Only by activating the ilel1IS on lhis list, can our grea1-grea1-grea1 gra~c~1ldren have an opponunuy. interacl directly wilh lhe grea1 whales, lhe elephanlS. the ravens, lhe wolves. This hs1 was created by Interspecies Communication board member ChrisU>ph Enderlein and his wife Mary-ClaylOll. Feel free IO copy. bul do llOl change i1 wilhoul permission. '° Recycle paper, glass, and metals . Recycle motor oil, dispose of hazardous waste responsibly Use cloth diapers Reuse egg cartons and paper bags Avoid using styrofoam . Avoid disposable plates, cups, utensils Use rags instead of paper towels . Use paper bags, not pa~r towels to drain ~se Give away rather than dispose of unneeded nems IO. Use the back of discardable paper for scratch paper 11. Be responsible and creative with leftover food 12. Use the water from cooking vegetables to make soup 13. Mend and repair rather than discard !llld replace 14. Invest in well-made functional clothing 15. Buy bulk and unpackaged rather than packaged ~oods 16. Purchase goods in reusable and recyclable containers 17. Buy organic, pesticide-free foods 18. Avoid highly processed foods 19. Eat foods from low on the food chain 20. Compost your food scraps 21. Grow your own food (even small kitchen gardens) 22. Volunteer to start or help with a community garden 23. Suppon your local food co-ops 24. Discover where the foods and goods you buy come from 25. Buy locally grown produce and other foods . 26. Use glass and steel cookware rather~ alu1TU11um 27. Volunteer to maintain local parlts and wilderness 28. Buy living Christmas trees 29. Plant trees in your community 30. Learn about the plants and animals in your re~on 31. Discover your watershed and work to protect II 32. Oppose the use of roadside defoliants in your area 33. Use non-toxic, biodegradable soaps and cleansers 34. Use non-toxic pest control 35. Don't buy products tested on animals 36. Keep hazardous chemicals in spillproof containers 37. Put m a water conserving shower head 38. Take shoner showers 39. Tum off the water while you brush your te~th 40. Put a water conservation device on your toilet 41. Learn where your waste and sewage goes 42. Learn where the energy for your home comes from 43. Suppon your local utility's conservation programs 44. Hang your clothes out to dry 45. Be sure your home is appropriately insulated 46. Weather-seal your home thoroughly 47. Heat your home responsibly, with renewable energy 48. Don't bum green wood 49. Choose the longterm investment of solar energy 50. Tum off lights when not in use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ta!!.1989 Drawing by Rob Messi<:lr. 51. Tum down your hot water heater 52. Lower your thcnnostat and wear warmer clothes 53. Buy energy efficient elccuical appliances 54. Keep your car engine well tuned 55. Drive a fuel-efficient car that uses unleaded gas 56. Walk, bicycle, carpool, and use public transponation 57. Shop by phone first, then pick up your purchases 58. Use rechargable batteries 59. Research socially-responsible investments 60. Suppon local credit unions . 61. Suppon local shops and restaurants. not chruns 62. "Adopt a grandparent" from the local senior center 63. Volunteer to cook for senior citizens 64. Provide for children in need 65. Hold a community potluck to meet your neighbors 66. Pick up liner along highways and near your home 67. Sponsor a clothes swap 68. Become involved with community projects and events 69. Organize or panicipate in community spons 70. Be responsible for the values you express 71. Educate yourself on global and "Third World" issues 72. Participate in sister city and cultural exchanges 73. Learn about the cultural diversity in your region 74. Work for global peace 75. Learn how your legislators vote, let them know your views 76. Be an active voter and anend town meetings 77. Vote for candidates who support green values 78. Become involved with your child's school 79. Encourage your child's natural talents and interests 80. Organize or join a toy co-op 81. Put toxic substances out of reach of children 82. Teach your children ecological wisdom 83. Listen to your children's needs and suppon their dreams 84. Discourage the use of violent toys in your household 85. Communicate openly with your co-workers and friends 86. Acknowledge someone who provides quality service 87. Work to understand people with different values 88. Be conscious of the struggles of oppressed people 89. Unlearn cultural sexism and racism 90. Acknowledge individual spirituality in yourself and others 91. Donate blood if your health permits 92. Explore ways to reduce the stress in your life 93. Practice preventive health care 94. Exercise regularly and eat wisely 95. Bring music and laughterinto your life 96. Learn about the medications you put in your body 97. Practice responsible family planning 98. Learn First Aid and emergency procedures 99. Take time to play, relax and go into nature JOO.Decrease TV watching and increase creative learning IOI.Have fun and be joyful! JC.atiuah JournGt p!MJB 29 �Whether you are a New Age prosperity afti m1a11onist or an idealistic pauper avoiding guilt by association with money, either way you look at it, inflation has deemed our dollars paper symobls of wealth that does not exist. A practical person cannot help but wonder how long before the big balloon pops and blows all our preny greenbacks away. There is a low-level anxiety present concerning our inflated economy which has prompted many people 10 s1ockpile food. move back to the land, and in many other ways be as self-sufficient as possible. This awareness is helpful in keepi ng us on our 1oes and ready for change, which is inevitable, even if it is unpredictable. However, survivalist consciousness can be devastating if you spend all your energy preparing for the fall of the existing order and deny yourself the bounty of the present, which is all we have really got. It seems important to balance respect for the preseni solu1ion of problems within 1 he world in which we live, however imperfect, with a vision and steps LOward an economics rooted in life. Barter Fairs offer a deeply satisfyin g eicperience for those who long to participate in a tangible, life-oriented exchange system, where true value is considered. As an example, here is a trade I witnessed at a Saner Fair in Idaho a few years ago: George had an anvil that Dennis wanted, but all Dennis had brought to trade were moccasins, which George did not need. Dennis kept coming back to George longing for that anvil, which George could not find anybody else to take. Meanwhile, George had found some gorgeous jewelry he could not live without, and in talking to the crafter he discovered that she was looking for some footwear. George told her about Dennis. They did a threesome, and the goods shifted hands. All three lightened !heir loads and left richer. Ideally the three people involved in the trade did not translate their goods into money value and compare their worth that way. They each il~d a.a abundance of something of which they no longer had a need and convened it into something they preferred to carry around with them. The anvil may have been worth $150 new, but to George it was just unused heavy baggage. Those jewels might have carried a hefty price tag at a craft fair. but since George had such a yearning gaze and such an open smile, the artist easily chose to exchange them for Dennis' moccasins, which could never have been sold for so much money, but fit her feet like her own skin, to her infinite comfort and delight. BARTER FAIR All judgement on money ethics aside, bartering goods and services without the value translation of money is a stimulating, heart-warming, and enlightening activity. The true value of things is discovered to be subjective. The shifting of a fair full of items to their most valuing recipients is wondrous in its unfoldment; the grounds for transfer are infinitely variable. The phenomenon of the modem American Bane. Fair originated in the Pacific Northwest, a r region with a well-developed bioregional awareness and a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency . The fairs are held semi-annually. The autumn fairs, coinciding with harvest season, are heavier on agricultural produce. In the spring, people bring more handmade items produced during the long winter. Both fairs are rich in reunions of friends, music-malting. sitting around campfires late into the night, and all the peripheral activitiCl> of the time and place. Barter Fairs are different than flea markets, although many people do bring used clothes, tools, and other goods to trade. They are more akin to the county fairs in the country. There is a spirit of festivity and pride in personal accomplishment and a sense of the bounty that comes of humanity working with nature. They are a celebration of the fruits of this union within a region of Earth. There is no reason I can see that Saner Fairs need to remain unique to the Northwest. Our southern highlands, historically short on money and high on resourcefulness, seem naturally suited to generate and support this kjnd of community celebration and self-sufficiency. Barter Fairs carry on a spirit with ancient roots in prehistoric times, when wandering tribes periodically gathered together in great council circles to define and experience their cultural autonomy. During later agric ultural periods fairs continued to stir human souls. Now in the age of K-Mart when you can hardly find a service station for your car, and pliers fall apart after one use, it is especially good to come together to celebrate our connectedness and support each other in our skills. Barter Fairs in Katuah will breed a healthy blend of personal pride and community empowennent. (Anyone with ideas on a good location to hold a Baner Fair in Kat1'ui11, please contact me. The main considerations are a flat place large enough to accommodate camping, parking, and trading for l ()() or so barterers and some daytime visitors; a good water source; and reasonable access by larger vehicles.) - Morgan Swann wrire clo KatUahJournal, orcaU (704)298-1770 '1\iaee, '1Wll~l 'Nat\Jri\ls KRLRNU T-SHIRTS. S WEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN BIOREG ION AL BOOKS AND TO OLS FOR LIUI NG IN APPALACHIA ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS CALL or WRITE for FREE COLOR CATALOG Natural Food Store The besl text on Deep Ecology, Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep &Deli 160 Broadway Ashevllle, NC 28801 Where Broactw.y ~ Merrlmon Ave 6 ~240 by Dolores LaChapclle "...we should be glad 1/ia1 we have teaclws such as Dolores LaC/iapelle." - Katu:ih Joumnl 1123 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday-Satu rday: 9am·8pm Sunday: lpm·Spm $23.00 (Price Ulcludes postage) NC resikrus plt!4Se add S'k sales tax. Orderfrom: KALRNU (704) 253-7656 JGQtiwh Jo~rnat pl:ll)e 3 0 P 0 Box 282, Sy/yo, NC; K01aoh ProYinu 28789 f'at!, !989 �The dates are set. The location is chosen. The Fourth Norch American Bioregional Congress (NABC IV) will be held August 19-26, 1990 in the Gulf of Maine Bioregion on the shores of Lake Cobboosseecontee ("where the sturgeon leap" in the Penobscot language) just west of Augusta, Maine and the Kennebec River. This Congress finds the bioregional movement at a critical juncture. The burgeoning ecological crisis is going to test the depth of the movement's commilment. The stakes are high, and while Third World countries are currently taking the brunt of the ecologicar impact, we 100 feel the pressur~ here in North America a.~ the fortes maintaining industrial society struggle 10 keep their power. But times of crisis are also times of change. What we are witnessing could possibly be the last days of induscriaJ civilization. A great deal depends on what we do in the decade ahead. The bioregional movement could be at the pivot point of a great change, or it could end up as just another bit of flotsam sucked down the tubes. The values we hold to and the actions we take are what will decide. At NABC IV we will have an opportunity to clearly state those values and decide how we will put those values into action. Excerpt from World Charter for Nature NABC IV The Eanh is calling to us. Are we ready to listen? A delegation of bioregional folks from ·the Kaulah province will crave! to the Gulf of Maine for the NABC IV. We would like to see the Southern Appalachians well-represented at the Congress. Make plans now if you are interested in attending. For information on the forming Katuah delegation, contact: K011"1h Journlll Box 638 Leicester, NC Kanlah Province 28748 (704) 683-1414 For information on the Congress, contact: Gulf of Maine Biorcgional Network 61 Maine St. Brunswick, ME Gulf of Maine Bioregion 04011 • Leopold, Aldo; A Sund Country Almanac; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1949 • Lovelock, J.E.; Goio: A New look at Life on Earth; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979 A Shon List of Sources and References on Biodiversity and Habirat Relevant to the Southern Appalachian Forest • Margolin, Malcolm; The Earth Manual: I/ow to Work on Wild Land Wi1hou1 Taming /1, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1985 • Berger, John J.: Restoring the Earth: /low Americans An Working to Renew our Damaged Environment; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986 • Maser, Chris; Tht Redesigned Forest: San Pedro, CA; R. & E. Miles, 1988 • Berry, Thomas. Tile Dream of 1h11 Ear1h; San Francisco; Sierra Club Books, 1988 • lfuxton, Barry and Melinda Crutchfield, eds.: Tiie Great Fores/: An Appalachian Story: Boone, NC; Appalachian Consortium Press, 1985 • Cooley, James L, and Jane H. Cooley, eds.; Natural Divtrsi1y in Fores/ Ecosystems: Proceedings of tht Workshop: Alhens; Institute of Ecology, University of GA. 1984 • Frome, Michael: Strangers in lligh Places; Knoxville, TN: University or Tennessee Press, 1966 • Gordon. Lorimer C.: S1and flis1ory and Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Virgin Forts/; Ph. D. dissenation, Duke University DepL of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 1977 • Harris, Larry D.; Tht Frogmenltd Forest: Island Biogeogrophy Theory and 1he Prtstrvo1ion of Bio1ic Diversi1y; Chicago, IL: University or Chicago Press, 1984 • Jackson, Laura; Moun1oin Treasures al Risk; Washingion, DC; The Wilderness Society, 1989 • Kulhavy, D. L., and R. N. Conner, eds.;Wi/derntss and Natural Artas in Eas1ern United States: A Monogtmenl Chai/tinge; Nacogdoches, TX; Stephen F. Austin State University, 1986 1"titL, I 989 • Ma.stran, Shelley Smith and Nan Lowerre; Mountaineers and Rangers: A flis1ory of Federal Fores1 Monagemenl in 1he Sowhern Appalachians. 1900-1981: Washingion, DC; US Dcpan.mcnt of Agriculture, 1983 • Michaux, F.A.; Travels 10 tht Westward of 1he Alleghany Moun1oins in the States of Oliio. Kentucky, and Tennessee in 1he Year 1802; London; Barnard and Sulizer, 1805 • Myers, Normnn Or., gen. ed.; Goia: An Atlas of PIOlll!tory Monagtmem: New York; Anchor Books, 1984 • Nash, Roderick F.; The Righ1s of Nature: A History of Environmental E11iics: Madison; University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 • Norse, Elliot A.; Conserving Biological Diversiry in Our National Fortsis; Washington. DC; The Wilderness Society, 1986 • Norton, Bryon G., ed.; Tht Preservation of Species: Tht Value of Biological Diversity; Princeton, NJ; Princeion University Press. 1986 • Pringle, Laurence and Jan Adkins; Chains, Webs, & Pyramids: Tht Flow of Energy in Na1ure; New York; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975 • Raven, Pete.r H.; The Global Ecosys1em in Crisis; Olicago:The MacAnhur Foundation, 1987 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (9 Nov 1982) ".... I. Nature shaU be respected and iis essential processes shall not be impaired. 2. The genetic vinbility on the earth shnll not be compromised; lhe population levels or all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitaL~ shall be safcguan:lcd. 3. All areas or the canh. both land and sen, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areaS, to representative samples of nil the different types or ecosystems and to lhe habitats or rare or endangered species. 4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by humans. shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species wilh which they coexist. 5. Nature shall be secure.<! against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities. 6. In lhe decision-making process it shall be recognized lhat humans' needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning or natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Chnner...." This UN Charter can serve as a starting point for local areas and regions to draft their own Charter for Nature. Legally recognizing the rights of other species is a critical step in bringing our species' syslem more in balance with the Life systems in which we pa rt id pate. If you would like a copy of the entire UN Charter, send a SASE to: Mamie Muller, Katuah Journal, P.O. Box 638, Leicester, NC 28748 Katuah Province. Please keep us in touch with your efforts. Ho! • Seed. John, Joanna Macy, et al.; Thinking Wee A Moun1oin: Towards A Council Of All Beings: Philadelphia; New Society Publishers, 1988. • Shands. William E. and Robert G. Healy; Thti Lands Nobody Won1ed: Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1977 • Shands, William E., and John S. Hoffmnn, eds.: The Greenhouse Ef!u1. Climate Change, and U.S. Fores1s; Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1987 • Spurr, Stephen H., and Bunon V. Barnes; Forts/ Ecology {3rd edition); New York; Wiley and Sons, 1980 • United States Congress: Technologies to Main1ain Biological Diversity; Washingum, DC; Office ofTechnology Assessment, 1988 • United States Department of Agricult.ure, Forest Service, Southern Region; Atlanta, GA; Land and Resource Monagtmenl Plans and Final Environmenlal Impact S101emen1s: C!Jauaboochee-Oconec National Forests (Georgia), 1985 Cherokee National Forests (Tennessee), 1986 Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests (North . Carolina), 1987 • Wharton, Charles H., and Harvey L. Ragsdale; The Values of Unmanaged Notional Fores1s in 1he Sou1hern Appalachians; Atlanta, GA; The Georgia Conservancy. 1983 �evenrs SEPTEMBER 19-22 ASHEVILLE, NC "Parkways, Greenways, Riverways: The Way More Beautiful" linear parks conference. lnt.crdisciplinary discussion of al1ematives to preserve the scenic landscape againsl development, pollution, billboards, and commercialism. Sponsored by the Appalachian Consonium. Great Smokies Hilton. Regis1rotion: $~25. For more info., call (704) 262-2064. ,, 22-2' . rt' ~J/\( ~- / ,,r / "\' ~ . . ) -J V\J <:--.._// Ii= ::J ~ r HOT SPRINGS, NC "Walking Gently on the EartW' ~ with John and Penelope Youngb L J ynam1cs o evo UJ1on a t. e I ig so~ 't,.;p " psych_ology ...a new evolutionary mysn.~sm. Reading: The Dream of the Ewth b~ Tf":mas Berry. SI 10. Sou~ern Dharma RylrQal C\\J'te~ RL ). °· / ( OCTOBER , ~ · C,f{EROKEE, NC Cherpkee Indian Fall Festival. Crafts, dance,_ stickball, archery, blowguns. exhibi~. midway. o..ilyadm~n: $3. A,! lhe Indian Ccremon,il\l Grounps. 3_7 Box 34-H; Hol Spnngs, NC 28743 t~ ¥"' \ ) ,/ V--V \~ ASHEVILE NC P Child ~musical fantaS al>oul children . • . . eace th • \, Y1 bnngmg peace to c world. Thomas ,vohe Audiionum. Advance: S6 aaulls, $4 children and sr. citizens. Door: $7 d SS ~ . (704) _ 684 5530 an ·1 n "I~ ~his r_etreat we will explore togetJ1er n spmtual1ty of the Earth 1n harmony_w1 · if J · nd h ·nS· hff ,, ~th d 22-24 r ~ ) MORGANTON, WV " John Henry Blues feStiv#. ~usic, workshops, theaLCr, more. Greer P•vill~. W~ver ( Park. Contact: Ed Cabbell; John HeorWl SQl\iety; Box 1172; Morgantown, WV 26507. 0fl4)~9 60?. ASHEVILLE, NC '11ie 'Dream of the 'Eartli. 'I1iomas 'Berry, autlwr of '11U '1>rtam 'Eart/i, 'flli{! sfum with us his concerns a6out mu pfanet anti What fu means 6y "reinventin9 tk fuiman at tk species kveC. 9:00 AM Iii Noon. Al the Jubilee! Community Ccmer, 46 Wall StrccL For more info, caJJ Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414. 23 ASHEVILLE, NC African Drumming Workshop with Darrell Rose. Noon 'ti! 3 pm. S20. At Troy Set7.ler's For directions and info.: (704) 683·3405. Evening African Drum performance with Darrell Rose and Michael Saleen. Al Stone Soup, 9 pm. FINCASTLE, VA Firsl Annual Southeastern Men's Conference, "Male Initiation and Isolation· wilh poet Rohen Bly, James Hillman, Michale Meade (storyteller and musician in the Ccllic tradition). and John Stokes, tracker. Jn the post the "emotional bodies" of men were directly ae1iva1ed by the interaction with elders, grand/others, and mentors...What happens when the grandfathers are aistant? ...How to hold to the duryofa father and not lose the passion of a son? ...How to explore the rage, grief. s'lro.me, anger, and joy inherent in the male psyche? Registration: $450. For more info, wriie Fred Stephens; 'Box ~2; Raleigh, NC. or call Doug Lcaster(919) 782-2900. ·FILLED· Write to bll put on mailing Ii.st for next year. 1 5-JS MADISON, VA "Wilddmcss Leaming Quest" - exploring lhe viild, exploring ~e self. Sl60. Sevenoaks Pathwork Center; Rt. I, BOX'~; Madison, VA 22n1. 17-20 '°6-8 JONESJWROUGl:f, TN NAP~S Na~al Sl~rytelling Pe$,tival fcaturirig mllJly famous nam~ in story·tellirjg. S5°'adull »<>j·membets, S2S chi\dtt.n, $125 f~milie$. For ~re inp>.• write f4ation3J AssQciailon for th~ Pn:se._rvalion &l\d pcrpc1uati6o of Storytelll{lg: Box.__309; Joni;s,boroug~ . 37659foc call ~l~ 75~·2171. - ) ™ 23 14-19 !p'tOXVl,LLE, TN ~nnual mecling of the Natural Areas Assoc!lidon, \lllldentlal land conservation and restoration organization. The fust day of the meeting will be devOLCd 1o th~lJibila.t of'lhe Soulhem Appalachian Mountains. PulilcffiiViteb.. Hrau Regency Hotel. Contact J. Ralph JordaJ;\TV ~; Norris, TN 37S2S (615) 494-9800. .,_) I 20.22 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mountain Fall Festival wilh ,.s lRASSTow ll, NC ~ / ,..... Vassar Clements, Allen Fontenot and the Country Fall Festival al the JobD C. Campbj)ll Folk dljuns. Roy Bookbinder, Rhythm in Shoes (step dance), SchooL-'Mus)c. craftS, country danci1,1g. · )ohn._C. • and more. Grey Eagle and Friends; Box 216; Black Campbell Follc Sch09l; Brasstown, ~c· 28906, Mountafo, NC 28711. 11·15 H.IGHLANDS, NC 20-22 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Visual EnvironmentaHsm· photography "The Song of Creation al Harvest Time• workshop in the field and in lhe dnrkroom wilh Robert harvest celebration in the Jewish tradition with Lynn Glenn Kelchum and Michael Wilder. $250 includes Goulieb, storyteller and rabbi of the Nahalat Shalom lodging. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center: Box Community, Albuquerque, NM. SI LS. Sou.them Dharmn 5SO; Highlands, NC 28741. (704) 526-4303. Relreal Center. See 9/22·24. 12 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC WomnnSong at McDibbs. "Socilll concern through harmony." S3. 119 Cherry St. (704) 669-24S6. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Thomas Berry will give the sermon at the Equinox service of the Jubilee! Community. Service begins at llAM 46 Wall S1rcc1. {704) 252-5335 ASHEVILLE, NC "Mountain Sweet Talk" - a lwo-acl play with the Folktellcrs, Barbara Freeman and Connie Rcgan-B lake. The Folk Art Center Theater. Thursdays lhru Saturdays - S pm: Sundays - 3 pm. TickctS: SS advance from Malaprop's; SIO dooc. Reservations, cnll (704) 25S-l l 13. 29- LO/I ASHEVILLE, NC "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" conference on mountain habitat 13-19 24 NEW MARKET, TN STP (Slop the Poisoning) School al the Highlander Center. Tactics, strategy, and networking for those working to stop industrial pollulion. Pre-register. Call Highlander at (615) 933-3443. 30 CULLOWREE, NC Moumain Heritage Day at WCU campus. Clogging, shape-note singing, exhibils, crafts, food, musical events, kids' shows. For more info, call (704) 227-72ll. 30-10/l SWANNANOA, NC Women's class on Jamaican culwral ceremony with Rev. Queen Mother Azula. For more info, call: (704) 29S-3935. The Eanh Center; 302 Old Fellowship Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28776 12-29 HI GHLANDS, NC "Praying Feel and Dirty Hands" Intergenerational Peace Conference led by Stepanie Nichols. Carol Powers (The Peace Network) and Bob Alpern. Programs on US/USSR cooperation, connict resolution and non-violence, overcoming slrCeotypcs, more - "leading people into action." SSS includes meals and lodging. The Mountain Camp and Conference CenLCr; 841 Highway 106; Highlands. NC 2S741. (704) 526-5S3S. 14 AS HEVILLE, NC "Danger Down Under" groundwnter pro1CCli011 workshop. Health risks, citizen action, simulations. Keynote: Larry and Sheila Wilson of Highlander Center. S:30-4:00. Owen Conference Center, UNCA. Pre-register: S15 to Clean Water Fund of North Carolina: l lS Person St.; Raleigh, NC 27602. For more info, call: (704)251-0518. (Sec ad on back cover.) Pre-registration: S20 to "Resloring Biodiversity..." c/o Box 233; Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info, call: (704) 251-6441. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Earth First! Road Show with Dakou Sid nnd Roger Featherstone. Music and rabble-rousing. Stone Soup, Broadway and Walnut. al S:OO pm. $4. 28 ASHEVILLE, NC "For All Things Wild" Forest Rescue Action Workshop. Strategy meeting for activists wishing to help defend and restore Appalachian habitat. (See ad on back cover.) Pre-regiStration: SS to "For All Things Wild" c/o Elmer Hall; Box 233: Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info.. call: (704) 29S-3325 (ExL 250). Drawing by Rob Messick f"aCC., l 989 �10-12 28 4 ASHEVILLE, NC ·wt1d In the Str••h: The Feral Q.all· Do.-..:• with Grondmother o"d Strow Com• c::o&-tutT\ed o.s your Q,... BLACK MOUNTAIN , NC David Wilcox, vinuoso local songwriter, at McDibbs. S4. See 10/12. fovortt• ~"·"'• onlmal or bird ... or .som•tN""S 10-12 MADISON, VA "Living the Sacred Round: Lessons from the Medicine Wheel.• Sevenoaks Pa!hwork Center, see 1W15-18. wlldl B 00 """" Loccrtlon to be c:>l'V'C>unc:.ed 10-12 CAMP NEW HOPE, NC Celebrating the Dream ofthe Eanh Earth, isn't this whaJ you want 28-29 WA YNESVlLLE, NC "Chi Kung: An Ancient Taoist Mysiery" with Ellen Hines of the Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic, Asheville, NC. S50 includes room and board. Contact S1il-Light Retreat Center; Rt. I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569 NOVEMBER 4 FLETCHER, NC "Improving and Maintaining Soil Fertility," a conference sponsored by the Carolina Farm Stewardship Assocuiuon. $15 includes lunch. For more info., call Fairglen Farms (704)252-4414. invisibly to arise in us? 11 (Rilke) Reflecting the key Lhemes of Thomas Berry. the conference will focus on the cerebral as well as ki11esthetic interpretations of the Dream of the Earth. With Miriam Therese MacGillis, Amy Hannon, Marnie Muller, and others. Workshops include: "Evolutionary Remembering," "Exploring the Dream through Movement and Sound." Annual Conference of the Center for Reflection on the Second Law. Info: CFRSL; 8420 Camellia Dr.; Raleigh, NC 27612 Cost: $9.50, includes postage (NC residents please add S~ sales tax.) raU,1989 CELlNA, TN TN Alternative Growers Assoc. Fall Conference. Includes soil improvement and backyard fruit production. At Sta.nding Stone State Park. info: (615) 232-7777. DECEMBER BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Mike Cross at McDibbs. Shows at 8 and 10 pm Tickets SIO in advance. See 10/12. .. ... Please specify size: Sm.. Med., Lg., X-Lg. 11·19 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Livingston Taylor at McDibbs. Shows at 8 an 10 pm. Tickets SS in advance. Sec 10/12. 15-17 Beer & Wine Making Supplies •: Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains :. In the traditional Cherokee Indian belier. the creatures in the world LOday are only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited lhe world, but who now reside in Galuna'li, the spirit world, lhe highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it These beings arc called with reverence "grandfathers". And of !hem, the sirongest are Kanali, the lightning, lhe power or the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the eanh plane; and Yunwi Usdi, "lhe little man•, as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from lhe underworld. Each is lhe sirongest power in its own domain. Together !hey arc aJJies: tJ1cir energies complement each other 10 form an even grcatct power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shin design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 4-color silkscreen by Ridgerunncr Naturals on top quality, aU-couon shins, they are available now in all adult sizes tllrough the Kal:mu bioregional mail-order supplier. Order shirts from: KRLANU Box 282; Sylva, NC KatW!h Province 28779 SWANNANOA, NC Marketing Alternative Crops seminar at Warren Wilson College. Call Fairglen Farms (704) 252-44 14 for more info. 2 Natural Foods rt'.ED'LC'LN'.E A.LL'L'.ES WAYNESVILLE, NC Weekend Meditation Retreat with Dorothy Abbenhouse, president of the Theosophical Society in America. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt, & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes •: Hair & Skin Care Products 111 200 West Kina Street. Boone NC 28607 \.• '\..,_ 704-264-5220 ~~':"' WAYNESVILLE, NC Discussion and practice of "The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" wilh Leon Frankel. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. 224'. broadway ashcvi.lle. n.c 288o1 704-252-8404 =• Ill .. carolina costume compaey _J~ .._________________, 1 =-~ MOON Gilts of Celebration (EARTHWAY BOOKSTORE) Books • New Age Music Wildcrafted Herbal Producu Gemstones • Unique Cards Magazines • & More WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Member NC Water Ouallly Assoeiallon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY. 107 RT . 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 (704) 264-7242 315 E. King Street, Boone NC 28607 e1ti11ese .,4(11p1111(/11re DESIGNS 111tli Jler/Jp/gl/I e/iHi( by Rob Messick lllustralion & Design in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil P O Box 2601 • soone. NC 28607 • 1704)754-0097 78 EMT CMESTNUT STREET AS>il:VIU.E. NC 28801 704 2S8-llOl6 M.C. M.VEBE. M.S., Ao.0. UC. ACUPl.INCT\JRIST EU.£H Hll<ES M.Ac.. ¥ M. UC. ACUPUNCTIJRIST �LEAD TESTS • Is your plumbing leaching poi.~onous lead into your drinkingwatcr? Find out for sure • lead-testing kit from the non-profit Clean Water Fund of NC. All you need for Sl2. Send a check w/ name and address to CWF: 138 E. Chestnut St.; Asheville, NC 28801 MOCCASINS, handcrafted of elkhide in the traditional Plains Indian style. Water-resistant, rcsolable, and rugged - great for hiking! Children's and infant sizes available. Write: Blue Feather Moccasins; Box 931; Asheville. NC 28802. or caU Patrick Clark at (704) 253-5047. BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid American/Chinese Dunstan chestnut lJ'CCS - blight resistant, limber growth form, productive orchard crop with large, sweet easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut Hill Nursery: Rt. I, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 APPLE TREES - old-timey and popular contemporary varieties on standard, semi-, or dwarf stock. Send SASE for prices: Jeff Poppen: Long Hungry Creek Nursery; Red Boiling Springs. TN 37150. UNION ACRES, an alternative community for 20 families based on principles of stewardship, equality, consensus, and simplicity. Spaces available. Apply to Caroline Grant: Rt. I, Box 61-J; Whittier, NC 28789 or call (704) 497-4964. ADOPT-A-TREE. Trees are the great conservators of the planeL The Adopt-A-'Ire.e program will help malce the vital connection between individual people and individual trees. Donations accepted. For more info. write to Box 144, Sugnr Grove, NC 28679 CHRISTIAN MA TCH-A-FRlEND seeks to bring together Christian men & women. Interested persons, advenisc free. We arc non-profit. For information please send a self-addressed envelope io: Gospel Ministry. P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. RENEWAL PROGRAMS- I provide individual and corporate renewal programs for businesses & organizations interested in healing themselves and providing empowerment 10 others. Write: Kathie Pieper c/o Pieper Associates, Rt. I, Box 238 Waynesville, NC 28786. NEEDED: CHJLD-LOVING PERSON who loves Lo be a nanny and housekeeper for my four children. Hours, wages negotiable. Rm. and bd. available. Asheville area. Call Morgan (704) 689-5382. NEW AGE - group forming. All interested in shnring about spirit to spirit communication, channeling, visualization, healing, chakras, tarot, etc. Emphasis on spiril and our connecLion lo Mother Earth, visualizing positive growth and nunuring. ConUICt Theresa C&rlson, 7501 Ruic Rd., Knoxville, TN 37920. PEPPERLAND offers a variety of outdoor education programs for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pepperland Farm camp: Star Route; Farner, TN 37333. "THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT' - a complete rcpon on our changing environment for the next 60 years. $17.00 poslpaid, or write for more information. Lorien House, POB 1112, Black Mountain, NC 28711-1112. APPALACHJAN GINSENG CO. ·stratified seeds, seedlings, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro, NC 28725. DRUMS ·Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbecks & wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704) 258-1038 or write 10: 738 Town Mountain Rd.: Asheville, NC 28804. THE PEOPLE OF THE ONE SONG - booklet of stories and poems that tell of the people's dreams, rituals, roles, and relationships from the arthetypal memory of the past, present, and future. S3 to Colleen Redman: One Song Scribe; Box 634; Floyd. VA 24091. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658 WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming. Songs of beauty, meaning spirit, fun, peace, cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon. evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068. X-citUah Jo1mmL pci9e 34 SEA KAY AKlNG - Come enjoy peace and solitude traveling with the rhythms of the sea. Classes. day trips, overnight tours, custom charters. Kayak/Sail boat tours to the Bahamas. Kayak tours to Costa Rica. For more information contact: Chnrlie Reeves, Sea Level Inc. POB 478 Tybee Island, GA 31328 (912)786-5853 ORGANIC HONEY - Tulip Poplnr, Sourwood and WildOowcr. From Patrick County, Virginia. No chemicals. no white sugar, no heat, ever Strained through cheesecloth and packed in heavy glass canning jars. For a 4-oz. sample of our premium sourwood and our catalog, send $4 to: Wade Buckholts & Megan Phillips; Route 2. Box 248: Stuart, VA 24171. (703) 694-4571 LO cook NAMASTE FAMILY needs brothers and sisters to join us in Lovi~g. Giving, Growing. Send Sl2 donation for writings and videotape to Namast~ Family; RR2, Box 578: Barnstead, NH 03225. THE WATAUGA LAND AND WATER CONSERVANCY • is a not-for-profit charitable trust set up to protect the values and ecological settings which sustain us both spiritually and economically. If you are concerned about the purity of the headwaters and watercourses, and the preservation of wild and agricultural lands GET INVOLVED. Write to Quality Living Publications, POB I, Valle Crucis, NC 28691 "MAGIC AFTERNOONS" - for children at the Unitarian Church of Asheville. An an program with Linda Metzner in music, Norma Bradly in visual arts, and Barrie Barton in creative movemenL It begins Sept.ember 18th. Call 254-7068 for details. NATURE LOVERS' COMMUNITY· Christians only. SIOOO gives you life time ownership rights on .5 acres. Whole prope.n y consists of 45 acres of wooded calm and privacy. Write: Gospel Ministry, P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. ITS THE ACHOO! SERVICE - Patch the clown brings laughter and fun to the hospital. Join him and the Gesundheit Institute at 2630 Roben Walwer Place, Arlington, VA 22207 or (703) 525-8169. PURE SORGHUM - and sorghum based desserts toppings and chocolates. Handmade in the Appalachian foothills. Free sorghum recipe brochure send SASE. Candy sampler (2-KY Buckeyes & 2-Bourbon Balls) $2.00 postpaid. Golden Kentucky Products, POB 246, Livingston, KY. 40445. (606) 453-9800. MOUNTAIN DULCIMERS • made of black walnut, red cherry, or maple. Tops available in wormy chestnut, butlernut, sweetgum, sassafras, western cedar and other woods. Contact: Mize Dulcimer Company Rt. 2, Box 288, Bloumville, TN. 37617 (615) 323-8489. WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions to: RHYTHM ALIVE • Handcrafted African- Style Drums, workshops, learning tapes. drumbags. and accessories. Please send SASE to Rhythm Alive! 85 Phenix Cove Rd. Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 645-3911. Drawing by Rob Messick Kat1'ah Journal P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 :r~u;.1999 �The Karuah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, anicles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kattiah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan1ah Province 28748. The Winter 1989-90 issue of the Katuall Journal will be concerned with the challenges and opponunities involved in "Raising Children into a New Consciousness." We are interested in hearing first-person stories, alternative schooling information, children's resources (books, places to go. etc.), and any other creative or pertinant ideas. Don't forget the canoons (kids love canoons!). BACK ISSUES OF KATUA H JOURNAL AVAILABLE ' ,!,!';;.., ~ ~- - The Spring 1990 issue of the K atuah Journal will be focusing o n "Wellness in the Mountains." We are looking for information and articles on those who contribute to the healthful quality of life in our southern mountains; especially through accivities which promote self-responsibilicy and a high level of wellness as the nonnal living state. A broad look at wellness might include topics like stress management, spirirualfry, retreats and adventures, service to others, Earth stewardship, having fun, education, family and other relationships, fitness and nutrition, or other areas of a satisfying lifestyle. lncluded in the "Wellness" issue will be a directory of goods and services related to wellness. There is no cost for a listing in this directory. Please send in your name, practice, and a shon explanation of your work or product, if you wish to be listed. ISSUE EIGHT · SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life · K.uuah 18,000 Ycan Ago • Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in lhe Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Cenaer Who Owns Appalachia? . ISSUETHREE SPRING 1984 SUSllllJUlble Agricuhure - Sunflowcn - Human lmpac1 on lhe ForcSI - Childtcns' Education Veronica Nicholu:Woman in Polilics - Uule People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR ·SUMMER 1984 Water Drum Water Quality • Kudzu • Solu "i Eclipse · Clurcu1ung · Trout • Ooing IO Weier ~I Ram Pllmps . Microhydto - Poems: Bennie Lee Sincl&ir, J1m Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE · FALL 1984 Harves1 • Old Ways m Chcrolt~ • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste - Our Cehic Heritage Bioregionahsm: Put, Prucnt. and Future John Wilnoty Healing Oatkness • Politics of Partlcipation ISSUESIX - Wl.NTER 1984.SS Winter SolsticG EAl'lh Ceremony - Horsepasturr River - Coming of lhe Ligh1 - Log Cabin Root• • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Williun Taylor . The Future of lhe Forw ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985 Sust1111able &:onomM:s • Hot Springs • Wortcr Owncnhip - The Gru1 Economy • Seit Help Credit Union • Wild Turltcy - Responsible lnvCS1m1 • Working in lhc Web of Life ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985 The Waldce Fo re11 - The Trees Speak Migrating Forats - Horse Logging - S1ar11ng a Tree Crop · Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987 Coverlets • Woman Forester • Susie McMahan Midwife - Ahcmativc Contraception • Bioscxuolity - Biorcgionalism and Women Oood Medicine: Mairi.=hal Culture . P1t1Jrl LSSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987 Helen Waiae • Poem: Visions m a Garden Vi11on Ques1 • First Flow • ln1llllllon Learning in lhc Wilderness • Cherokee Olallcngc - "Valuing Trees" Time ISSUE TEN · WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers • Circles of Stone - lntemal Mylhmalting • Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places - The Ulttcna's Tale - Crystal Magic • ISSUE EIGHTEEN · Winier 1987-88 Vernacular Archiaecrure . Drcanu in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Earth Energies • Earth-Shchcied Living - Membrane Houses • Brush Sheller • Poems: October DMsk. • Oood Mcdic111C: "Shclaer" ~g· ISSUE ELEVEN SPRING 1986 Community Planning • Cities and the Bioregional Vision • Recycling · Community GIJdenin&. Floyd CoWll}', VA - Guohol Two Bt0rcgional Views - Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Gatnes • Oood Medicine: Visions ISSUE THlRTEEN · Fall 1986 Cenaer For Awakening · Eliu.bclh Callari · A Gentle Death • Hospice - Ernest Morgan Dealing Creatively wilh Oealh • Home Burial Box • The Wake • The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom · Oood Medicine: The Sweat Lodge LSSUE FOURTEEN . Winier 1986-87 Uoyd Carl Owle • Boogcn and Mummers - All Species Day • Cabin Fever University • Homclca in Katuah - Homemade Hot Watu Saovernalter's Narrative • Good Medicine: lnaerspccics Communication ~UAt;)OURNAL ISSUE NINETEEN - Spring, 1988 Perlcandra Gorden - Spring Tonics • Bluebarics Wildnower Gardens - Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences • '"The Origin of lhe Arumals · Saory • Oood Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree ISSUE TWEJIITY - Summer, 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Hig)ilands of Roan - Celo Community - Land Trust • Arlhur Morgan School - Zoning hsuc • "The Ridge" • Farmers l1ld lhe Farm Bill - Oood Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain - Duke's PowcT Play • Cherok~ Microhydro Project uve Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor .....................$50/yr. Address Enclosed is $ 10 give this ejforr an extra bOost Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code "'"'· 1989 Phone Number ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR · Summer, '89 Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Di.reel Action! · Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers • Ethnic Survival • Pairing Projcc1 - "Baulesong· • Growing Peace in Cultures - Review: The Chalice and the B/Dde P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Name State ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - Spring, t 989 Pisgah Village - Planet An • Green City • Poplar Appeal - "Cl- Sky" • "A New Eanh" Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days • Reviews: Sacr('Jf land Sacred Sa, / cc A1e • Poem: "Sudden TaOils" lSSUETWENTY-ONE - FaU, 1988 Chestnuts: A Natunl History - Restoring lhc Chestnut - "Poem of Preservation and PnUc" Continuing lhe Quest - Forests and Wildlife Chestnuts in Regional Diet • Chestnut Resources • Herb Noie • Oood Medicine: "Changes to Came" - Review: Wliue u1ends For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 City -·- ISSUE TWENTY-TWO - Wintu, •gg.g9 Global Wanning - Fire This Time • Thomu Berry on "Biorcgions" • Eanh Exercise • Kor~ Loy McWhirtcr - An Abundance of Emp1iness LETS - Chronicles of Floyd • Derry Wood The Bear Clan Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Issue# _ _ @ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-23) @ $35.00 = $_ _ = = � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 25, Fall 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-fifth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on biodiversity and habitat: forest ecosystem, old-growth forest, regional planning, forest devastation, black bears and Eastern panthers, and living green. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robert Zahner, Laura E. Jackson, David Wheeler, Anna Muir, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Annelinde Metzner, Patrick Clark, Heather Blair, Chip Smith, Lee Kinnaird Fawcett, James Rhea, Rob Messick, Marnie Mikell, Patricia Claire Peters, Mary de La Valette, Sue Adams, Starfire Soledad, Christoph and Mary-Clayton Enderlein, and Morgan Swann, Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Great Forest by Sam Gray.......3 Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner.......5 Regional Planning for Habitat Integrity by Laura Jackson.......8 A Question of Value by David Wheeler.......10 Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation by Ann Muir.......12 Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" by Julia Nunnally Duncan.......13 A Place for Bears: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton.......15 Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" by Annelinde Metzner.......16 Eastern Panther, Where Are You? by Patrick Clark.......17 Oak Decline by Heather Blair.......19 People and Habitat by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett.......21 Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries.......23 Natural World News.......24 Drumming.......26 Living Green.......29 Barter Fair.......30 (Natural) Resources.......31 Events Calendar.......32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional planning--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives European Immigration Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Transportation Issues Turtle Island Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d6750f94c0a18f40bca5af30e17a5990.pdf 5e1986979bd6644b0725bad9148dd445 PDF Text Text ISSUE 36 FALL 1992 $2.00 ,.·········~···-..... ...,! ........ I" ? . ~-- -- '··~---.. ..,..•.... •r.--,.•,.--... ···-···_;:) WORKING WITH WOOD �PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 New Address Inside! Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 _. "1''e o,. .,,,. C, () I' Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Using Wood............................... Appalachian Logging..................... 4 by Lee Barnes Old Logging Days......................... 7 by Frank Hodgin Working the Woodlands................. 9 by David Wheeler Wood Products and Western Nonh Carolina.................. 10 by Dr. John Wade 13 USING WOOD Logging with Horses.......·-··········· 15 'Thi! ecoMmic base ofthe area is rapidly changing from agriculture and primary industry 10 service-related indJAS1ry. especially tourism." Natural World News..................... 16 Invasion of the Giants.................... 19 Depletion for Dollars...................... by Harley Wessman by Nancy McIntyre • The Dra!I Land and Rcsouroe Management Pl.an for lhe Nanlahala-Pisgah National Forests by Buzz Williams From Industry to Endeavor.............. 20 by David Wheele.r Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship.............. 21 by Robcn T. Pershcel Forest S1ewardship Programs........... 22 by Jesse Jones Ecological Foresay for Renewable Forest Values................. 23 by Leon S. Minckler Drumming.................................. 25 The Chair in the Tree...................... 27 by Tucker Windover Reading the Grove........................ 29 by Charloue Homsher Events....................................... 32 Webworking............................... 33 Drawing by Hope Walker f'a(L, 1992 Fanning and logging were the traditional mainstays of the mountain economy. Working with the land was for a long time the only way to live in the remote mountains. Isolated from the national economy more by poor transportation routes than by distance, the white mountaineers lived independently, each family deriving their own living from the fields and forests of their inherited cove lands. The fields grew food; the forests provided additional food sources, as well as a source of wood. The white mountain folk almost literally built their lives out of wood. As well as fuel, it was also used in the making of shelter, tools and utensils, storage containers, and wagon bodies. 11 was even necessary in the manufacruring of the leather that harnessed the horses. The arrival of the railroads changed all that. A flood of ou1side capital rode into the mountains on the rails and the primary objec1 of the corporate desire was the wood growing on 1he mountainsides. Many mountain people drew their first paychecks at the logging camps that sprung up in the hills at lhe tum of the century. The logging boom was in lhe voracious style of capilalism that characteriz.ed that era - it was short and intense, and lhen it was over. The great trees were gone and so were lhe timber barons with their paychecks. But the lives of the mountain people were irrevocably changed. They were integrated into the cash economy and could not go back. Many people left the mountains to follow the logging companies to the Pacific Nonhwest; others migrated to the Piedmont to work at the textile mills. Logging continued, but it was once again small operations cutting primarily for local use. The fanning lifestyle persisted into the 1940's, but once the region was opened to the flow of cash and goods, people increasingly preferred to buy food with wages than to scratch the ever more crowded hillsides for their living. Another transportation breakthrough brought another influx of oucside money and culture and tightened the bonds that held the region into the dominant national economy. The construction of the interstate highways opened the mountains to throngs of people attracted by the region's natural beauty. People came 10 visit, as tourisls and second-home owners, or they came to live, like the many retirees and professional people who found it was much more pleasan1 to live in the mountains than in the crowded cities. Service jobs, taking care of the needs of the visitors and the well-to-do new arrivals, rose sharply and are stiJI climbing. Employment in service occupations is th. e dominant factor in the region's economic picture. Farm employment has dwindled. Most of those who call themselves farmers now work the land only part-time and make the bulk of their living at wage jobs. About the same number of people are employed in the wood products industries as were 30 Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on page 3) "4tuah JournaC page 1 �' ""' ~/ ,, ,I MAST HEADS THIS ISSUE: Sherman Bamford Becky Barwick Charlotte Homsher Steve Lee Pegi L- - - - - -- - - - '/ ,, - ., ./ .•.. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 PUBLISHED BY: Kat1mh Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mowitaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC (love that basil!) WRITE us AT: Kanmh Journal Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-(IJ97 Diversity is an imponant element of biorcgional ecology, both natural and social. In accord with this principle Ka1uah Journal tries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Journal edil.OlS or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-prolil organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributioos to Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income mx. Articles appearing in Ka1uah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuah Journal siaff. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. ..... . ...,.... ,.. ., ,<'o .,..l.\..,,>" o'\J\),~ ...,to-~ ., ~~'"' .,... ( _., ... ~· ,,,.:~ ,.. . .,._ • ... . .r••••· · .. ., t: · --t··-------- --'.••! I - J. - - - - - - - - - - "" - .,.,,•., . •: , 6';-,. \- . ' I 1,....._··,•• _,,.A: ~..,·:·.....J..,·. .. · .. . -, .... ... ••• ••r'f'· . , .., •..->4·· , - .. ,' ,..,_ ,., •_.... _ _ . •~.. ..;-•.._....,_ -- , ;•• .,.•.~····:!,-" · ... .,__.. , · . --: ' .•... ..,/.:-=---- --- ----:-:,...-i~- ----- - ,.,-::..· : _ ---- Lee Barnes . -~· ,,,- ' ... ~ - -.. . -.. . ,_,.,, ,-' . .••_....;.• ••--!· : .;.;J Heather Blair Jesse Jones Rob Messick David Wheeler ( \ -------- ---~, STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once 1he Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Soulhem Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela. the Eanh Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of lhe land. We bring this connection into lhe being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. 'LNVOCA.'JWN Oh, trees, Dear sisters and brothers, We stand here To honor you. We acknowledge our kinship to you. We are because you are. You are a part of us, And we are a part of you. We revere your life-giving gifts, Your beauty and your chemistry, Your stability and flexibility. We cherish your life And feel blessed to live with you. Karuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants ro comm1111icare yo11r tltoughts and feelings 10 the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to LIS as leuers, poems, stories, arricles, drawings, or photographs, ere. Please send your contribwions 10 11s at: Kafliah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323: Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 286-15. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. Images will be the language of this issue. Your contribution is requested. Deadline is November 15th, 1992. Send to Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. THE SPRING ISSUE will be dedicated to sustainable tourism and transport, including green alternatives to uavel. The deadline is February 1st, 1993. OUR LAST ISSUE will be an index to the 38 issues of Katuah Journal, and a listing of bioregional organizations. '.Katimh Journa! pti9e 2 f'aU:, 1992 �(c:ontinUc4 flOltl pqa I) years ago (and to a great extent they arc members of the same families), but the relative percentage of those working with forest products has shrunk as the region's population and employment in other sectors has increased. Today the land-based occupations have faded from their former prominence in the regional economy. The rapacious timber barons arc gone, but the logging companies still arc often seen as the villains in local national forest land use controversies, as logging is the primary on-the-ground activity destroying the old growth forest and degrading native habitats. Logging frequently causes environmental damage on private lands as well. At best a logging site is messy and ugly for some years after the wodc is completed, but poor silviculture and careless cutting practices can leave a poor mix of unhealthy ~ . compacted and eroded soil, herbicide poisoning, and silted creeks. However, we cannot simply wish away wood use, one of our primary land-based occupations. Mountains, forests, rocks, and clear running water are what exist naturally in this place. If we arc going to grow a society that is bioregional, tied closely to the land and based on natural cycles, it will be nourished on food grown in our own fields and orchards. If we arc going to build a regional economy here, it will be built - like that of the early white mountain people - largely of wood. We must restore these "primary industries." Our central challenge in finding our place in any region is: can we live in a good relation with the land? In the Katuah bioregional province, this increasingly comes back to us as the question: working in a right way, can we use wood? In this issue of the Katuah Journal we look at how we arc using the mountain hardwoods. We will examine the wood products industry working in the upland forests today, partly to gain a better understanding of a powerful force in the region's economic and political landscape, but also to sec what changes we must make to create a beneficial and harmonious forestry that could be of benefit to all. The first school of forestry was founded here in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It would only be right for the Southern Appalachians to be the place where we start over and create another school of forestry practice, this one based on the region's native vegetation and natural patterns of growth. Such a field - or forest - of endeavor, done rightly, could be of positive ecological benefit to the bioregion. It could also be a paradigm for a healthy society. "Putting down roots" is the first prerequisite of biorcgional consciousness. When we arc really here, truly aware, we live with future generations in mind. The trees grow from 150 to 500 years in age, or five to 16 human generations. Thinking in those terms would cenainly transfonn our relationship with the land. To people measuring their lives in this time frame, it would be absurd 10 degrade or destroy their - and their descendants' - natural TaCL, 1992 Phoro by Rob Messiclc life suppon processes for the sake of shon-term gain. They would be as unlikely to "high-grade" the forest (cut the best trees and leave the inferior stock) as to pave it over for another shopping mall. To these people, it would also be patently obvious that they should defend the life web from all hann, whether it be the insidious intrusion of atmospheric pollution or disruptive activities . by their fellow humans. When we arc really here, truly aware, we also see the breadth and depth of relationships that keep this land alive. Biodiversity, this is called. The trees arc not the forest, but they arc the greatest plants that grow there. It takes a balancing of myriads of lives, many of them great, many more of them infinitesimally small, to create each living tree. An ecologically realistic viewpoint would see each tree as a culmination of these dynamic relationships. Tall buckeyes and stout beeches are not isolated phenomena that can be divorced from their surroundings. They are integral partS of their life community, and true forestry nunures the health and balance of the whole community to promote the health and growth of its trees. We can learn from true foresters what they learn from the trees: stand tall, grow slowly, develop strong roots, be open to both rain and sun, be green, be of service. Gregory Bateson, who combined careers in biology, anthropology, and psychiatry and is thought by many to be one of the great thinkers of the 20th century, was fond of retelling this story from England: "New College, Oxford, is of rather late foundation, hence the name. It was probably founded around the late 16th century. It has, like other colleges, a great dining hall with big oak beams across the top. These might be eighteen inches square, twenty feet long. "Some five to ten years ago, so I am told, some busy entomologist went up into· the roof of the dining hall with a penknife and poked at the beams and found that they were full of beetles. This was reponed to the College Council, who met in some dismay, because where would they get beams of that caliber nowadays? "One of the Junior Fellows stuck his neck out and suggested that there might be on College lands some oak. These colleges arc endowed with pieces of land scattered across the country. So they called in the College Forester, who of course had not been near the college itself for some years. and asked him about oaks. "And he pulled his forelock and said, 'Well sirs, we was wondrin' when you'd be askin'.' "Upon funher inquiry it was discovered that when the College was founded, a grove of oaks had been planted to replace the beams in the dining hall when they became bcetly, because oak beams always become bcetly in the end. This plan had been passed down from one Forester to the next for four hundred years: 'You don't cut them oaks. Them's for the College Hall.'" "A nice story. That's the way to run a culture," Gregory Bateson would comment . ne F.Alitrrs New Colugutory q/lQlff wllli pm,tissionfr- / ~Nes1 Whole Eanh Catalog (1980). x.at.i&ah Journal pMJe 3 �APPAL?\CHr~N , by Lee Barnes The original forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains contained the greatest diversity of hardwood trees on the con?nent. The majority of the Southern Appalachian trees are hardwood species, with interspersed stands of softwoods, primarily hemlock and pine. These forests occur in natural associations: Upland Hardwood Forest (oaks, hickories, and other species), Cove Hardwood Forest (yellow poplar, ash, red maple, basswood, and other species), Oak-Pine Forest mixtures, Boreal Hardwood Forest (Birch, beech, sugar maple and associated species), and high-altitude Spruce-Fir Forests, which occur in almost pure stands at elevations above 6000 feet. The Spruce-Fir forests are currently under rapid decline due to insect attack and atmospheric pollution. Prior to the twentieth century, the American chestnut was a dominant species in the mid-elevation forests. In 1909, American chestnuts were estimated to compose an average 27% of the trees in the entire Appalachian forest. As late as 1925, 43% of the trees in Buncombe County, NC were chesmuts. Following the introduction of the chestnut blight in the early 1900's, chestn~t trees were eliminated during a 30 year penod as a dominant forest canopy, timber, and important mast tree (one producing wild nuts of acorns). While chestnut root sprouts and seedlings are still occasionally seen in the forest understory, lhese only grow for 10-20 years and then die. Historically, Native Americans used wildfires to modify the forest by clearing shrub tinderstories 10 increase habitat and browse for game animals, especially deer and bear. Fire was used to clear harvested com fields of weeds and insect pests, and to return nutrients to the stream-bottom fields. Forest trees provided the native inhabitants with edible fruits and nuts, medicinals and ceremonial and construction woods. Th~ natural properties of individual woods were well known and utilized by the Indians. For the Indians, each tree, each plant had its parpose - its blessing. Several types of wood were sacred to the Indians, and were not cut or damaged except for ceremonial uses. Ceremonial prayers, gifts, and thanks always accompanied the "taking" of plants and animals. The noted anthropologist James Moody recorded many of the uses and rituals associated with plants native to the southern Appalachians, noting that eastern red cedar was the most.sacred tree to the Cherokees. European settlers entered Western North Carolina forests in large numbers between 1790 and the 1820's. The dense forests were considered as a hindrance by the Xatt'.uin Jou.rnaf; page 4 early settlers who needed sunlight for their domestic crops. Small fields were prepared for planting by killi~g the trees by_ "~rdling," cutting through the mner layer of livmg cells all around the trunk. First season crops were often planted between the leafless girdled trees, which were later cut for household fires or burned in field-side piles. The first settlers had only hand tools such as falling saws and falling axes, and perhaps, a broad axe for trimming and making rough boards. Early homes were built of logs or rough timber, with sawn lumber used primarily for coffins. The surrounding forestS provided.the settlers with wood for fuel. timber, utensils, bowls, and baskets. The settlers quickly learned from the Indians which woods were best for particular purposes. Metal tools were rare and . expensive, so many of the parts for sunple tools and machinery were made from wood. The original forests provided abundant"mast for free-ranging hogs and game animals. Hog and bear meat was best in the fall after the animals browsed on the nutS and acorns, particularly chestnuts, scattered on the forest floor. After clearing lands for homestead and agricultural parposes, the early settlers "high-graded" (cut the best of) the more valuable hardwoods for their own use and the local market. Woods such as black walnut, butternut, white oak and cherry were cut and dragged out of the forest by oxen_ and ho~es. The most desirable trees, those with supenor characteristics (size, straightness of trunk, freedom from excessive lower branches etc.) were cut first from the forestS, with no thought to the loss of gen~tically s~peryor seed-parents. This early ~1gh-grading 1 _s believed to have resulted in a decrease 10 genetically superior or "select" trees, while inferior trees were often left to release their seeds to create the next generation forest. Logging and lumber production in the Southern Mountains was accomplished using only hand tools until the late 1700's, when small-scale water driven "sash" or "gate" saws were introduced. These, too, gradually became obsolete after the introduction of steam-powered circular saws during the latter pan of the nineteenth century. Wood was dragged from the forest by horses, sometimes along constructed "pole roads" made of small diameter poles laid across the path. Logs were also "b~ooted," rolled and tumbled down the mountains, which was very damaging to the understory plants. Later, the horse dragging technique was modified to include specially constructed V-shaped troughs or water-driven flumes. Horses were used to start the downward momentum of the logs, but were hitched so that when sufficient momentum was gained, they could step aside onto "side-out" paths, and the logs would continue sliding down the mountain. Many logs were floated out o~ the . mountains along streams above wh.tch special "splash-dams" were constructed. The dams were built to entrap sufficient water to be quickly released through special flood-gates to flash-flood cut logs down streams where they were collected behind floating booms and then fed into sawmills. The splash dam technique was inefficient and very destructive to plant and animal life in the stream bed. But a shadow was looming over the mountains. Industrial progress was at hand. By the 1860's, the great forests of the northern and middle Atlantic states had been felled to build and fuel the rapidly developing Yan:, 1992 �t;OGGING COUl'IU)' Joraboro Museum. Washington Co1tt1ty TN East Coast cities, and large commercial steam-driven sawmills were slicing up the virgin forests of nonhern Pennsylvania. They were expanding into West Virginia by the 1870's. By the turn of the twentieth century, the original forests in Maine and the Great Lakes states had also fallen before the saw. In 1855, the North Carolina Legislature granted a chaner to the Greenville and French Broad Railroad Co. (GFB RR) to consm.ict a rail line into Western Nonh Carolina. Actual track laying from Greenville, SC to points nonh and west began in 1873. The line reached Asheville Junction (then named "Best") in 1880, 10 years after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The imponant timber and pulp town of Canton, NC was established in 1883 following the extension of the railroad from Asheville. A new age of technology had arrived. Timber interests had spent the last decade buying up lands in the mountains. Now they lost no time in connecting their properties to the main railroad lines. In I 873 Ephraim Shay of Ohio had invented the Shay engine. This railroad engine had horizontally mounted, gear-driven wheels which allowed greater traction to pull heavy loads and climb slopes of nearly 60°. The Shay engine was reported to be able to pull itself back onto the tracts following minor derailments. This unique gear-driven engine was soon nicknamed "Sidewinder." With the introduction of the Shay engine, railroads could now access huge are3S of the mountain forests which had previously been closed to logging. The narrow-gauge logging railroad lines were never safe. Train wreaks were common, and were widely reponed and photographed. Many lives were lost due to :fa[L, 1992 run-away engines and major derailments. But they enabled timber barons to make fortunes in the mountain coves and hollers. To cut the logs coming off the little trains, the well-financed timber companies also installed large steam-driven band saws, which were capable of producing over 100 thousand board feet of lumber per day. Once, long ago, two men had typically sawn 100 sawn board feet in one day and water-powered mills had produced 1,000 board feet per day. The late 1880's saw the beginnings of the US Forest Service. The US Division of Forestry was created in 1881, at the urgings of forest specialists Charles Sargent and Gifford Pinchot, by President Grover Cleveland. The first "forest reserve" (predecessor to our current national forests) was established in 1891. The Organic Administration Act of 1897 defined the purposes of the forest reserves as "securing favorable conditions for water flow, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States." In 1911, the Weeks Acl authorized federal funding to acquire "forested, cut-over, or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams..." The first national forestland in the east was the Pisgah National Forest which was established in 1916 from the land holdings of George Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt's widow sold the denuded land for $5 per acre, after previously selling the timber rights for $12 per acre. Several associated railroads and logging companies co-developed in the Appalachian forests in the early 1900's. Numerous northern and foreign-financed logging companies quickly established themselves in the Southern Appalachians including Suncresl, Crestmont, Bemis Lumber Co., Ritter Lumber Co., Little River Lumber Co., Scottish Carolina Timber and Land Co., Champion Fiber Co., and dozens of smaller companies. Their output was tremendous. An estimated 1 billion board feet of lumber were cut by the Little River Lumber Co. at its Townsend, TN mill; 200 million board feet by a Ritter Co. mill at Proctor, NC; Champion produced 5 million board feet a month at Sunburst in Haywood County, NC; and The Perley and Crockeu Lumber Mill near Black Mountain, NC cut 250 million board feet. Wood too small for lumber was generally used for pulpwood - especially the softwoods, spruce and white pine. Champion Fiber Company's Sunburst community boasted the largest double-band sawmill in the region. Buih along the west fork of the Pigeon River above Canton, NC, the company town consisted of the sawmill, houses, pose office, schools, churches, and had rail passenger service lo and from Canton. Interviews with retired workers from that mill repon thal between 140,000 and 160,000 board feet of sawn lumber were produced daily during typical work days, with a one-day record of 250,000 board feet. The mill burned once in the early i 920's and then was completely destroyed by a massive fire in 1925, along with most of the railroad bridges, logging camps, and the surrounding mountainsides. Not only were the forests and mountainsides forever changed by the industrial logging, but so were the mountaineers, who in the three or four decades of the logging boom grew accustomed 10 steady employment and living a more contemporary lifestyle in the newly consm.icted milltowns. The mountaineers were introduced to electricity, phones, regular health services, community theaters, motion picture theaters, barber shops, and even soda fountains. During this period, a unique private School of Forestry developed. The Biltmore School of Forestry, founded by Dr. Carl Schenck, was the first organized school of modem forestry in the United States (informally founded in 1898 prior to the nation's first Forestry School at Yale University). Dr. Schenck based his lectures on forest management upon his experiences as a student in European forestry and his hands-on experience as the Chief Forester of the Vanderbilts' Pisgah Forest. Schenck was brought to America by George Vanderbilt to manage his newly acquired 125,000 acre forest. Schenck was a student of Sir Dietrich Brandis, one of the first modem European foresters, and succeeded Gifford Pinchot as Chief Forester at the Biltmore estate when Pinchot left to guide the political changes (continued on next page) :K.ati«m Jou.mat page S �were cut, the industrial timber interests set out for the west coast to continue their rampage. For decades after the boom was over, timbering in the Southern Appalachians was canied oo by small, local logging operations who picked over the scraps of forest the big companies had inadvertently missed. Through natural growth and the stewardship of the public lands by the US Forest Service, the forest is returning. Now it faces another crisis as it nears economic maturity once again. ln summary, our region's current publjc and private forests have been greatly modified by humankind, resulting in woodlands greatly changed in composition and character. Our philosophies on forest and wood-use must be expanded to encompass all the values of the forest - sustainability, lum1?Cr, habitat, species diversity, water quality, recreational and spiritual values. Historical destruction and modification of the original forests have resulted in our present forests which continue 10 be damaged by our over-consumption and lack of empathy with the forest's inhabitants. Photo US National Archive (continued from page 5) needed to establish the United States Division of Forestry. Through trial and error, Dr. Schenck discovered that modem forest management D?USt be unique to each specific forest and cucumstance. He continually not.ed that forestry techniques were lightly linked to the availability of inexpensive transportation. Schenck was the first teacher to link classr~m ~eo!Y with hands-on, practical expenence tn different forest settings, and took great care to establish and monitor e~erimental management techniques on different forest plots. He realized that forestry manage!Dent must include not only timber producnon but also mineral, wildlife (hunting and fi_shing) and recreational (hiking, c~pmg) management. Early studentS of The B_ ll~ore Forest School were soon widely clistnbu1ed among the Forest Service and held leadership roles in developing forestry programs for the state universities. About 1914 the steam-driven, "Clyde Overhead Skidder" was developed. This machine consisted of a reinforced. stationary tower-boom with huge cable reels connected to a movable double cable trolley system. Mile-long, 2 inch thick cables could be positioned to "skid" four or five logs up to 40 feet long nearly one mile through the woods to a loading area where they could then be loaded onto railroad cars for transpon to nearby sawmills. The steam-powered McGiffert Log Loader was capable of loading huge logs onto train cars. and even had the ability to "lift iLSelf by the bootstraps." Huge areas of forest were cut using these machines, which carelessly wreaked havoc upon small crees and other vegetation in the drag-lanes. It was reported that one skidder remained working at the same site on Sam's Knob above Sunburst for two years. While huge quantities of timber were >Cat.uah )ournm page 6 removed using overhead skidders, these foreslS were often later scarred by huge forest fires, _often started _by SJ?arks from the heavy machinery, or by lightmng, or deliberately set fires (caused by displaced bootleggers, it was sometimes said) which raced through the slash left behind the logging operations. The massive grassy balds in Shining Rock Wilderness Area, along the Blue Ridge Parkway above Canton, are the result of skidder logging followed by a great frre in 1925. There are reports of fires burning continuously for three weeks. One logger stated that "they burned up more timber than they ever cut." The great fires of the industrial logging period influenced to this day the plant and animal associations found in the Southern Appalachians. When the last stands of the great trees We must see our southern forests as more than a timber base in order 10 realize th~ir full value. Our remaining public and pnvate forests are not just timber and mineral resources. These forests are the biological reservoirs of the land. Woodlands are the lungs and kidneys of the planet, producing oxygen, and cleansing the air we breath and the waters we drink. The forests are our region's greatest biological asset. They need to be managed for the benefit of all species. The living forests shelter us all. They must provide for our need for wood, but they must also proteet the biological diversity which can never be replaced. The sustainability of o ~ forests is everyone's responsibility. ~ Lee Barnes is a botanist and an avid backpacker who has hiked over a thousand miles in the Smokies, including over a hundred miles along trails which were once railroad grades (although he prefers trails through old growrhforests ). �OLD LOGGING DAYS by Frank Hodgin When I was young we lived on Canoogcchayc Creek in Macon County, NC, My daddy was gone, and my mother took care of us children. She never took a job. She just took care of the house and helped us in the fields. We all worked. There's no mistake about it. We all had a job. After school, we'd go to the corn field and work there until dark. If we got behind in the hoeing, I would stay home from school for a day or two and get caught up. That's the way it went. When I was about 14 years old, I swapped our mule for a horse, swapped that horse for a yoke of cattle, and went to work in the woods. I got a wagon, and I hauled telephone poles, "acid wood" (wood like chestnut or red oak from which tannic acid was extracted to use in tanning leather - ed.), and pulp wood. I had to haul it eiiht miles. The other kids and I would go up into the mountains, cue a load in one day, get it on the wagon, and bring it home. The next day I would drive it into town. I'd get back late in the evening and the next day we would cut another load, unless we had quit a few days to work a crop. That was how we bought our coffee, sugar, and the other linle things we needed. When I turned 15 years old, I went to work for a man who had bought a boundary of telephone poles on the government property up in the mountains above our house. l was making $1.25 for 10 hours of work a day. Lord, I thought I was making money. The owner had three yoke of cattle, and not long after I started working for him, the man who was driving cattle for him quit. He let me try driving 'cm, and those cattle and I got along real well together. I got in some tight places, but I never let one of his animals get hun, and I got his telephone poles out. He had a man doing the cutting, and that man would help me rig 'cm. I drove them out to the main road, where they were loaded onto a wagon and hauled to the station where they would put 'cm on railroad cars. I could make two trips a day, carrying five or six poles in each load. When I was 17 years old and of pretty good size, the Blackwood Lumber Company started cutting timber here. My brother and I went to work for Blackwood. We worked for them for years. I worked for the company longer than he did, off and on. I worked through to the back end of "Canady" (Little Canada - the headwaters of the north fork of the Tuckasegee River - ed.), and all over Rough Butt and Piney Mountain. We stayed in their logging camp back up in the woods. It was a big camp with 75 or80 men. Most of the time I drove a team for 'em, skidding logs. We'd get up at 5:30, feed the horses, put the harness on 'em, and at 6:00 a gong rnng for breakfast. At 7:00 the camp foremen turned us out into the woods. We worked all the time. If you didn't work, you didn't stay. We worked differently than the way they do now. There weren't any coffee breaks. We worked from 7:00until 12:00. We had until 1:00offfor 'FPCL, 1992 lunch, and then we worked until 6:00 that evening. It usually took about an hour to get back to camp. We would cat supper, and then the teamsters had to water their horses, curry 'em down, and put in plenty of hay. We Counuy of lhc Atchives of Appaltchia. ETSU didn't have time to relax or do anything after supper, we just went to bed, because at 5:30 the next morning they rang a gong to get the teamsters out of bed and back to the barn again. They always turned us loose at 4:00 on Saturday. They gave us two hours off on Saturday, and we didn't work on Sunday. It took a whole day to travel to Macon County, so we would usually stay at camp for a month or six weeks at a rime before we would go back home. Lacer on, I got married, and we moved to Caney Fork. Then I would walk home through the mountains every weekend. There were trails all through these mounuuns then. In the camp, we lived in long wooden shacks. They had double bunks on each side for the men to sleep in. The kitchen was built off one of the shacks. It was a long building with two long tables running the length of it. Most of the time the tables was just as full of men as they could be. They had good cooks, and whatever you wanted to eat, they had it on the table. For breakfast, they had ham and eggs, and biscuits. They'd have flapjacks, and they made gravy every morning. They'd make fried 'taters, and that gravy would go over 'cm, and there was applesauce on the side. They had peaches, they had jelly, and all kinds of meats on the table. It was good food, but it cost $1.00 a day. Of the $3.00 I made every day, I bad to pay $ LOO for board. That left me $2.00 in wages. Of course, if we stayed in camp on Sunday, we still had to pay for board, so when I stayed over, I made only$ 1.00 for my work on Monday. At lunchtime, if we were close enough to the camp we would go back for lunch. But up on Caney Fork, when we were away from camp, they would load the lunch on a railroad car and a "cookie" from the kitchen brought it out and set it all out in the woods - just like we were having a picnic. After everybody had eaten, he would gather up the dishes, and 1918 after they had loaded the car, he would set all his equipment on the back and ride out. Or perhaps he would walk out, because they ran those trains fast, and sometimes they would jump the track. It was dangerous driving one of those narrow-gauge trains. If one went off the track, it would tear up creation. Sometimes I drove oxen. Sometimes I drove horses. I'd drive six of them - three yokes. The biggest log I ever skidded was a 14 foot log that had 2700 board feet of lumber in it. It was bigger around lhan I was tall. There used to be some big timber in these mountains. I usually hauled a seven-log rig. I'd set the logs up in a line behind the teams. The front log had two J-grabs on it, so that if the logs started to run, you could turn your horses out of the road, the spread hooks would slip off, and the logs would go on by. Sometimes they'd leave the road, and it would be a time getting 'em back on if the ground was slick and icy. They'd get all tangled up, break loose, spread all over the mountain. That was some "rough doin'." I have seen it foul up - logs. horses, and all - and go over the bank. That didn't feel good when I saw what happened. It hun the horses. Some of 'cm got skinned up pretty badly. Some of 'em would get crippled, and they would have to kill 'em. Of course the company didn't care, they had insurance on 'em. I've been in lots of close places. A lot of times the logs would crowd me against a (continued on next page) X.Otuc:an Journot pOCJ", 7 �(continued from page 7) tree or a rock cliff. I had just one chance then. We wore cork boots (with sruds on the bottom - ed.), and I'd jump up on a log and jump off on the other side. Then when I got past the bad spot, I could cross back. It never got too rough to slow down. It didn't matter how deep the snow was or how thlck the ice was, we went out just the same. The foreman would turn us out on a rainy day just like on a good one. We could come back in if we wanted to, and he Most camps weren't as big as ours. Camps usually bunked 30-60 men. There weren't just timber cutters and teamsters. There were a lot of other jobs to do. Back then, they didn't have a bulldozer to make the roads, they made 'em with manpower. They took picks and shovels and dug 'em out The men who worked on the roads were called "road monkeys." They all had manocks and shovels. Where there was rock, they had to blow it out with dynamite. They had one crew that did the drilling and the shooting. Cowtcsy of the Arcluves ol Appal&ehia; ETSU wouldn't say anything about it; it was his job to turn us out, but if we wanted to work, that was up to us. It never got too muddy or too slick to haul the wood out. The railroad would run in any kind of weather. I skinned logs many a time when the road wasn't anything but a sheet of blue ice. It was dangerous. Back then, 1 was young, and didn't pay any attention to it, but looking back on it now, I can see those dangerous places, and it makes me tremble sometimes to think of some of the places I got into. I drove cattle and horses nearly all my life. I've been in some of the roughest places a man can put a team, but I never did get one hurt l guess 1 had enough practice at it. I followed 'em for years. I've worked some real good horses, and I've worked some that were as mean as they could be. Of course, if I got of one of those bad teams, I wouldn't stay long. I'd just move out. I'd go somewhere else, or I'd stay out a day or two and come back and get a different team. I'd haul the logs out of the forest to the narrow-gauge railroad where they would pick 'em up. The narrow-gauge train pulled about five cars, and it would bring the logs down to the top of Indian Camp Branch, where there was a big skidder. They called it the "drop out machine." It would book to one car at a time, and lower it down over a waterfall to the main line. They would unload the wood, give a signal, and the skidder would pull the empty car back and book onto another load. The wood went down the main line to East LaPone, at the bonom of Caney Fork where it joins the Tuckasegee River. Blackwood had two band mills down there. Each of them would cut 30,000 feet per day. That took a lot of logs. Xotiuih Journat p~ B Back at camp there was a saw filer who stayed at the saw-filing shack. In the evening, the cuners took their saws to the shack, and the next morning he gave them sharp saws to take out. There were cooks, and one feller caUed the "lobby hog" who would make up the beds in the morning and would get the wood in and keep the fires burning in the winter. He would get up early in the morning and build a fire to get everything warm before the men got up. They would generally run about five or six sawing crews. They would cut those big trees with that old cross-cut saw, the "misery whip." That's some rough work. Back then they just took the best timber. It had to be number one material. They would get two logs off some trees, but most of the time they would just cut one good log off and leave the rest to rot That's just the way they logged back then. They wasted more timber than they cut. They liked yellow poplar and what they called mountain oak. Of course, they would cut everything big enough to make a log white oak, black oak, basswood, maple, whatever it was. There were a few white pine trees and a linle hemlock up that way, but the yellow poplar and the mountain oaks would bring more money than any other kinds. Working in that big timber was dangerous, no mistake about it Sometimes a man would get bun, and every once in a while, a man would be killed, but not often. It was usually somebody who didn't understand how a tree was going to bust We had a few killed. Someone cutting that oak timber had to know just how to put a lead in it and how to saw it. Otherwise, it would " slab up," break off way up high, and part of that tree would head straight for the ground. If a man wasn't out of the way, it was just too bad. Three men worked on each cutting crew. One man did the "chipping" and the "measuring off." The other two didn't do anything but saw. Almost every tree leans just a little. The chipper had an axe, and he kept it sharp as a razor. He would cut a big notch in the tree right under that lean, 10 or 14 inches deep in a big tree, and then he would stand back and keep watch while the others began sawing behind the notch and cut the tree down from behind. When the tree hit the ground, the chipper measured off the logs they could get off it, and the cutters would saw them off while the chipper started chopping a lead in another tree. People were killed by falling limbs, too. Sometimes while they were cutting a tree, a dead limb would come off and would catch somewhere high in the branches. If they were lucky, they could go cut another tree, and it would come loose and fall. But they couldn't walk off and leave a tree. Eventually they had to go back and get it. The chipper would watch out for the cutters while they sawed the tree and got out. Sometimes, though, it wouldn't be five minutes before the dead limb would fall, and the cutters would have to dive out of the way. People got killed that way, not getting out from under a limb. They had a timber foreman, a road foreman, and a foreman in charge of the whole camp. The big bosses stayed down in the company offices at East LaPone, where the mill was. There's very little down there now, but East LaPorte was a mill town back then. There were more than 100 houses for the people who lived and worked there. The houses went up to the top of the ridge. They had a store down there, but they also had commissaries all up Caney Porlc for the working people. We would buy goods with scrip notes that the company issued. They would give us as much scrip as we wanted and then take it out of our checks down at the the main office. The commissaries had groceries, tools, shoes, boots, clothes - anything a person wanted. It was like a general store. They weren't more expensive than the Sylva Supply store in town. They were just about like any of the stores. Logging has changed a lot since my time. They don't do it now like we were doing it. It used to be an old cross-cut and "get 'em the hard way," but now it's all done with bulldozers, skidders, and chain saws. Chain saws started coming in during the forties. I bought my first chain saw in 1951 or 1952. Early on, some of 'em worked, and some of 'em were mighty sorry. Most of the early ones were two-man saws. They were big ones. They worked pretty well, but they were hard to carry through the woods. We used that kind until the companies put out the one-man chain saw. They were heavy when they first came out, but the loggers still thought they were bener than pulling on the cross-cut all day. They have improved on them a lot since they first staned making them. Things have gotten a little easier, anyway. Those old loggers, they sure had a time. ~ 1'aU, 1992 �WORKING THE WOODLANDS by David Wheeler Western North Carolilltl is abour 76% forest. What we do, how we manage these f oresrs - or how we mismanage them determines our destiny. We can't drill for oil; we can't catch sabrwn; we can't grow wheat. Forests are what we've got. - Charles Woodard,foresrer Looking out from over a high cliff in Katuah Province, one's vision moves across sweeps of green-mantled mountains flowing out to the horizon. Trees in such number and such variety are seen in few other places in the world. It is clear that lhe natural growth in this bioregion is forest. If left to grow, the old hills would be covered almost completely with a bewildering variety of tall trees and the wide diversity of other plant and animal species associated with them. Great and small, each species contributes to the health of lhe forest and makes it what it is. We are positioned between the warm Gulf air currents to the south, and the cold Canadian air currents to the north. The land climbs more than 5,000 feet in elevation change. In some parts of the region rainfall is 40 inches per year, while in others it is more than 90. The wide variety of influences causes a wide diversity of species. More than 140 species of trees are known here. There are, of course, all grades of sites, but on good sites many species of trees find their highest expression in the Blue Ridge. In 1901, H.B. Ayres and W.W. Ashe were sent by the federal government to inventory the Southern Appalachian forest. Of the area around the Great Smoky Mountains, they wrote: "The forests are chiefly of hardwoods, with a large amount of coniferous growth around lhe higher summits and in the deep, cool hollows. On the drier slopes, and especially on the south sides, oak and chestnut form the greater part of the timber, with some black and yellow pine on the ridges. The timber in the hollows is more varied and the stand is heavier, poplar, birch, Jinn, and buckeye being associated with the oak and chestnut. The finest and largest bodies of spruce in the southern Appalachians occur here, along the crest of the ridge and the north slope... " Just as the trees are a central feature of the ecology of the area, they have also historically been a central feature in the lives of the people who lived close to the land. And if we are to re-establish a balanced habitation of this area once again, our relationship with the trees will again be a primary fact of our ex.istence here. Seventy percent of the Southern Appalachian lands are still in forest. Some people hazard the guess that more land is in forest now than 100 years ago when each family had to clear off the acres they needed to grow all their own food. Many of the trees growing in the mountains are hardwoods. f"aU, 1992 Photo US National Archive Since the loss of the American chestnut from the forest canopy, yellow poplar is the most common species, though it does not dominate the region as the mighty chestnut once did. Sixty-four percent of the region is considered "timberland," which is technically defined as sites that would suppon timber utilization. By US Forest Service estimates, there are 16.7 billion cubic feet of "growing stock" (trees that are of a size to produce sawtimber) in the region. There is an estimated 54.6 billion board feet of sawtimber growing in the region according to the latest Forest Service surveys. With the mild climate, abundant rainfall, and dark forest soils, this bioregion is well situated to produce quality sawtimber. For the region, that is a blessing and a curse. For as long as they have been here, people have used wood from the forest trees sometimes carefully, sometimes in a manner that was wantonly destructive. The forest is only now recovering from the onslaught of industrial capital which ravaged the area in search of precious big timber at the turn of the century. The timber barons looted the region both economically and ecologically, and when their plundering was done they fled with their wealth to pillage elsewhere. The timber industry of today is making a positive economic contribution to the region, but often at the expense of environmental integrity - an expensive price. Logging and roadbuilding in the national forests penetrates into the last old growth stands left in the mountains and cuts t0 the bean of the last great habitat area left in the southeastern forest zone. Papennaking pays some of the highest wages in the region, but the Champion mi11 in the town of Canton is killing the Pigeon River with a toxic effluent that contains the deadly chemical compound dioxin. According to latest Forest Service surveys of the region, the industry is annually cutting 747,520,000 board feet (bf) of sawtimber, 1,851,000 cords of pulpwood, and wood for manufacturing 24,332,000 board feet of composite board. Wood is also cut for poles, fence postS, and a resurgent firewood trade. According to North Carolina State University's College of Forest Resources, the value of the timber cut in western North Carolina alone equals $129,231,000. This timber, according to Bureau of the Census figures for 1988, supported 51,354 employees in lumber and wood productS, furniture, and paper-making occupation's in the region. This was 7% of the employment in the whole region. High-grade hardwood sawtimber from the Southern Appalachian forests goes mostly to making furniture, lumber, facing veneers, and ornamental moundings. Some is exported overseas, largely to foreign furniture plantS. Lower-grade hardwoods go into the inside layers of plywood, flooring, pallets, railroad ties, and mine supports. Chips from small or poor quality trees are used in making oriented strand board and pulped for paper, paperboard, and coated stock. (continued on page 11) :K.cituan Journat PCMJe 9 �,,,l:1 'PhtIT ..:rmi1 1:,3wl '{d Juo lllguod ~-J,f 1''tti ~, T" ~;J•, :,~iif·... & n.- bid ru;:i 1ol1C1J11o:J lli:.m?. 11 '{t.UOJ n~•,, bna '-· ., .. ,.. .,,, ;. ,.. , with employment and earnings in the lumber fon:ed to zero. Lumber was chosen since it provides the raw material for fumilUIC and paper. Furniture and paper were not forced to zero values in the Model This is a well established Slalistical teehnique for answering "what ii" types of questions as the one posed here, but it should be in no way taken to mean that the author advocates the elimination or the lumber industry in any way. • On average, lOl3I earnings in the region would decline by over one percent if the lumber industry were losL Disposable per capita income would decline by almost as much. The most affected industry would be paper with losses in earnings and employment in lumbt:r on other industries as captured by the Model, Lotal employment in manufacturing in Western North Carolina would decline approximately two pcrcenL While these losses may not seem great, they are the stuff of strong recessions if comparable losses were to occur at the national level. br" ,f:,n,i,'\ qv Ilg, ri->ti! bl"JI ?Ir,:>.,.,,.,..,.,,, Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade (about 200) over this time period. (In other words. the increase in fumilUrC (300 jobs) and lumber (400.jobs) arc more than offset by the losses in paper industry jobs.) A beuer picture of job trends in these throe wood products industries can be had by looking at the relative position of these industries to the toial picture in Western Nonh Carolina, as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the disparity in job growth in the wood producis industry (lumber, furniture and paper combined) and agricultural occupations with the rest of Wesiem North Carolina. The numbers used in the graph do not represent actual numbers of jobs. Rather. the sectors have been indexed, so they all sharc a common starting point in 1969 that is set equal to one. This is done so that change in the different sectors can be pictured on the same graph. · Total employment in Western Nonh Carolina and employment in the service industry is much greater than in agriculture and wood producis. For example, in 1988 there was a total of slightly over 400,000 jobs in the region of which 16,240 jobs (or 4%) were in the wood products industries. The values on the vertical axis show the percentage change in employment over time. Employment in the service sector has grown by almost 70 percent between 1969 and 1988. Toial employmenl has increased by about 55 percent. In comparison, wood products jobs have been quiie stagnant, evidencing no growth during this time Depanmenr of Economics and F'JNl'IU, School ofBu.rincn, Wcsran Carolina University The trend of the~ few decades towards growing environmenial awareness in the United SUIICS has engulfed Western Nonh Carolina and made some of iis lnldilional industties controversial. An excellent example is in the wood producis area whose lumbering practices have come wider increasing scrutiny from environmentalists. Here we take a two-fold look at the wood producis industries (which are comprised of the lumber, fumitwe and paper industries). F'USl, historical data for employment &om the WNC Ecooometric Model at Western Carolina University and which is fwided by Tennessee Valley Authority is presented to place these industries' role in Western North Carolina economy in perspective. Second, simulations from the Model arc used 10 answer some what if type of questions such as what impact does lumber have on the Western North Carolina economy? EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Figure ] depicts employment in the three wood products industries in Weslern North Carolina Io all three, employment is quite cyclical or sensitive to downturns in economic activity, although paper is somewhat mOR stable than its wood products couoterpans. Although paper employment is stable, it shows a Sleady decline in jobs from over 5700 in 1969 to slightly more than 4700 jobs in 1988, a loss of approximately 1000 jobs. The loss of jobs in paper is economically significant since jobs in the paper indusuy are some of the highest paying manufacturing jobs in the area In fact, none of the wood i-ooucts industries in Weste.m Nonh Carolina could be characterized as a growth iodusuy as far as number of jobs is concerned. The entire group experienced a slight loss in jobs CONCLUSJONS Wood products are a significant pan of the Wesiern North Carolina economy, although their importance is slowly diminishing as fastu growing sectors of the regional economy continue to expand. The regional economy bas already been hun by the loss of jobs in the paper industry which arc among the highest paying in manufacturing. The source of dala for lhis article is lhe Western North Carolina Economclric Model maintained by Professor Wilk al We5tem Carolina Univemty under conlJ'aet &om lhe T"'11\C$SCC Valley Aulhority. The Model cons.isl$ of over 80 equations designed lo show lhc interrelationships among seciors in Western North Carolina Ind between seciors in Wutem Nonh Carolina and lhc TVA md nalion.aJ economics. The UNWlCC of Edward Su=u is grarefully period. "WHAT IF?" CONSIDERATIONS aclcnowledgcd. The views md conclusions in !his article do not nccasarily rellect lhosc of lhe TVA. The Western North Carolina Econometric Model can also be used to answer "what ii" typeS of questions. To further ascertain the value of the wood products industries to Western North Carolina, the Model was used to simulate the regional economy WNC EMPLOYMENT For lhe pwposcs of lhis article Western Nonh Carolina is defined u the fiftu:n counties of Nonh ..,~ Carolina in lhc Tcnnasee Valley watershed. fr INDEXED WNC EMPLOYMENT FURNITURE, LUMBER & PAPER: :1969-1988 BASE YEAR 1969 1.1·~-----------------------, 1.o+-- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -7"--i 1.5•-+--- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - --:7':~--1 1.4.l----- -- - -- - - - ---------,,....,11:-----1 1.3+-- - -- -- - -";p;'e:.i!i::::~~~=--- ----l 1.2+ - - -- -- ---1iil~~~~- =----=:::::::ra,;:----I +--- -~~~--1--~ __.,l!l:::ll!~~ ~---=-'""=-..llb.--Di 1.1 0.9·+ - ..?:::.;,j:.......::..__ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --1 0 .81.J......-.--,---,--,--,----,---,,--,-,---r--.--..-----.---,--,.--,---r---.--.-' 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 YEARS Figure I. Xat-1'.iah Jou.mat pQCJe 10 1984 1987 1-- 1972 SERVICES 1975 1978 YEARS 1981 1984 1987 - - TOTAL EMP. ---- WOOD PRO. -e- AG~I. Figure 2. 1-"0U., 1992 �(continued mxn page 9) Nearly 50% of the furniture manufacturers in the United States and the same percentage of the hardwood plywood and veneer manufacturing operations are located within the five states that include the Katuah bioregion. Much of the furniture-making activity is concentrated on the North Carolina piedmont. That location was chosen because it was close to the mountains, which supply 65% of the industry's raw materials, but still on flat land and accessible to major trade routes. Columbia-Carolina Corporation located a plant in Marion. NC specifically to gain access to Appalachian yellow poplar for plywood manufacturing and now uses 28 million board feet wood per year. AFG Industries in Knoxville employs a large workforce making wooden containers. The Champion International plant in Haywood County is a major purchaser of pulpwood in itS area, and there is a Bowater Southern paper plant in McMinn County, TN and a Mead Company paper plant in Kingspon, TN. Federal Paperboard and a large Westvaco plant in Covington, VA utilize pulp to manufacture paperboard. Abitibi-Price Corporation makes hardboard siding at its Roaring River plant in Wilkes County, NC and Weyerhauser Company turns out more than 50,000 board feet of oriented strand board per day at its factory in Elkins, NC. Most of these companies are on the periphery of the Southern Appalachians and draw only part of their raw materials from the mountains. The smaller sawmills like the large operations for the added markets that they create for lower-grade material. Sawtimber companies, for example, do not like to cut puJpwood; but if they have to cut it, they want to be able to sell it. Charles Woodard, director of the industry group the MuJtiple Use Council, said, ''When we heard that Columbia Carolina was building a facility, everybody said, 'Hallelujah!' because they came for exactly what we were having a hard rime getting rid of - the low-grade poplar lumber." It is obvious that the pulp and chip sectors of the forest productS industry are dominated by the industrial giants. Reducing wood to biomass and processing it into productS is a question of moving huge volumes of material efficiently. This is a job best suited for large-scale, automated, energy-intensive machinery. The investment is substantial, and a high degree of regularity is required. This is the scale of economy at which the giant, centralized corporations like to keep their operations. Most of the smaller, independent companies cut and process sawrimber. This is less complicated and does not require large investments in sophisticated technologies. Sawtimbcr is still an important component of the mountain wood economy, and the wood products industry still retains much of its traditional autonomy and independence in the region. Of the 521 lumber and wood products companies listed for the Southern Appalachian region in the Department of Commerce's Counry Business Pa11erns, 66% employ less than 10 people, 92% employ less than 50. A small logging operation requires less capital than most business operations, J'tlft, 1992 and even today a small contractor can bid a timber sale and then ca1J up friends and family members to help cut it There still are part-time sawmills back in the hills that start up operation when the price of lumber is good, sell a bit, and then cease operation bought out by larger fums. "It's just like anything else. Those who do a good job, keep up with the technology, and keep track of market trends are going to do alright. "There probably some people who can Counesy Jone.sboro Museum, Washington County TN when the price goes down. The mountain forest produc1s industry seems to be generally in good health. There is stiff competition among furniture company buyers for Appalachian hardwood, and no company seems to have an undue advantage in setting prices. The timber industry in the mountains is itself quite decentralized. Most sawmills, for instance, are small to medium-sized by national standards. Many of them are family-owned. A sawmill that supports l 00 workers is viewed as a large operation in the Appalachians. For instance, among the biggest buyers of timber stumpage east of the Great Smoky Mountains are the Parton Lumber Company, T & S Hardwoods, and WNC Pallet. Parton employs 75 workers at the mill and works 80 loggers in the forest. T & S has 54 millworkers and 50 loggers working on contract WNC Pallet employs 120 people at their mill at Candler. AJthough they are independent and fiercely competitive among themselves, the Appalachian loggers and mill owners arc cJannish and as a group wield considerable economic and political power in the region. But changes arc happening within the forest products industry. Dr. Larry Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Wood and Paper Science at Nonh Carolina State University, says: "There are still many small, independently-owned mills operating in Nonh Carolina. However, th.e trend over the last 10-15 years is that operations which are inefficient or which don't adapt to new technologies either go out of business or are cut just for the local market and be successful at it, but the business has become more sophisticated. Operators have to keep tabs on what is happening, always be looking for market niches, and must keep a constant awareness that they are dealing in an inrernational market and must be producing the best product that they can. Because it's much more competitive than it was years ago. h's a tough business. It's very competitive." Loggers, too, arc feeling the same pressures. "It talces so much invesunent in this modem, mechanized equipment, the little feller can't afford to get into it. They are pressed to move a certain volume of wood, because insurance and mechanization costs are putting them in a real bind," says Frank Norris, publisher of the market bulletin Timber Mart South and a veteran forester of 50 years experience. "It's becoming more sophisticated all the time. It's surprising how many loggers...the wife runs a computer and does the bookkeeping for 'em. They don't do it off a paper sack anymore. "They have to go further for wood, and to run the highways now they have to have better trucks. So their costs have gone up quite a bit. "They're being squeezed between their costs and what they can get for their product, so they're going to have to be more efficient or more of 'em will go out. Both of those things are happening. That's the reason you see fewer of 'em in it There's quite a few less than there were 20 years ago." (continued on next page) X.cu:uah ) O\U'nCIC paCJe 11 �t I'• f":. ~ t•• • I • .... -·... l i;""!! (continued (mm page 11) Other changes are going on outside the industry that also affect its future. One of the most influential of these changes is in the growth of the population in the region and the shift in its composition. Currently, most of the growth in population is the result of in-migration from outside the bioregion. The newcomers bring with them new attitudes and different ideas - including different occupations and different approaches to land use. One of the strengths of the independent operators has been that, since the depanurc of the early timber interests in the 1930's, forest products work has been locally controlled. The people working in the industry today arc not the offspring of the timber barons, but arc much more likely to be descendants of the people who worked for them. In fact, the timber industry has become a bastion of economic support for the local people of the region. If the industry were to die, a lot of the local culture would die with it. Today, the strength in this stabiliiy may turn out to be a handicap. The regional economy is changing. As the graph on this page shows, regional employment is rising. The rise in employment in the service occupations is on the same curve, which suggests that it is this sector which is driving the upswing. But while total employment and employment in service jobs arc rising, the number of people working in the wood products jobs is holding steady. And while workers are more likely to be operating a band saw than pulling a crosscut saw in the woods, they arc likely to be members of the same families who have traditionally worked with wood. Thus, while employment in wood products jobs is staying even, their percent of influence in the changing economy of the mountain region is declining. "This change is oocwring panJy :l(otuah JournaL p<M)e 12 because of the changing mix of population ...Fewer people are working in agricultural jobs; more are employed in the government, service, and retail trade sectors. The number in manufacturing has increased slightly in the last decade, but it is a much smaller percentage of the total number holding jobs. There is now less employment in jobs dependent on forest products, such as wood, than in the past. Tourism, however, is an increasingly irnponam pan of the economy," wrote the authors of the Draft land and Resource Management Plan/or the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests in 1985. Another aspect of the change in the region's population profile is the change in land ownership. The newcomers arc buying ll_P the land. Unlike the timber and pulp • 'c3rporations on the coastal plain who own their industrial forests, the mountain sawmills cut mostly on other people's land. In the past the landowners were fanners who depended on their woodlots to provide extra cash and so were glad to have them cut as soon as they were of sawlog size. Now people arc moving in who wish to escape from the industrial madness to a forest retreat. They arc well-to-do and want trees, not stumpage payments. This is sure to tighten the supply of timber in the region. What about the future? The agreement is unanimous that over the long term the demand for hardwoods, and thus their price, will only increase. High-grade sawtimber is especially desired. In the broad outlook. conditions are quite advantageous for the forest products trade. Locally, however, forecasts are that the amount of forest products operations that the region can suppon will shrink somewhat. And the shrinkage will take place in the number of the smaller companies that do not have strong financial backing. The corporate style of operation is not suited 10 the mountains - or anywhere in the natural world, for that matter. The smaller, more flexible timber companies have the potential for working in a way that is much more appropriate. The only question is whether the people in forest products occupations arc willing to adapt to the changes that are currently taking place. Replacing local people with newcomers who embody the new corporate attitudes is no solution. Working with wood offers a cultural reference point and a way local people can keep their place on the land. But exploitative attitudes toward the land, particularly when tranSlated into exploitative ways of working in the forest, will no longer suffice. It is not sustainable to support our species' life at the expense of the life of the land. Let us hope we can learn the lessons of ecology and put them to work. We want people to develop, not tum their backs o~'# their ties to this place. fr J'Alt, 1992 �Jj' ! 'J,1 DEPLETION FOR DOLLARS: THE ECONOMICS OF CHIP MILLS . · . i _ -·. ~J . . ( . .,,.:-_ • , :t... ,_ 1· ...,,-~ ., •l-Ao:~ . , ••.,.:-.~ ,..~_:,,;_ . '-!< • • -- . .: ~ . 1r-· · --- -- _-:.r.- The chip mill issue can be framed as a question of how to utilize the Tennessee River Valley region's forest resources to the best advantage of its residents. One option is to maintain the health of the established hardwood industry by keeping out the remote chip mills. This existing option can be characterized as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable system whose market demand is based predominantly on regional economics. A second option, that of bringing in remote, high capacity chip mills, can be characterized as a mechanized, unacceptable, and regionally non-sustainable system whose marlcet demand is based essentially on global economics. Backlf'OUDd To understand the chip mill issue it is essential to understand the forest products industry structure and the resource base upon which it depends. There are basically two divisions of the industry: the solid wood segment - which requires a continuous supply of mature trees to supply lumber for manufactured goods; and the paper segment • which requires a maximum volume of wood fiber to manufacrure paper products. In order to insure a continuous supply of mature trees, the solid wood segment uses the environmentally sound practice of selective harvesting in which only the older trees are harvested from a site, and many middle-aged and young trccS are left for the next harvest in 15 to 20 years. The selective harvest method can be abused by "high grading," a practice in which only the best trees are taken and no cull cuts are made to insure that commercially valuable species will be available for the next cuL On the other hand, chip mills, in order to obtain maximum fiber volume at minimum cost for the paper industry, generally use the environmentally degrading clearcutting method, clearing all protective cover from the land. If reforestation is planned, it is done with bulldozers and herbicides to insure that f'aU, 1992 the new crop of commercial trees are "released." All chip mills are not the same. There are chip mills associated with sawmills and manufacturers which process mill and facrory "residues" so that they can be utilized as "residue chips" in the manufacture of paper. There are "whole tree chippers" which can be carried from site to site and process whole trees. And then there are high capacity chip mills, sometimes called "remote" or "satellite" chip mills, which are set up to supply a primary facility (pulp or paper mill) that is in another region or country. These "high capacity chip mills" are the chip mills that have applied to the Tennessee Valley Authority (IV A) for permits to locate along the Tennessee River at South Pinsburg, TN. Any further mention of chip mills will refer to these remote, high capacity mills. High capacity chip mills cost approximately $3 million to $5 million, excluding site preparation. They have a mechanical life expectaney of three to ten years, depending on how heavily they are used They generally employ eight people or less. Advocates of chip mills usually try to claim that new jobs are created by log harvesting employmenL However, it is documented in both North Carolina and Alabama that much of the harvesting employment already exists and is occupied supplying established regional industries. Because of the high volume contracts, the lower handling costs, and the high value for the commodity on the world market, loggers and haulers often abandon existing industries and go to work for the chip mills. Harvestin& Impacts Comprehending the purpose, the nature, and the amount of tree consumption by the chip mills is essential to decision making because the region already has a very large manufacturing economy based upon the hardwood resource. The fundamental purpose of the chip mills is to supply fiber for pulp and paper mills ourside our region. TVA estimates that landowners will be paid a $1 to $4 per ton "stumpage" price by the chip mills for their timber as it stands. Following estimates by Charles McGee in the article "Low Quality Hardwood Stands," this is not enough to pay for reforestation. High grade hardwood timber is noc likely to regenerate without management costs. ff the owner is not willing to reinvest funds the resulting stand will likely be suitable only for use as pulpwood. Trees are harvested and delivered to the chip mill (for $18 per ton in my Alabama study area), and then chipped and sold for around $23 or $24 per ton. At that point the resource will be gone from our region with little value added. A ton of hardwood chips brings approximately $122, delivered to Japan. Contrast this "regional chip mill resource return" with our established, value-adding hardwood industries. The landowner is first paid a stumpage price for the timber, the logs are delivered to a mill which saws them into rough lumber; the rough lumber is made into finished lumber, marketed, and transported to a manufacturing facility where it is made into a wood product; this is then marketed and transported to a wholesaler or retailer, who markets it one more time. Value is added at each stage of the process. It should be obvious that when compared to the established hardwood industry "multiplier" for employment, the chip mill employment "multiplier" becomes a tremendous employment "reducer." It is also obvious that there is no value added in the region. Another point is that the chip mills are going to utiliz.e a much greater amount of wood than has been previously estimated. TVA stated that each mill would consume 300,000 tons of chips per year per mill. However, Steve Loveland of Georgia-Pacific Corporation in an article entitled "South Atlantic Chip Supply," said, "Any chip mill (continued on nCJ1l page) xawah Journat poc,e 13 �(continued fro;;. ·page 13) l , f t ,l 1, ,,a .. ; ' can double or ttiple irs chipping ourput by adding shifts and can be virtually run around the clock, seven days a week if necessary." This Statement shows that the figure on which TV A is basing its calculations is a minimum figure. Acrual production for one chip mill could easily be three times that much if economic conditions warranted. In other words, if TV A chose to permit only one chip mill, it alone could consume as much as TV A's predicted level for three chip mills. Another factor that skews predictions of ecological and economic impacts is that the chip mills are committed to providing a steady volume of chips regardless of local prices. There is a large capital investment involved in each of the mills, and many of them are owned by paper mills or are under binding "take-or-pay" supply contracts, meaning that they have to pay cash if they do not meet agreed-upon supply quotas. This artificially-maintained production depresses the price of residue chips produced by sawmills in the region, and is also inconsistent with wise resource and environmental management. Chip mills can also serve in a secondary economic capacity: that of liquidating the regional resource into readily available capital for transnational corporations that are sttuggling to keep their heads above water in troubled economic times. In simpler terms, the chip mills are to provide ready cash to their troubled corporate parents by trying, as rapidly as possible, to tum trees into money. This is particularly devastating to the established regional industries and the local environment. The chip mills do not care if "the regional resource"is liquidated because their mechanical life will essentially be over by the time the trees are gone. The Boise Cascade Corporation is one ~xample. Like most of the paper and pulp mdustry, before the recession hit Boise Csacade made large capital invesnnents to increase their capacity. Now the corporation is saddled with high interest payments in the face of a decreased market demand. Furthermore, due to the tremendous amounts of chip exports from the Nonhwest 10 the Japanese, they are being squeezed by chip prices in their operations in the Pacific Nonhwesr. (Condensed from The Value Line). In fact, according to the December, 1991 PaperandPu/p, Boise Cascade suffered a "$32.6 million loss in the second quarter" of 1991, and third quanereamings sank "to a $49.4 million deficit." As a solution to their predicament, Boise Cascade plans to sacrifice the region's hardwood forests, upon which many local people have depended for decades. Many foreign nations have a labor advantage over the United States on the open international market. The United States maintains its competirve position because of a superior supply of resources. It is clearly a good economic strategy for foreign companies to cur as much pulpwood as possible. If they can use much of the United States' resource, the United States will be that much more vulnerable on the open market By chipping our trees, foreign competitors are improving their long term X-citiuih JouTna£ page 14 I exporting market position. American business and government should be thinking ahead. Our competitors are. tnnuence of Market Conditions Developments in the regional and world markets helped 10 create this confrontation in the Tennessee River Valley between established regional wood producrs industries and transnational corporations. The first was a rise in the domestic demand for hardwoods. Because of a slowdown in the growth of softwood trees, overharvesring, an obvious supply of cheap hardwoods, and the development of new technology for using hardwoods in the making of pulp, the paper companies staned using a significant amount of hardwood chips in the mid-eighties. (The current mix is approximately 31% hardwoods and 69% softwood.) The overseas demand for hardwoods has also boomed. Several deepwater ports, like the Pon of Mobile in Alabama, invested heavily in chip exporting facilities during the 1980's. The federal government also invested $2 billion of the taxpayer's money 10 build the Tenn-Tom Waterway to create a direct route between the Tennessee River and the Gulf. It is ironic that the foreign corporations would be much less competitive with our regional industries if the government had oot subsidized their transportation system. Also during this time many well-meaning foresc industry people decided that they needed to "create" additional markets for our low-grade hardwoods by developing expon markets. They should have known better than to think that they could tamper with the market without creating serious repercussions in the existing hardwood economy of the region. This confluence of trends adds up to a radical market change which today could devastate the resource base upon which the sustainable, labor intensive, value-adding, regional hardwood industries of the Tennessee River Valley depend. Nature of the Chip Mil! Harvest The nature of the chip mill harvest is symptomatic of the market demand that drives it. The original intent behind the chip mills was to create a market for low-grade hardwoods. However, clearcutting for the chip mills takes all the hardwoods - poor ones, deformed ones, plus the well-formed young trees that would have grown up to make high-grade sawtimber. If extensive areas in the Tennessee Valley are clearcut, as they have been _in Alabama, it will be at least 70 to 80 years before any hardwood sawtimber matures. No one seems concerned about what will happen to the small local operators in the meantime. On a more immediate note, the low-grade sawmills and pallet makers find themselves shutting down or operating at a loss because the world chip market demand has driven low grade timber prices out of their reach. A sawmill owner in a nonhwestem Alabama county, where chip mill resource depletion has occurred and the sawmills have been shut down, said ruefully that any sawmill owner would be committing economic suicide to allow a hardwood chip - mill within theit ~ . A visit to the areas of Alabama already clearcut is probably the most convincing economic or environmental argument that can be made against the permitting of the chip mills. Competition for the Forest Resource Does our region have plenty of hardwoods to spare? AU the numbers presented by TV A say that we are growing twice as much as we are harvesting. But there is also the question of availabiliry: all the growing trees are not available for industrial consumption. How much of that volume is actually available for harvesr after figuring in operability factors such as steep slopes and year round water problems, and landowners who do not want to sell their limber? Thomas R. Reed of Champion International Corporation in his article "Industrial Perspective on Hardwood Use," said that roughly 50% of the hardwoods are available. This estimate is considered high by some observers. But TV A neglected to do any kind of availability discounting. They assumed in their calculations that all the hardwood trees in the region were available. The regional hardwood industries already depend on those growing trees. The bottom line is that although we may be growing a lot of hardwoods, we are not growing enough to supply the existing hardwood sawmills, the existing regional paper mills, which are increasing their use of low-grade hardwoods, AND the remote chip mills who are here to harvest the hardwoods of the region for the rest of the world. The domestic paper companies are large and well-financed and will probably survive the crisis, but the small milling operations, which employ roughly 85% of the Valley's forest products workers, will inevitably be sacrificed for the chip mills that will siphon off the region's wealth for huge transnational corporations. In terms of the eovironmeotal impact, or the economic impact oo tourism, the region will be trading the incredible scenery and diverse ecological community that accompanies a selectively harvested, mature hardwood forest for a pulpwood lot checkered with constant clearcuts. If one considers aesthetics as imponant, the impact ori southeastern Tennessee is going to be devastating. The scenery will be a politician's nighnnare: graphic evidence of a bad decision that gets worse, and becomes more visible to the public, with every passing year. ~ - Harley Wessman lnforma1ion for this article was provided by Robert Mitchell. coordinator of the Tennessee Valley liardwood Alliance. a coalition of small hardwood lumber manufacturers whose livelihoods are threatened by the chip mill operations that are seeking permits to operate in the Tennessee River Valley. Contact the TeMessee Valley Hardwood Alliance; clo R.C. Mitchell; 2850 McCa//ie Ave.; Cha11anooga, TN 37404. For more information on how to stop the chip mill invasion, c<>ntact T.A.G.E.R.; Box 764; Souih Pi11sburg, TN 37380. 1"aU, 1992 �LOGGING WITH HORSES by Nancy McIntyre "It's a win/win solution," says Jason Rutledge. He is talking about horse logging, a low-impact and sustainable timber harvesting method. Environmentalists call for timber harvesting to stop on public lands. The timber industry pushes ro cut marketable trees and to harvest them in the cheapest way, preferably clearcurting. Logging with draft horses offers another choice that addresses concerns of both groups. Conventional timbering requires building logging roads, often at public expense - roads that are large enough to accommodate tractor-trailer rigs and which damage the environment. Horse logging needs no road building and leaves minimal disturbance, even in steep or remote areas. Rutledge describes horse logging as a superior technology, "an evolved approach that marries science to culture." He goes on to say that "cUITCnt horse logging is a modem effort that employs specifically-bred heavy draft horses that are harnessed with nylon components and work in multiple hitches with several teams in tandem like the Budweiser Clydesdales, except that I use horses of the Suffolk Punch breed. The teams pull a steel log arch, which has high flotation pneumatic tires that provide front end suspension of long tree stems. This log extraction technique, along with directional felling, creates extremely low environmental and visual impact." Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company, started by Rutledge and based in southwestern Virginia, has harvested over 200,000 board feet of timber from national forests in Virginia. Using "real horsepower," Rutledge and his parmer John Thornton have removed trees from the Jefferson National Forest by the single tree selection method. Defined as balanced, uneven-aged management, this least-damaging, sustained-yield harvesting technique cuts a few peak trees per acre. Tree age, species, site, soil type, grade exposure, remaining growth, and wildlife habitat are among the aspects considered in tree selection. Rutledge explains that "this method of harvesting closely imitates nature's own selection process. Each tree is recognized as part of the interconnected whole. Top wood from cut trees and some trees of undesired species are left lying on the forest floor, while desired species remain standing in varying ages and become dominant in population and size." He adds that the Forest Service and agricultural colleges have many expens who can mark timber for this type of harvesting. "Modern conventional logging equipment does too much damage to the environment to go into the forest on a 10 to 20 year harvest rotation to remove a few peak trees per acre. With horses you can do this, and everyone wins something," Rutledge emphasizes. "Tunber is harvested without clearcutting, and there is never removaJ of den treeS or the total destruction of the forest canopy. Therefore, wildlife habitat is preserved while the forest is still contributing to immediate human needs of building 1-"aU, 1992 materials, furniture, paper, etc. "A healthy forest is maintained and helps to protect water and air. yet jobs in the logging business continue, and forest products still enter the manufacturing channels, though coming in smaller loads from smaller tracts and smaller operators. With horse logging, there is less ground for resistance and appeals from environmentalists and a bener opportunity to avoid below-cost timber sales. Governments in other parts of the world have already recognized the extensive knowledge and teach others," Chaffee says. Rutledge offers formal instruction and apprenticeships, but cautions, "Logging is one of the most dangerous occupations in the country." To learn chain saw use, he strongly recommends the Soran Erickson Game of Logging School, sponsored by the Stihl Company. (Inquire with local forestry deparunents for this nationwide instruction.) "Such instruction can save lives, countless Counesy of lhc Archives of Appalachia, ETSU benefits of animal-powered skidding techniques and have chosen this timber harvesting method for a portion of their timber removal." "Draft horses have other uses in the forest," Rutledge adds. "My first Suffolk, Forest Spring Red Samson, and his brother Forest Spring Bill, under the steady hands of Mr. Thornton, recently pulled materials deep into the national forest for the consauction of a rest area and overnight shelter on the Appalachian Trail." David Chaffee of Pittsboro, North Carolina, a commercial airline pilot and farmer who also breeds Suffolk Punch horses, says, "All you have to do is take four photographs. Take one of an area just logged by horses and another six months later. Compare them with photographs of an area timbered with large equipment, now and six months later. You're going to see erosion with the conventional timbering using large machinery. "In regard to jobs,"Chaffee continues, "horse logging involves more people, noc only the Joggers themselves, but also those raising draft horses and raising feed. These are internally-generated jo~s. whereas with conventional timbering, the heavy equipment is made outside of the United States and the energy is imponed. Jobs in the timber industry can be sustained by logging in a different way." Chaffee has twice stayed at Jason Rutledge's farm in Floyd County, Virginia to work with him and learn horse-logging skills for use on his own land. "Jason seems very willing to share his hours, and many bills," Rutledge says. Jason Rutledge is writing a book on Beginner's Use of Draft Horses for the Twenty-first Century. In articles recently printed in The Small Farmer's Journal and The Draft Horse Journal, he tells that he was raised by his illiterate grandfather "who was a hoss trader and, without an outline or agenda, taught the dignity of what a welJ-tended pair of work animals could do for a man who would work too." Jason adds that he is "determined to maintain the dignity of work animals and working man." Rutledge describes himself as an environmental actualist who has spent most of his life working toward the restoration of a cultural ethic or stewardship. "This ethic of planetary stewardship has to translate into everyday life and, for most folks, into the economic reaJity of making a living. Faith is the bridge between belief and action, and I'm going 10 cross that bridge/# with a horse!" fr For further infonnation: Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company Jason Rutledge and John Thornton 2050 Blue Ridge Turnpike Fincastle. VA 24090 Nancy Mclntyre lives on a beauliful ridge-top farm in Floyd County, VA. She is an energetic clean air and water activist and recently spent time educating people to the harmful effects of chemical biocides as part of the Agricultural Resources Center/ Pesticide Education Project. �ROADTHREAT AN APPEALING ISSUE·· ·· N--1 World Ne... $erYice N--1 World Ne... S.-,ice The Forest Service decision on the abolition of limber sale appcalJ bas noc been released 11 press Lime. In the inlerim, Congress has gouen involved with the appeals question. On July I, Sena10r Wyche Fowler (D.QA) introduced a bill co-sponsored by Pat Leahy, Al Gore, and Olhm that guaranu,cd the right to appeal Forest Service decisions. This bill passed in the Senate by a margin of 57-38. The strength of the Fowler bill indicaics that the,e is support for the appeals process as a chcclc against poor decision making. Laier in the summer, however, Larry Craig (R-ID} inuoduccd a v.akencd substitute for the Fowler bill The Craig measure was passed successfully early in August Under Craig's bill, the lime limit for filing appeals and for the Forest Servtce ~iuon of appeals would be shoncncd to 30 days apiece. It would force appellants to travel to the vicinity of the forest to make their case. The Craig bill would also require appellants to make comments in order to have s&anding. These appear to be minor changes, but the biU is in1e11lionally vague on many points. For example, the,e is some question as to whether or nOI the person who reviews the appeal can be the person who made the initial decision, thus creating a conflict of inrcrcst The changes proposed by the Forest Service are far-reaching and go beyond appeals. Acconting to the Sierra Club Legal Deteme Fund, the new appeals regulalions would eliminale the right to know about and comment on sates of lllllds affCCICd by insects and diseases. The lwldling of insect• and discae-relatcd sales has been subject to abuse in the past. In addition, the proposed changes would make it impossible even IO team about limber sales if one does noc sub!lcribe IO a variety of small newspapers. These and other consttaincs would make it much harder to conuibule meaningful comments or even stay informed about activities in nearby lllllional On May 21, the Virginia Transpor1alioo Board announced the prefen-cd IOULC for U.S. RL 58, a new fow--tane that would spai the southwcaem edge of Virginia between Maninsville and Cumberland Gap. The route would bisect the ML Rogers National Rccl'Cllion Area along Corners Crcett. a cascade-filled IIOUl Slmllll Pond Mountain and Hurricane Mountain. The Mount Rogers area is home to a number of rare animal species, including endangered mussels, rare salamanders, bog turtles, gray bats, and northern flying squirrels. Funher east, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VD01) would have Rt 58 cross the Blue Ridge Mountains berwcen Meadows of Dan and Stuart, Virginia, an area that Includes two waterways that are eligible for scenic river status. Highway consuucuon will destroy ll\3lly homes and farms along the way. Some cilizens con1e11d that the project will be the death knell for downtowns in small communities along the way. In order to respond to the threat to the ML Rogers area (and perhaps 10 ocher threatened areas), the Mountain Heritage Alliance has been formed. Members have begun a national letier wriling and petition drive. The group wishes 10 arrange a meeting with VOOT since VDOT has recently met with backers of a popular but desuuctive altcmalive passing through the highlands around Straight Branch, Whiietop l...aurel, and Grems Cove Creek. The group will iqe VDOT 10 IOUIC the highway along existing highways 1-77 and 1-81. They cite a Virginia Depanmenl of COllltlValion and Recreation recommendation against the highway and the findings of a Virginia Tech cconomiSl who predic1ed thal few CCUICllJlic baldiU would be derived from the road. forests. At the same time the Depanrnent of Agriculture is lobbying Congress to end judicial review of Forest Service decisions. Secretary of Agriculture Madigan told Congress. "We could manage bencr if we were free from the inletference of the caur1S [and] we urge Congress IO do that expeditiously." A few such bills have appeared before Congress but they have been unsuccessful so far. BAN CHIP MILLS Narura1 Wotld News Service Residents of the Tennessee Valley spoke overwhelmingly against pcnn1ts for chip mill facllities along the Tennessee River during two summer public hearings. SpcaJc.crs asked that TV A , stop Donghac, Channel Ch1p/P:lrker Towing, and Boise Cascade from construcung loading clocks and facilities along the upper Tenn-Tom Waterway, which TVA comrols. They told TV A th:11 the ini.cnsive clcarculting associated with chip manufacturing would result m a decline in the biodiversity and hardwood manufacturing economic base of the region. TV A omcials repon th:11 they are "swamped with tcuus· responding 10 the permit issue. The baule may have just begun, however. Boise Cascade Company announced shonly after the hearings I.hat they would open a chip mill without a pcnnit and ltUclc the chips overland to port. For more information, contaet TAGER; Box 764; South Pittsburg, 1N 37380. Xatuah )ouma£ PQIJ"- l 6 CLOSING IN ON CHEOAH NIil.ira! World News Service In a decision notice released lasl month, District Ranger Glen McConnell announced plans to log the Checab Mountains again. Over the past live years, the lofty mountain range that surrounds Checab Bald has seen more than its share or roadbuilding, road-indllccd landslides. and clearcutling. Exrensive logging bas tatm its toll on the forests around Oicoah's Shell Stand Creek, Stecoah Gap, Simp Oap, Grassy Gap, Wesc, and lower sections of Ben Creek. McConnell now plans to penetrate further into the wa&cnhcds of Bert and Franks Creeks to the southwest of Cheoab Bald. According 10 the environmental assessment for the Ben Creek Timber Sale, the Forest Service would build 1.2 miles of roads and harvest limber on more than 300 aaes. Even-aged logging is the silviculrural method of choice for most of the sale unit Activists an: concerned that the limber sale will cause further fragmenlalion of habiw in an area · thal is prime black bear babirat Over one thin! of the stands robe cul are over 100 years old. Fragmentation is also a pocential threat to the cerulean warbler and the goshawk. IWO Endangered Species Act candidates likely 10 be found ll the Bert Creek site. SIUdies have shown Iha the cerulean warbler needs at least 1600 acres of contiguous forest Other rare species at risk include the Indiana bat, East.cm wood rat, and hellbender. An additional issue of concern is the possible occurance of pyrue, a substance that produces a dangerous acid when leached out or a roadcut or log landing by rainwater. Oak decline, a phenomenon that causes a die-off o{ malllre oaks due to drought, infcsta.tJOn, and other su-esscs, is the pretext for the sale. but acuv1stS say the Stands are quite healthy. They claim that few loggers would bid on the umber if they had to share the full costs of F.S. 208 and other access roods built at LUpayer expense a few years ago. During the late 1970s, the RARE D Study recommended the Chcoah Bald area as one of the prem ier road.less areas in the Southern Appalachians. lt has since been opened to developmenL The arc3 still has tremendous beauty and tremendous wildland potential One has only to loolt out from the high ridges above Ben Creek to the Great Smokies in the distance to see what the future could hold. To procest the Ben Crnek Tunber Sale, write Glen McConnell, District Ranger; RL '· Box 16-A, Robbinsville, NC 28771. In order to become part of the national petition drive 10 save ML Rogers, write: Gary Stemp: Mountain Heritage Alliance; Rt 3, Box 589; Marion, VA 24354. TRANSREGIONAL POWER Nwral World News Service Attempts to build a high-voltage powerline through West Virginia and Virginia have hit a snag. Appalachian Power Company (APCO), a subsidiary ofthecoal-fued giant, American Electric Power (AEP), asked for a pcnnit to build a 765 kilowatt powcrline Crom southern West Virginia to a substation outside of Roonokc, Virginia, but it hns been forced to withdraw its applicauon with the We~l Virginia Public Service Commission until an acceptable environmental impact statement is p!'Cllll'Cd. Elsewhere, in a hearing before the Vi.rgini3 Utility Commission, expcn witneSSCS for Citi.zcns for the Preservation of Craig County (Virginia) said that APCO should not be given the right of eminent domain for a transmission line built solely for the purpose of ~ling off unusable excess power at a profiL The powerline would transfer power from the Midwest to the urban crescent of CllSLCm Virginia. Opponents say that the powerhne would cul across the Jefferson N31J01131 Forest between \.1ounuun Lake Wildcmcss and two wilderness areas several miles to the east They claun that the powerline will pass through hundreds of ocres of forest and farm land, lowcnng real CSlllle vallleS and conl8lllJll8lJllg springs with herbicides along the v.;3y They worry about the health effects of elecu-omagnetic fields, citing recent medical research on the subject J"aCL, 1992 �APdH &a'iler'f.~'•-tiftini envuonmenl3l siewardship reicon1. Many residenlS or the Southern Appalachians remember APCO's effort to dam the New River in Nonh Carolina. A few years ago, Appalachian Trail club members discovered dw APCO had built an unapproved access road lhrough the Appalachian Trail corridor. The club concluded that APCO was unable IO - g e their own utility corridor, so it reached an agn:anent with thc utility to manage pan or the power corridor themselves. In lhe meantime, APCO has begun a million dollar program promoting thc use or elecll'ic heal pumps. The figbl against the powertine has reached lhe national level U.S. Represeniatives Nick Rahall (WV) and Frederick Boucbcr (VA) have sponsored a bill that would pro!CCI federally-owned land along lhe New River, blocking access to one of the only f~ible rou1CS. The bill ha1 had sll'Ollg suppon in the House or Reprcsenwives. Hearings on the issue will begin SOOD in thc SenalC. Wrice Cilil.cns to Preserve Craig County; Box 291; New Casile, VA 2A I 27 and lhe National Commilltle for thc New River, Bluestone Project CommiUtJe; Box 103S; Athens, WV 24712. Also wrice your legislalorS. DECISION ON BIG IVY Nlhlnl Wodd News Savice In I.ale July, Ranger Paul Bradley ol the Toecane DiSlricl or thc Pisgah Nllional Forcsi. issued a decision oo the controversial Sugarhouse Cove Timber Sale, proposed for thc Big Ivy arca in BU1100111be County, nordleul of Asbeville.. Big Ivy is III an:a oC unusual circumneutral soils, rare planl communities, and excellent examples of old growth foreaa (see Ka,/Jalt JollnlOl 134), and lbe proposcd sale was bigbly CClllll'O¥a1ial. Bradley was leaning IOWll'd a decision 1h11 would have deVll.1Ulled a unique roadies., area conraining in:es measuring four feet in dialnder and examples of many rare plant species. ScienlislS and IIClivislS r.niliar with the sea rushed to ils defense, informing the Forest Service that die proposcd logging and road building would resull in unaccq,18blc damage. The eovironmeulal group SoudlPAW initialed a teuer writing campaip that brougb1 hundreds of lcuers and petition signaiurcs opposing the sale. Womansong, a choral group from Asbeville, 1111g for the forest outside die Forest Service otricea. garnering media coverage for Big Ivy. In response, Bradley scaled back his logging plans for the waaenhed. He eliminal.ed four of thc five areas scheduled IO be cut and reduced the timber sale volume by 80%. The remaining sale unils are in an abandoned homcSICad, an area that is already relatively degraded. Surprisingly. the Forest Service ~ the Sugarhouse Cove portion, after which the limber sale was named, as a Rcsean::h Natur81 Area. The analysis process resulted in designations of large pans or Big Ivy as either old growth habitat or as "unsuitable for umber producoon." Bradley dampened a poccntially explosive si1ua1ton. Many cnvirorunenl31istS feel lhal the Bag Ivy wau:rsbcd should be scqucsu:rod as a biological rc.o;crve. ActivistS are divided as to whclher to nppcal the timber sale or to turn !heir aucntion to other assaults on Kaluah's biodiversity. JUSI lhree weeks lalcr, Bradley allayed coocems that his districl might llOI meet its timber wgel by issuing a decision to log another scelion of lhe Toccanc. The sice is near Seven Mile Ridge along lhe Blue Ridge Partway. 1'cdl, 1992 1-26 HEARING HEATS UP Namnl World News Service Oo Joly 21, more than a hundred area citizens packed Mars HiU Elcmenwy School to give the NC Deparuneot ol Transportation (001) officials their views oo the proposed Inu:rswe 26 segment between Mars Hill, N.C. and die Tennessee border. Although opponents of the project were in thc minority, they represented about half of those speaking. One of lhe most moving prcserualions was a slide show by Bruce Oarlt showing whole moumainsides deliberalcly logged. deooded. and gouged away on the Tennessee section of the project, which has been underway for more than a year. To dace neither of the SlalC DOTs have fully considered the impaa or the projecl beyond swe borders or oulSide the immediate project area despi lC the fact that the projecl would increase tralfx:, cause displJlcemcnt, and destroy CICCS)'Slel!IS lhroughou1 the • region. Area citizens warned lhe DOT of the pol.Clltial for erosion, runoff, and wucc disposal problems associaled with large-scale "cul and fill" operations. They said lhal the project would disturb wedands and black bear migration corridors along the way. They suggested thal DOT explofe alremative uansponation sys1CRIS like freight uains and mass transiL networts before it embarks on a COSIiy projecl that the swe and federal governments, both in debt. canno( affonl. One speaker ciled a tcuu lhal the DOT sent to Monce Cunningham ol thc WNC Alliance. The 1cucr said lhal U.S. 23 is 1101 dangerous enough to justify mating expendilurea for Ind sand trapS and other safety improvements that Cunningham suggested.. In spice or this the DOT proposes spending nearly a q11111er of a billion dollars on a four-laae projec1 tbll will have no al«y benefilS until it is completed n1111y years bc:nce. The,e and other glaring inconsislmcies ha"VC 1od many citizens to believe that the DOT is • agency that plays by no rules except ilS own. WORKING FOR ALARKA Nanni World News Service Efforts are Slill underway to pr0ICCI the Big Laurel ttact in Swain County, a piece of land also known as AJaita Laurel. The Trust for Public Lands, a foundalion dial buys land and uansfers ii to government agencies. is hoping that ii can facilitate the purchase or the trac1. Officials II the 1JUS1 say !hey want people from Nonh Carolina to decide how bes1 to use the Big Laurel lJ1ICI. The llUSI has negotiated an option to buy the land. Local rcsidenlS have used the Alarka Crcelc watcnhed for horseback riding, camping, picnicking, SCOUl outings. and hunting for generations. According to resident Carl Queen, most or the people in the area "would like 1 see it kept in the pristine 0 Sl3ce that II is in.• The 2,080 acre traet contains a spruce bog. a wetland along Alarka Crnck, and a hctbacoous bog. The red spruce forest in Big Laurel is arguably lhc soulhcmmost on lhe continenL It is unusual because 11 has no1 shown any decline, as m Olher locales. and ii appears to be expanding in10 an area lhal was previously logged. Bag Laurel is also known for populations of brook uou1, pigmy salamander, and other rare ~ies. The Natural Hen1age Program has yet 10 do a survey of lhe area. According to Dr. William McL.amey, lhe area is I crucial mign11ory corridor. It is ~ible to descend from Big L.aurel at 4,600 feet to the LiUle Tennessee Gorge, then proceed to Wesser Bald on the olhcr side, and remain under foresled cover throughout lhejoumey. Shape Notes This little curl of smoke shows where some wood was. From thick tree trunk right down to tiny twig all gave up this cycle's shape to keep those beings in the cabin warm. Now this gray smoke stains the blue sky. It floats up up. Maybe someday in a different cycle those beings in the cabin will do some singing, some shape changing for the wood. Julia Vansclow Mutat Aliquid Ergo Sum (For Dylan-September, 1989) More often, now, the fog at dawn seeps deep into the hollow; creeps up the rodcy Eastern slope with a silent hint of Fall. It settles over everything, so near and distant hills are out of focus, dreamy, and hushed. 1ne first few leaves are spinning down; the Walnut's dropped its fruit. I hardly remember Spring at all when Summer's so dose to Fall, but Winter's hazy memory sits chill on the still night air that drips and drops a sparkling sheen in the haloed morning sun. 1ne last of Summer's fullness fills cicadas, crickets, tree frogs, until late morning melts the shade, dissolves the rainbow dew The Goldfinch canary yellow is dimmed. The last of the Hummingbirds are migrants navigating South. It's a lime we know there are no words that thought can fonn in mouth to really sing the song that sings the music of change, the IIWQTtneSS of things Frank Vogel Drawing by Michael Thompson x.atilah Jownat JJQ9"- 17 �Natural World News THE FOREST PLAN IS OUT! SPECIAL REPORT The US Forest Service bas just released its proposed Draft Suppleme111 (() the Final Environmental Impact Statement (DS-FEIS) for the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan. When the original plan was released in 1987 there were four appeals of its provisions, and the Chief of the US Forest Service remanded the plan back to the region for changes, specifically those concerning questions about old-growth forest areas, clearcutting vs. uneven-aged managemen1., protection of unroaded areas, below-cost timber sales, and protection of biodiversity. The proposed amendment is controversiaJ, arousing opposition from both environmentalists and the wood products industry. Public comment will be received through December 16, after which a new plan will be developed. The draft supplement describes the amendments to the Forest Management Plan and how the various alternatives were developed, giving more details concerning the affected environment and environmental consequences. The lengthy document is the result of much work, but it falls short of addressing public concerns about the mismanagement of the public forests. In the short "Highlights" of the Plan, rhe Forest Service statements appear to offer positive solutions to environmental concerns, but further investigation of the "fine print" does not support this initial impression. Much of the discussion focuses on the allowable sale quantity (ASQ) of timber to be cut each year. The ASQ has always been a ceiling for timber cutting, with the actual timber targets falling well below that level. For instance, the present ASQ is 75 million board feet per year, but the agency actua!Jy cut onJy 55 million board feet in the past year. In the draft, the annual ASQ in the Forest Service's alternative is reduced by an impressive margin, from 75 million board feet to 45 million board feet However, subsequent statements by Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl assure industry representatives that the amount of timber actually cut wouJd not fall very much, because "45 million board feet is not that much below 55 million board feet," intimating that the ASQ is no longer going to be the ceiling, but the target for each year's annual cut (CHAGRIN IS IN) trees are left standing on the site only to be removed in a second cut 15-20 years later. The Western North Carolina Alliance, a citizens' group which has vigorously opposed clearcutting in the national forests, is bitterly disappointed by this move. Members point out that they have consistently campaigned for uneven-aged management of the forests for years. Shelterwood cuts, like clearcuts, are a form of even-aged management. which yields a stock of trees that are all of the same age. To Alliance members, the agency's change is simply a change in rhetoric. "Shelterwood is simply a rwo-stage clearcut,'' observes one member. Only a very small pan (about 12%) of the total acreage 10 be cut would be logged by single tree or group selection to produce true uneven-aged management. To lessen the problem of below-cost timber sales that has plagued the agency in past years, the Forest Service promises timber interests that they will offer more lucrative sales containing large sawtimber trees and fewer sales containing pulpwood (undesirable trees that bring a low price). These custom-tailored sales still would not turn a profit for the government; at best the Forest Service could promise only that they might break even. Figures elsewhere in the draft show that the Forest Service plans to increase the profitability of their sales by increasing environmental costs. Despite earlier assurances, only 3.3% of the national forest lands would receive additional protection from road construction and logging. Some 44,000 acres of unprotected roadless areas (called "semi-primitive, nonmotorized areas") and nearJy 45,000 acres of land inventoried as possible old-growth would be opened to logging under the preferred alternative. Instead of treating below-cost sales as a signal to improve forest management by saving old-growth and potential old-growth habitats, the Forest Service is using below-cost sales as an excuse to sell those areas off! The Wilderness Society also noted that the Forest Service showed that their interest is not in stopping below-cost timber sales by putting into the timber base over 100,000 acres of land which would not tum a profit, according to agency analyses. Much effort was made to identify and inventory old-growth stands, but the criteria for determining old-growth presence were vastly oversimplified. In the draft supplement, the mere presence of trees older than 100 years indicated old growth. And the old-growth inventory was an empty gesture; while 133,456 acres were identified as old growth, only 5% of the total forest acreage wouJd be reserved for "future old growth values." Wood products industry representatives are expressing great concern about job losses, lower profits, and potential changes in logging techniques. However, the draft supplement estimates that the preferred alternative would offer only 100 less "jobs'' (actually hourly equivalents) than the number offered in the original plan. The new draft supplement shows that the Forest Service has indeed changed and become more skillful and sopb.isticated in its management techniques - it has changed its techniques of managing numbers and manipulating language to more skillfully cover the fact that out in the forest, it's business a.s usual! • by Lee Barnes and David Wheeler Copies of the Draft Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Suuement of the Nanlahala-Pisgah Land and Resource Managt!mellt Plan can ~ st1e11 al most public libraries ill westt1r11 Nor1h CarolillO or may~ reqllt!sted by phoning (704) 257-4200. Send comments ~fore December 16. 1992 to Nantalrala!Pisgah Planning Team; Na1io110I Forests ill North Carolina; Box 2750; Asheville, NC 2 ~ .....-::::::==:::::-.___ The draft supplement proudly announces a significant reduction in the acres of national forest to be clearcut annually: from the 4,500 acres called for in the original plan to 1,500 acres, one-third of the original amount Substituted for clearcutting was the shelterwood method, which in the preferred alternative would be practiced on 2,320 acres of the forest. Under this method, part of the Xatuah Joumat p09e 18 Drawing by Timbcrly Ashe :fa{!, 19112 �INVASION OF THE CORPORATE GIANTS by Buzz Williams Like many others who have chosen to make my home in the province of Katuah, I am keenly appreciative of the incredible beauty and diversity of the native Appalachian hardwood forest. But after living here for some time, one soon becomes aware that these forests, which are the cornerstone of our ecosystem, have been severely impacted by the human presence. For me, the fulfillment of finding my "sense of place" has been tempered with a kind of sadness when I think of what we have lost. But to lament over the past is certainly not productive; nor is the popular notion that further degradation of our environment is necessary for the well-being of our species. On the contrary, recent scientific studies tell us that the maintenance of healthy ecosystems is more than simply leaving a bener place for future generations - it is the key to our future survival. We are learning that a healthy economy is dependent upon a self-sustaining environment. Aldo Leopold stated it this way: "...a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends 10 ignore, and thus evenrually to eliminate, many elements in the land commurury that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning." Leopold's extension of our concept of ethics to include the protection of all plants and animals, what be called the "third element," must now be embraced if we arc to prevent the further degradation of our forests. After devastating the Southern Appalachian forests, the big timber companies moved to the Pacific Northwest. They acquired huge tracts of territory, and the timber supply from that area was instrumental in meeting the increased lumber demands during World War II and the decades of prosperity immediately following. During those years, the US Forest Service became increasingly timber oriented. From 1950 to 1968 timber harvest volumes from our national forests increased from 5.6 to 12.8 billion board feet. Several theories have developed as to why the Forest Service has so willingly become an ally of the timber industry, but the most plausible seems to center on a process called "logrolling." The timber industry financed and helped to seat CongressionaJ legislators who won positions on strategic subcommittees which govern Forest Service activities. including budget appropriations. These lawmakers have been in office for long periods of time and have built up strong concentrations of power in the halls of Congress. Their close connections to the timber industry are not hidden. Sen. James McClure (R-ID) went straight to a seat on the board of the Boise Cascade Company upon his retirement from the Senate. The press statements of Sen. Mark Hatfield (D-OR) read almost exactly like industry statements from the corporations in his state. This year Senate Majority Leader Tom Foley (D-WA) effectively stopped consideration ofH.R. 1-"all, 1992 1969, a bill which would have outlawed clearcutting in the national forests. Power such as this has brought the l!S Forest Service into line with the policies of the timber industry. Pacific Nonhwest. Io addition, the Appalachian hardwood forests were recovering from previous over-cutting. With recently-developed technology that allowed the use of hardwood fiber for making paper products, the Southeast was once again ripe for pluckin~. Cheap land and non-union labor costs m an area closer to their markets were further inc.entives to the timber giants to move south. As early as the 1950's, Georgia Pacific Company was already buying up land in the South. In 1982 it moved its headquarters from Portland, Oregon to Atlanta, Georgia. Others followed. The Forest Trust recently reponed that since 1978, seven of the largest timber comparues in the Pacific Northwest had increased their mill capacity in the South by 121%. They are coming from other directions as well. Bowater Corporation, the largest newsprint producer in the country, announced in Marcb,1992 that it would move its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Greenville, South Carolina. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, local conservation groups arc currently fighting applications for barge permits by three chip mill companies which would produce over 1.7 million tons of green chips per year. One of the companies, Donghae, is based in Korea, and all the companies plan to expon their chips directly to the Far East (see page 13). The addition of these powerful competitors for timber in the Southeast is In 1990 the fate of the threatened spotted owl became the focal point of the battle to save the remaining 10% of the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest The timber industry screamed that protection of the owl would cost thousands of jobs, but investigative studies found that they were using the spotted owl issue as a smokescreen to cover their own activities. One study found that, even before the owl was listed, 26,000 timber-related jobs had been lost to automation in Washington and Oregon, and, further, that between 1980 and 1989 the practic.e of log exporting had cost 19,200 timber workers their jobs. Closer scrutiny of the timber industries revealed that they were making huge profits at the expense of their employees and the loggers who supplied the mills. Their long-term strategy was obvious: they had overcut their private lands, just as they had done in the Southern Appalachians, and were now liquidating their timber "assets" to produce the capital to relocate to the Southeast, which had begun to recover from earlier exploitation and was out-producing the Pacific Northwest. Acre per acre, the southeastern coastal plains were producing about 1.7 times as many board feet in a 65 year period as the Dnwing by Michael ThompsQn (continued on p,tgc 26)' Xatuah Joumat page 19 �FROM INDUSTRY TO ENDEAVOR .:Forestry is the one area where the inappropriateness ofboth large-scale technology and the slum tenn prof11 motive is most apparent. For this reason, it may be an ideal place to begin to tlUn the tide." - Robert Brothers Timber extraction as it is presently accomplished is a primary cause of ecological degradation in the Karua.h bioregional province. Given that a land-based economy in the forested mountains will depend heavily on the use of wood products, how much wood can we use and how can we use it in a beuerway? Changing the way we think about the land and our conceptions of our role in the bioregion would change our relationship to the land and the way we use the products of the land. New definitions and new values would lead to new institutions and new ways of working. The first and most basic recognition is that we are pan of the natural oommunity and that the needs of the natural community must come first Aldo Leopold, a forester who truly cared for the natural world. stated it thus: "We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." In the Katuah Province, this means first and foremost that the public lands are held as a bioregional reserve, inviolate from logging or other intensive commercial use. It must be understood that all the forestry proposals that follow are for the lands surrounding and buffering the bioregional reserve, and that the reserve proper is to be left as habitat for the native plants and animals, wild and free forever. In its proper place, a buffer zone which includes large areas of sensitively managed timberlands would be a positive ecological benefit, extending the forest cover and protecting the core habitat area from disturbance. Even outside the core reserve area we must constantly remember that "the land is a community to which we belong," and that forests are complex and heterogeneous life communities. In the upland hardwood forests in particular, industrial forestry is not an appropriate practice. We must change the model of forestry 10 one that follows a biological panern rather than a panern of mechanical_production. Forestry is not farming. It is, as the local wisdom puts it, "living off the increase" of the natural forest community. Recognizing this, !t is clear that sustainable forestry does not Sllllply refer to the number of growing trees, but concerns the integrity of lhe forest community as a whole. Continued sustainability of the forest requires that biomass be returned to the soil to maintain soil fertility and site quality. The Institute for Sustainable Forestry in Redway, CA bas defined sustainable forestry as "forestry that can safely be practiced while X.ntuQft. Jou.mat p1i9e 20 by David Wheeler ensuring that the forest's needs are met before any biomass is removed in the form of harvested trees." Silviculture would then mean, as it is supposed to, the art of caring for aforest; not "growing trees" as it is currently defined. A Southem Appalachian Sustainable Forestry Association, designed on the California model, could promote this awareness. Like its western counterpart, it could draw on a wide variety of experience to devise standards for ecologically produced lumber and other forest products. Trained and accredited logging ooottactors and foresters could be given eoological cenification for timbering practices that are both ecologically and eoonomically sound. The group would also do public education, research and development of sustainable forestry practices, restoration forestry, and research on marketing, value-adding processing, and wood product ideas. At present, the greatest hindrance to a sensitive forestry in the Karuah Province is the notion that the land is a oommodity for speculation. Rising land prices and increasing fragmentation of landholdings are discouraging private landowners from becoming involved in forestry. If the land market will not support forestry, the only solution is to remove large areas of land from the market. Non-profit farmland and forest mists allow habitation and use for land-based activities, but free the land from oppressive tax burdens and protect it from the threat of development This arrangement would offer a strong economic incentive to those who wanted land for use and enjoyment rather than for speculation. ~nother neces~ conceptual change is to revise our ooncepnon of a demand-driven market to one that is based on the ability of the forest to provide. Measures to moderate the use of wood products (not including the substitution of plastics or other synthetics for natural materials) could help to lessen the demand. Companies could also utilize the wood that is available more efficiently and more C(:Onomically by ensuring the highest value uses and creating new ways to use pieces that might otherwise be wasted. At the other end of the process, consumers could help to lower demand through the re-use and recycling of wood. "Adding value" is another key concept that could change the face of the timber business. Supplying the furniture industry seems appropriate for the bulk of the timber cut in the mountains, but the growing export market threatens to draw timber- away from the region. It would be of the greatest benefit to the regional economy to emphasize wood products rather than wood as a raw material for a faceless global market Specialty products - hand-crafted wood furniture, wood carvings, boat lumber, musical insttuments, wooden toys and gifts, etc. - offer opportunities for creative entrepreneurs and support small shops that employ only a ~w people each. individually, they seem to be inoonsequential, but studies in the Pacific Northwest are showing that the cumulative economic impact of specialty shops is substantial. Another key word that oould SJ)C1ll great changes in the region's timber trade is "cooperation." Small loggers could oombine to sell their products. They oould thus reach bener markets and sell their wood for highest value. By pooling their capital, they could be more competitive and stay better informed about market conditions. They could also cushion expensive bonding guarantees and equipment repairs. By lightening the money pressure, they could afford to do a bener job in the forest. If the cooperative owned a sawmill, they oould eliminate cheating at the scales, could pocket the increased value of their product, and could provide work hours during periods when they could not go into the woods. Such ventures would be prime targets for community eooaomic development efforts. Another approach would be to organize landowners into cooperative groups, as forest management is organiz.ed in Switzerland. Lislott Harbens, a forester of Swiss extraction, said, "I know of two or three cases where larger landowners are considering pooling their resources and employing somebody to do their work for them" The changes listed above foreshadow a wood products market that is oomprised of smaller businesses that are more decentralized and more individualiz.ed. In light of present Ta(t, 1992 �~ • L by Robert T. Perscher ~ ~ I' • • .._ r.. ,1 f I ~~ • ..._ Pioneering a New Human/Nahµ'e- Relationship ~- - ~ (Thefolwwing is uzlunjrom a report commissioned in 19')() by the New England Section of1he &>ciety ofAmerican Foresters as part of ti~ process ofdrafting anew tnis.sion stare~ntfor the group.) The ex.isling forestry doctrine focused on wood production no longer serves our profession, society, or the Earth. The profession, therefore, needs to develop a new doctrine/philosophy embracing a land ethic and philosophy of ecosystem managemen1. This approach necessitates a reassessment of the adequacy of our ex.isting scienllfic foundations. Our mission must be expanded to the widest possible cooteitt: the preservation of life on Earrh. As foresters we are charged with this mission because we have accepted the role as stewards of what is perhaps the most critical 30% of the Earth's (land) surface. Our srewardshlp responsibility includes some of the most exuberant eitpressions of nature: the trends, this seems to be the direction in which the industry needs to move in the Southern Appalachians to be mon: sustainable over the long term and more regionally responsive. These changes would be only part of a necessary ongoing social and economic shift in the n:gion. Any economy, particularly in a forested area, that is growing faster than the trees can grow is moving too fast. An economy that kills its biological suppon system with toxic chemical pollutants needs to find new methods of production. Any area in which the local species cannot find secluded habitat is overpopulated and overdeveloped. These ills are obvious when our society is compared to the forest, the self-supporting, biological model for growth in our region. A sustainable forest products trade will not be attained immediately. The transition stage is critical. We can take immediate steps toward a more sustainable forestry: 1) Invest in the growth of high-grade hardwoods. This move appears risky in terms of the present economic climate. But the present economic climate is notoriously short-sighted, and long-term trends appear to justify this investment Landowners, however, do need to be educated about the value of improving timber sites and stands, as welJ as more careful logging in order to attain a sustained yield. 2) Provide tax relief for timberlands. Land that is currently being used for agriculture or forestry should be assessed at lower rates than development propenies. "Highest use assessment," in which land is assessed according to the most expensive use to which it could be put (usually subdivisions), virtually assures that the land will be put to that use. At present rates of interest., the only method that pays in the short term is to climax ecosystems of a green and .flowering world. They tend to suppor!_greater stocks of bi?mass and harbor a grea~er number of species than any other ~logic!'1 zone. ~orests play a ~Jor role ir· planetary recycbng of Carix?n, mtrogen anc.l o~g~n. They help detenrune temperature and nuofall. They constitute the major gene reservoirs of our planet, and they are-the main sites of emergence of new species. Life on_ Earth as we know it, human or non-human, IS dependent on our forests. And we, who call ourselves foresters_. are the . protectors of the ecosystems which make this incredi~le l~gacy of ?iversit)'. (>?SSibte. Ir [that protccnon] 1s our ulumate llllSs1on and, as such, must define and embrace all that we do as professionals. To fulfill this expanded mission we must rise to the challenge of recreating our relationship with the forest. We must now establish, as nearly as possible, a direct contact with our place within nature and begin to make our forest management decisions from that place. To accept this quickly clearcut all the young trees in a stand before they have had a chance to make their full growth. In the long run, careful and ecological logging that produces a sustained yield will pay off, but the initial returns are lower as the landowner improves the site and conditions the growing stock. Long-term, low-interest government loans or a capital gains tax differential for income on timber produced by ecological methods would help to make those methods competitive with industrial forestry practices and would make timber investments more competitive with other long-term investments for private owners. 3) States need to train and certify loggers. Two states in the bioregion are taking hesitant first steps in this direction. ~~ - ,.. challenge means that each of us must refuse t.o iux:ept.the least common dcno,;ninaror the loweit level of awareness of the forest that all membc;rs of our society can agree to, for this stifles change and persona) expansion. We must be willing to move beyond th.e comfortable and generally accepted doctrine the profession still clings to and forge a new _relationship that will permeate all levels of the profession. -. To accomplish this change wemust draw on the elemental energy within each of us _th~t originally drew us to this profession. Wuhin the SOlll"Ce of this energy some of us will find a fierce compassion and a true affection for the entire forest ecosystem. These are the fundamental fotees that will now drive our profession. The old doctrines of profit, fiber production, and primary loyalty ro employers will not disappear, but will be subsumed and integrated in their rightful place within the far more expansive vision of preserving life... • Excerptedfrom the April, 1991 issue of1"4 Journal of Foresuy. th4 publicauan of the Society of American Foresters. ~ Tennessee is one of several states that has received funding through the federal eittension service to start pilot logger education programs. Two one-week instruction courses run by the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service in cooperation with other groups and government agencies will provide training in ecological principles, best management practices, forest management, and safety practices. The North Carolina Forestry Association is also considering co-sp0nsoring training workshops for loggmg contractors with the state Division of Forest Resolll"CCs. Attendees would receive certificates of training and their names would be made available to landowners inquiring about responsible loggers. 4) Forest workers must defend the forests. Said Dr. George Weaver, head of the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Tennessee, "The forest products industry, like anyone else who has a stake in a resource, has to be responsible for maintaining and perpetuating that resource." Although he was speaking in a different context, his words ring true. Foresters should be some of our strongest environmentalists. Trees are pan of the forest community (or ecosystem); it is only logical that to protect the trees, one protects the forest that produces them. In the mountains, foresters and loggers should be vigorously "protecting the resource," in particular from the dangers of atmospheric deposition and the pressures of continuing land development. Forest scientists in the piedmont areas are already concerned that atm0spheric pollution might be affecting the growth·of softwoods there, and several studies have tested that connection. Other studies have (continued on page 22) :Fa£!, 1992 :Katuah )ournat p09e 21 �{continued from page 21) documented a connection between atmospheric pollution and spruce decline in the high-elevation coniferous forests. A clear cause-and-effect connection has not been conclusively proven between atmospheric deposition and Fraser fir die-offs, oak decline, dogwood blight, butternut blight, and hemlock decline. However, there is a common suspicion that pollution is implicated in the widespread and severe forest die-back. Other ecological macro-events, such as the gypsy moth invasion, global climate change, and the orone hole, are going to affect the condition of the forest, and foresters need to feel responsibility for these issues as well. . Aldo Leop<>ld spoke of our relationship with th 7forest m terms of "love and respect." Todar It would seem incongruous for a prominent ~orester to use such tenninology. What pracncal value could notions like "love" and "respect" have in forestry? Upon reflection, however, it can be seen that these are of the utmost value. They are, in fact, the very f~undation of a forestry that is truly sansfying and truly sustainable. The First People had been living in these mountains for 2,000 years of unbroken OC<:upation when they were discovered by the w~te settlers. Eve_n though it had supponed the1r culture for millennia, the forest still stood with a grandeur that awed the whites who centuries ago had sacrificed the ' European forests as "resources." There were - intentionally - less of the native people inhabiting the mountains, but that was not the sole reason for their longevity as a people. Their culture was based on love and respect for their bioregion and the other "nations" or species that shared the land with them. They directly addressed the spirits of the other beings tllTough song. Before hunting they addressed their prey in song, and after making a kill, they performed a brief ritual and offered a song of thanks. Recently the environmental group SouthPAW caused great amusement in the timber industry because they suggested in a Forest Service timber sale appeal that singing to the trees be used as a forest management technique. The group protested that the puiyose of their proposal was, of course, sanncal. They wanted to show that, whatever loggers thought of singing to the trees, it was preferable 10 the destructiveness of clearcutting. However, the South PAW proposal, so gleefully ridiculed in timber trade publications, hits directly home. Unless we have that sense of love and respect for the forest and the trees, well communicated by singing to them as the hunters of old sang to their prey, we wiJI not be able to develop a truly sustainable way of using wood in the Southern Appalachians. The day yet may come when loggers stand before a tree and, either silently or aloud, offer thanks for its life. We will know then that we are in balance with the forest and that we are well on the way toward a long-lived human culture here in the southern mountains. ~ Rick Parrish of the Southern Environmental Law Center is investigating the possibilities for initiating a Southeastern Institute for Sustainable Forestry. All those interested in supporting this effort may contact him at 201 W. Main St. (Suite 14); Charlottesville, VA 22901 (804) 977-4090. Forest Stewardship Programs # Two new programs offi:J help 10 landowners who wish lO mana11c their Corests wisely. The Forest S1ewardship Program helps landowners to devel~ s1ewardS.hip management plans for their folCSiS. The Siewardship Incentive Program offors financial help 10 enable Jandowntrs to carry out stewardship plans. Bolh programs wc,e created by the federal Fann Bill of 1990. and are supervised by SJ.ate forcsuy ai:encics, so they vary slightly from state to siate. Federal and sta1e forestry assisl311ce 10 pi:iva1e landowners is not new. What is new abont the Foresl Stewanlship/lncentive programs is the increased emphasis on non-timber val~. the degree 10 which these programs seek IO enable private landowners to ~cvc:lop and implement c0111prehensive plans to conservu wide range of land values, and the dcgteC of commitmel)L requ~ o! landowner.: participating in I.he programs. The new programs ~led in past from the growing controversies over public Jan4 managemt111 in the US. The public lands cannot meet all of our needs for wnber, wildlife (including non-game and endangered spocics) habitat, ~igh quality water nows, recreation. and beauty. Much or~ mosl potcnliaUy productive forestJs he.Id by priv.io landowners. This land could be bcuec managed. ~stewarclsbip -progrnms arc predicated on the bcijef lhat ll\ally privalC landoW!MJ.S will take good ¥ ol their f01C$1S it'they are given educatiollll, ,echnlcal, a,'ld financial help,~ some.recognition. .Landowners owning forested l!ICtS of Oan 10 to 1,000 a~ m a y ~ in ~stcwar~ programs;tQ ~ allllldo"1'tf mukt.naati: some senous comm~: • eqdgrsing tJfc ).)'Sign the •sie~ip aieecr s t ~ i p ~ti;! pledge tO Collow lbeir .slO'l¥8[~ip plan. ~L Z) Commit co improving at lc:&9l dne ol rou I"' ,d vp categ()qi:s ( wildlife_. soi.1/wAJet: timli<:r, '.& a,e f ~ ) and ~ n Ql'Pf1'{cct (l«ber values, ~) ~ i t ;t~d land w)Lfiin the tract~ Sl~ship.1118118~t. ' 41 Actively patficipate in sLe'IYirdsblp jlr.n develQl)llleru. 5) Abide by S1ale and (edc,:al JaW$ affcttin1 for~ activities. , In exe1iangc, for IIJ¢ sicw~blp comrnitmellt, Jhe atate will~ ~wnci, il'I clcveloping a st~dship plan lbat reflCClS thcu- desires fur thcit land. The plan would bedc-vel()pCd either by g(lvemment l1)SOIJroC' mQMgers or by private consuhanis, tunded through the: Stewardsllip l1*:nlive Program. °Tht" foreSUtef,'lltdship program.,; lll'O in &licit in(ancy, and it is diJTieulr tojudge wha{ the loilg-torm lmpaet,w1II be. &tate foresters in TCMe$SCC, North Carolina, South Carol:i'na, and G ~ reportlhat 110 10 l!ID sm-warw:liip plans ha~ been ~l&ed in each of lhesc sillies, and more are bcing-prcparc(1. -Je~JontS For /'/l(Jre informacio11 on 1/te;Fote,-1 Stewardship Pro_grams1n your arta. contacr-yowr stare Jor.estry dBenq, f"n(t, 1992 �,-- -.~ ·----·· ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY FOR RENEWABLE FOREST VALUES by Leon S. Minckler First, what is forest management? Traditionally, it has meant an array of practices designed to produce the most and cheapest timber products. The Society of American Foresters describes silviculmre as the science of "growing" forests. Unfonunately, this concept is widely prevalent. However, true forest management must encompass the whole forest ecosystem, including all its biological and physical factors. Forest management also needs 10 be sensitive to the preservation of the natural rhythms of the earth and the environmental and spiritual values desired and needed by mankind. The key word for forestry should be ecology: an awareness of the interconnections of species, site, climate, soil and soil organisms, water, topography, stress factors, and biological diversity. The real "products" of the forest include commodities and non-timber environmental values. The first objective of forest management must be the sustainability of the forest ecosystem itSelf. This is known as "land ethics." It's not a new concept, but it appears to be one many in forestry profession have drifted away from. Toe land ethic means that we do not "own" the land and waters. Instead, in a very real sense they own us by making life itself possible. The adulteration of natural processes and the overuse of natural resources impinges on our basic needs and desires and gradually renders the earth unlivable. Thus, forest managers can no longer afford to separate environmental and long term economic concerns. ON THE VARIABILITY OF FORESTS Ecological forestry is composed. of the following treatmentS: weeding, thinning, improvement cutting (fSI) and final harvest or regeneration cutting. When used sensitively, these practices are compatible with land ethics and can be implemented to attain biological diversity, aesthetics, water recreation, wild.life habitat, and spiritual benefits. Most foresters make timber production the prime objective of their forest management operations. Often, these foresters are only concerned with maximizing immediate economic returns. Unfortunately, many industry and public foresters confuse short-term profits with long-term sustainable economic returns and therefore ignore environmental valoes. How much is six inches of topsoil worth? How much is two weeks of forest recreation worth? Can aspects of Jove and enjoyment in a natural landscape even be tranSlated into dollars? We have reached the point in our industrialized society where these so-called amenity valoes must be thought about by the people who manage our forests to achieve these multiple values? Well, there is no one way to manage all fo~ts. This should be f"af.t, 1992 obvious, but contemporary production forestry has taken a different path: clear-cutting or single-dimension, one-shot forestry. The relationship between a patient and a doctor is a good metaphor to illuminate the way a forester should approach the management of a forest ecosystem. We must study and evaluate the forest's vital signs - its hydrology, productivity, and climate. We must think long and hard about the forest's internal structure and how we want the forest to appear now and many years into the future. We must decide what we want the forest to provide. And, most importantly, we must carefully consider how to preserve its longevity and natural health. Forests are heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Forests are vibrant and diverse, not streamlined plantations. Forest type, climate, elevation, aspect, past history (natural and human), soil-site, age class, and ecological interconnections are just some of the variables that distinguish each forest from another. CLEARCUTTING VERSUS GROUP SELECTION "Good silviculture emulates nature, but on a different scale." The ecological truth of this statement is borne out by long experience in the woods. By the practice of managing a forest for multiple objectives. By the careful cultivation of the environmental and commodity values of the ecosystem. My experience is mainly with the management of central, southern, and Appalachian mixed hardwood forests and I will focos on them; however, these same principles apply everywhere. Western and southern conifers, and pioneer species like aspen, poplar, and mid-west northern pines, have different ecological characteristics. They each have different ecological requirements and different responses to disturbance. Therefore, our silvicultural treatments must be individually tailored. Simply put, clearcutting does not emulate nature in the mixed hardwoods. These forests are naturally uneven-aged and highly diversified. They contain a wide range of species, age and size classes. They grow in a variety of site conditions. Group selection, however, imitates natural mortality and windthrow. Oearcutting advocates argue that clearcuts replicate wildfire bum patches. This statement is questionable in the arid West and almost irrelevant in the humid East where large, high-intensity forest fires rarely occur. More problematic is the fact that the nature and species composition of completely clearcut stands cannot be accurately predicted. On some sites pioneer species may regenerate. On other sites regeneration may be dominated by coppice sprouting from the root systems of the harvested trees. Still other sites may be entirely covered by maple or tulip poplar seedlings spread by the wind from a single source tree. In the end, however, clearcutting means conversion. It means that the species composition of the regenerated stand will be greatly altered by the end of the next rotation. It means the stand's native diversity and internal structure will be simplified and streamlined. While clearcutting may seem to be the cheap way to go, its long-term costs are excessively high. In order to control composition and growth, clearcut stands most be entered several times. Investments must be made for intensive forestry, fire protection, and intermediate cuttings. Moreover, the end product of clearcutting is a homogeneous forest with few large, high-quality trees. In the East, the Forest Service, and some other land managers, seem to be moving away from large clearcuts toward smaller patch cuts where two to five acres are harvested. Some may call this "group Drawing by Pegi (continued on next page) Xatuah Journat ~ 23 �(continued from page 23) selection," but in reality patch cutting is just a variation of clearcutting. Control is by area and the sites are cut without regard to tree size, species, or stand condition. This is an entirely artificial technique with no basis in ecological concepts. Wide-spread application of patch cutting will result in very peculiar forests. THE PRACTICE OF GROUP SELECTION Group selection is based on the same general concepts as single-tree selection. However, group selection is always combined with stand improvement cuts and efforts are consciously made to make small openings for new regeneration. The key word for the practice of group selection is flexibility. In preparation for group selection management. an inventory of the stand is made and trees are classified as growing stock, financially mature, low quality, undesirable species, high risk, unmerchantable culls, and wildlife trees. The growing stock (rotation potential) trees, from saplings to immature sawtimber and special wildlife trees, are left behind to grow. The others are cut or killed. Foresters base the size and spacing of the harvest opening on the condition of the forest. not mechanical, pre-determined patches of area. In general, shade tolerance, the ability to reproduce in the limited sunlight of the understory, is greater for northern hardwoods: American beech; birch; maple; and hemlock. Appalachian and central hardwood species (oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, ash, and cherry) exhibit an intermediate level of shade tolerance. Often they require more sunlight for successful regeneration than the northern species, but they will regenerate and grow vigorously in openings that are at least as wide as the height of the swrounding residual trees. Larger openings, one and a half to two times the size of the surrounding trees, produces better early growth. It is better to make detenninations of the opening widths based on the heights of swrounding trees, rather than arbitrary acreages, because it provides a more accurate means of measuring how much light is received and how large an opening will be required for adequate regeneration. The novel structure and ecological character of eastern mixed hardwoods makes it easy to create openings in one or two cutting cycles that favor the regeneration of native, site-adapted species. After harvest the whole forest, including the regenerated areas, is then subject to intermediate treatments, such as weeding, release, thinning and stand improvement, for example, scarification of openings on good sites by tractors can result in abundant yellow-poplar regeneration if seed sources are or have been present THE KASKASKIA EXAMPLE In my experience as a research forester on the Kaskaskia Experiment Forest, in southern Illinois' Shawnee National Forest, the worst of the forest's thirty-eight compartment's was a twenty-one acre tract of "poor farm woodland." It was a central hardwood forest with a history of two or three partial cuttings-- mostly what we now call "high grading" with no stand improvement If this stand had been clearcut in 1952 it would have yielded 3048 board feet of sawtimber per acre. However, instead of clearcutting this tract, as many contemporary production foresters no doubt would recommend, we chose to apply a series of ecological group selection and improvement cuttings. Drawing by Michael Thompson In 1952 and 1959, group selection volume cutting on the tract yielded a total of 1762 board feet per acre and killed sixty-seven cull trees (five inches in diameter breast height and larger) per acre. By I967, the forest- now a diverse mix of oaks, hickory and yellow-poplar-was a fully stocked stand of good growing poles and small sawtimber. Fifteen yea.rs after the first intensive group selection and stand improvement treatments, this poor farm woodland tract contained 3167 board feet of sawtimber and fifty-nine good growing stock pole trees five to ten inches in diameter per acre. Obviously, the role of in-growth was very imponant I returned to this stand in 1988 to find a beautiful forest of mixed hardwoods. Diversity was high and quality was unusually good because the poor trees had been eliminated. The differences between a silvacultural clearcut and the intensive group selection from the original stand are easy to calculate. Clearcutting would have yielded a total of 3048 board feet per acre and would have had no market for the many five inch to ten inch diameter poles trees cut Intensive group selection, on the other hand, yielded 1762 board feet ofsawtimber per acre harvested in 1952 and 1959 and left behind by 1967 a volume of3167 board feet of sawtimber per acre. The total volume for the fifteen year group selection was 4929 board feet per acre (1881 board feet more than the cleaicut would have produced), plus many healthy saplings, and living and dead wildlife trees. After forty years, the differences between the two alternative treatments in terms of non-timber environmental values would be astonishing. The group selection cut stand will provide a tall canopied, diverse forest, while the clearcut will be covered by twenty-five to thirty foot tall saplings and poles. The group selection stand will be managed as an uneven-aged forest with volume and diameter distribution controls, while the clearcut will be managed as even-aged stand with area controls. In the long run, clearcutting mixed hardwood forest ecosystems seldom can be justified for amenity, environmental, or timber values. Let me emphasize again that different forest ecosystems should not be treated in exactly the same manner. But foresters must make a choice. They can follow ecological laws and care for the creation or they can disrupt the ecological trends of the forest ecosystem for quick profits and ease of operation. The best regional example of this type ofcareful forestry is Walton and Dee Smith's Waldee Forest in Macon County, NC (see report in Katuah Journal #9). Leon S. Minc/cler is a consultant in tnvironmental fortstry from Blaclc.sburg, Virginia. Dr. Minckler spent 33 years with the Forest Service at four eastern Forest Expuimtm Stations doing research in the silvicuiture and ecology of hardwoods. ExcerptedfromForest Watch magazine. Nov.-Dec., 1990. Forest Watch is published by Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants (CHEC): 3758 SE Milwaukie; f'ortland, OR 97202. I 1 1'"a££, 1992 �DearKatuah, I was musing the other day on the fact that billions of people refuse to see that we're all one big group, and the verse ~mposed itself which, in tum brought to Ol.l.Od the inte~ined lines which should represent our goal of coming together, of a common mind, to begin to heal Ela, Mother Earth. I'm an incurable optimist- it will happen, sooner or later, when enough caring people wakeup. Keep on the path, Jeffery R. Zachary DRUMMI NG What the Big Trees Say Come. Don't be afraid. We were once small and skittish too. Now we have lived so long, stretched our arms so high, loved intensely our own piece of land, loved it so much that we stay fiercely, intimately attached to it, never leaving. Fidelity is an important value in our community. Stay true to your lovers, the sky, the sun, the Earth. We watch over the young things, bearing our leaves, giving them time to grow before we sprout our spring. We don't let young things grow too fast - we shade them from the sun after a while. We know that growth, the best kind of growth happens slowly. We grow just the way you do our hearts expand year after year as our trunks get wider. That's the real growth, you know. Our roots mix more with the Earth while our tops stretch more toward the sun. We span and measure the distance between the sun and the Earth, between the darkness and the light. The gift we bring you is the gift of growing beyond youth, the gift of being in one place so long that your heart spreads wisdom wide, each_ year encircling more and more. We bnng maturity, a sense of deep belonging to an environment. We bring the courage to stand strong and alone as individuals, yet work together with the other plants, animals, rocks, soils and trees in our community. We can teach you how not to become stunted jn your growth, how to seek out the light places where the sun lets you grow. When you cut us down you remove that wisdom we hold for you: Maturity, Depth, Growth, a Widening Heart. Susan Klimczak Dear Katuah, Only just recently have I ~me aware of your flourishing ex_istence - picked you up on a table at the Tunle Island Bioregional Congress V near Hunt, Tens - didn't meet the folks who brought you there. Then a few days lacer I met one Billy of the Billys (of "Billy Home and Gardens, Ashevi~e") - but just briefly. Issue #34 was a hum~ger sustainable agriculture is a hot topic on my personal agenda. Articles by Bane, Hollis, Barnes, et al really cut to the core of the matter. I'm excited to imagine how much more material you have coverd with a similar depth of understanding and presentation. I want to take you up on your offer of back issues - find check enclosed. I'd like to bob with the ripples you're sending across the pond. Truly, Hal Strickland Johnson City, TX Drawing by Jeff Zachary ran:. 1992 Dear Katitalt, Is prescribed burning really best for our forests? I question this. What is the real answer? Sam Booher • Is prescribed burning best for our forests? That is still very much an open question. A careful reading of Karuah Jour_ nal #33 will reveal that it appears that the species composition of today's forest has been influenced by excessive human-caused ~s. particularly in the wake of the greatloggmg boom. For species such as Table Mountain pine, that is not such an i?'1pon~t . consideration. One of their specific ecological functions is to recolonize areas burned by fire. But how about oak trees? There is . accwnulating evidence that their presence 1s somehow linked 10, or at least encouraged by, fire. If fire were removed completely, ii might inhibit the presence of oaks considerably. Since the loss of the chestnut, oaks are a critical mast producer; many (continued on next pagcl �}ccrlllnl*I fmm pea• 1S) wildlife species, including black bears, depend heavily on acorns for their livelihood. Until the chestnut returns. we need to mainmin the oak trccS, and it might require fire to do it This is just one prominent example among many. So, while we all lOYC the feel of deep humus developed under a long-standiJ?g grove of old-growth trccS, we cannot issue a blanket condemnation of fire and its role in the forest. Naturally derived or not, the forest may have come to depend somewhat on fire. We may have to utili2.c fire 1 make a . 0 ttansition to a more narural system. It 1 also s possible that we will have to maintain it indefinitely. . What is narural? A provocanve question. There probably is no final answer. READING RESOURCES LOGGING Books raw stumps jut up through layers of autumn, ! Bwuon, Barry, and Malinda Cruu:htidd, eds.; The Great Fou st: An AppalachiDII Story (The Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1985) whole~han$ in potential falling throufl' live limbs sttairung to break, board-length ttunks cut clean of appendages lie in parallel murder wounds Japing from chain teeth Clary, David; Timber and the Forest Service (Univeisity Press or KllrlsM, Lawrence, 1986) de Steigucr, J.E.; L.W. Hayden; D.L. Holley, Jr.; W.G. Luppold; W.G. Manin; D.H. Newman; and R.M. Shelfield; Southern AppalacNOII Tunbtr Sru.dy, (US Forest Service, Soulheasicm Forcs1Expcrimcn1 Station, General Technical Report SE-56) Susan Parker Weatherford -OW Eller, Ronald. D.; Miners, Mil/hands, and I THINK OF THOSE Mountai~ers: /ndu.srriallzation of the Appalachian Souih, 1880-1930 (University or Dear Karuah, Hello and Thanks! Please keep me on I think of those who have lost the luck your mailing list. I read both issues from They will never sec again, cover to cover. I am in the process of How the hours dwindle down to so much dust simplifying my life. I wan_t to.live i!' hru:mony And the evenings arc stow and labored with nature and your pubhcanon will bring Like a dying man's breathing, me much needed information along with a How the morning comes tacking promise sense of connectedness with others of like With sunshine hidden behind clouds. mind. l lhink of those who have tried to break The life-long spell of neglect; Thank you, I think of the conquered, Blessing and Light The ones who sought the prize and were lert, . MacClarlc Solitary performers, reciting thei r lines to an audience of air. .. Tennessee Press; Knoxville: 1982) Fri12, Edwo,d C.; Clearcutting . A Crime Against Nature (Eakin Press, Austtn, 1989) I Hllrris, Larry 0.: Tht Fragmented Forest: ls/Md Biogeography and the Preserwmon of Biotic Diversiry (Universi1y or Chicago Press: Chicago: 1984) Jackson. Laura E.; Mo11111au1 Treasures at Risk. The Fuiure ef the Southern Appalachian National Forests (The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC, 1989) ' Leopold, Aldo; A Sand CounJy Almanac (Od ord University Press; Cambridge: 1949) (continued &om peg• 19) causing political and economic friction . ~ nee again, as in the Pacific Northwest, the big companies are victimizing the small operations which are more dependent on the national forests and are caught in the squeeze between greater competition for timber and a growing concern for sustainable forest management As they did bef~ the large~ companies are employmg scare tactJcs by lhrearening massive job reductions and making accusations that conservation groups are advocating socialist control of privllC lands. Their aim is to use these claims to detraet from the true issue: that new scientific evidence is showing that current forest management of both public and priva1e lands is not sustainable and lb.at swiu:hing to a more natural form of management. such as selection silvicuhure, would create new jobs for smaller companies while at the same time protecting our native ccosysaems. Fonwwely, we in the Southeast have an advantage against cuporatc effons to divide our people. For ~ l e , in T ~ an alliance rl 40 hardwood timber comparues has organized to fight the chip mills. Indications are that the communities are realizing that if we are to ldcqualely proccct our forests we must accomplish tw0 things: we must embrace a new land ethic, and we must support our neighbors in the timber business who along with the environment have been the real p= ~JoumaL palJB28 victims of bad management policy. We must push f~r posi~ve incentive~ for our local industnes until they can adJust to a form of forest management more compatible with our environment I Minckler, Leon S.: WoodlaNI Ecology: Envirorrmtlll4I Forestry for the Small l.aNwwnu. (Syracuse University Press; Syracuse; 1975) Perlin, John; A Foru t Jouniq: TM Role ef Wood in In conclusion, we must listen to the words of Leopold, who once said, "~n ethical obligation on the pan of the pnvate land owner is the only visible remedy for these situations." Stated another way, the key to good forest management, w ~ it be~ ~blic or private land, will ulbmalCly be individual involvement The evidence of past abuse and the conclusions drawn from recent scientific research combine to support the case for a revision of policy based on a shift in values. We must change our priorities from a focus on short term commodity output to an emphasis on sustainable commun~ : The remedies we use to correct these policies must include choosing the wisest I ~. treating our land with respect, and abstaining from oven:onsumpcion. The choioe is a matter of ethics. Buzz Williams was formerly employed as afortst technician/or the US Forut Service but lost his job wlten lte protested excessive timber salu. He is now working as rite Southeastern Program Director efthe Association of Forest Service Employees f or Eff'llironmelllDl Ethics (AFSEEE). , tht Dtvtlopment ofCivilizalion (Nonon: 1989) Robinson, Gonion: T/te Forest a1ld tht Trtts: .4 Gllidt to Excellent Forestry (lsland Press; 1988) Schenck. Cart A.: TIie Birtli ef Forutry ilt "1Mrica · TIie Biltmore Forut School 1898-1913 (The ; Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1974) Sloane, Eric; .4 Rtvtmice f or Wood (Henry Hoh & Co., l990edilion) Te,cll, Hugh and Bedlel Jr. High School Eighth GradeClals. SoNJ1110:ValleyofthtMoon: • Sut&btust (historical interviews with former woatas • the Sunburst Lumber Co., 1978) Articles Brothers. Robert; "Respectful Forestty," in In Con/Ul, Winter, 1984 ·ean Foresras Romance a Land Elbie?". theme of April, 1991 issueoClheJollTMl efForestry. L...-------------Falt, 1992 �THE CHAIR IN THE TREE There is a special advantage to working with green wood in doing joinery, the assembling of the chair. I use mortise and tenon joints. The mortise is simply a hole partway through the vertical post and the tenon is a tongue on the horizontal rung that fits into the hole. I put the rungs into a small 1ciln for a couple of days to get them bone dry befOl'C I make the tenons. To form the tenons, I have a cutter that works on my brace. The ten0n cutter is matched to my drill size to give an extremely close tolerance. It forms a tenon that is oversiud by about 1/U)() of an inch. I make the mortises while the post is still green. Green wood shrinks as it dries, so after the pieces are joined the mortises dry around the tenons and lock them into place. That makes a tighter joint than anything that can be done with kiln dried lumber. Assembling the chair can be tense, but it is satisfying. I use a rawhide mallet ro . 1moclc the pieces into place. It's a fine feeling to watch all those pans that I made laboriously one by one come together to become a whole chair. I protect the finished chair frame with a few coats of tung oil. I like the natural colors of the different woods, so I don't use any stains. The chairs darlcen slowly and evenly as they age. by Tucker Windover I live now in Madison County and I have been working wood for nearly two years. For me, interest and somc~s inspiration come from the wc:><x! 1~lf - from walking in the woods, from sphnmg firewood. or from seeing a fine table or cabineL Different woods have their own smells and textures. When you become curious about wood, and begin woodworking with a ttcc, you can never be sure exactly what you are getting into. Any piece of wood could contain hidden knots, a twisted grain, or a beautiful curly figure. There is wide variety, even within the same species, so you can't know what to ex~. The cha.irmaking process stanS with finding wood in the fo_rcsL ~u~ting wood reminds me of fly-fishing - n gives me an excuse to be out in the woods. I find myself wandering around looking for tn:CS, or sometimes just wandering around. I remember those moments as I go through the process of buil~g ~ chair. -ro ~p that connection in mind 1 very sansfying. s Like any logger, I am usually looking for trees more than 14 inches in diameter. I search for oak and hick<X')'. Occasionally I have found ash in this area, but I have never used iL Black walnut is always a nice possibility, if you can luck into iL I don't saw the logs into boards. Instead, I split the log into four even sections or qlWterS with wedges and a sledge hammer. Every time I open up a log, I feel anticipation as I drive in one wedge after another until it spliu apart. Ideally tl';C log. splits into two perfect halves. Sometimes n snaps open with a sharp "crack!," and.the two halves roll apan as ncally as opemng a book. Sometimes I fight and tear and cuss and finally have to haul out the axe to get the stubborn log to spliL So~ are hopes and disaPt>Ointments. I never know what experiences lie inside a given ~. and I n~ know bow many chairs a log will make until all the pans are shaved down to their final sizes. Finding good chair legs and rungs in a log is tricky business. To get my "rough stock" (wood which is roughly the siz.e of my finished chair pans), I split the quarters by a process called "riving," which is carefully CO!'trolled splitting. Trees such as oak, hickory, and ash arc called "ring porous woods" aDC;1 are the easiest to split this way, due to their pattern of annual growth. Their spring and early . summer growth consists of large-por:ed. airy cells. while their late season growth 1s dense. The ttcc thus becomes a wrapping of well-defined strong and weak layers. Splitting along these layers is controllable and reasonably predictable. I ming this rough stoelc to the shaving horse - a low bench with a jaw that grasps the wood just below the c~ lev_l of someone c sining on the horse. The Jaw is opened and closed with a foot treadle. With the stoelc held Falt, 1992 steady in the jaw, I carefully shape out the chair pans with a drawlcnife and a spokeshave. A spokeshave is a small to0l that has a mounted blade with a handle on either side. It is designed especially for working rounded surfaces. lt was first used to make wagon wheels - hence its name. I work the wood while it is still greeg. Wood is much softer when it is green and thus men suitable for working with hand tools. I measure and mule my pieces. but I also have to rely on my hands and my eyes. To get a really fine finish on my chairs. I use a finely tuned spokeshave. Sandpaper abrades wood. To get a clean finished surf~ on wood most chainnakas use a lcecn-cutbng hand plane or spokeshave. A good spokeshave can cut a shaving that is thinner than tissue paper. It is simple in design. but it is a remmbblc IDOL Wood shaved by hand has a texture which 1alhcd wood lacks. It sometimes rcuins curves or pccutiarim that are reminiscent of the ttcc's original growth. There might be a tiulc knot, a little bit of twist, or a wormhole. Different woods feel different in your hands when you arc working th~ They give differently under the drawknife. Some are troublesome and can be a challenge ro shave down to a clean surface. Red oak can be very coarse, while hickory shavings tend to be more even and smooth. You can 1eam to recognize green woods by their smell as well as by their feel. Walnut is a favorite wood of mine. It has a wonderful smell It's greaa to have a ~e of walnut shavings in the shop. Red oak lS sometimes called "piss-oak" because of its smell. But it never bodlcn me. I like bow wood smells. Hickory bark is my favorite ma1eria1 for making chair seats. The bark must be harvested in the spring or early summer. At that time of year, when ~ is rapid growth and lots of moisture in the tree, the bark is tender and easy to wark. I choose a sapling (CClllliaad cm Mlll pap) �~continued rrom page 27) make any sense. I recently saw a videotape of an old man from Switzerland, a cooper. He was obviously a master craftsperson. Although he had great dexterity and technical expenise, what impressed me the most was how completely this man was absorbed in his work. While he was working in his shop, he was in his place. This clement of crafunanship - this combination of composure and concentration - is what work is about. If that element of lhe craft is lacking, lhen our labor is incomplete. Fine craftsmanship requires complete attention. But to achieve lhis level of attention, a woodworker needs to understand - to see and to experience - the whole process of lhe object he has wrought, from the forest to the finished piece. There are times when I feel at home with my work. Of course, some days it just feels like hard work. But there are other days when it is sweet, so sweet, to listen to and shave off the outer bark, exposing the inner bark, which is quite pretty. I score lines one inch apan the length of the tree with a jackknife, and peel off the inner bark one strip at a time. I use this inner bark to weave the chair seat. Any woodworker learns quickly that in order to make a living, the hand tool must be dropped at some point and the electric powered tool needs to be used. The process of building a single chair is simply too labor intensive. For myself, however, I am not sure how to define the line where handwork drops off and machine work begins. Machines make production many times easier and faster; but what good is there in having so many cheap mass-produced objects? The real concern is: to what extent have machine tools improved crafrsmo.nship? Here, we need to understand what craftsmanship really is, which is hard to do because there are so few craftspeople around any more. To find someone who can take clay or glass or wool and turn it into something that is beautiful and functional as well, that is a truly wonderful thing. Machines have not made better craftspeople; they have eliminated them, which does not sh,viog, ,,.., off <he woode/ ~ Drawing by Hope Walker Plwto by Elmu Holl "The area's oldest and latgcst natural foodsgroo?fY " c.o"'°'illG- •oo~ Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies CA.~~s ,ao &6~ aaoc,. C"-\\~~lt,N.C. 2.1-,,r Ill l)•llc,c234 -NC287J9 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 ~)6934>l35 speaking f2.r..the earth. whole earth grocery dclcr of Big Cove 1pealu of tndiliom and 1inp the Booger Dance, Crcco Coro Dance and ' ·, .·. '\ I r1 .. NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT PREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Rd. Boone. NC 28607 Xotilah Jou.mat page 28 ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVlNG 446 e.parkway aaft center • suite 11 gatlinburg, tennessee 37738 615-436-6967 ~ 14,\ othen with drum and rattk. WHERE THE RAVENS ROOS1 .:.: f'ril (704) 264-5220 Cherokee traditional tongs of Walker Calhoun Sn£Cnsx> AS Ml OOl"STAl,'l)fl,IQ RlUt R£coaDrNQ 8Y THE UIIMltT 0/F• Talking Leaves is a moothly journal of deep ecology, inspired penoual activism rooted in wthm spirituality. Past issues have featured articles by Gary Snyder, Swbawk, Jobo Seed, Joanoa Macy, Bill Devall, Looe Wolf Circles. Barbara Mor, etc. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a speus for the oannl world and for the rekindlioa of our own wild spirit COH(IJIBSS CMmn AND IIOOICLIT S 12 Moul<TAIN HDITA<lt CDrn:ll WIS"lnN CAllOLIN,\ UNTVtUlTY Cuu.ow8i:!, NC 28723 Subscriptions arc $18.00 one year/ SZA.00 outside U.S. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a 1430 Willamette 1'361 Eu,-, OR 97401 503/342-2974 Taft, 199rz �Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher These are some of my observations on how to study trees in a grove with an eye to recognizing che invisible forces at work. In order co find a grove, the first thing you have to do is gee off the main trail. Hiking trails are almost always arbitrary cues that slice across the forest. Exceptions to this are the Indian trails which were the original animal runs or bison trails. Trees do eventually accommodate the presence of the artificial trails, but this is a process that can take several generations of human lifetimes. To get to a grove, I recommend walking barefoot to minimii.e the impact on the forest floor and also to stimulate one's sensual awareness by immediate, direct contact with the earth. Finding a magic grove is something like searching for morel mushrooms. It requires quiet observation, stealth, and perseverance. The object is to find a grove where the trees have no particular relationship with humans but are primarily connected in a group with each other. A grove is defined by specific physical boundaries which may be water, rock formations, or an abrupt change in vegetati9n. The shape of a grove is usually circular. I can most easily recognize a grove if I am looking for a nature spirit home or settlement. To some there may be a question of whether the nature spirits created a grove in a particular way to accommodate themselves or whether a certain panem of tree growth attracted the nature spirits. I think it is co-creation of both the trees and the spirits or of the visible and the invisible. I do recognize a grove as having specific character which changes even a few feet away. A grove supports more variety of life than the trees immediately outside the grove. lfl want to understand the relationships of trees to each other in a grove, I need to stay very quiet and observe as a detached outsider. The tree itself is an interface of superimposed spatial realities. There is energy at every level of the tree, from the deepest taproot all the way up the trunk into the canopy and above the crown. These energies can be felt, or seen as color and/or shape. Those who can see nature spirits describe this creative energy as a variety of spirits which live on one tree. (I am thirucing particularly of Geoffrey Hodson who watched nature spirits change shape and size as they fluidly dissolved in and out of the solid mass of the tree.) Auras of trees blend with each other. Mature trees have expansive auras which bathe nearby younger trees in their light. l believe this is a generational nourishing and teaching process in which the older trees influence the younger trees. Like people, trees can take on a predominate level of energy which can be defined as chakra level or specific role playing. Native Americans referred to trees as the Standing Men because, like us, trees ThC£, 1992 stand upright between heaven and earth. A grove is a family group of separate beings that at the same time creates the one Standing Man represented by all the trees playing different pans to make the whole. What I call the grounded tree is analogous to the grandmother or grandfather and may be the oldest, largest tree. Much like the function of the feet of humiµ1s, this tree is particularly adept at bringing earth energy up through the roots and trunk and making this earth nourishment available to the plant life in the immediate vicinity. It helps in the nourishing process as does the binhing tree, the mother tree. The seeds from the mother tree are particularly potent. There may be more nature spirit activity around these trees, especially of the kind of nature spirit interested in seed saving and propagation. The mother tree supports an abundance of life of every kind. Birds and forest animals are attracted to the mother tree. Moss and growth of all kinds will be abundant on the trunk. The boughs of the tree may extend to neighboring trees in a nesting kind of way. Unusually lush patches of wildflowers or many sapling trees will grow close to the mother tree. The beauty tree is particularly graceful in form and is a joy and inspiration to all the other trees. The speaker rree is the communicator and the mediator. It understands the language of many life forms and relays information. Of all the trees in the grove the speaker tree is the one most likely to speak to humans. If one spends a long enough time under a speaker tree, the tree will begin to influence one's thoughts. It has listened to the stories of woodland animals and migrating birds. It knows about the health of its species and about trees in other parts of the world. The spire tree is the tree in the grove most resp~>nsible for bringu'!g in the cosmic energies. It is usually the talfest tree. It has the most far-reaching view. It helps open up the species or the grove itself into inter-dimensional reality. The reaching bough trees are the good neighbors, the loving trees. They intertwine their limbs with nearby trees and twist their trunks toward their neighbors. They extend the wannth and comfon of their being to the other trees. Not every grove will contain all these types of trees. This is only an indication of the outward form of what I think is an awareness of trees for each other. Young trees do not have enough character to have assumed importance in the relationships of the grove. But if a mature tree is destroyed, then a younger tree, even an understory tree, can be groomed by the nature spirits to replace the old tree. If this happens, the characteristic traits of the mature tree will begin to manifest in the smaller, chosen tree, which may be of a different species. I·know of one grove in which several prominent "trees" are actually old-growth ,,# rhododendron. p Drawing by Pegi �The North Carolina American Chestnut Foundation If the American Chestnut tree is to once again compliment the mountains of the Katuah bioregion, your help will be needed. This is not a hybrid tree. Planted here on a half-acre of land are some forty-seven true American chestnut seedlings. But they cannot grow on such a limited piece of land. They need many acres on which to spread their magnificence; where both human and animal can enjoy their fruits. This is a hypovirulent strain, and therefore blight-resistant. Such trees usually survive attack by the fungus Endotlua parasirica. These seedlings have come from old trees that have resisted the virus. By constant checking and proper nunuring, we may re-establish this tree in our moutains. Will you help? These seedlings must be transplanted into their permanent home no later than February or March of 1993. They are three year old seedlings. and doing just fine now, but they will need land to mature on. Money (for more trees and help in bringing them to maturity) is needed and so is a great deal of acreage. The more land available, the more of these special trees can be grown, and the more the land and wildlife will gain. Are there old farms no longer being fanned for whatever reason? ls their acreage unused? Are there landowners who have no children to leave their land to, who would rather see it go to something beneficial to the Earth and the many animals for whom the chestnut was a staple food? Would you be interested in supporting the chestnut rather than have your land go to the State where, too often, wealth or political power, permit clear-cutting and destruction instead of caring? This work is not for profit. Do you remember as a child the beauty of the tree, and the unmatchable flavor of chestnuts cooked in an iron skillet over an open fire? That beauty and the joy of chestnuts can be shared with today's young people, and tomorrow's. We must have a deep and abiding faith that God will touch the hearts of those who can help this effort to allow these trees their full potential. If you want to help and be a part of this worthwhile goal, generations to come will be forever grateful. Dorothy Diclcson The North Carolina Amtrican Chestnut Foundation l l ] Awumn lane llarri.sonburg, NC 28075 (The North Carolina Amtrican ChestnUJ Foundation is not offiliattd in any woy wirh the American Chestnut FoundallOn.) RARE SPEOES NEED HELP! The Biodiversity Legal Foundation (BLF) is calling on grassroots environmenral activists with a strong biological interest and legal orientation to develop comprehensive reviews of the biological status and distribution of inadequately protected rare and endangered species in the East. Information cpllected in these status reviews will be used to develop and implement effective administrative, legal, and public education programs on behalf of the species or subspecies. These are all species that the Biodiversity Legal Foundation considers to be biologically threatened or endangered. but that have not been added to the official list of federally protected species under the Endangered Species Act Species of special concern requiring priority status reviews in the Appalachian states include: Brachymenium andersonii Cy/indrocolea andersoni Psoralea macroplcylla (scurf-pea) Solidago plumosa lesquerella perf orata (Spring Creek bladder pod) Lesquerella sronensis (Stones River bladder pod) The Biodiversity Legal Foundation conducts biological research to identify species that are in need of protection under the Endangered Species Act and provide the necessary documentation to press petitions before the US Fish and Wildlife Service for endangered species status. BLF staff will cooperate in the development of conservation and recovery plans for petitioned and listed specie:s or will develop legal actions to compel federal and state agencies to comply with the laws intended to protect natural diversity, as is appropriate. Contact: The Biodivusiry ugal Foundation Boz 18327 Boulder, CO 80308 ~vl-~,~-,~ w -~ V' Alternatives ... The Dirt1ctnry of lntt-ntional ConfJ,wnlllt!. is lhe prod· < uct of two years of intensive research. and is lhe most comprehensive and accurate di.rectory available. It documcnis lhe vision and lhc daily ltfc of more lhan 350 communities in North America, aud more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address. phone. and a dcsc,ip•Jon of lhc group. Extensive cross-rcfcrcnr,ni; and mil'-• ing makes lhe infonnation easy to access for., wide vancty of users. Includes maps, over 250 atldit.ional kesourcc listings, and 40 rclared articles. Programs to encourage self ond Earth oworeness. celeblolion. kinship ond hope. Covi~ffiN'i·1·11·~~ Perfcctbouud • Youth Camps • School Programs • Famlly Camps· Te&cher Tra,n,ng • Community Program• • Camp Slaff Training • Outdoot Program Consulting Octobu I990 ISBN Number: 0 9602714-1-4 .~°P P.O. Box 1306 Gon.,burg. Temessee 3n33 6 15--436-6203 328 pages 11-1/hll ~ • •L ~: w t $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & handling ror first book. $.50 for each aJdt1ionJl; 4u% <l rM:ount on orders of 111 w more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (509)~5102 REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNO/II· FM P.O. Box 804 Spindolc, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 ,=-on, l 992 �TRANSFORM Transportation in NC The Four Directions: Native Literary Magazine The Snowbird Publishing Company of TelJico Plains, TN is owned by Native American Indians and publishes works by native people. Now !he company is offering The Four Directions American Indian literary Quarterly. The magazine will make available the poetry, short stories, anicles, historic narratives, and artwork of the native peoples. Tt will also fearure commentary on issues facing the native tribes today: education, health, women's issues, thefts of native artifacts ("professional" as well as "amateur), and environmental issues. The first two issues of The Four Directions Literary Quarterly are now on sale. Snowbird Publishing Company is owned by Joanna and William Meyer of Tellico Plains. Joanna is Cherokee/Navajo; William is Cherokee/Creek. Between them, the two have much experience in writing, editing, and publishing, as well as working in native communities on issues of concern to the native people. William has been assistant editor and reporter for the American Indian Historical Society and its newspaper Wassaja. He was also editor of publications for fndigena, Inc., an international organi7.ation of native peoples based in Berkeley, CA. With Burke Armstrong, he co-founded American Indian News Team, the first national Indian news agency. TM Four Directions A=rican Indian literary Quarterly is available for $21.00 for four issues from Snowbird Publishing company; Box 729; Tellico plains, TN 37385. CaU (615) 546-7001. POWER TO THE PESSIMISTS! "What's happ'nin'?" Here's how to find out - what's cool and what's not, what's drab and what's hot. lt's Power 10 the Pessimists, a rare glimpse into the mind of (some ot) today's young people, freely offered by the students themselves. The mystery publisher of P llJ the P is identified only as Monrovia, thought to be a student at the Mountain Heritage High School in Burnsville, NC. The stapled newsletter is all '90's - xerographies, paper gra.fitti, poems, personal (very!) statements, random decorative art pieces (doodles), and lots of tenth grade wit and wisdom This paper even has "sensitive boy poets!" - and you thought they were dead! Young people will want to check out Power to the Pessimists as valuable communication. Older people will relish,the perspective it offers on the world as the coming generation sees it. (So, obviously, it's a publication for everyone.) Entertaining and insightful, P co the P is.. .is.. Js... fresh! And definitely worth picking up on. Contacl Power 10 IM Pessimists al: 1890 Hannah Branch Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714 (IL's only $5.00 for one year - bu1 !hey deserve better lhan lhaL) Spurred by a recent series of articles published in the North Carolina Independent, a group of North Carolina citizens gathered on the lawn of the state capitol in Raleigh September 10 10 announce the formation of the NC Alliance for Transportation Reform. The group consists of individuals from many different backgrounds. Some members are veteran road-fighters who want to protect their yards or neighborhoods from intrusive projects. Some are people who see our automotive lifestyle as one that the natural world cannot afford. Others believe they should not be paying the high tax rates that come with unneeded highway projects. The statewide group proposes that the the current system of political favoritism be replaced with <?ne that gives o~ary ci~ens, environmental1sts, planners, pubhc transit advocates, and the scientific community more authority. Transponation Reform would abolish the Highway Trust Fund (transponation funding would be subject to the same rules and budget procedures as all other state projects), and it would require the DOT to use environmental standards that meet or exceed federal regulations. The group will target gubernatorial and legislative candidates during the 1992 election and it will ask the two candidates for state auditor to commit to an in-depth performance audit of the DOT. For more information, write: N.C. Alliance for Transportation Reform; Box 1002; Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514, or call western North Carolina contact Rusty Sivils at (704) 258-8737. Drawing by Hope Walker 1492-1992: NEW VISIONS NEW ALLIANCFS Wbile many ,cc the issues ofColwnbus' invasioa u SOO )UIS in lhc past. llw:rc by ~ob Messick Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in I<atuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: Rob Messick Rt.8, Box323 Lenoir, NC 28645 Tact, 1992 arc about 1.4 million original North ~ among us loday. They Olce • wide range or life and death issues lo which newer Americans ue o'14I blind. 1491,1991.- NEW VJSJONS, NEW ALLJ. AJ.K:ES provides insights Ullo lhe Europe from ~b Columbus Jmmcbed bis Y(Tj· ages, a mon: realistic portrayal of North American histoiy followmg lhe European mvasioa. and ccamplcs of lhc battles Native AmcritaDS musl still f'3hl lod3y. 30 pp. S4 each. Sl.SO for IS or more. ENERGY rooLS ·l·lfMJ~G, WAWDS· MtD ICIN€ BAGS C.RYSTALS•TI\Ll<INC:i STICl(S • DRU~.S • MEDI C.INE STAFFS•SiONES ANO MO~ ASHEVILLE. NC 704-158- tt'l~I Return to: Mobilization for SUrvival 328 Flatbush Ave., Suite 155 Brooklyn, NY 11238 Drawing by Michael Thompson '.K.atuah Jou.mat page 31 �events 'l WAYNESVILLE, NC Meditation Retreat gives you the chance IO spend the weekend with your reflective self. Leon Frankel, resident managet of Stil-Light Theosophical Retrea1 Center, will offer instruction in basic breath-awareness meditation toclmiques. Pre-register: $40 plus meals and lodging. For more info on this and other programs, contaet Stil-Lighl, Route I, Box 326, Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-4569. ASHEVILLE, NC Reading the Inner Tree is a short course on tuning into tree energy. Learn to recognize special trees and magic groves with facilitator Oiarlotte Homsher. Pre-register. S35 for beginners' two-session class on Ociober 3 and IO. Advanced class will be Octobu 24, and cost $25. For more info, call (704) 253-5917. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Southeast Light Linlc '92 is a regional network gathering for those involved in planetary uansformation. The agenda includes large and small cucles to share ideas, resources, visions ... no workshops! Pre-register.$115 includes meals and lodging. For info, contact Anne Gillis, 4311 Harvest Hill Road, Memphis, TN 38141. (901) 761-3435 or (901) 362-8431. 27-29 CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival at the Ceremonial Grounds. Traditional dancing and costumes, dance competitions. For info, call (800) 438-1601. 6-10 30-11/1 WESSER, NC 10th Guest Appreciation Festival and Used Equipment Sale will include music, mini-courses and general family fun. For info on this and other events, CODll!Cl the Nantahala OuldoorCcntcr, 41 Hwy 19 West., Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. NORRIS, TN Tennessee Fall Homecoming is a celebration of traditional mountain culture at the }fuscum of Appalachia. Music, crafts and demonstrations of rural life skills, in addition IO the Museum's regular exhibits. For info, call the Museum at (615) 494-7680. 7-11 SEPTEMBER 18-30 WASHBURN, TN Intensive Pennaculture for the Southeast is an intensive course offering practical training in the design of agricultural ecosystems with the diversity and long-term sustainability of the natural world.Course will be held at Narrow Ridge Farm and will focus on strategies and techniques for the Katuah bioregion. Contact: Chuck Marsh; Box 1488; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-3535. ASHEVJLLE, NC "Kituwah" - the second annual iniertribal Native American culrural celebration. Drumming and dance competition, traditional crafts sale, juried fine ans show and an educational program for kids will all happen at the Asheville Civic Center. Admission: $5-10. For mo.re info, call (704) 252-3881. SWANNANOA,NC Drum andRanle Making Wodcshop with Hawk Hurst. For more info about this and other programs, contaet the Earth Center. See 10/10. 23-25 3 ASHEVILLE, NC WNC Alliance Annual Membership Meeting is open IO the public as the Alliance marts its lCllth anniversary. Agenda includes workshops and legislative update. Pre-register. SIS includes lunch. For info, contact the AlJjance, 70 Woodfin Place, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 258-8737. 3 1 7-JS NOVEMBER 6-8 10 SWANNANOA, NC Dance for the Ancestors will follow the monthly Full Moon Lodge at the Earth Center. All-night dancing, singing and drumming to honor the Native People, five hundred years after Columbus. Families are encouraged to come. For more info, contact the Eanh Center, 302 Old Fellowship Road, Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. ~ GREAT SMOKIES PARK Appalachian Crafl Jubilee will provide an oppornmity IO learn traditional mountain craft techniques in basketry, pottery, weaving and other crafts. Pre-register: $100 includes meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contac1 Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont, Rt I, Box 700, Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-67()() 7 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge begins at noon each month, followed by a shared meal. cau the Earth Center for more info. See 10/10. 24-27 CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day is a celebcation of the music, dance, crafts and folklifc of Katuah. Shape-note singers, gunsmiths, storytellers. quilters and others will be on hand, in addition to the Mountain Heritage Center's exhibits. For more info, contact the Center at Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723. (704) 227-7234. 26 11 FULL MOON/ HUNTERS MOON 10 FULL MOON/ BEAVER MOON DECEMBER HELEN, GA Falling Leaves Rendezvous will offer serious instruction in the ans and lifeways of indigenous people. Skills include making fire by friction, stallcing and tracking, tool making, plant identification. lnstuctors will be Darry Wood, Snowbear, and others. For info, contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi Stare Part, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. 15-18 2-6 HOT SPRINGS, NC From Confusion IO Enlightenment is the title of a meditative retreat led by Thubten Chodron. an American Tibetan Buddhist nun. Pre-register: S 150 includes vegan meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contact Southern Dharma Rcireat Center, RL I, Box 34H, Rot Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. S-6 OCTOBER JONESBORO, TN 20th Annual National Storytelling Festival will feawre the best yam-spinners and tall-tale-tellers from all ovet. For info, call the National Association for the Preservation and PerpctuAtion of Storytelling at (615) 753-2171. 2-4 Drawing by Rob Messick 16-18 NEW MARKET, TN STP School is a periodic weekend gathering designed to "benefit members of grassroots groups currenlly working on concrete environmental issues." This session will focus on environmental litigation. Pre-register: cost is low and negotiable. For info about this and other programs, coniac1 the Highlander Center, 1959 Highlander Way, New Market TN 37820. (615) 933-3443. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Winter Highcountry Camping in a backcountry shelter. For info on this and other field COl11'SCS, contact Smoky Mountam Field School, 600 Henley Street., Suite 105, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885 or (615) 974-0150. 9 FULL MOON ralC., 1992 �GOOD EAR1H .ORGANJ~ - in Asheville has a nctWOrk-~eting p~-wh)ch can provide a substantial part-time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no training required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you started in yoor own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. RAW. CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY • with comb or withoUL Tulip poplar and Sourwood honey from the foresis of Patrick County, VA. No chemical. no white sugar, no heal - ever. Strained through cheesecloth and packed in glass. Limited quantities. Call or write for prices and availability. Wade Buckholts - Bull Mountain Beelreepers; Rt 2, Box 1516: Stuart. VA 24171. (703) 694-4571. WISE WOMAN TRADmON • herbal healing workshops with Wh.itewolf. • Sept 12-13: Campout and weed walks, Waynesville, NC. • Sept 29 • Oct 4: Apprentice Week near Atlanta, GA. • Nov. 6-8: Fall Rootwork Weekend in NC mountains. Root digging, medicine-making, inner journeying. Sliding scale, work-exchange. Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. TI-IE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM. is an unconventional library; free and open 10 the public. Our collection interests include the environment, social and political issues, the media and peace. We have over 200 magazine subscriptions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environment and political concerns. Books and VCR's can be checked out A video player is available for watch.ing films in the reading room. Located at 2 Wall St. #114; Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-8 pm - Tues/Sol I0-6pm - Sat/Sun l-6pm BEGINN1NG CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOKNATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS • include handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, Custom Pipes, Medlcine Bags, SweetgraSs, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide Raules, Tobaccos, Pipe Bags, Native Autes, and more! For lice catalog send to: P.O. Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. TREE PLANTERS NEEDED - Men, Women, families. Hare! work (much done for paper & timber co's.) for great pay. December through March in the Southeast Mobile camper rt.quired (pick-up with camper, trailer, van, bus, etc.) Send resume to: Eclcerman Forestry Service; RLI, Box 290-D: Wam:nsville, NC 28693. (919) 385-6838. BACK TO THE SOURCE - is an advenwre in the spectacular beauty of our remaining wilderness and is the highest quality baclcpaclcing guide service available. We specialize in small group, minimal impact journeys into the most remote wildlands in America. For a brochure write: Back to the Source, Lee Mercer; 361 I White Ave; Baltimore, MD 21206. (410) 426-6016. - - life's n=essitiesfor less - - FRENCH BROAD Fooo supplemented with two cassettes. Stresses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in ieaching and learning the Cherolcee language. (346 pages) $39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Calalog also available with tapes., books, pipes, dance sticks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products, and more. Craft supplies also available. (please specify). Send $200 to the Muskrat Trader, P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. HAWKWIND EAR1H RENEWAL COOPERATIVE • is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcout Mountain Parkway in northern Alabama Easy ~ . safe family camping, year round weekend programs featuring Native American elders and Eanh teachers from around the world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all visits, please. Childcare often available. Write: P.O. Box 11; Valley Head. AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quarterly newsleuer and program updates send $10.00. • There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) per entry of 50 words or less in Webworking. Submit entries for Issue #37 by November 15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323· Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. • Co,op Kalmia Center, Inc. 90 8u.TMOR£ A ~ 00WIJTOVIN AsHEv!ui Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 ('104) yr,,,r ammumity Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. 255-7650 .....,.,,.,,.,_,,... groary stare ..... ~F--,•t .... •lpm. ......,.laa D f llffi. rl :Thu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm fnll, 1992 NATIVE FLUTES Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sa"'!)' Mush Herb Nursto/ WREATHS•POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 2874S Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �D ear Members of Katuah Journal, After nearly 10 years of service to the Karuah Bioregional Province, the Katuah Journal newspaper will be ceasing publication in the summer of 1993. We have not been able to find enough people able to take long term responsibility for a project of this scale on a volunteer basis. While we are stopping the journal, we will keep the non-profit organization "Karuah" alive in order to have the.option of carrying out future bioregional projects. The Board of Directors for the Karuah organization will consist of: David Wheeler, Rob Messick, and Lee Barnes. We will meet at least once a year to keep track of organization business and to discuss future options. Any member who has project ideas or is interested in participating in this process should write us at: Karuah Futures; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645 or call (704) 754-6097. The winter issue of Katuah Journal #37 will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. In the spring we will publish an issue devoted to alternative transportation in the Karuah bioregion. The final summer issue will contain an index to the Katuah Journal, a listing of other bioregionally-oriented organizations in the province, and tie up loose ends. Thank you for your generous support of Katuah Journal over the years. Without your help the paper would not have been as vibrant or as vital as it has been . We d ecided to end the tradition of publishing the journal with some measure of strength, rather than watch it slowly fizzle out. If you have comments or suggestions for the future, we w ould like to hear from you. Sincerely, Katuah Journal Staff /1 I would like to order issues: #37 (Winter 1992-93) "Bio-visions" #38 (Spring 1993) Alternative Transportation #39 (Summer 1993) Index & Resources Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ For a total value of $7.50 Katuah Journal Rt. 8 Box 323 Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 Issue #39 of the Ka Mah Journal will contain a resource guide to groups and organizations devoted to protecting and restoring the natural world in the bioregion and working to sustain the web of life and our human economic and social systems in Katuah. We have postulated the following categories of activity: Regional Economy Health and Healing Appropriate Technology Appropriate TranspoTtation Councils &: Decision Making Peace Issues &: Conflict Resolution Xatuaf, Jour naC page 34 Shelter Education Agriculture Spiritual Life Natural Ecology Drawing by Rob Messick Town _ _ _ _ _ State_ _ Zip _ _ __ The success of this project will depend on your participation. Please send us information about your group and other groups that are working in your area. Offer other categories, if you like. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary. Give name, address, phone number, a one paragraph description of their work, and possibly a brief quote expressing their purpose. Enclose a copy of the organizational logo, if possible, and any photographs or drawings of group activities or the products of their work. Please also enclose your name, address, and phone in case there is a need for follow-up contacts. Submissions must be received by April 31, 1993. Mail to Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. rau., 1992 �··:KAT UAH KON FU S\ON :.. b-:, Rob MessicK BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE-SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture. Sunflowers· Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens' Education· Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics· Little People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR· SUMMER 1984 Water Drum· Walef Quality. Kudzu · Solar Eclipse • Clearculling • Trout • Going IO Water • Ram Pumps· MicrohydJO. Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee. Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Dnnmess - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX • WINTER 1984-8S Winter Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 198S Sustainable Economics. Hot Springs· Worker Ownership-The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life lSSUE EIGI-IT • SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life- Katuah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Follc Arts in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center. Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE - FALL 198S The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Slllrting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Myth Time ISSUE TEN- WINTER 198S-86 Kate Rogers. Circles of Stone . lntcmal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places - The Uklena's Talc • Crystal Magic - "Dreamspealcing• ISSUE THIRTEEN - FALL 1986 Center For Awakening • Elizabeth Callari • A Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dcnling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake· The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Dr! Owlc • Boogers and Mummers· All Species Day - Cabin Fever University· Homeless m Kmiiah • Homemade H01 Wa!Cf • Stovcmakcr's N:ur.:ilivc • Good Medicine: lntcrspCCics Communication We have limited 11umbers of particular back issues. Order back issues soo11 lo insure availability. There are no more entire sets of KatuahJournal available. The near complete set of back issues will be diminishi11g as limited copies sell out. rtiCL, 1992 ISSUE FlFTEE.N • SPRING 1 987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception • Biosexuality • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malriarchal Culture • Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite • Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Quest • Fll'St Flow - Initiation • Learning in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge • "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular Architcclure. Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home · Earth Energies • Earth-Sheltered Living • Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter Poems: Octo~r Du.sic· Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE NINETEEN· SPRING 1988 Perelandra Garden • Spring Tonics • Blueberries • WildO.ower Gardens • Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals:• Story. Good Medicine: "Power• • Be AT~ ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wildcmess - Highlands of Roan • Celo Communily - Land Trust - Arthur Morgan School • Zoning lssue. "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Farm Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain • Dulce's Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988--89 Global Wanning • Ftre This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" • Earth Exercise . Kore Loy McWhirter • An Abundance of Emptiness· LETS • Chronicles of Floyd • Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WENTY-THREE • SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Planet Art· Green City. Poplar Appeal • "Clear Sky" · •A New Earth" • Black Swan • Wild lovely Days • Reviews: Sacred !And Sacred Su, Ice Age - Poem: "S udden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR - SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in Alomic City • Direct Action! • Tree of Peace • Community Building • Peacemakers· Ellm1c Survival • Pairing Pro.,ec1. "Baulesong• • Growing Peace in Cultures • Review: The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE 1WENTY-SIX • WINTER, 1989-90 The B:oroic Era· Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company· Conmc1 Resolution Developing Creati vc Spirit • Birth Power • Magic of Puppetry • Home Schooling • Naming Ceremony Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN· SPRING. 1990 Transformation • Healing Power • Peace LO Their Ashes • Healing in Katuah • Poem: "When Left LO Grow• • Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Foresl ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FAU/WINTER 1990 From the Mountains to the Sea · Profile of The LlUle Tennessee River • Headwaters Ecology • "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic HabitaLS - Dawn Watchers • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Road· Kaulah Sells Out. Watershed Map of the Kaliiah Province ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology • Ways to a Regenerative Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" • Clarksville Miracle • The Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy" • Shelton Laurel· LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE· SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities of Dowsing • Electrical Life of the Earth • Katuah and the Earth Grid - Call of the Ancient Ones • Good Medicine: "On Aggression" · Time to Take the Time to Take the Time - Whole Science • Tuning In ISSUE THIRTY-TWO · FALL 1991 Bringing bac.k the Fue • A Bit of Mountain Levity • Climax Never Came · "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah . Walking Distance • Good Medicine: "Serving the Great Life" · The Granola Journal · Paintings: "Mountain Stories"· Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-THREE· WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - Whal Is Natural • Fire and Forge • The First Fire - Hearth and Fire in the Mountains • Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" • Midwinlef Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam • Litmus Lichens ISSUE THIRTY-FOUR· SPRING 1992 Paradise Gardening· Community Sponsored Agriculture - Ealing Close 10 Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops. Katuah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac - Good Medicine "Medicine Training• • Poems by Allison Sutherland ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE· SUMMER 1992 Consensus • Problems with Consensus. Tribal Council - Elda • The State of Franklin - Regional Rainbow • Steve Moon: Shell Engravings • Good Medicme "Medicine Training rr·. A Look Back Back Issues: Issue# _ _ @ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $,_ __ Issue#_@ $3.00 = $._ _ _ postage paid $._ __ Name Address City State Zip Near Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-35) postage paid @ $50.00 =$,_ __ Katuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 28645 • (704) 754-6097 '.Kati.ulfl Jourrn:1( pnge 3S � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 36, Fall 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-sixth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on wood and its role in mountain life: logging, wood products, and forest stewardship. There is also an announcement that publication of the journal will cease in 1993. Authors and artists in this issue include: Lee Barnes, Frank Hodgin, David Wheeler, Dr. John Wade, Harley Wessman, Nancy McIntyre, Buzz Williams, Robert T. Pershcel, Jesse Jones, Leon S. Minckler, Tucker Windover, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, Julia Vanselow, Frank Vogel, Michael Thompson, Susan Klimczak, Jeff Zachary, Susan Parker Weatherford, Mark Anderson, Hope Walker, and "Pegi." Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Using Wood.......1 Appalachian Logging by Lee Barnes.......4 Old Logging Days by Frank Hodgin.......7 Working the Woodlands by David Wheeler.......9 Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade.......13 Depletion for Dollars by Harley Wessman.......13 Logging with Horses by Nancy McIntyre.......15 Natural World News.......16 Invasion of the Giants by Buzz Williams........19 From Industry to Endeavor by David Wheeler.......20 Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship by Robert T. Perschel.......21 Forest Stewardship Programs by Jesse Jones.......22 Ecological Forestry for Renewable Forest Values by Leon S. Minckler.......23 Drumming........25 The Chair in the Tree by Tucker Windover.......27 Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher........29 Events.......32 Webworking.......33 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest products industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Logging--Appalachian Region, Southern Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance