1 50 9 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/bd92e4fbc33066336189ab94cb2cebd3.pdf faafa5c5af75e827adb96e85cb965890 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993 Description An account of the resource This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of <a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>.   Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,  later simplified to  Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes North Carolina, Western Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rob Messick Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource periodical indexes PDF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Death and Dying Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies European Immigration Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites Shelter South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/5f3f8b62bd6a3f9c717ec7bce721dab8.pdf 8dbe5987ca218068d745dd7a80a3c280 PDF Text Text PUBLISHED QUARTERLY ISSUE THREE SPRING 1984 ONE DOLLAR �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 3, Spring 1984 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Corn--History Seeds--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Organic farming--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Description An account of the resource The third issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as corn and its importance in through the centuries, heirloom seeds and organic farming, and human impact on forests. This issue also includes an interview with then Jackson County (North Carolina) Commissioner, Veronica Nicholas, on power companies and women in politics. Authors and artists in this issue include: R. Otto Wylie, Martha Tree, Thomas Rain Crowe, George Ellison, Judith Hallock, Jody Segal-Friedman, Clyde Hollifield, Robert Zahner, and Snow Bear. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Selu, The Corn Mother.......1 A Sustainable Agriculture.......2 Rebirth of the Sun Sister.......6 The Spirit of Corn.......7 Human Impact on the Forests of the Southern Appalachians...8 Good Medicine: Allies.......10 Kingfisher's Return (poem).......11 Power and Light: Veronica Nicholas.......12 The Little People.......18 Children's Education.......21 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Education Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Good Medicine Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2548901c8e81db0f1dc689fd56cb5e8b.pdf 491885735eda5ab93680a5efa814bbe1 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 4, Summer 1984 Description An account of the resource The fourth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as water quality, hydropower, forest management, the 1984 Cherokee reunion in Tennessee, and the 1984 solar eclipse. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robin Williamson, Michael Heron, Thomas J. Harshbarger, Jerry West, Margaret Kerr, Thomas Rain Crowe, Bennie Lee Sinclair, Clyde Hollifield, Paul Gallimore, Richard Hotaling, Avram Friedman, Jody Segal-Friedman, Jim Wayne Miller, Marnie Muller, J. Mackey, Chuck Marsh, and Robert Zahner. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Waterdrum by Sam Gray.......1 Living Trout: Living Water.......3 Trout An Article by Jerry West.......4 Streamwatch.......6 The Annular Eclipse of the Sun.......8 "Lord of Springs" poetry by Bennie L. Sinclair.......9 Waterpower.......10 Homemade Electricity.......11 Clearcutting Part II by Robert Zahner.......12 Living with Kudzu.......14 "Shapes" by Jim Wayne Miller.......16 Good Medicine: Going to Water.......18 Voice of the Turtle: N.A.B.C. Report.......20 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Small scale hydropower Kudzu Cherokee Indians--History--20th century Solar eclipses--1984 North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Cherokees Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Good Medicine Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources Stories Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/3e9189ae1600329a1984e9503b662c4a.pdf c04c06016795d378da7269be5fab0d52 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 5, Autumn 1984 Description An account of the resource The fifth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as Cherokee sculptor John Wilnoty, Celtic heritage, issues surrounding protecting wilderness areas, and ginseng's role in the mountains. Authors and artists in this issue include: Barbara Reimensnyder, Barbara Singer, John Wilnoty (Wilnota), Phillip Daughtry, Thomas Rain Crowe, Robert Zahner, Marnie Muller, Robbie Gordon, and Chuck Marsh. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Harvest.......1 Cherokee: The Old Days, The Old Ways.......3 The Work of John Wilnoty.......4 Our Celtic Heritage.......6 The New Celt by Philip Daughtry.......7 "You Must Go Home Again" by Thomas Rain Crowe.......8 Wilderness, Appalachian Style Part III by Robert Zahner.......10 Nuclear Waste in Our Mountains?.......13 The Politics of Participation by Marnie Muller.......14 Good Medicine "The Healing Darkness".......18 Ginseng.......19 Mountain Agriculture: a series by Chuck Marsh.......20 Bioregionalism: Past, Present, Future by J. Linn Mackey.......22 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee art Cherokee Indians--History Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Appalachians (People)--History Radioactive waste disposal--Appalachian Region, Southern American ginseng--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Cherokees European Immigration Forest History Forest Issues Good Medicine Katúah Permaculture Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Stories Turtle Island Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/b43bdfc4e48d9084d720074c3f532000.pdf f6e1b33862bc826e4229a0a73d43e38b PDF Text Text ~JOO PubU6he.d Qu.o.JLt.eJtl.Jj l.6.6ue. IX Fall, 1985 �'-- CONTENTS THE WALDEE FOREST .......................... I THE TREES SPEAK. ... .......................... . 3 MIGRATING FOR~TS .. ......................... 4 "HOG KILLING SATURDAY" - A POEM ......... 6 HORSE LOGGING ................................ 7 THE NUCLEAR SUPPOSITORY: WE'RE NOT GOING TO TAKE IT! .... .. ....... 8 GOOD 'MEDICINE .............................. . 10 STARTING A TREE CROP ............ . ......... II NATUBAL WORLD NEWS ....................... 12 URB.AN TREES .................................. 15 ACORN BREAD ................................ . 19 MYTHnID .................................... 20 THE CHILDREN'S PAGE ...................... .. 27 M N ..... 00 N < oz: 1-4 ...:i 0 ~ (,,) :a ~ 0 ~ f'4 Cll i5 ;::) 0 0 °' :oz: .. § Cl:! ~ ~ ~ M ..... cc Iii< 0 IQ ~ ~ z 0 H f'4 u ~ a: 0 u (/) (/) ~ 0 0 f:( �!Jf;,, laid- his hand 'f"lt tk tr~: ~ ~ Jzad, Ju '7un so s~ and ~ ~;f & _fut mu:l -/Jzxmreya;vqU .1~ and tiz£ ~!fit; n4iilzv a:s _fa~ nor a:J" ~; it wa:s ik ~lrb_f & liP1::f -kw ii-45- A WALK IN THE WALDEE FOREST Near the top of Cowee Mountbir. in Macon coun ty ju&t below the national forest boundary, hes an 150 acre tract of forested mountain slopes that is a living testament to the life ~d work of a pair of reJ11arkablc people . oee Leather111c1n Smith ii' the fourth generation of her family lo Jive on the family homcsite. Her husbantl, Walton, is a forester of 35 years ' rxrerience ~ith thP U. S . Forest Ser~ice, anc !6 010re year6 a6 Q private consultant . In tl.ejr 47 years n1ana9in9 the property, they have realized a vi&ion of what a fJroduclive, habitable, ecologically l·t!althy section of the Appalachian forest could look like. There is " small SaW!!'i 11 on the plo<"f ar.c ~od- ..orlting shops that can turn tr<:cs ir.to saleable, finiEhec wood products nght there on the land. There are ale;o bec•hives, a trout 1>0nd, < Email garden plot, and o greenhouse, r.u t c.n l»<cursioro irto the Walcee Forest is fitl:'t clllC !Otl'r•CSL d jovrney 1rot<• a livir.•J n.<eodel o: tlie prir.t·i ples of all-aye, all-species forest manage~' nt: a n1.ir111qer1ent plan <ippropriate lo tlat. l'articul<1r c·onditions oC the ;.ppalachum hatdwood (orPSl. The key a• tt.i~ tt>chnique, accor<.inc; to Walton ~:r.ith , is an (!t(·hasis oi• st>lecti"e I ir•l".rr hcorVN•t inc;:. We waHea tllf" lano ~·itl> OPl• and Wallor. one cl<1y , .ind he Sl•OkE' first a~out the histor) of tlw place . "['e<0 • c l;re,.t-src.ndratt>nts <"co~IC I•.-:• ~ot•I. .. 1 CJ ! (•• <,ol<" . Tiwy \<&ltci to«pp<dr.tE-cJ "l ll 1o t , SC.> lhC) tlirneo :o sol'letl lr.y tl1<:y kr....,., olld tlidt ...~ f,1rni119 . "\;l1H I lol1)' Ci.lit•(: t<:ll, thif. l.lnd , .... s t.l'Vt it<l J..y v1r<,ir forest. Thf're ·n•tt poi, 1111 t t!'<'s ar.<.! otli111 ~.recies, 0 K.n{AH - page l but largely it was a mature chestnut trees, 3-6 feet in gro.. ing closely and forming so dense that nothing could btand of diameter, a canopy grow under try one thing, and if it doesn't work, I try something else. I've concluded that what I want is a mixed, all-age stand, meaning a diverse variety of lt . tree species o! all ages froa1 "Chestnut w4s not then considered desirable as a timber tree, and these people were farmers, so they had to clear the land, and grub out the stumps , because chestnut sprouts profusely . To them, the forest of great trees was seen only as a detriment to their way of life. "As they began to till the land, they built stone terraces to make snall areas of level land to raise crops . They raised small patches of corn, sorghum, and buckwheat; apples on the slopes; and free-ranged cattle, geese , h09s, and sheep for wool. It wos a l1ard way of life. seedlings to large, mature trees growing t09ether . "It will take tin.a to achieve this, because l started out with an even-aged stand, but now there is a variety of trees here--poplar, maple, hickory, oak, white pine, ash, walnut, an uoderstory of doqwood--and I will pick my select trees and thin around them, sOllle from below and some from above. "What I hope to get 80 years from now is trees of all ages, all species, and all size classes and ll>OVe strictly into selective, uneven-aged forest management. This is the start of it.• Walton led us up the road. It was a hot day, but the woods were cool and green--a pleasant place to be. We stopped in a grove composed primarily of tall, straight poplar trees. "The poplars on this five acre tract are 50-60 years old now. They have been thinned fro111 below," Walton explained. "We picked out our best trees and took 5 cords per acre of the rest. This freed up those high quality trees so they could get ample soil n.oisture and a certain a!':ount of sunli9ht to keep putting on n1aximur:: 9rowth. "We dicn't take out anythir.g we didn 't need to. We leave theGt.> understory trees--these d09woods, thi~ red ciaple--for 'nurse trees.' They "1<t~t.' the poplars gro~. shed their lower limbs, and ihoot straight for the sky. Those bi c, t l"t:'l.'S have de-1 in•bc-c. them- :..:--~ •1•0 like to show you this place arod some of the things we're doing t:f'rf' ." Wal ton set out up a srr.al 1 IO<Jgins ioocl ~i th a stride that denied hi5 7~ yo~tt of age . "MC..t>t ,,r my forest iG expriP1er·tal, • he raid ovet hi1> s!.ouloer . "I (continued on p. 22) Fsll 198~ �.( 2!2·,1.·. ·!1· 1 ·,· . ... Il il#ll(lll 1\QP1114tmnt10....,_ . EDITORIAL STAFF THIS ISSUE: David Reed Scott Bird Ba r bara Rein•ensnydE r Richard Ciccarelli Chip Smith Thomas Rain Crowe Sarah Jane Thomas J . Linn Mackey Martha Tree Michael Red Fox David Wheeler Marnie Muller EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Korey Goldsmith Cindy Kiger Joe Roberts Weogo Mark Yancey EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Long Branch Environmental Education Center Leicester, NC PRINTED BY: CORRESPONDENCE TO: Sylva Herald Katiiah Publishing Co. llox 873 Cullowhee, NC Sylva, NC 28783 TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 Special thanks to Tom Schulz, Larry Tucker, and Sparrel Wood ~: Great poplar and chestnut trees photographed at the turn of the century by the Whiting Lumber Co. to impress their stockholders with the wealth of timber available in the Appalachian forestlands. Fortunately, the trees pictured here escaped the saws, and the two poplars in the center may still be viewed in the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest area in the Snowbird Mountains of Graham County, NC . ,, ~ () He.ite. .&t .the. 6ordhe.itn-mo6.t he..a..ir..U.and 06 .the. Appa.la.clUan moun.ta.ln.6, .the. oldu.t mowi.tiLln Mnge. on oWt con.t.&te.n.t, T!J.4.tle. l6lo.n.d, a 6ma.U but gMw~ .9-:-0"P ha6 be.g~n ~ ~e. on a 6en.t.e. 06 .llUpon6-<.b.U.Uy 60.ll .the. .(.1"pU.c.a..ti.on6 06 .tha..t 9e.09M.ph.i..c.a.t and c.u.Uwutl. heJl.Uage.. Thi..6 6en.t.e. 06 .lle.6pon.6i.bil..lt.y ce.n.te.lt6 on .the. concept 06 Uv..<.ng wlth.&t the. na.tu..llal. 11.c.a.l.e. a.nd balance. 06 un.lvvwa.l 6yi..te.m6 and l.a.w6. We. be.g.&i by .&ivolWtg ~he. Che.itoke.e. name. "Ka.tii..o.h" 46 .the. old/ne.w name. 60.ll .thiA a.Ile.a 06 the. mo~ and 6O.ll .(,u j OU.llnttl 46 we..ll. The. e.d-U.o!WJ.1. plt,(.oll.U:A.u 60.ll 146 a.11.e. .to coUe.et and d.i66e.m.i.na.te. in6oltllla.tWn and e.ne.itgy whlc.h pe.Jt.ta.in6 "pecl6.<.ca.lty .to .thiA a11.e.a, and .to 604.teJt the. ai.ooJt.e.ne.66 .tha..t .the. l.a.nd .iA a Uv..<.ng be..&tg du e.itv.lng o 6 oWt l.Dve. and .lle.6pe.et. U.ving bt .thiA manne.it .U. .the. onl.4j Ull.Y .to e.Jtl>Wte .the 6146.ta..i.nabili..tll o ~ OU.ll b.io6phe.ite and a l.a.6.t.&tg p(.!tce. 6011. oWt4e.lvu .<.n .<,u c.o~ e.vo!.Li.U.orwty plt.OCe.64. We. "e.em .to have. JU>Ache.d .the. 61.t!Cll.Wft point o 6 a "dD d..i..e." 6.i...ti.uz.t.i.n .<.n .ttW!l6 08 a coniln.u.e.d qu.o..Uty 6.tand41td. 06 U.6e. on .th.l6 plo.ne.t . It .U. .the. ai.Jn 06 .thiA joWtnttl to do .<.a. pcut.t .<.n .the. .lle.-.&ihabita.tion and M.-cu.Uwt.iz..t<.an 06 the. Ka.tU.a.h plt.Ovince. 06 .the. Sou.the.itn Appa.la.clUan6. Th.l6 plt.OV.&tce. .u. .<.nd.i..c.a.te.d by U4 natWta.l bowtdaJt.i.e.6 : .the. Ne.w IU.ve.it vi..c.i..n.lty .to .the. no.ll.th; .the. ~oothil.l.6 of, .the. piedmont a11.e.a .to .the. eiu.t; Yol'lll Mowi.t.<Wt and .the. Ge.o11.g.itt hil.l6 to .the.. i.ou.th; and .the. Te.rute.t.He. IU.veJt ~·aUe.y .to the. we..&t . O.ll JRV0Clll':I0R We are not a people who demand, or ask anything of the Creators of Life, but instead, we give greetings and thanksgiving that all the forces of Life are still at work. We deeply understand our relationship to all living things •• ••• Our roots are deep in the lands where we live. We have a great love for our country, for our birthplace is here . The soil is rich from the bones of thousands of our generations . Each of us was created in these lands , and it is our duty to take great care of them, because from these lands will spring the future generations of the Ongwhehonwhe, We walk about with a great respect, for the Earth is a very sacred place. from: A Basic Call to consciousness: 'nle Hau de no sau nee Address to the Western World i<ArtAH - page 2. Humbly , 46 i.a6-appo.<.nte.d 6.t~ with 6acJte.d .i.A6.tll.tlctlon6 46 "new na..tlvu •· .to p1t.O.te.et a.nd ~uMVe .U6 64Clte.dne.66, we. advocate. a ce.n.teJte.d applt.Oal!h to .the. conc.e.pt 06 de.ce.rWu:LU.za.t.ion a.hd hope. .to be.cog Cl 6uppo.ll.t 61J6tem 6011. .thoH acce.pt.ing the. c.h.a.Ue.nge 06 6cu..ta.Utab.u.lt1J and .the. C.lle.a.t.i.ort 06 luvurtort.q and bell.cu1ce. .&t a J:./Jt.a.1. 6 en.t. e., he.ite. .<.n .thiA plo.ce.. �I.t l4XU> 0nl.y a. ,()ho/Lt :ti.me. a.g 0' iu. .:the. new .6 p!Llng le.a.vu we11.e. be.g,lnn.lng .:to ma.Ile. .:theNe.lvu e.v.<.de.n.t iu. .:they cove11.ed .:the. h.tvt.dwood.6 a.nd .:the. .60 6.:teJL de.c.lduoUI> tlt.e.u down a.long .:the. bo.:t.:toml> a.nd neM wa.teJL, .tha..:t my wl6e. a.nd I ma.de. oWt wa.y up .:the. U.llpe.n.:t-Uke. .6pine. 06 .:the. 8.tueJl..i.dge. Pllllb.way .:toWMd OWL dutlna;t(.011 06 M.t.Mltche.U ( '8la.ck Mowr..:ta.ht ' iu. known .to .:the. tlt.a.cli.tlom:ii. CheJtoke.e. people. 06 .:the. .1te.g.i.onl. We. we.Jte. on a pi.tgJL.i.ma.ge. o6 ' .:tha.niu. g.i.v.i.ng ' - - - g o.i.ng .:to .:th.i..6 .6a.CJte.d moun.ta..i.11 popula..:te.d by .:the. .6 p.iJLULu:t.t. a.ncu.:toM o 6 .:the. Che.Jtoke.e. .:the. ' Nunne.hu', .:to e.xcha.nge. 'tha.niu. ' and pJta.yeJL 6Oii. .:the. g.i.6t o 6 mo n.i.u .tha..:t ha.d g.1ta.c.loU1>l.y be.en p11.ov.i.de.d .:to U4 .:to do me.a.n.i.ng6ul. a.nd .i.mpolLta.nt wo.ltk .:toWMd .:the. p11.o.:te.ctlon 06 I .6a.CJ!.e.d .6.i..:tU I he11.e. .i.n .:thue. old mounta..i.n.6. To o66eJL the mon.i.u up .:to thue. a.ncu.:tolt.6 iu. a. pledge. 06 OWL .6e.Jtv.i.ce. .:to .:th.i..6 'ca.U.6e. ' , .tha..:t U be. done. .i.n .the. Jt.i.gh.:t wa.y a.nd .ln .the. 6p.(/vU 06 Wl4e.l6.l4hne.6.6 and he.a.Ung . To o66e.Jt .the. gJte.en g.i.6.:t up .:to .the..6e., 'the. wll.e. onu', .:tha.:t .:they be oWL 'gu.<.du' a.long the. pa..th.6 06 .:the. woJtk wl.:th .:th.i..6 p!l.O j ec.:t wh.i.ch la.tj ahe.a.d • .. A..6 we. dJtove. .:tfvtough the. ' ga.:te.wa.y' .:to the. p.i.nna.cle. 06 the. mounta..i.n: "CJulggy Galtde.M", a.:t a he..lgh.:t 06 oveJt 6,000 6.:t. we began .:to not.lee. how the. we.a.:the.Jt--.:the. tll.lnd.6, .the. 6.:totr.m1;, .:the. e.x.tlt.e.mu 06 he.a..:t and cold, and .:the. .:th.i.nne.Jt a.Ui.-- wa..6 'we.a11.b1p away' (a.lmo.6.:t iu. .i..6 .:the. wlnd we.Jte wa.te.Jt wa..6hb1g a.wa.y Mck, only .i.n .:th.i..6 caoe.: /tock. .:that had .:ta.fle.n .:the 6oJtm 06 tlt.e.u) a.:t the ve.ge,t.a.:t.lon .:tha.:t cove.Jte.d .:the. .:topo o 6 thue. old hUl..6, Ufle .:th.lnn.i.ng old ha.a. 8u-t along wl.:th .:the e.v.i.de.nce 06 na.:tuJtal .1te.ge.ne.Jta.:t.i.on, the.Jte we.1te .lnCJte.ao.i..ngl.y , iu. we. ma.de. oWt wa.y .:towa.Jtd .:the. top 06 .the mounta..i.n, .6ma.l.l a.Jte.iu. o 6 dea.d a.nd dy.i.ng tlt.eu .:tha.:t 4:tJt.ucfl U.6 a..6 be..lng unna..tuJta.l.ly 'bUgh.:te.d'. Smail 6.ta.nd.6 06 6-Ut. and pine-gJtOupe.d toge..:the.Jt and 4.ta.nd.lng out 1>.ta.Ji.k~ l.tj 611.orn .the 11.e.o.t-.i..n-fl.i..nd o 6 hea.l.:thy g11.ee.n and .:twl.6.:te.d '6a.m.i.ly' --iu. .i..6 do.i.ng 1>ome gho1>.:tl.1J gne.y dance. 06 6ubm.l.66.i.on .to .:the. e.te.me.n.U. The. whole. a.Ji.ea. l.oofl.i..ng iu. .i..(.. U ha.d come down wl.:th a ma.l..i..c.loUI> o 66-whUe ca.oe. o 6 .:the. 'me.Miu' --a d.i...6eiu.e. U.6ua.lf..iJ only acqu.i.11.e.d by the. tJOung ... "Sbtange.", 1 .thought .:to mtj6e.l6, ".:tha.:t .:theoe mountai.n.6 • .60 old, would have .ta.ke.n 0tl .:th.i..6 we.iu.e. 06 1Ch.ll.dJten If" we. moved 6l.cwly up .:the. moun.ta..i.11 . . . The clo1> <>A. .to .the .6Ull!l'llU we. 90.:t, .:the. l.aJi.g <>A. and g11.e.ve..1t .thu e a.11.e.ao o6 dy-i.ng eve.JtgJt.een.6 became. On bo.:th 6.<.du 06 .:the. 11.oa.d and -i.n eve.Jty d-Ut.e.c.t.i..on---So bl.e.a.fl On Mount Mitchell, a few miles north of Asheville, NC, Robert Bruck, associate professor of plant pathology and forestry at NC State University, is investigating the devastation of trees on high mountains in Katuah. According to Dr. Bruck, the red spruce and fir above 6,350 feet are in a severe state of decline with most trees 45-85 years old losing 90% of their foliage. The trees are shedding t~ir older needles and leav1ng only a small clump of chlorotic new growth on branch ends . Bruck' s findings indicate that the trees are being killed by pollutants. To confirm this suspicion, core samples have been taken from the dying trees with a bit and auger. The borings have reveaied a 50% reduction in tree ring growth since the early 1960's, yet rainfail data shows no evidence of drought. Aware that tree dieback has been occurring for two decades in the nort h- eastern U.S. and western Germany, au ala:tllldd Dr. Bruc k and other s c ientis t s have visited aud studLtd these f orests hopiug to find c lues as to the c!Xaet c ause of tree diaba ck in K atUah. M ost data reveals that symp toms of diebac k vary from region to r egion depending on tree s pecies, soil t ype, and climate. Rowaver Dr. Bruck has f ound c orraspouding s ymptoms exiat betweeu "lilaldsterb n " (trae death ) in West Germany and spruce-fir dieback in Kat~ah. Evidence bas been mounting in West Germany that ozone, a pollutant produced by a reaction of sunlight and auto exhaust, bas combined with acidic fog. These pollutants are· leaching magnesium, an essential element, from living trees . It is becoming increasingly clear (continued on page 27) continued on page 26 Fall 1985 .. ~ll.hll - '.}f;. ·C'.o. �, J; From within its borders , the forest looks old, permanent. Yet the timelapse views of the eastern forests provided in these maps compiled by Paul and Hazel Delcotirt's team of paleoelologists give a different story. Plants do indeed migrate, and in geological time the climatic changes that resulted in the formation and dispersal of the Laurentide ice sheet brought on drastic changes , causing whole forests to move from one area of the continent to another. The mops given here are from the Delcourt's article " Vegetation Mops for Eastern North America " in Geobotony ll{Plenum Publications, 1981 ); R. Romans, Editor. MAP KEY 0 Laurentide Ice Sheet • Tundra Boreal Forests Q Spruce @ The t.aurentide (ce Sheet covered the continent north of vhat la prHontly known n the Crdt Lllke1 Rqion. Tundra condition• prevailed ln the viclnity of the glacier •nd at hi&h elevatioftl tor soo ailu .south or th• lee front. Spruce .and jack pii>e fou1t1 held the territory ..,uth and ust of the alacl•rl .JdV&DCO- The cl1-t• vamed quickly .and dr•aat ic;oll:• b.lov thb belt. eo that an oalr.-hlclr.ory-eouthern pine auociat!on doainat•d the Atl&ntic and Gulf Coaot plains. The aixed .. Hopbyc1~ hard...,od forut that today inhabits the covH of Appalachia vas rutrlcted u this ciae to "refuaul •rus·· the blufflanda dong the IUuiHippi Rlvor Valley •nd ujor rlver corridor• U\ the southeast. A eypre••-auai. assoe:iacton lived in the ..,et ~ululppl boctoaa. ;and the ~lorf.de hninsub vaa covered ~Y .. nd dune scrub - including wild ro111a.1ry .and iaolaced 1tande >f .crub o.ait. Spruce-Ja ck pine Q @ Jac k pine - Spruce Mixed con ifer-norther n hardwood s Deciduous Forests Q @ G) Oak-Hickory Mixed mesopbyt ic Oak-Chest:n ut Southeastern Evergreen Forests <2'.) @ @ Cypress- Gum 0 Subt r opical Hard woods Oak- Hickory- Southern pine Southern pine Open Vegetat ion Types Q Q <:::> , ~:\ n;.ur 'l Oak savaruiah Prair ie or 'fhu .,,h1cJcr • lwd Ct:lt+.:.til'-!d LO l ht.: lat J.Lud\$ thu Ch:Ul Wk~¥ I raJ.elna th• tiUa luvcl soou.!what . und Liu: bc1lnning» of l ...akt.! •. rh Wt:h: vt11tble. thu Saint Lawrence fltv~c w.11 u•\d~r J~<!. Jnd lh"' \;.ould ail .. ctul w.itcre 1ttl1 draln-.d down thu Hi•111l-.111lppt 1 "'be.re the \lll1lc a.Jtruc.l: cuv-.:r peulatL.J. Th-. •pruce-Jac.k pin~ fote•t cr~cpln¥ \!.il•tw.atJ fro. th..: plalos. The w r • ..v\:ollth41er cMk-hfckory-.outh-.:.ro •v~rgl"-:t...-n ••~ l;,1t Ion w..a• •t J l t rc.atrlctcd to th~ •outhurn c.;,.a;t.al vL1dn•. Tb-.: 11lxt-od •.:»0phy1 h. 8pf..'Cie*I Mlntaha.-d tlwic fuoll1vlJ ln the 8lu{fl.,nd21i ,uuJ WJC.\:f t1Vt:t W•• corridor•. Sand Dune Sc r ub '- page 4 Tundro •tlll i;rlµp"J th~ AppJl .. <ltlJn h.:Jghl•. Pall 1985 -. I' �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wt ..... rOMSTDWILLllll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Mt~Rt-\TING Thia V"r1uJ w•• ~h«ncl~rlz1:J by a D11ld waralng tr.,nd. Th.: 1l•clera retr~•Led .oa..,W'hat. and ll.ic1al a\tll raletd Lho levt:l ot thtt ocun•. pushing th~ cont lncnL.al coast I lne:1 cloatt to Lhtotir prt::t:d'tl po1lt1oos. J•ck pint:-11f'rUC~ ••»OC:J•tlc;.n.> still do.lnatvd (r-oa th.c: •1Jvt;:,t.t to thu ccntr•l coa~L. A thin IMnJ of tran-.tclun..1 con1ft:r-oortltt.:-ro l1Jrd,,,..,.,,d fott.:..lit dtvtd"J th-.: ptnu-1pru~e bdt fro•• \l.&t11-cllailtt1 o•lhh:kury .-....oc:J .. t lvn wt1h: h c· uvi.:r ...J App.al.achh1 wnd lhl.t ur-.w th..at I • ''''" r-.-1uh:•¥t.:.11.: kfv,c v ••dli.:y s~~IJy. fOREST The 4.cu 1huct reached ita aouthernmoait li•it during thi• time . extending the coa11tltne out appr oxlaeL"ly 50 •iles beyond it_.: pr.ute.nt bouodar1ea. Spruce-jack pine cov~r ud thu are.at pl•in• we1t of tht H.Jasi11;stppt. Jack ptne-spro.ctt covt:r dc>t1lnat.:d the ea.atcrn half o( the continent eouth to the preaent-day borJtrr• of AlabaaJ and Cwraf•. Claci"r aultw•tec cool"'1 the Hl11luippl River Valhy, which prob.ably accounted for the anOllll&Joue eppura.nce of \tbite spruct1 tn.~••, a boreal opocl .. noca•lly not found rar 1outh. The enllre AppalachU.n b.oge wi1s creetcd by tundra, vhU.: colJ-wuthe.r spruce and fJr dOlll- "° naced lh" foreau on the 90uncnln ulopca. Thu WJ.Ulfni; li.:dlfh:tMluru• or j 1,000 - 12 ,000 yt:1.1r• 3¥,0 1.,rouaiht dvlu&"-tf of naln In Lhu w411c.u or tht: gtu~i1:re. Clacfol 111~1t was drulnJni rapidly thruuyh thu SL. l.awc.n .. -ncu RJvur h.•Mvln" the pruy,~nhor unwl Iona of the t;r~Jl l..Jk'-'•· Th~ apruct: .1nd J•c .. pint.: ••ao..:IJLJon1 covtar'--.J c-.:ntr.. t c.,twJM ttntJ tl-.1 Nev EnK,l»nd St•lu•. Th .... coo lC '-'r-ntr.>rthtir n tt.rJwood for ....$t 114>\l' ....J nurth and vest Into .J 1rwlly -=•paGdcJ tcrrltot'y. An Odk-hlckory {ot'~vt arose ~•l i>f th-.: 'll11owl••lppt i.1nJ wa111 .avln& -=-•tv.arJ, fo1low'".J by the d~v'1loptn, pr... Ir 1.... v"""-'l"'l fon. The aht:J •"llOphyt le for\.!t.l Jdvdnc'--.J fro. th~ r lvt.::r corr tdor., l-> tak• ov~r a tors'-' part of th~ central are:a. Ook-hlclt.ory ... southern ..:versr\!cn cov-:r ¥Lill P'-'ndwtcJ ln thi.: cudvtul ploSna Jr'-'as, but u CYJ•rl.•1:11• gum usatocl11tlun lc>uk uvvr th~ 11oouthufn <nJ ot Lhc ~lf~11da1adµltl 1 klvur t.::1Hridor. olt\J "'" uuk .. uvw.nndh LYt•u w.ft. uv~t In¥ un the ._.lur1JJ l''"·nnJn.111...l. Thb wu tho puk of tile "heplithano&J. • var1111ng period, and t ... parat u r u ware h1&her th<ln in the prHe.ot d•1· The land and fora1t conf1guration• bqao to tllte"" tho th&pu va ... r..ui.ar vith today. The: conUer-oortbaru ba.Tdvoode foreat covered a vast area fro. the Creat I.eke• rasioo to tbe coa1t. Tha oak-blclcory and aixed aHophyt lc hardwood !orut• occupied euentWly the • .,.. aru1 they do at prueat, wtu.la conditioas c.au.sed an oak-chutaut forest to ti•• to doeln&nce on the u1tuo 1lopes of the Appelacbi.ans, vbil1 spru:a •nd !lr still clung to the colder, biaher elevatioo1. Southern pine arose to doain.anc• over auch of the aru lt occupies todly. �Hog Killing Saturday BY H. M. SPOTISWOOD The red sun was waiting for me, round as the washpot that would be the center of my day. There I would chop the kindling, feed oak to the fire, stir the black water while they worked silently under the cedar. Grady was always there by seven, in his hard overalls, paid dollars for his sweet brutality. I knew the one they picked, had fed him rinds and the saved ends of Tuesday's cornbread. His grounds were avuncular in the sweet stench of Friday's dusk, his hide hard as a gritty July watermelon to my finger poking through the pen. Once I'd run the mile to Clara for a Nehi and some vanilla extract with screams following me through the pines as they cornered him to clamp the rings in his nose. Painless gristle, they called his snout, when I fingered the steel points like barbed wire spikes. For sure he'd rooted up three fences, ripped the small south pasture to a knobby moonscape. He knew me for peach seeds and rusty coffee cans full of Pa's rich, hard-bought cottonseed me.al. I still feel the guilt for the erotic rush of glee that lasted a second. And Grandma, the painful endless picture of her scraping his boiled nose with a paring knife. Grady I hoped, would hit his mark the first time with the scarred steel butt of the old axe. I listened too hard over the frantic steam, heard only board sounds and birds in the oaks. The afternoon was easier, foul and logistical. The mail ran at one, and Mr. Hardee waved. Bayree, the cats, and the thoughtless chickens were underfoot for items they could find. I created a parable for the high-stepping rooster mincing his spurs among the leafy entrails. The coarse salt did not hurt my bitten nails when we rubbed the bacon and hams to hang. I knew the bowl and Limp grey mountain of entrails would be waiting on the table. Pa brutalized my city taste with family ridicule for not tasting. He hadn't shaved. The hairs were coarse yellow in the light of kerosene. In the window curtained with gay feedsack the sun was an oblate orange yolk --·~-·s,epuating into the black <~eek~ ' f �HORSE LOGGING Fall 6.11.0m be.Utg a qua.Utt ruuicJvum.i.6m, togg.<.ng wlth hOJt6U .l6 6t.iU pMv.<.ng .it6 u»ILtlt a6 .the. method mo6t o.pp!tOplLi.a;te. 6011. «»JtlUng moun.ta.in 6l.ope.6 ldte.11.e. .the. togge.11. .l6 de.a.li..ng wlth a 11.0ugh Olt 611.agile. .teNUU.n 011. a 1U.9hl.y 6e.l.e.c:Uve. .ti.mbe.11. Cl.Lt. It .l6 al.60 6.Qrd.<.ng 6a.vOll. wUh l.a.ndowne.11.6 ldto hold coMe.11.- vat.i.on me.a6Wl.e.6 a.nd a.u.the..UC6 a6 h.i.gh p!l)..oM.t.lu . Holl.6e. togging a.l.60 luu. economic a.dva.n.ta.gu 6011. togge/1.6 ldto do n.o.t have. a. tot o 6 capUai. tc 6.talt..t a. bU6.<.ne.66 Oii. c.dio w.i.l.h tc ke.e.p the.ill. oveJtlie.a.d tow. With holl.6u , to~~e/1.6 ca.n ma.k.e. up .ui Mull c.diat they ta.ck. .ui 6-Uia.ncla.l.. ba.c/U.ng. John Va.v.U,, Ve.nn.i.6 Hotde.11., a.nd holl.6U Tony a.nd Flt.e.d «»11.k .Qr a.nd cur.ou.nd .the. Nan.taha.l.a Na.t.i.ona.t FOll.u.t. The.y a11.e. a. .tlgh.t .team, a.n.d tlte..i.11. e.xpe.11..le.nce. 6hoWA . The.y make. .the. ha.11.d woll.k 06 w.tt&tg a.nd ha.u.Ung .ti.mbe.11. took a.l.mo6.t e.a.61J. John: ' I started in on horses when I was four . My daddy started me. I worked some other jobs, but I ' ve al.ways kept my truck, regardless of what I've done . I like being in the woods. You don ' t make a lot of money , but if you ' re satisfied, that ' s what counts :· Dennis: You ain't gonna make nothing but a living, whatever you do. Anything you go after, a living ' s all you 're going to make out of it: John: •r•ve got a garden, my horse and my truck- I 'm never going to starve ." photos by Martha Tree Dennis : "Horse don't got to be a big one, i f he'll pull. I can take Fred, and he'll pull horses weighing 1800 lbs . When I call on him, he'll go out there, and he ' ll hang. He won ' t back back up . A lot of horses pull against it too hard, and they'll back back up. But I could hook Fred to that truck right tncre and call on ' im, and he'll stand on and pull 'til he dies . "!wouldn't cake n thousand dollar bill for ' im just like he stands there I ain ' t got that in ' im, but I wouldn't take it . He ' s paid for himself ten times over I could give him away today and still wouldn't go in the hole .~ K.\Tt:AH - page 7 Fall 1985 �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAlllFOIUTDWIWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. By Michael Red Fox The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has just announced plans to site and construct a Monitored Retrievable Storage facility (MRS) in Eastern Tennessee. Three possible sites have been chosen. The Clinch River Breeder Reactor site at Oak Ridge is the preferred site. TVA's H:lrtsville nuclear plant site and the Oak Ridge Reservation have also been included for further study. In January 1986 the DOE will announce which one of the three "semi-finalists" will host the MRS. DOE documents describe the MRS as a processing facility for spent nuclear fuel. The processing will include consolidation and packaging of high level wastes for delivery to permanent suppositories. The MRS will also serve as a backup facility for storage of spent fuel and high-level wastes from all commercial nuclear power plants, all foreign subscribers to the "Atoms For Peace" program, and U.S. nuclear weapons production. All three East Tennessee sites are upwind of Kat~ah. Several of the main transportation routes to the MRS site pass through our region including interstate 81 and interstates 26 and 40 , which conjoin at Asheville. If you thought Asheville was a "hot town" before this, just wait ... . •.. According to the DOE, the MRS candidates were chosen on the basis of cost efficiency, risk of accident, and the geographic relationship to the potential underg~ound suppository. It must be noted that the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 declared that no one state may get both sn MRS and a permanent waste dump . The relative prox1.mity of Kat~ah to the proposed MRS can lead to no other conclusion: Katuah is under siege! Not only does Katuah become a transportation corridor for nuclear waste from all over the world but, she also becomes a leading candidate for the sweepstakes nobody wants to win: permanent waste dump! The MRS is considered to be the "front end" of the permanent suppository. According to the "Mission Plan" being peddled by :<.n{.ui - page 8 the DOE, wastes processed at the MRS will travel across the country to the first geologic suppository. Currently stiff opposition, environmental problems , and legal fights are stifling DOE's plan to select A site in the western states, The agency cannot fail to notice that it might be sinpler to l) speed up selection for the ~astern suppository or 2) change the Waste Policy Act so that both suppositories wil l be built in the F ast. In fact Paul Kerns, a DOE front msn, bas recently said that if all of the candidate sites under consideration in the first round turn out to be losers the DOE may turn to the crystalline states for both suppositories. I I .. ·. I .\ " • I :i I \ I ~. Crvstalline (granite) rock formations are being considered for nuclear waste disposal because they are uniform throughout and have qualities allowing them to dissipate heat from nuclear materials. However in a blistering analysis of their own three year pilot study (1981-1984) called the "Climax Project" in Jack Ass Flats,Nevada, DOE noted serious problems. Not only did the expensive stainless steel cannisters leak, hut the te9tin~ caused cracks in the granite and the testing mechanisms failed so they could not determine how much leakage occurred! Among the crystalline suppository states, the Southeastern Region (includin~ Katuah) is perhaps the most vulnerable. Ginger King, of DOE's Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, conf inned this suspic ion when she said, "the most likely 9lace is the Southeast since 85i o f the nation ' s nuclear plants are east of the Mississippi." Much of the Northeast will be eliminated because of population density and distribution. Although the North Central Region has crystalline rock formations whic h are among the n~ tions most stable, Wisconsin, ~ichigan and Minnesota have erected legal and political barriers that may outweigh potential geologic suitability. Politics is the name of the suppository game according to Dave Berich of the Environmental Policy Institute in Washington. Unlike the North Central States, North Carolina, which contains most of the prime sites in Katuah, has no siting laws. There are no nuclear waste education programs, no citizen advisory boards, and no public surveys. North Carolina has not even one employee working fullt ime on our response to the suppository site project. What North Carolina does have is a governor who bas said he would not veto a site selected here. Every other governor in every state under consideration has promised a veto. A governor veto of a site mean~ that a full congressional review and approval is necessary before wastes can be implanted. A veto would force DOE to do the proper scientific studies to find the best site - not just follow the path of least resistance. Incredible as it may seem, at a public "infor111ation seminar in Boone, NC, DOE publicity man Kerns warned, ''What 1 can do is encourage you guys not to trust us; take us to taok." Dave Berich of EPI ar,roes. He has said. Fall 1985 " Si"~q - t-.J..J . /J; �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEAMFOM:~OWEWlll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . "There needs to be s whole new science developed for each repository site, nnd the DOE is unwilling to spend the necessary money and time to adequately study all the potential reek bodies for the best possible site." The rext step in the selection process is for the nuclear energy junkies at DOE to reduce their list of 236 crystalline rock sites down to 20 possible sites this November. TRANSPORTATION OP NUCl.EAR WASTES The llOE goes to gceat lengths to assure the public that the shipment of spent fuel is safe . It distributes films showing dramatic full-scale crash tests of spent fuel casks propelled by rocket sleds into a massive concrete wall at speeds up to 80 mph. The DOE fails to point out, however, that the casks were eaptY. though they implied otherwise, by calling them spent fuel casks. Upon testing the survivability of casks after a railroad accident with fire, the DOE failed to say that on the avera~e most railroad fires Nuclear Shipment Routes N\ TfaH - page 9 THI l/11ct1.t1 11111P1J11101r, WE'il i/OT t;O/NfJ 11 TANE 11/ last twice as long as the test fire. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission reported that the tests on Transport Cask<1 "wPre interesting but not particularly useful." The most definitive work to date on the possible results from a real transportation accident spilling real plutonuim has been done by Sandia Laboratories in New Mexico. Their analysis indicates that a "large quantity" shipment of commercial plutonium released in an urban area could result in nearly 4,000 latent cancer fatalities, 952 early morbidities (non-fatal health disorders) and scores of early fatalities. The cost of cleaning up such an accident could range as high as two billion dollars. The Sierra Club has estimated that there will be 9,000 shipments per year of high-level wastes from constipated reactors co t~ N~, i~l~i. W ~i~ ments per day to the suppository . The continued push towards a nuclear technocracy offers us no guarantees except the production of more nuclear waste. The time has come for the people of Katuah to form a solid core of diasent and stop this technological train wreck. We must demand that the governor veto any and all sites within his political realm. We must convince our congresspeople to invite DOE officials to come and experience our opposition. We must form affinity groups, like Ben Drake of the Highlander Center in :-:ew ~larket, Tennessee, who is organizing folks along tranooortotion routes. The nuclear waste suppository means degra~ation of the land, de~radation of the water, degradation of human health, radioactive particles in the air , and probable ~enetic damage and mutations among all living things in the area. We do not want to be known as the generation that let it happen here. The situation requires nothing less than our best efforts to shut this menace ,,,, # down! ,P"' Write to your political representatives expressing your opposition to the MRS, transportation of nuclear waste through Katuah, and the planned suppository. The Honorable James Martin State Capitol Raleigh, NC 27611 House of Representatives Washington 2463 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 Write to these folks for current information and join them in the battle to save Katuah! Blue Ridge Enviromental Defense League P.O. Box 1308 West Jefferson , NC 28694 Western North Carolina Alliance P.O. Box 1591 Franklin NC 28734 (704) 524-3389 Mr. Steve Conrad Director of Division of Land Resources Department of Natural Resource and Community Development P.O . Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611 Highlander Center Rt. 3 Box 370 New Market, Tn . 37820 Fall 1985 c; ~2.&q - H, •• J �The message the plant people give to us: from the sourwood's early red leaves, the beautiful multicolor of the saw briar, the yellow of the poplar, the rust of the oaks, the pinks and reds of the red maple·· all these differences create beauty that moves the inner part of ourselves and prepares us for the great rest. We are told it is the i:iiver of breath's plan that we may have differences. All of the giver of breath's creation lives in harmony and peace with one another with the expection of man. We are told that we have completed a circle of life by this time of year. Let's look at ~he lessons that have been given to us in this circle. It is alright what you are. It is alright what I am. Let's take and move evenly together with our differences and give our unborn and their unborn yet to be a chance to go through this same circle. Communities We are told these are the oldest mountains upon the earth. Life has been here longer than any place else on the great mother. We are told this is one of the few places upon the earth where spirit still dwells, in the deep rich coves where the seng grows and the voices of water are talking to someone. All the life forces talk to the spiritual aspect of ourselves, the real part of us. We are told that all through our mountains··from northern Georgia all the way up the Appalachian trail, from the moon eyed people to the native people to the European people's spirits have been attracted to the power that these mountains place upon us. We are told that people come here with their spiritual and relisious ideas because they seem to fit with what is here. ·1 hey start their own communities-- healing communities. spiritual communities, communities based on a_pamcular philosophy or political point of view. But a mistake that our brothers and sisters make causes them to miss the power and the gift that the mountains give to us all. Their communities develop an ego just as an individual would develop an ego. We are told that now the time of great rest comes upon the mountains again, as it has for thqusands of years, the time when trees lose their leaves and evergreens get greener. Let's listen to the message that the mountains and the streams say to us. We are told that the differences aren't enough reason for us to be separate. We should strive to pull our communities together, to work together to preserve this spiritual oasis for us all. We can work with people who are different without having expectations for them to follow our path. i<Ai~Af! - .eW!e 10 Fall 1985 11 Io �The publications listed below are available from Appalachian Regional Office, I.T.C.I.U.S.A,. lnc., Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Prices listed include postage and handling within the U.S. PROPAGATION METHODS AND SOURCES FOR UNCOMMON PERENNIAL FOOD PLANTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW IN TABULAR FORM Gregory Williams, 1983 (slightly ;.:vised 1984), 49 pp ., $6.00 . by Brian Caldwell We are trying an lntercropping system that might be of utility on other fal"lls. On an 80 ft. by 90 ft. test plot, we have planted raspberries in rows 15 feet apart (about Lwice the usual spacing). In the rows with the berry canes, we set young Chinese chestnut trees every 15 feet. The chestnut trees are mulched, weeded and fertilized along with the berries, which are allowed to grow close beside the trees. Beds of vegetables about 5 feet wide run between the raspberry-chestnut rows. This system is an attempt to care for a succession of crops with the least effort, while making good use of space . We suspect that the raspberries. grown without the use of pesticides, have fewer problems with fungal diseases due to the improved air circulation of wide rows. It seems reasonable to use the extra space for vegetables. Because rasp-· berry plantings typically last only about 5-7 years because of virus problems, the chestnuts provide a crop to "take over" after the berries.The young trees require special care (particularly weed control) for about 3 years after planting, yet bearing begins only after about 5 years or more.le does not make much sense to invest the special care and space exclusively for the non-bearing trees so we put them right in the berry rows! They will not seriously compete with the berries until the berries are on the way out. The berry mulching and fertilizing are ideal for the Lrees, and competition from the berries doe~ not appear significant. Note that. with the use of mulch, it is important to protect the tree trunks from rodents with some sort of guards. Eventually . we will have a grovt· of chestnut trees on a 15 feet by 15 feet spacing. This is too close for mature t recs. However, these a re• ~eedllng trees, not ~rafts . and iL is 11ko.!ly thoc some will be poorer beorl'rs thun OLhers.After about 15 venrs, Lhey will be Lhinned out, leaving onlv the best. The area formerly occ- upied by raspberries and vegetables will be sheep pasture . And the chestnut yield in the early years will have been much improved over the yield for trees originally planted on a recommended spacing of 30 feet by 30 feet. This system is appropriate for many kinds of trees . Strawberries could substitute for the vegetables, but blueberries, gooseberries, asparagus, and rhubarb all last so long that their total production as "raspberry substitutes" would be seriously reduced by the trees. Areas used for this system should be free from perennial weeds. to our plot, we have had problems only with the tarnished plant bug and, at first, coo low fertility for high raspberry yields. An organic fertilizer (about 20 pounds of N per acre) placed beneath the mulch the last two springs resulted in much better growth of the fruiting canes. The berries also benefit from vege• table fertilization. Reprinted from ~&~~estry Review. Back issues available from: Inte rnational Tree Crops Institute, Appalachian Regional Office USA Route 1, Gravel Switch, Ky. 40328 -- ~-(;& i.ist : tyu <N'O~ AGRISILVICULTURE FOR APPALACHTA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, Gregory Williams, 1979, 9 pp .• $2.00. ACRISfLVICULTURE : A NECESSARY RENAISSANCE, Gregory Williams, 1979, 4 pp., $1.00. TREE CROPS FOR SMALL FARMS IN APPALACHIA: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH, Flip Bell. John Pohlman, Gregory Williams, 1977, 24 pp., $4.00. ENERGY-CONSERVING PERENNIAL AGRICULTURE FOR MARGINAL LAND IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIA: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Gregory Williams, 1982, 52 pp. , $8'.oo HORTIDEAS, Published monthly, Subscriptions $10.00/yr. (U.S.) SOME SOURCES OF HARD-TO-OBTAIN SEEDS AND. PLANTS FOR TREE CROPPING CHESTNUT HILL NURSERY,Rt. 3, Box 477, Alachua, Fl. 32615. Hybrid AmericanOriental chestnuts. Price list free. DOUGLAS, Earl, Red Creek, NY 13143. Hybrid American-Oriental chestnuts. Send SASE for price list. HIDDEN SPRINGS NURSERY, Route 14, BOX 159, Cookeville, TN. 38501. Seedling and grafted fruit and nut trees, including honeylocust. Price list free. --- l!<?Q_KS ABQ.l!l'_!REE CROPS: TREE CROPS: A PERMANENT AGRICULTURE, J. Russell Smith. Devin-Adair, New York, 1953. Founding work for the tree crops "movement"; somewhat dated, but worth reading to get excited about the idea of a tree-based agriculture . TREES FOR THE YARD, ORCHARD, AND WOODLOT, Roger Yepsen, Jr., editor, Rodale Press. Emmaus, Pennsylvania, 1976. Introductory chapters on landscaping. orcharding, nut trees. propagation, pest control. useful wild ~pecies, maple sugaring, and woodlot rianagement. NUT TREE CULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA, Richard Jaynes, editor, NNGA, Hamden, Connecticut, 1979. Very thorough and authoritativt• reference--" the bible"! ITCIUSA APPALACHIAN REGIONAL OFFICE, Route l, Gravel Swi.tch, KY 40328. Seeds and graf twood of select honeylocust, black locust, and American persimmon. Price list free. JOHNSON ORCHARD & NURSERY.Route 5, Hox 325, El1jay, GA 30540. Manx peach and nectarine cultivars, also graftc-d apples. Catalog, $1. LAWSON'S NURSERY, Route 1, Box 294, Ball Ground, GA 30107. Many apple and pear cultivars. Catalog free. ~ Special thanks to Greg Williams of t.T.C.l.U.S.A. Fall 1985 . ~ �·-----------------------·Wl-R>MSTDWILUM_____________________...... o~ NATURAL WORLD -( NEWS .,,/ ~':;:{<'!._ : bCac~ buws : a ~uestion of survivat / Black bears have well developed instincts for self-preservation and a reputation for taking care of themselves. tncreaslng human pressure, though, has seriously reduced their numbers to the point that they may not surTive! Recent research trom N. c. State University and the University ot Tennessee shows that over 12! ot the breeding tema.l.e black bears in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary, and over~ ot the total. population under study there are being killed! This devastating kill rate casts serious doubt on the ability ot the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary to 1D&inta1n an effective breeding nucleus. In the Harmon Den Bear Sanctuary, on the edge of the Great Smoky National Park, over 80% of the bears under study were killed. With the present black bear habitat a scant 5-10% of the species original range, serious questions arise as to whether or not the black bear may be completely extirpated from Katuah. Poaching is the major ceason the bears are disappearing. But dwindling range, periodic food short- Six endangered peregrine falcons took fl i ght from atop Grandfather Mount· ain, N.C. this summer. The restoration program, now in its second year is part of the ?lorth Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission's Nongame and Endangered Species Program. Most of the funding came via checkoff contributions on the ~ ages and an inadequate management plan al.so contribute to a dwindling bear population. Black bears reflect a medicine tradition long valued by our earth based cultures. The Cherokee believe black bear is a descendent of the human tribe and he left the villages to seek his own way in the forests. A Healing Management Program would include a moratorium on bear hunting until stable reproducing populations could be establisheP . North Carolina which has the longest bear hunting season in the southeast would do well to shorten the season by scheduling opening day later in the year. This would protect females since they go into dens sooner and would thus discourage their extinction. Other suggestions include, discontinuing use of radioactive iso· topes for scat monitoring, ban hunting with dogs, ban 2-way radio hunting, protecting old age timber stands for their den trees and hard mast (oak & hickory) and expansion of habitat areas and sanctuaries. state income tax form. A similar program is underway in Virginia with releases scheduled lo begin next year in the high mountains of Tennessee. Peregrine falcons are native to the high mounts ins of Katuah and will be sharing the air streams with 6 golden eagles released this summer from th e Shining Rock Wilderness. The restoration project is administered and staffed by the TVA and the N.C. Wildlife Commission. SG _, , " ...,.. _,;Jt Because of the urgency of black bear survival, it seems important for all of ua to begin to pool information on bear sightings and to document incidents of use of dogs, 2way radios , poaching, and other kills. This documentation will be decisive in influencing the Wildlife Resources Commission to shift its policies from species eradication to species conservation. To participate in the Bear Action Network, please call or write Paul Gallimore, Long Branch Environmental Education Center. Big Sandy M.lsh Creek, Leicester, NC 28748. 704/683-3662. To voice your conservation concerns, write NC Wildife Resources Commission, 512 N. Salisbury St. Raleigh, NC 27611. Please send a copy of your letter to each of the Commissioners: M. WoodroWli'rice, Dr. Richard Adams, David Allsbrook, Jack Bailey, Cy Brame. F.ddie Bridges, Joe Carpenter, Dr. John Hamrick, Henry Kitchin, Stuart Paine, Donald Thompson. Jerry Wright. and Vernon n ~vill, Executive Director. ~ '\. �The Western North Carolina Alliance, the Cowee Community Development Organization of Macon County, Alark.a Laurel Limited, and Walton Smith, a professional forester, have officially filed an administrative appeal with the U.S. Forest Service opposing clear- cutting, poisoning and burning on public lands in the Nantabala National Forest. The jolnt appeal argues that selective cuttin~ and all-age management are far superior to the proposed clear-cutting in the Little Laurel timber sale. It is argued further that the sale violates the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), the Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act, and the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA). Clear-cutting requires very little professional skill to implement and SU?ervise a timber sale. In the shore run, it produces the greatest mo~etary return and is thus attractive to administrators working on a limited budget. However, the method imposes adverse environmental conditions on an otherwise diverse and self mainttaining syst em, precluding the multiple use and long- term productivity of the southern Appalachian hardwood forests. A summation of these violations are as follows: The appeal maintains that in its Environmental Assessment (EA), the Forest Service fa Ued to consider selective cutting as an alternative. The appeal states that the EA "sets a precedent and represents a general policy ~· ..,-· ~- choice in silviculture techniques, a choice that should not be made in the absence of a 'systematic, interdisciplinary' analysis of long-term environmental impacts.·• The NFMA of 1976 was designed to restrict the extent to which the USFS incorporates clear-cutting in its overall management plans. The foundation for the enactment of NFMA was the Church guidelines which state that clear-cutting may only be used where "silviculturally essential" and after "multidisciplinary review" has been completed. The appeal states that the "EA contains no finding that clearcutting is 'ailviculturally essential'. The USFS's primary justification for clear-cutting is the allegedly high cost of selective cutting, a justification which violates Congress' Jirective that the 'greatest dollar return' is not sufficient reason to clear-cut. Section 4(a) of the ~ultiple Use Sustained Yield Act specifies that "some land will be used for less than all of the resources,., and that the best use is " not necessarily the combination of uses that will give the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output." The appeal supports the position that "each national forest must be managed with the goal of enhancing its unique inherent contribution to the entire system." Th:fq ... should not be (cont'd on p.14) ~ Champion International recently celebrated "75 Years of Excellence" but to the Pigeon River Action Group (PRAC) of Haywood County, NC, it represents 75 years of effluents. Recently, Champion's permit to dump wastes into the Pigeon R\ver came up for renewal. The North Carolina Environmental Management Commission (EMC) ( a state commission in charge of issuing permit renewals) issued a new pemit, called "toothless and vague" by many citizens, and submitted it to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for comments, according to federal guidelines. Earlier, the EMC had rejected suggestions by the the director of the NC Division of Environmental Management (who ultimately has to approve the permit , on the state level) to str engthen the (cont 'd on p.14) '(AttAl! - page 13 ---~=:..:...:,,,,:::....::===-=-....;~ ----ae- r .. In a time of misguided "Superfunds" and continuing "Studies" it is encourging to know that grass root efforts are still effective.•The snow balling movement to save the Horsepasture River is such a story. (See l<.atuah issues 16 & 18) . Since the spring of '84 the "Friends of the Horsepasture" have fought a proposal by Carrasan Co. (an out - of state investors tax write-off) to dam and develop the river and her five waterfalls. Hore than eleven hundred dues-paying members have contacted their elected officals in Raleigh and encouraged them to support N.C. Senator Hipps and Rep. Crawford's legislation that would include the river in the N. C. Natural and Scenic Rivers System. The bill wuld also direct the N.C. Dept. of Natural Resources to develop a management plan to qualify the Borsepasture for inclusion into the National Wild and Scenic River System. On June 7 the N.C. House and Senate voted unanimously in favor of this legislation. It is now up to Govenor Martin to request the U.S. Secretary of Interior to admit the river into the national system. Appropriation of funds to the U.S. Forest Service from the Land & Water Conservation Fund by Congress will be needed to purchase land to accomplish complete protection of the tract which includes 3 of the 5 major falls. U.S. Congressperson Rendon is exploring this possibility. . Hore info: FRIENDS OF THE BORSEPASTURE P.O.Box 272 ~~ Cedar Mountain,NC 28718 ~ �~ ' ?, no! ..• clear-c utting (cont'd from p.13) compromised in order to harvest a fixed quota of timber on an annual basis.'' Cutting for pulpwood and replanting in white pine while neglecting the diversity of native species shows that the USFS is pursuing the "greatest unit output" and is in direct violation of this Act. The appeal is now being considered by Regional Forester, Joe Alcock. The Alliance has won a "stay'' on this sale and is advocating a moratorium on clearcutting in the Nantahala National Forests, until the contents of the revised 50-year forest management plan are revealed. CORPORATE FORESTRY PRACTICES Hello, A friend haa suggested that I write a letter to Kat6ah about my experiences with the forestry practices in the southeast of our country. I ' ve worked the trees (treeplanting) in the southeast for five seasons now, the last two as a foreman for a large treeplanting outfit. Most of my experience has been on land owned privately by large paper companies. If you study maps of the southern states , you'll see many large areas with minimum development. These are often paper company lands. Corn and cotton farming devastated much of this land, rendering it useless for farming and enabling the big companies to acquire it quite cheaply. Forestry, as practiced by the paper companies, means pines, generally genetically improved stock of the loblolly species. This inhibits local varieties and leaves little or no room for hardwood varieties. Once, while riding to a site with a young forester , I remarked about the nice big oaks in someone's yard. The forester smiled and said, "That• s two words that you don ' t hear in the same sentence in forestry school: ' n ice' and 'oak'. If it ' s not pine, it's weeds." Practices vary from company to company, and even from forester to forester within the same company, but generally the only areas left to hardwoods sre wetlands and drains , KA TG.\H - page 14 .....:: permit guidelines. One commission member stated," I would hate to see a threat put on a company that has really broken their back (to improve water quality on the Pigeon River)." EPA, within the 90-day comment period, responded to the EMC by insisting that the permit contain tougher language and specific action. Ignoring EPA ' s review comments, EMC went ahead and issued the original weak permit, anyways. Historically, the EPA has never voided a permit that a state has issued. However, in an unprecedented move, EPA voided this North Carolina permit in August. As indicated by EPA's comments to EMC, the permit did not comply with the required federal Clean Water Act guidelines. Now, the EMC has 90 days to draft a new permit or the EPA will take over and issue its own. James O. Sheppard, Jr., a spokesperson for the NC Division of Environmental Management has stated that the EMC might not have the statutory authority to implement the recommendations. Meanwhile, Tennessee is suing North Carolina and Champion stating and that often reluctantly. Even steep hillsides get replanted in pine. A few companies seem unwilling even to leave the drains i f they own land on both sides of a creek or river. Champion International - "largest paper company in the world" - also probably the largest landowner in the eastern US, is still doing clearcuts of a phenomal size: up to 2,000 acres in a single tract. Of course, clearcut ting doesn't eliminate hardwoods, as we ' re well aware. This means that the land must be further prepared for treeplanting by either rootraking and piling, chopping, and burning the brush; or even disking and double-disking the soil. These techniques eliminate hardwoods, as well as rootmats, groundcover, and most of the topsoil that's managed to reform onto what was often mediocre land at best. A technique rising in popular~ty that effectively eliminates the hardwoods and saves the topsoil is the use of massive quantities of herbicides. This can effectively wipe out the hardwoods, but it tends to hove very detrialental effects on wildlife, as well as on the foresters and technicians doing the applications. Aerial spray and burn is being utilized on a large scale. I've been on sites that were over 600 acres and devastated by application of herbicide and thorough burning. Some major problems arising from this approach are: overspray onto str eams and rivers and onto "innocent" land (including crop fields) and residential wells and springs. People directing the spray are often soaked by the stuff. Once the land is prepped, tree- ; .• ~ ...._: ~11111.·.-::~...'t. - _.,,.;r - '"'~ • e5cont 'd from p.13) that the mill should be required to clean up the river and thus meet Tennessee clean water standards. A 1980 N.C. state analysis showed that the water was so dark that sunlight could not penetrate and nurture the aquatic life required by most fish to live. Champion has recently installed a small scale ultrafiltration test syst to explore the feasibility of removing the color from the effluent. But, Dick Mullinix, chairperson of PRAG, points out that since 1973 Champion has held patent on a sy:;t:em that could clean up to 90% of the colored effluent but it was ignored, and only recently has public pressure forced the company to begin testing. PRAG and its legal backers, the Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation (LEAF, Knoxville,TN) and the Con servation Council of North Carolina, rallied support and urged EPA to take up this issue. Further legal action is expected. Hore info: ,_ °' ""' Pigeon River Action Croi ' p P.O.Box 105 h Waynesville, NC 28786 /. planters come in and set out the pines in a grid designed to close off a canopy in 5 to 7 years. This keeps out new growth and eliminates the diversity of plant life and habitat so necessary for wild things to prosper. "How about some solutions?" you say. The best solution is, of course, the people getting the land again, rebuilding homesites and gardens, and developing wells , springs, villages , and communities. But these are quite complex and difficult issues, especially as forestry in the private sector is first and foremost an economic undertaking. Perhaps some grassroots "forest watch" operations will develop, which might provide some means of regulating the use of the land and eliminating its destruction. lllaybe by restricting the size of some of these logging operations and giving local people some recourse to deal with abuses by their corporate neighbors. ln the meantime, l will suggest that, while travelling, you get on some "blue line" highways and see for yourself how the land is being cared for. Tom Franko Rt. 1, Box 243-8 Floyd, VA 24091 ~ P' Fall 1985 C. fl cc - AA �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111!11!!11. . . .!lll..... WIAMJORUTDWO.l.IN~. . . .~. . . . . .11111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . After three months of discussion and R-5 the only trees that will requir~ Ur' Gr¥ftc£s by Gus Radom "Thtn• arc tides in the affairs of humankind and we are at a low ebb." Preclsely at the moment requiring the Krcalcst leadership we have the least. This region, Asheville in particular, ls going through dramatic change: change that will touch our lives dircct ly and daily, whether or not we choose to be involved. Thg city of Ashevi11P fAcPs ~er ious problems. "Asheville," according to former city manager, Ken Michalovc, "is literally rotting away . " The infrastructure that supports our urban way of life is rapidly falling apart. But the deterioration that I wish to address is on the surface of the land. As our natural environmenl L•rodes, so does the quality of our lives . Cotn111ercial development is rapidly transforming the landscape and lhus the character of our city. The standard approach has been :o cut down all the trees, level the site, and pave everything . Once the process begins it snowballs . The development tragedies on Merriman Avenue have diminished the value of every home in North Asheville. Trees buffer our neighborhoods from the harshness of the street and the collllllercial districts. When they are gone we lose a part of our heritage. Our sense of place, our peace, and our solitude are diminished. Our homes constitute the largest investment most of us will ever make. We spend our entire adult lives paying for that investment. That purchase provides us shelter and offers us community . Collectively, our homes create our neighborhoods,our major place in the world . Our neighborhoods, under normal circumstances, pass from one generation to the next providing the same healthy environment year after year. Asheville has long provided all the South with a wonderful retreat. But how long, at the present rate, will there be a cool, green Asheville? We have oo coaprehensive plan of development. We have no blueprint to guide us. We are stumbling expensively into the future. A few private citizens, including myself. observing the damage snd seeing no established leadership addressing the issue of tree destruclion, have been trying to turn this around. KATCAH - page 15 research (gathering tree ordinances and advice from all over the South) we produced a tree ordinance unique to our situation. We consulted two members of the city council, seeking their support and advice. They suggested that we first gain the endorsement of the Tree Conunission and allow the commission to present the ordinance to council. We did this . For months we pressed the Tree Commission for their support of an ordinance t~at they should have initiated years ago. Thanks to the self-serving leadership of several members of the commission this ordinance was weakened by numerous amendments and delayed for more than nine months. The ordinance finally passed the Tree Commission , but the leadership of the commission has done nothing to promote this o rdinance before city council. The proposed tree ordinance is by no means assured to pass City Council. It is controversial and will cost the City some money to enforce . It will pass only if the members of the Council believe it has strong support from a majority of the people in the city. The proposed Asheville Tree Ordinance is designed to prevent the indiscriminate pruning and removal of trees in the City , but without denying the reasonable use and economic benefit of real property.Although the emphasis in this Ordinance is on protection, the authors intend this to be only a first step in a comprehensive program to preserve , maintain and replenish Asheville's green environment. The Ordinance has five essential components: ~~ ARBORIST First, it calls for the hiring of a CITY ARBORIST: a tree specialist who will help the city make informed decisions when tree removal is requested, and to help formulate policies to properly care for the City ' s own trees. Most importantly, the CITY ARBORIST will design an educational program to make the general public aware of the value of our own trees and to give technical information on how to care for them. PERMIT FOR REMOVAL -- -Seconcf,--c-heOrdinance requires any person who intends to remove any tree over 12 inches in diameter to obtain a permit from the City. The only exception to this requirement is trees within the setback lines of property zoned residential. ln other words, for property zoned R-1 thru a permit to be removed will be thost· within a certain margin around the perimeter of each lot . If a developer or landowner lntends to remove a t ree during the development of any land in the City. a lree removal permit will be required along with other building permits, and the City will have the power to rescind all the permits if the provisions of the Tree Protection Ordinance are not followed. The Ordinance also includes guidelines for the protection of existing trees during construction. A lree removal permit will be granted in any case where the applicant can demonstrate a good reason for removing the tree. Specifically , a permit will be granted if the tree is dead, diseased, or otherwise dangerous or obstructive, or if removal of the tree is necessary for the proper development of the property, or for the benefit and health of other trees.In some cases permits will be granted on the condition that new trees are planted on the property. Special provisions have been made ~n the Ordinance to regulate, but not impede, the pruning and cutting done by the public utility companies in the course of maintaining utility lines. Other special provisions have been made for emergencies such as severe storms,and for the appeal of permit denials. PRUNING AND TOPPING A third section of the ordinance requires that any pruning of trees be done according to standards set by the Tree Commission. Although no permit will be required for pruning, excessive pruning that cause the death of any tree will be treated as if the trees were cut down without a permit. The purpose of these provisions is to stop the unsightly mutilation of mature hardwoods in the name of •topping~ PENALTIES ~-Tht?°penalties section of the Ordinance makes both the lsndowner and the person who actually does the cutting subject to the penalties. The criminal penalties that may be imposed are $50. per tree, or 30 days in jail. Civil penalties can be up to $10,000 . PLANTING ON CITY PROPERTY -- Finally , the Ordinance encourages any citizens of Asheville to plant trees on City property in accurdanc .. with the City Tree Plan adopted by the Tree Commission. cont'd on p.21 ·• ~~~ ~ - " Fsll~l985 �t .• A Fall 1985 • t~ �Fall 1985 .... ~. - �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WEAM,OIOUTDWD.UM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Hello Ka tuah ! Just got done reading Gary Snyder's interview in The Mother Earth News and will use that reinspiration to write. Bioregionalism does nothing but make sense to me and I have discussed it with lots of folks since my introduction to it through ex-Co-Evolution Quarterly. I am drawn to the idea for ecological(moral) and political(decentralization) reasons. I do not consider myself a pessimist, yet I cannot see the institution of such "radical" politics in my lifetime. Still, given my personal reality and witnessing a growth of spiritual awakening in .. this country, it is time to promote sanity and cOllDDunity . The establishment of bioregionalism would be, to me, nothing short of mass enlightenment, the birth of human beings • .. •• We are capable as a species. May we rise to our potential through creative insight and courage. Please send me any and all necessary info to better educate me so I may pass the truth along to others. I'll thank you in advance for your kindness and help and your loving work for the earth and its creatures. · One woman, trying to walk in balance- Cotton Willis, Va. "one does not give over to alternative realities without summon ing up forces of nature and mind which urban-industrialism was designed to exclude, never to contain" Theodore Roszak Where The Wasteland Ends Dear Katuah, I ' m writing to request that you publish a correction to an article published in the Spring 1985 loouc of KotWih. The article was on Socially Responsible '"ii\veBting (page 15). The problem is simply that you screwed up our address in the "Resources" sect.ion. The address given is "28 Montpelier, VT.05602" . The correct address is: 28 Main St . ; Montpelier, VT 05602. While I have your attention, I just want to let you know that I think your publication is absolutely first-rate; it' s the strongest, most coherent publication I've seen yet from the bioregional oovement. Thanks for your help and support. Sincerely, Larry Lewack Marketing Director GOOD MONEY :<ATf. - page 18 .\H Dear Friends, I'm writing to express my feelings of how meaningful I think your paper is for the times we face today. I think Kat6ah represents an emerging awareness and networking of peoplP with many basic concerns. beliefs and philosophies.I think that i• is part of the global consciousness that is striving for peace, equality between peoples and nations, and an expression of feelings of love for the Mother Earth. ~et me tell you briefly of our goals and current function here at Northwoods Center for Natural Health. One is to network out info=mation to people in every way that we can . We do this through newsletters, talks, newspaper articles, etc. A second ts to begin a Center for networking with individuals that can help teach a selfsustaining way of life and a respect for the earth. With that we want to instill a greater degree of planetary consciousness in people by bringing them in contact with guest lecturers. Thirdly , we will have health retreat weeks for those interested in regaining health in a European rejuvenation setting. And fourth, we provide personalized health programs and back and neck pain therapy for any individual coming to our Center in Brevard. With Warmth and Light, Or. Frank Trombetta, O.Sc. Ro list ic Health 304 Water Oak Suites Brevard NC 28712 Hi Good People, The SU11DDer issue is great but the second part of Lowell Hayes' painting is upside down. The reservoir flooded up the valley covering the homestead as It rose. Touching gently our Mother Earth, Karl Yost Willis, Va. KatU'ah, On my 10th birthday, spent here in these mountains, I announced to my family that one day this would be my home. I knew even then that these maternal nurturing hills would cradle me and I would live a life close to the earth. Nowfinally-1 am home! No other place ever felt like home-only these mountains. So if this is my home, where are my roots, my past knowledge of gener. ations. my life cord? Katuah is just that ... connecting me with relatives living and those who have gone on before me. It is my anchoring roots-so that I may concentrate on producing nurturing fruits. Suaan Claese ~ �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WlAlllfOllUTOW'IU.EMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS 1 sit beneath the towering white oak, I feel the coolness of it's breath on this hot SU11111er day. I lay my palms upon the base of it's trunk and feel it's life blood courslng beneath the bark. Earth-breath stirs the leaves gently and I am reminded that where there is breath, there is spirit I remember the breathing of the oak and try to make my breath juat as silent. Leaning against the oak, I place my hands 'and bare feet against the bare soil; illlagining them to be roots, 1 push them into the soil and draw the Earth Hother's healing and growing power into myself The oak's abundant fruit has fed me, and now it's strong spirit nourishes me. I feel it's plentiful power flooding me with strength, vigor, and endurance I open my eyes, give my thanks to the white oak and realize that when I need these things, the oak will be there for me. 1 will protect and preserve it as long as I shall live, and I will pass the task on to my children, who inherit the stewardship of this land. With my newfound strength, I run up to the ridge and down to my valley home. FRIEND TO HUMANS The oaks have been known as sustainers and healers for centuries . A variety of species of oak (spp. quercus ) are indigenous to Turtle Island (N. America) and their gifts have been well known to many native tribes. I have been told that the old-time Cherokee runners earring messages between the different clans travelled only with extra mocassins and a pouch of acorn and corn Meal on their belts. The runners would keep a pinch in their mouth as they ran for an hour or so, then swallow and take another. This sustained the runners as they covered up to 100 miles in a loping, 20 hour trot through the rich woodlands of Katuah. All acorns are edible and all contain bitter tannin in varying amounts 'Ille oaks are divided into two groups by botanists: the white oaks, whose leaves have rounded lobes, with sweeter acorns and more tannin in the bark; and the red oaks, whose leaves have pointed lobes, with bitter acorns and less tannin in the bark. ~~st desirable for food are the chestnut oak (quercus prinus) acorns. The nut meats are the largest I know, so less time is spent shelling and they are very owcct The whicc ook (quercus alba) is so sweet that a light roasting will render them edible, with a bitterness comparable to that of coffee. Gather the acorns as soon as possible after they fall, as most become infested with weevils within a week. Green acorns are fine. The bitterness is removed by a leaching process. First, grind the shelled acorns in a flour mill into course acorn grits. The moist acorns will not pass through if the mill is set too fine. Put the grits in a cotton On Tall Trees O mighty oak Long in silence I look on you And draw power and renewal from your aura. Often I wonder of your making, Gnarled in places, How slowly, slowly do you grow, How long how many years in the making! Controller of climate and rainfall Protector of top soil, protector of the earth, Inspiring of strength Favorite of ancients of Druids, of religious groups. How mighty in sinew, Inspiring in strength! 0 to stop the crime Of wasting you! What mystery radiances breathe you in and breathe you out? You are of the tall trees, The friend of owls, You are old .•. so old! You are the acorn, You are the oak! © W. Walters oock, tic it closed and place in cold running water; a creek or in the sick under a slow, steady stream. White oak acorns will leach in 4-8 hours; some red oaks take as long as 14-16 hours. Just taste the grits to see if all the astringency has been removed. Then spread the grits in a thin layer on a flat surface (a stone heated by the sun or fire, or on a cookie sheet in a 200 degree oven) and dry thoroughly. Grind the brown grits into a fine flour. You now have a food that is approximately 6.5% protein, 68% carbohydrate , .1% fat and for each 100 grams, you get 12 mg calci11111, 314 mg phosphorous, 2 mg iron, .02 mg thiamine, .40 mg riboflavin and .5 mg niacin - not to mention all your body will tell you about its food value. ASH CAKES Traditionally, acorn flour and corn meal are mixed with water and a small amount of sifted oak wood ash (which makes the protein more accessible to our bodies) to make a stiff batter After your oak and hickory wood fire has burned for 1 hour, remove wood and coals, dig a large, bread loaf sized pit in the hearth and line it with red hot coals and ashes. Pour the batter onto the coals then place more ash on top, then more coals, then build the fire back up on top. After one half to one hour (depending on the size of your ash cake) I take out the bread. The blackened outer crust has formed an "oven" for the sweet, moist bread inside. Thia is a very sustaining food with a complete, balanced protein content. When you're in the kitchen, try this recipe for the most delicious corn bread you've ever had: I I cornmeal le l/2c acorn flour I/Jc soy flour l/4c w/wheat flour 2tsp salt l egg l}i;c milk 3tbsp honey Jtbsp oil optional: le chopped black walnuts le toasted sunflower seed mix all dry ingredients , add liquids and beat until smooth. Pour into muffin tins or cake pan and bake for 20-30 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean . Medicinally oak bark is a powerful astringent - antiseptic with several applications A decoction made (cont'd. p. 24) 198S �ed together to form a starry patchwork quilt of colldctive being . Feminine power is once more on the ascendant; the summer lion of personal will d:lssolves in the glory o f transcendent love ••• " " Feminine power is activated in the fall as vital energy descends to the roots of our beings . It is through the feminine aspect in human nature that the purifying fire of M ichael can rightfully be wielded. Justice, a feminine fi gure, watches over and weighs the spiritual harvest ••• " "In the first half of autwun, we gather in the harvest and clear away the 'chaff ' . In the second half, we integrate the spiritual fruits of the past year cycle. The 'sword of trut h' and the scale are symbolic of the first psychic process, which is inspired and facilitated by the observance of Michaelmas, the Great New Moon C ere1110ny, Yom Kippur, and Hallowmas. The mysticas al union of spiritual fruits is symbolized by the Jewish suka (four-sided hut), the Native American medicine wheel and World Tree with four roots, the Chr istian Ad ven t wreath , and the Chanukah dr e i dl .. . " Fil.Om the I n-tltodu.c,Uo n to .the Calendalt : "This calendar j ournal is intended to demonstra te t hat the celebrations of all racial and r eligious cultures represent complementary aspects of one gr eat world cult ure and are r eflected in the diverse psychic elements that m ake up each individual . Holy days and all notable historic events can be viewed in the context of the annual cycle as phases of individual and collective development. According to an old Dakota song ' t he year is a circle around the world '. The myths of all cultures can be meaningfully pr ojected on the mandala of the annual rhythm. " "Fall is the time to reap the psvchic as well aa physical fruits of th.a groving season. Each of us is a ray which goes forth 1o spring t o embr ace a particular aspact of crdation and r•turns i n fall with a ~rsonal harves t to share wit h our COlmllWlity. Individual •xpcriancea are now joinK.\TCAH - page 20 "Fall is the season of complet ion, of 1110ving toward mystic wholeness when diverse states of consciousness may be brought into h8rlll0ny. In the Gnostic view, Christ is the soul of the Earth (the incarnate solar principle). The soul of the world, the center of the circle cross of the Earth symbol, can be approached only by man.Heating within ourselves the essential nature of every religion and cult ure. The most important message of the fall is that all faiths are essentially bas.sd on one great body of truth of which each world religion and culture is an integral part. The medicine wheel is a primary Native American symbol which defines the four parts of the human psyche, provtd.ss a path to the integration of these psychic elemenes and indicates how the individual may best be integrated into the tribal community. A person first experiences each of the four directions before balancing i n the center o f the circle cross. Then all four states of being come alive at the same time and the medicine wheel begins to turn. The medicine wheel of Native Amer- ica and the Great Pyramid both symbolize the procciss of psychic transformation through which the formative elements of human nature are aligned and integrated by the fifth principle (the quJ.ntessence}, spiritual awareness. This transformative process is also the purpose of the Cherokee "s quard ground" which is used for ceremonial dance in this season. It is the basis for celebrating the four we4*. Advent period which culminates in the ligh ting of a f ifth candle in a "medicine wheel" circle of greenery . Fall is the season to create a new state of being, a more inclusive form of consciousness, aud it is the time to consciously let go of the old form, to ring in the new year. Creative meditation and rational fasting have a place in this process and so do singing, chanting , and dancing . Let's recall the words of Lame D e1:1r: 'Dancing and praying-it's the same thing', when w1:1 celebrate Advent and include a little enlightened Saturnalia, for its purpose is to break up psychic patterns from the old year, to help us open our hearts to the ligh t of a new star ••• " (f '1e~v ts~ c1vc- le~v-oV1noL the wov\d~ the "The New Moon of Libra , the first following the Fall Equinox , marks the spiritual New Year in the New World Cycle of Celebrations ... . This is the time of the Great New M oon Ceremony, the New Year celebration commemorating the world ' s creation in Cherokee and Iroquois tradition . Immersion in a pure body of w ater at sunrise followed by crystal ga zing co perceive the future year is a traditional aspect of the ceremony." Advance o r ders for The 1986 " New W l d Cycle of Celebrations Calenor dar Journal" a r e now being ta ken . Send $8. 00 to : New Wo r l d Celebra tions P . O. Box 6054 Charlot te, N 2820 7 ~ C !!". • --FaH l91f5 �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEAMFOFIUTOWlii.ERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11111!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review M)UNTAINEERS AND RANGERS: A HISTORY OF FEDERAL FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS 1900-81 Shelley Smith Mastran and Nan Lowerre (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402) $7.00 The federal government, particularly in the form of the U. S. Forest Service, has been a strong force in the development of the current were mounted knights carrying the conservation message into the wilds. Now, since the political tide has turned, a new chapter in the history of federal involvement in Kat6ah is being wcitten. The DOE is threatening to dump nuclear waste on the mountains. The Forest Service is meeting considerable popular opposition for undertaking large-scale clear-cutting operations, and has been implicated in offering the lumber interests large hand-outs in the form of below-cost timber sales. But that is to be read in the future. At present, MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS offers an illuminating look at one of the powers that helped to shape today . VRDAN Tl\EES (continued from p.15) Recently at a conference on Buncombe County ln the 21st Century, Ian McHarg, noted author and landscape architect , emphasized the importance of incorporating the natural environment into the design of our cities. Approximately 76% of Americans live in or near urban areas. This figure will rise. As we purchase smaller homes on less or no land, we instinctively turn to our urban forests for that occasional respite, for the reflection and solace we sometimes desperately need in our often crowded and hectic lives . Imagine New York City without Central Park. Urban forests offer city folks a wide variety of delights and benefits. In spite of unrelenting pressures for urbanization, 30% of the surface area of an average U.S. city is covered with trees. This is a larger portion of forest cover than is found in the typical countryside. The proposed city arborist in the Ordinance would facilitate the crucially importa:it integration of sound urban forest planning and management with commercial and residential development. In conclusion, as private citizens we have a responsibility to act when there is no action. If we fail to do so, we become the victims. Your help in the passage of the tree ordinance is critical. We need your influence, your letters, your phone calls . This is but a first step. We can turn this thing around. ~ economic and cultural realities of the Katclah province. Under contract to the U.S . Forest Service, researchers Shelley Smith Mastran and Nan Lowerre have docu~ented the federal *** presence and the changes it has "In the early days, only the largest brought to Southern Appalachian forestry and forest lands in the and highest quality trees were cut: course of the 20th century . cherry, ash, walnut, oak, and yellowUnlike many goverument public(tulip) poplar, often as large as 25 ations, MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS feet in circumference. Although it is not a monotonous litany of is difficult to imagine today, trees alphabet agencies or a selfwere felled that were larger in diajustifying array of statistics meter than an average man stands. Some designed to def end an agency portable sawmills were brought into budget. Rather, the authors have the mountains in the earlier years, produced a book that is interesting but logs from these enormous trees and readable because they have were usually transported to a'mill, given attention to the existing some miles distant, by horse, oxen, forestry practices and cultural or water . Typically, log splash dams patterns in the area and, for better were built on the shallow mountain or wors~, the profound effect the streams so that many logs could be federal agencies have had on land moved at one time. Logs were rolled use and the mountain way of life. into the lakes formed behind the dams, UndLCStandably, they linger in and with a buildup from rain or the golden days of forestry in the· melting snow, the.dams were opened to Appalachians: the days of Teddy let the logs cascade down the mountains. Roosevelt, Carl Schenck, and Prom wider places on the river, Gifford Pinchot, when the Forest Gi.1.6 Hado11.n, a ~i.den;t; 06 At.hetrees - as many as 40 to 120 at a Service was young and "the district ville, NC, htU> be.e.n a p!Llnci.pal. i.ntime - were lashed together to form -ltla;to11. ht de.ve.i.op.ing a comp11.ehe.nranger • •• was the backbone of forest rafts, which were piloted downriv~;~~ administration . " Forest rangers 1>i.ve Vi.ee. oJr.di.nanc.e. 601t hi.6 ~. to the mills." ,P"' at that time were crusaders - messengers bearing tidings of the young science of forestry, of conservation and enlightened land use to the mountain people. The days of the CCC, when thousands of people were gainfully employed at useful conservation work during the depression years is also emphasized, but the book does not neglect discussions of the social impact of the Forest Service's land acquisition policies, the economic effects of the federal government as landowner, and the controversy surrounding the RARE II proposals of the early 1980's . The federal government has figured so prominently in the history of Katuah since the turn of the century, that MOUNTAINEERS AND RANGERS offers a good overview of the history of the province and its forests during this period . The book is extensively annotated, and the bibliography alone is an excellent guide to readings on Southern Appalachia during this period. There is a certain admiration and nostalgia for the days when issues were simpler, before Forest Service "Aw, sheee-iit" ethics became entangled in the economics of the international timber market , and when the rangers Fall 1985 OS sgaq - Hf.~1/J. �The publications listed below are available from Appalachian Regional Office, l.T.C.I.U.S.A,, lnc., Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Prices l isted include postage and handling within the U.S. PROPAGATION METHODS AND SOURCES FOR UNCOMMON PERENNIAL FOOD PLANTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW IN TABULAR FORM Cregory Williams, 1983 (slightly vised 1984), 49 pp., $6.00. ;e- by Brian Caldwell We are trying an intercropping system that might be of utility on other farns. On an 80 ft. by 90 ft. test plot, we have planted raspberries in rows 15 feet apart (about twice the usual spacing). In the rows with the berry canes, we set young Chinese chestnut trees every 15 feet. The chestnut trees are mulched, weeded and fertilized along with the berries, which are allowed to grow close beside the trees. Beds of vegetables about 5 feet wide run between the raspberry-chestnut rows. This system is an attempt to care for a succession of crops with the least effort, while making good use of space. We suspect that the raspberries. grown without the use of pesticides, have fewer problems with fungal diseases due to the improved air circulation of wide rows. It seems reasonable to use the extra space for vegetables. Because rasp-· berry plantings typically last only about 5-7 years because of virus problems, the chestnuts provide a crop co "take over" after the berries.The young trees require special care (particularly weed control) for about 3 years after planting, yet bearing begins on l y after about 5 years or more.It does not make much sense to invest the special care and space exclusively for the non-bearing trees so we put them right in the berry rows! They will not seriously compete with the berries until the berries are on the way out. The berry mulching and fertilizing are ideal fo r the trees, and competition from the berries does not appear siRnificant. Note that, with the use of mulch, it is important to protect the tree trunks from rodents with some sort of guards. Eventually. we will have a ~rove of chestnut trees on a 15 feet by 15 feet spacing. This is too close for mature t rel'!1. llowever. t hcse a re seedlin~ trees, not ~rafts. and it is likely that somt• will be poorer bearPrs than others.After about JS vears, they will b~ thinned out, leaving onlv the best. The aTea formerlv occ~ :'-\;'~'AH - ?ag~ ll upied by raspberries and vegetables will be sheep pasture. And the chestnut yield in the early years will have been much improved over the yield for trees originally planted on a recommended spacing of 30 feet by 30 feet. This system is appropriate for many kinds of trees . Strawberries could substitute for the vegetables, but blueberries, gooseberries, asparagus, and rhubarb all last so long that their total production as "raspberry substitutes" would be seriously reduced by the trees. Areas used for this system should be free from perennial weeds. fn our plot, we have had problems only with the tarnished plant bug and, at first, too low fertility for high raspberry yields. An organic fertilizer (about 20 pounds of N per acre) placed beneath the mulch the last two springs resulted in much better growth of the fruiting canes. The berries also benefit from vegetable fertilization . Reprinted from Agroforestry Review. Back issues available from: - - International Tree Crops Institute, Appalachian Regional Office USA Route 1, Gravel Switch, Ky. 40328 ------ r-e.so-~ i.is~ : tyu U"op~ - - ~KS ABOUT TREE CROPS: TREE CROPS: A PERMANENT AGRICULTURE, J. Russell Smith, Devin-Adair, New York, 1953. Founding work for the tree crops "movement"; somewhat dated, but worth reading to get excited about the idea of a tree-based agriculture. TREES FOR THE YARD, ORCHARD, AND '"'OODLOT. Roger Yepsen, Jr. , editor, Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania. 1976. Introductory chapters on landscaping. orcharding, nut trees. propagation, pest control, useful wild species. maple sugaring. and woodlot management. NlIT TREE CULTURE IN NORTH AMERTCA, Richard Jaynes, editor, NNGA, Hamden, Connecticut, 1979. Very thorough and authoritativt• reference--" the bib le"! ACRISILVICULTURE FOR APPALACHIA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, Gregory Williams, 1979, 9 pp .• $2.00. AGRlSILVICULTURE: A NECESSARY RENAISSANCE, Gregory Williams, 1979, 4 pp., $1.00. TREE CROPS FOR SMALL FARMS IN APPALACHIA: PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH, Flip Bell. John Pohlman, Gregory Williams, 1977, 24 pp . , $4.00. ENERGY-CONSERVING PERENNIAL AGRICULTURE FOR MARGINAL LAND IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIA: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Gregory Williams, 1982, 52 pp. , $8~00 HORTIDEAS, Published monthly, Subscriptions $10.00/yr. (U.S.) SOME SOURCES OF HARD-TO-OBTAIN SEEDS AND PLANTS FOR TREE CROPPING CHESTNUT HILL NURSERY,Rt. 3, Box 477, Alachua, Fl. 32615. Hybrid AmericanOriental chestnuts. Price list free. DOUGLAS, Earl, Red Creek, NY 13143. Hybrid American-O r iental chestnuts. Send SASE for price list . HIDDEN SPRINGS NURSERY, Route 14, BOX 159, Cookeville, TN . 38501 . Seedling and grafted fruit and nut trees, including honeylocust. Price list free. ITCIUSA APPALACHIAN REGIONAL OFFICE, Route I, Gravel Switch, KY 40328. Seeds and graf t wood of select honeylocust, black locust, and American persimmon. Price list free. JOHNSON ORCHARD & NURSERY , Route 5, 60x 325, E1ijay, GA 30540 . Mltoy peach and nectarine cultivars, also graft~d apples. Catalog, $1. LAWSON ' S NURSERY, Route I, Box 294, Ball Ground, GA 30107. Many apple and pear cultivars. Catalog free. ~ Special thanks to Greg Williams of LT .c.r.u.s.A. Ea-11 19a5 �....................................llllllll........... Wl4MIOOIOTOWILWIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. "T<•c '""'Y of our forebt .. rs and lut'.U<·•ncri ti uk u tern•s of o fl'" Cf'le,·t<!d "l*C'1es--whot tl.cy eel l ' iorf!ft trt'd Sl>t-ClE:s '--so that IJy el in in<>t ion ol l other tr<-es oecor ••e 1 'A t!(•d V.pt!tie!i .. The 1 'Afl'l•O Sf>eClt-C' ron•<-~t ~act•lct th•t • •orcsttr sl.ou le CJl'l r io of any t t ee Veil i eties bul thl' few thc>t are currently ld.<Jh on th<> 11... ikPl. Tl.is rnov.-s low.;1d ,, 110110C\.ll ur ,. prnct ice . l·•onocul tu re y1·owiny ovi:rtaxe& the soil, exposes tlie crop lrees Lo dun9er fron insec ts, disease, er fire, •rad pUtb the landow11cr at the n·l'rcy of • consta ntly fluctuat inc; lll<O ):et.. "Tl 1t: t. t t::..~ Ven i ~Lieb kuowu lW~y db 'wef'd s 1>C'cies ' .. re ~.ir>l'lY trcei. thdt we do not know how to use. Ev1:r~ Sl'(•ci<•s of tr<>e has j ts own pot..,11tial. As an exd~plE: the dogwood tree i s not tighly desira~le today, but 20 ye&rs ago do9woud wat• one of the mo11t valuabl~ wood~ in the forest. It was used to no~k.e textile shuttles, because the wooo would wear slllO(>th and would not pick the threads. Ever~· small town had a dogwood mill wh~-~ voltt'r &a,.s cul d09wood blocks irto squdre lo be roade :uoto i.huttles. Because textile blin ttlei; are now nade of COlll[>rt-sbed wood or ~yr•tl1E:llc l'ldterials, do<;wood h ..1< no n.iket today . But tl1a1 doc-s not ~"' tht: ..OO<; is cseless. rt su I l lb on( cf t hi! l:'est woods growir.<J. we s1rnr•lr llO:t'cl :o fir•c where it C"11n Ii<· l: Pt t used. "1'h<•H .:n~ othe r woods in birrdlar C' l r t·1Jn1! t nnc<'s. M 1..ll.t1r ry j s " .. pl vr•t J d woc1d ll•r i11lryi; . Sassafra .. wooo bot bf'iJUI If l: I l ones tJ11d ... ) J I yi V<· C1f j i Is 1 l• a1.i1 <J odor for 50 Yl"<•I>. Silv~·th<•ll ii; io 1•lai11 wood, but 1 t firii::l.1·~ "ell "r1u car1 l l• la.&ec.! 1 r t\Jt ri1 r y wood ; r oductt!. l'lM'I, t.Jl..n l l i " white wood . •r Uti(d 10 te ~01.11>0 .r 11,,. lntcl11•r t Joor <•f o;v«r~ nt>u1:tdit1 r.•! lt , t..< rul•s• INhl·n 1 t h•s sc.-nhbec "ith ""' <·r, ll t1.rni'c1 ,, lt11lli<11~t wJ·ite, c.lr•<bt J.ke . .. 111•• ~ lN> le1.111· !"locu . Fae-ti k a.c! c·~ \ Ood !w. l l ' (•WI ' C"hi•tdL t t-d!ol iCS . I Jtt.l J~Vl <i~'\'• ti • jCioc;! sr:ioll ~Ut'ilP!·t ('C'l\.d\.O lll· lUJ<'<> growing Sl't·c·icl wo,•dt- fM (to next page) KATUAP. - page 23 l8ll 1 ill. SIVILCULTURE SIMPLIFIED There are two major silviculture practices, even-aged and uneven-aged. Ir even-aged silviculturt a for~st is cut complet.ely to the bt1re ground and a r.ew forest is started with seedlings or sprouts from cul trees . An unevenaged forest contains trees of all age and size classes a11d n• be of one or ay 111any sJ,Jecit-s, as ir. the case with hardwoods . It is harvested perioeically by cutting a portion of the trees, usually the n~ture trees or trees of poorer quality. Even-aged s1l1;iculture is more coll1Itl0n with tie pinet-, firs, spruce, and other coniferous tr<·es, although it has been practiced i r. recent years on harc!woods. Even-aged silviculture can be accornplished by clearcut.Ling the forest in blocks or in strips , the latter bEing known ab the shelterwood system . The size of the cuttings varies from entire mountainsides to sruall blocks of 20 to 40 acres, or strips a few hundred feet wide that run ir. parallel bands or wind with the contour on steeper land. After clearcutlin9, a ne .. for1:st must be established. Nature will generally do this by seedlings or seeds left on the forest floor or from sprouts growing Croni cut stems. Humans can change this by planting sceolings of the tree species thal lhey desire. After a few yl'ars, the clearcut area grows up thickly with thousands of seeolings and sprouts and usually needs a cleanir.g to release the desired trees. This is usually done mechanically with tools, but can be done .. ith hArbicides th<at poi&on the unwanted sten.s. Fire can only be used after the trees gro..· larger, and some speci E.'s can wHhstand heat that will kill others. After 20 to 40 years a thinning cut lb made to harvest some pulpwood-sized trees while leaving the Detter trees for the final crop. The final crop of trees is harvested when rnat ure, usu.;lly 60 LO 80 years, and tt,en the cycle is repedted. Unever.-ac;ec! silviculturE: maintains a gra..ing forest o f all ages and size classes at all tines . Jt is much CJOre ~ifficl.ilt to practice and necessitates p1cfessic.nal i;k1lls t hat require a ful. 1rno.. Jedg<' of trc•t species , soils, ,,nd tt>eir intt-rrf\lationbhl.f•S. It also i-«qvire!- t he kno.. ledge to grade tree •1u.,) lly .>ml o htl J undcrstondi ny o! tla• fut tlCI' lire.ducts . al'l'l ic:.ltion o~ thu Silvi- noarkE·t~· Tl e cultural r.iethod is by ha rvesting , preferably for sale, bu~ sornt.ti1u~s as a non-commercial operatior. to improve a forest 1otand. Harvesting can be by the single tree selection method or by 9roup selection. The latter is more practical and often rl turns the highest product dividends . Jn sin9le tree selection, the !ore1oter marks individual trees that are mature, or trees of lower quolity thot ahould be removec for the im vr~ved growth of better quality trees. Removing these trees must be done very carefully to avoid damaging the trees to be left for future harvests . In group selection, an attempt is 111ade to harvest several trees fairly close together to open up a sizeable area , letting sunlight enter to give young trees a start . The area size depends on the nature of the timber , topography , and other facton,, and usually is not over an acre in size. Group selection makes harvestin9 easier. Thinning is a form of selective cutting and is applied when forest~ become too thick and tree growth slows down. "Thinning from above" means taking out the more mature trees and releasing the smaller ones . "Thinning from below" is taking out trees that have been suppressed or are of poor form and giving the larger and better quality trees less competition so they can maintain a high growth rate while adding on high quality wood . Selective cutting can be a coinbina tion of several of the above methods, the main purpose being to maintain a growing , viable forest of many species (especially in bardwoods), many age classes, and several size classes. Cutting cycles are usually 10 to lS years apart . In selective cutting , there is an opportunity to favor wildlife by leaving a certain number of den trees, dnd trees producing hard mast, like hickory and oak, even though their product value may be questionable. There is also an opportunity to favor aesthetics and recreational pursuits when selective cutting by JUciciously leaving unusual trees L~cause of size , species, or rarity . --Walton P. Smith �WALOEE FOREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ AMFOllESTDWBURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. cont . from page 23 Walton looked up at the young poplars as if to check their yrowth and then turned awa~. "We recently had a little tornado in here," he said as we wound our way along the trail again, "and it blew down six white pine . l wasn't aol~ to get to them before, but we recently built a road in here, and now J can recover them. "A road is the first thing that a landowner needs to think about if he or she is considering forest management . There has to be access , no matter what kind of management practice one is going to undertake. Roadbuilding has got to be done right . Building the roads is wha t causes most of the erosion damage and tree damage associated with logging operations . "I can now get to over 80\ of this 150 acres for thinning and harvesting operations . This has cost me $4,000 over a period of 16 years . These are not gr aveled roads; they are woods roads with grassy banks . They have culverts and are not eroding . AlJ J have to do is go over them twice a year with a bush- hog mower . J don ' t think that represents unreasonable expense or maintenance . "Clearcutting on a larye scale requires a road built on 6 inches of rock and gravel to get in a cable rig and a tractor-t r ailer to haul the timber . That's why it cost the Forest Service one-half million dollars to put in a six mile road on the mountain above us . I couldn't get a tractorACORN ••• cont'd 61tOm p . 19 by steeping l oz. of the inner bark powder in l pint of water (dosage l ~sp. four times a day) is effective for diarrhea and dysentery . It can be used as a gargle for sore throat, or as an external wash for cuts and wounds and poison ivy, Jethro Kloss (Back To Eden) reports that the unleachc'd""acorn powder resist the venom of poisonous snakes and spiders. The decoction is also a good ingredient in ene.mas for colonic cleansing . In using t he food and medicine of the oak, let us always remember our trees with gifts - gifts of thanks trailer ng ir. on this roac!, but lhe <lifference is thcrt 1 log ,.jt h a ch., in saw and a wir.ch on I lie front. E111<l o!' /1 jeep. A Sl!lal l ldnclowner is workiny on an entirely different scale." As we continued our walk, Walto11 said, "We ' re goir.g by another s.Lc1nu of young fraser fir 1 'rr 9ro1dn9 for Christmas trees . I try lo h<tv., lt•..,Sf' areas clean·cl by h<1nd rather tl1<rn spraying then. witl• poisonous sprays . Jf I went simply by economics, it would pay to buy the chemicals ancl spray poison to keep the sptct.>ts d(,wn, but there ' s too niuch gooci Wdter up here to do 1.hcrt . I'd rathE:r spf:nd a tittle extra time ond effort a11a avoic the poisons . "l know of farms that have been passed down in the same family for generations . I ' d li~e to see forests treated like that as well. It takes SO and prayer for the spirit, the Creator behind the spirit and the knowlege to use these things wisely, gifts of cedar, sage or tobacco to nourish the body and spirit of the tree that nourishes us . In doing so, we may become like the oaks , the standing people, with our feet firmly planted in the Ear tr. Mother, our trunks strong and flexible in the fiercest of winds, our branches reaching for the heavens, accepting the light and warmth of the sun, turning it into food and medicin~ that our people may live . y~ars to g~I. ever) t loir g "'orlur y t l<;hl. We ' re jusl now <J"'ttin~ tlin<J& lO "'<a·k .r.Hjht bete . " Thundttt rut l• l fd i r. ti<· wi;st. Wal tor. qi.i cker1E'd tis E ...c< .. s 11E' ,. tc1 rl Eid up tie f i na J grc.ue towards the hOUSE'. "} f<ttt} thf-t(''li CJnt tlt~J ,y Wl' t'nVe to offer," le SblO tloughtfully. "\\e've wotkea 011 ll1J.!O vlace for 47 yc•s1·s now, anC: l ti ink we h .. ve dev ... lopi=C: a n•ociel tv show sornt principles lhat coUd be cc1rried out on a lary~t sc~le. "Quite .. (e-. ~ tudents <:<Jr.•e h•·re . l 91"e th .. r. tl1i~ sa~1e tour, and tl1ey ,;e• ti. is pl ii CE', ul\C: N1ny Of then Jl?dVC' with the &onoe c;,ut fecd1n9 that "" l.cive; that there ' s a .b~tttr way to 1.-.rnage lhis App.. lachian tinberland. " Lat.er , as we &ot i" the l.ouse Wdtchir.y the rain 1.>C•Und tl•e wirdows out~ide, Walton said, "Jf son•l'Ollt- ii. driviny by oro tt.e h\!,hwdy , Jookir9 al the forest, it odght look dense , dark und scart-y--full o~ bears and :maker; . Th~ edqe of tht forest is like a walled barrier that turns away mur•y people who aren ' t fc101Jli1>r -.i1.h thtforest. "But once one bn•oks throuyh tl:f: edge anC: 9ets in .. mong the trr•es, one· can see the forest. Jt can't be &een from the out.Eide . Jt becomt>s "n entirely different place con•pated to loow it appenred from the ldyhw.,y . lt's a place of beauty . A good 1.>lace to be--a qood place to live. ~ Necorded by D. W. ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~• ~a~0 ~\IIL~I 'Na~r~ T-SHIRTS Each origina l design hand screened in 5 colors on the finest 100% pre- shrunk cotton rl short and long sleeve t· shirts. Short Sleeve '10 PP · (.S&P CiVF<)c', l'f, o., ~(I s14 ,..pc1. CNAlf9£ ,.,. J Ong slPeve indudes howlc feothers /beorpow~) long Sleeve Nome Address Blocli 8eor 0 Silver 0 Ton 0 Wh'te u::::=;;:;;::;~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Phone Mostercord Viso tt Red-foiled Howle 0 Ecru Q Silver CJ Ton ""'" ' •: AqeA...,., N101nl• Ex-p--d ,,,e -- - .,- . :-- 1 Shor1 Q long Q S·M· l ·Xl 1 ~?,~,!!~d W•r•.,.ill•. llC28lRS or write for brochure ·~ ·-~· ,, KATUAfl - page 24 MALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/CAFE BOOKS - CARDS - RECORDS 6 1 HAYwooO ST. ASHElllU.E. N C. 28801 704-2!14-S734 Fall 1985 . �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WlAMOOESTDWrUIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . I ' ' A CHILDREN'S PAGE Compiled by Karen Paquette KATUAH KIDS TALK ABOUT THEIR FAVORITE TREES l Erin, age 7: The Black Walnuts in my yard are mine I like to climb them. Once I climbed one and wouldn' t come down - I ate my dinner up there until the bugs bit me too badly. I felt safe up there it was like my mother. Shane, age 11: , I like the big poplars on Standing Indian and I would like to visit the Redwoods . They both have a lot of history behind them. Today some varieties of trees are dying out because of acid rain and bugs like weevils. Some people in the world are not fortunate to have trees , like in the African deserts and the Sudan region. We need to share our knowledge of tree culture as well as appreciate our own trees mor e and take care of them Drawing by Savannah Shinnah, age 7: I like the Weeping Willow tree because I like the way it leans over with its branches and I like the name it tells what this tree is like . It makes me feel good to look at it. It likes to grow near water so its roots can grow down into the ground and get water from the creek . It only cries in winter because it doesn ' t get much sun and it smiles in the summer time . In Haiti they ruined all the trees and it became a desert. Everyone in the world must learn to conserve trees and plant more like on t ree farms . Clearcutting is not right if we don ' t have trees we will have problems . Trees provide shelter for birds and animals and prevent erosion . Emily, age 3: I like trees because they are pretty . 1 also like apple trees because they have food on them. Apples have lots of vitamin C in thero, they make me happy. Jason, age 8: There used to be a lot of American Chestnuts but they got the Chestnut blight. I see them lying down in the woods and I miss them . We still have the Chinese Chestnuts though, only they are different Trees are good for people. They give us firewood , boards , paper and food . We ' ve got to save trees ~chuh ; KATCAH - Fall 1985 page :?5 ~- ~aaq - llhJ IAA �.. ----111!1--------~----.--- Wl-fOllQTDWW.OIS ____________________.. 11 '~~~~~~11rr~1~t 1.~;~~i111~11:1l\~1·~~~~~~:!~:;~~~:i:~1~ ~,~~~~~~~~~~;~~~ 1 I j·\\h•I lj I'l I which i..tJt.uck me a.& be-Uig the. co.Ue.ct.i..ve vo.lc.e 06 all. thohe. de.ad and dy.lng 6-iM j~ and pi.nu , i.1Wt-g11.e.y wUh an anc.ie.nt I mObb g11.owing 611.0m thW. bkel.e.ta.l 11.ema..i.n.6 I like. a be.a1t.d would g.11.0W 611.0m the. clun 06 a 111C1n only Hcond.6 dead ... And w.Uh .the. V1 aLUUte.nub 06 the. ' p11.uence' alt.o came a 'voice'-- a 6e.e..t.lng- which bpoke. .to me w.Uh i.u.ch an au.11.a 06 c.a.lm and w<.bdom continued from page 3 that goobebu.mpA (wha.t .the old moun.ta..i.n 6olli .LJt .thue moun.ta..i.n4 had call.e.d and li.6 e.lub lln4 .the. land.6 c.a.pe. be.com.i.ng "glolt!J bu.mP6" a.& 1 lln4 gllOIAl(.ng u.p, a .tha.t OUll. CJJJVi..ob.(,ty bee.a.me., Ve.Juj quickly, boy . .. I JU1lt all. u.p o.n.d down my CZIU!l4, a.& mo11. 06 a 6e.el.i.ng 06 oveJr.Whe.lm.lng btlll.1 walke.d 611.om .the. p:WWtg lot up .the. pll.iA e. and conce.11.n a.& .the. •ha.iJILi.ne.' o 6 h.lU and .<.n.to what had once. be.en '.the. .the. 6Olte.6.t !00.6 not only '.th.lnn.lng ' , but, wood6 '. . • .LJt 6ac.t, 'bal.d.lng' a.& we. 11.eache.d .the. What .th.iA 'voice o 6 M.che..typa.t knoiulng ' .topl UXl.6 .te.U.lng me UXl.6: .that .the ex.tent 06 Reaching .the. bu.nmlt 06 .the moun.ta.i.lt, a.& .the deva.&.t.a..t.lon I UXl.6 He.i.ltg and 6eet.i.ltg we. .twtne.d .thoi.e la4.t couple. 06 be.nd.6 .LJt i.o deeply lln4, in 6ac.t, a v.iA.lble 'b.lgn' .the. 11.0ad, what !CXt6 tu«tU.lng tL.6 «n4 - and i..t.a..te.me.nt made by .the i.p(.JL(..t 06 .thue Jtathe.11. .than a .tlvume. -like. v.iA .to. IJ.lttLi,t.tll.eu 1 ~ be.e.lng a.& 'de.ad'. That .th.iA .lng .the. ll.e..ttLll.n 06 ' .the. god.6' -- a .6Ce.ne. baCJte.d and ve.11.y publi..c. place had be.en 06 de.va.6.t.a..t.lon only compaJt.D.ble. .LJt my choben by .the. bpi.JL(..t6 06 human, bea6t, m.i.11d .to .<.magu 06 NagMak.l and H.lll.oi.h.ll!ICl and vege..ta.t.lon, to lllClke. a bold bta.teme.n.t 1 had been in 6.llm6 and p(.c.twte booki. . to .thobe. human be..lngi. i..t.Ul ~ng He.11.e. on .th.U powe11.6ul and baClte.d mouna.11.Dund .LJt .thobe. holUlU .the.y ca.Ue.d .to..i.n we. we.11.e. being g11.e.e..te.d by an a11.my 'bod.lei.'. That .t.lte dev.uta.t.lon 06 .th.iA 06 g11.e.y-ghob.te.d boul4 06 a d.iAembod.le.d 9e.og11aph.i.c landmo.11.k v.lb.Ued by .tholUland.6 '11ace.' ... TholUland.6 06 de.ad .tll.e.u! "The. 06 toUll..iA.t.6 and na.t.lvu each yeJVr., lln4 Cltown 06 CJtea.t.lon", I .thought bMCa.&.tall.owed a.& a b.i.gnboall.d, a.& a tlWUl.i.ng, o 6 .i.call.y .to mYJ>el.6. "So .thiA .iA .the. gi6.t .the. be.ve.11..ittj 06 .the. .imbalancu .that ex06 'WJ.jutJ.1' bu.towed upon .the. g11.e.a.t .l6.te.d .LJt .the. na..twi.a.t woltld a..t .the. ltandi. 'k.lngb' 06 .the na.twt.a..t kingdom! How .the 06, a.& a 11.uuU 06, .the. bhoJLt-i..lgh.te.d EaJLth be.kn.i.g h.t6 heA 'IUVIJl.ioll.6', .thob e .th.i.ltk.lng and VXJ.Yb o 6 .thob c now living .that Stave 4tlltv.i.ve.d and Jt..i.6e.11, .i.n pl!..lde. o6 accompU&hme.nt, .to buch g11.e.a.t 'he..lgh.t.6' ! " on .the. eall..th. So cle.M !00.6 th.iA mu Mg e. 1 !CXt6 11.e.ce..lv.i.ltg .tha.t U al.mob.t A6 my .11.ational m.i.nd .took ove.11. 611.om my We.11.all.y began .to .to.Ile. on both vo.i.ce. emo.t.lo ~ , .tll.y.i.ltg to .<.n.te.Ue.c.tuaU.z e. .the and language. a6 1 11.eache.d .the. .top 06 pou.lble. c.a..u.6e.(b I, .tlte. 1tea6on6 'why' , .the. mountain and a be.cl.u.de.d .lUtt.e 6011. ~ 'gho4.tltj clea11.Cut', .th.iA 'unclea.IL(.ng whe.11.e. T .&t.te.nde.cl to do a na..twi.al' d.iAa.&.te.11., me.mo.IL(.u 06 bto.IL(.u i..<.mple. Uttle. ce.11.e.mony 06 .thankJ>g.i.vand newh-11.epoll.U I'd heall.d, about how .i.ltg: .the. 'acid IUlht' UXl.6 beg.i.lt~ .to .to.ke. "The. i..lgn6 he.11.e. been by a.U U4 .to.fl. on .the. .tlt.e.u .i.n .the. h.lghe.11. wU.l i.how .thobe. cuJL(.olJJl people 06 el.e.va.ti.on.6, c.a.me. .to m.i.nd. And iulthout bc.ie.nce. .the. widup11.e.ad e.v.ldence. 06 any o.thvr. known pobb.lb.lUt.lu a6 1te.Mon6 , .the. e.x.te.nt o 6 .thw own du .tJt.uc.ta6 c.a..u.6e, 6011. all. .th.iA 6011.u.t laid to .lon. 06 .the. compounded nc. lui.e 06 l\n4.te., the. I Jta..in I e.a4il.lj and qui.ckty 1 1 ~ ~ 1 I ' I I liQJIC ,, KA n'AB - page 26 I I S I 1 1 JIUl.t a.& poW.y .u, the he.al.Utg a.&pec.t 06 language, i.o .iA .U .<.mpoJLtan.t people. took to .the.ut bod.lei. and m.i.nd.6 wUh 11.egall.d .to he.alih and 1 be..ing. To 6oCIUl .thW. pe.11.6onal and co.Ue~ve goal.6 on the. qu.a..Uty and longe.v.Uy 06 eu'.4.te.nce, and the.ut o.IL(.ginal an~ na..tWl.al b.lll..th.IL(.gh.t, be.yond death. It .iA he.11.e., .ln .thue WOJJ4, .that .the heaUng a.&pec.t6 06 '.the Cltea.t.lve' i.e.11.ve .to .ln6u.11.e. you.11. H11.6e. 06 pe.11.6e.ct.i..on, .thll.Ough tonge.v.Uy, o.11d .the con.t.i.ltua.Uon o 6 an a66.i.ltm.Utg and v.ltal 6u.twt.e.! The. jou.11.ne.y 06 hwnank.lnd a11.ound .the baCJte.d c.iltcle. 06 U.6e. w<.U b.IL(.ng a.U, 6.lnall.y, .ln.to .the. 6M.u.t o 6 .the. 11.eg.lon 06 un.lve.11.6al. con6c.io1Ul· nub and awa11.enu.6. A place whe.11.e. .the b.lg .tll.e.u gll.Ow. The hiding placu 06 .the unknown, and .the 'be.yond'. What one. dou he.11.e. among.6.t '.the. o.11c.ient onu' depend6 upon what one. ha.& done t\IUh idte.11.e one. ha.6 been be.60.lte.. How one ha.6 bu..i.U and completed tlte 'g11.oundwo11.k', .the. wo11.k iulth 'boil' , in .the. pllev-i.olUl expe.JL(.encu 06 one' .6 'joU11.ne.y'. He.11.e. among the old .tll.eu , one bll..lngb one.' b IUIWl.e.nub o 6 who one. .l6 .i.ltto JL(.gh.t .'leta.t.lon6h.lp 1 \IUh the. un.i.ve.11.6al bcale. 06 .the bp.lll.(.,tua.l-ph116.<.cal rnall./L(.age bha1te.d .lnhe.11.e.ii.tf.tJ -<.n .the. concept 06 .the. God-11.e.al.lze.d One.nub among all .th.lngi.! lri bO do.i.ng one. comu 6u.U-c.lll.c1e. .to one' b .tJt.ue beg.ltuU.ngi., and .iA 'Home.' . GODack now, and .te.U th.iA to all. IJOU know... " Th.iA th e.n, .iA what 1 have. be.en . Th.iA 1 ha~e. been -told. To i.hall.e. w.Uh IJOU., a.U, whom 1 know. Th-IA mui.age. 611.0m .the. vo.lce. 06 .the 'acid Jta.i.n' ••. - - -Thoma6 Rain CMwe. Fall 1985 �................................................Wl""'"*"DWILLllll................................................ Milw~ukee • C,leveltm::l continued from page J thac thc1 causes of tree dicback h.src in K atuah as wc1ll as in thc northc1rn Appalachians and the Black Forest of Wast C.sn:iany (where JO of all tr•n ra ~ardlc1Ss of elevation are dying)can be attributed to two general claa$i ficatioos of anthropogenic(human-madc) pollution: acid rain and at1D03phcric dc1position. Acid rain is arbitrarily defin.sd as any precipitation having a Ph lass than S.6 (7 i s n.sutral), since this is thc1 Ph wh.sra atmoshperic C02 combines with water in the air to form a dilute solution of carbonic a cid . Human mad.s sources o f acid substances are a r~ult o f t he living standard of highly industrialized countries. 'Ibey include auto exhaust, industrial c<mmissions from s~lters and fossil fuc1l c1adssions from c1lcctrica l gc1narating plants. Some of the acidic compounds arc sulfur dioxide (S02) , nitrous oxides (HN03) , hydrogc1n chloridc1, and hydrogen fluoride. 1besc1 compounds arc rc1laased into the atmosphc1ra and are widely disP•rsed by continental air fl<M. According to Or. Bruck and others, the mountai •. foraats of Katliah , acting like giant "scrubbers " , c harly racc1ivc very high ratci.s of acidic deposit ion. 'Ibis is largely due to t he geographic c1ffect of increasing ratll!I of p rc1cipitatioo as air masses are forcc1d to go up aud over high mountains. fin additional source of acidic deposition is simply cloud water interception by trees, as the tops of the mountains are often bathed in clouds passing by . Studies of these clouds and precipitation rates in the northern Appalachians show chat mow1tain tops receive four times more acidic deposition than lower elevations. 11l•r• a r e many effc1cts of acid rain on treclS and the soil in which they livc1. 8v overwhclminr th• natural soil Ph balance and causing a more acid soil, aluminum, a metal which is toxic to trees, is released and mad¥ available for uptake by trc1e roots. Atmospheric deposition can be defined as the combined anthropogenic (human-caused) pollutants falling back on Mother Earth. It is composed of assorted noxious effluvia includin~ ozone, heavy metals such as lead (from gasoline combustion and lead arsenate pesticides) , coppcr from smcllters and nitrogen compounds. According to those study in~ the dlehacks , there i s not enough data to c learly point fingers and say that a particular pollutant coming from a 1'..a rti cular source l s caus in~ apec l K.Arl:AH - page :'.!7 fie damage to tra•a in Katiiah. It is Or. 8ruck's contention that there may be a "stress syndrome" whereby various combinatioos of these toxic substances may be causing t he diaback . Experlmentall~ in the lab Or . Bruck has studied the affects of acid run from nitrogen and sulfur sources. He has discovered severe suppression of the symbiotic fungi known as mycorrhizae which help the trees' roots derive nutrition from tha soil . Bruck believes that the suppression of mycorrhizae (up to 50%) has led to severe supprassioo of tree root growth which may be causi.n g th• retarded growth obs erved in the trae ring borings. Alandog as these reductions appear to be, the question still remains: Is it reducad ring growth that is causing the trees to die? Exploring f urthar under the soil mantle where the treas' roots are bound inseparably with the lifegi ving mycorrhizae Bruck has found an extre~ly high accumulation of lead, particularly on slopes which face into the predoadnaot winds. Levels of lead ara three to seven times higher on top of Ht. Mitchell than in urban Asheville soil. Studies revd&l that there is alraady as much as two grams or 1DOre of lead per square met- Sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SOJ ~nd Nitrogen Oxides (NO,) In North Caroli~ so, 620,000 Ions/yr. - Ublot• WIND ROSE for Asheville, NC er in the forest soils at high elevatiooa ! Most studics on the toxicity of lead have focused an human beings, h<Mevar some studies have bean performed on microorganisms and planta. These studies clearly indicate direct metabolic effects in all life fora111. These studies also shOW-a marked reduction in species diversity of adcroorganisma in the soil and on leaf surfaces . When lead and acidity (under Ph 5) vars combined in ooa study, a profound effect oo the mobilization and utilization of lead was noticed. Certain species of mycorrhizae ware inhibited in soils that ware acid and contained lead while those same sp•cias of lll)'corrhizae ware present in a lass acidic soil with lead. Like the canaries used by miners to warn of impending danger our treas are a kind of environmental litmus. lbat litmus is giving an acidic reading threatening life as we know it. The. e.nv.ili.onme.n.ta.l co114e.que.nct.6 oG tong .teMI col!4wnption and ~.te. aJLt combtg home.. Whil.e. the. 1>~.t4 plod c.au,Uo1J.1;.t.y .in mowita.01 cemeteJt.tu 1>t11J1.Ch.ing 60.11. 1>pec..i.6.ic knowledge o& .the. IUU.t11. m.i.l>.t, we. 46 ch.i.J.dlte.n o 6 Motht11. Ellll.th mlJ.4.t l>eaAch de.tpllJ wltkin 60.11. a "p.Ur,Uua..t. d.U:tg no1>.l6 46 we.U. T.11.e.u M.e. OU.It gucw.Li.all4 and OWi. .te.acheJt.6, .theq g~ve com6oll-t and wl.6e. cou111>ei and .the.y aJLe. ca.lUng out .to each 06 IJ.4 NOW 6.11.0m de.adt.IJ 1>IV1.Du.d4 06 m.i.l>.t. We. can no tongtll. ign0.11.e .tlte. de.g1U1.d.Utg e.66e.ct 06 oWt 14UIJI> o 6 Uv.ing. OU.It Uvu 111tt bound i..n.6e.pa11.abty .to .the. .tli.e.u. 1n .th.U. c1.c1> e.d. e.cotog.ic.al. 1>y1>.tem we. Uve. .in, the..<A du.tJW.ct.i.on .inl>Wtu oWt du.tJwcwn. Tl1e. 1>e.aJtch 6011. knowt.e.dge. and a ".te.cltnotog.ic.al. 6.i.x" w.Ul ne.vt11. .11.e.place. 1te." pe.ct a.t. we. .intt11.t1ct w.i..th Moth eJt Ellll.th. by Michael Red ~ Fall 198) ~ >:)J.·F. - ~ 1,~ �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MA~fOIOUTDWEUEllS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 26 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Patrick Ball (Celtic harp) McDibbs 12 Cherry St. 12 ASHEVILLE, NC Asheville Ethnic Festival Montford Park Call (704) 253-3714 28 I CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day (traditional music, country dancing, crafts, exhibits, tobacco spitting) Western Carolina University 12 UUFF MOUNTAIN SEPTEMBER A REGIONAL EXHIBIT PRODUCED BY THE MEMBERS OF 111E APPALACHIAN CONSORTIUM MUSEUM COOPEBATIVE Opening night: September 12 Talk by Wilma Dykeman Founders ' Auditorium, 7:00 pm Public showing: September 13 - Januar y 23 Western Carolina University 13 13-15 TOCCOA, GA Earth Stewardship Seminar Christian perspectives on ecology. $95 Elevent h Colllllandment Fellowship 540 Oakland Ave. SE Atlanta , GA 30312 14 October - November CHEROKEE, NC " Cherokee Sculptor" - Carl Lloyd Owle Center of Cherokee Heritage 20-22 BLACK l()UNTAIN, NC Black Mountain Pall Festival (traditional music) Grey Eagle and Friends Call (704) 669-2456 21 Fall Equinox ~- ·"-'TUAll - page 28 CHEROKEE, 1~C Cherokee Indian Fall Festival (Indian dancing, stickball, chestnut bread, crafts , exhibits) Ceremonial Grounds 2 WILLIS, VA " Native American Teachings" AmyLee, Iroquois teacher and apprentice medicine woman Indian Valley Holistic Center Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA Willis, VA 24380 4-8 ASHEVILLE, NC " Rel ping Women Win : A Candidate Training School for Women" - League of Women Voters Call (704) 258- 8223 5 BONAS DEFEAT GORGE (Jackson County) Day hike with NC Nature Conservancy. $5. 00 Ann Mciver 130 Carr St. Chapel Rill, NC 27514 MOSHEIM, TN First Annual Organic Harvesters ' Festival Call (615) 422-7769 20-22 CLAYTON, GA NATURE'S DOLLAR WORKSHOP: A look at the real price of . . .• forest, soil, watershed & wildlife management, land use, pollution, etc . •• translating these key mountain issues into the language of nature's dollar. "Comparing human accounting with nature's accounting, the monetary dol lar is an incomplete and unrealistic measur e of the value of things." Friends of the Mountains Rt.2, Box 2306-A Clayton, GA 30525 (404) 782-2657 Asheville, NC CropWalk against hunger Call Sally Bridenstine, (704) 254- 5072 13 DEEP CREEK Swain Co. , NC Katuah Fall Gathering See notice next page 14 BEAR HUNTING SEASON OPEijS Beat the bushes ! warn Yona of the danger OCTOBER 1-5 "In exam.ln.<.ng .the meanlng~ 06 .the 6oJl£4t, we JLeaUze .tha.t. .the Appa.ta.c.h.la.n 601Lut .iA not jUJ.t a. na.twta.l .to.ndl>ca.pe, ,U .iA a. cuUwu:il ta.nd.6c.a.pe. • • • • In .6.tli.dy.Uig .the 6oJLUt, we .f.ea.ltn a.bou.t oWtcS e.lvu . . . • . " (Avery County) Day Rike $5. 00 NC Nature Conservancy See 10/5 5-6 BRASSTOWN, NC 12th Annual Fall Festival (Craft s fair, performances) John C. Campbell Folk School Rt. l Brasstown , NC 28902 Call (704) 837-2775 . .. a: ·~· 18-20 Willis, VA " Our Stories - Ourselves Louise Kessler, storyteller Indian Valley Holistic C'tr. Pre-register. See 10/2 19 ROAN MOUNTAIN (Mi:tchell County) Fall color hike. $5 . 00 NC Nature Conservancy See 10/5 19 BANNER ELK, NC Banner Elk Wooly Worm Festival 21 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS " Forests and Trees of the Smokies" - field school Non-Credit Prograns 2016 Lake Ave. Knoxville, TN 37996 11-13 BRASSTOWN, NC. Fall Craft Weekend (workshops) also Chamber Music Houseparty John C. Campbell Folk School See 10/5-6 12 SPRUCE PINE , NC 8th Annual Art Auction (includes tour of craftspeoples ' studios in Celo area) Toe River Ar ts Council Call (704) 682-7215 12 ASHEVILLE , NC Visit of delegation of Soviet women - sponsored by Peace Links Call (704) 258-8223 ••• ~· 17-20 Highlands, NC . • Fall Landscape Workshop (photographic exploration of Highlands area) Tuition $100 Highlands Biological Station P.O. Drawer 580 Highlands , NC 28741 25-27 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Dance Weekend (workshops in English country dance including Garland and Northwest Morris, also contra and square dancing) John C. Campbell Folk School See 10/5-6 26-27 GRF.AT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Mt . Leconte overnight hike See 9/21 31 Samhain Celebration �. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WlAMrollESTDWBUM. . . . . . . . . .1111111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . NOVEMBER BRASSTOWN, NC 60th Anniversary Party of the Campbell Folk School See l0/5-6 2 "SWORN TO FUN" 9-lO WILUS, VA Massage Workshop Libby Outlaw Indian Valley Holistic Center . Pr e-register. See 10/2 16-17 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Winter Highcountry Camping See 9/21 s,~..alJll {j De~ .J>luxk .J>(a.<. 1111· ~·1.(i 6 P<1fartr_11 Bal<v1<"1•· • C...rfi..·d 'M:«j Dr'VujJl Sol.·~ 255-TQ~ t/.2~15.li Special thanks to Judith Hallock Nov . 2-3 ASHEVILLE, NC "Learning to Focus on Life" - seminar Dr. Scout Lee , part Seminole Indian, author, therapis t, professor, lecturer, comedian, mystic visionary, and master game player Offering experiences to develop creativity, courage, power, love, and fun Pre-register: Cat Gilliam 16 Lookout Dr . Asheville, NC 28804 (704) 254-8140 3-16 9 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Craft and Rome Week (Blacksmithing, tool sharpening, weaving, quilting, ax handles, wind energy turbine construction) John C Campbell Polk School See 10/5-6 Georgia Organic Growers ' Association Fall Conference For information, contact: Deborah Pelham 1185 Bend Cr eek Trail Suwanee, GA 30174 l \\. BURLESO N November I 3 October 4 6 Meditation in Action - K.'""'' A YO!!<' Weekend, With the Southern Dh,,rm., St~rr II 14 18 23 2S 27 A lfiking Meditation Wnkend foll Color l>oscm.oery. With JOHN ORR An Intens ive Meditation Re trea t With JACQUELINE S. MANDELL Yoga in the Iyengar Tntdillon W11h ULLAH SCHWARTZ @ 8 . 10 15 17 22 24 Joy and laughter · Finding Your Inner Child - With HARRIET ELDER A Weekend of Tibetan Buddhist Meditation - With JON BARBIERI A New View of Ancient Astro logy With HARRIET M1LLER Neuro·Lin.guistic Programming - With MIKE BUCKNER Dec. 28 · A New Year's Meditation Intensive Jan. 4 With JOHN ORR Southern Dharrna Retreat Center is located in a remote area of the Smoky Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina. For further information about Southern Dharrnaorabout any of the programsabove,call(704)622 7112,or 254·1351. or wnte; SOUTHERN DHARMA RETREAT CENTER Rt . I, Box 34-H Hot Sprmgs, NC 28743 ~ &Co. ~ ~~ . . . --<-._ ~ he rbs, native plants, perennials, flowers, fruit trees, bulbs, bedding plants. 80 lake&ide Drive 8/ IOths of a mile from Hardee'• in Franklin, N.C. for informatio n call 524-3321 SOLAR HOUSE WITH C~USE area near Franklin. Passive solar w ith cedar siding and tria, win· dow quilts, tromb wall. $68,500, negotiable financing. Call 524-3321 during business hours. Fall 1985 !i - ~ �NICARAGUAN COFFEE. Delicious,roasted coffee beans or ground coffee available for $6.00 a pound. Contact: Steve Livingston (704) 257-3019 LEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE FOUNDATION (LEAF) is a public interest law firm which works with the public,private and governmental sectors to promote a quality environment. More info: LEAF, 602 Gay St. Suite 507,Knoxville, TN 37902 VOLUNTEERS NEEDED at the Laurentine Shelter for the homeless to stay for either the evening or overnight. Ic Asheville,NC. Call Carol Lathuras: (704) 252-2752 APPALACHIAN PEACE EDUCATION CENTER (APEC) publishes APEC News, an informative peace newsletter for the southern VA area. More info: APEC, 114 Court St., Abingdon, VA 24210 GREENPEACE has established the Rainbow Warrior Emergency Fund to provide funds for the care of the children of the crewman who got killed when their flagship was bombed in July and to get the ship, the Rainbow Warrior, seaworthy again. GREENPEACE, 1611 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009 MADISON COUNTY PLOWSHARES PEACE GROUP has postcards of their "Windows on the World" Friendship Quilt available for $3.00 a dozen, ppd. Contact: Karol Kavaya, 25 Back Branch, Marshall, NC 28753 SELF-HELP CREDIT UNION has now opened a branch office in Western North Carolina through the State Employees Credit Union system. For more info: Write: S.B.C.U., P.O.Box 3259 , Durham, NC 27705. Or go by: State Employees Credit Onion, 200 All Souls Crescent, Asheville, NC/telephone: (704) 274-4200. SEAT WEAVING. Caning, rush, split seats. Also classes available. Call: (704) 253-6241 ONGOING SESSIONS in Raja Yoga for beginning and continuing students. Pre-registration required. Raja Yoga Ashram, 272 Patton Cove Rd, Swannan oa, NC 28778. (704) 686-3037 S.T.A.R., Space Technology And Research Foundation, is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization which uses monies to advance all aspects of parasensory phenomena and psi research. For contributions or subscription to bi-monthly newsletter: S.T.A.R. Fdtn, 448 Rabbit Skin Rd , Waynesville, NC 28786 RURAL SOUTHERN VOICE for PEACE (R.S.V.P.) is a network of people in rural/small city communities in the Southeast who are working to build the nonviolent alternative systems and lifestyles that can bri ng peac e to our world. Publishes RSVP Newsletter. More info: RSVP, Rt 5 Box 335, Burnsville, NC 28714 SO~H A VARIETY OF WHOLESOME BAKED COODS 704 293·5912 tiWV. 107 RT. 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 ~Sl 1 - '...-"°"Bl RD : cttd.. , £ rcd""ood ·""' rR gn~"~!~ WHOLISTIC HEALING SEMINARS in Barbados. For more info: Rita Li vingston, % Loving, 1424 South Palm Way, Lake Worth, FL 33460. (305) 582-7902 PRE '68 DELUXE SUNROOF VW MICRO BUS Wanted. With good body; Not running, O.K. Contact: We8go, 216 Botany Rd, Greenville, SC 29615. (803) 244-4786. WRITERS WORKSHOP. Classes in poetry, science fiction, technical writing,etc. At "ls Wall St. Room 18, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 669-5471 WEBWORK1NG is free. Send submissions to: Katua h P .O.Box 873 Cullowhee, NC 28723 PROOUCTS WATER ANAlYSIS RANDALL C LANIER c"';lom ""ood I N 17th YEAR OF PUBLICATION, Akwesasne Notes is a Journal for Native and Natural Peoples, covering world events which effect indigenous peoples. For subscriptions or tax-deductibl e contributions: AKWESASNE NOTES, P.O.Box 196, Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown, NY 13683-0196. 1 I We. now ---+-I BU ll::DING & NATURAL FOOD STORE & DELI r- REM OD ELIN G ~liH:::E:~r- -- · residentia l commercia l h4ve. e.ue.n.s.ive. montht.lj ~pec.ia.l.6, c.ui.th 4 cU6 6e1tent: SUPER SPECIAL EACH WEEK 160 Broadway Asheville, N.C. 28801 (704) 253-7656 Where Broadway Meets Merrimon .\nd 1·240 Open 7 Days A Week Monday · Friday 9:00 a.m. · 8:00 p.m. Saturday 9:00 a .m. · 6:30 p.m. Sunday 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m . �GET BACK! ISSUES OF KATUAH ISSUE ONE -AUTUMN 1983 ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984 Scotch-Irish Migratiof-lfit::? Meditations: Kat-·<-· 1(5"\~\J ~ Al+-~- ~ n ~tnl.CS • Old Ti \.?,. .tfioregioris • Chicken Wi.c: uam • Poetry: George Ellison Harvest • Old Ways In Cherokee • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism Past, Present, And Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness • Politics Of Participation ®\Q.I @ ISSUE TWO - WINTER 1983-84 ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Yona • Bear Hunters • Pigeon River • Another Way With Animals • Alma: Poems • Becoming Politically Effective • Mountain Woodlands • Katuah Under The Drill • Spiritual Warriors Winter Solstice Earth ceremony • Horsepasture River • Coming of Light • Log Cabin Roots • Mountain Agriculture-The Right Crop• William Taylor • Forest's Future ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984 ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985 Sl.lstainable Agriculture • sunflower_, • Human Impact On The Forest • Childrens' Education • Veronica Nicholas: Woman In Politics • Little People • M d icine Allies e Springs • Worker ownership • The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing• Working In The Web Of Life ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 ISS UE E I GHT - SUMMER 1985 Water Orum • Water Quality • Kudzu • Solar Eclipse • Clearcutting • Trout • Going To Water•Ram Pumps • Micro hydro • Poems : Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller Ce lebration: A Way of Life • Katuah 18,000 Years Ago• Sacred Sites• Folk Arts in the Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Hilda Downer • Cherokee Heritage Cen ter • Who Owns Appalachia? KATUAH: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians B0x 873i Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723 For more info: call Marnie Muller (704) 252-9167 Name Regu l ar M embership •.. • • $10/yr. Spon sor .•..•.•.••• • • • •• $20/yr. Cont r i b u tor ••••• • • • •.•. $50/yr . Address Enclo4ed ~~i4 C1 ty State Area Code KATUAli - Phone Number page 31 i r sustainable Economics • Hot Zi p i4 , t66o ~~ $ to give 4n e~t~a boo4t I can be a l ocal con t a ct person for my area f I I I i ORDER FORM Back Issues Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 4 Issue 5 Issue 6 Issue 7 ISSUE 8 @ $2.06 @ $2.00 @ $2 . 00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 @ $2.00 TOTAL PRICE postage paid $ $ $-$ $ $ $= $ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 9, Fall 1985 Description An account of the resource The ninth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on topics such as nuclear energy, pollution and the forests, and other challenges with trees. Authors and artists in this issue include: H. M. Spottswood, Michael Red Fox, Brian Caldwell, Gus Hadorn, Walton B. Smith, David Wheeler, and Thomas Rain Crowe. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Waldee Forest.......1 The Trees Speak.......3 Migrating Forests.......4 "Hog Killing Saturday" - A Poem.......6 Horse Logging.......7 The Nuclear Suppository: We're Not Going to Take It!.......8 Good Medicine.......10 Starting a Tree Crop.......11 Natural World News.......12 Urban Trees.......15 Acorn Bread.......19 Myth/Time.......20 The Children's Page.......27 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Acid rain Paleoecology--Appalachian Region Trees in cities--North Carolina--Asheville Cooking (Acorns) Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Black Bears Children's Page Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Permaculture Pigeon River Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d265838cdaadc8b321dba6f48590eaf8.pdf 1c5248620a6e795d64134a0d67addc57 PDF Text Text RESTORING THE CHESTNUT �"No other tree grows so rapidly or to such a great size 011 tile dry gravelly hills of the nonheastern states. Always beautiful with its massive trunk. its compact round-topped lzead, and slender dark green leaves, in early summer, long after the flowers of its companions have disappeared, the Chestnut covers itself with great masses of spikes of yellmi flowers. and is then the mos1 magnificent ohject in the sylvan landscape." 1 - Charles Sprague Sargent, Silva of North America ( 1896) ~LlAH JOURNAL Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #1 8 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �"Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chesmuts"................. 1 A Natural History Returning the Chesmut.. ................6 to the Eastern Forest by Scott E. Schlarbaum "Poem of Preservation and Praise" .......................................7 by Stephen Lewandowski Continuing the Quest.....................8 to Restore the Cliestruu by uicille Griffin Forests and Wildlifc ...................... 10 Eighty Years in tile Mountains by Taylor Crockett Gift of the Chestnut.. .................... 12 Chestnuts in the Regional Dier by Kim Sandland From the Roots ............................ .1 4 Chestnut Restoration Work An Herb Note from Lucinda ......... 17 Good Medicine:............................ 18 "The Cli.anges to Corne" Natural World News ..................... 20 Drumming: Leners to Karuah.......24 Review: Where Legends livc .......27 Young People's Page.....................29 Evcnts ........................................... 32 Webworking.................................34 "Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chestnuts" by David Wheeler I. The Forest of Old B orn as we are into the world of the twentieth century. we do not truly know the Appalachian forest. What we know as "the forest" now is a diminutive second growth sprouting from the seed and stumps of the devastation of the original trees. What we are witnessing now is the foresi's incredible powers of growth and rejuvenation and its determined endurance in the face of conditions that are becoming increasingly hostile 10 life. The forest we see is not the forest as it once was nor the forest as it could be. We have never seen the full majesty and power of the climax forest. the great specimens of "virgin" timber: massive beings - calm, beautiful, and so very alive. We never have experienced the abundance those trees provided. It is hard in the present day for our imaginations to even conceive of the numbers of living cre:uures, great and small, that the~c m:c:s supported and sheltered. "Climax" means 1he fullest expression of growth for any given environment • h is a state of dynamic equilibrium in the variety of species and distribution of populations that can sustain and continue itself un til a major climatic shift sets new conditions for climax. The deciduous forest in eastern Turtle Island (Nonh American continent) remained stable for thousands of years after the retreat of the last glacier. But within a mere 400 years after it was discovered by European culture, the forest was completely changed. ln the lowland areas, the climax forest fell back before the rush of European settlers as they immigrated in unprecedenied numbers in the 200 years following the discovery of the New World. In the last years of the nineteenth century and into the beginning of the twentieth centu~y. the remaining forest areas high an the Appalachian mounrnins were subjected 1~ timber ex.traction marked by a degree ol destructiveness unparallelled in history. . The deadliest blow, however, fell m the first half of the twentieth century when an introduced fungus disease from the Orient completely decimated the American chestnut rree (Ca.uanea dentaia (Marsh.) Borkh.), the largest and most prolific tree ~n the fore ..1. The sudden and ca1astroph1c disappearance of the chestnut sent sh~k waves through the whole forest communuy. The eastern climax forest was permanently altered, and every plant and animal species felt the impact of the chestnut's demise. (continued on p3gc 3) �," ~LJAHjOURNAL EDITORIAL STAFF THlS ISSUE: Scou Bird Jack Chaney Rob Messick Michael Red rox ChipSmilh David Wheeler Mamie Muller EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Sariuh LowuJay Martha Tree Sam Gray \Viii Ashe Bason Christina Mo"ison John Moffis Kim Sandland Judith llallock Tom lltndrick.s Michael Jlockaday John Lang Jeff SmJ1h John Creech Brad Stanback Brad Co111d Thanks 10 the following ror their help in preparing this issue or the Katuah Journal· Dr. Scou Schlarbaum, George Friacll. R.D. Wallilce. Dr. John Rush Elkins, Edwin M:inchester, Philip Rutter. COVER by Rob Messick PUBLISHED BY: Ka!Uah Journal PRINIED BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press WRITE TO US: K01U/Jh Journal TELEPllONE: (704) 683-1414 P. 0. Box 638 Leicester, NC KalUah Province 28748 Diversity 1s an impon.3nt element of b1oreg1onal ecology, both na1ural and social. In line with !hi..~ principle. the KatU/Jh Journal tries to serve as a forum for the di~ussion of regional i~'UCS. Signed 1111iclcs express only the opinion of the authors and are nol ncccssanly the opinions or Ole K<Ullah Journal editors or sUIJT. The lntemal Revenue Service has decbrcd Kati<ah u non-profit org;inization under section 501(cX3) of lhc Internal Revenue Code. All conlributions IO K01Uah are deductible from pcssooal income ux. TiiE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREOION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEM£Nf OF PURPOSE Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range 011 our continent, Turtle Island; a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name" Katf.lah" as the old/new name/or this area of the mountains and for ics journal as well. The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roa11oke River Valley to the north; the foothills of the piedmont area to the east: Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the soU/h,· and the Tennessee River Valle) to the west. The edi1orial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster tile aware11ess that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Livi11g in this manner is a way to insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a laslillg place for ourselves in its continuing evolwionmy process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a "do or die "situation in terms of a quality sta11dard of life for all living beings on this planet. As a voice for the caretakers of this sacred land, Katiwh. we advocate a centered approach to the concept ofdece11tralizatio11. It is our hope to become a support system for those accepting 1he challenge of sustainability and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism. pertinent information. articles, artwork. etc. with hopes that Katuah will grow to sen·e the best interests of this region and all its living. breathing members. - The Editors KATUAH - page 2 AUTUMN- 1988 �• "Chestnutt, of this sorte there is very greate plenty; the tymber whereof is excellent for building, and is a very good commodity, especially ill respect of the fruit, both for man and beast.'' ·Monon, New £11glish Canaan (quoted by Charles Sprague Sargent in Silva o/Norr/i America, 1896) (conltn~ fn>m page I) fl.The Life of the Chestnut The American chestnut tree was a life-form unequalled in the eastern forests of the Tunle Tsltmd continent. The chestnur was a member of the family Fagaceae, and the leaves resembled the leaves of the beech in appearance, although they were larger and longer. being six to eight inches in length, "oblong-lanceolate" (like a long ellipse, sharply pointed at both ends), heavily toothed along the edges, with prominent veins on the underside. The dark, gray-brown bark was fissured and divided into ridges interwoven into a distinctive criss-cross pauern. The leaves were late to unfold and were followed in late June or early July by the long, pendant catkins of drooping white flowers that made a striking show on the Appalachian hillsides. Chestnut flowers gave off a sttong odor that was fragrant to some and disagreeable to others. Because they bloomed well after the last spring frost, they set a reliable crop of nuts for wildlife LO feed on each year. After the first frost in October, the prickly burs began to open and drop their sweet chestnuts into the leaves on the forest floor. The nuts were smaller than the imponed chestnuts we are familiar with today. being one-hair 10 one inch in width, two or three to each bur. Declared "one of the most useful and beautiful trees of the forests of eastern North America" by Harvard Arboretum botanist Charles Sprague Sargent, the American chestnut was surely the hallmark of the eastern woodlands. The tree was adaptable to a variely of habitat situations and grew faster than any other hardwood tree in the forest: two reasons for its widespread success. The chestnul had a spreading crown, and cast a deep shade around its base as wide as the upper branches could extend. In the open it could produce a crown up to 100 feet in width. It grew rapidly on soils that were poor and shallow as well as on deep, fenile soils, and only avoided limestone-based soils. fl was moderately tolerant of the shade of other trees, and so could grow up through their shade until it in tum overshadowed them and suppressed lheir growth. The chestnut tree is thought to have originated in China. The first seeds could have been carried into Nonh America in the food pouches of migrating humans. The oldest evidence of the chestnut tree on this continent was found in Yellowstone National Park and dates back 50 million years ago to the Eocene Era. Once established on Tunle Island. the chestnut tree migrated widely. Signs of its presence have been found in Alaska and Greenland. But climatic changes gradually pushed the species into the eastern half of AUTUMN· 198 the continent. There were 18 or 20 glaciations during the last two million years. Each time the ice sheets pushed au before them. After each glacier retreated, the chestnut followed. The chestnut was a slow mover, probably because it was a self-sterile tree, and at the time of its demise it was still a relative newcomer to the northern pans of its habitat. Evidence shows that Cas1a11ea arrived in the Connecticut River Valley a scant 2,000 years ago. Jn 1914 Professor Anhur Graves of Yale University gave the range of Casr.af!4a as extending "from southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski River in northern Vennom, to southern Ontario, and along 1he American chestnut tree in size, but because of its rapid growth habit and greater tolernnce to shade, the chestnut prevailed as a dominant tree throughout its range, while the poplars were limited in number, usually being restricted to choice cove habitats. Today the yellow poplar inhabits m1my of the sites formerly dominated by chestnut. In its time. however, the chestnut tree often comprised 25% of the forest, reaching densities of 70-85% on the mountain slopes of Katuah. So plentiful was the species that a member of DeSoto's expedition through the Appalachians in 1520, who styled himself "The Gentleman of Elvas," declared as simple fact, "Where there be mountains; there be chestnuts: they are somewhat smaller than the chestnuts of Spaine," thus providing the first recorded reference to the species by a white person in the New World. m. Chestnut Ecology Natural r011ge of till! Am<ricon chL.ttnut tru. shores of Lake Ontario to southeastern Michigan, southward in the ~tern pan of its range to Delaware, and in the west to southeastern Indiana and extreme southern Illinois, while it extends along the wuthem Appalachians to north central Georgia. central Alabama and Mississippi, and central Tennessee (sec map)." In the southern mountains the tree was common on slopes between 2,000 and 4,000 feet in elevation, but it was seen in the low bo11oms and up LO 6.000 feet on the highest peaks. lt was in the Southern Appalachians that the chestnut attained its greatest dominance and its grandest size. Gifford Pinchot in a 1897 report told of tre~s reaching 120 feet in height and 13 feet in diameter. Although the chestnut usually grew to only 50-70 feet in height in t~e nonhem part of its range, a standard tree in the Southern Appalachians would be 90 feet tall and 4-6 feet in diameter, often living beyond 500 years of age. Only the yellow poplar tree ( Liriodefldron mlipfera) rivaled the The American chestnut tree was not only a grand and unique species in the 11egral eastern climax forest, it was also an i1 species. Oak trees. red maple, and sometimes hemlock and gray birch. were other t:ree species that, along with the yellow poplar, could make a place for themselves alongside the chestnut. In the shadow of their high crowns grew hazel, holly, and dogwood trees; huckleberries and other Vaccirrnium species: and spicebush, flame azalea, dog hobble, mountain laurel, and rhododendron: the familiar understory plants of the mountain forest. These species interacted with the chestnut trees in a multitude of ways to provide the conditions for their mutual growth. Even the soil chemistry and water patterns of the forest were 1nnuenced through their many generations of continuous habitation. This association provided optimal conditions for a wide variety of wildlife. Many animals ate the chestnuts: they were a nutritious. abundant, and dependable food source. Game nourished at a rate inconceivable today. Families of deer and flocks of turkeys moved among the thick trunks of the giant trees in the shady twilight. Foxes denned in fallen, hollowed trunks. Raccoons stored chestnuts in their holes high off the ground, while chipmunks carried nuts 10 their small holes among the boulders. Squirrels and jays quarrelled over possession of trees-full of the succulent feast. Immense flocks of passenger pigeons paused in their migrations to gorge on the small, sweet nuts. In winter. elk pawed the ground to tum up chestnuts hidden in the leaves beneath the snow. These animals in tum fed the great predators that stalked the woods and s:iiled the skies: the grny wolf, the mountam hon. the red-tailed ha wk. the peregrine fal<X>n. and the golden eagle. (continued on page S) KATUAH · page �Mrs. ~Jimh Shelto11 of Sevier Col/Jl/y. Tc1111cs.set with her um Olld thru daughters s1afllling in front of a giant chest11UJ tree MJJr Trtmofl/, presently in IM Great Smoky Mountains National Park.. /"his photo was taken 111 1920. KATUAH - page~. AUTUMN- 1988 �"They also grew behind my house, and 011e large tree, which almost overshadowed it, was. when in flower, a bouquet which scented the whole neighborhood, but tile squirrels and the jays got the most of its fruit; the last coming in flocks early in the morning and picking tile nuts out of the burs before they fell. I relinquished these trees to them and visited the more distant woods composed wholly of chestnut. These nuts, as far as they went, were a good substitute for bread." - Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854) (continued from p:1ge 3) And high in the trees the black bears would bend or break the branches in 1he foll of the year to pull the sweet nuts from their spiny husks to provide the all-imponant calories necesary for them to survive their winter sleep. Dead chestnu1 trees also provided large, hollow trunks that were the bears' preferred denning sites for a warm winter home and a secure place for the females to binh their cubs. Humans came to live in the forest. The Indians hunted Lhe animals that fed on the chestnuts and also foraged for the nuts themselves to store for the winter. As their agriculture developed, chestnut bread made of chestnuts ground into com flour and tied in com husks to boil became a staple dish. They also used an infusion of the chestnut leaves medicinally 10 cure the whooping cough. When the white settlers came, they valued the chestnut tree for the use they could make of it. Most of the newcomers were farmers, so they cleared the chestnut ttees from their farming fields and used the logs to build their cabins. They roofed their small dwellings with shakes split from bolts of chestnu1 wood. Chestnut rails and fence posts kept their animals in the pasture. And when the farmer died, he was buried in a chestnut box. Because of its high tannin content, chestnut was highly resistant to moisture and rot when in contact with the soil, and was known as the best coffin wood. 1n 1914 Professor Graves spoke of chestnut wood somewhat scornfully, saying, "...as far as the finer, technical uses are concerned, such as interior finish of houses, furniture, etc., it is decidedly second-class material because of its warping and checking tendencies; yet it is often used for these purposes, where 1he element of cheapness is the chief consideration. By the uninitia1ed, chestnut used in interior house finish may easily be mis1aken for the more expensive ash." But the wood was highly valued for its durability and was used for bridge and mining timbers, ships' masts. railroad ties, telegraph and, later, telephone poles. By the cum of the century, one-quarter to one-third of the saw timber crop in the Southern Appalachians was chestnut wood. It seemed that chestnut lumber was an inexhaustible resource. After 1900, tanneries bought 1he wood for $2.00 per cord to extrac1 the tannic acid from the bark and wood for leather processing. Chestnut was also a major source of pulpwood for the paperrnaking industry. With the chestnut so prevalent, it did not seem was1eful 10 sacrifice millions of board feet of 1he wood to the industrial mills. Mountain families also counted on the fall chestnu1 drop. It was an imponant pan of 1heir livelihood. Hogs were allowed to AUTUMN-19 free-range in the forest, and the family fed on fall chestnuts in the fonn of pork roasts and hog jowls during the wintenime. In an interview with journalist Vic Weals of the Knoxville Journal, John McCaulley, a former inhabilant of Cades Cove (now pan of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park), spoke about this way of stock-raising: "In the fall we'd separate into families and go into the mountains to 1end to our hogs - move them along from place to place where the chestnuts were plentiful. "Our hogs ran wild in 1he woods. We'd put a bell on the old sow and tum her out, with the liller, and go see about her, along. "And then in the fall of the ye.ar we'd drive !hem home just as fat as if they'd been in the cornfield. "The acorns hi1 in the fall, and the chestnuts hit, and, law, it wasn't no trouble to drive in a big herd of fa1 hogs." Foraging for chestnuts was also an important activity for many mountain families. John Mccaulley said, "I saw one time in the cabin at the bald mountain, 100 bushel of chestnuts, piled up there, and abou1 four men packing them off, every day. There was quite a lot of people there gathering chestnuts then. "There was worlds of chestnuts. I'm a-telling you, the whole eanh'd just be black with them .... "The last time 1 was ever on the mountain a-chestnut hunting, me and one of the girls rode up there one day. We got up there about one o'clock and we picked up seven bushel. ''We propped them up against a ltCC there and went back nex1 day with the mules and carried them home. We took them 10 Knoxville and got four dollars a bushel for them." FaJI was the time for game hunting, too. Every hunter knew that bear meat never did 1as1e right until the bear had filled up on chestnuts in the fall. Mountain families used the chestnuts in many different ways. For everyone and everything living in the Appalachian forest, the chestnut tree was an important fact of life. It was often taken for granted simply because it was so common, until, one day in the early I 890's, a boat returning from a successful trading nip 10 1he Orient docked in New York harbor. IV. The Destroyer Unbeknownst to anyone, a silent, invisible stowaway rode aboard that ship. Nursery stock of Oriental chestnut trees that were being imponed into the country carried in their tissues a fungus disease later 10 be known as Endorllia parasirica, the chestnut blight. Oriental trees had lived with the blight for thousands of years and had developed an inbred resistance to the fungus, but lhe native American trees were highly vulnerable to the invading organism. Observers on Long Island firs1 saw the effects of the blight in 1893, but it was not iden1ified until Hennan W. Merckcl, forester at the New York ZoologicaJ Gardens, recognized in 1904 that it was a fungus disease which was killing the tops of chestnut 1rees under his care. Merckel took bark samples to Dr. A.W. Murrill of the New York Botanical Garden, who named the new disease and published his findings. But Endotllia already had a headstan on the scientists. The blight spread by 1wo kinds of spores. 1n Lhe summer infected cankers on the trees oozed a sticky mass of spore material tha1 stuck to the feet of birds and insects and was thus carried long distances to other trees. In the winu:r clouds of microscopic spores, like puffs of dus4 were carried by lhe winds. On landing in a crack in the bark of a chestnut tree, the spores grew into the wood, causing large cankers (or swellings) on the irunk. The cankers were visible as orange-tinted (continued on p:ige 28) Summary of measurements of a group of nine chestnuts in a sheltered hollow on Noland Creek, Swain County, North Carolina (Soll. 9ooa: upecl., 1:outhe>rly1 • levadon, 2,500 ''"'I.I Age ...•.•.........••................•.......••..•.... years .. 202 Diameter of stump, inside bark ...............•..••... inches .. 41 Average increase in diameter of stump for each decade ••... do .. 2 Increase in diameter for last ten years ................. do .. 1.1 Height ..•.•...•...•...•.............•.•........•...... feet .. 108 Length of merchantable timber ...••.•........•...........• do •. 62 Diameter, at top of merchantable timber, inside bark .........•...........•. inches •. 21 Merchantable timber ..• - •.•..•............•....• feet B.M .•. 2,200 SOlVtt A'j(!rs.11.B. and WW. hM; The Soulhcm Appalachian Forest; US GttJlogical Sun;ey. Pro{u1Wmal Paper No. J7 ,p 49 (1905) KATIJAH- page 5 �RETURNING THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT TO THE FORESTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA by Scott E. Schlarbaum In the years following the infes1ation of the blight fungus that destroyed the American chesmut tree (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) throughout i1s range. developing blight resistance in the na1ive ches1nut became a goal for various scientific research programs in this counrry. Literally thousands of cross-pollina1ions were made in an effon to incorpor:ue blight resistance into the genetic background of 1he American chestnut. Native chestnut trees tha1 were believed to be blight-resistant were crossed with each 01her Other chestnut trees were crossed with Castanea species from Europe, Japan, and China, as well as with the closely related chinkapin species. Resistance to 1he blight was greatest in hybrids involving Asiatic chestnuts. However, 1hc poor form of 1hc Asia1ic species was also inherited. Differences in bligh1 resisiance were detected in the American x American crosse~. but 1he levels were so low that mos1 scientists gave up the project as unfeasible. Because of the largely negative results produced by these two lines of research, most of the breeding programs to restore the American chesmut to the eas1em forest had been discontinued by the mid- I970's. llowever, research on the Castanea species and on the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) did not stop. A small number of plant pathologists and breeders fom1ed a regional research project, "NE-140 Biological Improvement of Chestnut," to continue studying the species and the disease. This project still exists and has grown to include representatives from seven state agricultural experiment stations and various federal agencie~. Private organizations. such as the American Chcstnu1 Foundation and the Roche Institute for Molecular Biology. also arc involved in various aspects of chestnu1 research and anend annual NE 140 1cchnical meetings. Research projects range from tr.insi1ional breeding and plant pathology investigations to molecular generics studies of the tree and the pathogen. A renaissance in chestnut experimeniation came as a result of developments in two different areas of research. One was the discovery of trees that had been infected with less virulent strains of 1hc chestnut blight fungus (hypovirulcnt strains): the other was the discovery of an unexplored breeding approach tha1 may provide the solution for returning the American cheMnut 1rcc to its place in the eas1em forest The discovery of hypovirulent strains of the chestnut bligh1 fungus has excited both 1hc scientific communi1y and the general public (sec page this issue), A tree infected with a hypovirulcn1 strain of the Endotllia fungus can heal and eventually recover completely. Moreover, if spores of the hypovirulent fungus land on or near the infection site, 1hey can transform the virulent strain to a hypovirulcnt condi1ion, Figure t. BRF.EDISG SCllF..\fE TO PROVL'Cf: BLIGJl1" RESISTAXT .~ .\fERICA.\' CHESfNLfTS Chinese ---- I11 YBRlDIZt\'flO:'ll t IF cF.:-;ERAno:-;I I ---- Badcross (BC) Bh11ht Resistant American Bhght Suscephblc to Amcm:nn Chestnut t !Uc:, GENERATION! I Snc1!n for Perltal Rcs1slancc Badcross Parhall\' Rrsastant Trees IBt + Gl::;>.;ERATIO:\I I Scrncn und Baclccros~ t lBC CF.NERATIQNI I Snecn 11ncl Cross within BC, Crnarahon Ir Resistant + GE.'\ERATID~I ''' Pnrli«lh Resistan1 Susrcptible I Screen & Select Resistant Trees + Breeding Population of Resistant Tr~' Prepared by ProfCSD" Sclllarbaum a!icr Burnham Gl.OSSARY: Baduoss. C'o" betwun a hybridJ:td o/!Jf"llll o!ld MLm«r of its f'<J'tlll s~ctts Blight rtslstane1. l11lr.trittd abif1ry to l41tlutalld blight. Cambium .l'trtical ll1}tr 111 sttms ofplanu 011d trus 111 which trat1Sport of nu1ria1ts occws: includes tlr.t ph/O(m alld xy/tm ltJytr!, Canlctr. Wowul caused by dJSeaSt; infection .nit Fplcormlt sprouts. Smalt brancht'J that cofrU' off the sidts of tht' main sum. KATUA I · page<> Hybrid. Cross betwu11 rwo sptc1e.s, tht olfspr111g of 14·hidi dots not necusunlJ ahibit purt111 chvactL.nsacs. llJpo•irultnt uss vrTult11t, l4'tilkt11td str0111 of blight Phlotm. Stem laytr which carries org.1nic mattrial i11 plants. S1ratificatian.C0<1/ing of ued.s to trUmic na1ival 1Hntu111g prou.u. Xyltm. Sttm layer which carrits ..atu i11 plants. AlHUMN- 1988 �• .• thereby allowing the tree to recover. Early observation of the hypovirulent strains gave rise to optimism that a biological control for chestnut blight had been discovered. Unfortunately, this optimism was premature, as infection by hypovirulent strains does not immunize a cree, as vaccinarions do for humans. For a tree to recover from the blight, spores of the hypovirulent strain of Endotlzia must come into contact with each virulent canker. There is also a question of compatibility, as there are many varieties of the blight, and a hypovirulent strain may not necessarily combine with a panicular virulent fonn of the fungus. Despite the fact that hypovirulence is not the whole answer to the chestnut blight, extensive research is being conducted on these variant strains. This research is providing much-needed information on lhe biology of the chestnut blight fungus and contributes greatly to the overall scientific effon. ' I I ' ':' I \ : I 11 ,' The gTeatest promise for a return of the American chestnut, however, lies with a breeding scheme commonly used with agronomic crops. The technique was devised by Dr. Charles Burnham, professor emerims at the University of Minnesota and a member or the National Academy of Science. In a survey of the scientific literature undenaken some years ago, Dr. Burnham uncovered some clues that led him to believe that restoration of the American chestnut might still be possible. Results of the early experiments had caused scientists to believe that resistance to the blight was contr0lled by many genes and that it was genetically linked to the low, spreading growth form characteristic of the Oriental chestnut varieties. In reviewing the data, Dr. Burnham came to the conclusion that blight resistance was controlled by only one or two genes, and he found no evidence that blight resistance and tree form were linked together. These realizations led him to investigate one breeding approach that had not been fully explored: backcrossing of hybrids to pure American chestnut stock. Professor Burnham escima1cd chat af1er initial hybridiza1ion between American and Chinese chestnuts, t4fee generations of backcrossing of blight-resistant selections to American chestnut would yield trees that were predominately American chestnut, possessing the moderate blight resistance of the first generation Chinese x American hybrids (see diagTam). Intercrossing of third generation backcross trees would produce a percentage of trees with the form of the American chestnut and the blight resistance of lhe Chinese strain. Currently there are a number of regional breeding projecis following Professor Burnham's stra1egy. Even within the same species, trees exhibit different charac1eristics in response to different environmen1al conditions, and trees must be bred to meet the demands of the area they are to inhabit. Therefore, each region is developing its own chestnut population, specifically adapted for conditions in that region. In the Southern Appalachian Mountains, chestnut restoration work following Dr. Bumham's approach is being carried out through a cooperative project formed by the University of Tennessee with the National Park Service, the US Forest Service Southern Region, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Tennessee Division of Forestry, and the American Chestnut Foundation. The American chestnut t.ree sprouts vigorously from the roots and so, although the cops of the giant chestnut tree have been destroyed, recurring root sprouts preserve the species' genetic architecture. These sprouts can reach reproductive maturity in the fores! Scion wood cuttings from flowering sprouts bave been gathered by National Park Service staff in 1he Great Smoky Mountains National Park for grafting at the University of Tennessee. A substantial breeding population is being accumulated. If enough grafts flower next year. actual breeding will begin. Unfonunately, most chestnut research programs arc hampered by a lack of funding. It may be d1fficuh for a (continued on page 23) AUTUMN- 191SIS • • • . . . . . ... .. . . . . ~ . • . . .. • •. •. • • .• .· .. .. • Poem of Preser\'ation and Praise • • • • for the /-lemlock!Canadice Watershed • • • . • • • • • • by Stephen Lewandowski . • • • • • ... .••. .. ..•. . .. ... ·: • • •. HERE JS THE LAND WHERE TREES HAVE A VOTE. WATCH HOW THEY ARE CAST. WHITE PINE VOTES FOR CLEAN AJR. BLACK WIUOW VOTES FOR WATER. YOUNG POPLARS LOITERING JN A CROWD VOTE FOR A FLOWING SPRING. TRIBES OF CHESTNUT AND ELM ARE SADLY DIMINISHED: THEIR ONCE GREAT PLURAUTIES SILENT. SHAGBARK HICKORY VOTES IN A HAJL OF NUTS. SUGAR MAPLE AND BLACK CHERRY CAST A SWEET BALLOT. AT THE MARSH EDGE BEECH, BIRCH. MAPLE AND ASH GATHER TO DISCUSS ISSUES. SCOTCH PINE PLANTATIONS VOTE IN A BLOCK UKE A UNION. HERE AND THERE LONELY IDEALISTIC HEMLOCKS HANG AGAJNST A SHADY BANK STILL VOTING AGAINST GRA Vl7Y. AGAJN THIS SPRING WITH FLOWER. LEAF, ROOT, BRANCH AND BOLE. TREES VOTE UNANIMOUSLY TO BASK IN SUNSHINE, TO HOW SOIL AND DRINK WATER, AND TO RETURN US BREATH. . • ."' . :• · .• • · • • • • • • • • • • • .• . . . .. • • • . . · . • • • • :· • . . • • • . . • • • . • • • .. .. ... • ... ..... ... • .. •. •. .. . .. .. .. .. ... . .. • • .... • .. ... • ·: •. • • • ·: •. • ... • • •. •. •. •.. • • •. •. • • .. .. ·: ·: • • • • • • ·: • .• • . • • • • . ·•. . ·• . .. .. •. • •.. • • Sttphtn Uw<Jndowsk.i is a biortgionol ~I and native of tlu! Fingtr LaUs arta of Ntw York Sta~. lit i.f currtntly d1smct educator with tht Ontario Counry Soil and Water Conservation Dwrir.t. lli.f works inc/ULlt . Daohe'ko, The • .. .. Three Sisters an Seneca Life: lmphcauons for a Z-:auvc Agric:uhurc an the Finger Lakes and Ten Tilousand Y~ m Ten Mmu1c:1. a shon na1ur:il history of the Wc~tcm Finger • • ... .. • ·: •. Lair.cs. . . . . . . . ..... . . . KATUAH - page 7 -- • ... .. . • �This idea is not new. It has been tried previously, but worldwide scientific investigations of the past 30 years have supplied Griffin and Elkins with crucial information their predecessors lacked. The earliest crosses to encourage blight resistance in ches1nuts were made by R. B. Clapper and A. H. Graves in Connecticut. Their approach was to develop a hybrid between the American and the Oriental chesmut strains that would display the physical characteristics and vigor of the American, while retaining 1he bligh1 resistance of the Oricn1al. Hybrids from their first generation of crosses were more blight resistant than 1he American chesmut and still had reasonably straight forest form. To further increase resis1ance. these first genera1ion trees were backcrossed to Japanese and Chine~e chestnuts. Most of these seedlings grew to favor the short, spreading "apple tree" of the Oriental parents. From this group the best trees were selected on the basis of their resemblance to the American chestnut. These hybrids were planted in a sepnr.lte orchard to produce nuts by open pollination. Seedlings from these experimenis and other hybrids from later, more complicated. crosses were planted in eastern forestlands. The largest of these hybrid plantings was established in the Lc:sesene State Forest in Virginia by Richard A. Jaynes of the Connecticut Agricultunil Experiment Station in cooperation with the Virginia Division of Forestry. Eyvind Thor at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville was the first to graft shoots derived from mature trees surviving in the wild. Many of the resulting t.rees were likely to have carried some degree of blight resistance, but Thor was hindered by the lack of a definitive test for resisrance co the blighc. The university deemed his work unproductive and destroyed the nursery after his retiremenL The fate of Thor's trees convinced Griffin and Elkins 10 begin the American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation. They joined with Al Dietz., who had for 30 years been working to induce mutations for blight resistance by exposing American chestnuts 10 ionizing radiation. With the help of Bruce Given, they were able to propagate their large surviving trees by grafting. The ftrst crosses were made between the most resistant trees from lhis graf1ed stock. The trees from these crosses are growing and Spain, and Yugoslavia, and for centuries were of great economic imponancc. Thus it was wi1h dismay that growers in Europe learned of an outbreak of the chesrnut blight fungus (£11dothia parasitica) in Italy in 1938. By 1950 the blight had spread widely in ltaly and was reported in France and other countries as well. While the European chestnut was somewhat more resistant to blight than itS American cousin, it could not defend itself against the lethal disease, and the European chestnut industry appeared doomed. However. in 1953 an Italian plant pathologist named Antonio Biraghi reported seeing groves of chesmut trees which appeared to be healing from the blight. He found that cankers were successfully fonning scab tissue, and that new cankers were restricted to the bark layer of the trees. Jean Grente, a French mycologisl, visited the Italian trees in 1964 and gathered sample materials for research. He found that there were two different stmins of the blight fungus: one was a less virulent, "hypovirulent," form of the original Endorlzia strain. Grente's most astonishing find, however, was lhat the hypovirulencc factor was transmissible: hypovirulent mains could infect the virulent E11dothia and confer the hypovirulent charJcteristics upon the killing fungus. When he inoculated blight-ridden trees wilh the hypovirulent fungus, he observed tha1 the infected cankers began to heal over, and that the trees eventually recovered. Gren1e began inoculatin~ infected trees on French chestnut plantations. After several years of continued inoculation wherever blight cankers appeared, he found that the hypovirulent blight had begun to spread naturally throughout the groves where it had been applied. The European chestnut industry was thus saved from extinction. Reports of a possible biological control of the chestnut blight in Europe caused great excitement in Nonh America. Research was begun and still continues at Michigan State University. West Virilinia University, the Connecticut Agricullural Experiment Station, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. The excitement increased when in ronn Woodcut by Rollo CONTINUING THE QUEST by Lucille Griffin "It is Ml beyond the grasp of science to restore the American chestnra to economic importance. It corild be accomplished within the next 50 years." • Prof. Cary Griffin A new breeding program is a11empting to develop a bligh1-resistan1 American chesmut by combining 1he genes from several large survivors of the devastation of the chesmut bligh1 fungus which swept through the eastern United Suues during the firs1 hnlf of 1his century and killed 99.9% of the species. Surviving American chestnut trees have been found in Ohio, West Virginia. and Virginia in spite of 50 years' assault by the blight. Gary Griffin a1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and John Elkins of Concord College, West Virginia. have saved genetic material from HYPOVIRULENCE European chesmut 1rees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were found growing near the Black Sea and were introduced into Europe by the Romans. They were planted widely in Europe, paniculnrly in Italy, France, • KA TV.~~-l - page 8 these large survivors as scion wood to be grafted onto other rootstocks. When they flower, the grafted trees are tested for possible resistance to the chestnut blight. They are then handpollinated to combine and possibly increase in their offspring any blight resistance that their parent trees may possess. By developing blight resistance in this way through several generations of genetic crosses, the scientists hope to develop a fully blight resistant American chestnut tree. ~U"ft.JMN • !988 �awaiting tests for blight resistance. Besides lacking a reliable screen for blight resistance, Clapper, Thor, and the other early researchers knew nothing of a weakened strain of the blight fungus (called hypoviruient), which was not identified in this country until 1977. They also did not know co assess the role of the environment, which sometimes enhanced tree survival. Thus, the effects of nature intervening on behalf of certain American chestnut trees were often wrongly identified as indications of natural, and therefore heritable, blight resistance. Accordingly, selections made in earlier breeding trials were often mistaken, and doomed the success of those early programs. The development of an observational index 10 blight resistance by Griffin was a significant contriburion to chestnut research. The test is simple. One year after inoculating a tree with virulent Endothia parasi1ica, the vertical length of the cankers is measured and factored by the percent of cankers reaching the tree's vascular cambium layer underneath the bark. This gives a shorthand "canker severity index" thac has proven to be a valuable shortcut 10 determining the mosi likely breeding stock. This test has helped to determine why a few large American chestnuts still survive in the Southern Appalachians: some arc living mainly because of the effects of the hypovirulent fungus; a few because of some degree of herirnble blight resistance; and many because of a combination of these factors. in addition to environmental advantages. At Concord, Elkins developed a chemical test for blight resistance in Chinese chestnuts through analysis of the tannins. He is now working on a similar screen for the American chestnut. based on enzymatic analysis. Such a test would greatly improve breeding efficiency by further shortening the interval between planting and selecting from each generation. Offspring trees from lhe American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation breeding program are growing in the Manin American Chestnut Planting on Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia, and at Beckley, West Virginia. Planted in 1982, they represent the first generation produced by combining the genes of resistant American parents. Some may already have resistance levels adequate for planting in orch:ird or y:ird. By testing and selecting among them through several more generations of controlled crosses, as much blight resistance as possible will be loaded into the American chestnut. If all goes as predicted, 1rees resulting from this carefully directed breeding program will be fit to compete once again for a niche in our eas1em hardwood foresLS. calculate it with certainty, scientists decline to set a definite deadline, but they do offer a few hints. From germination, it takes the American chestnut an avCr:lge of ten years to bear nuts, though grafting may reduce that time period by three to live years. Chestnut 1rees usually reach large sawlog size in 50 to 55 years. but very favorable growmg conditions can shorten this estilllllte by as much as JO yeats. Gary and John, both about 50, expect to see blight-resistant American chestnut trees growing in Appalachia. They believe our grandchildren will see JOO-foot chestnut trees once again dominating the eastern forest. 1976 Mrs. Priscilla Johnson of Rockford. Michigan. found what she thought 10 be hypovirulent blight on trees in her town. Scientists in Connecticut confirmed that she had indeed found a naturally-occurring hypovirulent Endothia strain on the Nonh American continent. Jn the ~ame year hypovirulent strains were discovered on wild chestnut trees in Virginia. A research team at Michigan State University led by Dennis W. Fulbright also reported the encouraging news that hypovirulent strains of the blight were spreading among infected groves of old chestnut trees in Michigan. But the hopeful ~igns in :Vlichig:in occurred in an ecological vacuum: outside the irec's natural range. Experiments to test the hypovirulent £mlothia as a biological control for lhe blight within the chestnui's natural range proved discouraging. First. researchers found Lhat the varieties or the native strain of the parasite were many and diverse. Thcv found that in order for a hypovirulent" fungus to modify a leth.11 strain, the two must be compatible, or the hypovirulcnt fungus will have no effect. They were also disappointed to learn that applied hypovirulcnt E11do1Jria also offered no lasting cure. llypovirulence is caused by a virus-like factor in the cytoplasm of the weakened strain. a "disease of the disease," in a sense. Because lhe hypovirulent facto~ are transferred from one form of the blight 10 the other, the hypovirulent strain must come in contact with each infected canker. Trees do not acquire immunity from contact with the hypovirulent blight. New evidence also andic:ucs that the hypoviruleot blight is not always :;table and may rcven back to the v1rulen1 fom1. II appears th:u biological control of the chcsmut blight in Appalachia, "'here Endothia has been running rampant for 50 years. 1s much more complicated a proposition than it was in Europe. Scientist!> pursuing this line of research are now grappling with the questions of how much of a reservoir of hypovirulcm £11dmh1a and how many different forms of the ~train would be necessary to actually hope for any control in lhe field. Environmental factors must also be considered. Young chestnut sprouts or seedlings in a forest seuing must compeLe with other tree spt'Cics as well as fend off the blighL Just like the sprouting chestnut t.ree itself, however, hope for finding an effective strain of hypovirulcnt E11dothia is <>till alive. Besides being seen on \\ild chestnut sprouts in Appalachia. naturally-occurring hypovirulence has also been found on a plantation of trees planted for rcse:m:h purposes in Maryland. The trees with the weakened blight arc apparently recovering. More reason for hope comes from 11 planting of chestnut trees in Connecticut. Treated with a mixture of hypovirulent fungus strains ten years ago, the experiment w.is later declared n failure, and the trees were left for dead Recently. however, the disease has appeared to have gone "into rcmii.~ion." Old cankers arc healing over. and new ones arc le;;s severe. Dr. Jack Elliston and hls team arc working to find out .... hy. Biological control of the chestnut blight in Appalachia is ndmittcdly :i long shot, but some fair day it might be a p:in ot the program that restores the American chestnut tree to the eastern foresL ~ AUTIJMN · 1988 Living Chestnut Tree in Flc>yd Co.. VA How long will it take? Will we get to see lhe really big trees? Because they cannOI KATUAH • page 9 �FORESTS AND WILDLIFE EIGHTY YEARS IN THE APPALACHIAN WOODLANDS by Taylor Crockett Taylor Crockett was brought up in Black Mountain, North Carolina, the son of a Presbyterian minister. His father was ofren gone, raising money for the church, and young Taylor fell in with an old-timer who trapped, and hunted herbs and semi- precious stones. Taylor <kdares that hunting was "in his nature." During the 1930's, after his family moved 10 Macon County, North Carolina, the young man would go ow hunting and fishing for several days at a rime in between logging jobs. Sometimes he would carry a blanker with him; other times he would simply crawl into a "dry holler" with his dogs and pile old leaves high over the whole group of them to keep warm for the nighJ. In those days, when he was ''young and i"esponsible," he traveled the whole te"itory from Wayah Bald to the head of the Na111ahola River. The general belief was that the bears had been exterminated in that area, but Taylor explored places where other people never went, and he occasionally saw bear sign. "For years," he says, "I had the only pack of bear dogs in Macon County." He has always favored the Pion lwwul. In 1971 afrie11d gave Taylor a .44 Magnum pistol, and he used it for tlie rest of his Juuuing career, because it was easier 10 carry through the laurel thickets than his old .44 Winchester CtJTbine. Taylor and his wife live in a log cabin half-buried in additioru in the Carroogechaye Commw1ity south of Franklin, North Carolina. He was 81 years old on August 4, 1988. Perhaps that is why he noticed when he went om bear hunting last year that lie "could11'1 keep up with the dogs the way I used lO." -The Editors This pholograpli ap~ar~d in The American Lumberm111 shortly afltr IM turn ofIM u111ury. When the white settlers first came into this country, the mountains were covered by great, open forests. 1 moved 10 Macon County in 1928 and, when I arrived here, there was still a lot of virgin forest left. Half of the Nantahala River watershed was still virgin forest at that time. The carrying capacity of the forest was much greater at that lime than it is now. Under the conditions of the climax forest then: was a lot more sunlighr., and the woods were opened up so that certain grasses and weeds could grow under 1he 1rees. There was oak grass and wild legumes, like pcavine and beggar Lice, that kepi 1he animals fat. IJigh-bush blueberries and blackberries would grow in the openings where one of the big trees had died :ind fallen out of the crown. Mast was plentiful al that lime as chesmut. Some high coves I have seen were half chesmu1 and the rest would be a mixed stand of oak, (yellow) poplar, and cherry. These were big, rich coves with a good s1and of timber. ln the old days when the wl'llte people first came here, there were a 101 of bear, and the settlers had to thin 1hem down, if they wanted to plan1 any com or raise any livestock. In those times the way they raised lives1ock was to mark them and let them free-range in the open woods. They hunted bear partly for meat, partly for spon, and panly for self-preservation. because one bear could kilJ several sheep or a calf or a hog in one nigh1. Not every bear did that, but stock would be missing every now and then. I was talking with an old couple by well. Probably 20 perceni of the forest was the name of Phillips, inquiring about the KATUAH .- page 10 .. • history of the Plou dog breed. They told me that their father had come over from Haywood County and had brought his Plou hounds with him. They said that in the summer their father would trap bear, and then in the fall, when the weather got colder and the bears got fat and fit to eat, their father would take up the traps and hunt the bears with dogs. Hunting the bears so much exterminated them everywhere except for the roughest, most isloatcd pockets of land. In those days people virtually replaced the native wildlife with caule, hogs, and sheep. As the Forest Service began taking over in the l 920's, they instituted a "stock law," which said that a farmer had 10 fence in his fields and that livestock could run loose in the woods. But fewer and fewer people were depending on the open range, and finally a law was pru;scd that said that the livestock AUTUMN- I �The most critical changes affecting wildlife today are the result of clearcutting. In the next 25 years clearcutting is going to have a devastating effect on our wildlife. had to be fenced in. By that time most people thought that the bears had been completely exterminated, but I spent a 101 of time out there, and I knew better. I used to like to stan up Mill Creek, go out Old Bald, down to Wine Spring, over to White Oak, and come back out by Silcr's Bald and down. I would take off two, three, maybe four days, whatever I felt like. 10 fish and hunt. J spent a 101 of time in the upper reaches of the Nantahala River. Those thickets are rough up there, and once in a while I would see some bear sign. Nobody else knew about il, because nobody else went out there. Even the game warden said, "No, there's not a bear in these mountains." But in the '30's when the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was created, the bear started coming back. The population was back up to a pretty good level a decade ago, but it has been overhunted in the last five years-"ovcrkilling the increase," as they say. h's getting hard to find country to hunt over here. There are too many hunters for the mountain territory. Hunting appeals to 3I1 inherited streak that has been passed down from when we were nearly wild animals ourselves. Hunting b an outlet for that thing that's in our nature. Of course in earlier days there was a reasonable excuse for wanting to kill bears, because they threatened the people's way of living. That's not the case anymore. But any time a specie:; of wildlife has only a limited area in which the population can expand, they have 10 be kept under control, or their numbers will get out of hand, and they will starve or do the environment harm. Hunting is the best method, unless it is overdone. Hunting bears the old-time way made for a good contest. An ordinary man wouldn't get a bear every time. A man had , to be physically fit and willing to hang with it. h was a good contest. With these roads and thc:-.c walkie-talkies, it':-. not such a good contest anymore. I remember a bear they killed last year across the Glade Gap. That bear had run from way over on Tusquitec, across the mountain, and he was home free, except that a man in a truck saw him crossing the road. He got on that walkie-talkie, reached those men on the hunt, and told them where the bear was. They drove all the wav around, about 15 miles, put some more dogs on the track and eventually killed th:u bear. That':. ju't not giving the bear a chance. What appeab to me now is the dogs' pcrfom1am:e. A good bear dog puts his life at risk all the time. If he is going 10 slop that bear for you, he has 10 be constantly in and out. He pinches the bear, and he dodges. h's a satisfaction 10 see a dog 1ha1 really does 1he work. The contest of finding a bear. of hunting him, and watching the dogs perform is what appeals to me. I don't care about killing a bear anymore. 1 wan1 most of mine to get away. But once in awhile you have to get some blood for your dogs, or they'll wonder what i1's all about. I've noticed that when I was younger and able to follow my dogs close enough that they could sense my presence, they worked a 101 harder. They knew somebody was behind them backing them up. Even today, the more successful hunters will be the young fellows who follow their dogs up close. The most critical changes affecting wildlife today are the result of clearcuuing. In the next 25 years clearcutting is going to have a devastating effect on our wildlife. h's a cumulative effect. For the first few years clcarcuts provide more deer browse, and insects will be there for the turkey and grouse. But when those saplings get up 10-15 feet high, and they arc as thick as they can grow, lhey shade out all the early succession plants, and thereafter that area is of very little wonh for wildlife. It remains that way for years and years. until the uccs get large and old age thins the forest out naturally. But the Forest Service docs not let that happen. Under the even-aged management system, af1er 60-80 years they come back and clearcut it again. Clcarcuuing is also creating an imbalance in the timber species. When the chestnut died out, it opened up large spaces for sunlight to hil the forest noor, and, if it was a good, rich cove, this was an ideal situation for poplar 10 grow. The result was a 101 of young poplar thickets. Poplar is a fas1-growing tree and a good umber species, but it is not the same as oak or chestnut. Poplar will not suppon much wildlife. A boomer (red squirrel) or a gray squirrel might eat some poplar seed. but the main value of poplar for wildlife is that wherever poplar comes up. grapevines come up with it. Wild grapes arc a wry fine fall wildlife food; everything likes them. But they will not suppon the amount of wildlife th:ll a good mast crop will. Poplar is replacing oak, because it grows faster. Clearcuts arc creating conditions that favor the poplar. The Forest Service admi1s we are losing our oak trees, but they are continuing the policy that i~ responsible for the loss. In fact. if they had tried 10 think up the best way 10 replace stands of large oak timber with birch. red m.1ple, and poplar, they could not ha"c done better than what they nrc doing right now. None of those types of wood serve the same purposes as oak timber. The oak tree has some uses the other woods cannot fill. Poplar doesn't grow as fast on the poorer ridges. and these would stay in oak after clearcuuing. but the Forest Service is replanting these ridges in \\-hite pine. That is a poor policy. One hundred board feet of oak is wonh twice as much as 100 board feet of white pine. Of course, white pine grows a 101 foster, but while the white pine is making fiber, the oak tree will be furnishing wildlife food and a valuable timber. The F0Tcs1 Service is also putting roads through the last territory in which the bears can find a little isolation and pro1cc11on. Because of the roughness of the terrain, those areas were natural sanctuaries, but now those areas arc being laced with gravel roads. With tha1 kind of access and radios and radio-tracking collars on the dogs, it is going to be more than the bears can stand. Some hunters want the roads open, but a 101 of hunters have learned. When the Forest Service first put the gates up with locks on them, the hunters would shoot off the locks and go in anyhow. They could ride the roads in their jeeps and lei lhe dogs trot along, and 11 was easy hunting. But they found Out lhat after tWO Or three years Of that, they could ride around there all night and never sec a bear. That was when they decided that they would rather have it a little harder and have some game ro hunt for. So now, while not aJI hunters are reconciled to closing the roads, a 101 of them are. Even when it is gated, a graveled road gives more a'-ccss. Two years ago I got a bear over here 1n Macon County on a new gravel road. Before, ii was all I could do to get through that area with just two dogs; I couldn't go one·third as far in a day, so that gave the bear some protection. That extra access, even if it i:. on foot. is huning the bear, and there nrc rm.ny miles or :idditional acces). The Forest Service is essentially nuking a tree farm out of our wood.\. Small clcarcuts here and there would be alnght. But clcarcutting at the rate of 10.000 acres per year, the way we arc now, is going to result in a young forest that will not suppon the numbers of wildlife that 1he forest should. Because of both the densi1y and the species make-up, the forest is not going to support the game that it has in the past. KA TIJMI, page 11 �Gift of the Chestnut by Kim Sandland On a sultty July evening, my back weary from hoeing and weeding, strands of hair sticky-plastered down my neck, I dreamily anticipate snowboot puddles on lhe kitchen floor, a robe of snuggledown, and the simmering sweet smell of summer's preserved fruits wafting in from the kitchen. Cooking! Cooking is the last thing on my mind in summer .... or is it? Rummaging through the freezer I find it at la.st: one of winter's favorite memories- that la.st bag of chestnuts gleaned from a friend's Cherryville farm. I'm not lucky enough yet to gather my own, but as I chop a cupful of the fragram nuts, steamed tender and ready for sau!Cing in butter and brown sugar (or my favorite, maple sugar... and, yes, I add a liule rum to mine). and savor the anticipation of winier and winter foods, I know I will gather chestnuts from my own tree someday. Someday soon, it looks like. Parts of the nation are nunuring a growing chestnut agriculture with natives or with blighc-resistant hybrids of the once magnificent American chestnut tree. That chestnuts were once a staple in the diets of wildlife and humans in the Southern Appalachians is undisputed. The notes of early scientists and settlers, some as early as the 16th century, include chestnuts among the foods of native Americans. Among nut crops, gathered in the fall by Indians throughout the Southeast and dried for storage, the chestnut was the most important, followed by chinquapins (a small variety of the chestnut), pecans, hickory nuts, and walnuts. Mooney's collected field notes of the late l800's related how the Cherokee burned the forcSlS in the fall to clear the leaves and expose the chestnuts when they dropped to the ground as the burs split apart. Chestnut bread, made by adding chopped chesrnuts to a com batter, wrapping pauies of dough in com shucks and boiling them in water, and eaten fresh or sun-dryed for storage, was a delicacy for the Indians of the Southeast. This recipe and the value of gathering from the seemingly limitless bounty of plant and animal foods were passed along by natives to early settlers. Gathered chestnuts were used as a form of exchange by early Americans. The people of the Southern Appalachians. for whom chestnuts had been a plentiful staple, were especially hard-hit by the chestnut blight. Some of our elders living today may yet remember buying hot roasted chestnuts from streetcomer vendors, gathering chestnuts for the campfire roast, or enjoying grandmother's Thanksgiving stuffing. KA UAll - page 12 Chestnuts can return to Appalachia as an agricultural crop. Chestnut agriculture flourishes in Europe and in the Orient, where blight resistance has evolved or has been successfully introduced. Chestnuts have been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years, and chestnut orchards on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, for example, produce an average of more than 3,000 lbs. per acre. J.R. Smith, in his book Tree Crops, compared this yield to that of com in the Southern Appalachians: "Yields of corn in Appalachia and of chestnuts on European mountainsides are about the same in quantity, but the corn yield can be made only occasionally and for a short period of time before erosion destroys the field. Chestnut yields on and on and holds in place the ground it feeds on." Corsicans, Smith noted, consume chestnut bread instead of com bread, and feed farm animals with dried chestnuts. A rich chestnut stew , he said, has been a basic dish for the common people throughout Europe for centuries, while the wealthy have served it in pates and sugary dessens. In Corsica "one-third of a farm is in grafted chesrnut with a byproduct of wood; one-third of the farm is in tilled fields; one-third is in pasture and hay meadows." The chestnut ttee, a proven high producer, is also fast-growing, maturing to bear fruit in only three to five years. It could be an imponant family food resource on any Appalachian homestead and replace annual crops on at least a ponion of the acreage of every mountain farm. Retail prices of chestnuts run up to $6.00/lb., while wholesale prices run $1.00-3.00/lb.. Averaging 3,000 lbs. an acre, the income potential for farmers is evidem. Twenty million dollars wonh of chestnuts are imported from orchards in Italy, France, and Korea by the United States ever year . Chestnut orchards are established in the Pacific Northwest, where the climate and growing conditions suit the species, and where the blight has not spread from the east. With the introduction of blight-resistant hybrids, the same could happen in Katuah, an area where the chestnut once reigned over all flora. The chestnut is an ideally balanced source of nutrition: high in carbohydrates, moderate in protein, and low in fat. Nutritionally, chestnuts resemble a staple grain and occupy that place in traditional diets. Michael S. Burnell, in an article in the journal Chestn11rworks, entitled "The Grain that Grows on a Tree," reveals that an almond contains three times as much fat as protein, while a chestnut has three times as much protein as fat. Chestnuts compare favorably to brown rice in nutritional components in government studies, yet brown rice has over 100 times as much sodium as chestnuts. Chestnuts contain an optimal amount of three of the essential amino acids (the components of protein) needed for adequate daily nutrition, and, gram for gram, provide more protein value than eggs. Chestnuts have the added advantage of containing no cholesterol. Chestnuts must be cooked to be palatable (raw, they produce intestinal gas). They can be boiled or steamed until tender, then sauteed in buner and served by themselves or in a variety of combinations. They can be roasted in their shells in the oven or fireplace (the flat side is slit, traditionally in an "x," so they won't explode). They can be boiled in a syrup and baked in a sugar coating for an unsurpassed confection. Yesterday at my house we had a sliced chestnut-and-squash casserole, and today we had fresh blackberry and chestnut cobbler--the last of my winter stock. l happily visualize that glorious spreading tree in my pasture, only a few years from now, and already taste the fruits of my own gathering. AUTUMN - 1988 �Essential Alnico Acid Content <1119 ot amino acid per 9~ ot proteinl l\!Di no Acid Che;stnut .I.deA.l. Trypt.ophao Lysine Sulphurcontaining amino acids Isoleucine 11.67 54.29 51 11 50.24 37.38 26 42 106 106 193 89 Chestnut Stuffing 2 lbs chestnUIS, cooktd and sieved J cup dicttl apples 1cup grruttl carrot J12 cup m.elttd bu11er smsoning do.sh paprika I cup dictd cekry 2 cups fresh breadcrumbs Native American Chestnut Bread 112 cup chopped onion 2 rblsp. chopped parsley thyme, marjoram. and rosemary, if tksired Mix all together. Stuff turkey or pumpkin or MAJOR NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS squash. eu:. Sh.elf and put one lb. of chestnuts Chop finely or mash. Add e110ugh cornmeal to hold chtstnws togtthu, mixing ch.estnJAJS and cornmeal with boiling water Wrap in gru11 corn shucks, tying each one with white twine. Pfau in pot ofboilillg water and cook IWO /tours. Saft when ea11ng, if dWed. CHESTNUT CAKES CHESTNUT ALMOND 50\ Carbohydrate 5-10\ Protein 1-5\ Fats and Oils 20\ Carbohydrate 18\ Protein 50\ Fat. Thue may be se~d in ploct ofpow.tots: To one lb. of mashed, cooUd cht.rtnws, odd OM tbsp. cooud, chopptd onion; one oz. bw1u. and o beOlen egg. Mix thoroughly and shape into colts. COOi with egg and brtodcrumbs and fry until goldtn brown. Drarn and ~rve with parsley. 114 cup bUlttr 314 cup dark corn syrup 2 cups coolced rice 2 cups peeled chestnuJs I cup toastttl bread c~ I cup celery, chop(J(d J cup onion, chopped 2 tbsp. Uimari soy souce 1 112 tsp. poultry seOSQning or sage I 112 cup mil/cor cream (can be nut or soy} Sauti onion, celery, bread cubes, and chestnuts Ughlly. Combine with rest of ingrttlitlllS and boke at 3500 for JO min Northpon, WA 99157 <Doug/cw h)brids and other varieties) qntJ SttdliJigs} 1 tsp. vaniffa 2 cups boikd and grated or ground chest/IUts 213 cup sugar :J eggs btoten 1 singte·laycr pie shell Chestnut-Brown Rice Loaf Bear Creek Nuisery P.O. Box 411 Chcs1nu1 Hill Nursery, Inc, Rt. 3, Box U,7 Alochua, Fl. 32615 (Dunston hybrids and othLr blighz.resisJont grafts CHESTNUT PIE Recipes Chestnut Trees for the Orchs rd: Enrl Douglass Red Creek. NY 13143 (ChintSe·Amtritxur hybrid sud and settllings} Reading Resources: PreheOI oven to 45<fJ. Cream butlu and sugar togtthLr until flllffy; odd corn syrup, eggs. and vanilla. Lint pit plate with pastry and sprinkle with chestnuts. Top with beaten ingredit!llts. Salce/or JO mm.; reduct MOl lO 3500 and baJce 35 min. fongtr, or until a knife inserted in th.ti ctntu COlnl!S oui clean. Mok.es orre 8" pie. Nw Tru Culture in North America, edited by Richard A. Joynes and published by lhe Nonhem Nut Growcis' Associauon. They say it is "the most complete boolc on Nonh American nut ttetS ever wriuen; and lhis is true. ($17.SO from NNGA; Brolceo Anow Road: Hamden. CT 06518) The thru recipu above au from the Victorian Nui Growers Associa1ion Recipe Book; Mtfbourrre. Australia. Alf the above recipes were reprinted in Ch~mutworks and gleaned with pemussion. Trtt Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, by J. Russell Sm11h. Even though some of bis tnformalion is outdated. Smith's book is worth reading for his thoushtS on lrCt$ as food.producing crops. ·Lynn Fain:hild Chestnut Muffins 2 cups shelled, coolced chtstnJAJS 112 cup flour 1 tsp. hoking powder l tsp. so.It 112 cupmil/c 2 egg )'01/c.s, beaten 2 egg whites, beoten Purie the chtstnurs 111 blender; odd remoinillg ingredients. carefully folding in the well-baJtn egg whites lost Dalee ill muffin po11 in 3500 o~n for 15·20min. • {romS1 . F1ancU\>ilk WommrClub CooAbool<; SI Froncisvilk, 11/mois DraW1ngs by Kim Sandland AUTUMN· 1988 KATUAH • p;1ge I �FROM THE ROOTS: GETIING INVOLVED IN CHESTNUT RESTORATION WORK START......... . SAVE .......... A CHESTNUT TREE! ll will require a widespread grassroots ("treeroots") effort by the people of Appalachia if the magnificent American chesl.llut tree is to once again become a viable species in the orchards and forests of our mountain land. The time to st.an is now! People who intend to be serious caretakers may request chestnut seeds from the American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation (see address under "Organi7.ations," p 16. Other sources for American chestnut seed and seedlings are listed at the end of this an:icle. Hybrid trees and foreign strains for orchard plantings are available from the nurseries listed on page 13. The several chestnut restoration organizatio11s listed need your help. Some suggestions on how to support them are given. Or, find several chestnut sprouts growing near each other in the woods, release them (clear around them), and care for them. These trees still carry the original chestnut gene pattern, and, if they can be brought to bear, will make a valuable contribution to the species' gene pool. paper towels will do. Be sure 10 leave lhe bag open or lO punch plenty of air holes in ii Pu1 the nuLS 1mmediatcly in a cooler or refrigerator (32-400 is best). Do no1 freeu. The vegetable crisper is an idc:ll spoL Keep the seeds in this environmen1 for abou1 two monlhs in order 10 siroufy them. Check lhem often, and do not let them dry out. • Source. American Chestnut Revival Planting and Protection IC possible, plant your nulS directly in their permanent site and avoid transplanting, which is very fussy work and always sclS back seedling growth. ChestnulS prefer moderately acid, sandy loam soil and sunshine and require a well-dr:uned location. For maximum protection from frost, plnn1 on high ground on sloping land. Avoid known frost pockets and wet spots. At least two trees arc necessary to pollinate nuts, and they should be no more than 200 feet opan for efficient pollination. The nuts, sprouts, and young uees must be protcctcd from animals. Squirrels, chipmunks, and mice cat the seeds and young sprouLS. Mice and Care and Maintenance of Chestnut Trees Handling and Storing Nuts The time lO collect nuts is after frosl in late September and early October. Remember. chestnut l1US are self-sterile, so lhey w1U DOl produce viable nut~. unless there is another tree nearby 10 pollil13lc them. The best straregy is 10 plan1 the nuts in the fall, when they would drop nmurally. This avoids the need for str.Uilication. (StratJlication meat\S to pass the seeds through a cold, donnnnt period of two months or more to s1imula1e the seeds 10 gcnninatc.) If you purchase seeds or need to Store them, ii is imporuint never to le1 lhe nuts dry ouL Drying kills the germ. Newly obl:llncd nutS should always be kept in a mois1 (no1 wet) contamer tha1 can breathe. A iiplock bag with moist peal moss or chipmunks gnaw the roots, and rabbits enjoy the young stalks. Deer nibble the new growth and rub agGinst the trunks or saplings. The "tin can plnnling method" de1ers early underground rodent damage. Remove the top from a soup, beer, oil or similar-si7.cd can. Cut a hole one mch m diame1cr in the other end; cover with one inch of soi I: ploce the chestnut on us side, then fill lhe res1 of the can with soil. Plant the can upside down, with the one·mch hole ru ground level. To preven1 the can from girdling the esublished seedling, check to be sure iron cans have rusted through: aluminum cans must be cut and removed once the seedhng is well-established. Young t.rces should be proieclt.d with plastic lJ'Ce guards availnble at nurseries. Rat trops baited with dry prunes or nulS IJed to the !rigger will caich squirrels and chipmunks. r'CllCing is always a good idea. If a nursery bed is to be used, fence around the prepared soil wilh 1/4-inch mesh screen that cxiends 6" to 12" below the surface lO prevent 1unnclling by mice and chipmunks. Individual seedlings can be protecled from deer rubs with wire fencing auached lO stakes abou1 a fool from the 1rce. An eight foot fcnc~ aroWld the yard or orclwd will keep ou1 deer. Less cxpcnsi ve than the big fence are the many deer repellants on the llllll'ket, which de1er by tasie, smell. to0ch, or all three. Consult your local nursery people. However, repellants must be re-applied aftcr each rainfall. For older seedlings. ooe of our coopcr310rs in Georgia reports tha1 hanging mesh b:lgs (like those in which citrus and onions me sold) full of human hair (barbershop sweepings) every three or four trees is an efTcctJve detcrrenL VA Tech Exlension recommends using a cake of Lifebuoy soap in the same way. Mulching protccts the young plants from extremes of heat, cold, and droughl and from weed competition. Mulch should be pushed b.1ck from the trunk during winter, so tha1 rodents will not hve there and nibble lhc IJ'CC. If one wi~cs 10 stnn the seeds in a protcetcd si1uation, Dr. Collin McKeen of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada has reported good germination results from American ches1nu1s planted about two lO three weeks aftcr hn.rvcs1 in a topless cold frame bu1l1 against the brick foundntion on the south side of his house. The box was aboul four feet by four feet and stood 1wo feet above the soil level. 'The soil was a sandy loam mix. Seed nuts were laid on their sides on the soil and covered with a mulch or rolled leaves. A wire screen was fitted over the top to keep out animals. uanting from Our MistakLs Th4 photo shows an U.co"ectly applied soil comprtss. The tree is an American chestnw trtt that was about ltn years old in 1987 w~ the pMlO was talcen. The tret belongs to Mrs. Barbara Suman ofCt:nJre Island, Oyster Bay, NY WM is pading UJro soil aroWld the base of the largtsl of three soil compresstS, which wert! securt:d over the silts of blight outbrtak. This /Tu is now dying from the bligh1. The first error is that this particular soil compress was applied Ont! year 100 late. The trtt was already ~d......in applyillg the compress. hawtvu, tlie two lowest limbs should havt bun cut away tnlirely and burned. The uwnk sMuld thln have /Ken covered with one large compress from ground ltvel "' ont foot above the highest infection silt. Although this porticuku ca# was a failure, it was a valuoblt tdut:ation in MW to apply the soil compress correctly that has sub~quently hllped w greatly. • from Lucille Griffin . . . KATIJAH - page I AUTUMN· 1988 �Drawing by M. Tree Transplantin2 Unless con~lanl ~urvcillance is possible. or lhe seedling is a precocious grower (20" or more m !he first year), it is best IO wall until seedlings arc two y~ old before moving lhcm Crom I.he nursery to the permnnen1 site. Transplant them when I.he seedling is donnant (no leaves) • in the fall or the spring in the soulh, but only in lhe ~ring in the north. The chestnut has a large tap root • e:inra care must be taken not to injure it becau.~ this inJury is life· th~tcning to the b'Ce. Proper handling is important. Seedlings should be planted as soon as possible. Purchased seedlings should be SIOrcd in a cool pbce out or sunlight The rootS .J\ould be wroppcd in sphagnum moss and always kCPI moist. but not soaking wet. If lhc objective is rcfon:station or growing trees for wOO<I production, tr.1nspllln1 seedlings at 10 Coot intervals (435/acre). IC lhe object of plllnting is nut prodllCtion for humans or animals, plant the U'CCS at 2S foot inlCJ'Vl1ls (70/acn:) with the inicntion or removing every other tree (for sale as a specialty wood) when the crowns begin to touch. Do not plant the uus f urtller than 200 feel apatl, as this will limit pollination. Review irisb'UCtions for pro1CCtion. Cart ofTransplanttd Chestnut Setdlin~ ChestnutS do not requite a rich soil, but lhe R111jor nutricntS should be balanced. However, the nut crop w1U be beucr and the nut size lnrger lf the tree is growing on deep, fcnile soil. Fertilizing should no1 begin unul lhc second yw after a tree is planted. On poor soil apply an organic fcrtihzmg rru:ictun: or one pound of S· IO·S per year of tree age or per inch of tree trunk. diamc1tt. Water the same as you would garden crops. Keep grasses and weeds outside a two foot radius around !he ~ling~ by cultivaung or mulching for at lea.'11 five years. Cbesfnul Blight 'The fungus Endothia parasirica is present throughout most of !he eastern US. Jn some orchards. however. a virus disease or the blight fungus causes hypovirultnu, which wCllkcn~ its attack on lhc chestnut. American chestnuts infected by the hypovirulcnt fungus usually survive. To idcn11ry blight. look for oval·~hapcd. reddish-brown local discolorations of the bark followed by premalUJ'e yellowmg of the foliage above. SomclimC$ protruding orange stubs of lbc fungi may be visible. Epicormic sproutS growing from the trunk of lhc tree arc a good mdic.ation of lhc blight. Look JUSt above the sprouts to sec !be canlccr. If a canker is on a minor limb, trim off lhc limb and bum it If n occurs on lhc ma.in trunk any place wilhin reach. apply a soil compress. Chestnut trees need careful watching, because 11 lakes only one year for lhc blight io ltiU a young tree. FIRST AJD FOR CllESTNUTTREES: THE SOIL CO:\fPRESS METHOD This technique m:iy be used to protect a planted tree, or to kocp alive selected sprouts in the woods. It will work as high on the ucc a.~ you can manage to hfl lhc soil! To m:ikc the Soil Compress: Cut away any branches, even healthy one~. which occur 10 lhc area that must be covered by the soil comprc.-.s. Fit a sleeve: or polyethylene or similar sheet pl:istic 0( Lal' J>3pcr around lhc cm:umfcrcnce of lhe trunk from ground level upward IO a point that 1s as far above the infection as IWO times the length of the infection (because there is probably more Endothia just under lhe bark lh:ll has not yet broken out). Secure and seal the lower edge of the sleeve by mounding soil up around 11and1>3ckmg iL firmly. Fill the sleeve with wet gllrdcn soil 1• to I If]." inches thick all the way around. There is an antagon1st1c orgwusm which occurs naturally in moist soil; wherever it is kept in conta.cl with the disease, 11 ..,,u lull the fungus. For the Soil Compress to succeed, 11 must be appbed at lhc earliest Stages of the dLSCa.IC, when the infection is pcrllaps under the bark but has noi yel pcncumcd the wood. • So11.rct: Tht Amtrican Chts111u1 Cooptra(()r-s' Foundmion (drawn largtly from tM Handbook of North American Nut Trees tdittd by Dr Richard A. Jaynts) (COl'dJIUIDd on rwu pea") AUTUMN· 19 8 TUAH ·page 15 �FROM THE ROOTS: ORGANIZATIONS (continued from page IS) BRINGING BACK THE CHESTNUT TREE Nonh Carolina (where American chestnuts grew best) as a last bastion of polentially good trees. The blight came later 10 Nonh Carolina; hence the trees have not been subject to StreSS from the blight for as long as those we have worked with, and more may be living." - John R. Elkins, secretary. Cooperators are also needed to Taise and care for chestnut trees from seed. Volunteers must be ready to be responsible for a long-tenn project and prepared to make regular repons of successes and failures. The American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation is a publicly-supported, tax-exempt foundation under section 501 (c)(3) of the IRS code. All donations arc tax deductible. "Wt art h4ppy to be involved in IM process of restocking lhtse hills with this beautiful Olld prodtutnot tree." CHESTNUT COOPERATORS THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT REVIVAL do Carol Klinger Rt. I Dowelltown, TN 37059 The Mountain Garden Club, Highlands, NC THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT FOUNDATION do Dr. David W. French Depa rtment of P lant Pathology University of M innesota St. Paul, M N 55108 The American Chestnut Foundation was formed by a group of prominent scientists in 1983 as a non-profit foundation to suppon biological research and genetics projects to restore the American chestnut tree to its natural range. The American Chestnut Foundation provides the suppon for the breeding progTam developed by Dr. Charles R. Burnham that is being carried out in Minnesota and several regional centers, including the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. This program is the most promising for a speedy return of the American chestnut tree. Mr. Phillip Rutter, president of the foundation, says, "As a scientist, I have to say that there is an 80% chance that I will live to see a blight-resistant American chestnut. As a human being, I'd say it's 100%." Regular membership in the American Chestnut Foundation is $15.00. Members receive the Journal of the American Chestnut Fou11dation and may attend the annual meeting to hear progress reports on foundation projects. Donations arc tax deductible. The foundation needs help with fundraising, public education, and finding wild chestnut tree locations. KATUAH - page 16 The American ChestnUJ Foundation requesrs rhe help ofall concerned abou1 the fate of Ult! American chesrnut rree. The State of New York is now considerating legislation to establish a national chestnut research cemer ro be affiliated with the state university system and ihe American Chestnut foundation. The legislators sponsoring this effort need to know that there is widespread StlJJf)()rt for this idea. let them hear from you. Write to Assemblyman Francis J. Pordum; Legislative Office Building (Rm. 252); Albany, NY 12248. A~1ERICAN CH ESTNUT COOPERAT ORS FOUNDATION 2100 J efferson St. Bluefield, WV 24701 "Our top priority is for long-term funding of the regional effon already underway: first, 10 develop a blight-resistant :4Jnerican chestnut tree capable of competing m our eastern hardwood forests, and second, to develop economical biological control measures against chestnut blight in the forest environmenL....Foundation work will be focused in the Appalachian Mountain area." Besides funding, cooperators arc also needed to help locate surviving American chestnut trees which could be valuable sources of genes carrying resistance to the blight. "We are especially interested in the environs of the Blue Ridge Parkway in The American Chestnut Revival is a people's organization supponing the return of the American chestnut. The group is the creation of the Cumberland-Green Council, our bioregional neighbor serving the watersheds immediately west of the Kawah Province. The Revival sponsors want to link up with Katuah people 10 make the American Chestnut Revival a cooperative, inter-regional effon. The stated goals of the group are to: 1) replenish our woods with the American chestnut - a beautiful, useful species 2) promote diversity and ecological health in our forests 3) move toward a healthy, self-sustaining agriculture 4) educate the public and our public servants to the realities of deforestation, ecological monocuhurization, and general environment.al degradation. The first priority for the group is to locate and correctly identify existing wild chestnut trees. Identification is tricky; even expens are sometimes fooled, but the group hopes to c:ualog large native chestnuts, keep track of them, and protect them for the future. The group is also seeking chestnut sdon wood for research purposes and for their own grafting projects. American cheslllut genes current.ly exist in a pure fonn in surviving mature trees and in root sprouts from trees whose tops were killed by blight. They are also assisting in technical research projects as needed. They presently are maintaining a close connection with Dr. Scott Schlarbaum and his project at the University of Tennessee. If you want to help bring back the chestnut, take part in the American Chestnut Revival! ~ AUTUMN- 1988 �RESOURCES Seeds and Seedlings: Sources Bear Creek Nursery P.O. Drawer 411 Nonhpon, WA 99157 (American, ChiMSe, and hybrid CMStnllt seedlings, grafted rrees - 5% of the value of any sale of ches11uas benefits ti~ American CMstruu FoW1daritJn) Wexford Soil and Water Conservation Disnict 200 West Thirteenth St Cadillac, Ml 49()()1 (American chestnut seedlings - $41.40 for JO, $25.80for 5. Writefororderi11g i11fom111tion.) Louis Lipovsky RFD Brunswick, ME 04011 (American chestllUl seedlings) Benhan Rajala 3030 lsleview Road Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (American cl~stnUJ seed) Donald Rudisuhle Rt. 3, Box 216 Caladonia, MN 55921 (America11 cl1es11111t seed) Periodicals CMstnurwork.s is edited by R. D. Wallace and published by the Chestnut Growers' Exchange. lls purpose is to promote chestnuts as an agricultural crop, and to research the natural history and culture of the chestnut. Valuable updates on scientific research on the species. Two issues per year for $10.00. Write to: Rt. 3, Box 267; Alachua, FL 32615 The Journal of the American Chestnrlt Foundation focuses on the work of that organization, but also carries articles by other top scientists working to restore the American chestnut to the wild. Membership: $15.00 minimum donation. See ACF address p. 16. ...tn J!er& Note from Luci.mla. . .. 'The clear, crisp days and nights of autumn arc, to me, the best times for gathering roolS for food and medicine. Roots can actually be gathered anytime from lhe first frosts of fall until the early spring because that is when the energy of the plant is in the rooc but to me the best time is autumn. I like fall gathering for two reasons: fi.rst, my memory of exactly where the plant is is the freshest (often dying rock and dead tops remind me of the way) and secondly, ~use after the heat of summer passes my personal energy is rising, and that feels like a good time to make medicine. My personal ritual is to gather from the third quancr to the new moon, following the first froi.ts. Now is the lime for the hardier roots - burdock, yellow dock. cchinacea, dandelion and comfrey. My lools vary from a digging stick for the comfrcy to a pick axe for the AUTUMN· 1988 Diagram 1: Genetic Hybridization of Chestnut Tree Species Castanea dentata with Castanea mollisima Drawing by Rob M&asick burdock. While I dig the root I tell the roots why 1 am gathering them and ask for their healing power. Then I listen. After I have dug the roots I need, I leave a gift of tobacco or a prcuy rock or ~hell, and smooth rock the earth over my diggin\. One of my favorite fall tonics is an iron rich mix of dandelion root, yellow dock root. and burdock root. 1 cut up the root~ and put them in a jar and then cover them with apple cider vinegar. I use vinegar for the tincture because alcohol inhibilS lhe absorption of the minerals. ln vinegar, ilS shelf-life is shoncr, bul it will last unlil next fall. I also dry some of each root for infusions. Considering how hard il is lo gather burdock root, I have io admit I try to use mostly tincture so I don't have to dig so much! Comfrey root I use in a number of ways, I've already dried the leaf for lea, now I dry some of the root in a darlt, dry place. I also malce tincturci; in alcohol and Ill vinegar and, lastly, make an oil extraction in olive oil. Comfrey is one of the most used herbs in my medicine cabinet. so I try to keep it in all the varied ways I might use it. Echinacea is the herbal antibiotic and I cannot imagine a medicine chest without it The kind of echinacca which grows here is Echin1Jcea purpurea, and it only has medicinal properties if it is freshly tinctured (i.e., dig fresh root, uncture immcdiaiely). When it dries it has no medicinal value. To make an infusion, it is necessary IO order ec/unacea angustifolia. which grows profusely in the West There are numerous other fall root plants, but these are the ones which are the mainstay:; in my medicine chest I value lhc rime I spend in the autumn gathering root medicine and feel the time spent, in itSClf, is a tonic and nourisher of my spirit It prepares me for the winler to come. KATIJAH · page 17 �THE CHANGES TO COME (TM>e are the words ofa uaditionol Cherl>Ut: medit1M person.) I can agree with some of the things the Judeao-Christian philosophy considers evil. but not the majority of things. To me what is evil is that a small percentage of the world's population can justify destroying the Earth in the name of profit. I think that it is the ultimate form of separ:nion--for the ego of the human to think that the Eanh begins when one is born and ends when one dies--to think that one can flush one's waste in the river and not care about it going to one's neighbors. We arc destroying the Great Life. When I was about founcen years old l went with my grandfather to listen to an old man talk. We went over to these people's house and they had a fire outside and they greeted everybody and passed coffee around and I was proud that I could sit in the circle and listen. The old man talked about lots of things, but one thing he talked about strongly impressed me-in fact it scared me so bad I thought it was going 10 happen in the next few days. He said that the Earth's existence was m four quaners, and each quaner was a very Jong time-thousands, maybe a million years, I don't know. But he said that the bear was on three legs now and is about to siep down on the founh. And he said every time that the Ear1h goes through shifts from one quaner to another one. there is a cleansing process. The cleansing takes the form of droughts, floods. earthquakes and all these things. The old man kept repcaung that the Earth is living, ll's not dead. Volcanoes nren't things of the past, they're things of now, Floods nrc things of now, nnd droughts are things of now. 111e Earth is alive. My body is a miniature Earth, as all kinds of organism~ are miniature Eanhs, but \\e are all connec1ed to this greater organism. We are like a cell in this Great Life. When I take an alien substance inio my body, like cigarette smoke or some other kind of pollution, ir's destructive to me and I can feel the evidence of it. I become ,,hortwinded and feel all the symptoms. I may not feel the effects as strongly at first as I do later. The Earth is now strongly feeling the effects of all the cmp thnt we have been puuing in her atmosphere and in her streams. The point I want 10 make is that the evidence of the effects of our abuse of the Eanh is here for everyone 10 sec. The Earth is heating up--the greenhouse effect. I ha1e to bow to the ~icntists, but even the scientists are saying that we an: in danger because of our own ncuons. There are 1wo things we need to do. We have no choice. l think we should do everything that we possibly can to reverse this process because of the unborn-yet-to-be. The unborn-yet-to-be have the right to KATIJAH- page 18 be included in all the decisions we make today. Part of that decision-making is 1ha1 they should have the same choices about the environment as we do. I can breathe fresh air, I can swim in the streams, although it's getting harder even now in our generation. A friend who just got back from New Jersey said she couldn't swim, because the beaches were closed because of hospital wastes. A place where she had swum all of her life had been taken away from her. Before the non-Indian came 10 this country I could go to any stream or river and drink from it, but I no longer can do that. I don't know of a river anywhere that I can drink out of. I don't know of a srream anywhere I can drink out of. And where I am right now I don't know of a spring I can go to and drink out of that I wouldn't be afraid because of agricultural run-off or any of those sorts of things. There is the evidence. And the evidence is multiplying by millions of tons just in my own lifetime. It is not fair that a few people based on materialistic and shiny, glittery things can make the decisions for the majority in the name of profit. It isn't even in the name of national security . It is in the name of individual, personal profit. because the only philosophy we have as a society b to manufacture and to consume, manufacture and consume--that's our only philosophy. So in terms of this reality the most important thing is that these people be perpetuated, no matter what happens with the waste. I intend to do everything within my po"'er--and I encourage everyone I meet-to deal with this crisis. I don't use scare tactics, but I do say whats going on. and I tell people that they have a responsibility and an obligation. Some people say, "Yeah. \I.ell, people have always said the Earth is going 10 be destroyed. anJ there have alv.ny~ been bad times ...and my father said it wa.-; bleak and it was gorng to end," and so on and so on. At first that statement bothc:red me. But there are 1wo forces on the planet: there's good and there's evil. and we have to have both forces, or there's no existence. And I think that the force that de~trovs the Great L.ifc is evil--be,-ause 3 few can't make these choices for so many and so many yet-to·bc. The force that destroys the Earth-that destroys the streams, that kills all the animab off, and that cuts all the trees down- is an evil force. Now, I am a pacifist in the sense that I believe in nonviolence. I think the Quaker attitude would help us deal with this situation. We can do somcthmg about it in our own regions: we can quit buying products that destroy. We can examine how we can gear down our own lives - not in the sense that we are bleakly going to do away with everything. but we can do without things like styrofoam, electric toothbrushes and all these unnecessary kinds of things. We can try to make everyone in our little area conscious of what's going on. Stan from there, and encourage people from other areas 10 do the same thing. AUTUMN - 1988 �The second step we need to take-and I think this is just out of real procticality--is to make certain preparations for ourselves and our families, and maybe in some instances for our community as well. The number one thing is 10 think of ways ro feed ourselves when we unplug from that consumer/manufacturer society. One of those things that we have to consider is gardens--ways to raise a 101 of food in small an:as-and also alternative forms of fanning, such as dryland fanning like the Hopi Indians do. They raise food down there in a place that gets very little rainfall. We need to learn how to catch waternnd conserve it. Even if you have only one moist spot, plant some kind of food there, even if there's room for only one plant. We need to look al the indigenous plants around us as food sources. Lamb's-quarters is a wonderful food. but we pull it up and throw it away. Yet i1 keeps returning, because it's adapted 10 the area. Look at plants, like the different species of com: from the hard flim com that grows in the southwest to the softer meal com that grows here. Think about both of those plants and start growing them and adapting them to this clim:nc. Do the same thing with pumpkins. squash. and maybe even the more arid-land food plams and trees. like some of the nut trees. When you think of growing planes. consider them as protein and carbohydrate sources. Grow plants that fill those needs. And get several varieties of each one of several species. Be very selective about your seed. If you have a dry year, pick '1he best plants for seed. Don't do anything else with them, but encourage them 10 make seeds. even if it means stripping them of leaves in order to encourage the seeds to grow instead of the fruit, if it's that way. And then pick the seed from there and be merciless about picking the right seed. We ought to be concerned about that People ought to get into different kinds of food preserving--canning, drying, and all fonns of food processing. We need to sort 0111 our refuse and look a1 what's there. I take all of our kitchen garbage :ind throw it tn our compost pile to make soil out of it. Even when I pull a weed out of the garden, l put 11 m there. I think it's important to build up the soil to be :is stron~ as it can. Don't depenct so much on :mimal protein, because the animals will be falling under the same environmental stresses that we Y.111, and plants are much more odnptable to drastic environmental changes than the animals. Don't dismiss that when you consider your sources of protein. I think for agriculture we should consider draft animals as a back-up. Mules eat les~ food and ure stronger than horses. We ought to think about alternative energy sources. An energy source that does pollute 10 a cenpin extent, but is cenninly not a~ polluting as automobile~ and coal-powered plants, is the small steam engine. It can run lots of tools: it can even generate electrici1r. if people are still wanting electricity. Or consider alcohol-based machines that use alcohol fuel from plants. I think people ought to consider those sorts of things. Another thing that has much to do \\ ith biological survival is psychological and spiritual survival. Going from a society in which almost c:very desire and whim is met--or able to be met, if one has the money-and leaving all that will create certain psychological stress. The outside information that we get from TV's and radios may not be there eventually. That's going to be a psychological trauma for ~ople. People \\ill have 10 learn to deal with the psychological and emotional upheavals which will come up when their so-called reality is fractured in some way or another. That needs to be addressed. I also think that groups of maybe 25 people-or 30 at the very most--who live reasonably close together and are of like heart and like mind should make some kind of pact together. A group that size is a very compatible group for surviving. I think we ought 10 include our children in what's going on and what's happening. for the simple reason that they're the ones who are going to inherit whatever is left here. Political action should be the emphasis for every group of people. I think that nuclear war is an incredible threat. and I'm no1 putting that down, but I think the number one issue for this planet right now---0ne that will be more devastating than even nuclear war. unless it's total nuclear war--is the environment. If anyone doubts that, all they have to do is look around. It's a new age for us all--a new age in which the survival of our species is going to be a number one concern. Our philosophy is that the EJnh is one gn:at living organism, and it operates like my own body. When something a11:icks me--viruses or whatever--my immune system goes 10 work. I think we have bc:come a cancerous cell in this environment, and the droughts, the eanhquakes. and all these kinds of events mean that the Eanh is alive. Its ex1Stence is threatened by one of its pans. and l think it's kickmg in its immune systc:m. I think we're probably overpopulated on the planet. I know we arc overpopulated as a species. Even if we all work on it right now, y.e're s11ll going to led terrible effects from 11. 11 we all had it in our minds that "We are going to clean up 1he Eanh." and started doing everything right now. we would still feel negouve effects from what we've done in the past. People are afraid of havin!! to do with less. We could have a much higher quality 01 lifc--not only for ourselves. but also for the whole planet. We may have 10 give up some of our so-called independence. but this is an illusion anyhow. We're going to have 10 change our way of thinking. There are lots of ways we can go, but the whole thing concerning the planet tod:iy i~ that first Y.C ought 10 identify the problem. It's like slcoholism. Until one admits there is a problem. there is no solution. But the minute one admits there is a problem, then you're one step towanl a solution. The big step. Drawing by Rob Messick AUTUM,\1- 1988 KATUAH - page 19 �. ... . .. Natural . . . Wor l d .. . News ........ . • • • • • • • • Natura l • • • Wor l d . .. News .. . . . .. ... . . NP&L SALE APPROVED; DUKE POWER INVADES Narural Wodd News Savicc The controversy over Ille erection of a high p0wer tnlnsmission line in Transylvania and Jaclcson Counties is mounting. Dulce Power Co. of Charloue, NC has gained the approval of lhe NC Public Uti Iities Commission (PUC) for ilS purchase of the Nantahala Power and Light Company (NP&L) in wesletn North Carolina. The company now has righl-of-way access 10 scU ilS nuclear-generated p0wer 10 Alcoa and TVA customers in Tennessee. The PUC ignored a las1-dilCh effort by local mounlain people lO form an energy co-op as an alternative lO Duke's purchase of NP&L. To lrnllspon this p0wer, Duke has proposed clcarculting a huge swath of forest about 1,300 feet wide by 30 miles long. The line would slfelCh from Lake Jocassee in South Carolina to a substation in the rown ofTucicasegee in Jackson County, NC. Residents of the Lake Toxaway area are greatly upset that lheir view of Touway Moun&ain WlU be SpOiled - IO lhe extent th3l they hued 10p lawyers and enjoined Duke from any further conslrUction until they revealed plans for an alternative route. Tom Sweatt of the Lake Toxnway Property Owners Association paints out that "there are a IOL or people who have spent a lot of money lO build homes where they can have a good view of Toxaway Mounuun. • ln addition, Swe:m argues that Duke's proposed route would endanger rare and Propoud Transmission Corridor from JocasM!e to TudJ:!Mgu-DukL Power line KATUAH - p:ige M threatened plant communities and encroach on pristine trout wruers in fackson County. Unfonuna1ely on alternative route for the powerline propOsed by the homeowners nnd Other concert1cd groups trespasses through more of Nantahala Nationlli Forest than Duke's proposed route and will pass close 10 the homes of the residents of the Owens Gap area Cena.inly the allemlllivc would reduce the visual impact of the line on the Lalcc To,.;away homeowners. but l11e line would impact other residents and fragment an eminently important habil.al area in the Nantahaln Nlllional Forest. USFS PROPOSES NEW REGS Natural World News Service The US Forest Service (USFS) has received nearly 1,000 wriucn responses to sweeping regulation changes proposed this spring. On May 16 the USFS published revisions to its appeal regulations. A year in the milking, these fat-reaching revisions would fundamentally all.Cr the USFS appeals process, and undercut the meaningful right of appeal fOf all outside panics cooccmed with USFS decisions. The agency is heralding the revisions as an au.empt to increase efficiency, reduce delay, and benefit the public. Yet all evidence points lO inl.emal mismMagCmCl1t and agency inaction as Ille causes of most delays in the current appeals process. ll is clear that the proposed revisions will nol benelit Ille public. Two setS or appeal ·processes• are proposed. Forest planning, timber management. and Other so-called "policy decisions" will be relcgalcd to a sccond·class status of appeal under 36 CFR 217. Democratic "due process" fealurcs would no longer be avail3ble in p0licy appeals. A second set of rules (36 CFR 251) would govern appeals dealing with agency administration of written ins1tuments, such as special use permits. The USFS prop0scs to m:tintai"I full due process procedures for apppcals of this ruuure. Notices of appeal (now clllled "requests for review') would be combined llllO a single document with a suitc.ment of reasons. This document. along with any siay requests, would have to be filed within 45 days from the dale or publication of the decision in a local newspaper. No time extenS1ons are pcnnittedl This means that Forest Service planners h11ve years 10 strategize clearcuts, roadbuilding, recreation development, and other assaults on "natural resources." Deep ecologists, ci11ZCOS' groups, and their allies are allowed only a moolh and one half ro prcp:irc a defense. Other "efficiencies· the Forest Service proposes would limil project appeals (umber sales. etc.) to the level of the regional forestc.r. Appellant replies to agency submissions ("responsive suuemcnts") and oral pre~cnU1tions would be cl1min3led. While the USFS is nOI proposing a liling fee for entering appeals, the agency IS specifically rcquesung public comment on this controversial issue. The proposed changes in regulations would further insulate the Fore~t Service from c11izcn review of improper decisions. If changes in regulations are ro be made, they must be balanced._ fair, and aimed at increasing efficiency and better decision-making. The proposed revisions fall far Mon of these basic goals. By denying the public o right lO a meaningful nppeal, the propOsed rules changes fora: parties seeking ro influence the USFS to t:lke lheir coocems to court. Private citizens and conservlllion organizations do not have the financial resources IO suppon numerous lawsuits. Although the shon comment period alloled foe the proposed regulation changes expired on July 12. 1988, the Forest Service needs IO hear how people feel about being cu t out or the decision-making process for the National Forests. Theie is a tremendous amount of momentum within the USFS 10 adopt lhesc revisions. The timber indusuy is exerting pressure lO limit the scope of Ille appeals process. Send your ktters to: F. Dale Robtrnon, Chief US Fortst Suvice P.O. Box 96()9() Washington, DC 2()()90. Send copies 10 your congressional rtprtsoltati\leS. FOREST WATCH! HELP WANTED! Nawral World News Service A "Forest WalCh" program is being started in K:uuah. Members of the Wilderness Society, Western North Carolina Alliance, Carolina Mounlain Club, Audubon Society, and four local Sierra Club groups are creating a coalition that will interact with rangers in each US Forest Service (USFS) district. Forest Watch members will sit down with rangers to discuss and review environmental asscssmenL~ for proposed timber cuts, roads. and other Forest Service ac11v1ties before they are begun. Successful Forest WalCh operations arc already in action in other National Forests (e.g., the Chauahoochce NF in Georgia). At the least, such oversight activity will hold the USFS lO 1lS own forcsl managemcnl plans. At best.. both volunteers and rangers will move closer to cooperation and muwal understanding, to lhe bcnelil of all. Workshops will be offered on forest management and on the Fores t Service decision-making process. Those who would like to ltnow more about forestry and multiple use demands, and who would like to have some mOuencc on the future of the forests Ill Kauiah, $hould conlllCI Ginny Lind!>ay: P.O. Box 1275: West Jefferson, NC 28694 (919) 982-3633 or Speed Rogers: 251 Purple Finch Lane; Brcvnrd NC (704) gg3.304g_ AU1ID1N - 1988 �....... Natural ... World ... News ........ . RESISTERS RISK ARREST AT Y-12 WEAPONS PLANT by Pat Montee In an historic moment on August 6. 1988 at lhe gnies of the Y -12 Nuclear Weapons Components Plant in Oak Ridge, TN, five people linked anns and in a simple trespass action crossed over a symbolic line onto lhe plant grounds to be arrested by local police. The action was the first act of civil disobedience at Y-12 and was lhe culmill31lon of a day of concern for lhe plant's role in nuclear weaponry and nuclear cootamination. Preceding lhe arrests 200 demonstrators rallied at a municipal park and then paraded lo Y 12. Speakers at the rally urged support for a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty. The demonstration was held on lhe anniversary of lhe dropping or lhe first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The protest was organized by the recently-formed Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance (OREPA). Co-sponoors included Tennessee Peace and Disarmament Campaign, Jackson County (NC) Peace Network, Western North Carolina Alliance, Madison County (NC) PlowsharcS, and lhe American Peace TCSL Those living near weapons facilities across the country are beginning to speak ouL The August 6 protest at Oak Ridge was minored by other grassroots demonstrations at DOE facilities in Aiken, SC, Amarillo, TX. and the Nevada test site. The formation of OREPA is a call for public auention to the DOE's Oak Ridge facility. In February of last year the Radioactive Waste Campaign, a public interest organization, pinpointed the Oak Ridge Reservation as one of the most scvesely contaminated government facil1ucs m lhe US. Millions of pounds of uranium-derived wastes have been dumped in landfills at Y-12. Between World War II and 1981, over 12 million cubic feet of low-level rad.ioactive WllSUl we.re buried at lhe Oak Ridge Reservation. Radioactivity has seeped out and contaminated streams and groundwater bolh on and off the site. The TV A has identified more than 140 dangerous chemicals and radioactive materials present in Oak Ridge creek bouoms. The Y-12 plant manufactures uranium components for lhe primary sUJge and the principal nuclear components for secondary stages of thennonuclC31 weapons. Covering an area or 3,400 acres and employing over 7,000 people, the Y-12 plant plays a pan in the production of every major nuclC31' weapon in lhe US arsenal. 1l was Y -12 which produced I.he firsi gram quantities of highly enriched uranium used in the "Litlle Boy" bomb which dcsuoycd Hiroshima. One or I.hose arrested Ill y -12, Chris Irwin, a University or Tennessee student and a native of Knoxville, said, "IL seems lhal at Y-12 I.hey just ignore us. I've written my congressman ·everyone has .....SomcbOdy luld 10 do ~mething. If I don't, who will?" Sharing this concern for the future, Judnh Hallock, a resident of Jackson County, NC and a mother or three, was quo~d by the Associlucd Pres.-. as saying before her arrest. "My children arc m dotnger. The plnncl is in danger. and I feel I h;ive no choice.• Others arre.~led were: Jeff Warner, 24, of Bowling Green, KY; M)'T'B Zeller. 40, or Madison A County, NC; and Doug Mason, 38, the father of two children, who is from Memphis, TN. The five anest.ed were booked at the site and released on lhett own recognizance. At n hearing the following Monday at the Anderson County Court.house, they received a eiUJtion for simple trespass. OREPA is forming an active regional community lO non-violenlly overcome the violence at Oak Ridge. A "Nuke Watch" action as planned for Octobcr24-29at y.12. To conwcl the Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alhancc, write Box 1101: Knoxville, TN 37901 or call evenings at (61S) 588-9370. "the most massive crackdown of its kind in lhe country". During lhe investigation. undercover agents bought 266 gall bladders. SS claws, 77 feet, four heads, nine hides and one black bear cub. Agents also round dead bears in the woods from which only the gall bladder and claws had bcc:n removed, with the rest left to rot Black bear pans are commonly sold illegally both on the intcm.llional and domestJC rruirkets. During lhe three year operation, wildlifo officers were receiving criticism about not acting against poaching. However, to have made a premature move would have blown lhe cover on lhc entire operation. Wildlife orrocers and olher state and federal agencies formed 28 raid teams that served the . -~ ,~ ~ anc~t and search warrantS in a 20-county area in ~.,.. .;,. / ,.t' ,,frl __ ~ K.atliah. .: '.. /~}'- -~ '//• "'.r r ..- -·~ All or lhis in. tense activity, however. -~ 1 ~ culminates in the cowuoom. h i~ up to the federal .;.fJ/r~~, . ~udge to enforce the ex1s_ting law.s ~ regulations. as .;.,,,J.11"'' ~.._.,...., ·~/ 1t relalCS to bear poaching. If I.he Judge treais lhe ,,,,~,,,,,.....____, ~ "~ mauer lighlly and elects to impose very lenient ..._'<.~ sentences, ii would.be a signal to poachers that they ~-" ~ . ''"·"'"' ~~" could continue w1lhout severe c.onsequences. It fl///" , \ would also be a blow to the wildlife officers who at • · ...,..., ' times risked their lives uncovenng the poaching network. Lcuec; to the US District Attorney would let the court know that citi7.ens are watching and care PERE GRINES RETURN about lhe outcome of I.his case. Send a leuer Nanni World News Setvicc expressing your feelings and concerns to lhe D.A. who is prosecuting lhe federal government's case Five pairs of the peregrine falco11s •haclced against the poachers. out" Last summer by human volunteers have Max Cogburn returned to nesting places established in National US District Au.omey Forest areas in the Kauiah Province. US Courthouse, Rm. 306 The small, but eictrcmcly swifi, raptors were I00 Otis SllCCl obSCIVed at nesting sites at Linville Gorge, lhe AsheviUe. NC 28801 Shelton Laurel area of Madison County, Looking (704) 259-0061 Glass Rock, Whiteside Mountain, and Pickens .r - -" · ' ,r...._, ;. ,. j:-,,.. ..,,,.,?';,::,: ' Nose. One young falcon was nedged from lhe DCSl on Whiteside Mountain, and a heallhy chick is livmg in the nest ID I.he Shelton Laurel area. To avoid disturbance to the nesting falcons, hang gliding and rock climbing were lmhed at Whiteside Mountain and Looking Glass Rock unul August 31 of this year. Climbers and gliders were very cooperative wilh the closings. The peregrine restoration project is a JOinl effort of the US Forest Service, the NC Wildlife Resources Commission, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and a private organiation called The Peregrine Fund. The NC state income LaJt refund "Check-off for Nong:imc and End:ingcred Wildlife" contributed substantially to funding for the projecL BEAR POACHERS ARRESTED Natural World Ncw1 Scivice aa A three-year investigauon into bear poaching in western Norlh Carolina and ca~tern Tennessee led to charges again.~t 43 people who were uccused of illegally profiting from the marketing of gall bl!lddus and olher b13ck bear paru. Both federal and state wildlife officers panic ipated in "Operation Smoley." de.<.eribcd as PUBLIC INTEREST LOST IN THE OZONE Nuural World News Savicle On July 2. 1988, ozone levels recorded at the oz.one monitoring Slation in Fairview, NC, outside of Asheville, reached 118 parlS per billion (ppb), within 2 ppb. of the 120 ppb. maximum Standard allowed by the Environmental Protccuon Agency (EPA) under the Oean Air AcL Ozone in the lower aunosphere is a proven ha.z:lfd llult contcibut.eS io smog, rcspinuory disease in humans, and damage lo trees and crops. At excessive levels. o:r.one does acute damage to the lungs or children, old people, asthmatics, and I.hose who arc doing SLrCnuous outdoor exercise. Ozone has been shown to be pan of the deadly combination of factors that is killing the spruce/fir forest on Mt. Mitchell. Paradox 1cally, 07.0ne in 1he upper atmosphere is necessary 10 slueld lhe Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiauon in the run's rays, but m the lower atmo:;phcre it ~ a dangerous pollutant, and Asheville re:;1dcn1S rue now aware thal their cuy. too. ha:. an air qualuy problem. Yet, one month after lhe high reading was recorded, the 01.ooe monitoring station was closed. According 10 Ronald Boone, lhe director of the (conllnucd on nut Ne) - p:igc 21 �...more...Natural World News LOST IN THE OZONE (canlin\IOd from IJa&C 21) Western North Carolina Air Pollution Control Agency, construction had displaced the Station from its original location at Fairview school. and lhere was no ochet space available in Buncombe County r0t the 8 root by 8 foot IJ'ailer which houses the monitoring instruments. The EPA granted permission for the closure. This action was iaken shortly before the summer heat wave, which undoubtedly booSted ozone levels considerably in Asheville and surrounding areas in tho French Broad River basin. ff«, sugnant air masses provide ideal conditions ror lhe creation cl owne and keep the gaseow subslance trapped in valley areas, inslead of allowing it to dispetse. Had the sys1em been in operation, it almost cettainly would have recorded orone levels higher lhat the 118 ppb. reading or July 9. Readings during August would in all probability have shown Iha! Asheville was exceeding the re.detal Slandattls for ozone. The EPA has declared th:u if a city exceeds the maximum allowable ozone SUUldard of 120 ppb. two times in a single year, vehiculnr emissions ICStS must be undenaken immediately. Hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust combine with nitrous oxides Crom industrial and utility company fumes to create Orone. The EPA also says Iha! if the ozone problem persists in a city, tha1 ci ty will be designated a "non-attainment area• and be rcsuicted from starting any new industries that require smokcsUICks to exhaust industrial vapors. If Asheville were restricted as a "non-a1 tainmen1 area." it would obviously slow the city's industrial grow1h, and might adVCtSC!y affect tOUnSt tr.iffic as well. The ozone monitoring station is still closed, and Boone says that. as ozone levels decline during the cooler months, it will probably be April of 1989 before another locauon for the focility will bc found. Having no accurate de1ermm:1uons or how severe the ozone problem actually is m the French Brood River ba.sin will do liule to relieve public uncasinesi. about the situnuon. And pulling orr finding a locntion for the small testing sUllion for nine months does little lo bol.'ilU public confidence thnt the problem IS being adequately dc:ll t with or even considered. Having unknown levels or 01.one in Asheville's air supply iL1so r:uses other quesuons. bolh environmental and political New datn have been made public that show that long-term exposure to lower conccn11111Jons of ozone impairs the foncuonmg of the lung.~. causes adverse biochemical renctions in the lung$, and acceler.ites lung delerioration due to aging. These data have led scientists to urge the EPA lO immediately ndopt more stnngcnt oz.one standards. If the standnrds were changed, the EPA predicis lhat nine urbnn areas in the US would be ou1 of compliance. Prominent on that list is Asheville, NC. Is the municipal public hc:llth admmistrauon trying to sidestep the consequences of exceeding federal regulations by subjecting city ~dcnLS IO the consequences of exc:essi ve air poll uuon levels? Buncombe County's Metropolitan Sewage Administmtion is presently considering construcuon of an incineration plant to dispose of the area's sewage sludge. The pt;in has already come under severe criucism, as it would add several types of KA TUAH • page 22 dangerous gaseous pollutants into the area's air flow. With Asheville already suffering a critical air pollution problem, it seems obvious that an insUllation which would make major contributions IO the ambient air toxicity should be avoided. Yet, at recent hearings on the incinerator proposal, of all !hose who made presentations, only two individuals spolce in favor or the plan. Those were Jim Tenney. Di.rector of Public Health for Buncombe County, and Air Pollution Control Direct.or Boone. Actions such as this call into question the competancc or public health adminis1n1tion in Buncombe County, or r.iise the ugly possibility that the public health is being made subservient to the intcrest.s or economic and industrial growth. CP&L RA TE INCREASE (or " LET THEM EAT CAKE") residents posted their own black-and-white metal signs aloog a 30-mile stretch of the river. The s igns warn that fish from the river ate contaminated with dangerous levels of dioxin, a toxin that "causes cancer, miscarriages. and birth defeas." Recent EPA tesl.S have found dioxin in most or the 120 flSh taken from lakes fed by the contaminau:d river. One brown U'OUt was round to contain 80 pans per trillion or dioxin, more than three times the allowable dose. Shelley Stcwart. a Greenpeace official from Seaule who studies the pulp and paper industry. says thal "lhere is no levd al which this stuff can be considered safe.• Stewan also pointcd out that dioxin levels in the Pigeon are the second-highest found yet in the EPA's current analysis of 100 rivers below pulp and paper mills. Dioxin residues result Crom tile chlorine bleaching process used by Champion and other mills. Grttnptace may be contacted 01 (404) 874-8581. Nanual World News Service On August 8, 1988 the NC Public Utilities Commisssion (PUC) granted Carolina Power and Light (CP&L) a 9.1% increase. Profits from the rate hike will benefit the shareholders of the privately·held monopoly and will pay for the extr&Ordinarily high cost of building the Shearon Harris Nuclear PlanL According 1 F3lr Share of North Carolina, a 0 consumer advocate group. CPclL has spen t S4.S million on outside consultants to teSury in the rate case. A key issue was the cost overruns incurred in the conSU11Ction of the Shearon Harris planL Design changes and reworking during construction added at least $200 million LO the cost or the nuclear power pl:inL In testimony before the PUC, Chip Smith of Fair Share presented an anmysis of over l,000 changes 1n design during a nine-mont.h period. CP&L's own records showed most were errors and only one was cau!S(XJ by changes m rcgufauons. Fair Share maintained that the cost of misl.'lke~ made during cons11UCtion was excessive. CP&L mainl.3ined it "should 001 have to be pctfecL" In the linal weeks before the PUC decision, a S300.pcr-hour CP&L consullllnt stated that 1f widows and orphans could nOl pay lhetr electric bills, they could tum their lights off. Does this reveal CP&L's true pcrspecuve? Writt th<! NC Public U11li1its Commission or P.0 Bo.IC 29510: Raleigh, NC 27626 10 t.ICpl'US your opinion of 11rL1r dtcision. and ID Fov Shart of North COTolino: P.O. BO.IC 12543; Raleigh. NC 27605 111 support of thtir worlc. POISON PIGEON FISH NllUnl World News Service Representauves from the Greenpeace organization and 01hcr concerned people recently accused Nonh Carolina's Health Dcpanmcnt or dragging its feet in posung warnings along the Pigeon River, which the Env1 ronrnenUll Protccuoo Agency (EPA) has round is contaminated with the chemical dioxin below the Champion International paper mill m Canton, NC. Dr. Ted Taylor. a State tolliCOIOglSI, could not say when the sign would be posted, even though the flSh have been known 1 be toXJc since last 0 spring. "MOURNING THE VICTIMS" NlllWIJ World News Service East Tennessee residents seeking to short-circuit Champion International's bid for a wastewater permit a1 a public ~earing August 18, mourned for 1 Cocke Cow!ty cancer victims 67 whom they believe died as a result of accumulations of dioxin from wastcwater dumped into the Pigeon Rtvcr by the Champion plant in Canton, NC. Organizers of the variance hearing labeled 167 cent.er-section seats with the names of the dead and marlced the rows with block bows. Flags in Newport, TN bung at half-mast as a memorial rite was held. which fcatwcd the unveiling of a cenoiaph listing the names of the cancer vicums. Champion has produced blc:iched paper in the Canton plant since 1908. and scientisL' say dioicin is a byproduct of the bleaching process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Tenne..~see omcials inili.ally proposed a wastew;iter pennn for the company that would have set a SO-unit color limit on the river at the statc line. Although dioxin levels nre not adclres.o;ed m the proposed wastewacer pcrmu. envrronmentahsts say that chemical and color levels ace closely associaced Tennessee Governor Ned McWhcrter 1s likely to make the linnl dec1s1on. Speakers at the hearing directed therr 1111ger at the governor almost as often a.~ at Champion. McWhcrtcr campaigned in Newpott during the last elecuon, promising to help clean the darkened and foamy Pigeon River. which nows through the ci ty's downtown distncL Two Asheville researchers demonstr:ued a new process they have developed, which they say can clean up the waters or the Pigeon. University of North Carolina Asheville professor Richard Maas and scienust Philip Neal hope to sell Champion on their method, tha1 they say could remove 90 percent of the color in the water. Wilma Dykeman, Tennessee state hisiorian, called a11en1ion to Champion's history of environmental abuse. and went on LO say that human actions should not be allowed to destroy any natural re.source. One speaker suggested that to establisb a vanance would open a Pandora's box to industry. Another Cocke County resident said that he felt that SU\lc leaders, by holding the hearing, were requesting the public "to make my murder legal.• So Greenpeace voluntocrs and ea.st Tcmesscc UTUMN • 1988 �(continued from page 7) Natural World News SPECIAL REPORT THE DOGWOOD BLIGHT by John Creech For as long as people have lived in Appalachia. they have delighted in the white dogwood flowers which splash the hillsides in spring. The bright red berries of the dogwood arc an important food source for many bud Gild ammal species when lhey appear in the fall. And the dogwood tree plays an imponan1 part in the ecology of the forcsL II is a prevalent understory tree that helps to develop the dark, loamy forest soil that is the basis of life. Soon, however, the great contributions of this small ltCC may be a thing of the past For, even as we lament the blight that killed the chestnut tree back to the ground, another blight lhreatcns the existence of the dogwood r.n:e I.Oday. The dogwood blight has been liule-publiciu.d, yet it has been killing Cornus Jlorida uces throughout a three million acre area in Georgia, Tcnn~ee. and Nonh Carolina. according to Professor of Foresuy Roben Zahner of Clemson University. Unlike the chestnut blight, which was introduced from Asia and swept through lhe Appalachian range 10 a period of 40 years, the anthmcnose fungus which causes the dogwood blight has coexisted with other plant life throughout the region for thousands of years. Scienlists first identified the fungus on dogwoods in Now York and Pennsylvania about 10 years ago. Reseachers at Cornell University inilially believed that some species of the fungus had mutated and attaekcd dogwoods only in the nonheasL However, an identical fungus was discovered on dogwoods in the Cashiers, North Carolina nrea about five years ago and has since been identified on Cornus f/orida trees throughout the Appalachians. The alternate-leaf dogwood (Cornus alttrnifolia), which is not as prevalent nor as beautiful as the flowering dogwood does not seem to be affected by this fonn of the blighL The blight thrives most successfully in moist, shaded areas such as mature forest areas, where it appears first as colonies of spots on lower tree branches. Sunlight inhibits the fungus, so it climbs upward from the shaded interior leaves, blackening and curling all of a tree's healthy foliage in a shon time. The youngest trees are the first 10 succomb to the infection. One scientific hypolhesis is that environmental StrCSSCS may have weakened lhe dogwood tree species 10 such an extent that 11 has become susceptible to the blight fungus. If this is true. as well as boding ill for Lhc dogwood species, it may mean that other trCCS as well arc on the threshold of their tolerance of hUITlllll pollution. Currently rcscarchcrs arc cultivating dogwood trees in controlled environment chambers under various kinds of simulated streSS s1IU31ions. Folinge on young trees has been leached with anlficial acid rain at levels similar 10 those present in the Ka1Uah region today. Investigators have found that these dogwoods take inoculation of the fungus quickly and easily, whereas trees grown free of acidic precipitalion have taken inoculation poorly or not at all. Acidic moisture qwtc possibly destroys the waxy layer of cutin on the leaf surface. leaving interior cells vulnerable to infection. Thi~ damage. perhaps coupled with stress from ozone or other pollutants, allows the fungus to destroy lhc affected leaves in a single year. The metabolism of lhe dogwood U'CC requires tremendous amounts or calcium for sustained and heallhy growth, all of which must be cycled up from the soil. Zahner and others in the scientific community believe that the chemical relationship is such that sulphur and nitrogen deposited in the soil from precipitation are releasing large amounts of aluminum normally bound in chemical comb1ruuions and unavailable. The roots of the dogwood tree draw dissolved aluminum into the tree, where, as Zahner says, the aluminum"competes with the sites on the cell membranes that would normally be occupied by calcium." Th.is creates a calcium deficiency which wealcens and evenlU3lly kills the trees. The dogwood is "not just another pretty tree." The pH of its foliage is basic, and, as the uccs shed their leaves in the fall. Ibis addition to the soil helps balance the soil pH throughout the yenr. Dogwood berries arc a dependable fall and winter food source for quail, IUrkcy, grouse, and a host of songbirds. They arc a wintertime staple for these birds, when v1nually no other foods arc available. Squirrels and deer also rely on this fruit for winter nutrition, and it is an allcmntive fall food for black bc8IS during a poor mast year. . . Zahner believes that this valuable member of the forest community 1s diminishing more rapidly than we rcali7..C. Indeed, the dogwood may soon be facing citlinclion in lhe Appalachian Mounuuns. ~owy display of the KATUAll - page 23 ;i' Photograph taken tarly in this century of miud timber growth on Moust Knob Branch of S110wbird Creek. chestnut enthusiast to understand why state and federal agencies are not providing strong support for chestnut research. The hard fact is that the chestnut is essentially gone from today's forests. Government research monies are already so severely limited that important areas of research for existing commercial species are often not addressed. Diversion of these dollars for chestnut breeding research, which can offer no absolute guarantees of success, would not be in the best interests of our forests from either an ecological or a commercial standpoint. Therefore, it falls upon the private sector, both individual people and organized foundations, to suppon chestnut research. Private support can come in a variety of forms: monetary donations, sharing knowledge of flowering chestnut sprouts with researchers. or volunteer labor. Private chestnut interest groups are forming in a number of states. The American Chestnut Foundation is an ideal organization 10 coordinate the activities of private groups and individuals. The Foundation's scientific steering committee is comprised of leading chestnut researchers and other scientific authorities. It advises and guides research conducted by the Foundation and associated cooperators. Private groups may become state chapters of the Foundation and thereby become linked with the scientific community. In summary, there is still hope for returning the American chestnut to the forests of eastern Nonh America. An increasing number of scientists, private individuals, and organizations are working toward developing a blight-resistant native chestnut. Reforestation of our woodlands with American chestnut trees is a massive undertaking and will only be possible through the cooperation and coordination of all interested parties. Hopefully, the results will be positive, and some day in the future some of us will be able to sil under the "spreading chestnut tree." Dr. Scott £. Schlarbaum is Associate Professor of Forest Genetics in the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries of the Institute of Agriculture at the University o/Tennessee in Knoxville. He direc1s the UT Tree lmprovemem Program and is coordinating a project to develop blight-resistant American chestnuts suitable for resroration ill the Appalachian Mowuain bioregion. , AUTUMN-1988 �Dear friends, We have heard about you lhrough friends and want to supparc your effortS at b1oregional enlightmcnt. We have a small family dairy with 25 cows, hogs, sheep, poultry, etc. on a 200 acre hill farm 20 miles north or Roanoke. We can spare you about 200 lbs of milk (translated mto monetary donation). Send us a few back issues if you have them. Lei us know when you need more. Many thanks for your effons. DRUMMING LETTE RS TO K ATUAH John & Linda Thornton Fincastle. Virginia Dear Friends, Dear KOJUah, A friend gave me a copy of Summer '&8 issue a few days ago. I read through ii with delight I've lived here 12 years loving these mountains while watching lhe desolation, which is gelling out or hand and going really rast It is good 10 see a journal which represents other, of a concern similar 10 my own. I feel less alone in my panicular facets or appreciation for this mOSt beautiful area of USNearlh ..•The change going on here is best expressed by announcers a1 monster IJUCk rallies when a big-wheel pick-up is crushing a line of cars, "The dcs11Uc1ion is awesome.• 1 enclose a donation 1ow3tds encouraging your efforts, and would love 10 panicipaie along the way in whatever capacity possible. I can write readably. and my heart is with you. T. J. Northington Spana, North Carolina Dear Friends, David Wheelers article, '"The Tracks or lhe Panther" is so incredibly beautifulIt was also very informative and inspiring. There is enough motivation and human power tO bring this wilderness corridor into reality' With just a handful or advocates locrucd lhrooghou1 lhe ll1C8 or the proposed corridor, interest can be drawn from local Audubon chapterS. Sierra Clubs. etc. I remember my first trip along the parkway and thoughts of what it could be like if moose, cllc, bear and wolves still remained. I remember the sadness of knowing they were gone. I beheved they could never return. What a gin Jamie Saycn has given us by focusing his energy and developing the PAW plan! And how fonunate we are to have KOJUllh to bring us the news! The PAW plan is so WORTllY of our aucnuonl WE can mnke a positive 1mpac1 on the ecology unlike anything that h:is been done to dale in lhe United StateS. Dear Friends at Ka11'ah, Blessings! Thanks so much for your wisdom and time on the phone (in helping to form a bioregiofllll journaJ for the Adirondack area). We are making some solid contaCtS with wrilCrS, graphic artists. and others who are encouraging us on to do this thing and are iniercslCd 1n participating. The crv.ies1 "chance• meetings cum out to be the most fruitful of all. We had spoken about lhe boundaries of this region - n's huge! The Adirondack Biorcgional Province (according 10 a map in the old RAJNBOOK) prcuy much follows the boundaries of the Adirondack Parle - 6 million acres! Needless to say, we llunlc that we can best get a clear image of the many ecosystems here if we divide this massive area into 4 to 6 (or more) sections, and in the first issue ask in1crcs1ed persons in each section tO connect with us - they can 1C3d us on an exploration of their particular sections - one fca1ured in each successive issue. How does 1ha1 look to you? Comments and advice are apprcciar.cdl I'll just enclose what we have so far. We'd love lO be able IO share Our copy of Ka1Uah with folks. but i1 is bccom ing dog-eared, ecc. Tt's in our collection or newsleu.ers that we are using as "texcbooks". If you could find some exlt3S, we would be happy IO help with a dona1ion 10 cover eos1 or postage and retail value of copies! (And, of course, to suppan your efforts there, a bil more green). A friend se1 up a barter for us: If I do a particular Indy's gardening, she will do our initial layout design! Tnlce care, Mamie and all! We respect you, KOJtlah! With Warmth! Joyce Vanselow Box 12 Riparius, New Yort 12862 With love, cxci1emcn1 and e1emal gratitude, Frank Trombeua HendCtSOnv1llc, North Carolina Dear KOJuah, ...Thanks. Your journal moved me, as a native or Kaniah now displxed to ScauJc. Clair Englander KATUAH - page 24 ...Found a copy of Kotuah Journal at the Appalachian Trail shelter on Wild Cat Mountain· near the Fish Hatchery - and near Camp Cherokee ...enjoying iL Beuy M Gore Dec!l1ur, Georgia Today I received your complimentary issue and I'd like to thank you very much for it When I saw 11 a1 the Black Mountain Festival, I knew it was for me. At present, I'm unable to send the SIO, but once I'm employed again 1 plan 10 subscribe. A li1Lle while ago a friend called to say he h:id mailed in a subscription in my name. Now, once I can afford it, I'll order one or your great tee shins. The day after returning from the festival, and after having !'CM your Spring issue. I h:id an asunl experience which I'd like to share with you and perhaps you could shed ligh1'as to lhe meaning for me. I was above the festival s11e and saw ii all - sky, mounUlins, meadow, ring of tents and pand; with 4 hawk feathers in the sky a1 cardinal poincs. Superimposed on it all were the words "Wolf Medic me". I am carving all or this in what I call a medicine shield format. and once it's completed and painted, I'll send you a picture. l wonder whaL the signific~nce of Wolf medicine is. Any ideas from you or your re:idecs? Thanks, Kicran Crunficld 412 ML View Valdese, North Carolina 28690 .. .I enjoy taking my newborn (well. actually he's 3 months old already) with me m the woods, and he looks around a1 the ll'CCS so w ide-eycd. He really loves the outdoors, and sometimes I will wonder, wow, if only you could see the Smokies, the wild rivers, the huge boulders, the trees, feel God's presence around you, way up on a mountain ...bul then I remember, my wife and I lived m Tennessee (Pigeon Forge) for four momh~ and we Jost everything we owned trying to survive up !here. I don'1 think I wilJ ever be able to live amongst the earth cathedrals of Kauiah, but I've kepi Philippians 4: 11 m my mind. I'm not t0ta.lly satisfied here in Texas, but I am doing wha1 I can. I've already planted 3 low chill apple trees on my 1/3 acre "farm", and I plan on using pcrmaculturc design principles throughout The beginnings of a Big Thickel/Texas pcrmacul1urc center, maybe? ... Peace and light, Jorge Vcl4zqu.e1 Rt 5, Box 86-D Cleveland, Teus 77327 AUTUMN - 1988 �Drawing by Rob Messick Dear Friends, I am a member or the Prison Opposi1ion Commiucc. We arc b:mling a prison the Arkansas S1:1te Boord of Corrections says lhcy wall build in our unique comer or the Ozarks. And we say they will not. We have over 3,000 sign31WCS on petiuons. At our last meeting, a mM named Ray Waus stood up and told how his grc:it. great-grandfather was born on the Trail of Tt3rs. He s:tid th:lt 300 Indians had died at a place called Lukcy Springs (obou1 three miles rrom my home). The TraiJ or Tears runs very, very near the proposed prison Sile. That night I was reading. I heard a rhythm--rain1ly at first, becoming louder--and then I "hc:ud" the words or the enclo.~ poem. As I Slit up lO get pen and pencil, a presence "sat down" to my len. It wns very, very UUlgible. (I am part Cherokee.) I wrote down the poem. Later, as I do1.cd off, I felt my right arm being rruscd an the darkncss--qu1tc eerie. Then a voice spolcc through me--a hu.~ky voice, like a man's. It s«med to me that a lot or time posscd-but my husband ~id u was only a liuJe while. •r had spoken of being "lost..los1..I had II()( died a Warnor's death. I had come to join in this new battle"." Yesterday we traveled over a portion or the Military Road--a part or the Trail or Tears. I saw Lukcy Sprin~. A little further along the road, I was led" into the woods. There I saw a faint impression in the earth - lhc old trail. Then I "heard" them again. I s:it on the ground. They said again, ·we did 1101 die a Warrior's death. When these leaves fall ... we will return .•." This autumn will mark the 150th "birthday" of the Trail or Tears. I sec this as a Vasioo Quc.~1! I intend to record mote or Ray W:m's stories and legends handed down in ha~ family • and I m1end to record the Voices of my people ti they ~to/through me. Arc you interested an my journal as I ltllvel along? Sincerely. Barbara Ellet Dail AUTUMN- I TRAIL OF TEARS A NEW PROTEST Our only mark a wind thaJ blows Upon our heads a thousand snows..... Ow only tears rain on the hills And the sobbing song ofthe wluppoonvil/s. YOU asked for the stOry of \lo hy I spc:ik about pcsticulcs. II is a question I have :l'kcd m>-sclf, because I would rather enjoy the farm quaclly or speak of the oneness or hfc. Several years ago I be&311 to conuic1 App31achian Power Comp:111y and slalC agencies 10 protect myself from p.!Sl!Cide exposure. I had had severe allergic reacuons to chcmicols and several years or health proi.tems• .,,,hich have healed 'The scns1tiv11y I ha'e now IO chemicals simply alcns me to theu presence tn the air. Often .,,, hen there LS pc.~ticulc an the air. 311d v3por from it docs get in the air, I hc.y others speak or symptoms which I know can be tnggcrcd by indirect pesticide exposure. I ~'peel that many people without recognizing at are nffcclCd to some degree by chemicals. Sance Uiey are a stress to the immune system, I wond.:r what wall be the long term consequences to children growing up in the midst of chemical use. And how much wall our environment absorb? I speak of my concern while knowing that symptoms reflect something deeper. Three umes I was accidenlly SPtayed in public places with herbicide or insecticide.and I think about the weeds and insects that arc labelled pc~ts ond lulled. And about lhc animals on which these chemicals arc tested. The language of public agencies IS facts and figures. a different language from that which Earth and its fauna and flora speak, but one which I have learned out of my experience. So I speak of facts and figures, though they arc but one level of a multi-leveled truth . Thanks to Ka1Uah for speaking so beautifully ol the mtcr-coonectedocss oC all life. Sincerely, Nancy Barnhardt ML Airy, Virginia Now peacefully we lie at resr Here in the Ozarks' Stoney brea.rt. In life we could not wulerstand Why we were driven across the land And now we hear, not even death Can save us from the white man's breath, For still he gives the loud commands Thal drove us once across srrange lands. He comes now ro disturb our sleep Where cedar glades a vigil keep. Hear us now. We will not go For on our heads a thousand snows. Hear us now. \Ve will not bend To the white mllll's ways again. Three Juuulred strong, a mighty ba11d To keep the wltire man from the land. They cannot build a prison here; Where live men like the the dead appear. Hear us now. We will not go. Hear us now. We rel/ you so. We waJJc these hills on ~ery wind. Great Spirit is a mighty friend. -Barbara Eller Dail Noncy has now moved to the Chapel Ifill, North Corolino area (Uwharria bioregional pro11inet} where she will be working as on tnvironmtntal lobbyist. Dc:it Kailiah friends, The issues you are dealing with are criucal for our continued CJtistcncc. Being a member of the Baha'i Faith and having Cherokee heritage makes me even more concerned about ha.rmony with nature and my fellow humans. Some Baha'i friends arid I arc in the planning stages of cstabli.~hing a Lcaming/Hcalmg center which v.oold work 10ward the uni[)' ol the healing .u and education methods. Therefore I would be very intcrcSIC.d m any Ulfornutioo or contacts )'OU may ha\'C in this area. I am especially inLCreSICd in knowing more about herbal n:mcdics such as those prescnlt.d by Carolyn Pon. I would v.-clcome the opportUn11y 10 meet with you to discuss some of our mulllal concerns and goals. I li\'C near the headwaters of the Clillch Raver. What do you know about this area (the Clinch Valley) being sacred tem1ory 10 the OlcroL.ccs? I am looking forward to heanng from you. Warmest Greetings, Oint Dye P.O. Box 55 Swords Creek, Virginia 24CH9 KATU AH - page 25 �(nruural) - no electne, no plumbing, and the liule DRUMMING continued from p. 25 wildlife people feel OK hete. Ka11lah editor: I really connected IO the concepis of your journal and your goals. as expressed in Earth First! (February issue, •Reviews"). all.ho' I myself see us as passed beyond the point of choosing qwtlity life stand:uds or not, for living beings. I feel humans have destroyed (and are destroying) so much of our basic life-support needs - air, watctS, soils- that we may only have a choice of octivating NOW IO save what's left., or simply become extinct in I.he very near fuuue. I've been trying IO "live on I.he land"hcre since 1978, doing a "half-passed" Job of it-still connected much IOO much IO machine age things. I'm trying now IO deepen my own dctcm1inalion, woit MUCH harder, sleep less. quit wasting time on any unnecessary things, and become much more self-suflicicnL Cutting off from machine age life 100% is my goo.I. I want IO produce all my own food and drinking water. finish the rock walls for this old home, can all the summer fruit here, and so on. I've kept my place very primitive Anyhow. I wnnt to offer you info of I.he suppon system that has enabled me to deal wilh never-ending stvere problems as natural world meets machine age. I refer to Nichircn Shoshu, Buddhist World Peace MovcmcnL Here's our chant: "NAM-MYOHO-RENGE-KYO" and we chJnt LO a small scroll called "Gohonzon" on which is inscribed concepts of universal enlightenmenL Due to I.he miserable schedule of my city job, I feared I'd not get my nightly chanting done last nighL I figured I'd fall asleep, after nighis of home-coming al midnight and 1:20 am, so I've been chanting how I'd stay awake. Sure enough, after some chanting. I dozed off last night. I woke up. but I jus1 would not get up, laying there, thinking of all the urgent things, but NOT MOVING. Then I heard "Thump. Thump." an odd noise ..?? I guessed what it was and jumped up. It was BAD KiUy, go1 in I.he cupboard, got my Swiss cheese, and was banging it on the floor to break off bites. It was chanting that brought Kiuy into the cabinet of food: the only lhing lh31 would get me up, without being dreadful, like a fire or such. I've chanted for Glady, murdered bear, that she returns to happier new life. Here's a grc:it phJ'Mc Crom our teacher, wriucn by Miao-lo, great Buddhist teacher of India: •A plant., a uee, a pebble, a speck of dust, each has innate Buddha D3turc, along with the other causes and conditions needed t0 auain Buddhahood." I hope you people there may only try this chanting 10 bring many bencliis to your own fine work. To locate members in your area, contact: Nichercn Shisher Community, 4603 Eastern Avenue. Mt. Ranier. Maryland 20712. (301) 779-3255. Sincerely, Janice Blise A Katuah reader in Knoxville, TN sends this flier that was being distributed there by you11g people in punk auire. ROOFING FOR AUNT PEARL "They want met' move I' town," bent over her cane and squinting up at me covered with stop-leak and tar, holding hot rolled roof, "but a told 'em: her palsied hand's finger pointing to the soil, "that I'm Cold Knob born. Cold Knob bred, 'n' when I die, by God, I'm gonna be Cold Knob dead.· KNOXVILLE PUNKS GO ECO ... - Bob Henry Baber Dear Kataah, Just wan1ed to write in and say how much I appreciate the efforts of those wildlife officers who for three years have !>een looking into the bear pooching here tn these mountains. h was very courageous of those folks to do that. . .You know t~ey were really laying their hvcs on the hne in some cases. So I think they deserve a special thanks from all of us who want to see the bears survive here. I hope the coun has the sense to follow through in adequate punishment of the people who were poaching. It doesn't do much good to do all that work and then have them not be strongly punished. The bears are having a hard enough time dealing with this drought. They don't need co be having to deal with all the threat of poaching as well. MAKE TH M PAY PLUG UP A MAGH1NE TODAY ! Sincerely, M. L. Lewis Let Ille Military-Industrial Complex Beware! �Medicine- .Allies ful I color T- sfJirts REVIEW Where Legends Live: A Pictorial Guide to Cherokee Mythic Places by Douglas A. Rossman (Cherokee Publications; Cherokee, NC), 1988 If you are enchanted by the colorful, moving myths ana legends of the Cherokee .... .if the skin along your neck crawls at the thought of Utluhtu, the Spearfinger, snaring the livers of unsuspecting victims.....if you have feared the giant serpent Uktena, bearing the blinding crystal Uluhsati on its head, luring even the greatest warriors to their death .. ... then you have also wondered about the dwelling- and haunting-places of these great creatures of myth. Where Legends Live, by frequent Kati1ah comributor Douglas A. Rossman, will provide you with a glimpse of those places. Black-and-while photographs depict the actual geographic locations of sites: from Gahudi ("the finding place"). where the great Uktena met its demise; to the various dwelling-places and council houses of the Nuhnehi ("those who have always been here"); to Uguh-yi, "the place behind the water," where Thunder Beings lived. Lovely stippled illustrations by Nancy-Lou Patterson bring alive the text. Where Legends Uve is the perfect companion 10 Cherokee myths and legends recorded by historians, ethnologists, and other writers. If you dare to view the land of the g.reat Uktena, Rossman's book is for you. In ths traditional Cherokee Indian belief. the .cr~~turss in the world today ars only dlmmultlve forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited ths world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, ths spirit world, the highest heaven. But a tsw of ths original powers broke through ths spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as ws know it. These beings are called with reverence •grandfathers•. And of thsm, the strongest ars Kanatt, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'natl, ths rattlesnake. who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi USdi, "the little man·. as ginseng ls called m the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they ars allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine a/Iles, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by lb~y Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality, all-cotton shirts, they are available now in all aduh sizes through the Kalanu bioreglonal mail-order suppUsr. Order shirts from: KAl.ANU Box 282; Sylva, NC Katuah Province 28779 Please specify size: Sm., Med., Lg., X·Lg. KRLRNU BI OREG I ONRL BOOKS ANO TOOLS FOR LIU I NG IN RPPRLRCHIR •The Education or LitUe Tree • by Forrest Olster A boy ltarllS oboUI lift from his Chtrok.te gra11dpam11s ON! 1ht surrounding hills. A story full of wisdom and love tlwt will one day be recognized as a lilerary classic. • S11.00 • Myths and Sacred Fonnulas or the Cherokee • collected by J31ncs Mooney A jollnlty through time and the Appalachian mythic lond.scap<!. - S15.00 • The French Brood • by Wilma Dykem311 A rousing history of the French Broad River wotershtd.full offaCJs and tht spirit of the mountainS. • SI0.00 • Strangers in High Places - by Michael Frome Tht story of 1/te Great Smoky Mountains and tht creation of a national park. • $9.50 • Landscaping with Native Plants - by Cordelia Penn Creating nmural londscQ/XS iJr ti~ eascernfores1 lands. • S7.00 • Where Legends Live - by Douglas Rossman A geography of Cherokee myth. · S5.00 All prices include posmge. - Kim Sandland P~ add 5% sales w IO iolal. Order from: KRLRNU P. 0. Box 282; Sylva, NC Kamah Province 28789 WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SO LAR PROOUCTS Member NC Wa1 Ouahly Assoc1auo11 er HWY 107 RANDA LL C LANIER RT. 68 BOX 125 704-293-59 12 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 .~·~ !> ~if."'~: Natural Food Store & Deli All 1101urol 160 8I080W1ly Ash9Yllle, NC 28801 · '.ll·1fiune- Cmm1..._ 1 Ht,,.x l.J.Jc., L .· ~n.;.au. Clary S.1gc. and more .lir.lf,,;.,.. /re~ cota109ue ,.,. ~ Bluebird Botanlcalt ~ ·oJ~ao.G.r> p 0 Bo• 1271 ~. . .;"'. 'J.~~·, fr~nkkn NC 211734 ~/ ~ ~ &rbdra R,;m,•n,nyder PhD ~, ~~-- t.... AUTUMN - 1988 ' Where l!lroadwly ~ Mlrrtmon Aw &1-240 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK SCOTT BIRD GREGBLAO( (704) 683-1414 fl8M795 Monday.S.urct.y: 9am·8pm Sunday: 1pm-5pn (704) 253-7656 KATUAH - page 27 �"A Cosby farmer used a hollow chestmn tree as a barn for a pig and a cow." JOURNEY • Dr. Frank W. Woods (University of Tennessee) 1. Gm wl.ncrel! IJear my &~ c:rown Slt h1.9h on my throne X.now the trees CGU ••• CaU ••• TauntLnlj ~out of my sf«p ... wa!.A. There·s sGfety ln the Jtock. B1.1t you Gre Q Coner too _.tnd, Q WQtc:fiu 1.mpotlult to tclL IJhere hGve you &ecn, c:row? you C:Qn trovd ln GU wortds Swoop down Qnd. r~ See lhroUCJh my CtJCS !he c:unnlruJ X.now my cfarrt.ness What CQn you. open wlth my beart.? l.lhat c:Gn you CJrGsp wlth my tciC.ons? Caw ••• C11W ••• n~ c:row splrlt f i.qflts the Ctil.Je Ctever down. you survwe t see throucfo your eyes the c:unnln9 1. &eco~ one wllh the c:row Thro"'Jh the c:rGclt. Ln the stone S!lp down journey deep l.n f t!Ajht n~ c:row Ln the nxu! p Lcrt.s at my m l.nd. 1.t dears the splrLt. wGy kle l.f"Gvet far ln c:a!t Wortds Author Lorna Thornborough stOJlding by a c~.ftnut giant in the I920's (continued from page S) The Last Rites We neec! to rleClt our hurts now Put our [lves ln order I? now We neel! to say what we m&Gn to stly and. pray for9we anci CJlve get Cuctd now Our [lves fttl5h &efore our eyes The o[c( ways Ifie I.le Gre rec1m1~"'9 the Ca~t nuis from Crow Woman Dreaming -poems by Colleen (Self-published), 1988 Redman Eight pages, available for $5.00--or trnde--plus postage from Colleen Redman; P.O. Box 634; Floyd, VA 24091. , KA TUAH • page 28 depressions in the bark with small orange bumps protruding from them. The can.kers grew through lhe phloem, to the cambium, and into the rree's xylem layer, eventually girdling the tree. By 1910 the blight had spread acf?SS New York and New Jersey and was moving nonh into Massachusetts. It had previously been spotted in locations in Pennsylvania. Already the blight had damaged millions of magnificent trees, and scientists knew that they were faced with an epidemic. Pennsylvania made the only attempt to stop the spread of the blig.ht. In 11 _1he state gathered a team of enunent sc1en11sts and spent $500,000 on their effons. bu~ to no avail. The blight continued on, mov.mg inexorably southward • almost 25 miles each year - through the valuable chestnut stands. By 1938 F.H. Milh:r, park forester in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, announced that 'Tully 85% of the chestnul in the Park has been killed or affecied by the blight." Undamage~ tree~ we.re found, p:micularly at 1he higher clevauons, even laie into the I 940's. but eventually v1nually all of them succumbed to the invader. An estim:ued 3.5 billion Castanea trees wllhered to the ground. The mighiy chestnut was vanquished. A mainstay of Appalachi:m economic life was lost v. ith the demise of the American chestnut, as well as an important source of sustenance for mountain families. But unquestionably it was the fore:.t wildlife that was hardest hit by the loss of this gre~t tree. No one was mrudng wildlife surveys m the early J900's, but it was apparent to any hunter lhat the loss of the chestnut severely curtailed the populations of several species of Appalachian wildlife. Black bears and wild turkeys were particularly threatened. Between the loss of the dependable fall chestnut mast crop and the inroads of over-hunting, both those species were almost eliminated from the Southern Appalachians. The chestnut tree is not entirely extinct but ll has been banished into a strang~ limbo. Root systems still live underground, and they still send up sprouts that in some places have become an imponam understory shrub. But ~fore ~e young saplings can reach matunty, their bark cracks, the typical cankers appea;. and the small trees are soon dead. W11hout leaves to suppon them, the chestnut roots arc slowly losing their vigor under~round. Few of the saplings reach nut-beanng age. and large chestnut trees surviving above ground are very, very few. . But isolated trees do survive. and through the work o~ sc~cnce pas_!onately s applied and sheer f:ulh in the resiliency ot the chestnut, hope for the former forest giant i~ grov. ing. A concerted effort on the pa.rt of a large number of aware volunteers could undo the damage we have done a~d restore the American chestnut tree to us naturnl habitat in Appalachia. "Where there be mountains, be there clte.wiuus once again!" AlJTUMN • 1988 �Young People's Page !\ature is a book with a lesson for each day. Before man This is where the animals roamed looking for prey. This is where the flowers grew making the valley be:iutiful. Then came man • I le destroyed the animal ' homes. I le killed 1he aninlats. I le polluted the air: and water. Man has done wrong. It is up to u. to correct htm. - M:itt Ghonnley Clnldrcn, running through the fields, Leaves. rustling through the winds. The sight of n:itun: make-. me h:ippy. But the iliought of nature m3kes me radiant. - Steve Yazdik - Kamari Venable As the cricket checpi; And the jays say goO<lnight To one another, I wonder "hy we must Destroy this world Which we do not own, But nrc pennincd to borrow. 'I'ake your problems to lhe mountains Ami ask for help. Your problems may be solveu. If you le:lrn how to listen. - Brittany Hop~ns . Wan.song lfarley Nature is talking to us. Some people have coough patience To listen to what it.says. The future can be changed If only we i.top to listen. - Suzanne Schenley - B:irbara Miller If every man had the chance to sit alone by a river. he may think twice what he does. - Amy Jones Thanks ro Amy Cogan ar Grear Smoky Wo11111ain Envimnmenral Education ln.srimre ar TrefTll)nt, locared in rile Grear Smnky Mo1111rui11 Nminnal Park. Drawing by Rob Messick AUTUMN- 1988 KATUAH ·page 29 �Helping Injured W ildlife Each year many injured or orphaned wild animals and birds of prey are brought in from the woods. The Western North Carolina Nature Center received over 600 creatures, mostly raptors, requiring assistance last year. Yet there arc few wildlife rchabilitators who have the necessary permits from the US Depanment of the Interior and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to care for the distressed individuals. Wildlife rchabilitators house, feed, and exercise the disabled birds and animals, and then introduce them to prey so that they can again fend for themselves. Presently, the few wildJife rehabilitators in the region are overburdened and cannot possibly keep up with the number of creatures in trouble that are constantly brought in. Clyde Hollifield, a wildlife rchabilitator from Old Fon, NC has conceived of a program to help bird and animal fanciers to become licensed rehabilitators. Working with the Western Nonh Carolina Nature Center, Clyde is organizing a series of night courses on rehabilitation skills: feeding, handling, observing and diagnosing bird and animal ailments, and emergency first aid. No experience or technical skills are required, just a desire and a commitment to help wildlife. Rehabilitators are volunteers who, though they receive no pay, gain deep satisfaction from their work. Being a wildJife rehabilitator requires dedication, but it can rake up as little rime as the practitioner desires. "Even keeping and releasing one bird per yeru- is a great help, .. says Clyde. "Every creature is important. Each bird that flies away is a valuable addition to the gene pool, and means many generations of offspring later on down the line. "Even if there were just 10 or 20 more rehabilitators in the area, that would be a great help." Those who would like to register for wildlife rehabilitator training classes or would like more information about the program, write or call Clyde Hollifield, 355 Cedar Creek Rd.; Black Mounrnin, NC 28711; (704) 669-6821. Call for Presentations lmernational Conference on Parkways, Greenways, Riverways The Steering Committee of the l111ulllJ(ional Con[erenu on Parkways. Greenways. Riverways;: The Way More Beouiifu/, to be held Sept.ember 19-22, 1989 in Asheville, North Carolina. invites your proposals flll' prcsenutions. An intemntional gathering of presenters is being sought to represem diverse areas as they relate to parkways, greenways and riverways--their conceptual foundations, their design and construction, and the roles they may piny in our future. Suggested topic areas include multi-governmental cooperation in the jurisdiction of, psychologic:il importance or. and habit.at preservation and the development of parkways, grecnways. and rivcrwnys. The Conference is intended to provide a forum for di31ogue and discussion. Presentations can be in the form or papers, panel discussions, films, videotapes, workshops, case studies. artistic interpretations. etc. Abstracts of presentations should be submitted in narrative form, no longer than two pages, and include presenter's name, institutional/organizational affiJiation, address, and ielephone number, and the title and description of the proposed presentation. DEADLINE FOR RECEIVlNG ABSTRACTS IS DECEMBER 1, 1988. AbstmclS or inquiries should be din!clCd to: Dr. Barry Buxton Appalachilln Consortium University Hall Boone. North Carolina 28608 (704) 262-2064 The Confetenee is sponsored by The Appalachian Consortium, The Blue Ridge Parkway, The River Foundation, The Lyndhurst Foundation, and the National Parlt Service. For additional ideas and inforl'll(llion, co111ae1 Kallinh co-editor Marnie Mu.lier who is a member of the Steering Committu. New River Symposium The New River Gorge National River, a unit of the National Park System in West Virginia., and lhe New River Slllte Parle in North Carolina arc again co-sponsoring the New River Symposium. The eighth annual throe-day symposium, scheduled for April 20-22, 1989. will be held in Radford, Virginia. The multi-disciplinary symposium is open to all those with a professional or avocational interest in the New River, which courses from itS headwaters in North Carolina through Virginia. to itS terminus in West Virginia. a disUlllce of approximately 250 miles. Papers for the symposium are being requested in natural and/or cultural history, folklore, :uchocology, geography, other na.1ur:il. physical. and social sciences, and the humaniLies. All papers should share Lhese common 1hcmes or the interrelationships of the natural, physical, and/or human environmenlS. In order for proposals to be considerod they must be received NO LATER THAN DECEMBER I, 198g and include a 250-400 word nbstrnct which will be reviewed by a panel of professionals. All proposals should be sent Lo the Chief of lnterpret.ation, Nationnl Park Service, New River Gorge National River, P.O. Box I 189. 03k Rill, West Virginia 2590 I. Questions C11D be answered by calling Parlt Headquarters at (3~) 465-0508. ~ T·SHIRTS, SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN 15 ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS EACH COLORFUL IIDHGN It; PRIN'lED ON Q.UALI'IY T' s Ai<D SWEA'fS �PLA NT A L ITTLE MAGIC Cullivating Communities In the Garden Amuica11 Community Garde11111g Association Conftwire · October 17-20. 1988 • Ask•·tllt,NC All o•cr lhc: country people arc working LOgcther io 1t:1nsrorm open, unu~ space mio viable community gardens. A communtty garden is made up or people, young and old. who appreciate the beauty of growing vegclllblcs and nowers and cultivating communities. Mountain ~ Gardeners in Communtty (MAGIC) (sec Katuah Journal, Spnng '86) has been developing twelve community gardens in Asheville, Nonh Carolina for the past six years. This fall, on October 17·20. 19118, MAGIC will host the American Community Gardening A-~soci:uion's (ACGA) annual conference.This will be a special opponunity for area residents to learn how alive community gnrdening really 1s--around the country. Formed in 1979. ACGA now has 600 members nationwide who suppon the greening or cilies and the building or communities through community gardcrung. Community garden supporters from all over lhc: country and parts or Canada will be imending and MAGIC would like to cxitnd a direct invitation to area residents 10 JOin m the events. The conference will provide a full schedule of acuvities including round ublc discussions. workshops, a trade fair, a BBQ/square dance and a umc for networking. The conference. to be held at the Quality Inn on the Plaza m downtown Asheville, will begin at 9:00 am Mond3y with the kcynot.c address by Jeff Bcn:uvit.Z, direct()( of the RcgcncrJuon PtOJeCt, Rodale Press. The Rcgcncrauon Project is pioneering an innovative rippro~h to community revilllli:r.ation by focussing on the living cn'·ironmcnt and sll'Cngthening local economic.~. Jeff Bcrcuv1l7 will provide pmctiail mformauon or value to groups working on de•cloping and strengthening communities. Workshops will be oHcrcd lrom 9 am 10 4 pm on Monday and Tuc.o;diy and 9 am to noon on Thursday. A lot:JI of 26 workshops will cover a wide range or topics, mcludmg sclf·help gardening programs, gardening with children, new village gardening in Mexico, recycling, and a homculturc therapy panel. The trade fair will run all d3y Tuesday nnd w11J feature ci1h1bits showing n:iuonal, rcgionnl and locul products that provide sarcr, more effccuvc gardening. Wednesday IS traveling d3y ror conferees. featuring vi,1ts to MAGICs garden .sites, a trip up to Cr:iggy G31d.:ns. and a BBQ/square dJncc at the Warren Wilson campus. The conference fees are SIOO for ACGA members and Sl50 for non· mcmbel'!. A·la·carte sclccuons of S35 for a full d3y or work.shops. S20 for the BBQ/sqlWC cbncc and SIO for the g:udcn tour arc offered. If you arc int.c~•tcd in attending or helping with the conrercncc, contact Tom Youngblood·~tctliCll at (704) 251-5666. • Kartn Morgan Herbal Wisdom WorlL<Jiops and I k1b:tl Products Send for Brochure Cyndi llcath Route 2 Box 251 Vala.~. NC 28692 The Second Annua l NEW PRIORITIES CONFERENCE The Ka11iah Journal again joins with a number of other organizations in the area to co-sponsor the annual New Priorities Conference o n Peace, Social Justice and the Environment. The theme for this second annual event is "Wake Up and Dream!" The conference will begin at 8 pm Fnday eve, September 23, with musical entertainment and will then continue all day Saturday, September 24. All activities will be held at Asheville lligh School in Asheville, Nonh Carolina. Registration begins at 8:00 am on Saturday with the opening plenary at 8:45 Keynote speaker will be Alan Gussow, national president of Friends of the Earth, who was enthusiastically received last year as one of the main speakers. Afterwards the morning workshops will offer ideas, skills, and tools needed for turning community "dreams" into reality. There will be two concurrent sessions in each of these subject areas: 1) Mediation/active listening/conflict resolution; 2) Community building; 3) Hope and empowennent/ dealing with change; 4) Earth awareness; and 5) Creative parenting/ non-violent lifestyles. For the session on Earth awareness. K acuali co-editor Marnie Muller, Kay Littlejohn, nauve Cherokee, and Paul Gallimore of Long Branch Environmental Education Center will jointly present a workshop entitled "The Earth is Alive: Living Withi n the Community of Life Systems." Drawing from the bioregional work of Thomas Berry, from contemporary biological and ecological findings, and from native traditions. they will lead a discussion on how to perceive, work with, and celebrate the ecological life processes in which we are immersed. rn the afternoon workshops trained facilitators will assist a dynamic coalescing of "dreaming" and strategizing by conference participants. Using the skills and ideas fro m the morning session. participants will have the opportunity to envision together and share their personal "community dreams," and then to develop positive "next steps" for individual and group actions. The closing plenary, which will conclude at 4:30 pm, will be a time for the afternoon groups to summarize and share the outcome of their workshops and to acknowledge their ongoing capacity to wake up and dream together during the coming year. Conference costs will be held at a minimum to encour:!ge as broad a participation as possible. Fee for Saturday will be $8 to $12. depending on preregistration and lunch options. Scholarships and group rates are also available. Childcare will be available for children ages 3-10. The fee will be $2 per child for the day. The Friday evening musical event will be offered on a donation basis. Volunteers to help with conference prepnration and publicity are needed. For more details regarding this imponanl event, call (704) 252-3036. Now available... A B ioregional Bibliography lis1ing major bon/c.s, periodicals a~ articles associa.1ed w!th 1/ze bioregio11al effort. An e.xcel/em wot f~r a: 11111s1s, scli'!ta;s. /1~rari~s, a~d 1e.acl1ers. Compiled by 1/ze Hudson 81oreg1onal Counc1/, in con1unc11on wuh 1he North American Bwregional Congress. /11c/U/k$ co1111tnit11J Jub/1J1J11g1, 46 pages. S4 00 111clu.ks po11agt. Carh or chr:ck (payabk 10 K. Salt). llwdw11 81oreg111nal CoW1C1/ clo 1\1,kSalt, I 13 W. //th S1 .. New. Yor.l. NY 10011. DESIGNS by Hob :-. tcssick lllustrnt1on & Dcs1~n In Pen & Ink and Colored Pcncll t!lti11ese ,At11p1111ct11re ut .Her/J11'41v e!iHk 11U.STCKSNJTSllCliT ASKVUl'....CZllOI IOU~toll AUTUMN· 1988 KATUAH ·page 31 �eveors ON-GOI NG • CULLOWllEE, NC "Mountain Troul" • exltibi1 wi1h prints, painungs, pholOS, sculplure, rceM!ings of old fishermen, and aquarium wilh live rrouL 8-5 Mon.·Fri., 12-4 Sal. al The MounUlin Het1U1ge Center. WesLCrn Carolina Universily, Cullowhee, NC 28723. SEPTEMBER 17-18 HARRISONBURG, VA "Restoring Wilderness in the East: A Deep Ecology Perspective" conference featuring Dave Foreman (Earth First!), Gary Lawless (Gulf of Maine Bioregion), Jamie Sayen (PAW), Barbara Dugelby (Earth First!), David Wheeler (Katuah). Sponsored by Virginia Earth First! and Virginians for Wilderness; co-sponsored by Kau1ah. At James Madison University in Harrisonburg. Registration: $10 advance, SIS at door. For more info: write VA EFI; Route 1, Box 250; Staunton, VA 24401 or call (703) 885 6983. OCTOBER 8·9 CHEROKIEE, NC 'The An of Troy Anderson (wescem Cherokee) and Shan Goshorn (eastern Cherokee)." Cherokee Hericage Museum and Gnllcry; Cherokee, NC 28719. LO 1-31 MARS HfLL, NC The Bascom Lamar Lundsford Mountain Music and Dance Festival. Mounuun crafts and mounUlin living CllhibiLions. music, stories, dancing. Evening concert. 7 pm. For more info .. call (704)689-1228. 1-2 BRASSTOWN, NC Fall Music Fes1ival, John C. Campbell Folk School; Brosscown, NC 28902 2-14 VALLE CRUCIS, NC "The Great Mad Mother Earlh Pa.intings• • exhibiting lhe work of Marlene Mountain. Pan of "AesthcLic Access '88," privncc, non-<:ommcrcial ellh1b1tions at the Lowell Hayes Studio. Call for inviUltion: (704) 963·5835. CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival. Stickball, Indian dancing, cheslnut bread. exhibits. Ceremonial Grounds, Cherokee. 4-8 17-18 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Wild Mammnls of !he Great Smokies" field instruction with Dr. Michael Pelton. $45. Smoley Mountain Field School: 20\6 Lake Ave.: Knoxville, 1N 37996. 17·18 RALEIGH, NC Eart.h Skills Workshop with Eustoce Conway. ConL3Cl Bern Grey Owl: 4 Winds Indian Score: W. Johnson SL (919) gs6-0144. 6-7 CHEROKEE, NC Shan Goshorn speaks about her anwork. Cherokee Heritage Museum and Gallery: Cherokee, NC 28719 CROSSNORE, NC Forest Watch Training Program. Forest management. wildlife, water qunh1y, CIC. $3 registrauon. Dorm space available: S!3/nigh1. Meals extra. Sponsored by Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. NEW MOON 13-30 ASHEVILLE, NC "Moumain Sweet Tallc." 2-act play by The Follccellers (Barbara Freeman, Connie Regan-Blake). The Follc Art Center, Blue Ridge Parkway. S8 advance at Malaprop's, SIO al door. For more info., write: The Folktcllcrs; Box 2898; Asheville, NC 28802. 14-16 BLACK MOUNTAINt NC "The Black Mountain Festival" - traditional music and dance, children's activities. The Merropolitnn Blues All-Stars, 0.K. Bayou Dance Band, The Heartbeats, Johnny Gimble, Claudia Schmidc, Lorraine Duiset (of Trapezoid), callers Fred Park and Sue DuPre. For the kids: Goldenrod Puppets, songs and stories with Susie Crace. Camping or bunks. $35/person. Pre-regiscer: Grey Eagle and Friends; P.O. Box 216; Black Mouncain, NC2871 I 14-16 HOT SPRINGS, NC "S1umbling Toward lhe Light" retreat wilh Bo and Siia Lozoff. $50. Southern Dharma Retreat Center; RL I, Box 34-H: Hot Springs. NC 28743. 15-16 ASHEVILLE, NC The Second Annual New Priorities Conference on Peace, Social Justice, and the Environment - beginning locally and reaching out. Keynote by Alan Gussow (president, Friends of the Eanh). Workshops, including "The Eanh Is Alive" with Marnie Muller, Kay Littlejohn, and Paul Gallimore. Pre-register by 9/16 to 725 Chunns Cove Rd.; Asheville, NC 28805. For more info, see p. 31 or call: (704) 252-3036 23·24 24-25 RALEIGH, NC Ear1h Skills Workshop, see CARTERSVILL E, GA Southeastern Indian Cullural Festival al Etowah Indian Mound. Largest gathering or SE Indian artisans ever assembled. Contacc Valerie Spratldn (404) 942-8917. ASHEVILLE, NC American Community Garden Association National Conference at Quality Inn. Speaker Jeff Bercuvitz (director, Regeneration Project), 9 am 10/17. Trade show, 10/18. Workshops. Registration: S!OO/members, $150/non-members. For more info., see p. 3 1 or call MAGIC (704)251-5666. 17-20 9/17-18. 2S FULL MOON 20.23 J0..10/2 HIGHLANDS, NC Men's ReucaL A special weekend for and about men. A lime or exploration and shnring led by Dr. Bill Sutton, psychologist. SIOO. Highlands Camp and Conference Centcr: 841 Highway 106: Hlghlllnds, NC 28741. KATUAH • page 32 HI GHLANDS, NC "Fall Landscape Workshop." pho1ography instruction by Sam Wang. App3lachian Environmenial Ans Center: Box 580: 28741 AlITUMN - 1988 �24-29 OAK Rll)GE, TN "Nuke Wa1eh opera1ion ai Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Components Plant. Con1ac1 Oak Ridge: Environmcnllll and Peace Alliance: Box I IOI: Knoxville, TN 37901 or call evenings al (615 l 588-9370. WA YNESVlLLE, NC Seminar. •A Theosophical Pcrspecu ve on Dath and Dying· with Belly Bland. Towald removing fear and anxiety lhrough under..1:111d1ng of Ille process S20 donation. Std-Llgh1. Sec 10/21-23. 19-20 BOONE. NC Earth Skills Workshop w11h Eusll!cc Conway. Conltlct Allem Smnlcy (704) 872-7972. ATHENS, GA Sandy Creek American Indian Pow-wow and Rendezvous. sponsored by Ille Native American Cul1ural Prc.scrva1ion Socie1y Adults: S4.00. Children, seniors: S2.00. For more info.• call An:hie Russ (615) 525--6769. 28-30 HELEN, CA "EARTHSKILLS WORKSHOP• with Snow Benr and Darry Wood. Learn pnm1uve skills 1ha1 1each mindfulness as well as dex1erity. Prc-rcgis1cr S65 10 Bob Slack; Unicoi Smte P..uk: Box 1029: Helen. GA 30545. Call (404) 1178-2201 30-11/11 VALLF. CRUCIS, NC "Thero: is a River·. Ille paintings of Lowell Hayes on exhibll as pan or "Aes1he1ic Accc.~s '88." See 10/2-14. 23-27 21-23 29 21-23 HOT SPRINGS, NC "In1roduction to Zen Meditation, lkebana. and the Tea Ccre:mony" with Dnimn K:ungiri-Roshi and Tomoe Kniagiri. Sou1hern Dhnrma, see 10/14-16. 21·23 YELLOW SPRINGS, 011 "Building Community as if 1he Earth Mauers• conference. Susan Meeker-Lowry. Bob Swann, Chris Weiss, speakers. Community Service, Inc.; P.O. Box 2423; Yellow Springs, OH 45387 (513) 767-2161. ASHEV ILLE, NC Candidates' Forum - Morie Colton and other candidlllcs for SUllC lcgislal.ive posillons will discuss the issues at a public meeung. Sponsored by WNC Alliance, WNC Environmental Summi1, \VENOCA SicJTa Club. Asheville High School, 7 pm. Call 258-8737 for more info. 21-24 31 SAMHAIN (ALL llALLO\\'S EVE) - Hnllowe'cn celebration. Gel out and howl! PISGAH FOREST, NC Rock Climbing Clinic for novu:es at Looking Glass Rock. Gilbert's Rock. ConUICt Eagle's Nest Camp: Rt. 2, Hart Rd.: Pisgah Forest. NC 28768 (704) 877-4213. 23 FULL MOON WAYNESVILLE, NC A Thanksg1V1ng Weekend Spiritual Retreat at Sul-Light with Ille Stil-Lighl staff. Contemplation, discus.~ion of diet and a non-violcni lifestyle. excellen1 vegetarian food. S20. Stil-Light Sec 10/21·23. DECEMBER 2-4 llOT SPRINGS, NC "Tibetan Buddhism. Traditional Melhods for Spirilual Growth" wllh lhc Ven. Tub1cn Pcndey (James Dougherty). "Each moment of our li~·es provides us with the potential for inner growth." Southern Dharma, sec 10/14-16. NOVEMBER :!2 MADISON COUNTY, NC County-wide recycling day. Cash for trash. Raise money for your group! Call Lou Z.cllcr (704) 656-2773 for de Lail.~. 9 HOT SPRINGS, NC "A Mystical Sabbath" - exploring the inner ways and practices of Ille Jewish lrodition wi1h ordained woman rabbi Lynn Oouheb. Soulhcm Dharma, see 10/14-16. 4-6 22-23 ATLANTA, GA Earth Skills Workshop with EusUlce Conway. Contac1 Jill Korn (404) 736-9573. 2.1 11-13 9 J.ULL MOON NEW MOON NEW MOON 18 FRANKLIN, NC "KJllU3h: The Spiritual Landscape• prcscnmtion by David Wheeler and Mamie Muller of Ille Katdah Journal. Meeting of the Mountrun Ligh1 Network. Macon County Community Center. 2 pm. For more mfo, call Marion McCracken (404) 746-2454. However... We hope you'll make plans Lo come to the '.K.atU.ah '.Fall PtcnLc Fall Weekend scheduled for Sept 30 - Oct 2 in Floyd County, Virginia WILL NOTTAKE PLACE due to unforeseen community-wide health problems there. We apologize for any disappointment or inconvenience but will look forward to the possibility of planning it for 1989. ·~ . AU'fUMN - 1988 .. 'if .(~•·:- which we have now scheduled for SATURDAY, OCT. 1st Full Directions: (They're simple, but lhey work.) Go to Bryson City, Norlh Carolina. Follow the signs to "Deep Creek Campground". Optional: Camping is available on a first come basis. The Campground ls pan of lhe National Park system. from 11 :00 am ti! 4:00 pm at Deep Creek Campground in I.he Great Smoky Mountains National Park (as usual). Potluck Lunch games. music, fun. bioregional sharing! Everyone Welcome! Pu::nic info: (704) 622-3430 or (704) 683-1414 Picnic info: (704)622-3430or (704) 683-1414 .. KATUAH ·page 33 ~ �DRUMS • Cus1am hnndcraft.ed ccr:unic dumbecks &: wooden mediclllC drums. Call Joe Roberts al (704) 258-1038 or write to: 73g Town Mount.:iin Rd. ; A.'hcvillc, !l/C 28804. "I'm now 111 a minimum security prison in Knoxville {my home town). r can get out Nov. I, if I find a job before that date. Docs anybody Jeno"' of any job opponunities in the Knoxville area?" Rick Whiu.aker 185670; 5225 Ballard Dr.; Knox\•ille, TN 37918. SMALL HOUSE on land trust in rural NC mountains in exchange for pan-time farm chores and occasional companionship to creative, joyful, menially handicapped adult (or other lllbor, such as tallJCOtry). Quaker family. Meeting nearby. Write: Bob and Dot Barrus: Camp Celo: 1349 H3nnah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 TR.EE PLANTERS WANTED • small, friendly company. Hard worlc, eitccllcnt pay for n:sponSible people with own transport and camping set-up. Dc:c. thru Apr. Eckman Forestry Service; RL l, Box 290-D; Warrensville, NC 28693 (919} 385-6838. FUTONS by Simple Plea<urcs - affordably priced. Send SASE for info to: Simple Plcasurcs; RL I, Box 1426; ClaytOn, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920 SIMPLE LIFESTYLE CALENDAR, notceards, and publications on central Appalachian envuonmcntal issues and home ccologicAI projects avwlablc from ASPJ. AppaLlchia • Science in the Public Interest Publications: Route 5 Boit 423: Livingston. KY 40445 M. TREE DESIGNS: Olustrations and Design • Beyond the pages of lfiis journal, I work in pencil, colored pencil, ink, cut paper, and batik. Fine and graphic an to cxpn:ss and enhance our lives. Logos, brochures, books, portraiture, window and wall hnngings.. Contact Manha Tree (704) 754-«IJ7. EUSTACE CONWAY Guide and teacher of pnmiuve Earth Skills with cmphasi< on fire b1ulding, hide tanning, shelter. and foraging. He tc;Jch~ at public schools, parks, environmenwl centers. and classes of all kinds. For more infonnation conl:lCt him ac 602 Dc.irwood Drive, Gastonia, NC 28084 or call Allcm Sl3111cy at {704) 872-7972 RM DESIGNS • l u.<;e the mcdiu or pencils. colored pencil<, gouxhc, pen and ink, and photography m cre<1ung unique line and graphic an. I can make diagrams, logo<, linishcd prints. and design~ for brochures, cal.:ndars, cards, books. etc. Mandalas and symbols arc my tendency among other styles. Contact Rob M~<~ick (704) 7S4.fl097. KATUAH ·page 34 BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT · hybrid Amcricarl/Chine.~ Dunstlln chestnut trees - blight resistant, limber growth fonn, productive orchard crop with lnrgc. swceL easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut Hill Nursery: RL l, Boit 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 "TREASURES IN THE STREAM" • a cassette tape of songs by Bob Avery-Grubel. S 10 to Rt. I. Box 735; Aoyd, VA 24091. PEPPERLAND olTcrs a variety of outdoor education programs for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pcppcrland Farm camp; Star Route; Farner. TN 37333. WANTED: LAND m western NC. Family seeks 5 or more acres, preferably near Cullowhec, to preserve and eventually inhabit. tr you have or know of affordable land, contact Bob and Mary Davi~; 213 Westmon:land Ct., Georgewwn, KY 40324 (502) 863-4267. CROIV WOMAN DREAMING • selC-publishcd poetry journal, Celebrating, JOUmeymg, love's alchemy, p!J.netary last rites, renew-JI. SS (or trade) + po.uige: Colleen Redman: P.O. Box 634; Floyd, VA 24091 . CRAFTSPEOPLE - seeking American Indian and contemporary a.rt and craft for purchase or consignment. ConUICt Bero Grey Owl: Four Winds Indian Store: 616 W. Johnson St.: Raleigh, NC 27603 (919) 856-0144. WINGED HEART HOMESTEAD • 283 acres in Indian Valley district, SW Virginia. On tl1is farm we want to start a self-reliant community of families emphasi1.mg orgWlic farming methods and creative pcrsonnl and spiritual growth. Contact: Muzawir; RL HC-67, Box 171; Alum Ridge, VA 24051. HANDMADE HOME in secluded woods, beautiful Wears Valley, Sevier Co .• TN. 7+ acres on priVllte rd. w/ separate anist studio/guest room. House h3s l bedr'm .• bath, wildOowcr patio garden. Asking $52,700. Also•.... COMPLETE WOODCRAFT SHOP. tools and mvcntory for S31e. Located one mile from house on major highway. Reasonable lease on facility. Asking S8700. For more info on the above, call (615) 453-1206. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS • herbal ~Ives, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, plca...c wnte: Moon Dance Farm; Rt. I, Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658 ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY now forming in the mountnins of north GA. Joan others ~ccking gn:atcr cooperation and sclf-suflicicncy. Bnscd oo spiritulll and ecological values. Property IS now available. (404) n8·87S4. Wingtd lwm111 llgutt from Eiowah Mound, KJl!li.ah MEDITATION CUSHIONS • High qWllity traditional cusbaons as well as something new • an "inllatable 1.afu." For fn:c brochure, write: Carolina Morning Designs, Rt. l Box 31 -8, DepL K, Hot Springs, NC 28743 or call (704) 622 7329. STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT CENTE.R a quiet space for personal mcdiuation, group mtcracuon through study, community won.. and spiritual ~minar; . Contaet Leon Frunkel; Rt. I, Box 326: Waynesville, NC 28786 FLOWER ESSENCES · H3rmony with Nawrc and SpariL Ocntle cmouon3l support during transitions. specific issues. rclat1onsh1ps. Open commun1c11tions. Self -adJUSting. non-toxic, awan:ncss "tool\" f0< improving the inner quality. Write; Elaine Geougc; c/o Patchwork Castle: 3931 Hwy. 80 S.; Burnsville, NC 28714 HAND-CARVED WOODSPlRITS, mystical hiking stnffs. and wall hangings by Steve Duncan. For brochure, please write Whippoorwill Studio: Rt. 4, Box 981: Marion, NC 28752. WILDERNESS SURVIVAL TRAINING • one week basic to live week instructor certilicalion COU!SCS. Best training m shelters, fircbuilding. food procurement. plants, land navigation wi1hout JOIRing the army • maybe better! Professional training in beautiful wilderness setting. Green Mountain Wildc:rness Survival School: P.O. Box 125; Waitslield, VT 05673 (802)496-5300. APPLE TREES • old·timcy and popular rontcmpornry varicues on swndard. semi-. or dwarf stoek. Send SASE ror prices Jeff Poppen, Long Hungry Creek Nursery: Red Boiling Springs, TN 37150. APPLE TREES • grafted old -fashioned and contemporary. Send 50¢ for catalog: Henry Mon on; Rt. I, Box 203; G:lllinburg. TN 3773R APPALACHIAN O!NSENG CO. · stratified seed. . < !>Ccdhngs, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro. NC 28725. CHEROKEE INDIAN LANGUAGE classes For info, write Robert Bushyhcad; P.O Box 705; Chcroktt, NC 28719. WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions w: Kauiah Journal P.O. Boit 638 Lc1CCSLer, NC Kaulah Province 28748 AUTUMN· 1988 �In the winter issue of Kattloh Jo11r11al the focus will be on views of the economic and natural "changes to come" and lifestyles that will carry us through. The Katuah Journal wanes to commw1icate wmr tlumglus and feelings to the other people the in bioregional province. Send them tom as le11ers, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your comribwions to us at: Katliah Journal, P 0. Box 638, Leicester, NC. Kattiah Prt1vi11ce 28748. "Water" and "P~ce and Social Justice Issues in the Mountains" are possible topics for future issues of the Kati1ah Journal. What do you think? We would like 10 hear your perspectives on these imporunt questions. · BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSUE TIIREE - Spring 1984 Sustainable Agriculture • Sunflowers - Humnn Impact on the Fores1 - Childrens' Educnuon · Veronica Nicholru;: Woman in Politics - Liule People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOURTEEN· Winier 1986·87 Lloyd Carl Owle · Boogcrs and Mummers • All Species Day - Cabin Fever Unjvcrs1ty • Homeless in Kaul:lh • Homemndc Hot Wal.CI • Stovcmakcr's Narrative - Good Medicine: In terspecies Communication ISSUE FOUR - Summer 1984 Wiiler Drum - Water Quality • Kudzu· Solar Eclipse • ClellJ'Cuuing - Troul - Going to Water - Ram Pumps - MicrOhydro - Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wnyne Miller ISSUE FIFTEEN ·Spring 1987 Coverlcis - Woman Forester - Susie McMah.1n: Midwife - AJLCmative Contr3Ccption - Bi~llll3li1y • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Mauiacharial Culture - Pearl ISSUE FIVE· Fall 1984 Harvesc - Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng • Nuclenr Waste - Our Celtic Hcrit:1ge • Bioregionalism: Past. Present, and Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX - Winter 1984-85 Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony • Horsepns1ure Raver - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Roo1s Mountain Agriculture: The Righi Crop • Willi:un Taylor . The Fu1ure of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN· Spring 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership ·The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Union • Wald Turkey - Responsible Investing • Working in the Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT· Summer 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life· l<Duiah 18,000 Years Ago • Sncrcd Sites - Folk ArL~ in the Sche>ols - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heniage Ccmcr ·Who Owns Appala,h1a? ISSUE NINE - Fall 1985 The Wnldee Forest - The Trees Spc~k • Migrating Forests · Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop Urron Trees - Acom Bread - Myth Time ---- -- ------ ISSUE SIXTEEN • Summer 1987 Helen Waite - Poem; Visions in a Garden - Vision Quest • Firs1 Flow - lnitilltion • Leaming in lhc Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Vuluing T~· ISSUE TEN· Wlinccr 1985-86 Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone - ln1emal Mythmnking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places • The Uktena's Tale· Crystll Magic - "Drcamspcaking" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· Winter 1987·88 Vernacular Architecture - Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Ear1h Energies • Eanh-Sbcltcrcd LlVlng • Membr:ane Houses - Brush Shelter • Poems; October Dusk • Good Medicine: "Shelter• lSSUE ELEVEN· Spring 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the Biorcgional Vision - Recycling • Community Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Gtl.SOhol - Two Biorcgional Views· Nuclear Supplement - Foxfire Games • Good Medicine: Visions ISSUE NINETEEN· Spring 1988 Perclandrn Garden • Spring Tonics - Blueberries • Wildflower Gardens . Gr:anny Herbalist Flower Essences - 'The Origin of the Animals:· Story Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Troe ISSUE THIRTEEN· Fall 1986 Center For Awakening - Eliz:ibcth Callari • A Gentle Death · Hospice · Erne.'' Morgan • Dc;iling Creatively with Death - Home Bunal Box - The W;ike - The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwood.\ Wisc.lorn • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE nVENTY ·Summer 1988 Preserve Appalachmn W1ldcmess - Highlands of Roan • Cclo Communily - L:md Trust - Arthur Morgan School - Zoning Issue - "The Ridge• • Farmers and the Farm Bill - Good Medicine: "Lind" • Acid Rain • Duke's Power Play - Cherokee M1c:rohydro Project - ~UAH JOU RNAL For more infom1atio11: (70-l) 683-1414 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Name Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/y r. Address F.nclosed 1s $ City Area Code AUTUMN· 1988 to gfre this effort a11 e.ttra boost State Phone Number Zip Back Issues Issue # __@ $2.50 "' $ _ _ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue # _@ $2.50 = .S_ _ Issue # _ @ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $~ Complc.te set of available issues (see above) @ $30.00 =$_ _ l can be a local contact person for my area KATUAH ·page 35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 21, Fall 1988 Description An account of the resource The twenty-first issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the history of the American chestnut trees in the Appalachian mountains and a call for their restoration. Authors and artists in this issue include: Scott E. Schlarbaum, Stephen Lewandowski, Lucille Griffin, Taylor Crockett, Kim Sandland, David Wheeler, "Rollo," Martha Tree, Rob Messick, Lucinda Flodin, Pat Montee, John Creech, Barbara Ellet Dail, Bob Henry Baber, and Collen Redman. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. "Where There Be Mountains, There Be Chestnuts".......1 A Natural History Returning the Chestnut.......6 to the Eastern Forest by Scott E. Schlarbaum "Poem of Preservation and Praise".......7 by Stephen Lewandowski Continuing the Quest.......8 to Restore the Chestnut by Lucille Griffin Forests and Wildlife.......10 Eighty Years in the Mountains by Taylor Crockett Gift of the Chestnut......12 Chestnuts in the Regional Diet by Kim Sandland From the Roots........14 Chestnut Restoration Work An Herb Note from Lucinda........17 Good Medicine.......18 "The Changes to Come" Natural World News........20 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......24 Review: Where Legends Live.......27 Young People's Page.......29 Events........32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Chestnut--Appalachian Region, Southern Chestnut blight Cooking (Chestnuts) Forest health--North Carolina, Western--history North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Children's Page Electric Power Companies Forest History Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Hunting Katúah Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2f5c7a65526cf67e7320e0c5525d2492.pdf a25df4140491bff73a4b9d4c92436ab2 PDF Text Text ISSUE 23 SPRING 1989 $1.50 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS �~LJAHjOURNAL Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �THE PISGAH VILLAGE: A Window into Ancient Ways ..~..-··-·-···-"·-·- ··..·-----··-··-..··-......~.. ...... ·' - ....... - -......· -.. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways ..............! by Kim Sandland Planet Art in Katuah............................. 5 by Denise Newbourne The Green City as Thriving City.........8 by David Morris Poplar AppeaJ .................................... l 0 lJy Doug Elliott Written and Illustrated by Kim Sandland Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait... .... 13 by James Rhea "A New Earth" ................................... 14 by Jerry Trivette College as Community Resource .......16 by C.B. Squire Wild l ovely Days ............................... 18 Poems by Elizabeth Griffin Photographs by Gil Leebrick Natural World News..........................20 Reviews: Sacred Latu/ Sacred Se.x Rapuue of the Deep .....................23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age ............25 Drumming: Leuers to Kafllah ...........26 ''Sudden Tendrils" .............................28 a poem by Michael Hockaday Events Calendar................................32 Webworking .....................................34 On a low rise above the Catawba River there was a village .....Once, long ago, the village flourished ..... Flanked by magnificent forests, with mountains rising abruptly on the western side, it stood on floodplain soils, with fields and gardens enriched by seasonal deposits of sih..... lt has long since been abandoned. and now it lies underground, a ghost town enslirouded in the mystery of its demise.....Remains of posts in 1he ground delineate where homes once stood. cold heanhs contain fragments of roasted nuts and seeds and the bones of deer and small game animals.....Picces of hand-formed and decorated clay ea.nhenware. tempered with the sands of village paths, litter old floors .....When one stands in what was probably once the cemcr of the village, there is a pervasive aura of kindred association and the lingering question of why was this village abandoned by its rcsidcnls 600 years ago..... The old town has been named the Pisgah Village by mhaeologists presently excavating the Cn1awbn River site. Ken Robinson of Warren Wilson College and his field workers are only now uncovering the village, and it will be some time before a thorough picture of its rcs1den1s' wiy of life is pieced together. Excavation hns already taken months of work, and the project will continue through October of 1989. Laboratory study of the artifacts recovered from the site, photography. drawing, mapwork, and comparisons with other sites will take much longer. NOTE. The exact locOUO!t of the "Pisgah VI/Inge" article 10 protect tlit #le fro111 po.r3iblt di!.turlJanus before ucawJlion rs c:ompltttd. is 1101 11l•tlf 111 thU Archaeology allows us to reconstruct the lifeways of chose who lived here before us. II allows us to determine the distribution, availability, and use of natural resources by peoples of 1he past; climatic conditions; cultural, behavioral, and spiritual traditions and their material representations. Archaeological fieldwork can also tell us when - and possibly even why • such cultures dlsappeared. The Pisgah Village is one of thirty promising sites that were identified in McDowell County. North Carolina. Three of the sites were tested for future study, but this is the only one currently under inrcnsive study. The site is interesting. says Robinson, because of its location at the edge of the mountains on the boundary between 1 very differe nt wo geographical situations. This was not typical of late prehistoric settlements. The Pisgah village presents lhe first opportunity for study of what is possibly a definitive boundary between the ancestors of the Cherokee and the ances1ors of the Catawba peoples. whose culrurcs were evidently very differenL Anifac1s so far recovered indicate two occupations of I.he village sire - the first from about 500-1000 AD, the second from about 900·1500 AD. The focus of the current research is on the later occupation, says Robinson. He hopes to shed some light on why the Pisgah Village site was ab3ndoned. Widespread disruption of narive settlements throughout the Southeast occurred around 1450· l 550, and the dissipation of such (oonunucd on p:ige 3 �~LJAHjOURNAL ·- EDITORl AL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Will Ashe Bason Michael Red Fox Richard Lowenthal Rob Messick Christina Morrison Marnie Muller Kim Sandland David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scou Bird Manha Tree Jack Otaney John Creech Jay Joyce Marsha Ring Patrick Clark Chip Smith COVER by Rob Messick INVOCATION - a poem, •world.~ by Elizabeth Griffin PUBLISHED BY: Kauiah Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mow11ainecr Press WRITE US AT: Kail1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 !ELF.PHONE: (704)683-1414 D1vcrsi1y is an 1mport:tn1 elemcm of bioregional ecology, both nawrol and social. Tn line wath Iha~ principle, lhe KaJ1'ah Journal uics 10 ~e as a forum for the discussion ot regional Issues. Signed arucles e~rcss only lhe op111ion of the aulbors and arc not necesSill'il)' Ille opanions of the Karliah Jounw/ tduors or stnff. The lmcmal Revenue Servtce bas declared Kat11ah a non·pront organiza1ion under seer.ion SQl(cXJ) or Ille ln1cmnl Revenue Code. All conuibwions lO Katiiah are deductible from person.al income tl.it. tNVOC.ATWN the vJorld is as W9- are TH£ SOtll'HERN APPALACHtAN BJORECJON AND MAJOR EASTERN RJVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Herc m lhe souLhcm-most hcattlund of Lhc App:ilnchian mounuins, 1he oldest mounlllan range on our continetll, Turtle lslnnd; a small bu1 growing group h:is begun IO mke on a sense of responsibilhy for Ille implicau(ln.~ of lhl11 gcogr.tphicnl nnd culturol heritngc. This sense of responsib1li1y c:cnu:rs on lhe conccp1 of hvmg w11hin the ruuural ~ and bal3nce of universal sysiems Md pnllClJllcs. Wilhan dus circle we began by invoking Lhc Cherokee mime • K;u.Ualt' a.~ lhe old/new name for this nrca of the mouniains and for ii.s joU!Tllll as well The province is indicated by •L~ naUDUI boundarie$! the Ro:inokc Ri~cr Valley 10 the nonh; the foollulls of the piedmont area IO the cast: Yona Mount.am nnd lhc Georgia halls lO lhc :>0u1h: and the Tennessee Raver Valley to the west. TI1~ editorial pnootieli ror u:; arc t0 c:o!Ject and disseminate mfonnar.ion Md energy which pcrL'llllS specifically LO lllls region, nnd IO ro.u:r IJ1e awareness 1h:u 1hc land i~ a hvmg be.mg de$CMng of our love and rcspeeL Livmg in this manner is a way IO ansuro the su.~n:ibility of the bao.~phcrc and a la.rung placc for ourselves m 11.S continuing cvolutlonary process. We seem IO h3ve readied Ille fulcrum Point of a• do or die • si111t1tion m t.cnrn; of a quality standard of life for all living beings on !his planeL A~ a voice for lhc can:lakcrs or llus saarcd land. Kaniah. we advoc:uie a c:enlefed approach 10 Ilic cooccp1 of dccenlnlli1..otion. II is our hope 1 become a support sysicm for those acocpong lhe .0 challenge of SUStninabilhy and lhe creation of harmony and balance an a total sense, here an this place. We welcome all correspondence, critlcism, perunen1 infonnation, articles, an work, etc. with hopes th31 K.a.tWib will grow ID serve lhe best in1eres1S of lhis region and all us li11'11lg, breathing members. -The EdilOrS let us desire only that consciousness ,r Of life in which the cosmic will and the will to be are.,one Some of lhe K01iiah JourfllJ] Staff: (le1i IO right) Foreeround: Andy Ha!I-Bak.cr Middlr: David Wheeler, Mamie Muller, Rob Messick Standing: Will A.She Bason. Christina Morrison. Chip Smith, Rithiud Lowenlh3l. Lisa Franklin Sprt"'J, 1989 �(continued from page J) well-developed, thriving cultures has never been fully understood. Robinson feels lhat CJCcavauon of the Pisgah Village may lend some support 10 the theory that early Spanish explorers had a devastating effect on native aboriginal peoples. lt has long been surmised that Spa.nish explorers, led by Hernando De Soto and Juan Pardo among others, came up from the east and Gulf coasts through South Carolina and then inlMd to the Little Tennessee River. The routes of these explorers have lately been re-evaluated, however, and much evidence now indicates that they came along the eastern edge of the mountains ~ perhaps even as far east as the Catawba River. Some of the ac!ual records from the DeSoto and l>ardo expcdhions contain references to what are now believed to be villages in McDowell County. a hand in decimating these large animal populations. The burgeoning human population. unchecked by disease and nunurcd by abundance, reached a saturation point. The time from about 8,000 BC to I AD is called the Archaic Period. when human living took on a very different approach. In the woodlands the Archaic peoples hunted small game - primarily deer - fished. and collected plant foods. They were only seasonally nomadic, capitalizing on the migrations of animals, the spawning of fish, the maturing of nuts, and the flush of ripening benics. The people of the Archaic Period were efficient enough in their hunting and gathering that the search for food did not take up all of their time; they also pursued other endeavors. They made basketS and mats which have been found preserved in sites in the dry Southwest desen. They made hand-polished stone articles - some done very anistically, others left undecorated fo~ utilitarian use. Graves from the Archaic Period contain tools, weapons, red ochre (a pigment associated with ceremonies), beads, pendants, and dogs - all mcticulo_usly placed to accompany the dead into an aflcrhfe. Their stone hunting points were made with stems to be attached to sbaftS, an innovation from the time of lhc Palco-Indians. The earliest evidences of human occupation in the Southern Appalachian Mountains date from the Archaic Period. They consist of isolated find.~ of a distinct type of projectile point used for hunting - the Morrow Mountain type - dated to 4500 BC. The Woodland Period The Woodland Period of human habirotion The Spanish brought conflict and murder along wi1h their pack trains. They also brought Q.iseases - smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, and influenza - the likes of which the native population had not experienced on this continent. The Spanish, according to their own writings, burned villages, kidnapped and enslaved natives, abused the native cullure, and spread their imponed diseases. They formed trade alliances with some of the native tribes and introduced European materials. The full extent of the cultural and social disruption caused by the introduction of these trade goods is only now being realized. Robinson hopes that study of the Pisgah Village site will provide new links in the chain of undenaanding. extended from about I AD to 1600 AD. Three primary developmentS marked the transition from the Archaic to the Woodland cuhural iypes: · the development of pottery for cooking, storing, and transporting food and other items: - the cultivation of vegetable crops to supplement hunting and gathering: - and the first pcnnanent settlements. People of the Woodland phase settled in river valleys, where seed-bearing plants thrive. and became almost sedentary. cultivating native grains and then com. gourds, and squash as these crops were passed nonh from Mexico. Projectile poinis became smaller and more finely crafted. The bow and arrow replaced the spear and the dan. Woodland peoples traded across long distances. Mica from the Southern Appalachians and shells and fossilized shark's teeth from the coastal areas appear in archaeological sites throughout the southeast Burial practices continued the tradition of placing grave goods to accompany the dead. Some individuals were bwied in elaborate earth mounds, indicating some status or rank among their feUow villagers. Some of the Woodland Period peoples built tremendous carthworlcs for purposes that are still unclear to archeo-historians. They show a remarkable diversity, some being mathematically executed, others shaped like serpents. birds, and other figures. The full extent of some of these landscape sculptures was fully realiz.cd only after observers could fly above them. In some pans of the Southeast during the Woodland Period, clements of what is called "Mississippian culture" appeared. Mississippian culture was characterized by temple mounds (eanhworks which were the foundation for ceremonial centers). village) fortifLed with encircling palisades of stakes. copper tools and jewelry, and inrncruely designed ceremonial an. The v.intings of early European explorers of the 15th century describe palisaded towns with an ehtborate soctal development and material culture. (continued on JXl8C 4) The First People During the last lee Age a land bridge JOined Asia and Nonh America acrosi. chc Berin~ Strait. Many scientist:. believe that prehistoric people followed the large game animals into the new continent by this rou!e, and by the year 10,000 BC the first humans were well-established in both Nonh and South America. These Palco-Indian people. as they arc called. were nomadic hunters. They had no settlements, and the only evidences of their culture that have been round arc hunting weapons (stone spear points and darts), chipped stone knives, choppers and scrapers used for processing game meat and cutting wood, and animal bones thnt are evidence of their big game kills. By 8,000 BC the glaciers had retreated, and the climate became wanner. Many of the big game animals - species of horse. camel. rhinoceros, and bison not seen today. the great ground sloths and the woolly mammoth - became extinct on this continent Some scientists believe that humans had Spr~"'J. 1989 Ken Rotmisnn and visiring school class t!t.Omi1U! parrially ew1WJ1ed grid .fllUl1re OJ PiSgaJ1 Vi/Inge. Pho•o by Morme1 Mulltf �(col\Ullucd from p:ige 3) In the Southern Appalachians, lhis Mississippian tradition, borrowed from cuhural influences 10 the west is called "the Pisgah tradition" by arch~eologists. Peoples of the Pisgah tradition were the direct ancestors of the Cherokee. The Pisgah tradition of lhe late Woodland Period with its Mississippian influences, marks the pi~nacle of the cultural evolution of native peoples in the Southern Appalachians. Although some cultural traditions persisted until the rime of the Cherokee Removal, the native way of life was altered forever with the arrival or white explorers and seulers. Pottery fragments, called sherds, cons~ilute the majority of anifacts from the Warren Wilso11 excavations. Pottery vessels were fashioned from coils of clay, shaped and rounded. Some of the containers hnd handles or thickened runs and were tempered with sand before firing for extra s1rCng1h. Some were plain and undecorated, while others bore complica1cd panerns created by stamping the unfired vessels with carved wooden paddles. Cords or nets were also used lO l~ve fiber impressions in the wet clay, and des1~ns were also incised with small, sharp. marking tools. Plnin and decorated clay tobacco pipes have also been recovered, as well as small s1one and clay discs. believed to be counters or gamepieces. Also found were clay and soapstone beads and polished stone gorgeis. A hole was drilled into each of the ornaments so that it might be worn around the neck. The Pisgah rradition was a way of life which allowed individualized expression of talent and beliefs. During this phase livelihood was secure enough to allow time for artistic embellishment of functional tools. Carved soapstone bowls were made in sizes to hold from Relics AJong the Swannanoa The Pisgah tradition is best represented by archaeological discoveries made on the campus of Warren Wilson C-0llegc in Swannanoa in Kan'.iah. Artifacts found there preview what might be uncovered at the Pisgah Village site along the Catawba. The Warren Wilson site snw four penods of habitat ion by native peoples. The earliest occupation daies back nearly to the beginning of !he Archaic Period, The snc has been disturbed by erosion, dig~ing. and more recently by plowing. Disturbed sues are more dlfficull to interpret, because artifacts are misplaced, and feature.~ such as building foundations, heanhs and r::rosh pits are scauered. Despilc such disturbances, archaeologists have learned a great deal from the Warren Wilson site. No anifacts later than the Pisgah phase have been. recovered ~1 Warren Wilson. Its residents vanished someume 1n the mid- l600's and never returned. two quaris to 1wo gallons of liquid. Polished stone axes were found, some grooved to be anached to shafts, others designed to be hand-held. The excavation yielded monars and pestles of stone for grinding seeds, nuts, and drie(benies. and caches of red and yellow ochre and graphite used for paint pigments. The villagers who occupied the Warren Wilson site lived in rectangular dwellings. Over the years. the sunken posts rotted and left dark circular Stains in lhe earth, like perfect shadows. ghoslly visions of the past. The walls were Likely made of waule-and-daub, a mixture of clay and grasses. Mose of the dwellings were not within the village itself, but in outlying farmsteads. In lhe center of each house was a raised clay fire basin for warmth and cooking. The heanhs and the storage vessels buried nearby contained evidence of the foods these early people utilii.ed, among them hickory nuts, waJnucs, buuemuts, acorns, persimmons, maypops, grapes, bl~ck cherries. and chesmuts. There were also remains of com, squash, beans, and sumpweed, all of which were cultivated. Trash pits contained the bones of 30 species of animals, including bear, deer, bobcat, weasel, mountain lion, squirrels. turtles, snakes, frogs, and turkeys. From the distribution of foods, it is sunnised that the Pisgah (conbJlued oo page 24) EXCAVATION OF A PREHISTORIC SITE An archneological cxcavarion site is chosen because of the discovery of surface artifacts. because of a promising location that looks likely to yield evidence of occupation, or because th.e area is threatened by development or by destruction by vandals. Fieldwork begins with a surface collection of artifacts. Surface finds are ploued on a detailed map of the site, because their distribution may in itself reveal important information. The plow zone is scraped away and sifted through mesh screen 10 separate out any artifacts. Below the plow zone may lie a surface undisturbed by the activities of lauer-day humans. A grid of stakes and Jines is then laid out over the site, usually in a true nonh-south alignment, to correspond with grid l~nes mark~d on a site map. The area of each gnd square 1s usually one square meter. Soil samples may be taken with augers to determine distinct strata and/or the presence of hidden constructions or features (visible item which cannot be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory, such as house floors. burials, cooking fire pits, etc.). Selected grid squares may be excavated at random if the site is large. Small sites may be excavated entirely. Test excavations help 10 determine where to concentrate digging e!Tons. As the squares are excavated, the wall of each square 1s left intaCt m display lhe stratigraphy (visible layering) of the soil. Small layers, and sometimes whole strata, of soiJ are removed using shovels or trowels, and the exposed surface is levelled. M~terial from each level is sifted and soned. The an1facts recovered are bagged, labelled with their exact location in the soil stratigraphy. Soil samples are taken from each stratum 10 be examined in the laboratory. for even mJcroscop1c elements in the soil {such as pollen grains) may reveal information about the nora of the area and the climate (such 11s periods of drought and rainfall). Each exposed surface level is mapped and photographed, and details arc recorded in field notebooks. Features arc very carefully u~covcred ~s they appear in the strata. To d1~turb lh_e1r placement would be 10 destroy the rnformauon they contain. Small dental picks, 1ooth~:ushes, and even fine paintbrushes may be uuhzed to remove the soil from artifacL~ and features. Laboratory analysis of the artifacts. notes, maps, drawings. and photographs may take months, possibly years, of additional work once the fieldwork is completed. . Artifacts and features from each gnd and srratum and their relationships to the other finds through~ut the site, will reveal the lifeways of the people who once lived there - their t<?Ols,_ trades, rituals, subsjstence. An archaeologist literally delves into the relationship that ancient peoples maintained with the world around them. Archaeological fieldwork reveals details .of th~t relationship. It may te~ how lo~g lhat ~elauonship was sustained, and Dllgh1 possibly potnl to clues as to why it came to an end ;st:t' Sprtng, J!189 • �Art by Denise Newboume Dream f rQl}ment . •• Slt.e fell oslup that mghl and as she dre<uttM her spirit was luult'd through the long spiral tunnel and inII) till! scars. M1uri-dimtJtSional ribbons with Jhimmering citcu.ils drifted past aJ incompreJumsiblt spuds Slie realized she was in 1/ie center of the 1rwi.rplanetary in~rface, a place similar to a radio sroJibn w/ll!re lJfU! can nW'. into past <JNlfimue choices and possibilities for any piaMt, and/inc tune w tlic path ofgre01esr harmony. "Hmmm," she wondered, .,what can that p01h possibly be for the eartlrr Finding ow ~·as as simple as speaking the roMS that most corresponded with Earth's vihrationaljreqrumcy ar tlie prese111 tu~. No soonu had llll! said "John Wayne" than she fo1uld lu:rself in a lwlogram oftill! Earth. Her SU&Sitivc a.11ral rectpum M-Ve overw/11:/med a1fv.~t with an almost 1111/Jearablt colkaion of hurrlingferocities, terrified srreaming, and lrnpelt!Ss fwiliry. She re111(Ji/led calm, knowing from experience tll/Jl often tire jint reception ofsuch planets was the hardest lmagu of marching soldiers appeared before her, rows ofmen 1n unifonns, who turned on their heels and became long rows of ballerinas, all dressed in the same rum dolng rl~ uact SOllW hops and twirls while myriads of musicians all played variatwns of the SattU'! song. A smal I number of "others" hod them wrapped in strings, wl11ch the>• kept rig/rt, and twisted tfl/!nt this Wtl)' and tllDt, like puppets. Then she noticed thOl'-fand:. of beings sitting i11 tlie darkness.paralyzed The dancers and musicians wen' used to dii-en rheir anention from tll/!ir dl!.rperarely repres.ud condition. Then di/! Sct!nario began to change the people in darkness bt:gan to wake 11p and cw the strings. They swpped allowing tl.e cloned do.nurs and arrisrs to llypnoti:e them and started dancing tlll!mSelvts. Nor imuating any form, they simply followed wh1tre their own bodies led tht!ITI. The "official" artisu also stopptd their/~en.sh reprodJJJ:twnr ofprescribedforms long en1mgh w listen to the songs and dances from wid1itt They all begD11 listen.ing to and performing thdr own unique songs and danus. and helping otlll!rs learn tlll! s~. More and 1111>re strings were cw. and tlle ligliJ gr~ brigluer wilh t!llch ""e's gift of color. until of/ the beings became a mandala ofilrlerw<J\'tn harmony and beawy. Her anelllion tllrMd to a man in a belly dancers silks and veils, doing rhl sinuous, anciefll dance of binh She looked closer and saw it war .. John Wayfll!! "What a nice resolurilln," slie mused to herself. "It doesn't seem so hard looking at ft from oUlhere.·· "'do We are now witnesses to the ultimate dead-end created when reason attempt~ to dominate spirit, men to dominate women, science to dominate an. and "civilized" peoples ro dominate "'n:uive" ones. The5e are all external eumples of a fundamental split and sttuggle within e:ich of us. We have come so far from our primordial heritage of wholeness. that many of us arc at a los:. as to how to regain it We are still StrUggling to learn lhnt our fundamental problem is not any category of people. but the \'Cry existence of ~~teg~es.. 9ur problem ~s nOt science.~ power. not an, not ~pintuahty; n 1s the pcrcepuon of these tlnngs as sepanuc rather than facc1~ of a unified whole. ,\ key clemenr of the 1houglit sys1cm in which we perceive each Other ns lw lhan whole 1s the notion lhat some people arc creative and Olhm arc no1. Thi:. is extremely discmpowcring becllusc the power to cn.:.ltC is a cenrral attribute of divinity in all n:ligions. Thi~ c~tivc now from within provides us with 1he knowledge of our own power. b:iJance, and self-wonh. lf we believe that we do not have this rcgcnenitive power, then we promote scarcity for ourselves and others. So here we all nre amidst terrifying psychological scarcity collectively creaccd by the majority of the population who for one rcawn or another do no:i belie~ they arc creo.rivi- nnd powerful The planet cnn only a1wn the pence thut com~ from wholenes.~ when the beings who comprise it acknowledge •heir own and each others' wonh An. ai. we know 11 today. b a mirror for our plnnewy condiuon. There arc some people who do it. and they are n:vercd :is if they have something others do not. There is a funher dhtinction between "fine" an and "folk" an, with the unplicarion that fine an is somehow nobl~-r and better than folk., because it is non-funclionnl. TIUs 1s the alienating idea that an is only real if it is removed from the daily now oflifc. When a peoplCli: he.1.rlfclt. arti~ cxprcs.sion is_ lo;-t or s~tenurically extingu15.hcd, they begin to feel empty inside and often beccmc caught up in a funle effon to saiisfy themselves with utemal g~. 11us exu:mal grasping often IC3ds lO the phenomenon o! ~ictiveness The fact &tlat ~e !'ow ha~oe whole societie~ c:."pcncnang desperate levels of addlCtlOn :uid_ 1is a11endan1 destruction is a signal that it is ume forchoosmg to heal ourselves. One way we can do this is by tapping our unique expression~ and bl~ing ourselves llild the planet ~;th the creative energy that Oows from our spinL Our culrural definition of an needs to expand from the activiucs or an elite few to that or all people. Jose ArgueUes, in his latest book Surfers ofthe luvuya, provides such a definition: "You've all gott.t undcrsuind th:tt you're artists. Nothing fancy, but anists of life. anists of reality....Anything that's harmoniwl. that's an. This is an imponnn1 point ... since the planet's got to (conunllCld on PQ&ll 6) SJJrin9' 1989 ~ ~~~ - 1'.!'9'1 ~ y �be cleaned up and rehnm1omzed, there isn't any1hmg that isn't Planet An." With this kind of definition. an becomes intrinsic to the flow of life. \Ve are now beginning to realize that a11y expression that comes from our own spirits i'> valid, even if it docs not confom110 formerly prescribed ideas of'' an". To see an as a force for hnrmonizing our world is also to odd a higher di~s1on '?f social respon~i~ility to it. 111~. question "Will this conmbute to harmomzing our plam:t? becomes a standll!"d pan of the creative process, and an irnpon:mt criteria for whether or not 10 mar.ifest nn idea. Also integral 10 a holistic perspective is the understanding that an and science are not separate but are indivisible facets of a life-oriented culture. This understanding would ~1e a much-needed ~1al . . responsibility for everyone m all areas of human producuvny What exactly is Planet An? It is about reclaiming our concept of an to encompass all forms of exchange with our world. An is the language our species has used to communicate with the universe for thousands of years. Primitive an focussed on the intimate relationship of a tribe to it~ particular homeplace and all of its inhabitants. Now our homeplace has become the entire planet and beyond...aod our an has begun to rcllect this reality. Planetary an is a conscious awareness of the whole Life community in which we participate and a strong intent to . hannonize with it. lt is vital to our species' survival that we shift to this more active engagement and interplay with the universe. Jn this way. the many facets of our reality become intimately woven toget.hcr...our own interior world, our human cultural communiry, our planetary life community and the rest of the universe. How does the Harmonic Convergencu fit in with all this? Broadly speaking. the purpose of the Converge.nee wa.s 10 reactivate our ay, an:ness of the earth as a consc1ou~ b<:ang and to pro-.idc a time to rcatlirm our choice to co-create with her. Those who consciously made that cho1ce at that umc are the people Arguelles is now calling the "Eanh Force". By next year, Arguelles feels that this Earth Force will begin to manifest itself as a global and cultural phenomenon. He also feels that all need 10 move in a much more direct, mobilized way. By the second anniversary of Hannonic Convergence, he sees the opponunity for a Rainbow Peace Event. That would signal that the Campaign for the Earth has coalesced and bonded enough in the underground to begin 10 manifest as an alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations moving in concen to take measures int0 our own hands. When I think of "art camps" and the "alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations", the bioregional movement comes to my mind. We are a ready-made resource of diverse people who are awan: of the Earth's aliveness and are choosing to assist with her healing process. Karuah is a very supportive communuy for Planet An, and a strong network is already fom1ing. Here are some examples of Planet An going on inKatuah... Heart Dance Pat Sharkey, who lives in Floyd, Virginia, makes beauoful jewelry from crystals and stones. One lhing she has learned from working with crystals is that our own bodies operate in a similar way ... that is, they can be programmed, and they amplify energy. These conceptS have inspired her to create ways for an and science to become pans of a whole... through sacred dance. "Dance is like a gridwork, a system of conduction," she iold me. "By encompassing tones, using our bodies as conductors by arranging them in specific geometric configurations, employing corresponding herbs and stones, and consciously utilizing the energy gridwork of Icy lines on the planet, we can attune oarselves to move any specific energy through, and use it for healing." This kind of work could be done at key sites alJ over the eanh ...those places that amplify energy as well as those in need of healing. She Stressed the impon.nncc of a disciplined preparation of daily meditation for at least a month before coming together to do sacred dance. "The more preparation, the clearer the channel, the more juice we all reccive...the more we personally understand -something, the more authentically we can put it out to others." One way that planetary art is manifesting is through networking. Jose Arguelles, one of the key figures in the 1987 Harmonic Convergence, helped to found The Planet An Network in 1983. According to Arguelles. it is far too late for anything else save for artists, from all medias, 10 converge and produce inter-media performance rituals and other forms of planet art. He feels that these performance rituals should be simulcast via satellite to as many cities as possible to raise the consciousness of humanity. He sees this as a higher purpose of our extensive system of mass communication. When we are able 10 liberate this media system from the forces of fear and domiruuion we will have an incredible tool for dispersing immediate visions of peace. Astrologer Amero Alli envisions "the emergence of multiple 'art camps' ...clusters of resonant core groups dedicated to varied forms of planet an." Again.. the indicauon is that this an js a grassroots, collective phenomenon. Some of the elements for such activities could be music, dnnce, comedy, drama and sign language, combined with visual an. lighting, costumes. holograms. crystals and audience participation. There is no limit lO the possibilities! Drawing by Sbe.IJ Lodge The example she gave is for a Hean Dance, in which men and women would come together nnd fonn into a Star of David ...men forming one triangle, women the other. Rose quru:ii; would be in the center. Pora month beforehand each pamcipant would have spent time meditating daily on healing between men and women. They would then come together in meditation and symbolic movemenrs. and allow their energies to interact for the purpose of healing. The same concept can be used with any symbol, for any healing purpose, anywhere on the planet. Groups could begin travelling 10 other countries f~ the expres.s purpose of performing sacred dance there to amplify the energies of hannony and healing. "This is a way we can utilize all the systems we've learned - astrology, numerology, the tarot...and combine them in perfonnance through our bodies. High technology has become so overspecialized that no one can see the whole anymo.rc. By using our bodies as holographic componenis we are going back to lhe source of all recbnology...our inner beings." Pat is interested in organizing an Earth Dance gathering, and in exchanging inspiration and info with others interesled in this idea. Her address is P.O. Box 606, Aoyd, Virginia, Kaulah Province 2409 l. SprLf19, 1989 �Orandmottu A planetary art exhibit ... The popular Gmndmothc:r band in Asheville, North Carolina is a group tha1 is already doing visionary planet an. The group is composed of four women who each play several different insD"Uments and sing h:innonics 1ogelhl'r. They arc a visual, muhi-me<lia band. incorporating inro !heir performances creative movement, sign language. masks, costumes. acting and comedy. Their inclusive approach 10 music provides an enthusiastic vision of peace. leaving nudiences with a tremendous feeling of satisfaction. l talked with Deb Criss. one of 1he founding members of Grandmother, on her thoughts about Pl:lnet The People of Lhc One Song UV!NG ART F!Xll/B!T An. Her inspiration for Grund mother crunc to her when she was visiting lhe pyramid sites at Palenque. Mellico. She sa1 for long periods of time in the part of the complex that had been the Mayan's theatre. There :;he had visions of "blending ri1ual art into a music concert with respect to 1he four elemems and a ~ensc of oneness with 1he eanh, using costumes and masks. and finding ways io reach ou1 and dec~se 1he distance be1wecn audience and performers.'' ''The original vision l had was for an intentional way of doing a show, beginning by smudging the area, a group prayer and quie1 rime of positive thought We could then play with 1oncs, color, and lights, blended with modem-day music 10 induce frequencies tha1 unify heart, will, and higher mind. People of1en become uncomfonable when things are quiet, sacred, and serious for 100 long, so comedy is also an important part of our shows." Grandmother is very community orienled ... at one of their shows !his past fall four women joined 1he show for theatre and signing. One of them was an 89-year·old woman from Waynesville, the "honored Grandmother" of the evening. "I feel 1hat i1's important 10 in1cgra1e all ages, so that we all have a fuller understanding of the circle of life," said Criss. Their group is a dynamic process of consensus, and chooses to be open to additional aclS (with prior pl!lnning) being part of the show. "Grandmother is the ancient spiri1 of the winds Lhrough lime that speak through the earth to all people ... if s..meone feels that inner voice speaking through them. it is good 10 claim it and find a way to express ii. We hope 1hat Grandmother is a catalystic agent to inspire others 10 do this." For more information about Grandmother, call Deb Criss at (704) 253-4831. Contact Improvisation Also going on in Asheville is the quie1 revolution of Contact Improvisation, a newly arising dance form. Its emphasis is on releasing individual and group creativity through spontaneous movement rather than following a specific 1echnique or choreography. More than traditional dance forms, Contact relies heavily on suppon and cooperation among the dancers. II strengthens both the "I" and the "we" because the movements come from one's own center as well as being shaped by one's interactions with the other dancers. It's a way for 1 physical body to learn he trust. •. in a literal fashion, through physical imerac1ion. rn Contact, there are no wrong steps or movemcn1s---1here is only more or less fiowing, depending on how relaxed, trusting, and sensitive the dancers allow themselves 10 be. Contact is also p:utidpatory rather th:m perfoml!lnccorlented. fl is primarily an expenence for the d:lncel'li instead of for an audience. The movemenlS spring from deep v. ithin and nre a continual source of surprise, even 10 1he dancers This makes 11 nlJ the more dynamic to Y.itness. Audience and dancers are brought together llS both expcnence in different ways the everchanging now of movement coming from spiri1 into form. Leigh Hollowell and Christina Morrison are co-1e.'lching the first Conmct Dance class in Asheville. Chrisuna had auendcd a Dance New E11gland Conmc1 ln1ensivc la.~1 summer and rerurned home excited 10 share this fonn with others. She immediately began teaching friends in Celo and talking with Marnie Muller abou1 the possibility of a regional Dance Kn11"1Ji. Spring, 1989 (continued on pago 29) Who are the People of the One Song? They are ILf a1ul nwre ...They are inspiratian ... />a.rt 14ah.ng into furure ..Funue leaking into past. We invite rlrem into prese111 being ro help us remember rite word.f to The One Song Singing in rite liearrs and mitids ofall Earth's People. Tile People of rlie One Song is an art exhibit centering on the clay pottery faces and masks by artisl/poner Jane Avery-Grubel. The faces, strikingly adorned with beadwork, .shells, and feathers by artiM Jeri Dewey, represent a culture of people dr:Jwn from archetypal memory of natural tribal living. and from the vision of a futuri.~1ic tribe we may become. Out of lhe faces have come stories, written by local poet Colleen Redv.onun, tha1 1ell of the uibe's dreams, ri1uals. roles. and relationships. The exhibit will also fua1ure many local crafts people's works such as baskets, jewelry. clothing, musical insuurnents, pottery and herbs that v.ill repre~ent the tribe's anifacts of everyday living and celebration. The People ofThe One &mg is a \ision of a tribe leading resourceful, crea1ive, peaceful lives in relationship with the Earth and each other. The concept is an expression of 1ime transcending--a merging of pa~r. pn:o;en1, and future 10 cn:ati: a cuhure of our wildcs1 d~a~...one that may have been...could be. The artists involved sec Thr People nf'The o~ Snr.g as a modcl....''Through art we can nffirm a fuum: that i~ noc so dependent on modem 1echnology. Most c~cry1h1og cxhib11ed can be made, grown, or found m na1ure 111e show is a ·work in progress that we are continually crra1ing and recreaung, jus1 as we create our every day rc;tli1y. It's like opening our minds and doing an archeolog1cal dig into 1hc: future." Open through April 1989 at Old Church Glllery. M:un Street. Floyd, Virginia, Katuah Province 24091. For more infonnation or to schedule additional gallery engngcments: _-~ (703) 7-i5-4849 or 745·3316 ~ e • "-I ... >Can.ah Jourrnal pCMJe 1 �THE GREEN CITY AS THRIVING CITY Implications For local Economic Development by David Morris This April, David Morris ofthe I nstiture for Local Self-Reliance will be the key1Wte speaker for the WNC Environmental Summit '89. Here is an article from the conriner110/ bioregionat publication Raise the Stakes that highlighis some ofhis thoughrs. In discussing the greening of ciLies. one is reminded of Lhe slogan Lhat the French s1udents used in 1968. On their posters they said "all that we want to change is every1hing," which comes from that famous ecological dictum, "everything is connected to everything else." When we pull a thread, we may in fact unwind a sweater. The 1wo fundamental assumptions underlying the way we've designed our communities nre the assumptions of cheap energy and cheap disposal cosis. Jn constant dollars, a barrel of oil that cost five dollars in 1910 cost a little over a dollar in 1965. The cost of lhrowing away a ton of garbage remained preuy much the same from 1900 to 1960. We could lherefore ignore lite operating inefficiencies and wastes of the systems that we developed. Cities reflect that inefficiency and waste. Our cities are dependent creatures. A city of 100,000 people impons 200 tons of food, I 000 tons of fuel and 62,000 ions of water a day, and dumps 100,000 tons of garbage and 40,000 tons of human waste a ye:ir. We've accepLed long disaibution systems as the price we pay for progress and development. Jndeed, we've elevated separation to Lhe status of vinue and internalized those principles into our way of thinking about our local economies. J was recently reminded of how much we take 1ha1 state of affairs for granted when Twas in a SL Paul, Minnesota res1auran1. After finishing lunch. 1 got a toothpick, and of course all toothpicks now have an obligatory plastic wrapper. The word Japan was primed on the wrapper. Now, I thought to myself, Japan has no wood, bur it has been considered economical 10 take pieces of wood and send them LO Japan, wrap them in plastic and send lhe whole thing back: 10 Minnesota. Thal toothpick embodied 50,000 miles within it. Well, not to be outdone, Minnesota just set up a fac1ory. Ir's producing chopsticks and it's sending them to Tokyo. This brings to mind an image of two sh1ps passing each other in lhc Pacific, one carrying lildc pieces of wood from Japan to the United States, and the other carrying linle pieces of wood from the United Slates to Japan. That is economical only if one acceplS the twin assump1ions noted at the outset - those pillars upon which our economic system has been established. This impon-expon paradigm is the way our economy runs. It is also the way our waste economy runs. Washington, D.C., for instance, was becoming overwhelmed by its. hum:in wastes, and paid a consulWlt $150,000 to come up with a solution. He suggested they barge them to Haiti. That recommendation was approved by D.C., but Haiti vetoed lhe idea. Haiti decided though they'd been offered the wastes of the c:apiLal of the Frtt World, they preferred nOL to be shat upon. The integrated planetary economy was supposed to make us more secure, but has it? Global trade expands and so do planetary tensions. For example, developing counaies arc now exporting more and more food to the developed counaics to eam the hard currency necessary to repay debts that they incurred primarily to build up their expon indusaies. lndusaial development and utilizacion both have increased. The developed counaies are in an inlCTesting protecrionis1 free trade dance, a pas de deux of late planelruy economics. in which each country tries desperately to preserve ac lease some amount of ils sovereignty and its productive assets. at the same rime trying not to interfere with free trade and the mobility of resources. Capilal has become the lubricant for the planetary economy, the grease that lets the planetary machine functioo. We fervently believe lhat capital should flow at least as freely as raw maLerinls and products. Last year 20 times more currency was iraded than was needed to underwrite world trade. We are more reluctant to embrace the unimpeded rnobili1y of the third factor of production: labor. But we're inching up to it Six months ago the Council of Economic Advisors recommended abolishing all barriers LO migration in order t0 improve the economy. JC.cu .(ui.h ) o"rnal. p~ 8 We've lost sight of the underpinning of a society - lhe sense of community. Mobility is not synonymous with progress. Weve ignored Benjamin Franklin's advice: those who would trade independence for security usually wind up with neither. We have made tha1 crade and in the process have become an increasingly dependent and insecure people. But now the rules have changed. Cheap energy and cheap disposal are no longer available. Despite the recent drop in oil prices, lhe cos1 of energy has risen more than 1000 percent in the last 15 years. Disposal costs have risen even more dramatically. In 1975 it typically cost about three to five dollars to dispose of a ton of garbage. Today in the U.S. it costs between $30 and $50 to dispose of that ton of garbage. In 1970, to dispose of a barrel of hazardous waste cost berween $5 and $10 a barrel •• although most companies just spilled ii on the side of the road. Today, to dispose of hazardous waste costs abou1 $300 a barrel, and for many companies the disposed hazardous wasce now has a legal liability attached to it that is po~ntiallyenormous. What's imponant to note about these price changes is that they have changed not because or the real world exhaustion of supply, but because of a change in political a1tirude. The rising price of oil did not occur because oil began running out, but because OPEC artificially limired the supply. The cost of W3SlC disposal did not rise because we suddenly ran out of dump space but because communities, by establishing new disposal rules, anificially limited the supply. We consciously and willfully changed the cost of doing things the traditional way. One of lhe enduring legacies of the environmental movement is that it bas managed to begin to move the price of doing things to the cost of doing things. The price is what an individual pays; the cost is what the community pays. Let me give you a specific example of price versus cost Rock salt is used 10 de-ice roadways. lls price is very cheap: one to rwo centS a pound. There is at least one alternative to rock salt, made out of plant mau~: calcium-magnesium acetate. It can be produced a1 present for abou1 20 cents a pound · 10 to 20 times more than rock salt. That's ilS price. However, rock salt has some problems. It corrodes the undcrbody of cars, it corrodes bridges, and ill New York City, Coosolidnted Edison has found that it causes a great many problems in the electrical supply system which runs through the sewers. Sprlf\9. 1989 �Sewer water, c1111yi11g dhsulved rock sah. can corrode insulation and lay bare wires. A neoprene gas can be genmued and if a spark occurs. an explosion can send manhole CO\et'S flying. By one estimate Consolidated Edison spends S75 million to n:pa.ir damage caused by rock sah. Thu's part of the cost of roclc salt. Another cost is polluted groundwater and the devastation of vcgetntion. New York S!Atc has made an informal esumate that the acruaJ, internalized cost of rocl salt is 80 ccnlS a pound. Which de-icer should you buy? The individual is unt1warc: of this cost. It is the n:sponsibility of the community 10 make price and cost similar. Even though the rules have changed, we haven't yet adopl.Cd a new paradigm, a new way of organiting our knowledge and our information. One of the principles of that new paradigm should be to extract the mnximum amounl of useful work ecologically possible from the local resource base. Thar sounds like a very modest proposal, but it has profound repercussions. As we begin to obtain more and more u~ful work, we (ind thnt we've begun to be more and more self-reliant and self-conlll.incd. ls self-reliance economical? Whnt do we mean by eoooornics? Whnt do we value in our economic system? Those who praise the global economy and trade as the underpinnings of our economic henlth invariably point to the benefits of comparnrive advantage and just 11s invariably point to the example of bananas. Surely local self-reliance docs not mean raising our own bananas in the United States when the clirruue 1s so much more favorable in Guatemala. Il may be cheaper to impon those bananas. once again, depending on what the price is versus the cost. Bananas that come from Central America cooie from countries that do not pennit unions. arc produced by companies that do not pay any iaxcs, and are grown by production methods that have no environmenta: regulations. I submit that if you ca.lcuhued the number of dollars that have been spent by the Unil.Cd Sratcs in military intervention in Central America, and dh'ided by the number of bananas that 11.rC imponed into the United States, you would find that it's very costly co tmpon bananas rather 1h:ln 10 grow them you~lr. When we look at c<:onornic signals, we need ro look at them in a holistic sense. first, we arc leamio&, as our s)",\tems get ever larger, tlw the downi.hle rhks get com:spondingly gru.icr. Twenty years ago when we wked about a cau1strophe, it meant a flood or an earthquake. Today when we talk about a catastrophe we mean the end of the ozone layer. the end of the human species. Local self-reliance also has a downside risk: you could try '>Omething and it might not work. but the risk Is modest. Second, locnl self-reliance leads to a diversity of cxpcnmenmion. As communities experiment with differcn1 technologies, we advance on the learning curve. Third, local sclf-reliBnCe by definition reduces pollution by improving efficiency. Fourth, local sclr-rcllancc Is economical because It recycles money internally for more productive purposes that would otherwise have to be spent on maintaining the system. A crude estimate that r made recently :;uggcstcd that 15 years ago the United States was spending between one and three percent of its overall income for system maintenance and cleanup. Today we're spending almost 15 percent of our income fOI' that purpo~. And finally. an advan1.1gc of local self-rcli.tncc is that we begin 10 channel our ingenuity into developing new bodies of knowledge that may be appropriate 10 a world that is in a vef} dlITcn:nt cond1tioo. The technologies that we're developing 1n North America, for example, art technologies appropnatc to ruuions that arc resource· rich and pcople·poof. But ISO percent of the world's popufauon li\lcs in countries that 31C rc~·poor nnd peoplc·nch. ff you try 10 make the United State~ !>Clf-~ufficicnt or sdf·reli:mt, the technologies you develop tO do so will be neither appropnaic nor comp:inble wnh the needs of dc\•eloping nat.tons.. Bui if you move towazd m:tking our tknsely populated and rcsou~-short cities sclf·rcliant the i«hnologicsdcvc:lopcd \I.Ill be appropnate to a resource-poor 1.1.orld. The kno1.1. lcdge generated can become a fll!ljor export commodity. But the pnmary benefit or local sclf·rcliancc J~ not economic; it's psychological and ~oc1nl. II improves decision nuldng because the costs or the decision fall on the smne community. We do not separate the productive process over long.dhtllllC~ Psycho.logicall)'. we improve the setf-<XX1fidencc 11nd socunty of our commuruues. We begin to miniaturize the economy. h means achieving v.hat Fritz Schumacher, one of the great cconomim of our time, dreamt of: local productton tor local markets from local rcsourct$. SprU\9• 1989 ls that theory or is that pr3Cticc? ..yeu: it rums out that in ~c scrap metaJ industry, the scale of producuon IS much smal~ than 111 the raw matcrittls industry. The best ex.ample J know of is 1he steel industry, where the newest technology is called the mini-mill. They used to be called neighborhood mills. but the industry decided t.h:u that would rais.c the image or Mao 1.e-<long's backyard fumaus. aod they didn't feel this was good advertising. Miru-mills use 100 percen1 scrap, and arc very sm:all- 200.000 tons a year average produc1ioo. A raw ore-based, vcnically integrated steel mill produces between two and three million ions a year. The healthiest. fastest-growing pan of the steel indu~try is based on scnp that comes from regional matb:ts and products often sold regionally. Another example 1~ the chemurgy movement, created SO yean ago by scienlisti-. from around the world concerned with using the then-large agriculrural surpluses lb mdustrial products. In 1932. the ltalian ambass3dor 10 Oreat Bnlllin arrived at the coun of St James dressed in a sun made or milk. That is, Italian scientists had discovered how to weave the casein in milk into clolhes. Tn 1941, Henry Ford, a devotee of the chemurgy movement, unveiled his biological car. The car body was made or soybeans. lhe fuel came from com, and the wheels were made of goldenrod. The soybean plastic body weighed hlllf as much as a steel-bodied car, so the car was more fuel·eflic1cnt. lf you dented it modestly, the dentS could be knocked back out. The C11r was wanner in the winter and (COISinuoj ... pq• lO) Green C ily 11 How-To 11 Mnnual---Just Published! "Cities need to be<ome more 'green'. They must be transformed illtu places that are life-enhancing an<l regenerarfre." • PelCr Berg <:rr~a Ci11 as a "how-to• m~nual (Of mdlv1<tUllts and O(JJ.n11AllOns antcmo1ed an a :iuswnablc future. tis intnl3C i.s &hat urban att.aS Cllll Cl.isl lunnonlou\I)" with na111nll 1ysu:im • :md 111nctudca bolb practical mid visL;xury :aw1tcut1on1 lh11I •re uppllc•btt 1;; ny ci17 or 1ino11. lbcte ts also 1 ~ 1ts11ng of volllllUlet o.:uv11a with i:lc:a. llbout gctllftS: wried and womns 0 IO'll<-.ds D £n'C1)" fuwrc. • URBA."' Pl.Af.ilNG • SMARTTRASSPORTATIO' • SUSTAIN"BLEPLA,~'t'l!O • RF.l'>'E\\'ARl.ll E.''ERGY • l'."EIOHBORHOOD CHARAC'rnR AND li."IPOWERM£.'lol • RECYCUNG Al'tl> REUSE • CE.l..EllRATtNG l.IF'E·l'L-\C'F. VITA.Un' • IJRBA.'J WILD HABITAT • SOC'tAU.Y RF.SPONSIBLE SMALL BUSINESSES ANO COOP'ERATIVE.S 'Tbe CrttD C117 Proi:nam 11 1V111bblc d1tcc1ty from Pbru:l Drum Foundation for S7 f'CISIP.1ld Mcmben ol lbc Foundation =eh-cu free aloag with lbc hl·annu.:11 ne11;1p;pcr lfluu tM Suills llld Olhcr public:atiol\1 for ~i: yearly membership rec Sl5. Thta llddtc.ss Is PIAnet Drum FoundaUon, Boit 31251, Son 1'111nt11COCA 9413t �POPLAR APPEAL written and illustrated by Doug Elliott W hen I tell northerners Lhat 1 built my house almost entirely of poplar, including the framing, rafters, interior panelling, and exterior siding, they seem confused. When I go on to say that there arc a 101 of old log cabins in 1hc Carolina mountains built from large poplar logs. they look a1 me like I'm crazy. I'm finally learning that to a nonhcmer, the word "poplar" refers to the aspens and other related trees whose wood is light, soft. and vinually useless for house construction. After a bit more discussion, we finally ge1 our terminology straightened out, and I get the response, " Oh, you mean 'tulip tree'". Yes, this magnificent tree has many names and even more uses. It is not a crue poplar, but was so named because iis leaves are attatched to its branches by long petioles (or leaf stems) that allow the leaves to move m the breeze in a manner not unlike that of a quaking aspen. The tulip poplar is actually in the Magnolia family . ' l ts scientific name, Liriodendron tulipifera, translates roughly to m~ "tulip-bearing lily tree". This is a fitting name for the ttee because itS flowers look like a combination of a tulip and a lily. They are a light greenish yellow and each of the six petals has a blaze of orange at its base. OUJ ofa giant tulip tree A grem gay blossumfalls on me; Old gold andfire iu petals are. Ir flashes like a/al/Ing swr. - Maurice Thomas A large tulip poplar lit up wilh hundreds of these large, cup-like blooms in spring is a magnificent sight indeed. The tulip poplar is the king of the magnolia family. 11 is considered to be the tallest hardwood tree in North America. In the old forests of the southern Appalachians il has been known to attain a height of 200 feet with a straight ttUok 1en feet in diameter and clear of branches for eighty to one hundred feet . The largest tulip poplar on record is the "Reems Creek Poplar" in Buncombe County. It was I98 feet 1all with a ttunk IO fcec I I inches in diameter four feet above the ground. When it was burned in April.1935, it was believed to be the largest tulip poplar in the world, possibly over a thousand years old. "But despite the splendor of its dimensions. there is oothing overwhelming about the Tuliptree, bm rather something joyous in ilS springing straightness, in the candle-liU blaze of its sunlit flowers, in the fresh green ofus leaves, which being more or less pendulous 011 long slender sralks, are forever IW'ning and rusrling in the slighres1 breeze; this gives the tree an air ofliveliness, lightening iJS grandeur. So even a very ancieltl tUlip tree has no look of tld abou1 It, for not only does it make a swift growth in youth, but in maturity it maintains itself marvelously free of<kcay. This look of vitality comes partly from the vivid paleue from which tire Tullptree is colored. The flowers which give it 1/Us name are yellow or orange a t base, a liglu greenish shade above. Almost as brilliant are the leaves when they first appear, a glossy, sunshiny pale green: they deepen in tint in summer, and in awwnn tum a rich, re1oicing gold. Even in winter the tree is still flOt UJllldorned.for the .•.cone remal'ns, candel/Jbrum f as/Uon, erect on r/le bare twig ...(1111Iil) all the seeds have.fallei1." - DoNJld Culross P~ Each of the seed cones 10 which Pcauic refers can produce l 00 or more seeds. Each seed is located a1 the end of a blade-shaped wing, called a samara, which keeps it airborne. On windy days 1hcse seeds whirl like tiny helicopters and are dispersed over great distances. Because they are released gradually all through the winter, the seeds arc important to wildlife. They are ca1cn by many kinds of birds as well as by squirrels, chipmunks. and other small rodenlS. On a bright snowy day rwo friends cross-countty skiing in the Pisgah National Forest were surprised to see a white-footed mouse scampering all over I.he snow, so busy collecting and devouring freshly shed tulip poplar seeds that ir seeme~ eomple1cl y unaware of their presence. Old Uses Indians had many uses for the rulip poplar. Us.ing fire and stone tools, they carved dugout canoes out of large straight sections of the ttunks and taught pioneer se1tlers the an. One of the first accountS of this was in 1590 in Thomas Harriot's brief and true report of the new-found land of Virginia: " ... rite irrhabitams that were neere 10 us doe comrtlQnly make tlleir boars or Canoes of the fomi oftrowes (troughs), only with the helpe of fire , ltarcl~IS of stoMS and shels; we have known soml! being so great ...tluu they have carried well XX men at once besides much baggage· 1/ie timber being greor, ta/, streight, soft, lig/11, & yes tough ...". Captain John Smith in 1612 reported canoes large enough to hold 40 men. Daniel Boone made such a canoe 60 feet long, capable of carrying five tons. Into it he loaded his family and all their possessions and in 1799 they floated from Kentucky down the Ohio River and on into what was then Spanish territory. The tree is still known as "canoewood" in some areas. Poplar blossom time is very important to beekeepers. The poplar is one of the most dependable sources of nectar in the Southeast The yield of nectar per bloom is possibly the highest of any plant on the continent and has been calculated at an average of 1.64 grams - or about one third of a teaspoon - per flower. During a favorable season, poplar nectar is secreted so abundantly that honey bees and other insects cannot carry i1 away as faSt as it appears. Sometimes one can feel the nectar dripping down like a gentle sticky rain when sranding under a blooming wlip tree in a light breeze. (People who park their shiny new cars under tulip trees often complain about this.) Because the poplar blooms early in the season, many honeybee colonies are not strong enough 10 fully utilize the abundance. For StrOng hives, however, harvesLS of 100 pounds of hooey per hive have been recorded during just the three week poplar bloom. The honey is dark in color and is sometimes called Spf'tn9. 1989 �"black poplar honey". When held up to the light, however, it can be seen tha1 it is actually a deep amber-red in color. Though it is not as light as locust honey nor as sought-after as sourwood honey, it has a rlch full-bodied flavor that can sweeten fruit salads, yogurt, tea, and other beverages. Poplar honey goes well on pancakes, waffles, cereal, biscuits, cornbread, and other baked goods. Rarely a day goes by that I don'1 eat some. If you want the ultimate tulip-poplar-tasting experience, sip the nectar straight from the flower like the bees do. You need to find a freshly opened blossom within reach. Pick or lower the blossom carefully without josrling it. Then lick. the drople1s on the inside of the petals, and taSte tha1 ambrosial Sometimes the nectar collects in a puddle on one of the lower sepals. If the air has been warm and dry, the nectar will often be thick like syrup. After one taste, you will know you have imbibed the nectar of the gods! In European gardens the tulip poplar is one of the favorite "exotic" American ornamental shade trees, and it has been so for mOTC than 300 years. In fact, the tulip poplar was first described botanically in 1687 from a specimen that had been brought from the New World and was growing in an English garden. In the early part of the 18th century John Lawson, Surveyor-General of North Ol.rolina, reponcd a hollow tulip poplar "wherein a lusty Man had his Bed and Household Furniture, and lived in it till his labor got him a more fashionable MMsion." Of course the senler's "more fashionable mansion" would probably have been no more than a log cabin made of tulip poplar logs. There is many an old tulip poplar log cabin still standing today and new ones arc still being built Using Poplar Lumber The first significant cutting of poplars in the new world was by settlers who were clearing ground for farming. They knew that where the tulip poplars grew, the soil was the richest. Today this still tends to be true. Ginseng hunters look for stands of tulip poplars when SC'Jnning distant mountainsides in search of the moist soil that characterizes good ginseng habitat lt was not until two decades after the Civil War, when the r:>ilroads began 10 penetrate the rugged mountainous areas of the Southern Appalachians, that the huge poplars and other southern hardwoods were harvested. In those days only trees over 30 inches in diameter, each yielding more than 400 board feet in lumber, were accepl.ed at the mills. In some areas tulip poplar grows in almost pure stands. In 1912, a tract of land near Looking Glass Rock in Transylvania County yielded 40,000 board feet of tulip poplar lumber per acre. Nowadays loggers are pleased IO get 10,000 board feet per acre. Foresters call tulip poplar a hardwood because it is a broad-leafed tree, like oaks and maples. Pinc, fir and other conifers arc called softwoods. The wood of tulip poplar however, is as soft and workable as white pine. Because the extensive heanwood is a yellowish tan in color, it is known as "yellow poplar" in the lumber business. The sapwood is creamy white and has been used as interior panelling. When used in this capacity, i1 has been called "whirewood". Because of its lighmess and strength. ii is used for boxes and crates. Yokes for oxen were often made from tulip poplar, because it was so easily carved. lt was one of the favorite materials for building aircraft in the days when airplane bodies were built of wood. Poplar wood has the ability to return to its normal shape after being compressed under great pressure. This property accounts for the wood's popularity for building barrel bungs. Poplar lumber is used extensively in the furniture-making industry. Its porosity and ability to take glue makes it an ideal core upon which to glue fine wood veneers, and, because it talces a polish beuer than any orher native wood. poplar wood is itself often used as a veneer. Kiln-dried yellow poplar wood makes a good framing lumber for house construction. It is moderately lightweight, yet stronger than spruce, fit; or white pine. Unlike the whole poplar logs used in cabin construction. milled, dry poplar lumber has little tendency to split when nailed. The Nonh Carolina Building Code accepts graded poplar lumber as a framing material. However, it has been infrequently used in recent years because of the.abundance of low cost softwood timber, such as Douglas fir and spruce, shipped in from the western Sl4tes. As the supply of western softwoods decreases. tulip poplar may come back into more common use. Dead and Rotting Wood Tulip poplar is also valuable when dead and rotting. The stumps decay quickly and provide an ideal habitat for various wood boring beetles. These beetles and their larva are one of the favorite foods of the majestic pilca1ed woodpecker (often called "wood hen" by mounroin folks). The pileated woodpecker is so named because of its brilliant red crest. It 1s our largest woodpecker. almost as big as a crow. These and other woodpeckers regularly visit decaying tulip poplar. and some people purposely cut poplar slumps high or use the Jogs in gn:rden beds near the house in order to artmct them. Dead tulip poplar is also the favorite growing medium for cenain fungi. most notably the delec1nble oyster mushroom (Pleurorus osrrearus). Oys1er mushrooms arc one of my favorite 'Aild mushrooms. l learned to identify them by Clll'Cfully studying them in mushroom field guides. They arc f.urly easy 10 recognilC, hence they are one of the safest of the edible wild mushrooms. They grow in cluster:., usually out of the sides of logs or stumps. They vary from a creamy. "oyster" whi1e to 1.1n or gray in color and arc distincbve because the gills run down the entire length of the stem. They arc delicious in soups. on p;ista. and can be saut6ed and gently stewed lO make an elegant side dish. Once l had oyster mushrooms fried in fritter batter, and (conunucc1cmJllil&e30) they actually tasted like oyster mttcn.. ~'°""" J--' 9"'JS t t �The bark of the poplar tree can be remo1Jed in the spring and early swnmer and has been used in many ways. Large sheers of Ir were used by the Indians as CO\'trings for wigwams, wickiups, lodges, and orher living quarrers. In the Nonfl Carolina mountain.s, poplar bark has bun used as siding on frame houses. When I first disco11ered it on some homes near Burns11ilfe in Yancey County, I was suuclc by ir.s rustic, }'et eleganJ beaury. As I was building my own house at the time, I wonted to /ind ow how poplar bark siding wa.f made and how long it wollld last. Wizen l asked around, however, it seemed tlw.t most of the builders of these hauses Jw.d long since passed on, but t~y had left a legacy ofpoplar bark. siding thol was sdll holding up well qfter 70 or more years. 1 finally found one older man who was a poplar bark crafts11w..n, and he tk.scribed tlie process UJ me. In early swnrner when the "sap's running", large sheers of the bark are removed from mediwn-sized trees. The bark is carefully pried off tlie trunk with a to0I know11 as a "tan bark spud". This tool hark.ens back to the days w}ien the collecting ofoak, chestnut and hemlock bark was o pan ofevery timber cutting operation. The bark was sold to tanneries as a source of tannic acid. A spud could be Improvised mu of a stout curved stick with a chisel-like edge carved on one end. Those made by blacksmiths look somewhat like a small-lieaded spade. After 1/ie bark is remo11ed, it is cut illro large rectangular sheets, taken ro a barn or other dry p/act and "stacked and stickered" like green lumber with na"ow strips ofwood between each sheet of bark to allow air to circulate. Rocks or other weights pilled on rop of the stock ofbark en.sure that the sheets stay flat and do not curl up as they dry After a month or two of drying, rhey can be cut 10 length and nailed like slung/es onro the building. Armed with th8se minimal instructions. and a lift·long love of tulip poplar, I knew I had to onempt co/leering bark 10 cover at lea.rt part ofmy house. A friend who was building ms own lwuse was about to CUI some poplars on his land 10 use as suppon beams. He told me that if I'd help him cut them and haul them down to the building site, he'd help me get the bark. The first tree we/tiled was aboUI afoot in dianieter, and it fell uphill. We trimmed off the upper br01iches, until we had a length ofclear trunk abou1 30 feet long. With 1he chainsaw, we mode one long CUI throught the bark down the entire length ofth4 l.og. Then, staningfrom the bonom, with one of us on eilkr side of the log, wt wenr at it with the bark spuds, ourf111gers, hate/let blades and whatever else we collld improvise to genJly pry the bark from the log. . .. - TIU! nt•wly formed cambium layer benn•e11 the bark and the sapw(l(Jd was sofr, slippery and Yer)' juics. As the: bark gave way 10 our efforts arul .tepararedjrom ti~ rrunk, it made a slurpy hissing noise. !Ve gradll(l//')! worked our Wll) up the log . The bark was coming ojf bc:outifully. When wc:j1r1ally reached the 11pper end oftlu: log, tire remaining section f1f the bark StpcJrated wirh a rtsowuling hollow "pop" We stood up and ~ere congrarularing ourselves on a job well dmu:, when we heard a noise. lt>okinR down we sow our newly-skinned log heading off down the hi/IT ltsfreshl)• removea bark had created a trough t/IQJ was slick.er tlllJll any bobsled run, and b>· rhe time that log left that piece of bark, it had picW up a terrific amo1u11 of speed and momenlltm. It we111 careenin,g down the mountainside, and all we co11Jd do was watch in astonisl11T1enl as thoJ log leapt over rock ledges and crashed through thic~ts. It fi111Jlly .rropped uh0111 fl!ry yards down the hill when i1 collided with a srump jusr above rhe house .tire. We breathed a huge sigh of relief. If it had nor been sropped by the s111mp, that .flippery bauering ram would hove done considerable damage to rhe ho11se founda1io11. Afrer rhar, we senved a rope to each log before we removed ilS bark. I found ow larer rluJt mountain loggers hove a word/or a log sliding down a nwu111ainside. TluJt log is nball·hootin'," and it is recognued as a serious danger in logging steep f1W11n1al11 ,f/opes during spring and s1unmer. As one old logger told me, 'Them poplar logs is bad/or that. Wilen the sap's up, that bark can slip off a log you're dragging and if tha1 log gets loose and goes a balf-Jwotin' down the mou111ain, buddy, 'hit can kill a ma11l" The bark of small poplar trees can be scored and folded into carrying 11essels ofall sizes from berry baskets to backpacks. /11dia11s daubed the seams with pine pitch and used them as W(ller buckets. I was first introduced to bark basketry by my mountain neighbor and friend Paul Geouge, wlio has been mak.i11g baskets for years. I was enchanted by the way he explained their simple practicalily; "So you've been out fishing all morning .following the creek up in.lb the nwuntain.t. You're cau:hlnJl some of 1/iem nmive speckled trour, bUJ afrer a while the srream gets too small. So you call it quir.s and head up onto the ridge/or rhe long walk home, There you TUii into the biggest patch of ripe huckleberries you halle ever seen. ~You'd 1011e to take some of them berries lwme, hut you ai11'1 go11101hing to carry 'em in. Whor collld you do?" Paul asks wirh a twinkle in his eye. "Well, if you knew how 10 make a berry basker, you'd just find you a young poplar rree, make you a poplar bark basket, and tote tllUn berries home. Now they'd taste mighry g()()d after a fish dinner! ... Between the ower layer of the bark and the sapwood is a layer rich in fibro11s vascular material known as bast. When rorred under controlled condirfons it can be used to mah ropes. twine and other cordage. Ir was high/}' valued by Native ~ricansfor rhese tiles Poplar bark has also been 11sed medicinally as a tonic and a remedy/or fevers, stomach ailments, dysentary, rhe1unari.sm and gour. It is a source oftulipiferine, an allt:aloid that acrs as a heart stimulanr. / 2 ! ff.'" • Doug Elliou's most recent book, (that includes step-by-s1ep instruetions on how to make a rulip poplar bark basket) is entitled Woods/ore and Wildwood Wisdom. It can be ordered from him at Possum Productions; R1 1, Box 388; Union Mills. NC 28167 for $10.00 post paid. Sprl·"'J· 1989 ""'' .... - �CLEAR SKY a drawing by James Rhea The concept for the drawing derives from my years growing up in the southern foothills and hearing Cherokee follclore, and being fascinated by their lifestyle and contributions. I have always been inspired by other culrun:s, especially so called primitives. This picture is pan of a series of portraits of healers or philosophical leaders, who arc inspirational to their people, representing cultures throughout the world. From that I envisioned a change of bean from a life of war and bloodshed to one of service and ~ce. This choice was indicauve of several individuals who laid the foundation for the later culturnl flowering of the Cherokees. Clear Sky is more of a composite of an ideal figure lhan a definite ponrait. The Cherokee people in the late l700's were in a state of despair and desperation because of the encroachment upon their lands and military defeat by European scnlcis. SC\'Cral individu:tls came to the forefront to encourage and inspire their people. To the Cherokee. they were lcnown as beloved persons. both men and women. They felt a need for a transition or integration into white society, but at the same time they hoped to retain the best of their past for cultural survival. Clear Sky's dress is typical for the time. He wears a blue EngltSh bro3dcloth shin and has a Spanish trade blanket around his waisr. The necklace is wampum with a silver gorget. The eamngs are archaic beaten copper with slit earlobes. The hair is trimmed with a dyed egret feather ornament In his band he holds a turkey feather (an with natural bead work. a sign of respect and dignity. lsk.agua CJtr Clear Sky was listed in Duane K. King's book CMrolcee Indian Na1ion as being present and signing a document protesting the tt'Catment of Chickamauga Cherokees by the Americans. The petition was sent to King George m of England aslcing his government to intervene. At the time of the signing, or thereabouts 1789-1791, he changed his name from NeMnoataah, or "Bloody Fellow" to lsk.agua. "Clear Sky." Spr~nAJ. I used several sources Ill compiling his dress, ornaments and general demcaner. but the most informative was the JnditlJIS of the Southeastern Un11ed States by John R. Swanton, Smithsonian Anthropology. James Rhta lives in an old farmhou.st in a rural pan of Cabarras CoUllt)'. Ht is illlertsttd in organic gardening and environmental issul!S and spends time canoeing and hiking for inspiration and peace of mind. His artwork includes tM subfecrs of wildlife as well as portraits. "In gentral" he says •1 favor world peace and holistic liftstyks". ,/ 1989 Xat-~ )o\UnoL ~ 15 �II a Early, al tine o'clodt IWO sbocb ol-an anbqaUe Wlft felt. Tbc boule D cuM:d mid ew:rytbing WU ID mowmelll. The bcns fell to the paid fJOm lheir room ud set up a pi.tifol cry. You cm see chat the white people mR diffaalt bc:ings from us, we are made or.red clay. they of white sand. About lbe J'Cll' 1811 IOIDC of the Cleroba cbamed ud Olha'S RCtiwd. in various ways. cQ11111mictricw from lhe Oral Spirit. all lr:Dding IO discredit die ICbane ol c:ivilization. See 10 ll dw you get back your old Beloved Towns. Yoor mother is not pleased you punish each other so ha1d. I have told you what the Gn:ac Spirit's will is, and you are 10 pass on iL la on:tcr that you might know bow things want to tell you what happened bcrc in the Nation ju,st the other day. ~Pl in die Wkl IDday, I Jusr dne rughis ago I was at a Wk in C>o&1mally. To tha1 place came~ man and two women who to1d that while they were on 11 journey, Ibey came eo an unoccupied house near a hill called Rocky Mountain and enlCttd it in order to spend the night thcte. Just as it had become dark, they heard a violenl noise in che air.•.As !hey went outside to sec abou1 ii they saw a whole crowd of Indians ~g on I.be hill from the sky•... nding on small black horses...their leader beating a drum. .•came very close.• .They were much frightened .•.•. "Don'1 be afraid. we arc your brothers and have been sent by the Great Spirit 10 spcalc co you. The Great Spirit is dissatisfied that you arc n:ceiving the white people into your lnnd•.•.. You sec that the hunting is gone, you are planting lhe corn of the white people. go and sell ii back to them and plant Indian com and pound it in the manner of your forefathers. do away with the mills. The Mother of the Nation h~ fOtY.lccn you. •. her bones are being broken through the grinding. She will return co you if you put the white people out of lhe land and return to your fonncr manner of life. If you don't believe my words then look up at the sky." They did and saw the sky open...an indescribably beautiful light and in it four white houses. "Such houses you are to build in your Beloved Towns... for white men who can be useful to the Nation.. . ." I mn not Ible IO delcribe lhe creat perplexity into which we C11D11 Jasa ...L Our dwelling bowie was in die most violent mDVellXIH IO lhu it seemed IO be Deir II> be falling in. .. .a strongviolent noise beard from the W.N.W. _ .and stteaks of l.ighlning..... This morning between 7 and 81>'c1ock we felt tw0 more shocks without the sli1thtcst noise. ...our house was r:rembling..•the roof moved. The m:es were in movemen1 wilhout !he slightest wind. It is true, the white people must all go from lhe Nation; boWevcr, 4 smiths, S()tne school ceachers a.rid those who arc building mills for us a.re to be toleralbd. but later. they too must return to their own country..•.. Some of them anribuce the occurrence co the sorcerers; some, to a large snake which must have crawled under their house; some to the weakness and old age of the eanh which will soon cave in. . •.they held a grand feast and celebrated a great medicine dance. .• .. . . .if they believed and obeyed, then game would abound, the white ll1!ll1 would disappear. . • .• .• .instead of beef and bacon they would have venison, and instead of chicken they would have turkeys. . . •we heani today from a traveler tb:u in Taloni. •. thiny miles from here along the road to Georgia. in a field 13 sink holes appeared as a result of the earthquake. the largest of \\<hich is 20fcet deep and 120 feet in circumference and is. • .full of gn:enish water. . . .he would like to know whether lhe end of 1hc world were not near. .•• • sprin9. 1989 �J ...many lndians believe that the white people were responsible because they had already taken possession of so much of the Indian land and wruned still more. The Great Spirit is angry...and be wanted to put an end to it through eanhquakes. , Soon after the eanh had tremble4 an Indian was silting in his house in deep thought, his children were lying sick in front of the fire. ...a tall man appe~ clothed entirely in the foliage of ihe trees, with a wrca1b on his head. ..carrying a small child in his ami.~ and had a larger child by the hand. "The small child on my arm is the s ClJC:it Spirit. l am not able to tell you whether the Great Spirit will soon destroy the earth or not. 1be Great Spirit is not pleased that tbc lndillll$. have sold so 111uch land to the white man. :rugalo, wl!K:I\ is now possessed by white people, u; the r~t place the Great Spirit created. There in a hill he placed the firs& fire. for all fin: comes from the Great Spirit. . . .the white people have built a house on th3t hill. They should ab:lndon th~ place; on thru hill there ~hould be grass growing. only then will there be ptaee. ...the Indians no longer thank the Great Spirit before they enjoy the fust fruits of the land. They no longer have dances in his honor before they eat the first fruit~. You arc sad because you thin.le your childn:n m ill, they are not renlly ill. but have only taken in a. little dust.~ •.. he gave him two small piece5 of bark from a certain tree ••• and told him to cook them and to give the drink to his children. and from that they became weU right then. 7 ...the residents of one wwn fled into the hills and tried to crawl into hiding in the ho!~ of lhe rocks in order to escape the danger of I.he hail stones, the size of half bushels. which were to full .••.. ...numbers of the aibe.. .abandoned their bees. their orchards, their slaves, and everything else that might have come to them through the white man, and...took up their toilsome march for the mounwns of Carolina. ..•mills. clothes, feather beds and iables - worse still •.. books, and domestic cats! This was not good· theieforc the buffaloes and other game were disappearing. The Great Spirit was angry. and had withdrawn his protection. The Cherokees must return to the customs of their fathers. They must kill their cats, cut shon their frocks, and dress as became Indians and warriors. They must discard all the fashions of the whites, abandon the use of any communication with each other except by word of mouth, and give up their mills. their houses, and all the ans learned from the white people. ~ Oicrokecs arc at this time in a rcmarlc.able manner - occasioned by the late shocks of the eanh ·endeavoring to appease the Anger of the Ore3t Spirit They have revived thcnr religious dances of ancient origin to appease the Anger of the Great Spirit....with 115 much solemnicy as ever was seen in worship In our churches. They then repair to the water, go in and wash. These ablutions arc intended 10 show that their sins are washed away and that they are cleansed from all defilements. These fanatics or prophelS tell them that the Great Spirit is :ingry with them for adopting the manners, customs, and habfo; of the white people who, they think. are very wicked. Some of the females an: mutililting fine muslin drcsses and arc told that they must discontinue dancing n:cls and country dances whieh have become very common ampn~l the young people. . . .!here is llllk ...in the space of 3 months the moon would again become black. and thereafter hail stones as large as hominy blocks would fall, all cattle would die Md soon the earth would come to an end. A sorcerer said uncil then there would be peace; how things would be after thnt he did not know. that a new earth will come into being in the Spring.••.. •• ,it has bc!en revealed by the Great Spirit th:u there would be an intense darkm~ss and that it would last three day~ - during which :lll white people would be snatched away as well as 1111 Indians who had any clothing or household articles of the white man's kind.••• •.• they should put aside everything that i:. similar to the white people and that which they had learned from them, so that in the darkness the Great Spirit might not mistake them and snatch them a~ay. ... many llre doing away with their household articles and clothing.•.• The above ma1trial if parr fJf a /011ger work in progress. Jr is drawn entirelyfrom actual occounLS uf the events ~ntitmed, a.s recorded in ltrrers and diaries from the period, many of wlrich were locared in rhe Mortn•ian lfrchh'es In Winsron·Salem, North Carolina. 5 �Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around the region and beyond.... A Look at the Black Swan Center By C.8. Squire College students encouraging community economic development in the community that surrounds their campus? Thai is exactly what's happening in the Swannanoa River Valley. The effon is being carried out by student-faculty teams from Warren Wilson College working ou1 of the BlacJc Swan Center. The Black Swan Center. named for Black. Mountain and Swnnnanoa, !he two towns in !he Valley it embraces. is currently located on the Wnrrcn Wilson campus and serves as a community resouN:e organization for the entire area. A key ob)ective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and ce-0nomic development projec ts," according to Black Swan directors Laura Temple Haney and Louise Solomon. Initially funded by grants from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and the Broyhill Family Foundation, the Center operates with a work/study crew made up of students and faculty advisers responsible for various individual projects of the Center. This "work crew". made up of fifteen students majoring in Sociology, Environmental Studies, Social Work, Political Science, and English, meets regularly to review their various projects centered around !he "community economic developmem" concept. The Black Swan Center grew out of lhe Swannanoa Valley Projcc1 (SVP), a land-use planning and economic development study carried out in 1985 by Swannanoa Valley residents and Warren Wilson College Staff, faculty, and students. Funded by the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation and TV A, the SVP found that most project participants wanted the Valley to reverse its downward economic trend "while remaining an essentially rural area wilh a viable economic base." It became apparent thm what wa!"> needed was an ongoing community resource center to serve these needs. Thus, the Black Swan Center was born. The vital importance of a community planning and resource center such as this cannot be overestimated. Tf we wish to preserve and enhance the quality of life here in Kaniah, in ways thar nre ecologically and economically sound, we can no longer allow the haphazard and Shon-sighted type of growth and development that has predominated for decades. The key factor in reversing this trend and in finding truly workable solutions is to encourage local initiative, self-reliance, infonnalion exchange, and cooperative effort. This can be a very powerful grassroots movement, with far-reaching effects, but it demands susmined local commitment and involvement. This k:ind of sustained effon can best be supported JCQti&Qh Journot pc:M)e by citizens and businesspeople acting in concen with local academic institutions. After all, should we not make the mo.st of all of our available local resources, in order to assure the contin ued well-being of our communities? Only in this way can we intelligently deal with the tremendous forces of change that are confronting us. It is now critical !hat we re-learn and re-create the an of community - and projects such as the Black Swan Center arc beginning 10 lay the groundwork for !his crucial renaissance. In fact, this dynamic pilot project has already achieved tangible results. Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around lhe region and beyond. ... A key objective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and economic development projects" ... In its first year, the Black Swan Center has been focusing on three essential components: (I ) A community economic development class for Warren Wilson students to prepare them to work in the Center; (2) development of a college work crew made up of faculty and students which operates and coordin:ncs Black Swan ruitivitics; and (3) a community-based education course for Valley residents designed to promote new business ventures, develop rural leadership Skills and teach community economic development concepts. AU three components are in place, with the community-based education course starting in March. Organalcd by Lisa Waners, a Sociology mnJOr, the course, "Community Development and the Economy in the Swannanoa Valley,''. is ~imed at .~elpmg Valley residents (l) "gain the leadership skills and ab1hoes that can make positive changes in the lives of the people that live in the Valley; (2) explore the Swunnanoa Valley community and its resources; (3) understand the problems facing the local economy; (4) seek: solutions. and; (5) determine what small businesses might succeed in the Valley." 16 Sprl.n.g, 1989 12 �As Lisa points out. this type of course was designed by the Highlander Center in Tennessee and has been used in such co~uniri~s. as Jellico,_Tennessee, and Dungannon, Virginia. Unlike tradiuonaJ educauon, the course doesn't separate learning from doing, theory from practice and education from work. "When Y?U put 'community' in front of 'economic development'," says Lisa, "it means ordinary citizens revitalizing their communities and stimulating quality economic development from within rather than waiting for the 'expens' to do it, or for outside industries 10 come in and provide jobs." In the long run, "community economic development doesn't only mean jobs. because ic can aJso make the difference in peoples' environments and quality of life." exploring options for municipal structures for the community of Swannanoa. He is also helping to draft a legal document that can be used as pan of an offical petition to the state to incorporate as a township. Christy Allred, an Environmental Studies major, and Katherine Crum, a Social Work major, are working with TV A 10 identify fanners in the Valley who are interested in growing specialty crops such as shiitake mushrooms and baby watennelons. Two workshops are planned, one in May, the other in the fall of 1989, that wiU bring Canners from Buncombe and Madison County together 10 discuss agricultural problems and trends facing the area and how to effectively market specialry crops. The 10.week course will be fnciJiiated by Louise Solomon and Laura Temple Haney, both faculty members at Warren Wilson, and Marilyn Bass, of the YMJ Cultural Center in Asheville. In the second part of this course, they will be joined by Tim Richnrds, of the Small Business Technology Development Center, and Dana Smith, of the Self-Help Credit Union, who will specifically instruct participants on how to work with a business idea. One of the more impn:ssive activities growing out of the Black Swan Center is a waste management center, directed by Melissa Gildersleeve, an lntercultural Studies major. Alrendy in operation on the College campus, the Center includes a processing pavilion for rccycleable items, including a baler for cardboard and specially designed "drop-off' bins for recycling glass, cans and newspapers. The waste management center grew out of a class exercise in an Environmental Policy cl:iss artd has resulted m the recycling of much of the 25,000 lbs/yr. of ttash generated by the collegc--trllSh that had been caned to the county landfill at a cost of up to Sl2,000/yr. Melissa bcheves that within a couple of years the college's waste management costs will be entirely covered by n:venucs from recycling. Her bu.~iness plan includes e~panding the College's program by establishing five more "drop·off' collection sues in the Swannaoa Valley, possibly as early as this spring. While important to carrying out the aims of the Center, the course in communicy economic development th.is spring is by no me~ns ~h~ center's sole: agenda_. A small ~usincss development project is in progress with the rum of "keeping more money in the Valley" by encouraging businesses in the area to buy from each other whenever possible, explained Brad Brock. another Sociology major and one of the Business Development coordinators for the Center. He added that the Black Swan Center and the Swannanoa Valley Ch:tmbcr of Commerce have almost completed a business directory of the Valley with one section made up of chamber members and the other. "the green pages". listing all valley-owned businesses. Brad and his partner. Rebel Bailey, an Environmental Studies 1113jor and owner of a flourishing backpack business. have a!so been working with Nonh Carolina REAL Enterprise (Rural &onomic Alternative Leaming, localed in Raleigh, North Carolina) 10 design a curriculum on developing student-owned enterprises for Wam:n Wilson College. Fffty people attended a five-pan series of workshops called "Business Basics''. Post-workshop follow-up has resulted in consulting sessions with four entrepreneurs with a "good strong prospect" for getting a business up and running in the Valley. Still another project for Brad and Rebel is the Stan-up of a breakfast club, modeled after the Briarpatch program on the west coast, that will provide networking opponunities for local entrepreneurs and owners of small businesses in the Valley. Another Black Swan project, headed by Heidi Erick.son. :in Environmental Studies and Education major, is a literacy program with a new twist-worlting directly with the business community to improve literacy. Heidi explains that those unable to read and write are often reluctant to tell their employers or their lack of reading skills. But one area employer, Charles D. Owen m, has agreed to have a literacy project operating at his plant site, with employees receiving half-pay for the time they spend on learning to read. Heidi's project has already trained 12 people at Warren Wilson College to teach such courses. Still another project of the Center involves working with the Alternative Energy Corporation. based 1n the Research Triangle area, in developing a "Community Energy Campaign~ for the Valley. This project plans to help weatherize non-profit buildings anc,1 to audit heat loss in college and community buildings-including the former Carver Alternative School property in Black Mountain which the county has just acquired from the town's Parks & Recreation DepanmenL Eventually, with this campaign, the Center hopes to help the community save much of the 40 miJlion dollars a year or so lhat leaks out in energy cosrs in the Swannanoa Valley. Dan Scbeuch, a Political Science major, has been working with Swannanoa Valley residents and the Nonh Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Co1TUI1un1ty Development in Sprt.nq. t989 Although all the ~tudents working at the Black Swan Center have different 'main' projects they are working on. they all have one thing in common. Each panicipates in one another's programs... wch as lending the experti~e the1y have gained in desktop publishing, to knocking on doors of local businesses. to picking up the College'!\ waste and recycleablcs from around campus once a week. For the future, chc Black Swan Ccnu;r hopes 10: organize n Swannanoa Valley community work day: perhaps relocate the Center more into the heart of the community: encourage other small colleges in Appalachia to explore setting up a similnr program. and, in general. coordinate the community development projects and courSCS and the starrup of at least one student-run entesprise. One of the most promising aspects of this entire project is for the Black Swan Center to serve as a working model for other insututions in the region. They. too. may want to embark on a similar cooperative program of community development that., in the words of the Center's grant application, "will overcome the 'LOwn-gown' barriers that separate so many colleges from their neighbors." To quote Gnscom Morgan, son of Arthur Morgan who founded the Cclo community in Yancey County. and who bjmself for the last four decades has inspired and assisted the cause of community through his association with Community Service. Inc.; "We need fol,k colleges-people's colleges...not jus1 for intellect.uals or whites, b11t to do what Highlander College (now Clllled Highlander Center) has done for Appalachia and the South. lf we had folk colleges 10 which the working class and rural people from across a region could come and htive association with the intellecruaJs--then rerum to their local communities with the strength and conviction of their own culture--tbese different groups of the common people could reinforce each other.• Morgan's dream is being rcallz.ed by a group of pioneers: so~ fifcecn students with very diverse background.<>, two faculty advisors, and an involved community•..... You are welcome 10 visit this dynamic center or call for more infonnation. The Black Swan Ctn1er, 701 Warren Wilson Road, Swanrwnoa, North Carolina 28778. (704) 299-9306 �wlld lovely days the wild lovely days come with a wind tossed violence they awaken a tantalizing bitterness of memory the spring morning of lilacs the wilting high noon of orange poppies the late afternoon sun of autumn marigolds and now the great wheel of night spins with dazzling circles of blue and gold light �dancer the tender talents of earth swelling with rapture birdsong and blue sky fluttering encore a thousand thousand leaves turning rich dark colors awaiting opulent carnage exalted limbs rising against dark skies crucible answer I who hurried thru lhe years running this way and that sometimes strangely knowing sometimes weeping beside the road spent at last, alone bereft of all I sought you came to me slowly without my knowing you touched me the stream carries me my face is wet I am submerged I will not let fear of drowning darken the bright water all that rs bright and clear filters thru the translucent waves of faith, the ineffable substance that fills the yearning crucible with timeless light endless peace Selections from the book Wifd Lovely Days. portraits of moments In time and nature expressed in complementary words and images. THE POET· THE PHOTOGRAPH:R; Ellmboth Griffin Is an artist, poet, and former lawyer residing in Highlands. Katuah Province. Gii Leebrick is an environmentally concerned falher, husband, mediator, photographer, and director of the Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in Highlands. �.:•····;••·.................................... .,.... .. .... .... .~~· ~ ~ i{ NATURAL \~. : wORLD : ~ ~ ~ ~ ·! i: \. .. :I .. NEWS .. .. ·~. .( .~ .. "!, ·:. .: ~~~~~.·~··· · · ~·.·.·.•.•.•.·.·· · · ....~::::::!: .!· ?· PANTHERTOWN RESTORED! Nllllnl World NCWJ Str-i= In one Inst expression of disdain for Congress and the Appalachian b1orcgion, the Reagan administration m the la.~L days of its reign took away money slated for the pun:hase of the Pa.nthenown tract high in the headwaters of the Tuckasegee River. Through an arrangement with Duke Power Company, which wants to run a high-voltage power line across pan of the Panthenown area, Congress hod appropriated $8 million to buy the remainder of the propeny for inclusion in National Forest Jnnds. Under a rechnicaliry the our-going administration stole away that money. plus $47 million for other land appropriations. to pay the costS of fighting the famous Yellowstone fire and other fires that occurred in the summer of 1988 in drought-soicken western states. On March 13. 1989, however, the Office of Management and Budget reversed the order, and put the money back into the special Land and Water Conservation Fund, where it is once available for land acquisition purposes. It is expected that the Panthcnown purchase will be able to be completed this summer. COLEY CREEK IS SAFE! Systems Research Group, to review the Coley Creelc plan. The study group pointed out that fuel prices would have to escalate considerably lO make the Coley Creek project economically viable. However, cbe consultants' review found that the most economical approach would be to emphasize "demand-side programs." These programs hcreate" extra energy by promoting conservation on the pan of utility customers through steps such as rewarding customers for efficient energy use pancrns and helping to cut down on energy consumption by wealherization programs, promoting energy-efficient appliances, etc. A more careful and judicious use of energy reduces the need for increased energy production. The report showed that through energy conservation Duke could make avnilable the same amount of energy that the Coley Creek pumped storage project would have provided. but at one-third the cost. The repon outlined five different demand-side programs and gave srep-by-srep directions for their implement.arlon. Bill Thomas, co-chair of rhe Jocassee Wate~hed Coalition, said, "h could be very imponant for a company like Duke to stan a series of pilot programs in energy conservation. Even if they weren't completely convinced that this was the best way to go, they should :u least experiment and find out for themselves what programs wo11ld work and what wouldn't." "In September the Nonh Carolina Utilities Commission will hold a series of six hearings at locations across the stare to gather public comment on a proposed least-cost planning rule that will include demand-side management items. A good tum-out by people s~ak.ing on behalf of these measures wouJCI show the COinmission where the public suppon lies." The Jocnssee Watershed has obtained a reprieve from funher depredations by Duke Power, but efforts continue to gain binding legislauve protection for the basin through designation of the Thompson and the \v'hitewater as Wild and Scenic Rivers. (The Horsepasturc River already has protected stntus.) Preliminnry studies have already been completed, and show very definttely that further srudy is justified. "We need to g~t legislacors to press the North Carolina Natural Resoun:es and Community Development Department to complete their sruclies so that the lcgislat.ion can proceed," said Thomas. "We arc asking people interested in the future of the Jocnssee Watershed to contact their state n:presentatives and ask them to get involved with this.'' ...AND NOW CHAITOOGA Duke Power Company has announced that it is postp<>ning indefinitely the Coley Creek Pump Storage Project, which would have done devastating environmental damage in the beautiful Jocassee Watershed area in the foothills of the Blue Ridge. Officially, the company said that a review of fuel prices and the economics of the pumped storage alternative convinced them that providing power by coal plants or combustion turbines was economically more advantageous. What the company did not mention was that they had met stiff resistance to the project every step of the way from the Jocassee Watershed Coalition, a broad-based organization of hikers, hunters. fishermen, and environmental groups. which may also have influenced their decision. With a grant from the Babcock Foundation. the coalition had hired an independent consulting firm, the Energy ~ )o"'nat P • 20 Officials of Rabun County, Georgia and the Associated Consulting Group are conspiring to build a jetpon on a mountaintop in the upper reaches of the Chattooga River, which is designated as a Wild and Scenic River. Preliminary design studies of the site illegally conducted by Associated Cousulting at the request of the Rabun County government have detennined that they would need t.o level the entire mountaintop to make room for the jet planes to land. The jets would take off and land directly over the river and roar over remote wild areas in their flighL The potential impacts on the Chattooga watershed would be devastating. They include massive sedimentation, wildlife habitat destruction, and noise pollution, as well as the fouling of the water and air. The remote and wild character of the Chattooga whitewater run would be severely degraded by the low-altitude overflighcs. The US Forest Service has refused ro talce a position to protect the "wild and scenic" status of the Chattooga despite their legislative mandate under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to do so. The agency has even backed down from an earlier comrninment to require an Environmental Impact Statement for actions affecting any Forest Service site. The American Rivers organization and a coalition of local citizens is working on behalf of the river. They say, ''Since t.be Forest Service has refused to direct the county away from the Chanooga site, citizen voices are essential to prevent the Chattooga site from bemg selected. The county and Associated Consulting are known to have a bias in favor of the Chattooga site, and only overwhelming public sentiment against lhe site can change their minds." Make yourfeelings known! Write: Associated Consulting Group 3 I5 W. Po111::e de Leon Ave. (Suite 125) Decatur, OA 30084 Kenneth Henderson, Forest Supen·i,s()r Cl111ual100d~e National Forest 508 Oak St. NW Gainesville. GA 30501 American Rivers 801 Pennsylvania Ave. SE (Suire 303) Washington. DC 20003 WHAT'S AN EIS? (or JUDGE HALTS VULCAN) There will be no rock quarry in Flat Creek nt least not anytime soon. Vulcan Matenals Company had planned to dig a 58-acre, open-pit quarry near Weaverville despite protests from local residents until Buncombe County Superior Coun Judge Roben D. Lewis voided Vulcan's state permit early this 'd year. Some 450 North Buncom be rest ents snowed up at the last public hearing in October of 1987. Most were against the quarry projecL The group fonned the North Buncombe Association of Concerned Citizens, which filed suit against VuJcan, a Fortune 500 company, and several state officials. Residents claimed in their suitS tha1 the mining permit was issued 10 the company despite evidence from expens that the quarry, which would have been sited about two miles nonh of the town of Weaverville, would deplete and pollute area groundwater. Spri-n9, 1989 �INCINERATORS THREATEN AIR QUALITY Jllmnl World News Service "Cloudy skies" would be the long-term weather forecast for meb'OpoliUUl Knoxville and all points downwind if four new waste incinerators were to come into operation in the area. Three proposed incinerators in the Knoxville area and one that is already constructed 1hrea1en 1he Great Smoky Mounrains National Park, only 40 miles downwind, and the already beleaguered mounrains of the Kan1ah province. Cum:n!ly, air in the Smokies ranks it among the ten most polluted of all the National Parks. It used to be that the Park was only "smokey" during the summer months when natural chemicals from the forest vegetation combined with panicles in the air. Now, even on a clear winter day, the view is noticeably hazy. An estimated 70% of the pall is due to air pollution. The Department of Energy (DOE) has built an incinerator at the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. According to engineer John Patton of the Division of Air Pollution Conttol for the State of Tennessee, it is licensed under the Toxic Substances Control Act to burn radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and other wastes which are generated at the DOE facilities at Oak Ridge, Paducah, and the Ponsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plants. The incinerator bums only propane gas now, but when it goes on line in the summer of 1989, it will burn 3000 pounds of r.idioactive waste every hour. A similar incinerator was defeated in Rocky Flats, Colorado through public opposition. A private company mis-named the Safe Ecology Group is proposing to build another incinerator on Bear Creek Road in Oak Ridge that will bum low-level radioactive waste for volume reduction. According to Lisa Finaldi of the Nonh Carolina Clean Water Fund, this incinerator will take low-level radioactive waste from states that are members of radioactive waste compact agreements, such as North Carolina and New York, reduce the volume of the waste, and then send it back to the states for disposal. The capacity of this incinerator will be 10,000 pounds of radioactive waste per hour. Also in the site selection stage is the East Knoxville mass burn incinerator that will be operated by Foster-Wheeler Power Systems of New Jersey. The proposed incinerator will bum 900 tons of municipal garbage a day. According to a Solid Waste Authority spokesperson in Knoxville, "The incinerator and recycling will be used to decrease landfill dependency.'' Opponents of the incinerator, however, declare that incineration will decrease the recycling incentive, since the operating company has a flat guarantee from the city and the county that it will receive a certain amount of waste to bum 10 produce electricity. Recyclers fear that quota will be filled by waste that would otherwise be potentially recoverable. . Electricity sales will not cover operation and maintenance costs for rhe incineraror facility. A group called CARE in Knoxville claims that the Solid Waste Authority did not compare the cost of incineration, which will come to $370 million over a 20-year period, with the coStS of alternative methods of reducing solid waste, i.e. commercial Sprl.ncj, l989 and household recycling, baling (compressing THE FATE OF THE ROSE garbage), and composting (brush, leaves, etc.). Even with an incinerator, about 40% of from• n;iort by N~ Blmhlrdl solid waste must be landfilled. A new landfill will Years ago the Agriculture Depanment be needed in Knox County whether there is an incincr.1tor or noL Incinerators actually raise the brought the multiflora rose into Virginia for soil cost of disposal, because incinerator a.sh is a conservation and to attTact wildlife. Now the state hazardous waste and must be sto1ed using encourages the eradication of this plant and may be expensive protective techniques in special making a mistake that will tum out to be far more serious than the spread of the shrubby muhiflora landfills. The CARE group also points out that, even bush. Montgomery and Grayson counties have with air pollution conttols, incinerators pose a passed, and Floyd county is considering, risk to public health that carries an incalculable legislation to force landowners to keep the plant cosL The most dangerous chemicals cannot be from scrting seed on their propeny. Farmers say that the roots of this plant arc seen or smelled. hard to lc:ill. Pulling multiflora roots out of the Finally, next door to the proposed site for ground usually causes tbero to start new plants. the Knoxville mass bum incinerator, the Dixie The multiflora grows in too many out-of-the-way Cement Company may bum bai.ardous waste in a places to keep it all cut. Therefore, the st.ate convened cement kiln. recommends herbicides to lcilltbe plant - herbicides that are particularly apt to contaminate groundwater. Dicamba and 2,4-D arc both on the list of pesticides which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers most lillely to leach into groundwater. Piclorfam, which is also on the EPA leaching list, is conrained in the pellets ofTordon, a restricted-use herbicide. SLUDGE ISSUE STILL STEAMING Though 2,4-D is not restricted and is classed only as a "possible carcinogen," it may soon be reclassified, because recent studies by the National Institute of Cancer have shown a link There is a new development in the bat!le between 2,4-D and cenain types of cancer. As over the fate of Buncombe County's sewage 2,4-D breaks down, it can form products of decomposition rhat are more toxic than the original sludge: Advanced Alkaline Stabilization. With encouragment from the Buncombe formulation. Like Tordon and Dicamba, 2,4-0 can County Commissioners, the Buncombe also be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are Metroplltan Sewerage District (MSD) has agreed cancer-causing. or more immediate concern is the stress which pesticides put on rhe kidneys and 10 hold a hearing on this waste treatment process, which mixes sludge with kilned lime dusr other pans of the human body. William (quicklime). ~ng pathogens and raising the pH agronomy at Wes1 Bryon, associate professor of Virginiu University Wiil> quolcd of the mixture, thus binding heavy metals and making the resulting material suitable for in the Roanoke TimtS of January 29, 1988 that herbicides cannot eradicate the multiflora rose and spreading on farm pastures. The hearing is are not wonh using. He also mentions a natural scheduled to be held in Asheville on March 21. rosette disease Foes of che sludge incinerator say that che control called Missouri. Thiswhich is spreading this way from disease, spread by outcome of that hearing will detennine their future a mite, can accomplish what the herbicides can't strategy. "If the MSD continues to favor the and kills the multiflora in a few years. incineration process," said Paul Gallimore of the (conlinucd on next .-ae} Long Branch Environmenral Education Center, "we will push for a review of the Environmental Protection Agency's health risk assessment that OK'd the incinerator proposal. "The EPA assessment is flawed. They looked at only one possible pathway for airbome pollution from the incineraror to enter the body by air inhalation - when actually there are four other possible parhways - through direct contamination of food, food grown in contaminated soils, dermal exposure, and inhalation of contaminared soil or dust. "After some method - any method - of sludge treatment is chosen, the next step is to put pressure on the MSD to righten up industrial pre-ueatrnent standards for wastes. Carcinogens and heavy metals should not be allowed to leave the point of origin regardless of the waste treatment technology selected." The MSD has agreed to institure a pilot operation to tesc the feasibility of composting sewage sludge no mauer what treatment process is used for the bulk of the county's wasre. "This is very positive," said GaJJimore. "Where an incinerator will give out in 20 or 30 years and have to be completely replaced at great expense, a composting operation just keeps turning out the humus. Biological microorganisms just don't quit." �(CQn.tinucd from pag$ 21) MOUNTAIN PEOPLE SAY "CUT THE CLEARCUITING" Nanni Wcxld News Savice The Western Nonh Carolina Alliance (WNCA) bas launched a public campaign to Fuade the US Forest Service (USFS) to change us primary timber management technique, even-aged management. Under that scheme patches of the National Forests up to 40 acres in size an: cut to the ground so that the resulting regrowth is of uniform size and easier 10 harvest. Alliance members held an anti-clearcuuing protest demonstration in front of the Forest Service headquarters in downtown Asheville. Banners and signs proclaiming "Cut the Clearcutting" were hoisted by the protesters who want the Forest Service to adopt a timber management strategy that relics heavily on uneven-aged management, which is based on careful examination of individual siteS and logging prescriptions that call for the thinning of undesirable trees as welJ as the removal of good sawtimbcr. so that future growcb is improved. Uneven-aged management requires greater expertise and auention to detail on the part of foresters, and the Forest Service claims it docs not have the budget to suppon these extra demands on its staff. Demonsttators lined the sidewalks in front of the USPS offices with tree stumps to ~give the flavor of what a forest of stumps looks like," said WNCA member Monroe Gilmour. Also displayed was a 90-foot long petition containing over 1,700 .names of Katuah residents opposed to clearcuning. The campaign was also carried into local ranger districts at several meetings held to give local community members a chance to speak about proposed clearcurs in their immediate areas. Over 100 Clay County residents auended a community meeting in Hayesville to protest planned clearcutting in their county. Retired fores1cr Walton Smith, chair of the WNCA Timber Management Taste Force, told the gathering that since the clcarcuuing method was iniri:ued the qualit) of the timber production had substanrially declined. Smith noted that the growth of sprouted limber, as found in clcarcuis. was substantially faster, but produced trees of poorer quality than trees grown from seed. Sprouts produced a cross-grain growth that created a weakness in the lumber, he said. Smith recently walked scveml clearcuts with USFS Regional Supervisor Bjorn Dahl. Smith said Dahl was "quite surprised'' to see a tract under uncven-:iged management thnt W3S full of young seedling trees. whereas the clearcut areas were full of sprouts. In another meeting with Forest Service personnel and a.ides to legis!Ative representatives, 150 Madison County residents met to protest proposed road construction and clcarcuning at the top of Bearpcn Ridge. The residenis complained that the road and the clearcutting operation would cause sedimentation in Hickey Fork Creek and would destr0y the trout hatchery there. The cold creek waters offer challenging fishing for rainbow and native brook trout The steep. remote forests in the Hickey Fork Creek watershed ~ovide excellent habiiat for bears and other wildlife, and the area is popular with bunters. Many in the assemblage were bear hunters who were concerned that the new roads and the clearcutting would cause bears to shy away &om the area. They were especially alarmed JGcitilah 'o~Ml P • 22 to learn that a stand of large white oalcs on top of Bearpen Ridge were t0 be included in the clearcut The hunters. who were all familiar with the woods and wildlife in the area. agreed that this .stand was one of the most imponant mast-eroducing areas in the region and that it was heavily used by bears. After hearing their concerns, Frank Roth of the USFS indicated that he would set aside an acre of so of the largest trees so that they could continue 10 provide wildlife food. The WNCA is plannning a "Cut the Clearcuuing" rally on April 15 at 11 :00 in the City-County Plaza with music, talks, and presenta1ion of a protest pe1itioo to USFS officials. For copies of the petirion in favor of uneven -aged forest management, or more informt111on on the "CUI the Clearct1tting" campaign, write or aJil: The Wesrern Nonlr Caro/iM Alliance P.O. Box 18087 Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 258- 8737 To win $50 in the "Ugliest Clearcut Photo Contest," send entries 10 tlU! Alliance by April I. Bjorn Dahl, Regional Forester US Porest Service Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 (704) 2574200 . ............. PEREGRINE FALCONS FLEDGE While the Natural World News often seems gloomy. here is a linle light: Scott Ball. a temporary eml'loyec of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission's Nongame Program, perched high up on Whiteside Mountain, observed lhe first confinned naturally-bred peregrine falcon to fledge in the Kal\fah province since 1957. With the help of volunteer falcon wa1chers, wildlife biologists found five pairs of peregrine falcons defending territories at mountain cliffs last ycor Three of these pairs made nesting attempts. Two pairs each raised a single chick to fledging age. Wildlife biologists seem cau11ously optimistic. While this level of reproduction will nol sustain 1he newly-established peregrine population, these successful auempts may augur well for the fuwre of this magnificent predator in Karuah. Biologisis will continue releases of young captive-bred peregrines for several more years. but will release a smaller number each year. ln 1988 18 young falcons were released along the Blue Ridge near Mt. Mitchell and on Grandfather Mountain. Biologists have released 63 young peregrine falcons in the mountains since the restoration effort began in 1984. If five breeding pairs can be csmblished in the Southern Appalachians, the program's emphasis will then switch to protection and management of the nesting peregrines. Excerptedfrom a report by John_ Alderman \..: CHEMTRONICS SPEWS POISONS Toe infamous Chemtronics plant in Swannahoa. North Carolina has dumped hundreds of thousands of potinds of a highly toxic industrial solvent into the air over the past several months, despite pleas of a company chemist to install equipment that would h.ave caught 90 percent of the chemical. . The plant has released 256 596 pounds of tetrachloroclhylcne, which is acutely or chronically toxic. according to \he US, Environmental Protection Agency '<EPA). The .solvent i~ also believed to destroy ozone in Jiu; high atmosphere, allowing increased pen~~at1on 9[, l;larmful ultra-viol~t radi;nio.o from ~he sun. Terrachloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen and contribwes 10 s111o,g and air poJtutfon close to the Eanh's.$urface. .J • , Cbemtronics senior sc1entiSt, John Tylldall. who charted the releases. said a11 9ne.poln1t 'The cnvfronmental . impac~ (<~f the (eleases) is enormous. and wt:. need \o act on this situation immediately." He has since beep laid off by Chemtronics. Plans were approved for the installation of a recovery system to capture the escaping solvent, but Chemtronics' parent company, Halibunon Corporation. never advanced the money to pay for the lnstaUa1ion, according to a ~ll_en;llronics official. rn other recent and' rel~ued news, negotiauons between the companies responsible for dumping toxic industrial wastes at the Chemtronics Supcrfund site in Swnnnanoa have broken down, delaying clean-up of the former military munitions plant there. according to the EPA. Chemtronics, along with former owners Northrop Corporation and Ce~nese Corporaiion cannot agree on who should pay how much. The breakdown in ncgotialions means a delay of months and possibly years in the clean-up operation if the disagreement 1s submiued to litigation. according to EPA official John Bomholm. Celanese Corp. bought the now-polluted propcny in 1959 and made explosive!\, solid propellants, shells, rocket motors, and chemical agents the.re. Northrop Corp. bought 1he facility in 1965 and continued the military contracts. Jn 1971 Ainronics. Inc. leased the site and continued the work through its Cbemtronics division. Chemtronics bought the plant from Northrop in 1978, about the same time the EPA discovered the presence of more than 50 organic chemicals which had leaked into the surrounding soil and groundwater. In another recent corporate shuffle, the Halibl.lrlon Co. has dissolved its Chemtronics branch. and has turned the Swannanoa plant over co its Je1 Research subsidiary "We'rl! going LO be a lot more responsible company environmentally," said Bob King, Jet Research vice-president. "Jct Research makes warheads and other explosives for the military, but the processes will not involve the release of dangerous substances into the air and groundwater, as was the practice at the plant for so long." -SprLnq, 19U �REVIEW: Sacred Land Sacred Sex RapIUTe ofthe Deep: Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life by Dolores LaOuipelle (Pinn Hill AIU; Silvcncn, CO; 1988) '7n this kind of learni11g, there is no knowledge, in the usual stnse, to process and convey; thert is instead a deepening of anenlion to the pattern ofall lift around you, so tltat you ~gin to /Jw 'JOllT life accordUtg to thal pattern.• - DoWu LaC•Ue "Biorcgion" is a word of power. It encompasses what scientists call an "ecosystem," but goes beyond the mechanistic limitations of scientific nomenclature. A bioregion is clearly a community, a land alive - plants, animals. soil, water, sunlight, all the elements of life womng tOJCther. each sustaining the others. "Bioregion" is a word with the nng of rightness to it. The word "biorcgional" follows. It is descriptive, "panalcing of the qualities of the lioregion," but it is a little longer and the truth that resonates in the original noun is just ever so slightly diminished. But "bioregionalism" is a word that cmies no force whatsoever. Whenever the odious "-ism" is added to an otherwise usefuJ root idea, it completely drains whatever value for powerful communication that original word may previously have possessed. That simple suffix, just three letters, hardens a worthwhile approach to life into a dogmatic school of institutionalized thought, limits flexibility, and rums a life-giving relationship with the natural world into a set of precepts to be debated pro and con in sterile classrooms. "Deep ecology" is an alternative phrase inspired by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess to define the auth of our individual and collective relationship to the natural world. The phrase has drawbacks. It is based in part on the Greek word meaning ''study," because ecology was developed as an interdisciplinary course of i:nstroction to explain the relationships between the different elements of a place and how they work together to sustain life. Now, however, the word "ecology" has grown beyond the idea of "a course of study" to mean an acrual life community and the web of relationships on which i1 depends. "Deep ecology" lacks the evocative sense of a phrase like "furure primitive," which describes people living in the world. "Future primitive" predicts a technology thar is sophisticated to the point of simplicity. It refers to a people whose culture is beautifully complex rather than needlessly complicated, because it is based on primal values as well as biologically accurate observation. Yet, while the actual choice of words may be somewhat stiff, the definition of "deep ecology" is eloquent. lt is ecology with a difference. The essential tenet of deep ecology is that there is intrinsic value to life in all its fonns. To fully understand deep ecology one must identify one's "self" as "all that lives." This in tum demands perceiving the world with more of our brain than the neo-conex, the seat of the intellect. Sensual and instinctual responses are as valuable for survival as intellectual analysis. It is also assumed that a full realization of the principles of deep ecology requires that one acts on them - it is necessary to defend the Earth and to work at changing our culture. This is what living is all about. This is "bioregionalism" as it should be. "Deep ecology" is useful as a t:ranSitional concept to describe our odysse.Y back into the world. It is not the perfect turn of phrase, but usage ts what lends definition, and those who are maJctng the strongest stance for the Eanh are doing so in the name of deep ecology. It is deep enough to suffice until we simply can say ~being," and other people undersmnd. ~ing, Because that is what it is all about, isn't i1? Being, simply here. Yet in these times that is such a complicated mauer. And it is the hardest of all things to express. The sages have always said, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao.• And that is where Dolores LaChapelle steps in. She has attempted the impossible - and done it valiantly. Her book Sacred Land Sacred Sex Raprure of ti~ Deep oies to communicate in words what can only be known through experience: the essence of deep ecology. Dolores LaChapelle herself is well aware of this paradox, which is faced by anyone who writes. And, like all writers, sbe feels compelled 10 wrestle with iL So in writing about deep ecology she takes another approach. Like a hawk, Dolores circles, circles. She first describes the essential mystery by describing the conditions of itS absence, and tells us the story of how we Lost touch with it. She then directs us 10 teachers who can demonstrate ic our animal relations in their rituals; authentic members of primitive cultures; scientists and psychologists who explore our deeper self And she introduces us to guides who can help us to find our own way: sage, the drum, the gourd rattle, Tai Chi, ritual, and, of course, the mounulins. Sacred land Sacred Sa Raprun of the Deep is a beautiful book - as deep in the telling as in the subject maner - created through a blend of hard scholarship, an unswerving dedication to the sacred, fierce passion, and the life experience of one of the true elders of our clan. (continued on next page) �(continued rrom page 4) (cantinuad fJom ~ 23) It is a difficult book, because I.he closer one approaches lO the essenr:ial truth, the more do ideas become unbound. ~e more do words betray their meanin&. But Doto~ La Chapelle is a_ woman of great intellectual stamma. Th~ stones and observatt.o ns we encounter along this convoluted JOume.Y arc ~th ~mg and wonderful. and each episode of the book is absorbing m itself. But, tnken together, the insights delineate an infonnational fiel~ that conveys a full sense (not mctely a pinned-to-the-board analysis) of what deep ecology is all about Impossible as it is to transmit an experiential stnte through linear type, the book Sacred land. Sacred ~G ROf~"e of tlu! Deep expertly i.rtfoans inclividuaJ cxpenence. It 1s a trauung manual that reaches the reader how to open up to the deepest elements of his or her own life joumey. After reading Dolores LaChapelle's book, we know the danger signals to watch for in our culture and in our own psyche. We know where io look and how to call for instruction. And we know what it feels like when we reach hannony, the center of the world We arc prepared to experience the sacred. Hopefully, the day will come when the concept "deep ecology" is obsolete, books will no longer be needed, and our minds won't be enmeshed in ideas. Then we won't have 10 sacrifice U'CCS to our earnest attempts IO explain the Mystery. Then a story, a night of love, a smile, or the wind moving a leafy branch will be communication enough. But until then we should be glad we have teachers such as Dolores LaChapelle. • reviewtd by David Whultr #' "AFFORDANCES" From Sacred land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep phase peoples cultivated most of their food, and supplemented their crops with native foods hunted and gathered from the forest. There was a ceremonial center with room coougb for large gatherings, built on raised earthen mounds. Ther~ wer~ semisubterranean eanh lodges. progenitors or those bwlt dunng the historic Qualia phase by the Cherokee. . . Pisgah phase peoples ma.de cane mats, the 1~prcssions of which were found in graves, even though the actual amcles no longer remained. Graves were dug in the floors or dwellings, and the dead were usually buried in a flexed posicion (lying on their sides in foetal position). They were accompanied by turtle shell rattles, bone neck.laces, tools of srone and bone, and pottery. Support Your Local Ar<:haeologist The Pisgah Village sue in McDowell County has been excavated primarily with volunteer labor, much of on the pan of local residents. Robinson is grateful for such suppon; in fact, it was local interest that made excavation possible in the first place. Archaeologists usually receive funding to conduct retrieval of information only when n site is threatened by development The rather comical image of the archaeologist busily sifting through the din in front of a moving bulldoi.eris all too real Robinson urges everyone who discovers artifacts or a possible archaeological site to contact him at Wam:n Wilson College, or get in touch with any archaeology laboratory. such as those located at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, or Appalachian State University io Boone. Archaeological sites are resources to be preserved, protected, and revered. It is only by careful recovery of the infonnatioo they contain, which often takes many years of study, that we will benefit from these historic resources. At a time when population saturation, disease, and decimation of our narura.I resources threatens our very survival, we cannot afford to desrroy the evidences of our region's past, which might perhaps offer answers for our fu1ure. Persons i111erested in leaniing f11()re abow archaeology can contact the Archaeological Society of Norrh Carolina; Research Laboratories of Archaeology; Universiry of Non/1 Carolina, and the Friends of North Carolina Archaeology, NC Depanmenc of Cu/rural Resources; 109 E. Jones St.; Raleigh, NC 27611. Archaeologist Ken Robinson may~ co111acted by writing him a1 Warren Wilson College, SwannallOQ, NC 28778 or calling (704) 298-3325. ~ "The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill." "Afford." as a verb, is found in the dictionary, but (James J.) Gibson (of c.ome11 University) made up I.he word ''ajforda.nce." He explains that this word refers to both the environment and the animal (including the human) "in a way that no existing tenn does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment." This is precisely why I think this word is so important In our culture, we tend lO think that humans have discovered all these amazing things; in some ways we believe that these things didn't even exist until humans found them. I've been trying 10 break down this laner presupposition throughout this work; first, by showing how the affordancc we call the gourd gave us agri.culture and later with other examples. Once you begin using this word, you will find that every day you will realize how nature provides affordances for us to use. It's all there before us - it's not dependent on humans to figure it out This is a giant step forward in overcoming our culturallr,-induced split from nature. These affordanccs 'arc the way specific regions of the environment directly address themselves to particular species or individuals. Thus, to a human, a maple tree may afford 'looking at' or 'sitting under,' while 10 a sparrow it affords 'perching,' and '? a squincl it affords 'climbing.' But these values are not found inside the minds of the animals. Rather I.hey are...a reciprocal interchan~e between the living intentions of any animal and the dynamic affordances of its world ...The psyche .. .is a property of the ccosysLCm as a whole." _, - Dolores LoChopelle ' FOR FURTI!ER READING: Dickens, Roy S .. and J(JJ'MS l. McKinley. Frontiers in the Soil: The Archaeology of Georgia (Chapel Hill; Fronriers Pub. Co.; 1979) Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians (Kn<>xville; University o/Tennessu Press: 1978) Keel, Bennie C .. Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the Appalachian Summit (Knoxville; University of Tennessee Press; 1976) Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J . Crow. The Prehistory of Nonh Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium (Raleigh, NC Div. of ArclUvesandHistory: 1983) McHargue, Georgena and Michael Ro~rrs. A Field Guide to Conservation Archaeology in North America (PhUadelphla: J.B . Uppincorr Co.; 1977) Wetmore. Rwh. First on the Land: The North Carolina Indians (Winston-Sa/em; l<>hn F. Blair, PublishQ; 1977) Wa.m:n Wilsoo College will offer an archaeologic:al f"icld 1thool 1his summer lhnt wdl focus on the Pisgah Village site. SllldclllS will lc4m survey and excavation leehniqucs mid will also be involved in lhe aruilysls of altifact and site da.13. Contact: Kt11 Robinson. Proj«t Dim<:t.or; Box 5277; Warren Wiison College; Swanannanoa. NC 28778 (704) 298-3325. s �Video Review: "Stopping the Coming Ice Age" Dirccled by l.JuTy Ephron Produced by the Institute for a Future (57 minules) Looking back, it ~eems tha1 1988 was ~ ye:ir for important, "new" environmental issues and concerns to surface. ln particular, ibis was the year in which the idc.i or lhe so-called "greenhouse effect" finally gained public acceptance. if not notoriety- a year lhat saw record-breaking drought. hurricanes, and forest fires. Suddenly, the idea of global warming was appearing everywhere in che media, and it seemed that concerned scienliSlS and poliricians were unanimous in their suppon for the global warming scenario. However, this unanimity is an illusion, media coverage to the contrary. ln fact, there is much contr0versy within the scientific community ns to the chmatic effects and socio-polilicctl nunificalions of the greenhouse effect. It is far from cenain that the climate changes we're seeing arc leading to/caused by global warming. In fact, there is ac1ually considerable evidence that points to a very different conclusion: lhn1 1he planet may be teetering on the brink of another Ice Age. One of the foremost proponents of this laner view is John Hamaker, a mechanical engineer who has cx1ensively analyzed clima1e and ecological paucms, and hn.<; developed a comprehensive and holistic approach to understanding global climate change. His lheories, expressed in h.is book The Survival of Civiliza1io11, arc now being supported and dissemina1ed by a foundation called "Institute For A Fu1urc", which re<.-ently created a remarkable video pr~ntation: "Stopping the Coming Jee Age". This video is inspiring, frightening, challenging, and very infonnative, as it takes us around the world in search of answers. While Hamaker agrees that the greenhouse effect is a very real Lhrea1, he believes - and backs this up with hard data and expert opinion - that it will [ll2l.warm ihe Eanh unifonnly, but instead will increase the temperarure differential between the equator and the poles, causing increased thermal convection, atmospheric turbulence, and rapidly shifting and biz:zare weather patterns.Jn this scenario, high winds moving from the equator tow111ds the poles will drop their abundan1 moisture in the h.ighcr latitudes in the form of snow and ice, often creating drought condicions in the temperate regions. He believes that lhe tropical and sub-tropical zones will indeed get hotter, but the tempenue zones arc likely to get cooler and drier. Hamakcr"s understanding of the greenhouse effect talces us far beyond the popularized, watered-down information available Lhrough the mass media because he explores deeper levels of cause and effec1, process and purpose. The mos1 profound information presented in this video concerns the connections beiween lhe greenhouse effect and the development of an ice age, and the importance of understanding long-tmn cycles (100,000 years!) of clima1e change. The video demonstrates the causal connections linking together all the different environmenuil/atmospheric phenomena that combine to bring on an ice age: 1) soil erosion and demineralizntion 2) the subscquem weakening and dying of the forestS 3) the resulting increase in insect inrestations, forest decay, and massive fortst fires 4) I.be dramatic increase in C02 released into the atmosphere by these na1ural causes, which induces the greenhouse effecL 5) and m the 20lh century - as opposed to 100,000 years ago man-made pollution and our destrUCtive tampering with the natural balance of life are intensifying and hastening the process. According 10 Hamaker. an ice age performs a vitally necessary natural function. As tbe glaciers advance and then retreat, they move and grind up immense quantities of roclc,thus spreading gravel and rock dust over much of lhe Lcmperate zones. This process, along with the winds that help distribute lhis rock dust even further, gradually l'Cllllneralizes the soil· which feeds the planis and forests, promoting rapid and healthy growth • during which lime the plants breathe in much of the excess C02 in the atmosphere • wh.ich gradually stops the greenhouse effect! The plants of the world breathe in C0 2, use the carbon, and release the o>cygen back into the air whlch we, and all other animals, breathe! SprLnq, 1989 Thus, n primary function of glaciation i~ to ttminerali1.e and help reforest the Eanh. The reason this video is called "S1oppfng the Coming Ice Age" is that Hamaker thinks we humans can indeed must. if we wanr our cwilization to survive • reminemlizc the Earth oursefres. We ourselves can fulfill the vital rolt pluyed by an ice age, rendering ~uch a geological event obsolete. This means, however. that the government~ and peoples of nil countric:; and regions would need to make it a top priority to remineralize our depleted ~ils, and also to engage in massive reforcs1ation projec1s, planting billions of trees worldwide. Without hc:aJthy forests, we have no chance at all of slowing the ttemendous C02 buildup which fuels the greenhouse effect. As the video pu1s it." The trees of the world are our best friends now. and only they can save us". Obviously, then, we also need 10 i;iop clear-cutting our foresis. both here and in the tropics, and to limit our fossil fuel burning, wh.ich has been accelerating the greenhouse process. Only by doing all these things, says Hamaker, can "e avoid horrific consequences for humani1y in the very near foture. The audacity of this theory and lhis proposal lies in its utter simplicity and common-sense quality. Yet many people may not heed H.ama.ker's message and information because we have become so enamored of "high- tech" solutions and shon-tenn planning, gratification, and profit. Hamaker's plan demands a clear understanding of our planetary dilemma. and a deep comminnent t0 creating a viable future, as well as some sacrifice or comfon and convenience. The video concludes with these questions: "Have we got the guts to do it? How much do we really want to be here?" Whether or not Hamaker's proposal is ever implemented on a large scale, we can all do things individually and collectively to help educate people and help heal the planet. The video pointS out 1hat even if these theories aren't totally "provable", or even completdy accurate, we should X1ill do the things Lhat Hamaker suggests, for 1he sake of ecological balance, conservation, and planetary sanity. rn addition to the ideas discussed in this review, this video explores JDl!.W! other aspects of our ecological and social dilemmas • many more than can be dealt with here. There is so much vital information presented, within such a comprehensive framework, that this video ranks as a definite "must see'· for anyone at all concerned about environmental issues and social change. • "Stopping The Coming Ice Age" is available for $20 from: lnstitue for a Future, 2000 Cenfer St. Berkeley, CA 94704. For info on other offerings of the lnstirutc call 1·800-441-77Cll • To arrange a showing or this video in the Asheville area, or for more information, call Richard Lowenthal ar(704) 251-2526. ~ LOCAL RESOURCE I ACTION INFORMATION • The December t988 issue or "American ForeSIS" m;igirant (published by the American Forcsuy Association) 11 cle110~ almo~1 ent.Ucl)' IO tropical defore.suuion, lhc gJCCnhou.sc effll(:I, and lhc prc.~ng n~ to ref~ the e:inb. II highlights the AlSOCiotion's nx:ently-formcd Olobal Ro-Leaf prognun, which aims to cducaLC Americans aboul Ille vil,DJ 1mpc:111.a11CO of rcfottsuulon. lllld to "cl'Cl!IC a new ruulon31 nctwort. (If c1ti~n aetiv1su· whU:h will, 11 i• hoped, plant at l~t 100,000.000 ll'Ce.$ nntiOCl·wiclc over the ne~1 sc~eral ycatt. For more informalion, wriie to: Amcriciln Forestry Association, PO Box 2000, Washinguin, DC 20013 (202) 667-3300 · WNC Alliance "Cut l.M ~Jng" c.imJiaign (st.o pege22 ! : P.O. Box 18087, A&be\'IUC. NC 28814 (704)2$8-8737 • Forest Voices - •an /;jormatlon netW'Ofk lhat assi.sls citiz.cm m pal'_llcipating in 1hc planning and managcmcmt or the Pisg:ih and Nant.ahala .h'!uional (919j.182-36'33 Fol'CSIS"· P.0 Box 1275. West. lcffttiOn. NC 28694 • Adopl a Tree· a muhi-faceted ~on which "works 10 make the vital connection between (IC(ll>lc 111d ttee•' and wcrts &c!;tly will\ rtfon:St3tion: P.O. Box 144, Supr Gnwc. NC 28679 • The Fctwwy 1989 publ~ "Mounuun ~Al Risk! the FulllTC of the Southern Appalachlari National ~13" )160+ pages, intludina 1ru1ny cxccllentchart$ and appendices). Available on rcqucst from: The Wilderness Society. 1819 Peaclusee Rood N.E. (Suite 714) Atlanlll , OA 30309 Drawing by rob mcJSlc:k (404) 3SS-178l. �What a wondetful journal! - a beanening combination of slwp-eycd icalism and full hearted poetry. I feel rve encountered a true compt111ion. Thanks IO D3ve Albert who passed iL on with your review of my book. J0311na Macy Bctb:ley, CA DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Friends in Kallia.h - "In the field or opponuni1y, it's plowing lime again.· Those or you working in the cnwonmenllll. public henlth, resource ma.nagcment fields may be questioning (tllllhority?). 1f your profe.~slOllal orienllllion is on the same path as your human development and land~lhie perogntivc. My Friends at Katliah Journal· Your publication is beautiful and 111Spirlng. I n:c:eived a complimentary copy {Auwmn, 1988) conceming the great chcsmul n:vival. and enjoyed lhe entire journal. I visil I.be Kaul.ah bioregion each year (feeling very Sll'Ongly lhat I was and am "born" lheic.) I am so cooccmcd about lhe negative human impact on this n:gion, and would be in~ed in anylh1ng I could do for l'CSIOnllion. rd<Xallll.ion. pl'CllCCUon, eu:.. Blessings. Nancy Llgnitt Olalhe, KS P. S. • Forgive my ignorance-.could you please lei me lmow the correct pronunciation of "Kanlah1" (Sure! Probably o lot of otltu ~pie have b4ie11 woNlerilog, IOO. bul Soy, "lea - TOO • ah.• jiut did11'1 d/Jre IO osk. Reody, fl/JW? Guruu!Mil! • eds.) Dear Kat.Udl • Many friends or mine propose pcrfeclioo (In lhe ronn or intcrpCtS0031 peace) as a .solution 10 Ille llul:aL or wincllOCl. I tell them, "Hey, I don't think we've got Ume.• l think I saw the snmc thing happening In Katli.ah JourMl 22 bul in an opposilC way. Thete the dhugence of individual, corpome. and govtmmcntal behavior from the ideal was plCSClllCd so forcdully as tO make any suggesuon of solutions ou1 or place. i wnnl tO argue lh41 in both lhcsc in.~ ideals malfunction when they an: mnde JWOX}mn1e goals rather !ban guiding beacons. One p;ndox of idealism is lhlli lhe greai.cr the con1ras1 bdWllCll lhc IC.Ill and ldCal behavior of people, the more wfficuh it Is to argue lhal Ille JdcaJ is naturul (to them). the mon: claboralC mast be the explanation as to how they got so aberrant. and lhe tw rusonablc it IS to hope Ibey will Ulkc the 1113Jly.111lUly steps from one to lhe other. Usually the conimst is sortened :wt hope ~by thc stnuch or cenlUries, millenia or aeons presumed 10 inluvcne between ~ and ideal But in the presclll crises the conuast and ~are ui=ased. Wh'fl Wlw I see happcnmg 11 thal lhe apocolyplic p0!>'iibili1y of our cnviroomcn141 and mililllrist trues is malung people shnnk the middle ground bctwcoo rc:il and ideal, mlllung them tlunk the ldeol m1m be nuained right away, u we are to survive. The resuh Is that the I~ ome lhctl) is left for clunge. the mocc of 11 is demanded. We use ideals to get at wlufs trul)' wrong bul then in a cnsis rrusiake lhcm Lo be a pracllcal progTI1111 for se1ung thmgsright. In conuas1. thc closer we appro:ich disaster 1he mote focused should be our analysis, the less suidcnt OU/ Judgcmcnl.s, the more specafte and llmillld our prcscripuons. Out ideals C:tll still gwdc 11$ bu! from a dl$UIJIOC. subonlloate to a goal of swvival as a ~ics w11l1 a 5uswnable OIOde or exislcnc:c. Once that is a,s_'>ll'Cd weC1111 resume lhc ncYCJ endulg wOlt or moving oursclvt$ and the world IOW8td the 1dc;al Respectfully yours. JlcltOwley M:idison County, NC I would like to begin gcncmting plans fora small compt111y of icsponsiblc people co promote land S?ewardsbip lllld conscrvlltion of natural resources. We11 provide professi01131 and 1.CChnico.I consulUttion and CSU!blish bioregi.oJllll criteria for environmerually sensitive site devclopmcnl silviculturc, archiiecturc. fanning. wau:r use. nnd small Cl\C.f&Y production. rm intcreSICd in communicating with others who an: ready with ide:is for lll!lking ~ TRANSmON to perpetual livelihood in a Clll'CCr lh;t1 will reward our f11111ilies as well as our PLANET. Sincetely. Steve Ovcndcn Box;JS Pntmcuo. Ft. 34220 Dear Katllah Friends · I saw the "Sheller" issue of your journal and especially love and use the Invocation (to WlnlU) - k's so beautiful to say. l was CMCCived and born 8lld also love those moun1auJS and tree$ tllld fresh air and flowing creeks. 1banlc you so much- .. the issue I saw wns bcauuful. iruly. Blessings, JUlllUI Forest Octr0it. Ml Docs my dog bite1 Lady. Lhat dog's so old lllat he'd only gum you If he caught you if he even hnd the gumption toehaseyou which he don'L Why do I keep him? Hah! Lady, that'~ the best watehdog ICYCJhad bar none. How do yau mean? Why, he don't chnsc chldtcn• or run hvestoek or keep me awake barking all night. Burgl:!n7 Lady, 1fyou see anylhing around here worlh r.i.cahng point ltOUI and l'll nulc:e )'OU a 11!31 good price on 1L 'Ccpl mlybe my dog. • RonJohnson Spn."9, 11109 �: .. equal "p:lttllCrSlup" with all Olher living entities. I dream of a world whcie long-sllllldmg cu1Lu!'111 tr3d11ions are honored and s upponcd, bolh in hCICIOgcncous groupings of oil kinds of people living 1.ogcthcr and in more isolntcd, sell-conlllined indigenous communities. h 1s being said · and even channeled · lhal we are entering o pcnod of 30 to 50 years of ca1BClysmic changes on the eanh. Some beings will pass on in this ume of purging, while othetS will come in to !like iheir place. Some or us wiU sUllld in the forefront of change and IJUllsmut.ation while others of us wiU follow close behind. Let us begin then LO create the v1s1ons that will ullimaiely provide the blueprints for our future on !his planci., and begin to eultiva1e the liUlc poclu:IS oC mmly and wholeness Lhal will evemually be the models from wrueh the rest of humanity cnn draw msp1r.11ion and duectioo. The time has come_ dear comrades, lei us dream ... together· Jay Joyce Asheville. NC ·. Dear Friends· c.ome. dream 11 liuJe dream with me. As we all sil~ inexornbly tnLO thc not-so-nif1y nmcties. its becoming clearer nnd c:ltlim dial life as we trow it mLISI be draWcally altered if we ait to reverse the lides or ecologic:il desuuction gaihcring fon:e nround the globe. h is clearly ume for us iocn:aie new visions for the rurure. lO look iownrd the 2 lst centW')' with a sense of hope and purpOSe and direction, and OOl just foreboding. And it i.~ in this spirit that I'd like to offer a few personal images far a new bcguming, an altcmru.ive futun: - and LO invite compatriots everywhere to color in these prclimm111Y skcu:hes fwther. Farst of all, I sec a plllce where boclc:ynrd fences have been lOOI down, and neighborhood gmdens, quiet ~cs, play SUUCUUCS. and gathering pl:ices sprawl acro&s the land insicad. Theo l see community ocntcJS blossoming :i.mong the dctri~ of ab:lndoncd school buildmgs nnd agmg warchow.es, where recycling proJCCU, compost dumps, and communru gardens repklce blllciclOp parking lots; and where weekend Ilea mnrkel.nnd bloclt panics. moon celebrotions, and ecology fairs fill those huge l<>nely spaces. where computer nctwolks and refemil scrvtCCS and gallery car~ keep people in touch Greetings Brochers and Sisu:ss of Ka111ah • r love you all and pray with you always, and alwoys my heart is so full wbeo I receive my copy of Ka1Uah JourMl. ll takes me back to the Appalachians and the memories flood m. r thought tha1 if your magazine came OUI be fan: Lbc equinox, you could pnn1 something from • Aoccwoo,• the Maori name f<W" New Zealo.nd. since ii seems 1hc chcslnut arucles (KOJiiah Journol #21 · ed.) cre:it.ed some communicauon. We rue organizing o gaihering on a friend's propeny 111 lhe end of o rood in a Nal.iOlllll Par1t, one or the mos1 beautiful places m lhe world. This is the only gruhcring this year as our annual "Towards 2000" workshop-oriented gathcrin~ wcrcn'1 held this yu.T. The annual nonh island "Tc WaiOU3" glllhcring hosn't happened foe lhc l3Sl two yClll'S or our "Hui Waiata." which is a musical glllhcring. Although there arc loL\ of open-minded folk and mony good things bnppcning here. we are going through a phase of fcwct gnthcrings ond feel the need for folk t0 gel tQgct.hcr to share their ideas and views and feel strong in their commitment to healing lhe Earth along with other brother! and !isters. Hopefully, our pthcring will provide llus opponuru ty, as it's mo progre$$ive area wilh communities. ocgaruc forms. and iCs a long way rrom any ctties or polllllion. so a lOt of naturul beauty along wilh a good growing climiue which has aurnc1ed 1'11311Y ovcneas follt. so we have an opponuouy to share Lbcir visions, as ITIOSl of them come from a vccy comamintued Northern Ht.maspbcrc. As USUllJ, alu:malive folk find 1t hard to deal with local authorities, but this is one of the few areas where people can make the effort ID be pin of local dc:cislon·makmg and help make folk fll01C aware of what is hnppcrung to our Mother and the roles W$ can play IO bcal Her and OUl1iClves. with each other. t look forward also LO a time when we all learn LO lhink about each thing we "tlvow away" long enough to decule how u can be recycled or properly disposed of. I imagine a place· ll Smithsonian of the mind. if you will • whc:re a few old TV's, microwaves, electric am-openers. wa1apiks, air-purifiers, etc. are kept in a museum lO remind us of whal we almost buried ourselves in . .• while the rest oC them ~ no longer nccdcd or wanted. I dlcll!n or a time when we no longer use tars, and freeways a.re no longer necessary eitcept roe skalcboordulg, sledding, skhng, bicycling, and wllldsurfing. I envision a scienlifx: communny thal seeks ou1 ways to gel rid or the nukes, cleanly, lO biodegradc the phlsuc. 10 trunsfOJ111 ihe 10X1e chemicals, IO clean up thc :ur and w.ucr, to cure the diseases, and IO develop stmplincd, life-nunuring ways Cot all ihe criUCIS still 3.m0f18 us LO reinhabil the pbneL I look forwllr<l to a lime when children learn IO love leaming, when they arc iniegmtcd into ihe life of their communities and when !hey Ill'!: openly adcoowlcdged and supponcd ror the grC&l comnbutions they mlllcc to our lives. 1 imagine a ume when people enj()y learning a> much ttbout lheir loctll ccosySlCITI as they now blow about the plol developments of the lalCSI soap opelilS and lhe lifcstyles or lhc rich and famous. I envision a time: when bUIDQll betn.gs 1cam LO QCCepl I.be Cllc:1 lha1 !hey tnhab11 one small niche m the pta& an:le of the eanh's ccosysicm end therefore leam IO uucmct m loving, Drllwmp by Sheli Lodge Love, Pc1ctOay 16 Jarrow Plac;c Christchurch 3 New 7.ea1ruld �Earliest February I begin searching along a neighbor's hedgerow for just a tendril of the coming miracle. Or gatlog as one stricken upon the si Us of morning when the fir'lt dreamy memories of daffodils return. l breathe a wisp of a vast movement stirring and alluring me. Deep in e veins of southern sloping woods. I know beside the coldest laughing waters bubbling and glittering in the soft. buucry sun some rich, mysterious. fragile awakenings unfold. Long before the geese come winding surely homeward, I discover and behold an anicle of r.ransfonnation that by narure disregards mere joy or faith or sorrow, to which uncr defeat or sheer victory remain the same. So even in this old hean of winter full of woes. the barrer1 season ofdui.t and frost is washed clean away. And this, I suppose. is why l wander seeking ccnitudc. ruming a 11one over by the path, or gazing above treetops. or gliding clflike lhfouJh the forest's solemn ~lonnadtli. for in this ~un-goW rime as the eaith starts siirring, c:ven the ~' n dcith of my brother is cased and gree the ve, delicaie, relentless mari:h of Spring. Alt. 1i\U.. ~ '"" 1'4Wah )ournal p«UJe 28 - Mitliattl Hockaday. Sp rlfMJ, l 989 �Planet Art conunucd rrom page 1 Christina then found Leigh Hollowell who had srudied Contact extensively on the West Coast and who was also very interested in seeing Contact happen in this area. Leigh enthusinstically agreed to co-teach a ContAct class with Christina. They knew that if they wanted to have people to do Contact with, they would have to help create a Contact community first. Leigh love:; Contact because "it's natural - it'~ not based on socialized preceptS but on an open exchange with other people in the reality of the present moment." She is aware that for many people dance classes and physical education have been emotionally painful and repressive, because they were not encouraged to learn their own natural movement but to imitate others. Her main goal is "to provide a positive movement experience for people so they can become friends with their bodies and learn to perceive it as a resource of creativity." I asked her how she felt that Contact would affect the larger community, and she said. "Because it is not based on any one culture's movement and is a form naruraJ to all human bodies, it is an effective way to trunscend barriers between people..• it would simply create a more trusting, and therefore more peaceful, community." l have been panicipating in this dance class since November and have been able to experience it "first hand". ln Contact dance, we maintain a ''point of contact" with another person, and it constantly shifts as both move. When we try to control where the movement goes with our minds, it becomes stiff and awkward. When we stop trying to control and simply focus on the point of contact, that point guides us in a flowing way towards movements that are easy and spontaneous. Our minds are shocked at how well we can do without their control. Imagine a society in which we allowed our interactions to come from our point of connection instead of our differences! For more information about Contact Improvisation, call Leigh Hollowell at (704) 252-4475. Art here in Karuah has begun to reflect the reality of our connection wilh the planet.... making art-all fonns of creative expression and ritual-a pan of our daily lives. By acknowledging the sacredness of our co-existence with the rest of ~Water Systems WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Membar NC Water O~lty AasoclaOon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY 107 RT 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 che universe, we are beginning 10 harmonize with it Many of us, though, have closed off our energies to the vision of a hnrmonit.ed planet because it seems so elusive and far away, and we don't like feeling disappointed. Others have refused to sec and accept the truth of the planet as it is because il is painful .. and think that if they "shut their eyes it will go away.• The tnJth 1s that the sooner we open our eyes and accept what is there, the more effectively we will be able to deal with iL In a book called The Path of Ltas1 Resistance, a simple and effective method for manifesting a choice is given. This method can apply lO planetary as well 3S personal mmsfonnation. lt is lO constantly hold in our minds two things ... exactly what our vision is and the full truth of our current reality. It is based on the idea that "in order 10 ge1 where you want to go, you need to know where you are." Since we are all planet anisrs, this technique needs to be widely understood. As we hold our vision firmly in mind and continue to acknowledge what's happening now, new nod unexpected ways of achieving our goals will come to us. Jn order 10 do this, we need co be aware of the deep, undercurrent regenerative processes that exist around and within us that we can tap into. As more and more of us choose to love and accept our planet and all her inhabitanlS no matter what is happening, the easier it will be. A lot is happening in our region, and J'm sure there are many more people here with ideas and enthusiasm to contribute towards a biorcgional program of Planet An. Some suggestions arc... a traveling multi-media show that would tour the region to network and share bioregional idens...communicy rituals for healing the la.ad... restoring our environment with "Clean-Up An" events... synchronizing with planetary peace and art events ... All Species Day with parades and festivals ...Joining in the preparations for Earth Day '90. There is no linu1 to what we can dol...there is no shonage of things to rcharmonizel It's time to find out who we all are as anists and get our networks in place. At the next K.atuah Gathering we can come together and bntinstonn. t can be contacted by wrirtng P.O. Boll: 278, Asheville, North Carolina, KatUah Province 28802 or _,, ~ calling (704) 253-4831. ~ DE.S IGNS by Rob Messick Illustration & Design In Pen & Ink and COiored Pencil Po eox 2eoi • Boone Nt. 28W7 • 171l41r...i 1>0117 WIU> OllU> DESIGNS T-SHIRTS. SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN Clothing, Fabric A.rt and Miracles ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS A DIVERSE COLLECTION OP WEARABLE ART Peac~ AIDbassador Garm~ats l\ta&icRob6 CALLor WRITE for 'Olousu and Pnothos _A,. ......,., tfubal Bdts THE ALTERNATIVE HEALING HOT-LINE l -800-544-4980 /\ lrtt 10 thl' public rel~rr.&1 servi~ •Ml N•llnn•I wrtlnt"<~ 5..;1chboml. •• J,. n1....1.•., P..,..1 /J., "ATIONAL DIRECTORY OF HOLISTIC PRACTmOSERS. HEALt::RS, SCHOOL<;, CENTERS & RETREATS l'bollt' I~ HOT-UN£ fo Rr>d Cltli how yo1it pr•cti«, s.chool, ~&Jina anter or tt1"'111 nn be Usitd in the N•tloMI Oirttto • Sprl.fMJ, 1989 .u Jler/Jg11J111 eti1tit 'lljaee, 'Ry~r 'Na@r~ FREE COLOR CATALOG e1ti1te1t At11p1Utct11re Drt~PillOW'I Appliqu&I &: Painted Deslgns Fur R/J1111I, ThtalT~, & S11f-&mpow1rmtt11 Send S 2 ror fuU-<:olor caulog/ Custom onlcrs llYlilablc t>en l.se New&oTJI. P.O. Box 178, Asheville, NC 28801 (70-4) 25).431 �POPLAR APPEAL Green City conunucd rrom p.9 cooler in the summer. and it wai. quieter - if you knock on steel and then knock on a soybean, you unders1and the sort of deadening chMIClerislics on the inside of lhat car. The dreams of Henry Ford and the rest of the chemurgy movement were postponed. but they seem to be resurfacing again. Russell Buchanan. a scientist in Maryland, envisions the rise of botano-chemical complexes, as he calls them, rather than pcrro-chemical complcitcs, as we learn to eittract from cellulose the same things that we extract from pcuoch~micals. One ts a hydrocarbon; the other is a carbohydrate. Compare these words and they're basically the same. One of the differences. however, between a botano·chcmical complex and a pcrro-<:hemical complex is that it's easy 10 transport oil over long distances, whereas it's not easy to transport plant mauer over long distances. So botnno·chemical complexes will tend to be locally based and rurally based near their sources of raw material~ and supplies. Local self-reliance can become an economic developmem strntegy, and cities ate the best place to try it out, for several J'C3.'\0llS. Mose of us live in cities. Cities tend to be large enough 10 have an internal market, and can in fact become laboratories. Cities are concentrations of science and technology. They have the ingeouil\', the expertise and the machine toolshops to build prototypes and try them out. Bur what is your nearest city's research and development budget? h's probably zero. The local self-reliance scenario is not inevil3ble nor is it even probable. It depends on political decisions. Economic development must be seen as a means to an end and not an end in itself. Alben Einstein once said that perfection of means and confusion or cods characterize our age. We're so mesmerized by technology and development that we forget to ask, "Technology for what?" and "Development for whom?" We have become consumers of change, bul we don't know the difference between change and ,erogress. To Bertrand Russell progiess is ethical and change ls scientific; change is inevitable, while progress is problematic. In other words. progress is valw:·laden and as we change, we need to ask ourselves, "Will we progress?" We can have a green city within a brown world by moving all or our production and disposal systems for away from our city. But 10 truly embrace the ecological motivation behind a green city, we must ~ome responsible for the wastes that are generated for our convemence. And the only way to do that is 10 begin 10 return that loop of production, use and disposal, b.'ICk to the community. Marcel Proust once said that the voyage of discovery consists nm In seeking new lands but in seeing with new eyes. It is in seeing O!Jf communities and our citi~s with new eyes, in pursuing a globe of Vlllag~s and not a global village, that we begin to create a new paradigm. @ lnsli1utc for Local Sclf·Rcli:incc. 2425 Ulm Sucet, t<W WllSbinguin. DC 2000!>. Also w1lh pcnnission fl'Ofll Raise IM Stt1lls. Planet Drum Foun<bLinn, P.O. Box 31251, San fran(isco, CA 94131. This anlclc appc:arcd 1n Winter 19118 issue. M.El>1.CtNE ALLtES 'J-SK1.1t'J tQllUnued from page 11 h wru; always a rare oy~rer mushrooms - that is. und special occasion when I found until I su1J1cd roaming the hills with my older mounuineer buddy Theron. Theron was rai~ed gathering roots and herbs at his grandmother's knee, and he knows the woods well, but he had ulw11ys been wisely hesitant about sampling unidentified wild mushrooms •tllc first few times in our wanderings when we found some oyster mushrooms. Theron would help me gather them and he would carefully examine them, but be always declined to share the harvest nnd rnke some home to em. However. after heming me talk so much about how good they were (and seeing that I was still thriving), he finally tried some. He and his wife enjoyed them immensely, and from then on it seemed that. with Theron's help, I was hardly ever without oyster mushrooms. From Theron I learned 10 visit areas 1ha1 had been logged a few years previosly and look on tulip poplar stumps after a spell of rainy weather. In the$C Meas we could find man)' pounds of the savory mushrooms in any season of the year. We often found enough to dry and store for times when the fresh ones were scarce. When Theron and I sn down together and share a meal of oyster mushrooms and other wild edibles, I think about what a strongc pair we make: me, a naturalist from the Oat land with a university education, and him, a tradjtional mountain wood~man and fanncr who barely finished eighth grade. Yet we both realize that if we hadn't met and been open and receptive 10 each other's knowledge. neither of us would be earing this delicious wild mushroom supper. Traditional knowledge and book learning can go well together. ©1989 by the tlJ.Uhor. Reprl111edfrom Wildlife in North Carolina Magazine. "Ranger Doug" EUiolt, as he is known to rite cltildren i11 the group, is an excellent naJuralist, but is also known as a lively~ storyteller and ''a real nice feller." p A Directory to North Carolina's Natural Areas (published by 1.he NC Natural Heritage Foundation) As pan of its important work in rare and endangered species identification and habitat preservation, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Foundation, a non-profit organization, has compiled the guidebook, A Directory to North Caroli11a's Namral Areas. The compact guidebook features dC!ieripcions of more than 100 natural areas open to the public in the state. The descriptions of each aro:i include infonnntion about natural history, geology. 1111d uuvcl information. To obtain copies of the book, send S5.00 10 the NC Natural Heritage Foundation; Box I I 105; Raleigh, NC 27604 Each is tl1c suongcst power 1n iis own domain. Together !hey lll'C allies: !heir C1111tgics complement each 01hcr m rorm an e\'et1 greater power. As medicine ollics, they rcpre«ent 1he hc;Uing powers of lbC Appalnahian In lhe tr.1d1uonal Cherokee Indian belief, lhe Moun1:11ns. TI111 medicine powers of Kl!uiah Juve been depicted crca!Ure\ in the world lOclay arc only d1minu11.ive forms or the mythic beings who once mlUlbucd the world, but who in o ~1r1l.;ing T-shin design by Ibby Kcn11:t. Printed in now fC$idc in Oal11na'IJ, lite 5pmt world. the highest 5-coloc silksi;irccn by Ridgerunncr Nnwr.ils on top qu:ility, he;ivcn. BuL • few of the ongmal powcr~ broke lhrough !he all-couoo shin.~. 1hcy arc avallnble now in all adul1 shes !!p1riLUAI barrier and exist yet m the world a~ we know il. from KALANU; Boit 282; SylYll, NC 28779. These beings arc called with rcv.:rcncc "grandfalhas" And or tl1cm. the suonges1 arc K.allilti, lhc ligh1mng. thc power Pl~ specify ~ir.t: Sm .• Med., Lg.. X·Lg. or the sky; utsa·nau, 1he r:mlcsn:tke, who pcrsoniries the Prke: S9.SO pOStf131d power of lhc cnnh pL'lllc: lllld Yunwi U!ldi, "I.he li1Llc !Mn". W.98 pns1pa1d for NC re.-i!knts as ginseng is called in I.he S!Crcd ceremonies. who draws up JlOYo er from lhc underwocld. "To .f/ww TU~l"lftx lhlS lll{lctflOllll'DI /Tinily of thl: Miura/ world iJ 10 111 111111 bcc0t1v t111 ally tn thl: con1i11w11g fll'OUS!. of niai111<Un111g harmony and bal1111Ct htrt 111 thl: moll/IJJJJJU of Ka1Uah" Spri.f19. 1969 �Emironmcntol Politics: 11Vlou.nttiln Ug'hl H!!:twork Lessons from the Gras.'>routs. Bob Hall. Editor Mountam Light Network is an eclec1ic, 1n1entionally group of people living in the Kaulah srea. Th<: tntercsts of the group include 3 deep commilnlCnl to 1nd1vidu:il llnd planct:u) peace. and to ecological hannony, with emphasis on coopera1ion between human, animal, plant and mineral kingdom~ . Other areas of interest include subtle energies, h~::iling, and techniques for utilizing new forms of power. Many w11hin t~c: g_oup n:lion::ite wi1h N?tive Indian philosophies and r ;;eek to h~c in ~~c1ous balanl'c ~nh the land. The mu;ority are involved in hohsuc heallh, explonng new paths now developing. Some _ re invot:--ed in the Anciem Wisdom and spiritual a <li-•c1phnes. Survival and food 11toragc are also of interest to many individuals We meet 4 times a year at the Franklin Communitv Center on Sundays. at 2:00 PM near the Sol"iccs and Equino11tes. There iU'C tables for those who wish to 5ell products or promote ideas; many books arc available a!; welt. We feature a speaker at each meeting. We have a directory of names. skiUs and intrn-~1~ Our aim is to provide a time and place for communication and exchange of ideas to become neighbors in a loose-I.nit network of people in our area. Part1c1pauon in meetings is free and open to all people of Like mind. This year our meetings an: on March 19, June 18. September 17. and Dcccmbct 17, 1989. For more anform:uion, call (404} 746-2454. ~structured ln.'itltule for Soul hem Studies, P. 0. Bo>< SJl, Durham. f\C 17702. 1988. ~7.00. 12? pgs. Whal can you do when an our·of·slalc corporation an_nounc~ plans for a hazardouli was1c rrearment facility a few nulc:s from your home. or when stare officials ~ay 1hey wan1 to pave 11 highway through your neighborhood? Where can you mm for help if real esta1e developers wuh close ties 10 local politicians decide to build a condominium or shopping center in a sensitive water;hed are;i? _ How much energy should you devote 10 door-to-door organizing, or seeking auention from the media, or gelling involved in elecrorul pohtics? For rhe past three yc:.m;, lhe lns111u1e for Southern Studies has conducted an investigation of environmental and land·u>e controversies in one state, Nonh Carohna. rn a remarkable number of cases. locnl citizens groups · even lhosc in relatively !solatcd. rural areas • have won s1gnifican1 victories ag:unst 1mpress1ve odds. They h:ive beaten well-endowed corporations and forced state policym:ikcu to change regulations, enforce ex1snng standards, and enact new laws. _Th~y have built ad hoc coalitions and enduring orgamzauons, occas1onally across rucc lines, more often across class and cultural divisions within the white community. And they have moved from crisis-oriented, hit-and-miss organization to sophisticated political lobbying and effective electoral activi~m. The key ingredients of these successful citizen-led camprugns are described in dwlll in the first chapter. The next 10 chapters chronicle the episodic. fragmented, yet growing cnv1rorunental movcmenr in consc.rvwve North Carolirui. The focus h less on the grim threats to life as we know it than on why pe~p~e respond, whar they do to win, and how grassroots acuv1s_m and electoral politics (including lobbying and voter educanon) imersec.1 to produce i.nstitutionru change. The result 1s a storybook of grassroots experiences. a handbook that lets our own past teach us bow to wodc. for a bener future. And while the location may be Nonh Carolina, the common lessons running through these stOrics are plainly uc;cful to people throughout the Soulh Md beyond. - excerpted from tlie preface ,..0 &..ot4(;t" WA.) I " ' ..nw i-c.t t,_f ------ TPC.. two ~Kt H~O M&.L.01.0 AMO I loll', 1' C.111''1 HO!ISf..l SprL119. t 989 JUST RECEIVED' Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of lhe Soulh~rn Appala&llian Nalional Fonsts by Laura E. Jackson The N:uional Forests of the Southern App11lachian Mountains are the last remaining habitar area available for many species of pl3Ilts and wildlife. The book Mountain Treasuru ot Risk says that these valuable habitat areas should be managed from a regional viewpoint and offers valuable infonnation tQward rcaliting n new vision for forest management which emphasizes the values of life suppon and ~gional biodiversity. Handsomely bound, profusely documented with photos, tables, and charts. Copies free on requ~t from The Wilderness Society; 1819 Peachm:c Rd NE (Suite 714); Atlanta, GA 30309. ... Katuah Journal is not just lull of Information. It is also full of images, and we appeal to all visual artists interested in ennching lhe pages of this journal, plus some exposure for you, to send us copies of your work Many times we need graphic images that are specific 10 a given article, yet there Is often space to put Images that are not specific You would be surprised the kinds of synchronicities that can happen when you send wori< in• Drawings in Ink. prints, photographs, borders, symbols. and cartoons that you think have some relevance to the journal are all welcome Don't be shy. we need your talent and image·ination to help visual-eyes a clearer relation with Katuah ... �evencs 2-8 BRASSTOWN, NC Spring Music and Dance Week. Music. StOries, dance, nature. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 8 BLOWING ROCK, NC Ocan-up of the Glen Burnie Falls Trail . Blue Ridge Group. Sletra Club. Call (704) 264-3931. MARCH 8·9 HIGHLANDS, NC Chiefs from the Native American Elders Circle meet at the Mountain to discuss Ecology and An. ''TIJU care how you place your 17-19 moccasins upon tM Eanh,step with care,for the faces oftM I unve generarions are looking up from Earth waiting their turn for life." $137. The FARNER, TN Leam "Wild Foods and Earth Medicines" with Snow Bear at Pcppcrland Farm Camp: Sw Route: Farner, 37333. (70<!) 494-2353. ™ IJ.16 GATUNBURG, TN Womyn·s Weekend Rctn:at: Spccilll Gu= Grey Cal, Lucinda F1odin. Write 10 P.O. Box 936: Gatlinburg. TN 37738 for more info. Mountain; 841 Highway 106: Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526- 5838. NEW MARKET, TN sn> (Stop the Poisoning!) School a1 the Hishlander CcnlCf. Learn bow to figllt 1nduslrinl pollution For more info, call (615) 933-3443. 30 UNICOI, GA "Spring Earth Skills Workshop'' with Snow Bear, Darry Wood, Doug Elliott, and Yanna. Leaming the ways of the woods. $65. Comact Bob Slack at (404) 878-2201. 31·1 HENDEltSONVILLF., NC Workshop on Local and Regional Land Trusis. Kanug.a Episcopal Center. For more info call (704) 692-9136. WAYNESVILLE, NC Kanna m Daily Life-A Spiritual Rctrcal, with John Algeo. Stil·Light Tbcosopbieal RCllC41 Cent.er, Rt I, BOA 326: Wayncsy1lle, NC 28786 (70<!) 452-4569. Neighborh ood" confcronce sponsored by Asheville League of Women Votcts. Time and place TBA. Call (704) 258-8223. ASHEVILLE. NC A six-we.:k course. "Finding Your Path with HC3rt", begins a.t the Spiritual Growth Foundation. (sce4/l). The focus will be on finding our "lruC vmce• and expressing Lhc lifc-affinmng energy of l1W" Heart's desire. 17·18 ASHEV l LLE, NC Red Foll/Second ll.311gin', play prcscnltd by I.be Roadside ThcatTC. S)l3rU'lnburg. SC. For ume and location. call (606} 633-0108. nLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Robm Williamson. •a wl1.lltd of words and music:.· "'I h~ hunter ond the hu11ted howl 011e howl.• McDibbs'; S6 tdYanc~ door. 8pm, 119 Cherry Si., Black Mtn., NC 28711: (704)669-2456. ASREVlLLE, NC " Betw"n a Rock and a Hard Place: Westtrn No r th Carolina's Noclur 17 14-16 21-23 IS ASHEVCLLE, NC "Cut lhe Clearcutting!" says WNCA. From 1t am. Music, dancing, speakers. City/County Plaza, Asheville. Write Western North Carolina Alli:lncc; Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814, orcall 258-8737 15 ASHEVILLE, NC The Enrth First! Road Show wilh Roger Featherstone and Susan Grace Stoltz, audio·visuals, news on EF! issues and actions. Lipinsky Auditorium, UNCA. 7:30 p.m. Students $1. General admission $3. For more info, call (704) 251-6144. 18 31·2 APRD.. 1·30 CHEROKEE, NC William Holland Thomas. "little ASlll-:VlLLE, NC Hum.an Potential Education Foundation Spring 1989 Conference, "Healers and the Healing Proces:~." For regiwation and brochure conw:c Human Poumlial Educlllion Foundation, Inc.: R1. s. 89 Tt1nyrud Rd.: Greenville. SC 29609. white chicr or lhe ChclOkec. cxhibiL OicroJcoe H~14Sc MUNCwn and GaJlcsy. I&8 28-30 ASHEVILLE, NC 'Commumcation and Healing." a lWO·Jllll 28-30 NEW MARKF.1', TN STP (Stop I.he Poisoning!) School Bl the Highlander Ccntcr. Learn how to fight tndu.suial pollution. ~3/21-23. wotlcshop focusing on inner commumon and outer communicauon as Yilal tools for bcaling ourselves Md our rclalionsh1ps. 10-Spm each day. Led by Richard l.owenlhBI. M. A. Spiritual Growth Foundation: 891 Haywood .Rd. (704) 252-3508. 2-5 PISGAH FOREST, NC Rockclimbing clinic for beginners Tedmiques, safely, gear. S28S. Eagle's Nest Camp; 43 Hart Road: Pisgah °Fon:.'ll: NC 28768. (704) 877-4349. X.~.Jo~ pgqe 52 · 29-31 FARNER, TN KATUAH SPRING GATHERTNO. Come celebrate. dance, play, meet. and talk with the family from all over the region (see announcement next page). mustratlons by Jackie Taylor- �JUNE 29 MOUNT AIRY, NC 18th Annual Ml. Airy Fiddler~ Convention. A weekend of lrod1tion:il Appal3chian Music. Bring instruments. tenlS, food. Regiwruion SlO. 2-3 SWANNANOA, NC Environmental Summit '89: Ethics, Economics and the Environment. This 5th annual summit will focus on environmental problems of immediate interest in WNC. and on how environmental and economic realities affect each other. Keynote speaker: David Morris of the Inst. for Local Self-Reliance. Warren Wilson College. 9am-4 pm. $5. For more info or to preregister call (704) 298-3325, ext. 250. 9· 11 CLOUDLAND CANYON Caving weekend w11h Snow Bear as instruc1or and guide. Equipment provided. Call (704) 494-2353 for more info. 9-11 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Mythology - The Modem Search for the Holy Grail" with Joy Mills. Stil-L1ghL See 3/31-4/2. MAY llRASSTOWN, NC June Homecoming Music/Dance Weck. English counuy dancing wi1h Jim Morison. John C. Campbell Folk School, 28906. 11·17 5-7 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Music as Meditation" with Diana Dunningh:un. S20/day. Sul-Light Center: See 3{31-4/2. 21-25 HIGHLANDS, NC Nature Photography Workshop. Prc.rcgisicr. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center. Sec 5/12-14. 6 LINVILLE, NC. Grandfather Mountain Prorilc Trait wildflower hilce. Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. Call (704) 2974098. 6-10 PISGAH FOREST, NC Whi1ewa1cr Canoe Clinic for novices and m1crmedia1es. $455. Sec 4/2-5. 12-14 lllGllLANDS, NC Spring Landscape Retreat Photography Workshop. Pre-regisicr: Appalachian Environmental Arts Ccnicr; Drawer S1l0: Highlands. NC 2874 I (704) 526-4303. 19-21 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mouniain Spring Festival. Three days of traditional music and dnnce at Black Mountain College/Camp Rockmont. Brave Combo, The Horsenies, Grandmother, David Wilcox, Phil and Gaye Johnson. For advance tickets call Grey Eagle and friends, (704) , 669-4546 from 2pm- IOpm. o~ ~3. &q o.ncL 3o o± -p e.p~et' la.rd.. ~ t()J\ft'l 7f.n ~ u.a -to ~~N.b..ooY 19·21 flfGllLANDS, NC Wildflower Pho1ogruphy Workshop. Pre-rcg1s1er. Appalachi$ Env1Tonmcnt.al Arts C..:nicr. Sec qy'~ 5/12-14. u.ou.aL I~~ ~ o..cliN~ a.r0.wo¥k shO(:.>s ~ o...d.uJtto 19-21 MILLBORO, VA EARTH FlRST! Appabchian Rendezvous. Talk, drum. s.we au things wild. For more info, write: Box 2(>6; Millboro. VA 2.4460 or call (703) 997-9448. BRASSTOWN, NC May Crafl/l)ance week. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 27-29 WHITTIER, NC Cclebralion on lhe land al Union Acres Communuy. All friends of Kauiah welcome. For more Info., ca11: Cynthia and Roy Gallinger, (704) 293-9230. spil.NJ, 1989 µ~~. ~ u.;tl.L ~ -t:hL- NEW MARKET, TN STP (Siop the Poisoning!) School a1 lhe Highlander Ccnier. Leum how IO figh1 indu.~trial poll111Jon. Soc3nl-23. 19-21 21-27 ().rd_ a.rd. ch.U.dA.t.n ' Pre-registration, by April 15: $15.00 adult $10.00 child under 12 After April 15: $17.00 adult $12.00 child under 12 .For mon: infonnalion, write: Snow Bear and Khallsa; Pepperland Farm Camp; Siar Route: Farner. TN 37333 or call: (704) 494-2353 or (704) 586-3146 �vfEBWO~ SEEKING TO JOIN OTHERS m a mlllllally -.upponivc comml.INly. Singl.c mamn: womon. ll'lis1-1eac.htt can offer skills: early childhood education. llU, earth llb111:, wri!Jnl Wn1c Alwyn MosJ., 1007 Turner SL, Blacksburg, V/> 24060: ("10'3) SS2·6331 VAGABOND GUJBETR01TTNG Stale of tlw Art. Revised Edition., by M.L. Endicoll. One of lhc moll compRhensivc insuucticm manua!J ror <yro uavelcrt SUS; Enchlridlon lntemational, Cullowhcc, NC 28723 ASCENSION Beg1111ttr's Mon.uJJ. a self-help boo1t for auaining lhc touchable ruii1y of lhc ASCENDEO <taic. usually lhou&ht to be bt!yood Raeh. By Theodore A lluoody, Ir~ $13.SO pp; &lcctic: Pren, 205 Pigeon SI. Waynesville. NC 28786. WlNCS WAY bttbal products. For pnce list. wme: Box 1477; Old Fon. NC 2.876Z EUSTACE CONWAY- Ou.ide and !Udler of (ll1lnit1ve £arlh Skills wilh cmphasi.t on rue blll1dln,. hide tanning she.Iler. and fongilla. He ILachti at public schools, parks cnvimnmencal oont.en, .and cJuscs ol .all tinds. For tllOl'C informllion coniact lum II' 602 Deerwood Drive, Oastonii. NC 28084 or oall Allcln Sianlcy al (704) 872-7972 FUTONS by Simple Pte.uuru affordably priced. Send SASE for Info io: Sunplc PICU\lrtJ: RL I. Box 1426 Clayton. GA 30S2.S (404) 782·3920. APPAJ..ACHIAN GINSENG CO.• sua.tified seeds. PEPPERLAND ofrcn a variety of ouldoor cdu.eation po,grams for chl.Wdl, school. or cMc gn>Up& ycu· round. Wo will help you ~pl a pogrom for your group. Send for infonnwon J*1c.ct to: Pcppcrland Fum Camp; Sw RoUlA!; Farner, TN 37333. R£AllERS' REACTIONS AND INSIGHTS wanic.d i.ganling lhc "consum«" culun we five in, and lhc idea of "consumaism" u a lifestyle.. Plcue write to Richard Lowenthal, 53 Greely St.. Asheville, NC 28806 (or call seedlings. roots. Send for price li51 io: P.O. Box S47 Dillsboro, NC 28725. M. TR& DESIGNS: UlllSIJlliom and Der;gn • Beyond lhc p!l&CS of lhis journal, I work DI penal. colored ponril. ink. QI\ paper. md t.lik. F'mc and graphk an to cxircu and cnh...,., our livea. Logos, btochuru, boob. ponnl1ure, window and wall h&ng~. Concct Manha Tree (704) 7S-4-«l97. STit.·UGHTTHEOSOPHICAl..RETREATCENTER -a qu1c1 spaeo for JlC'nOnal medilali<m, aniup inc.cractioo lhrough study, and community .-011<. and spintual smiinU$, Contact Leon Frankel; Rt. I. Box 326; Wayncs•ilk. NC 28786 WANTED: LAND 111 WQt.cm NC. Famlly f«b Sor mon: ICtCS. prd"crobly near Cullowhee. IO pr<S<TVC and evcnlll.ally inhllbil. U}'OU have or kno..•of afford.&blc l111d, oonlll:t Bob llld Miry Davis; 213 Wcrunorcland Cc., Ccorgetown. KY 40324 (502) 8634167. MOON DANCE FARM HERBAl..S · herbal salvC$, tinc1111cs. & oil• for b1nh111g a: family health. For bcochure, pt.,,.e wrii.:: Moon Dance Farm; Re. I. Box 726; Harnpcon. TN 37658 FREE t..ABOR • I would like ID learn about beekeeping and building New Ag< Housing Willing to wo1'k for free during summer. All I ask b a pl- for my tcnl and .., occasional muL Con11e1 ClvU Irwin; 1712 Whhc /we.; Knoxville:. TN 37916 (6lS) 673-0653. BUCITT RESISTANT CHESUIUT ·hybrid AmcricanlCluncS 0wman c:hcstnut treea • blight rcsisW\I timl>C!r pc>wth form. productive orchard crop wilh luge. sweet CQily·pcc\ed nuu. Cbutnut Hill l'luncry; RL I, Bo>. 34 l·K: Aadiua, FL 3261.S (904) 462·2820 ORGANTC FERTIUZERS. belts, and arganically-groMI. local produce 11 the> WNC Pannen' Marked Look for the FaiJglcn Fanns slllll. units F and 0 in lhc wholesale 1tU of' lhc F.umcn' Matkrl; 570 BteVud Rd.; Asheville, NC ("104 252-4414 Trudeau Dr.; Mc.Wrc, LA 70003. CENTEJl FOR AWA.KENlNC scck:ing 2 full-time, live.in volunlccn w/ main1cnance and/or n11ural food prep eitpericnce. RmManl. Wri1e; Human Services Allianoc Bo• IS42; WinSIOn.Salcm. NC 27102 (919) 761-874S. APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR des1111. blueprints and full wor.king dnwings for homes, shopt. and sheds Cr.,•llve dr1fling .....yow- ideas or ours. Harmony Sunbuildets; P.O. Bo• 194; Suiv Grove. NC 28697 SONGS OF LOVE ANO NATURE by Ron Lambe fcawring the voice of Hearuingcr wilh Slcphen Klein, Pi&no. Lavaul<r Lieder Records; R1 I, Box I JS; Bakcnvillc, NC 28705. (704) 6884791. B~c I01J.r111!1 inlo o f«alm of Evolution.ary lodvt:llllD'e by Pauick Clerk. A inu: -=ounl of a bicycle tnp from NATURAL FOOD SlORF. for ulc in Brevard, NC. E•ccllcnt IOCllion. $80,000 CJOS1 sales. Growlh poienti&I Owncn n10ving. mus1 p•U ii on. Call IDiubcth (704) 293·9534 evcnin&J. ORCANlC FOOD PRODUCING CO-OP land. aqwprncnl, apcrienced fannen provided for members The Bioclomc Pannet~lup; Rt. 2. Sox 184; Waynesville.. NC 28786. (704) 926-935$. ECO HELP NEEDED Long 8r111Ch Envlfonmcn1al Education Ccrue:r D«dJ volwileetlN!ICnlS 10 help "'•lh orchards, gardens, farmworl. rainbow 1tou1. cmrgy-efficimc bllild1ng. cnvimnmmtal/wildlifc/pmn1· cul11m issues and organizing. Room and boatd negntiable. Paul Calllmoce; l.BF.EC; RL 2. Box 132; ~icc.icr, NC 28748 YOU CAN CO HOME AGAIN· A Down To &rth JOURNEY INTO THE SLICK.ROCK Wildcmcu Atca Boys. falhu-son. falher-daughter cxpcdttJoN. Learn ob<•rvttion and woodcraft in lhe deep woods. Bun ~gay, upericnced guide Slicktock ElpeditionJ; Box 1214; Cullowhec. NC .28723. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS · Comfrey. EucalyplUS Oii C.olclcn Seal salve. ~mon ar LA•cncler (ICIC ctam. Medo: wilh natural and c=nlial oih and love. Send for brochure Rt I. Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091. HAND.CARVED WOODSPIRITS. ln)"ucal hiking ital~ FINDING OUR "PATH WITH HEART" c.QI be v11al t0 O\lt health Ind ~•lfoxprasion. I offer guidcl<:e lhrou&h courueling, spimual 111uncmm1. ..1rolog1cal rcadings WOJbhops, common·llCJUC ftedbt.ell. For more info or an appoin1mcnl, call Richard Lowenthal , M.A . (704) 2Sl·2526. Sliding scale fcea. ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY on bcauuful land~ Cbualccc, NC sr<king r1milirs domring gi:c11tt c:oopenlicm and self·sufficlen<:y. Based on Jpiricual Ind ocological valuea. Pcoperty now av11f1ble. Call (404) 77S.S7S4 for info. Wuhinglon, D.C 10 Ille au1boc's native home of Cullowbcc, NC. following muah of lhc Bluc Ridge Parkway. Avai1oblc for $7.95 pose paid from Dandylion Publicatio111. 47 Pmola. Sc., Ashcvillc NC 28801. COMMUNION WITH NATifRA • Long proclauncd to be cclcsual •tan &fOllllding their radiance on Mot.bcr !!viii flowers ""' the rcvcl11ion of lhc plan!. Come •hllfe in NATURA'$ sacred play. moyonunUJe facililJtin&. 3931 Hwy 80 S. Toe River, Bunuvillc. NC 28714 ("104} 6~-4806 CARDE.NERS arc ..-UJated t0 v11u our Parad~ Gardens for insirucuon and inspirauon (!'reel and/or peicmial plan11 sale (cheap). Artisu .re 1nvncd IO c:omtt and c:ru1c 1n tile gllda> • painUng. drawing. and phDioanplty arc cnMunged We oho ba,·• • cabin avtJ.IAblc mcxcrumgc for warlcin& in lhc ganlcn. Mount.m Gardens; 3020 White Oak Creek; Bunuvillc, NC 28714 (704) 67S·S664. and wall hAAgmp by SICVc Dunc111 For broch1... plcuc write Whippoorwill Swctio; llt 4, ~ 981; Manon. NC 28752. MEDITATION CUSHIONS Crom Carolina M<>mUll Do.signs. Troditionll ancl mllwblo 1.afus For free bnx:hurc wrii.e; RL I. Boa 31·8: Hot Spnng1, NC 237<13. HANDMADE RATTI..ES fot the 'JMlual warrnor or hcal~r made wilh maic.rial• provadcd by !he animal ltin1dom. <;:oncact: Jc._ HltnS Bathrict.-; SW Cm.notill AttifilC~ 1307 lvcnon St.: Allmta. GA (404) 588-0296 • INDIAN VAUEY RETREAT· 140 acrci in Blue Ridge mountains wilh faeilitiea available to rent far group1 or individual ll!lra!S. dlha 3J.1ided or unstn1C;1Ul1>d. Send for infom111ion and seasonal c1lo.ndar of h.e aling, transfl>ITil&live evcnlJ lo: lndu111 Vllllcy Holislic Center RL 2. Box S8; Willis, VA 24:180 h.Alld TN! Earth Li•ci /lappity Ever After - .caries from folk lrlditioni all ltOWld the wtidd chosen to help prolt:Ct all living beings by bringing 111'1 world soc1ecy a few steps do5Ct to peace and ~l for 1111 fife. Edited by Floar.ing Eagle Femhcr. $7 .00 ppd. (All profits go IO Clrempacc IJ1A! !he Pcau Museum.) Order &om: Wages of Peace; 309 704.251 ·2526). • MOTHER'S BREATit HERBAL PRODUCTS high quali1y b"fbal c•"'""· oin1ments, and 011J, lov1n1ly aa1cd. Send for free brochure 10 Re . 2. Ro• 251. Vllas. NC2K692 EARTH REACH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1cae1Un1 pnmitivc skills 10 children md adulu.. Roben Manin. Jr and JC&1111C Moo!\!'. RL I, Box 178-A. Fcnum, VA 24088. BEAUTIFUL EUCIUOE MOCCASINS Custom aitcd to your f~• AO narural ma1erials. Sof!SOle $2.5/lw<holt SSO. Send tncm& of your fool to Na1ivc American FoQ1wcar, 47 Panola St., Alhevillc NC 2.8801; 7~ 2:Sl·22.SO WEBWORK!NO is &cc 5""J •ubmis.1u1cu to: K01"4Jt J<><1rnal P.O. Bo• 638 ui=ler.NC Kall!ah Pro"incc 28743 SprinlJ, 1999 • �The Kaulah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as leners. poems, stories. articles. drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your comnbutions to us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748. • The summer issue of lhc Ka11iah Jo11.rlllll will deal with the meaning of the word "Pence" as a dynamic process lhal can replace cxisung SU"Uctures of donunation with vibrant new relarionships. Please send us descriptions and contact infonnarion for individuals and groups in your pan of the province that are doing lhings that are helping co create peace Ill the world. We would also Hke to know what is your definition of pence. We would like to get a collection of the mo.~t interesting and accurate definitions of that elusive idea. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AV All.ABLE $1.50 -·· ISSUE FIFTEEN Sprin& 1987 Coverlets - Woman Porcsler - Susie McMdwl Midwife . Alternative Conlncqmon • Bio>CJtualily - 81orcgionalism ~ Women Good Mtdic:inc: MmWdlal Clll~ ,_, WWJ[fl~- ISSUE THREE SPRJN(l 1984 Sustain.thlc Agriculture . SunOowas Human lmpac1 on lhc: Forut - Childrcns' Ed11c111ion Vct0nlca Nicholu·Woman in Politics Llitlc tsSUESIXTE:EN-Summerl987 Helen Wauc: Poem: Visions 111 • O~ . Vision Que,r1 - Fim Flow - ln11ia1ion • 1.umina in lhc Wildemeu • Cherokee Cllallcngc "Valuing T,_. People. Mcdlrinc Allies • ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 198'1 W11c1 !>nun Water Quably Kudtu Solar Ecli~c Ctc:arcuttin& T1out • C.omg IO W111r1 Ram PllmP" • Mic:rohydro - Pocnu: Bennie l...ec Sinclair, Jim Wrync Mnlcr ISSUE EIGITTE.EN WUUO' 1987 88 VcmacuIIT Atchiittl\ITC - Dl'c;ams an Wood Q! Sione - Mount&Jll Home - E.Ulh l!ncrJi.. • Eanh-S!u:hcrcd Livmg • Mcmbr- Houses Brush Shchci - Poems· Ot:to«r Du.d • C'oOOd ModX:.nc: "Sheller" ISSLF. FIVE - FALL 191!4 llarv1:11 • Old Ways in Chc1ok"" GinKng Nuclear Waste: • Our Cchic Hcri1•ge Biorcgionalism: Put. Ptuc:nt. and Fu1ure Jahn Wilnol)' • Healing Dlltkness Politics or ISSUE NINETEe.N -Sll'Ulg. 19811 Pcrloandra Cltdtn Spring Tonics · Blueberries WUdOo11>cr O•rdcns Granny Hcrbalis1 • Flll"'l:r Es.cncea • lho Origin of lhe Animal : Stoty -Good Malicmo: "Po.. cr" • Be ATroe Paructp:iliDn ISSLIE SIX. WTNTER 1984-85 Wini.:r Soi.ti« Eanh Ceremony· H0<scpiu1u;i, ISSUE TWENTY · S11m1na. 19811 l'reM!rve App.alathilll WildcnlU.J • Hi,ghbnll of ltoan - Cel<1 Community - L.nd Trun • Arthur Miqan School • Zoning 'Wuc • ·'"The Ridgo" - Fanncrs Ind lhe Fann Bill • Cood Mcdir.:lnc! ''Lind" · Acid Rain · Duke"• Po..,cr Play Chaoic< Microhydro ProJCCI Rt\CT Com1111 ol lhc Llshl • Log Clbm Roo1a- MoUlll&in Apicullurc: Tho Righi Crop - W11l1am Tayl11< The Fuiun: of lhc: Forc.t ISSUE SEVEN SPRING 1985 Su.'ll&JA•blc Ec:onomic:J Hot Srrinp - Worlte; Ownership - The Great &onomy - Self Help Crccjj1 Union Wiid Turlt.cy - Rcsponslbl• lnvuting Workitlg in Ilic Web of Lite JSSUE EIGtrr - SUMMER 1985 Celebra11on: A Way of Life - Kat\Wl 18.000 Ye&l'J Ago • Sacred Sil.Cl - Follc Ans in lhc School& - Sun Cyc:l~oon Cycle • Powu: Hilda Downer Chcsolcu Heritage Caw:r • Who Owns Appaladlhl? ISSUENTNE- FALL 1985 The Wal~ Forest - Thi> Tfl'cS Spc:alt • Milf&llng Foruts • llcme Logging - Stanmg a Treci Crop Urb&n Trees · l\oom Btc«I - Mylh Tane ~- ISSUE Et.EVEN SPRINO 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the: Biotcgional Vision - Roc:yclmg Community Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Ouoliol Two Biottgional Views • Nuclear Suj)plema11 FoiU= Oarne.s. Good MtdldM: Visions Box - The Wake - TI1c Raven Moclcor Woodslorc and WildwoodJ Wildom Oood tsSUETWEHTY-ONE · Fall, 1988 Chc:stnu~ A 1~i.1ura.1 Hl11ory • Rostoring w Cheiulut. ·p~ orl'rcs<!rvation Uld Praise" Canunuing the Quesl Farella and Wildlife Chos1ru111 in Regional 011~1 Chcsuuu Ruoun:u - Hctb Noic - Good Mcdn:mc: "Changes 10 C<!me" • Rev~ Wkr# le&~Nls Medicine: The Sweat lodge ISSUETBN ·WINTER 19l!S-86 Ka1c Rogas • Circles of Slone • lnicmal Mylhmalcing - Holl•lic: Healing on Trial Poem$: Sieve Knaulh • My1Juc Pbc:c:s The Uklona's Talc: Cry11al Magic - Li~ ISSUE FOURTEEN - W-mi« 1986.t7 Uoyd Cul Owlc. Boogers and Mwnmcn - All !SSUETWENTY TWOWin1ct", l9S8-89 Cilobal Wmnaig and Kat4ah .irire This T~ • Thom.u Deny on "Biorcgsons" - Eanh E.xcrase Ko~ Loy McWluru:r • All Abundance oI l'..mplincSJ - LETS • Chninicl.. or Flo)'d - o.ry Wood lnlcrf!ICW The 9.,.., Clan ISSUE THIRTEEN · Fall 1986 Ccnlcr For Awakening - Elinbc:th Callari A Clc:n1lc Dca1h • Hosp>CA! Eincsl Morgan Dealing Crcalivcly with Dcalh Home Bunal Species Day - Cabin Fcve1 Uni•aaity • Homelcu !JI Kaiuah • Homcinadc Hos Wiler S1ovanJtkCf'5 Narrauvc • Good Meche.inc:: lntmpcci.. Conununication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ,, ~UA~ QURNAL 0 -- - - - - ~ -------- For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 Boie 638; Leicester, NC; KatUah Province 28748 Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Enc/Med is$ Address City Area COde Sprl.nq, 1989 ro give this ejforr an extra boost State Phone Number Zip l can be a local contact person for my area Back [ssues Issue#-_@$2.50= $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _@ $2.50 = S_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ S2.50 = $ _ _ Choose any 5 issues: SIO.OO=S_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-22) @ $35.00 = $_ _ XAwaf1 Jou~ncit Pt«J~ ~s � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 23, Spring 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-third issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on varied topics such as the ancient ways of the first people groups in Appalachia; "Planet Art;" tulip poplar trees; the Black Swan Center; and environmentally-friendly economics. Authors and artists in this issue include: Kim Sandland, Denise Newbourne, David Morris, Doug Elliott, James Rhea, Jerry Trivette, C.B. Squire, Elizabeth Griffin, Gil Leebrick, Michael Hockaday, Sheli Lodge, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Dolores LaChapelle, Martha Tree, Laura E. Jackson, and Jackie Taylor. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways by Kim Sandland.......1 Planet Art in Katúah by Denise Newbourne.......5 The Green City as Thriving City by David Morris.......8 Poplar Appeal by Doug Elliott.......10 Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait by James Rhea.......13 "A New Earth" by Jerry Trivette.......14 College as Community Resource by C. B. Squire.......16 Wild Lovely Days: Poems by Elizabeth Griffin | Photographs by Gil Leebrick.......18 Natural World News.......20 Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep.......23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age.......25 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......26 "Sudden Tendrils" a poem by Michael Hockaday.......28 Events Calendar.......32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--History Excavations (Archaeology)--North Carolina, Western Mixed economy--Appalachian Region, Southern Poplar--North Carolina, Western Community development--North Carolina--Swannanoa River Valley Human ecology in art North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Cherokees Community Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Recycling Shelter Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/cbf32695fba405c0cff45e3e9c54db62.pdf 616631b2f61e4f3060a633a13326ea4d PDF Text Text $1.50 ISSUE 25 FALL 1989 . for all things wild I ,.. �October 27, 1989 "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" Owen Conference Center, University of ~orth Carolina Asheville A major conference bringing together scientists, educators, government land managers, and conservationists to speak about the condition of the Southern Appalachian habitat and the necessity to initiate new programs for habitat preservation and restoration to maintain the the southern diversity of life in mountains. For more information call (704) 251-6441 Registration: $20.00. October 28 October 28 "Wild in the Streets: The Feral Ball " "For All Things Wild" Warren Wilson College Swannanoa, NC Issues and strategy discussion among activists directed to arrive at means of restoring biological diversity in the Southern Appalachian region. Speakers: Reed Noss, Laura Jackson, Robert Zahner, Peter Kirby, Jamie Sayen, David Wheeler. Open discussion period. Registration: $5.00. For more info:, call (704) 298-3325 (Ext. 250). rock to the music of Grandmother and One Straw We call upon the spirits of the wild! Come costumed as one of our native mountain species - or to express your own wildest self! 8:00 pm. Location to be announced. Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �The Great Forcst ........................... 3 by Sam Gray Restoring the Old-Growth Forest........5 by Robert 'Zahner Regional Planning for Habitat Intcgrity................... 8 by Laura Jackson A Question o f Value ...................... 10 hy Dm·id Wheeler Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation ................ 12 by Anna Muir Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" ................. 13 by Julia NUlllllJJ/y Duncan A Place for Bears ......................... 15 An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" .. 16 by Annelinde Metzner Eastern Panther, Where Are You?...... 17 by Patrick Clarlr. Oak Decline ................................ 19 by Hetllher Blair People and Habitat ........................ 2 1 by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawart Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries ..............23 Natural World News..................... 24 Drumming ................................. 26 Living Green .............................. 29 Baner Fair................................. 30 (Natural) Resources ...................... 31 Events Calendar........................... 32 Webworking ............................... 34 1'"iirt. t 989 To sense what ls happening In the mountains, we begin by perceiving the Southern Appalachian region as an ongoing. functioning. organic euent. ..within the greater biosphere. We can then tdenUfy ourselves and our species In relation to It and sense our place within Its evolutionary history and cycles of renewal. From the perspective of the whole we are one species among many each \vith its own contribullon to make. each wilh its own demands for habitat. When there is a disturbance in the pattern of the whole. the effects even tu ally reach every inhabitant. Human beings have been here for very few of the millions of years the forest has been patiently growing within a dynamic balance. In recent times. our perception of these forests has often lacked wisdom and humility. resulting In actions destructive to our home. We can sense our relationship to the whole, but we will never be able to encompass It with our Intellect alone. We are in it and of it. This Is the Great Mystery of existence. Intuitively we can perceive this Mystery. We can revere It and celebrate lt. And by acting tn concert with the Life cycles, we can come to know It more fully. This knowing then leads us to respond. In thls issue of Katuah. we look at biodiversity and habitat ln the Southern Appalachian region and how they are being disrupted. Finding out about the current situation In Katuah prompts us to acuon--to speak out. protect. restore. Throughout the articles. it becomes apparent that to truly understand this region. we need to experience. acknowledge, and serve the region as a whole. -The Editors Biodiversity is defined by ecologist Recd Noss llS "a full complement of the native plant and animal species in their natural or normal patterns of abundance." Biodiversity is the foundation of evolution in any biorcgion. Habi tat is defined as an interdependent community of life that supports the various species that live within iL Habitat is the foundation of biodiversity. �STAFF THIS ISSUE: R.ichacd Lowenthal Christina Morrison James Rhea Manha Tree Rob Messick Mamie Muller Chip Smith David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scott Bird Jack Chaney David Red Kim Sandland Heather Blair Sam Gray Marsha Ring Morgan Swann Thanks as well to Joe and Rhea and the Mountain Garden. We offer special thanks for the influence of Grandfather Mountain. COVER by James Rhea PUBLISHED BY; Ka11"1h Journal PRINTED BY; The Waynesville Mountaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE IBJS ISSUE: Globe Valley W&ITEUS AT: TELEPHONE; (704) 683-1414 Katt1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both nmwaJ and social. In line with this principle. the KatU/Jh Journal lrics to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of lhe Ka1Uah Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatU/Jh a non-profit organization under section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to KatU/Jh arc deductible from personal income tax. 'LNVOCA.TWN Do you think you can take over the universe and improve it? I do not believe it can be done. The universe is sacred. You cannot improve it. If you try to change it, you will ruin it. If you try to hold it, you will lose it. -from imsage 29. Tao Te Ching attributed to Lao Tzu ™E SOUTHERN APPALACillAN BIOREGION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turrie Island; a small bur growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of rhar geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of 1miversal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Kaufoh" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the nonh; thefoorhills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley ro the west. The editorial priorities for us are to co/leer and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the awareness rhar the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is a way ro insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a " do or die " situation in terms ofa quality standard of life/or all living beings on this planet. As a voice/or the caretakers ofthis sacred land, Kac-Uah, we advocate a centered approach to rhe concept ofdecentralization. It is our hope to become a support system/or those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation ofharmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that Kac-Uah will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing members. -The Editors f"~U.. 1989 �It may be that s.ome little rcx:::>t of the sacred tree still lives. "-lou-ish it then, that it may leof and bloom and fill with singing birds. - Q,lock Elk Until recent time a great inland forest overlay the eastern ponion of Nonh America-a continuous biologic fabric extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama, west along the tributaries of the Mississippi, and boundaried in the east by the pine barrens and lowland marshes of the coastal plain. This forest had its origins in an ancient circumpolar forest system that dominated the temperate zones of Asia, Europe and Nonh America in the Eocene epoch of the Teniary Period (50 million years B.P. [Before Present]) when the continents were closer together. In spite of the intervening continental drift, successive ice ages and vast chasms of time, there remain, to this day, striking botanical linkages in the existing forest remnants of these continents. This is panicularly evident in genera such as Acer (maples), Panax (ginseng), Cory/us (hazels}, Populus (poplars), Cornus (dogwoods), and Rhododendron. (continued on ncxl page) f'ca!t. t 989 Ji:.ati&ah Jo\lrnQL p1i9e 3 �(continued &om page 3) The vast inland forest of Eastern America was geophysically dominated by the long spine of the Appalachian Mountains which determined the Forest's biological stTucture and diversity. Contemporary references to what remains of this forest employ terms such as "mixed mesophytic", "eastern hardwood" or "temperate deciduous" to describe it. For purposes of this essay, acknowledging its extent, its ancient origins, its astounding diversity and resilience, its immense productive capacity, and its profound effect on various human populations over the past 10,000 years, it will be telllled "The Great Forest". When ecologists first began attempting to describe temperate forest ecosystems, they developed the model of succession and climax growth. This model, describes a developing forest that is undergoing a series of stages in which pioneer plant communities and their associated fauna colonize the area and are then replaced by successor communities of larger trees until a forest of dominant trees, known as the "climax forest" establishes a stable equilibrium. This climax old gTOwth would cominue until some "disturbance" such as fire, disease, climate change or human impact takes out the climax community and the succession cycle begins again. The succession-climax model is a useful one for understanding the ecology of the Great Forest. It helps us to recognize the importance and relative stability of old growth forests and it describes how biotic communities in a forest maintain and transform themselves over time as they respond to discontinuities and disturbances, panicularly those caused by humans. The first humans in the Great Forest were nomadic gatherer/hunter groups who arrived after the last glaciation some 10,000 years B.P. These groups ranged over many thousands of acres of oak-chestnut climax growth as well as other forest biomes and while their impact on the forest was small by contemporary standards, it was nonetheless important. Fire was the principal instrument of ecologic change and was to remain so even into recent rimes. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - the Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades that too was gone. Seventeenth century Europeans observed and commented on the burnings. "The savages," wrote Thomas Morton, "are accustomed to set fire of the country in all places where they come and to burne it twize a year, viz: at the spring and the fall of the leafe." The purpose of the burnings was no less than ecosystem management: facilitation of travel, augmentation of browse area for game, encouragement of desirable herbage such as blackberry. raspberry, and cenain grasses. the increase of mast-producing trees Uke oak and chesmut on the drier, warmer soils of a burn area, and the destruction of vermin and pests such as fleas. Selective burning by the lndfans promoted a mosaic quality in the forest ecosystem and created areas in many different stages of succession wilh extensive boundary areas and a greater variety of game and plant habitats - a phenornonen ecologists refer to as the "edge effect". Thus the Indians practiced their own subtle kind of forest management and husbandry. So subtle in fact, as to be undetected in early European descriptions of the Great Forest. When 17th and l 8rh century promoters of North American real estate extolled the "natural" abundance of the land, they were unaware that they were describing an ecosystem that the natives had been shaping for thousands of years. Other imponant aspects of the complex relationship between the Great Forest and its native inhabitants escaped the notice of the Europeans. As William Cronon points out in his masterful ecological history of New England, Changes in the Land, a central fact of temperate forest ecosystems is their periodicity. The overlapping cycles of light, dark, long days, short days, waxing/waning of the moon, the flow of sap, the rurting of deer, spawning of fish, the matings of turkey, bear and frog, the fruiting of plants and the migration of birds... these and myriad other contrapuntal rhythms of the Great Forest's energy cycles were understood and celebrated by the natives. Their own life rhythms of seasonal nomadism, work, ritual and play were evolved from the greater cycles of the forest . The European immigrants' experience of natural cycles, on the other hand, had been filtered for over a millenium through a culture offixed abodes and a social hierarchy that discouraged nomadism as well as wilderness. It is in the context of the periodic cycles of the forest that Native American spirituality can best be understood. The Indians did not attempt to manipulate, through magic and ritual, these cycles to their own ends and were often confounded or amused by the imprecatory prayers of the whites seeking the blessings of good harvest and fortune from an awesome and distant god. Rather, their own spiritual practices were designed to attune and inform themselves to the subtleties of the forest's cycles. The anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski recognized this when he wrote in Myth and Primitive Psychology, "Magic never originated; it never was created or invented. All magic simply was from the beginning, as an essential adjunct to all those things and processes which virally interested man (sic)." The natives inhabited an animated forest world that was alive unto its fanhest recesses with seen and unseen powers. Their task - the task of mind - was to so organize themselves as to develop understanding of and consonance with these powers. When Europeans began to arrive at the Great Forest of North America in sufficient numbers by the mid-17th century, they were not disposed to recognize the animated universe that sustained the natives. They could not or would not see the forest that the natives knew, nor could they recognize the subtlety and intelligence behind the Indians usage of the forest as habitat, susraining process, and sacred ground. The European immigrants faced the Great Forest with a conflicting array of perceptions and attitudes. The forest was at once a threat and an opportunity. The dominant sentiment in regard to the forest was that it was an enormous commodity. Coming from lands long divested of forests held in common, the right to extract and expon timber almost at will was an overwhelming prospect 10 early entrepreneurs. Wood was the main raw material for residential and commercial building on both sides of the Atlantic, but it was even more in demand as an energy source. Seventeenth and eighteenth century industries in metallurgy, glass making and ceramics required enormous amounts of wood for firing furnaces and for charcoal. Individual household consumption was also extraordinary by european standards. Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist visiting colonial eastern America in 1749 wrote," an incredible amount of wood is really squandered in this country for fuel..." As early as 1640, Boston was experiencing wood fuel shortages and most major New England and mid-Atlantic settlements were soon to follow. foll, 1989 �The principal commodity that the Great Forest represented to the E.uropeans was the land itself. Their original concepts of real propeny were derived from the manorial system of feudal Europe and can be ascenained by reviewing the terms or the Royal Charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company: "To have to houlde possess and enjoy the aforesaid continent, lands, territories, islands, hereditaments and precincts, seas, waters, fishings, with all and all manner their commodities, royalties, libenies, prehemynences, and profitts that should thenceforth arise from chcncc, with all and singular their appunances and every pane and parccll thereof unto the said councell and their successors and assigns for ever." The comprehensive, medieval, abstract quality of these early claims underwent an evolution as they passed through the lexicon of 17th and 18th century New World institutions, but the focus on "commodities, royalties, liberues and profitts" never changed. What also wen1 unchanged, leading to countless misunderstandings and much bloodshed, was the European assumption of the sovereignty of propeny rights granted through 'legal' title 10 Land. To the natives, the notion that parcels of land could be considered commodities, bought and sold like cattle, boundaried, possessed, 'improved', divided and sold again or transferred to heirs was absurd. For them, land tenure was a function of usage and usage was linked 10 the mobility that was a central part of the strategy of resource management based on periodicity. The Indian villages moved from habitat to habitat to find maximum abundance with minimal work and reduced impact on the land while the Europeans, in fixed abodes on their titled propeny, worked long hard days 10 intensively farm or 'improve' land with the eventual result being ecological degradation. It was the concept of 'improvements' - replacing forest with fields and pasture and the building of sheds, barns and homes - that soon became the colonial justification for dispossessing the natives. A people who moved around on the land and worked it so lillle could have no justifiable claim to possess it. There were plenty of references in the bible and in Calvinist theology to back up such a sentimenL The unimproved forest with its native inhabitants was eventually seen as an affront to progress, and Christian community. r"u, t 989 With God's backing the righteous began to exterminate or conven the savages and 'improve' the Great Forest out of existence. The decimation of the Great Forest proceeded in two fairly distinct historical phases - the first, occurring in the colonial period and lasting until about 1850, can be termed pre-capitalist. It was characterized by the deforestation patterns of an agricultural economy. The best land was cleared for field crops and pasture. Commercial extrnction of timber for energy or wood products was confined to terrain accessible by human/animaJ power. The second phase was indusoial/capitalist and it continues to the present day. Utilizing machinery, organized capital, and cheap local labor, the forest was harvested to satisfy national and international timber demands. As habitat for the incredible diversity of wild plants and creawres was impoverished, fonunes were amassed by men far away who were never required to look upon the devastation. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - 1he Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades 1ha1 too was gone. As humans, we have known the forest in many ways - as home, as sustenance, as sacred ground, as repose, as commodity, as teacher, as refuge. Our species is only now realizing the extent of its power 10 diminish the radiance of the Great Forest. We are beginning to understand a glimmer of what was... for we were once forest-dwellers. Today there is an archetype becoming known in the human spirit ...of regeneration. There is an embryonic recognition of what we have lost and of what we must restore. We cannot continue as we have done. The forest calls 10 us to come back, for our own sake and for the sake of all our relations dwelling therein. The quotation from Black Elk that begins this essay captures this hope for us when he speaks of the roots of the Sacred Tree the Tree of Life. The Sacred Tree, a universal symbol of regeneration of both the human spirit and of the Earth, nourishes our memory to recall that though the Great Forest has been felled, it cannot and will not ever leave us. wriuen by Sam Gray plU>co ofJoyce Kilmer Memorial Forest on page 3 by larry Tucker x.at.Uah JounuiL p!UJ• s �Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner A thing is right when it rends to preserve the inregriry, stabi/iry, and beauty of rlze biotic community. Ir is wrong when it tends otherwise. - AldD Leopold (I 949) We stand at the threshold of a great decision. We are on the verge of re-defining the importance of our mountain landscape, its natural habitats, and the Life forms they support. Science has shown tha1 such habitats are vi1al to planetary life support systems where natural communities of interdependent plants and animals can maintain reservoirs of biological diversity. When extensive logging destroyed the primeval fores1s of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, a critical factor for biodiversity, habitat continuity over large areas, was eradicated. During the century between 1830 and 1930 forest clearing and burning ravaged native bio1ic communities and terminated unknown numbers of plant and animal species. Habitats were fragmented, and many surviving endemic species were left in smaU, isolated communities. ln the first quaner of the twentieth century the Southern Appalachian National Forests were established as watershed preserves. Federal conservation policies permined many forest habitats to begin the natural process of restoring themselves. This regrowth ecosystem, or second generation forest, was similar to the original primeval forest only in that it still contained most of the original plant and animal species. Today, after 60 to 80 years of recovery, the new forest is still maturing, still unfolding its species composition as new niches are created in the complex progression toward what modem ecologists term an "old-growth forest." But it still has a long way to go to reach biological maturity. There is now the potential to restore a diversity of species that would resemble the old primeval forest. There is also the danger, because of present National Forest management plans, of losing much of the restoration already gained. The United States Forest Service (USFS), administered by foresters who are highly competent timber managers, interprets the Congressional Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 with a strong bias toward harvesting commercially mature timber. The Act states implicitly, however, that al/ resources of the Notional Forests ore to be managed for sustained yield. Other acts of Congress go on to define natural diversity as a vital resource of 1he public lands, and mandate that this resource shall be maintained through habitat preservation. This paper is written with the intent of furthering public knowledge of this important environmental issue. Three Levels of Diversity lo the despoilment and fragmentation of the original forest, three levels of diversity were either destroyed or placed in jeopardy: ( l) genetic diversity within species, (2) species diversity within habitats, and (3) habitat Xatium Jo~rrmt P"9e 6 diversity within landscapes. We have no record of how many species were irretrievably lost, but 1oday we are beginning co count the numbers that are presently endangered and threatened with extinction. Let us consider how lhese three types of diversity are essential for a healthy bioregion, and how all three can be restored as the new forest grows toward biological maturity. Genetic Diversity: A great many species counted as rare today could again become more abundant if we allow natural biotic processes to evolve unmolested. For example, in the forest of today the mountain gentian plant (Gentiana decora Pollard)_grows singly or in small colonies in damp, rich wooded habitats, generally isolated from other members of the species by unsuitable habitats. Gentians are pollinated by several rypes of inseclS who are able to cross-fertilize separate colonies of the plant. Thus, if undisturbed by human activity, pollen exchange will increase genetic diversity within the gentian species over an ever-increasing area of 1he mountain landscape. This renewed generic vitality is critical to the future well-being of the species, as human-caused environmental changes continue to force all forms of life to adapt to such stresses as aunospheric pollution and accelerated climatic warming. The same situation is true for literally thousands of species of plants and animals throughout the mountains. Each example f"~U.. t989 �requires its own special sening, but the common theme is natural balance. An endemic terresual mole salamander, Ple1ho<k>n1ordani, is a highly significant insectivore in the world beneath the leaf litter of a mature hardwood forest. This salamander requires large areas of ~ontinuous forest cover to afford geneuc n11gra11on among populations. Thus. when the cwopy overhead is fragmented or removed. breeding populat!ons of this animal disappear to reco.,,er only w11h the re-establishment or the mature hardwood fores t. Many species of reptiles. amphibians, and anhropods w11h limited mobi:ity have similar requirements for genetic exchange. Conditions that promote generic diversity arc essential so each species can adapt and evolve, panicularly in light of the accelerating environmental changes expected in the next century. Species Diversity: The next scale of diversity is that of species within habitats. This is often misinterpreted by federal land managers to mean "the greatest number of differe nt species for each given unit of land." It is well kno wn that the na tural succe ssio n of weed y species occupying disturbed sites provides a wealth of diversity in te rms of to tal numbe rs. The Southern Appalachian Mountains today abound w ith disturbed sites, the result of Jar.d clearings, road bui lding, comme rc ial and reside ntial development, forest c learcuuing, agricultural activity, and wildfires. Therefore. the weedy plants and small animal species that characterize early succession habitats are most commo n throughout lhe region. But what about species diversity in other habitats once prevalent in the primeval forest? Two hundred years ago a north-facing site at 3,SOO feet elevation in the Blue Ridge Mountains would likely have supported a mature oversrory of 20 or more tree species, with many large trees over 200 years old. The midstory would have been composed of perhaps 20 or more species of smaller trees of all ages, from reproduction saplings fillin1 canopy pps to very old species adapted to live out their lives in the shade. Many tree species, such as basswood (TUia ~rerophylla VcnL), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), buncmut (J1111lans cinera L.), mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.), mountain winterbcny (Ila mofllana T . and G.), ycllowwood (Cladrastis kentulcea Rudd), and, of course, American chestnut (Castanea delllQta Borich.). were more common in this ancient foresr lhan they are today. Shrub spec ies were numerous, and carpeting !he ground in many places were large colonies of painted trillium (Trillum undulatum Willd.), baneberry (Actaea pachypoda Ell.), do g-tooth violet (Eryrhronium americum Ker.), um brella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa Michaux). jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisema triphyllum Schott.), and many fem species. Rotting logs provided substrate and micro-habitats for many S1>ecies of fungi. mosses. splecnwons. and all the attendant invertebrate and small vertebrate animals that were essential to the health of the entire larger community. The large trees. living and dead. provided food, shelter, and breeding situations for many birds and other venebrate animals that require a biologically mature. undisturbed. mixed hardwood forest habitat. The mature forest was a dynamic biotic community that f'Q{L, t989 supported a large array of interdependent species. !'\one of the plants or animals mentioned above is exceptionally rare today. although a number of today's threatened or endangered species. such as the small whorled pogonia (lsotria medeoloides Rafinesque), could well have been present in such a habitat. The particular corn/Jination of these species. however, taken together as a functionmg ecosystem. is today a rare occurrence. What species m ight be present on such a site today'! Following the indiscriminate logging and burning at the the tum of the century, conditions were so severely altered that the second-grow t h forest now consists typically of a mixture of 60 to 80 year o ld oaks and hickones, with perhaps fewer than 10 other tree species. More prominent today are the m1d-successional species: yellow poplar (liriendendron tulip/era L.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobw L .), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L .). sourwood (Oxydendron a rboreum L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum Nee s.), and stump sprouts o f Americ an chestnut. Scauercd individuals of most of the original species are also present, but the species composition is so drastically altered that the highland forest is typically c lassified as ~oalc-hiclcory" ralher than "mixed hardwoods." Large cavity trees arc rare. The large decomposing logs that typify biologically mature habitat are largely absent from today's regrowth forests.The number of undcrstory and ground cover species are now reduced, retaining those that thrive on disturbance, such as species of berries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia) and rhododendron. Early succession habitat caused by human disturbance is the only habitat type that is well-represented on the second level of biodiversity, the diversity of species within habitats. But the forest communities are slowly maturing, and species enric hment is occurring gradually in those habitat s that arc left undisturbed. Biologically mature habitats, or old-growth mixed hardwood forests, are again a possibility within the next century. Just as genetic diversity within a species is e ssential for adaptation for survival in a changing enviro nme nt, so spec ies d iversity with in a habitat is essent ial for the whole community of interdependent plants and animals to meet the demands of evolution. The future of those species combinations best adapted to old, mature hardwood forest communities depends on the integrity of the entire habitat. Habitat Divers ity: Differentiation on the third level of biological d iversity, that of habitat diversity in the regional landscape, has also been gradually emerging in the Southern Appalachian Mountains throughout the second half of this century. The national forest-; provide large, contiguous blocks of forest area. which, if they continue to be left und1stur_bed. ha~e the potential to mature into a mosaic of diverse forest habitats, each accommodating its own composition of species, and all together making provision for the genetic diversity essential for species evolution. The key requirement for this regional diversity lies in maintaining a continuity of undisturbed habitats across the landscape. Disconnected habitats that are left to mature as isolated fragments cannot serve as more than small rcfugia for generic material. Such limitation confines ecnetic variation within the boundaries of each of these tiny habi1a1 areas and restricts the potential for evolution to respond to future changes in the cnvironmenL The current policy of national forest management is to accommodate landscape diversity by pwcscrving fragments of old growth stands dispersed throughout a landscape that is predominantly even-aged st~nds .of commercially valuable tree species wnh provisions for a few important species of game animals. This concept of diversity is analogous to the preservation of species in arboretu ms. bota nical gardens, and zoos. Cen ainl y a bead-lily (Clinronia borealis Raf.) in a cultivated garden has lost most of its wild "lily-ness," because a wildflower removed from its natural habitat is no longer serving its role as a strand in the web of life. In like manner, a fragment of old-growth forest preserved in a landscape of managed young forests has lost its essential nature, as it is no longer a pan of the web of biological e volution in the region its generic material serves. At the level of habitat diversity. just as at the two lower levels. the ability or an entire bioregion to adapt and survive environmental change depends on the diversity of its natural habitats. The greater the number of mature �REGIONAL PLANNING FOR HABITAT INTEGRITY by Laura E. Jackson Laura Jackson is the author of the study Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of the Southern Appalachian National Forests, a comprehensive overview and critique of the US Forest Service's Land and Resource Managemem Plans for the six national forest areas of the Southern Appalachians. Laura is completing graduate work at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Duke University. She wrote the sllldy in cooperation with Peter Kirby, regional director, and other staff members of the Southeast Regional Office of the Wilderness Society under a Stanley Fellowship grant The book is published and made available by the Wilderness Society. Mountain Treasures at Risk is an excellent resource for anyone who is concerned about habitat i11 the Sowhem Appalachians. The text is clear a11d to the point. The graphs and tables are pleasing to the eye and revealing in their content. Forest issues are de-mystified in a way that only someone with a clear comprehension of the dynamics involved could articula1e. 8111, most of all, Laura Jackso11's suuiy is invaluable because it is wriuen by someone with no ves1ed economic or poli1ical in1eres1 in 1he Appalachian public lands b111 rather by someone with 011ly the interests of 1hefores1 01 liean. The book talks in a straigluforward way about tlie effects 011 the forest of below-cost timber sales, over-roading, and the i11equities i11 budget and emphasis show11 i11 Forest Service management programs. The swdy co11clt1des with guidelines/or managing the Sowhern Appalachian 11a1ional fores ts 10 protect wild la11ds a11d the biological diversity they harbor, meet recreatio11al and aesthetic demands, and restore the forest 1wilo1. 011 page one of Mountain Treasures at Risk the report states that the two major flaws i11 the Forest Service ma11ageme111 approach is the agency's emphasis 011 commodity ex1ractio11from the mow11ai11forests Olld their failure to recog11ize the Somhern Appalachia11s as a regional habitat system (in other words, a bioregio11). /1 says, 'This report is the only ctunulative analysis to dote to examine the Forest Service's plaru for thil unique nwumuin environment." This is true. Many t/1a11ks. In the following article Laura Jackso11 explains further the differences in understanding that result from viewing the Ka11'iah provi11ce a11d its disti11ctive habitats as a whole, rather than breaking it into administrative pieces.... ·DW Mountain Treasures at Risk is available at M charge by writing to tht Wilderness Society Southeast Regional Office at 1819 Peachtru St. NE; Atlanta, GA 30309. (Jlowevtr, consider making a volU11tary donation. Tht reference is wt// worth It.) >C.at i'.&ah Journat paqe 8 T he fragmentation of Souther n Appalachian habitat is the familiar result of a utilitarian value system that prizes goods production and consumption over a healthy relationship with our land. Forest managers ask how their stands can fulfill national timber quotas. State governments ask if thei r wilderness fragments arc sufficient to satisfy recreational demand. But their questions are framed within self-imposed limits of vision that reach only to the orderly edges of administrative boundaries. Consequently, they are too narrow in scope to address what arc now the most critical issues. In this age of dwindling native populations, dying mountaintops, and other large-scale ecological catastrophes, we must adopt a broad regional perspective in order to evaluate and implement essential environmental solutions. The regional framework provides a logical context by which to approach land management decisions. The natural expanse of an ecosystem (like a prairie, desert, or mountain range) with its local resources, indigenous populations. and traditional activities, can suggest environmentally appropriate patterns of growth and development. Requiring collaboration among public agencies and private owners, the regional perspective is gaining support around the world as the solution to maintain ecological systems and the integrity of the human/environment relationship. As the dominant land manager in the Southern Appalachians, the US Forest Service is in a position to best exemplify the philosophy of regional stewardship. Currently, however, the agency is under extensive criticism for its unimaginative, homocentric planning and management techniques. The Forest Service conuols approx:imatcly three million acres in six Southern Appalachian national forests. Despite the contiguity of these lands, each national forest is administered as a separate unit. Staff vision and authority stop at the legal boundaries. As a result, individual forest planners have set inconsistent standards for managing shared animal populations, lost opportunities to protect roadlcss areas that straddle state lines, and purposefully altered rare habitat in order to incroduce elements already common on adjacent private lands. In the Katuah province, towns and private inholdings comprise about half of the acreage within official national forest boundaries. These lands support agriculture, industrial forests, developed and roaded recreation, and other human-altered environments. Consequently they have attracted hardy, invasive wildlife that thrives in modified senings and displaces native mountain species. A crucial role of federal stewardship, therefore, is to promote natural habitat continuity as a public investment in biological diversity, clean air and water, and the Southern Appalachian wild native heritage. A satellite's-eye view of the Southern Appalachian Mountains shows the Appalachian public lands as a green island standing alone above lowlands crowded with human beings and the products of their ac1ivi1ies. This mountainous ecosystem of tremendous natural beauty and scientific importance is also in increasing demand as a source for consumptive supplies. A closer look would show public forests fragmented by private inholdings, development spreading across newly-cleared hillsides, and wildlands straining under increased resource use. Yet, to date, the core of the Southern Appalachian habitat survives relatively intact. Invisible from overhead, yet just as real in its effects on the highland forests, is the administrative fragmentation that further stresses the region's habitats. Southern Appalachian forests fall under the jurisdictions of five state governments, as many federal agencies, and dozens of counties with differing objectives for the use of their mountain commodities. Countless private corporations also make decisions based on their own perceived interests in the resources of the Ka1uah province. The accumulated effects of numerous land-use decisions made in the isolation of corporate boardrooms, federal office buildings, and the offices of county or state agencies threaten 10 mortally fragment Katuah's natural systems and desuoy their ecologi.cal functions. If the administering agencies could view the mountain region from the viewpoint of our imaginary satellite hovering above, their perspective and consequently their management priorities might be changed: • From overhead, it is clear that the Southern Appalachians are a biological island, the last remaining large block of forest habitat in the southeast. Many areas can contribute to the regional and national timber supply, most of them better than these steep mountain forests. But where better can we look for wilderness, and the shady, moist storehouses of undiscovered ecological value? • The region's remote ridgelines and pristine streams constitute rare wildland linkage opponunities for migration, genetic exchange, and the daily roamiogs of wide-ranging mammals. These travelways could also extend to wildlands in the Central Appalachians to the north, and perhaps south into the Florida peninsula as well, to ensure strong, adaptable populations of black bear, mountain lion, and other large predators. Broad corridors connecting natural habitat areas along the length of 1hc Appalachian range would serve as ecological escape routes in cases of severe environmental stress, whether of human or natural origin. rau. 19e9 �•The Appalachians are the headwaters of all the great rivers east of the Mississippi. If streams and rivers are not pure at their origins, they can never be clean anywhere along their length. The expanses of forest that cover the green mountains are also a fountainhead of valuable oxygen in an increasingly polluted armospherc. • A regional perspective would correct the misconception that each national forest should provide the public with equivalent proportions of all resources. The southeast supports an abundance of cleared fields, thickets or young "pioneer" trees, and the understory plants and animals associated with early successional habitats. However, areas of contiguous, remote forest and old-growth comrrunities are precious and rare. Species plentiful in one nationaJ forest might be uncommon everywhere else; therefore these should be preserved at the expense of more ordinary forest uses. • Research priorities and resource inventories also attain broader significance when framed in a regional perspective. State wildlife officials and federal land managers currently repon environmental characteristics in terms of acres, head counts, and dollars. Such data arc easily tabulated and readily available by state and ownership category. Yet these quantitative measures fail to capture the more comprehensive information that is critical 10 effective habitat management Ta!L, 1989 • To ensure that resource u1ili7.ation docs not deplete an ecosystem's natural variety, managers must monitor across the landscape. They must mitigate the encroachment or common edge habitat into the diminishing forest interior. They must delineate and protect multi-state blocks of continuous forest and migration pathways. Responsible stewardship also requires improved biodiversity measurements, the promotion of ecologically rich old-growth stands, and the restoration of degraded lands. These and other research objectives necessitate inter-agency cooperation. working relationships with private landowners, and a more holistic view of the natural environment and our relationship to it. The responsibility for regional planning docs not lie solely with public agencies. Farmers, industrial foresters. university administrators, even individual homeowners must ask how their lands contribute to the environmental landscape. Particularly those who profit financially from Katuah's natural features - the outfitters, resort managers. and members of the entertainment and service sectors that surround public lands - should suive to maintain the integrity of the regional environment both as a business investment and as a means to compensate the land for its free use. Private landowners can do a great deal to strengthen the vitality of the region by managing their land to help reconnect the broken pieces. The time has come for landowners and managers to acknowledge their shared responsibility for environmental stewardship. We can no longer afford to view properties as discrete units unto themselves. to be modified, unadvised, by their current legal authorities. Businesses, families, and public agencies arc but temporary guardians of many tiny pieces of the Eanh. Yet the natural processes that permit our physical survival, as well as foster creative imagery and inspiration, besr operate unconstrained by anificaJ divisions. In order to maintain for the future the fundamental life-support systems of humans and other species, we must begin to counter the legacy of fragmentation with a commitment to environmental unity. We must explore land uses that do not deplete the Eanh's suitability for the other life forms with whom we exist. We must instill a deep appreciation for nature and natural processes in our schoolchildren. We must not insist on using. viewing, or populating every available surface, so that truly wild expanses may sustain the large animals who suffer in our presence. Much to their credit, federal agencies in the Southern Appalachians arc now experimenting with cooperative management programs. These require our encouragment and participation. Ccnainly sacrifices of power, pride, and privacy will be necessary to restore our suffering environment Yet their significance wanes beside the tangible and spiritual rewards of a cooperative survival mission never before attempted and never more important. x.atfulh Journm pCUJe 9 �A Question of Value by David Wheeler The decades between 1880 and 1920 were the years of the timber barons in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. This was the great "logging boom," in which virtually all the first-growth, "virgin" forest was cut off the Appalachian slopes. Fortunes were made during those years, but the money did not stay in the mountains. The wealth went to the corporate magnates and investors in the eastern cities and in Europe. When the ravishing of the Appalachian forests was completed, the big companies headed for greener forests to the west, and the local people were left with a strong dependency on the wage-earning system and without the means to support it. Today the old-growth forest, the first forest, is gone, but the view that the forest is a collection of resources, there for the use and benefit of human beings still underpins our basic attitudes and policies toward the Appalachian woodlands. The US Forest Service exemplifies that attitude. Their policies and priorities suue plainly that they consider the growing of hardwood timber to be the fir.a purpose of the Southern Appalachian national forest land. In the Jefferson National Forest in Virginia, two-thirds of the Forest Service budget goes into timber-cutting and road-building, which is directly tied to logging operations. In the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forest, 40% of the budget is allocated to timber and roads. Beyond that, a good portion of the adminis1rative budget (which comprises 25% of the overall budget and is tallied separately) also goes to overseeing timbering and road-building operations. Only 3.4% of the NantahalaPisgah's annual budget goes to monitoring and providing for the needs of wildlife. The road-building that logging operations demand is the most expensive and damaging of all the activities carried on by the Forest Service. This is particularly true in the southern mountains where the slopes are steep and highly erosive (see page 12). The justification for this continued environmental destruction and human intrusion into remote habitat areas is the familiar "jobs and money" refrain. Much ado is made of the timber shortage that would result if unconstrained logging in the national forests were to be stopped. Timber industry lobbyists declare 1ha1 old-growth forest is wasteful, that there is already more than enough land set aside for habitat, and argue against evidence that shows a forest diminishing in native diversity and threatened in its ability to provide the clean water and air that help to nourish life on the planet. Unhappy over the timber quotas set in the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the National Forests in the Southern Appalachians, the timber interests demanded, and won, an agreement from the Forest Service to sponsor a timber demand study, thinking that would give them leverage to XQt\mh Journc:i! pa9e 10 Phoro by Roo Musick/Profea Ligltthawt further increase the Forest Service's emphasis on timber cutting. The result was the "Southern Appalachian Timber St udy" prepared by a team of researchers headed by J. Edward de Steiguer of the Forest Service's Southeastern Experiment Station. The repon exploded like a bombshell onto the environmental scene. First, rather than verifying a strong demand for hardwood lumber from the National Forests, che repon found that the prices offered had actually been decreasing over the last decade! . And, rather 1han showing that the Nauonal Forests were making an important contributi?n co the region's timber output, che report pointed out that che National Forests contribute only 10 percem of the regional timber supply. And this 10 percent is largely wood of poor quality, used mostly for making pallets and boxes, but also for railroad ties, mine props plywood, chipboard, and finally paper pulp. A portion of the better-quality hardwoods are used as veneer woods and in the manufacturing of furniture, decorative trim, and hardwood floorin~, but the study mentioned in passing that a growing percentage of best hardwoods were being exported out of che country 10 buyers overseas! The Forest Supervisor's office in Asheville, NC stated that only 700 jobs throughout the North Carolina mountains were directly relating to timber harvesting in the national forests. In rhe Ka111ah province only rwo counties, Graham and Swain, are dependent on logging in the national forest as an important pan of their overal I economies. But the forest, like anything that lives, is much greater than the sum of its parts. The cash price of the standing timber is a paltry amount compared to the true worth of the forest. How could one appraise the rich diversity of life in Karuah, unequalled in the temperate zones of the world? We can on.ly be grateful for the priceless blessings of dark soil, pure water, and clean air. We cannot calculate the inestimable value of the fragile quality of wholeness. There has been much controversy lately about clearcutting and the methods by which timber is cut in the National Forests. However, as biologist Glenda Zahner has said, in the face of the perceived dangers to the survival of the whole Appalachian habitat it appears that the question is not how timber is taken, but whether timber should be cut at all in the Southern Appalachian narional forests. Well-known are the infamous national forest "below-cost timber sales" that have come to light in the past few years. These are sales in which the expense of the wood, site access and preparation, and the administrative management of rhe sale are not covered by the price received in the sale con1rac1. Thus, the Forest Service has actually lost money selling timber in many pans of the country, including the Southern Appalachians. Figures collected for 1987 from the six National Forests in the Southern Appalachians (including the Pickens Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest in South Carolina) show that the Forest Service lost $5.5 million dollars in that one year alone from their disastrous timber policies. Below-cost timber sales constitute an unauthorized hand-out 10 the lumber interests from the agency • and thus from the US taxpayers. The $5.5 million deficit from one year of clearcutting the forest could pay 275 of those 800 working timber-related jobs in the North Carolina national forests one year's salary of $20,000 to leave the forests uncut and to protect them as viable and living habicats. The succeeding generation of trees that replaced those carried away during the great Appalachian lumber rush are now reaching 60 to 80 years of age. The trees are approaching sawlog girth and soon their growth rate will begin to slow. This is the age of economic maturity (not to be confused with biological YaU.1989 �• maturity, which is anywhere between 200 and 500 years of age). This is a critical decision point in our policy-making: is the forest to be set back to the staning point again, or is it to be allowed to continue on toward the old-~wth stage to provide optimal habitat for the native foresr species? The Forest Service has made its position clear. On page 33, de Steiguer's "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" said, "From 1977 to 1986, the National Forests progressively increased the harvest volume of all stumpage products except softwood pulpwood. Real prices fell during the same period. In fact, the price lines are pracrically a mirror image of the volw11e lines." The report showed that the rate of timber cutting in the Southern Appalachian National Forests doubled from 63 million board feet in 1977 to 126 million board feet in 1986, even as prices were declining. Wise business practice would suggest witholding supplies when t.he price is low. The Forest Service has done e1tactly the opposite during the last decade, selling more and more timber for less and less money. Because timber quotas have been determined on the basis of political considerations rather than a response to the real market, taxpayers have been paying for the privilege of having the National Forests clearcut by the timber industry. At the time of this writing, the Forest Service is planning to again double timber cutting levels in the Southern Appalachians between 1986 and 1996. If timber sales continue 10 lose money at the same rate that they are now, then the money lost on below-cost timber sales wiU also double during that time. Under the current versions of the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests, almost 2/3 of the national forests are deemed suitable for logging, and all of that area is scheduled 10 be cut within the next 50 years. The narural cycle of succession leading to an old-growth, climax forest habitat will be cut short throughout two million acres of the national forest lands. Oak trees, many of which will be just beginning to produce the acorn mast so important to black bears and many other forest inhabitants, will be toppled in clearcuts, and a portion of the cut-over areas will be burned or sprayed with poisonous herbicides and planted in straight lines of white pine trees, which create inferior habitat for most forest species. The large, open clearcut areas left to regenerate naturaUy wiU invite yellow poplar trees to invade and take over land that may have been dominated by oaks and other tree species that prefer some degree of shade. Clearcuts do encourage diversity - a diversity of weedy plant and animal species at the expense of increasingly rare old-growth habitats. Today the old pattern of lumber extraction is being renewed as "the international timber commodities market." Once again, Appalachia is being relegated to the position of a t:olonized economy from which raw materials leave the region for processing elsewhere, along with the power and the profits. The United States is vinually the only country in the world with the capability to produce temperate hardwoods for expon. Most of the American hardwoods, particularly the oak lumber that is most in demand, come from the ratt. 1989 Appalachian Range. Canada is supplied almost enurely from the nearby Nonhem Appalachians. Because they are of higher quality, the northern hardwoods are also preferred in the discriminating European market. Buyers in the Far East, however, are more price-conscious, and increasing amounts of Southern Appalachian wood has been sold in Asia. It is difficult to determine how dependent on foreign sales the mountain timber industry has become, because lumber to be shipped overseas is shunted from logger to wholesaler and perhaps to several brokers before it finally reaches its port of embarkation. The US Depanmenr of Commerce conveniently requires no records of the point of origin of exported lumber. Industry representatives and Forest Service analysts say that of the total amount of hardwood cut each year, only 40-50% is large enough and of a quality that could be considered for export. They estimate that approximately 20-25% of that export-grade wood is sent overseas. However, because this is the highest-quality material of the wood species that are most in demand, the economic value of the exponed hardwoods is much greater than their percentage in volume and is very important to the hardwood market as a whole. Distribution of Annual Timber Removals in the Southern Appalachians. 1980-1986 Fnrms 25.5% Miscclb ncous Owner.> l1riV"J tC 52.8% Nauona I Forests 10.0% Oz hcr l'uhlic Aboencics 1.9% S~ Moun1ain Treasun.sOI Rislc Much of the expon trade in hardwood is in kiln-dried, rough-sawn lumber. which is processed in foreign plants and used for cabinetry and furniture manufacturing. The country of Taiwan is among the largest buyers today. UnHke Japan and West Germany, which produce furniture largely for their own internal consumer markets, Taiwan manufactures furniture for export, mostly to the United States. The Taiwanese furniture industry is modern and efficient, and labor in that coumry is so cheap that they can pay to import lumber from the United States and then ship finished products back 10 sell at competitive prices in this country. John Syme, forest economist at Clemson University says, "Quite a lot of the furniture manufacmrers, panicularly in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, are buying fumimre or components produced in Taiwan and other Pacific Rim countries and then selling them along with what they manufacture domestically. This is typical of chairs in particular, and other items that have a high labor content." It is possible that consumers in the town of Sylva, Nonh Carolina could buy furniture that was made in Taiwan of wood that was cut within 25 miles of their own home. While they might notice that a piece is stamped "Made in Taiwan," they probably would not notice that the price tag includes fees for shipping the materials halfway around the world and then shipping the finished product aU the way back again. To stimulate a market that is not fast-paced enough for their liking, timber industry profiteers are supplying materials to keep alive wood-based industries in countries that, due to misuse and overpopulation, have already displaced their native forests. On paper, the hardwood timber industry generates great profits at the export game, but little of the money made ever returns to the region where the wood was originally grown. The materials are sold from the mountains with a minimum of processing - jobs are being shipped away along with the wood. II is the brokers and traders in the large eastern cities who benefit from timber exporting. They are few, bur they benefit greatly. Sending raw materials to have value added elsewhere is not advantageous for the regional economy, but ultimately it is the forest that pays the greatest price. Ir is the Southern Appalachian lwbicat that is being cut and shipped away overseas. It is the black bear's food supply, the shady canopy protecting the ginseng plant and the delicate ladyslipper. It is the cover that hides the thrush, rhe tall guardians who draw down and measure out the pure running water. It is the integrity of the biological system, that subtle sense of balance that is intangible, yet so important. Here again is that persistent question of value: for what we are losing, what do we gain? The approach that sees the forest trees as materials for human use requires chat the trees be cut down and carried away - extracted - before they are of value. But the other approach that sees value in the wholeness of living communities requires that humans keep their hands (feet, and wheels) off large areas of the foresL The Southern Appalachian national forests are a significant land area in the Southeast. They could be a magnificent habitat area. Timber cutting, which supposedly is providing the greatest economic benefits, is proving to be a public liability instead. The national forests in the Kan1ah province are providing very litcle timber, very few jobs, and very litlle money to the local people. Yet for those scanty benefits the mountain forestlands are suffering inestimable damage to the natural habitat chat will take centuries to repair where it is reparable at all. It is time 10 bring our forest policies back into balance with the forest. The "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" by de Steiguer. ct al., is available from tlze USDA Forest Service; Box 2750: Asheville, NC: Katuah Province 28802. This anicle also drew heavily on the excellent resource Moumain Treasures at Risk by Laura E. Jackson (see page 8). �Let's Close The Gate To Forest Devastation by Anna Muir "Our forests are national rreasures nor national rreefanns." - St1u11or Wye/le Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) As far as land use is concerned, the key to protecting the Southern Appalachian forest habitat is to deny human access. Access means roads. "In 1985, narionalforesrs in the sowliern Appalachians contained 4 ,95 J miles of permanent Forest Service roads. The agency plans ro add 3,263 miles of new road ro this transportation sysrem by the year 2030 in order to meet increased timber sale levels. The resulting 8,2 14 miles will surpass rlie distance from Denver, Colorado, to New Zealand. In less than 50 years, these national forests will support alrrwsr two miles of road per square mile of land, nor including state, county, or private roads." budgeted $13,600 per mile c road gentle slopes o and $22,700 per mile/or sreep slopes." - Laura E. Jackson, Mountain Treasures at Risk Timber sales add up to a net liability for the Forest Service and thus for the US taxpayers. In the Southern Appalachians alone logging cost taxpayers $5.5 million in 1987. It is a vicious paradox, because preliminary road building doom;; any chance that a timber sale might clear a profit before cu1ting even starts. Present policy states that the only viable method of timber cutting is clearcutting. Under repeated clcarcuning the original forest is never given a chance to grow back, thus clearcuuing represents forest fragmentation and species discontinuity on the grossest scale. But loggmg depends on the expensive permanent roads installed at the taXpaycr's expense. No roads, no clearcuts. - Laura£. Jackson. Moumain T~ at Risk R oad const ruc ti on c reates severe disruption throughou t many square miles of national forest habitat. The soil erosion and stream siltation associated with logging operattons arc predominately the result of the roading necessary to remove the timber. Great amounts of topsoil, D"CCS, and native herbaceous plants arc displaced all along the many miles of roads pushed into the forest habitat. Roading in steep areas undercuts soil and rock structures, maximizing erosion, often res ultin g in rockslides and soil slumping. "Access is rhe demise of bear habirar, and anybody with comrrwn sense will tell you that. The bear in the Piedmont has been wiped out and replaced wirh people. For every mile of road you punch imo these rrwuntains and leave open, you're jusr pulling anorher nail in the bear's coffin." - John Collins, wildlife blologw and big gamt program coordinawr, NC Wildlife Resources Commission. quoted 111 Wildlife in Nonh Carolina rrrJg<UIJIL In an inter-depanmental memo released to the public, US ForeSt Service Regional Forester Jnck Alcock stated that, "Approximately 98 percent of all recreation (in the national forests) takes place within three-fourths mile of a road." Oisregardfog the obvious question of where is one to find a patch of national forest that 1s nor three-fourths mile from a road, the regional forester's statement gives some idea of the tremendous negative impact of forest roads on the natural habitat and how tremendously helpful closing roads would be to the rejuvenation of that habitat. 'This is a wasteful program that continues a Jcind offar red calf existence even in these days of tremendous budget dejicirs ....ln the last si.:c [!Seal years alone the Forest Service constructed 3,725 more miles of road than needed, by its own projec1ions, for rimber harves1ing. Such unnecessary roadbuilding was1es the taxpayers' money, while valuable fish and wildlife habirar is destroyed." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr (D-CA) on the floor of the US Stnate. July 29. 1989 The primary purpose of the forest roads in the Southern Appalachian national forests is to bring in logging trucks. The Forest Service has claimed that the mosaic of roads interlacing the national forests is necessary to support the jobs and money generated by timber cutting. However, this claim has been proven false. Timber sales on the national forests have actually been losing money in recent years (sec p. 10 ), and a primary reason is the cost of road building in the steep mountain terrain. "Across rhe nation, approximately one-half of all Forest service rimber expenses are artribwable to road costs. Road construction is expensive, particularly in mountainous regions where many national fores rs are located. Planners for 1Jie Jefferson (Na1ional Foresr) Jc:.citUah Journm p ~ 12 197S 11l6S 19115 2030 T OTAL REGION. • Past, Current, and Projected Forest Service Permanent Road Milage on the Southern Appalachian National Forests, 1974-2030. Soun:.. flfowitam Trtasuru ill Risk "The excessive logging scheduled for remore and sreep terrain requires a degree of roading that will severely degrade rhe moumain environment. Within 50 years. 3,263 miles of new, permanent roads are pro;ecred for rhe Sowhern Appalachian national foreslS. Road consrrucrion is rhe most damaging activity conducted in norional fores1 management. Even miligalion ml!asures cannor prevent erosion, soil compaction, and habiratfragmentarion - ongoing results of road consrruction and subsequent use." - Laura E. Jackson. Mounu11n Treasures at Risk The greatest damage by forest roads 1s to habitat values as they occur in remote areas of the national forests. And the most damaging aspects of the forest roads are those caused by "cumulative cffectS" - those incremental changes that considered together add up to debilitating qualitative changes in the overall environment. Here is an example of "cumulat ive effects:' A road was bulldozed to a clearcut site. The logging trucks and heavy equipment went in, did their job and, after some months, came out, leaving a treeless forest area compacted and criss-crossed by caterpillar tracks. Some of the loggers were bear hu nters, and they noticed bear sign while they were doing their work. So, that fall, trucks with kennel boxes mounted on the back raised dust up and dow n the road, until the bear s were hunted out, and the hunters moved elsewhere to finish off the season. Now familiar with the area, some of the hunters brought a picnicking party to a pleasant pool they found in the creek flowing beyond the logged-over area. The following year some of the families rerurned to the clearcut to pick blackberries. And o ne of the teenagers remembered the picnicking party when he and his friends needed an isolated place to park and drink beer, so four-wheel-drive vehicles careened up into the forest several weekends in succession. The Forest Service, noticing all the use their small, rough forest road was attracting, upgraded the road to "meet the traffic demand" with the result that tourists in their large cars could ride all the way to the top of the ridge to enjoy the view .... And so it goes. Each of these uses is not significant in itself. Each is legitimate in its own way. But. compounded together, the overall effect is devastating to the natural habitat that once existed on that ridgetop, protected by several square miles of impenetrable forest. Cumulative effects all too often add up to a habitat destroyed. f"l:ltt, t 989 �"Anyone who can't see that open roads hurt bear habitat has got to be blind."- John Collins, wildlife biologist and big game program coordilliltor, NC Wildlife ReS(Jurces Commission Besides the direct monality due to road kills and increased hunter ingress, roads are a primary cause of the forest fragmentation that is one of the greatest threats to habitat in the Karuah Province. Roads mean people, and black bears and other large forest-dwelling animals shy away from traffic-bearing roads, so that large areas of previously umouched habitat, far wider than the actual area of the roadbed itself, are eliminated with the construction and subsequent use of new roads. Thus, the creatures native to the old forest are pushed into smaller and smaller range areas that are less and less desirable as living spaces as roads are constructed in areas that were once prime habitat. New roads also mean wide strips of cleared land and carry "edge effects,'' one of which is rapid invasion by early-succession ("weed") species of plants and animals, deep into the once-unbroken foresL Multiple Use M o dule (MUM) Rud NDM ill NaJural Areas JoMrnol "Mr. President, we already have an excess of Forest Service roads through our national forests ...." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr. (D-GA) on the floor of the US Senate.July 29, 1989 In the interest of habitat preservation, not only should the US Forest Service halt its road-building program in Katuah completely, but in key habitat areas existing roads should be closed, erased, and planted with fast-growing, hardwood, pioneer tree species to restore the natural character of the once-roaded areas as quickly as possible. Closing forest roads completely and permanently would open large expanses of forest in which the black bear and other old-growth dependent species could roam freely, strengthening the gene pool, and rejuvenating and expanding the present populations. Closing roads is a necessary prerequisite for any programs to reintroduce large carnivorous animals, such as the mountain lion, to restore proper predator/prey balances in the forest. Closing roads is a key pan of any program to restore old-growth habitat in the , Southern Appalachian Mountains. SparrowHawk The sparrow hawk became his friend, though distrusting him at first, not seeing that when the man found it entangled in fishing line at the junkyard, he meant anything but harm. But it softened as he sat in the dark room beside it silent, his eyes averted, letting it discover that he held it captive only because he cared and would offer freedom when the May hills were green and the air sweetened and warm. Trust came when he fed it chicken and trained it to fly from his fist at field mice and grasshoppers, nurturing its strength and confidence to face the world again. Yet he was reluctant to give it back to the endless sky and distant Blue Ridge, saddened not to hear its chirp or feel the light talons as it lit on his head or see the solemn brown gaze; but his time with the hawk was borrowed, and as it flew beyond the pines vanished with the stirring breeze he was glad to have known 1t at all. - Julia Nunnally Duncan T11Ct, 1989 D1awU1g by RobM~sick. �TA by Heather Blair fg[(, 1989 �A PLACE FOR BEARS An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton (This 1nttr11itw 1s a continuation of a conlll!rsation btg"" ill issut 17 of the Ka!Uah Journal.) Katuah Journal: What are the basic clements for good bear habitat? Pt/ton: In 1970 we questioned southeastern state fish and wildlife agencies about bear habitat Respondents indicated across the board that black bears need good food sources (acorns and berries) and thick understory cover of some type There seemed to be common agrccmcnt that these were necessary clements for good bear habitat. 1bc third element is privacy - some degree of seclusion and remoteness. Of these three clements there is no doubt that the privacy/protection element is the most irnponant. Black bears are omnivores and have a broad food habit. Throughout their range in North America nuts and berries are always present. Where these arc present the species will survive, but only if there is some degree of privacy. Kattlah Journal: Then how about the effect of roads? Ptll()n: Road density and rramc volume arc the two factors that interact to determine the degree to which a bear will avoid crossing or even coming close to a road. The animals can be affected in two major ways. First, the road may make the habitat less desirable. Therefore they shift their home range, usually to a less desirable habitation. Thus they would be more vulnerable to monality, as they would have to move around more to find adequate food, denning sites, or cover. Secondly, a road may result in direct monality. Besides obvious factors like road kills, the mere presence of a rood invites people to use ii. The more it is used, the greater the possibility that hunting will be one of those uses. Katuah Journal: Are there other cumulative effects of roads? Pelton: Certainly. Once a road is in place and opened, it attracts all kinds of human intrusion, whether it's logging or hunting. The Twelve Mile Strip (an area between the east border of the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle and the Pisgah 1"ational Forest) is an imponant dispersal area from the Park. It is also a major hunting area. However, the Twelve Mile Strip is essentially devoid of a resident bear population. There is a high degree of road access, which means heavy hunting pressure, and the 1-40 freeway separates the Twelve Mile Strip from the national forest, which is ccnainly a barrier to bear migration. A recent ttaffic surve)' we did on l-40 found that during the daytime a vehicle passed the counting point every three seconds. At night the traffic slowed to one vehicle every seven seconds. The only real land bridge is the steep ridge that runs over one tunnel. We also know that there arc 13 or 14 culvcrtS in that area which could be used to cross under 1-40, but we don't f'11U, t 989 ~ "11-Rltea know if they arc being used. From road kills we've found, we do know that bears do occasionally tty to cross the highway. When traveling the coastal area of Europe last year, l found it very interesting to see their road construction techniques. At locations where we would "cut and fill" in this mountainous countty, they "bridge and tunnel." It struck me immediately that the "bridge and tunnel" concept, for whatever reason they used it, is ideal for animals in that it leaves large corridors for dispersal movements, in contrast to the "cut and fill" method that we use at present The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Katuah Journal: That's interesting, especially since another major freeway is being proposed up the 1-26 corridor into Tennessee. It seems like it would be time to bring up something like that. You have also talked about acorns and their imponance to the black bear population. Pelton: The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Black bears react to this concentrated energy source in amazing ways. Ecologically, physiologically, and behaviorally they go through a ttemendous change each fall. Bears tty to incorporate prime acorn sites into their home ranges. But acorns produce sporadically, and in any given year black bears will leave their traditional home range areas and travel for miles to congregate at oak stands that have abundant acorns. During this "feeding frenzy," as we call it, they sometimes seem to ignore a human presence in situations in which at any other time they would have jumped into the bushes and run away. They also show much more tolerance for one another at these focal eating areas. There seems to be larger numbers of animals in smaller areas than at any other rime of the year. It also appears that bears can shift their ability to digest various foods, particularly to assimilate the fall mast more efficiently. Acorns account for their ttemcndous fall weight gains, which arc all put on as fat Considered together, all these changes point to the importance of acorns as a source of food for the black bear. During the fall months they put on their most significant weight gains. This fat accumulation must carry them through the winter denning and into the cub-bearing season. We have been able to correlate the availability of white oak mast and the percentage of females lactating, and we found a direct and significant relation to acorn production. More dramatically, in the event of a failure of the acorn crop, there is an almost complete faillll'C of black bear reproduction. If alternative mast c rops fail as well, it could mean w inter starvation for the animal The size of the acorn crop also directly affects black bear mortality. A scarcity of mast necessitates greater movements on the part of the bear population. This makes them much more vulnerable to all the factors of monality. It affects them coming and going: natality (reproduction) and mortality. For example, in Tennessee this year the state fish and wildlife agency is having to deal with a lot of three year old male bears moving out of the Great Smoky Mountains Narional Park and ending up in Gatlinburg and Sevierville. There is a dominance hierarchy among black bears, and the subadult males of two or three years of age tend to be the ones who get kicked out and have to disperse to new ranges. This example fits in with events that happened in 1984 when there was a tremendous mast faillll'C. No cubs were born that year in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. That meant that all the females were available to be bred in 1985. Therefore, they all had cubs in 1986. These are the young bears that are now (conlinuod on peg~ 16) XAtUAh Journot Pll98 t 5 �bein& forced to look for new homes. It's interesting how this situation today was precipitated by the events of five years ago. Katllah Journal: How docs clcarcuuing affect black bears? Pelton: My main concern is that clearcutting may be subtracting from the "principal," 10 put it in economic terms, of mast producuon. There is a trade-off between the summer mast that is produced for a few years and the years of hard mast production that are lost when oaks arc cut down. But my main concern is that it appears that foresters still don't have a full understanding of how 10 carry out a clearcut and have predictable results in terms of good, strong oak regeneration. We have made numerous observations on the Pisgah National Forest. In those instances it seemed that they were not getting the regeneration they should have. Thus this becomes a major concern. Once a srand is cut, it may be lost to acorn production for many, many years. Another concern is denning. Bears do sometimes den in the areas of thick undergrowth created by a clearcut, and that's fine, but where dogs are used for hunting, there is greatly increased hunting pressure. The bears seem to sense their vulnerability. The more exposed they are, the more apt they arc 10 leave and abandon their cubs. Female bears in particular need secwe sites, such as large cavities in old, hollow trees or rock crevices, in which to den. The more secure the denning site, the more likely they are to stay put. Twenty-five or 30 years ago clearcuts were hundreds of acres in size. Over the years they have been shrunken in size until now they are down to less than 40 acres in the Southern Appalachians. These are beuer for most forest species. It means more unbroken. contiguous areas. Smaller cuts spaced apart seem 10 be a more logical cuuing regime. Adjacent stands should be allowed 10 mature to mast-producing age. Katllah Journal· What specifically could we do to help improve habi1a1 for 1he black bears? Pelton: I think we need longer timber rotations. I still contend that we need 10 examine rotation times in light of the importance of acorns 10 bears and other species. I have a feeling that the rotation times need 10 be lengthened to give the forest as a whole a chance to be as it productive as it can be 10 produce the food that is necessary. That production time varies a lot from one variety of oak 10 another, but I think that the rotations are probably still too short The other need is, as I mentioned before, that foresters pay a 101 more attention to oak regeneration when they cut. They need 10 make ha1 sure that regeneration is advanced enough, 1 there are enough young oak seedlings and saplings on the ground, so that maple or tulip poplar or any other species don't overwhelm the oaks and take over the site. Clcarcuts should also be spaced so that acorn-producing stands are adjacent. roads. We have had a history of roads being opened and closed, opened and closed, re-opened and closed again in response 10 various political pressures.There needs 10 be a consistent and Slandard policy throughout lhe region regarding roads. Without it, there's no doubt that roads are going to be quite detrimental to black bears. Even gated roads arc being used for illegal hunting. Total closwe may have to be undenakcn. The state agencies in North Carolina and Tennessee are bolh putting a lot of thought into their bear sanctuaries. It migh1 be timely 10 examine the sanctuary boundaries in relation to where timber management activities and roads will or won't be, so that lhe efficiency of the system can be enhanced. They could make sure I.hat the boundaries of a sanctuary take advantage of a cenain prime white oak stand, for instance. I think we need to learn more about designing sanctuaries, but with a liule bit of thought and planning, perhaps the system could be improved considerably. Dr. Michael Pelton has studied the black bears in the Sowhern Appalachians/or the last twenty years. He is recognized world-wide for his knowledge and experience with bears and has advised bear research and restoration projectS in Norrh America and Europe. Rtcortkd by David Whukr Transcribtd by Marsha R111g Edictd by Kim Sandland and Dovid \Vhttltr About roads .. .ln a report I presented in 1985, I said that under present conditions black bears needed 10 have wilderness or quasi-wilderness, because of the indeterminate policies of the Forest Service about closing 'Jfu:rc fell tl1e min liealin9 forty rlays am! w e were fwatl ng, we w ere spfushi"'J am! Caugfi£119 boos wUh our rwses in f wwers aml throu9h tlui trus, nug9ets of s unlU)ht and •v•rywhcr• 9run reachL"'] to fwld us bark to touch am! 9run sprou ts, forgotten in corners wfu:r• 9run had com. rw more. C£u 7Mr• /eJ1. tlu& rain fu:ali"'], mil£"'] am! f a!l£119, remLmli"'J us of paths. rivulet.s /or9otten, paths unilwtujit of, ways too new to Lrn<UJi.ne, the joy of clesctmt unforesun, abandoned to tlu& twists of mud am! stone, un.ltwwn, new, quid.Ly. abrupt, steep. rai,n remlndL"'J to fall w'tlwui ceasi"'], fall 9Uully, /all gratefully, fafl, lo119Cr and try f or tlu& bottom, Ln mud, Ln stornJ, Ln green, Ln greetJ$St magnif£ceru;e of rain, the rain that falls ~lL119. f"aCL, 1989 �ArlWOl'.I: l¥y JamM Rhea If you ever talk to an old-timer, and you mention the word "panther," be prepared for some emotion-laden and perhaps superstitious stories. Human fear of the unknown has influenced and shaped the Eastern panther's destiny. Because of this fear the Eastern panther has been almost completely wiped out in eastern Nonh America. This article is an.anempt to decipher myth from reality and to present evidence for or against the existence of the Eastern panther today. TI1e following is an example of the typical panther story told to an old-timer of today by his or her parents: 'The night was dark and still. Daddy put a log in the fireplace and then tricked us liule'uns in bed. The only sounds were the hoot of a screech owl and inseccs serenading. And then, all of a sudden - a clt1unp, on the roof! Wha1's that, daddy?'we asked in fright. They got us children down and we gathered around the fire. We could hear the creature pacing back andforch above our heads. It was rryinR ro claw up some shinRles! 'Don't be afraid,' Mommy cold us, 'it'll be alright.' Daddy grabbed his gun from the wall. We knew it wasn't a/rig Ju. Then there was a loud, piercing scream! We knew it was the call of the painter." Is this scenario accurate - or is it just exaggerated mountain folklore? Was the Eastern cougar, or "painter," as it was called by the mountaineers, so bold as to come up to a human home and threaten to attack and kill humans? Do panthers still exist in the Southern Appalachians? What were, or are, they really like? Cougars were almost completely eliminated in eastern Nonh America soon after it was seuled by European immigrants. The attitude toward the great cat was the same auitude which caused the "taming" and destrucrion of the wilderness. The settlers anacked the animal, fearing it would prey on livestock and humans. Also, the destruction of the deer population through over-hunting and land-clearing, and direct hunting of the Eastern cougar saw this subspecies to its demise. 1"aCC.. l989 According to Robert Downing, former Forest Service officer in Clemson, South Carolina, the Eastern cougar (a subspecies which differs from the Florida panther, western panther, and twenty-seven other subspecies of Nonh American panthers), is as elusive as the answer to the questions asked about it. Many factors complicate the picture. First we must understand the habits and peculiarities of the panther. A cougar (Fe/is concolor) will live almost anywhere there are deer, or enough of the other animals of its prey base, such as racoon, opossum, rabbit, skunk, and fox. Deer, however, are by far the preferred prey of the cougar. All predators are best adapted for a specific prey animal. The deer is the right size and speed for the cougar and has come to be almost the cougar's only food source. ln Mexico where deer are few or non-existent, panthers prey on smaller rodents solely. This means that the panthers must spend more time and energy to kill more animals, but also shows their exrreme adapuibility. Unlike bears. panthers will not eat the meat of an animal they have not killed themselves. Occasionally an individual panther will acquire the habit of preying on livestock, although that occurrence is rare. Cougar are not and have never been a real threat to livestock. Wild boar, however, are definitely a possible prey animal for the cougar (which has implications for restoring balanced ecosystems in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park). Panthers feed only once every week or two. They kill only when hungry, usually eating pan of the deer and caching or hiding the rest to finish later. Robert Downing is called at least once, and sometimes several times, a month to investigate reponed sightings of the Eastern panther. He is presently rraining other Fish and Wildlife officials how to identify and verify rracks and scats. Only a rrained expen can tell the difference between a panther track and that of a large dog. Cats walk with their nails retracted (to keep them sharp). except on rare occasions when they are in a hurry. Panther scats average one and onequaner inches in diameter, and are smooth like those of a bobcaL Another panther habit is to kick up a pile of din and leaves on the edge of its territory and urinate on it. This habit is also shared by bobcats and foxes, so it takes a trained eye to determine the difference. Tracks are difficult 10 find in the mountains because the ground is either hard clay or the (continued on p:ige t8) JC.at ®h Jo1mmC. pa9e t 7 �FRONT COUGAR "'"~ (continued from page 17) constant rain washes the tracks away. Snowfall helps to locate tracks, but high mountain winds, subsequent snow storms, and melting make tracking in winter as challenging as any of the seasons. With so many sightings reported, Robert Downing finds it hard to believe they can all be wrong. But it is also hard to understand why there has never been an Eastern panther hit on the highways, when 5-15% of the Florida panthers (another subspecies) arc killed each year on the road. Perhaps the Florida panthers find roads more desirable to navigate than low, rugged wetlands. a problem the Eastern cougar would not have. Cougars were formerly common throughout North and South America. where they existed mostly on deer, bison, and elk. Today only small pocket populations survive, mostly in the western United States. Panthers are loners, rarely traveling in groups or packs. An individual cougar in the west occupies a 10-20 square mile territory. In Florida each panther uses 50-60 square miles because the population pressure 1s not as great There is no regular mating season for panthers. They will breed any time of the year once they come to maturity at three years of age. However, breeding for any one panther occurs only once every two tO three years. The two or three kittens in each litter are raised by the female. After weaning at two to three months of age, they accompany the mother on hunts. The panther ranges in length from five to eight feet, including the tail, and weighs from eighty to two hundred pounds. Their call varies. It can be soft like the cooing of a dove, a rattling growl, or an eerie shriek -- sometimes described as resembling the scream of an old woman. The panther does not scream when it is about to attack, as myth would lead us to believe. The bark of the grey fox is sometimes mistaken for a cougar call, although there is no resemblance. Some owl calls have even been mistaken for panther howls. In Florida, and many eastern states, panthers are protected as an endangered species. In western states cougar are managed by state fish and wildlife departments as a game animal. In Texas, there i s no protective legislation for the cougar whatsoever. A known population of panthers exists in Manitoba which has spread west into Ontario, and south into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Maine is an ideal habitat for the panther, as there are large areas with no public roads and large deer populations. But so far no panthers have been officially sighted there. Before there can be any action taken to protect the Eastern cougar and its habitat, the presence of the Eastern cougar must be confirmed. Roben Downing has written a report fol' the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service entitled: "The Current Starus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians." In it he describes recent reports, historical aspects, searches for sign, and research needs. The Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service pooled their resources and sponsored Roben Downing's study when the controversy came to a head in 1977. At that time several groups threatened to bring suit against the Forest Service unless it hailed timber harvests in an area where several cougars had reportedly been seen. If you think you have seen a cougar or its sign, this repon may help you to determine a true sighting. The conclusion of Robert Downing's study is basically that there is yet no conclusion as to the status of the Eastern cougar. Although it seems fitting and right for panthers to be inhabiting the southern mountains, not one official sighting has been made. Until then, panther advocates have no basis for demandfog protection for cougar habitat The best thing one can do at this point is to get a copy of "The Current Status of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," learn all one can about tracks and panther habits, and keep one's eyes and ears open when roaming the hills. The true spirit of native Appalachia will shine forth when species such as the panther (along with the American chestnut, gray wolf, and black bear) are existing together in stable and self-sustaining populations. Roberr Downing's reporr, "The Current Sratus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," is available from rhe Denver Wildlife Research Center; Department of Forestry; Clemson Universiry; Clemson, SC 29631. The Earth First! Biodiversity Project is collecting data for an Eastern Cougar Study. Your help is needed to document cougar sightings and habitat use in the eastern states. If you see a cougar, remember as accurately as possible the location; a description of the animal including height, length, approximate weight, length of the tail, and distinguishing marks; a description of the terrain; and an account of the event Send information to: Eanh First! Biodiversity Project 2365 Willard Road Parkersburg, WV 26101 Cougar tracks have four toe pad marks in a semi-circle ahead of the larger metacarpal pad. There are usually three lobes on the back of the metacarpal pad. The tracks of adult cougars measure 2 3/4 inches or more in width. Cougars have a central lead toe on each foot, and the two middle toes are not symmetrical, but one is normally farther forward than the other. Dog tracks appear similar to cougar tracks, but the toes arc almost directly opposite each other, and claw marks arc always visible ahead of the toe marks. Bobcat tracks are similar in appearance to cougar tracks, but smaller. The tracks of a young cougar will appear the same as those of a bobcat. If you see a cougar track, make a plaster cast. Here is how: I) Prepare the ground surrounding the track by removing any debris. Carefully remove any loose objects in the track itself. 2) Take a strip of light cardboard or plastic long enough to surround the track, fold it into a circle and fasten lhe ends togelher. Set it around lhe track. 3) Mix Plaster of Paris according to directions on package. Once mixed, plaster sets quickly, so be prepared to pour immediately. 4) Pour the plaster slowly over the track, taking care to fill all the recesses, especially the toe marks, to avoid air bubbles. Pouring too quickly will disturb the track. Pour plaster one inch over the track. 5) Allow the plaster to harden. Then lift the cast and carefully wipe away excess din and debris. / raet,1989 �Last fall, when the mornings turned c turned to gathering firewood, we didn't hav south-facing slope behind rhe cabin was doned oaks. We discovered enough snags just along the wood stove stoked all winter, and without I summer I've found enough dead and dying oak house next wioter, too. Oaks are treasured trees -- valuabl~ fo~~r. !f!l~per provide, valuable for their shady canopy and wood and their sturdy beauty. But something is oak forests of sourbcrn Appalachia. Since the ll980's, we've seen an increase in the mortality of oaks la ~land h3nlwood fcxests throughout the eastern United ~ This phenomenon, called• decline, has been o b s e r v e - y since the early 1900's, bat foresucs~.ud 1 are just beginning to tmensi.v~ it! Ciiiil'di k is having on the forest ecosystem. Oak decline is not caused by a single discaa odDlilllPa. bot a series of interactions between environmenw strelles, diseases, and insectS. A healthy oak ~ will begin to dec:Uae when it is subjected to unusual stress, such u drought; fiosl iniury or spring defoliation by insects. This causes physiological changes in the tree and its root n~omes vllJn~ IO lltlCk by the annillaria root'l'Offungus (Ari1tiJJaria metled), wllil:b aormally lives on roOlS of dead trees. This runaus killS put oflhe mot sySl!Cm, further weakening the tree and making it sa~ above ground auaclc by other diseases and iosects. The two-lined chestnut borer (Argilus bilineatus) is often fond in uees at this stage, its larvae making meandering galleries dna&b the inner bark and eventually girdling the tree. As the aee declines, ns growth slows down and the crown dies bact. Tbe dead branches exposed as the leaves die are the most obvious signs that a tree is being seriously stressed. If good condieiom return, a young, vigorous tree may be able 10 recover, bat an older tree will continue to decline and eveniually die, UiUll1y iwo to five years after the stress first occured. The U.S. Forest Service has been conducting surveys throughout Karuah to determine how widespread oak decline ~ and which areas arc affected most severely. By combining aerial surveys and data collec1ed on 1hc ground, resarchcn have de1crmincd that oaks are declining in all southern upland hardwood forests, but the damage varies greatly in different areas. Oak species in the red oak group (including bhd. scarlet and nonhcrn red oaks) are much more likely to decline lhan !hose in the white oak group (white and chestnut oaks). Oak decline 1ends 10 be grca1cs1 in areas where trees naturally grow most slowly -- on ridgc1ops, on shallow, rocky soils and on southand wes1-facing slopes. Age is a fac1or, too. "Declines arc, by and large, diseases of ma1ure trees." according to Sieve Oak, forest pathologist with the Forest Service. "However, chronological age may not f>e the best measure of tree maturity. On a high quali1y site, an 80-year-old black oak might be considered middle-aged, but on a poor site the same ttcc would be a senior citizen, and probably more prone to decline". Oak seedlings arc relatively intolerant of shade so they ••id br '° have a hard time establishing themselves under a forest caoopy. Once a dominant tree dies and more fight reaches the g10lllld. 1hey tend 10 be out-competed by fas1cr growing seedling -yellow poplar, maple, sourwood, black locust In order 10 be sure !hat oaks will be present in the next stand, it's generally agreed tha1 there must be a substantial number of oak seedlings and saplings already growing in tbc undcrstory before lhe dominant trees die. "If it doesn't maucr what kind of trees replace declined oaks, then decline is of no consequence because some regeneration will happen", Sieve Oak says. "But given the problems of oak regeneration, it's not at all clear !hat oaks wilt replace themselves after decline". Understanding the biological causes of oak decline and where it tends to occur gives some clues as to why we are seeing ao increasing number of dead oaks in the green mountains of our bioregion. Kan1ah forests were almost decimated by the "cut ou1 and get otlt" logging practices which prevailed around the tum of !he century. As a result, the majority of these next-generation forats are now in the 60 10 90 year range -- the age al which oaks become more vulnerable to the stresses that cause decline. 1llc long-1erm drough1 we arc experiencing is surely a contributing fac1or. Overall, the raie of global wanning since 1970 is higher than a1 any earlier recorded rime. If our heedless consumption of fossil fuels continues to blanket the earth with increasingly heavier layers of carbon dioxide, the drought stress caused by higher tcmpcra1ures will have dire consequences for the whole ccosys1em, and oaks may be among the firs! obvious casualties. Oak decline is also predicted 10 increase with the steady advent of the leaf-hungry gypsy moth as It chews its way south into these foresis. The gypsy moth, an insect pcs1 introduced 10 Nonh America in the ninc1eenth cen1ury, is expected 10 cause significant amounts of defoliation in the near future. One of the major current concerns about oak decline is the impact it has on wildlife. As their crowns die back, declining oaks produce less hard mast (acorns) and the nutritional value of the mast may not be as high. In one declining stand surveyed, the acorn yield was predicted to be 58% lower over five years than would be cxpcacd in a hcahhy stand. "Acorns arc very high in fa1 and carbohydrates", explains Lauren Hi1hmn. Forest Service wildlife biologist. "They arc one of 1he highest energy foods in !he forest". This shortage creates a grave situation for all animals which depend on acorns for fall and winter food -- black bear, deer, eastern wild turkey, racoon, squirrel and other small mammals. The populations of preda1ors such as bobca1, cougar and raptors a.re also adversely affec1cd by decline, since much of their prey consists of small mammals dependant on acorns. According 10 Hillman, decline also decreases the diversity of acorn species. Having a variety of mast in the forest, she says, "cushions failure in one crop which may have a poor production year. Given periodic hard mas(shonages, this could be a critical fac1or for wildlife survival". And !he impact of oak decline on wildJife wilJ be even grca1er in the future because many dying oaks will be replaced by (continued oo page 20) foU, 1989 JC.atimn Journa! p1i9e 19 �olher species of trees which won't produce any hard mast. "Black bear reproduction is directly dependent on. hard mast availability", continues Hillman, and she asscns that 1f oa1c decline continues to jcapardizc this food source, "the black bear . . might not stnive". If we consider long term trends m climate, the s1e~dy advance of the gypsy moth and the current age of our .f?"=sts, 1.t is reasonably safe to predict that oak decline is.a cond1uon wh~ch will not be disappearing in the near future. Is 11 a problem which needs to be addressed by forest management practices. or should oa1c decline be viewed as one factor among many in the evolution of a continuously changing ccosyst~m 7 . The oak-dominated forests m the mountains of southern Appalachia arc a result of land use history ov~r the last 200 years. Past agricultural use of the land, woods _grazing, fire control and the chestnut blight have all contributed to the present predominance of oaks. But given ~hat we know a.bout ~ak regeneration, it's a fair bet that there will fewer oaks an K~u3!1 forests in the future if some oak decline management 1s!11 undenaken. If the resultant changes in wildlife habitat, species diversity, wood supply and aesthetic valu~s are acceptable, t~en there isn't any reason to try 10 reduce the impact of oak decline. In areas where there is liule or no interference by humans, such as in designated wilderness areas, oak decline and other n~tural events are allowed 10 run their course. Then the ?Utc.ome 1s not influenced by the imposition of management ObJecuves which determine which resources to promote, oflen a1 the expense of other resources. However oak decline is increasingly being perceived as a problem of fo~st health in forests which are being managed to maximize one or more of these resources. The recently released Draft Environmental Impact Statement co".ering the Grassy Gap and Wesser timber sales in Nantahala Nauonal Forest. is one of 1he first public documents to address oak decline as a consideration in the action alternatives. The environmental and topographic factors which inc~ the incidence of decline cannot be altered by forestry pracuccs. However there arc silvicultural treatments which can reduce the effects of decline if the objective is to maintain a vigorous oalc forest. be One such treatment is thinning. Reducing the density of trees by thinning, especially when the trees arc ~l~tivcly young, should help alleviate water stress. However, 1h1~mg can cause an increase in armillaria root rot fungus, and u may actually increase moisture stress if decline is already in progress by exposing more of the soil surface to the drying effects of the sun. Another management strategy involves encouraging oa1c seedlings and saplings to grow in the understory of o~ stands which arc declining, or which arc at high risk for dechne. As noted earlier, oa1c seedlings under the shade of mature trees tend to be out-competed by more shade tolerant species. If the growth of these competing seedlings, saplings and shrubs is controlled, the young oalcs will be in a position to talce advantage of increased light when the mature trees arc gone. The method chosen to control competing understory vegetation is likely to cause some. controversy, si.nce .using herbicides appears 10 be more effecuve and economical m the shon tenn than cutting down the competing plants by hand. Hopefully, this decision will be carefully considered in view of its potential long term costs.. Much more needs t~ be ~nown about the complex interacuons of these che1D1cals rn the ecosystem before herbicides arc given a seal of appi:oval. . Some silviculturists advocate a second phase m the crcanon of a vigorous stand: cuning down the declining mature trees. From a silvicullural point of view, harvesting the big trees allows enough strong light to reach the ground for the oak seedlings to begin growing rapidly. Forest manag~rs "!BY .also .choose to harvest declining trees based on economic obJCCUves, 1f the trees can be sold as timber. Harvest methods have been at the center of a great deal of debate recently, with clearcutting generating most of the opposition. And the controversy is likel>: to become eycn ~ore intense with this issue, because clearcutung has been identified by many silviculturalists as the most effective way to manage.oalc decline. They affirm that if ~equate numbers of oak Sec<!lmgs and saplings arc present rn the understory, clearcumng a declining oalc stand is the most reliable way to ensure that ~e following stand will be less susceptible to the stresses which initiate decline. The major harvest alternative to clcarcutting is managing an uneven-aged forest by selectively cutting small groups of trees. This harvesting is done periodically, usually every 10-20 .Y~· and the trees arc selected in such a way that at least three d1sunc1 age classes will remain in the forest Uneven-aged stands are valued for containing a diversity of ages and species of trees and for their basically intact forest canopy. However, oak decline is more likely to increase in stands which arc managed this way than they arc in clearcut stands, because uneven-aged harvest requires more logging road construction, as well as more entries into the stand. This means there is increased potcmial for soil compaction, i:oot system damage and mechanical damage to the trees which arc not harvested. These injuries decrease a tree 's resistance to the stresses which cause decHne. Skillful horse logging would subs1amially decrease lh~se risks and would make uneven-aged management a beuer option for declining stands. Unfonunatcly, neither the timber industry nor the Forest Service consider logging with horses an economically viable practice. Small woodland owners, without the market pressures of big business, may find that using horses to log decline-prone areas, thereby creating space_ for youn.g vigorous trtts 10 grow, is a good way 10 m:in11ge de.chn .. on 1he1r land and encourage biodiversity. . Oak decline is a biological fact in the forests of Katuah. Watching robust, bountiful oak trees slowly lo.se th~1r stren~th and die is an emotional experience. Oak decline is an issue which gives us a chance 10 discuss what we value most about our . forests, and how we want 10 influence future forests by the decisions we make now. Photo abow, armillaria root rot fungus, courtrsy c{Strp~tt W. Oak f"llU,1989 �PEOPLE & HABITAT While many view the pastoral scenes and remote majesty of the Southern Appalachians as all-enduring, trends in human population l migration and unrelenting resource extraction have had monumental effects upon wildlife and the diverse flora of their native habitat. Today litlle remains unaltered by the effects of human activity. The landscape we view today is a threatened glimmer of what was once, but it still exists as one of the most diverse ecosystems on the North American continent. A universal tenet that holds true for every form of life is the ecological principle of carrying capacity: a given habitat can only suppon so many individuals of any given species. Beyond that threshold the numbers of the given species begin to decline or that species begins to impinge on the ability of the habitat to function and support other forms of life. The principle of carrying capacity holds as true for human beings as for any other life form. The difference is that we are so insulated from the greater environment by the barriers of civilization, that we often do not realize the impact we are having on local, to say nothing of distant, habitats. In the case of homo sapiens the situation is funher complicated by the effects of a highly-developed technology, which adds an additional element to the equation by magnifying the impact of a given number of individual humans. Bioregional awareness leads us to become as regionally self-sufficient as possible, so that we restrict the impact of our presence to our own bioregion. We also realize our responsibility to accurately determine the region's carrying capacity for human beings and to limit our numbers accordingly. A historical perspective of human manipulation of the Katt.lab province will help raise the question of the proper carrying capacity for human beings in our bioregion - the level that allows for the preservation of wild habitat. land already subject to conditions of dire overpopulation. The Old World represented a virtually inexhaustible well of humanity that flooded over the new frontier. After the mountain highlands were first penetrated by DeSoto in 1540, the question of access was of paramoum importance in the development of the Southern Appalachians. The Indian culture tied to the land and her offerings was rapidly overrun by the streams of white-skinned settlers that moved in along the major Indian trails 'through the Shenandoah Valley and from the Atlantic Tidewater area, widening the trails into roads as they went so that others could more easily follow. The first small communities sprang up along the river valleys and larger coves of the Watauga, French Broad, Little Tennessee, and Hiwassee watersheds. Although few and far between, their presence was marked by the agrarian need for cleared land. The bottomlands and wellands were cleared or drained firs1, and !hen trees were felled on the side slopes to make room for more fields and pastures. As the first sertlemen1s became towns, the clearings spread deeper into the mountains following small and muddy roads that wound along the river and stream tributaries. Early In habitants and First Immigrants The Cherokee Indians and the indigenous people before lived in balance with their world, utilizing the offerings of their Eden. Sources estimate the native population co be about 22,000 individuals throughout the entire region in the early 17th century. This number is somewhat lower than pre-Columbian levels because of war and disease brought by white settlers. (Today, that number would be considered only mediocre actendance at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta.) The native people manipulated their environment with a technology based on fire and scone tools. Even though they had developed a sophisticated system of agriculture before the arrival of the first white people, it is clear they never exceeded the ability of the region to support them. They did not interfere with the capability of the habitat to provide for other forms of life; quite to the contrary, the native people relied on that capability for their continued existence. The arrival of the first Europeans, however, changed conditions drastically. The first immigrants represented the overflow from a 1'a!L, 1989 Plwlo by Rob MusidJProject Ug/llhawlc These first settlers lived largely off the land, much in the manner of their native predecessors. Like the Indians before them, the white settlers annually burned off the forest floor. However, because of their greater numbers, this had a much greater effect on the forest than it ever had before. Even so, until the end of the 19th century most of the mountain highlands remained an impenetrable wilderness. Daunted by the richness of the New by CHIP SMITH and LEEK. FAWCETT World, the Europeans regarded the productive capacity of the land as limilless, leading them to farm and hunt carelessly and without regard for the future. Because they were completely ignorant of ecological balances, they exterminated game species of animals and birds and slaughtered the native predators so that their domestic livestock could free-range in the woodlands. Hogs and turkeys were particularly well-adapted to the forest environment and thrived on 1he fall mas1 provided each year. Once fattened, these were gathered into large "droves" and walked along the "drovers' roads" to markets in the piedmont Mountaineers also traditionally foraged for medicinal roots in the forest. As commercial demand for these natural remedies began to grow, medicinal roots became a prime baner item in town and at the crossroad country stores. As wagonloads of ginseng and other potent roots and herbs began to roll down the twisting mountain roads to the eastern cities, the rate of trade began to threaten the survival of ginseng and other herbaceous forest plants. The Industrial Era Grinding mills and small saw mills were the height of industrial production in the highlands until the mid-I 800's. The barter system was the usual means of exchange. The US Census estimated the population in the 18 western counties of North Carolina ac 200,000 in 1890. The lifestyle was still based primarily o n subsistence agriculture, hunting, and foraging. However, in 1880. the first train into the mountains pulled inco Asheville, and the Southern Appalachians were changed forever. The railroads represented a new degree of access, and they brought exponential population growth, absentee land ownership, and industrial commerce. The population of the city of Asheville (which today is only somewhat greater than 65,000 people) mushroomed from 2,000 in 1880 to more than 10,000 by 1890. Tourism also arrived on the rails, and sanitariums and luxury hotels offered all the comfons a tired and ailing flatlander could desire. Commerce was the primary reason for pushing through the railroads, and in the Southern Appalachian region, commerce meant timber. Large traces of land, often 30,000-200,000 acres in size, were opened up to exploitation and soon surrendered their bounty. Temporary company towns were built at the base of major watersheds and railroad lines extended into the highest coves. The early timber barons were industrialists, not foresters, and they neither knew nor cared about the ideals of sustained timber )'ields and forest regeneration. Their mastery of the new steam technology gave them access to the most remote reaches of the mountain forest, and the destruction they wrought there was unprecedented. The damage to the species composition of the forest was irrevocable, as was the damage to the soil. By the early 1930's 80 percent of the mountain (continued on page 22) JC.awc:ih Jo'4rnat plMJe 21 �(continued from pqc 2 1) landscape had been burned over. Little was left to shield the soil from the area's high levels of rainfall , and severe flooding occurred in 1896, 1901, and 1909, and periodically into the 1940's. A mountain native, the Reverend A.E. Brown provided first-hand insight in an interview in the Manufacturer's Record ip 1910: " ... these mountains were full of sparkling brooks and creeks which required a two or three week rain to make them muddy; today a few hours of rain will muddy them .... Many of the mountain streams are dry throughout the summer and fall, while in winter, the waters descend in torrents and do vast damage rendering wonhless the bouom lands... The sides of mountains have been denuded of their topsoil and bouom lands have been overflowed and swept away... " Shortly after the end of World War I most of the timber barons had tom up their tracks and moved on to the Pacific Northwest. By 1930 only a few companies, such as Champion Corporation, were left In the wake of the timber rush, and at the onset of the nation's worst drought and the chestnut blight, little was left for human or beast. The Present-day Forest (or Wha t You See Is What Is Lefi) Between the I 940's and the I 960's the population of the Ka1uah province remained static or even dropped The mountai n binhrate remained high, as it had in the past, but many young folks left the mountains to find wage work in the cities of the east and the midwes1. The bumpy roads offered a way out of the mountains tO seek the American Dream. During the 1960's and the I 970's, however, a change took place. The isolation of the "backward" Appalachians began 10 look appealing to flatlanders sick of noise, crowds, and pollution, and perhaps sick at heart at the manner in which they earned their wealth. The very isolation that had protected the mountains from industrialization for so long now proved their strongest attraccion. City-dwellers realized that they could "have" that isolation - all they lacked was a way 10 get there. Thus began the era of the four-lane. The Appalachian Regional Council brought in federal money 10 help state governments upgrade old roads and build modem expressways. During this same period agriculture declined sharply in the mountains - and with it declined the traditionally high binhrate that had always characterized Appalachia in the minds of outsiders. With the construction of new roads, in-migration became the driving force in the population growth of the Ka1uah province. Today the rate of biological growth (che ratio of the binh rate 10 the death rate) remains at flat zero or in fractions of a percentage point (0.07 percent in 1984), while the rate of in-migration continues 10 rise dramatically, putting the overall population growth of the Southern Appalachians well above the national average. The number of retirees translcx:ating to the mountains raises the percentage of monality, but a look at the figures shows the dominant influence of migration on the regional population. Lack of access has always been the limiting factor on growth • the growth of human populations, economic development, and Xat®h Journal pa9e 22 industrialization - in Appalachia. Lack of access protected the wild nature o f the mountain habitat. Now the cork is out of the bottle. The sporadic stream of in-migration has turned into a flood. As over-populated Europe once offered an inexhaustible supply of humanity to fill up the New World, the large eastern cities now do the same for the mountains, as the in1ersu1te highway system offers an easy means of travel. Along with the increaSe in new residents, there has been a tremendous increase in demand for recreational opponunities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the national forests. Today, human management and human use penetrates 10 the deepest reaches of the forest on 4,900 miles of forest roads and touches every aspect of life on virtually every acre of the mountain forest habitat. Meanwhile, wildlife has been pushed back to the most remote areas of the forest in search of food and safety due 10 the clearing necessary for roads and development and the associated noise. Environment Committee assures us that al l this developmen t can proceed with no impact whatsoever on the "beautiful mountain scenery that is so imponant to all of us" - in fact, it'll be even beuer, because there will be more people here to enjoy it wilh us. Typical of this approach is the l-26 Corridor Association, a coalition of Western Nonh Carolina industrialists, developers, and their followers, who believe it is imperative 10 immediately upgrade the present Route 23 to interstate proportions through Madison County 10 the Tennessee state line providing a d1rec1 connection between Asheville, Johnson City, TN, and the large industrial cities of the mid west. Jerry Grant, the biggest developer in the Katuah mountains, provides the following insight via the /-26 Corridor Association Newsletter: "We would be on the way to somewhere - not the end of the line. We think Asheville and this region are extremely fortunate 10 have an excellent liveability factor. We are able to attract the right kinds of industry." Those who still espouse this approach have not yet realized that whenever we perceive something as a resource, then it is automatically for sale. And once sold, it is no longer ours. It is gone. In another public relations publication of the l-26 Association, WNC at the Crossroads: Crisis or Opportunity?, this theme of development continues: "Improving the US 23 gateway to interstate standards opens the entire Ohio Valley and Nonheastem US to the WNC mountain expenence....Imagine how many more travelers would discover WN~ if traffic now using I-77 and 1-75 could re-route via 1-26 through the scenic Southern Highlands.... An interstate would produce many business opportunities away from its interchanges. Well-designed and The North Carolina Highway Bill (or Come One, Come All!) This summer in Nonh Carolina the state legislature passed a $9.1 billion Highway Bill. Governor Ji m Manin's plan is 10 place "every resident in the state within 10 miles o f a four-lane road," build by-passes around seven urban centers (includi ng Asheville), pave 10,000 miles of secondary gravel roads by 1999, and the remaining gravel roads in the state by 2006 (see page 25). To hear the road boosters talk, the new roads are going 10 bring in all the good aspects of industrial culture and none of the bad. There's big bucks in it for everyone, we are told, and, because we live in the mountains, things will be as nice as they always were. The ; N PR(S(NT 4 LA~ES -- fV\Ul'l.E CONNfClORS - - - W / 'll:/~E v"' . r •~ I I \I \ I '\ \ I \I \ \ '\ f'aU:, 1989 �perpetual wild sanctuaries It ts both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this time to intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. At this lime In Earth history. our human species Is severely and Irreversibly tmpacttng the ecosystems of the planet. As an acknowledgement of our reverence for Life and for the sake of our planet's biological heritage. ll Is Important that we lntenllonally leave perpetual wild sanctuaries where humans do not enter....places where the non· human life fonns tnd1genous to a pan.tcular area arc able lo proceed lndeflnltely. undisturbed by human presence. judgement. or Intentions. This Idea Is not wtlhout precrdrnt. In New Guinea there arc small areas of natural vegetation left amid lands that have been ovcr·grazed and ovcr·cut for cooking fuel. These small fragments of natural diversity are the burial grounds. rabu areas. sacred to the spirits of the ancestors. where It Is blaspht>my to tread. In old English estates. amid the Impeccably kept lawns and gardens. there Is one comer kept wild "for the fairies • that Is never entered These are probably areas that would difficult lo matntaln anyway. and these days the tradition Is most likely kept with tongue tn cheek. but ll Is slill kept, as ll has been for generations. In the small country of Costa Rica the newly-established tropical dryland forest national park Is divided Into three pans: one pan ts open to appropriate commercial use. one pan Is only open to tradltlonal native use. and the remainder Is not open to human use at all. Here In Katuah. there have always been energy centers and sacred sites endowed with spiritual power that were never entered except by lndlvlduals or small groups of people who felt compelled to venture there to fulfill a specific spiritual mission. ThJs idea could be easily translated lnlo our own lime. lf people took ll to heart. Small areas could be set aside on small tracts of land. but setting aside a mountain range or large areas of the forest to be forever undisturbed by human presence would make a significant difference tn the conditions of habitat and. no less Importantly. would transform our relationship to the land. It Is both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this lime to Intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. All who feel so tncllned are Invited to set off an area of land - however large an area for whJch the tndlvldual or group feels ll can accept responsibility - as a perpetual wild sanctuary. This could be done by purchase. decree. or by personal witness. The areas could be regarded as sacred shrines. devlc dwclllng-places. burial grounds. or liberated 1.ones. In whatever manner It Is undertaken. this commitment tnvolvcs a responstbtllty lo respect the boundaries and lo urge others who might come tn contact with the area to do the same. It also Involves educallfllt the young about the nature of this area and the purpose for selllfllt ll aside. that they might be willing to continue the practice. ll Is time lhts Is brought forward as a serious suggestion. May all beings live wUd and free! Plca.\C !lend any commcnis expressing your rcacuons, dreams, or visions about a perpetual wild sanctuary lO KatiUih Journal: Box 638: Leicester, NC 28748. (conlJnUOd from Pl&C 22) developed interchanges therefore not only enhance the corridor's immediate environs, but also seive as gateways which entice additional development into surrounding counties. "Regionally, the 1-26 gateway will increase traffic throughout WNC. Thus, thousands of businesses - both established and yet-to-be stand to benefit...The US Chamber of Commerce has determined that each additional 100 manufacturing jobs have the following positive (sic) benefits on a given locale: Non-manufacturing jobs .. ...............&! Population increase...................... 202 Family units .............................. I 02 Increased school enrollments............ 61 (t ndguote) The effects would certainly be positive for the developers and real estate speculators who stand to make a lot of money selling off the mountain habitat. For current residents, however, land booms do not necessarily mean more jobs. They do mean higher taxes as the local people absorb the costs of expanded water supply and waste disposal services to provide an infrastructure for the new industries. They do without fail mean over-crowded schools, higher crime rates, increased noise. congestion, sedimentation. air and water pollution. Richard Stiles. an economist for the Western Nonh Carolina Tomorrow group, a primary motivator behind the push for an 1-26 corridor, actually maintains that an interstate- level highway would be less ecologically damaging than expansion of the present Rt. 23. He says that this is because an interstate would have only limited access, rather than being lined with development. Such an analysis shows a complete ignorance or disregard for the idea that there is any limit to the regional canying capacity for human beings. T11U, 1989 Ptn:cmage Change in !>()pulation Size. Ra1c of Na1ural lncrcase. and Net Mignuion Rate for lhc Average of !he Eighteen Wt"stcm Counlle• of We.tern Nonh Carolina, 1940-1980 LEGEND: - - Rate of PopulallOD Change -""" ··· · Net Migrabon Rate: · • • - - Ra1e of Natural ln~ase 25 20 - 15 10 5- 0-5 ·IO· . :?Q - 1940-50 1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 (1971 l'"'JOC- ) Source: S«io-£c()namlc OverviLW of W~s1u11 Vorrli. Carol1NJ fo r ti!, Vtu11aMla PusaJi VaiwNd Fou compilttl by the .•t Sou1hnn Appalachian Ccnlef, Man Hall College, Mars Halt, NC Direct displacement by the interstate construction and resulting commercial development will remove thousands of acres of relatively undeveloped habitat. Migration routes and range areas of different animals will be disrupted by the cut-out, paved-over, and fenced-in interstate route. A new interstate route will greatly increase fragmentation of habitaL The forest north of Asheville will be severed by a route comparable in size and volume to the 1-40 interstate. Instead of one habitat area • however patchy and ragged it is at present - there will be 1wo smaller areas. The local gene pool, already in disucss, will be divided in half once again. However. the most damaging effect will be the ucmcndously increased volume of traffic that will pass over the new highway. A new superhighway will mean more use. more commerce, more in-migration, more human demands on the already over-stressed habitat. We long ago overshot the capacity of this region to suppon the weight of our population. As access opened the mountains to the ravages of unrestrained technology at the turn of the century, so now is it bringing in unrestrained numbers of human beings. We arc the greatest threat to habitat in the Southern Appalachians. Rather than manage the forest to meet our unending demands, we need to manage ourselves. our numbers and our way of life. that the forest may continue. In the long run, this would be the best for all the inhabitants of the mountain forestlands. ourselves included. This process requires values that are at once new and at the same time very, very old. These values arc the substance of the biorcgional vision. We need to learn/remember them and pass them on. Only then will we be able to approach a reasonable carrying capacity of human beings in the Katuah province of the Appalachian biorcgion. ~ Xot.Uah Journot p119e 23 �J CAPTIVE BEARS FREED! "ROAD MANIA" SLOWED NabJral World News Service Senator Wyche Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) led the US Senate lo adopt an amendment to the interior appropriations bill that cut the road-building budget of the US Forest Service by $65 million. Vowing lO curb "road-building mania" in the Forest Service, Fowler called on his Senate colleagues to pass the amendmenL They responded 55-44 in favor of the measure. Twenty-rive million of the recovered money would be returned to the federal treasury. The balance would be used for stewardship programs, habitat improvement, and land acquisition. In calling for support of the amendment, Fowler cited a Congressional Research Service study that found that road construction was the most environmentally damaging aspect of the Forest Service timber program. OTTERS MAKE A COMEBACK ... AND A GETAWAY Natunil World News Service CARNIVOROUS PLANT LISTED Norural Wbrld News Service NllUnl) World News Service Recent events in Cherokee drew attention to the plight of caged and exploited black bears. One evening this summer, several bears were "liberated" from Saunooke's Bear Den show by unknown individual(s). A large hole was cut in the outer wall of the enclosure, through which the bears escaped along the creek into the surrounding woods, and hopefully into the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle. The outcome for the escapees is unknown: Saunooke has made no comment as to whether or not the bears were quickly recaptured or escaped into the wild. In any case, this evem effectively brought the bear's situation to the attention of local media. People for the Ethical TreaUTient of Animals have annouoced plans to protest in Cherokee on September 9, 1989. They have been warned off by the Chief of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation, Jonathan L. Taylor. A clear message appeared on August 15, 1989 in the Asheville Ci1iz11n-Times that any animal rights protesters would be arrested and prosecuted for "interfering• with the reservati.on practice of exploiting bears. lo a pointed way. it is clear that on the reservation, as in many areas or Katuab. the rights or humans to exploit the bears supercedes any rights of the animal species. Loss of freshwater wetland habitat has eliminated or threatened many plant and animal species throughout the country. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has recently proposed to add to the Endangered Species List the mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sorrounio rubro ssp. jonesii). Native only to a few motmtaln bogs and streamsides in southwestern North Carolina and northwestern South Csrolina along the Blue Ridge Divide, the mounuiin sweet pitcher plant has been reduced from 26 known historical populations to only 10. The pitcher plant has been the victim of drainage of bogs. flooding. convctsion or the land for agriculture and grazing, various other forms of land development, and collection. Eight of the remaining 10 populations survive on private land where they may be subject to habitat alteration and collection by fanciers or carnivorous plants; the other two are situaicd on State or South Carolina lands. but are also vulnerable to recreation and illegal collection. The mountain sweet pitcher plant, like other carnivorous plants, traps and digests insects for food. 11 grows up to 29 inches in height, producing showy. typically maroon flowers gracefully suspended on single tall stems, each covered with a hood. Insects. attracted to the mouth of the pitcher by sweet secreted nectar, crawl or fall into the pitcher. Their escape is prevented by a smooth slippery surface just inside the mouth of the pitcher. and by stiff hairs lining the interior or the pi!Cher tubes, pointing downward. The insects are digested in the enzyme.filled fluid secreted int the pitchers. The mountain sweet pitcher plant and its related species have long inspired curiosity and wonder. Unless they are protected and s:ived they will soon inspire only memories. Your comments can be addressed to the Asheville Field Office: US Fish and Wildlife Service; 100 Otis Street (Room 224); Asheville, NC 28801. ACID RAIN A PROVEN KILLER NabJral World News Service A link between acid precipitation and a wsease which bas killed thousands of dogwood trees may have been proven by US Forest Service plant pathologist Robert Anderson and colleagues. Dogwood anthracnose, or dogwood blight, caused by Disculo fungus species, was first found to be infecting trees in the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest about 10 years ago (see Kotuoli Journal #21). Since then, it has spread lO many of the Southeastern states and caused high mortality among both woodland and ornamental dogwoods. More than one quarter million acres in Kllttiah have been affected by the disease. Otters, absent from the Smoky Mountains following excessive trapping and logging activities during the 1930's, are making a comeback. Not only are they successfully surviving in several reintroduction sites, they arc claiming ierritoric:; across mountain ronges from their points of rcintr0duction. Nine nvcr otters were rclea.~ into thc Little River on the Tennessee side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and at least two have crossed into Nonh Carolina drainages. The ouers arc eluding the tracking efforts of researchers. even though fitted with surgically-implanted radio transmitters. Kim Dcl..o'1ier, wildlife biologist for the Park. says, "Most of them have moved extensive disuinces from the release site to other drainages. We really don't know why they are moving so much." Recently, biologists have been able to track the otters only by air. A few oucrs from a 1986 release project an the Cades Cove area of the Parle also were sighted later in Nonh Carolina waters. FtShermcn have expressed concern that ottcrs will destroy game fish, but analysis or oner scat from river banks bv University of Tennessee researchers revealed that scat piles contain no trout bones. "Trout are fast and much harder to catch," says DeLozier. Instead. the otters prefer slow-moving fish like white suckers. daces, sculpins, and hogsuckers, says DeLo1Jer. For the ouers, •...these slow-moving fish ate like picking sweets from a candy store." The next proposed release of river ouers will Ulke place as early as this winter in a watershed on the Nonh Carolina side of the Park...but don't expect them to stay there for long. Xai.imh Journal pmJe 24 The disease is chanictcrized by putple-rimmcd leaf spots. followed by twig, brunch. and stem cankers. Trees ID the forest • parucularly trees growing ID moist environments at high elevations - suffer more from anthracnose than omrunental dogwoods located where the disease can be controlled by cultural practices. Among wild dogwoods, the disease is expected to continue 10 spread throughout the South. In the past researchers had not been successful m producing anthracnose symptoms on trees which had been inoculated with lhe Disculo fungus in the laboratory. In the recently reported experiments. one year old dogwood seedlings were exposed to various levels of simulated acid rain at a Forest Service lab. The seedlings were then exposed to Disculo inoculum and the subscquem rate of infection was noted. Exposed to the fungus alone, the trees showed no sign or the blight. but as the rain acidity levels were increased there appeared a corresponding increase in infection. Research is continuing to determine if the acid rain/anthracnose connectio~an be observed in dogwoods growing under field cond111ons. Anderson's work will be helpful in effons to s:ive the tree that bears the North Carolina state nowcr. Perhaps more importantly. however, his experiments have proven a link bclwecn acid rain and plant disease and decline. It is commonly accepted that airborne pollution is contributing 10 the deaths or red spruce and Fraser fir treeS at high altitudes in the mountruns, but Anderson's experiments offer the first scientifically accepted proof that acid min is a major culprit in any instance or forcs1 degradation. The logo above symbolizes the commitment of the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League to protect the integrity of the New River. The group is demanding that the State of North Carolina carry ou1 its rc.~nsibility to protect the river as a fcder:illy-dc.~ign:ncd Wild and Scenic River area. The New is presently designated a Wild and Scenic River for 26.5 miles or its length, but this designation is threatened by an alarming rate of de,•clopmcnt along its banks and a proposed water treaUTient plan! upstream of the fcderally-pro1cc1cd zone (sec Ka1t1aliJourna/ If 24). Join the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League's efforts on behalf of the New River. Contact BREDL: Box 1308; W. Jefferson, NC 28694. raC!., 1989 �. SAHC TO REVISE PROPOSAL Nmural World News Strnce The Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) has announced !hot il will drop o proposed National Scenic Area Proposal thllt the group hnd drafted as potential leg1slauon 10 define m:inagemcnt policy for the 24,000 acres of spcc18Cular landscape known as the Highl:inds of R0311. The ongin:ll propos:>I met w11h protest from local l:indowncrs and building conl13Ctors who felt thllt lhcii propcny rights would be violated by the plan. The SAHC sud m a prepared sl3tcmcm, "Since u has been our hope from the beginning !hot a proposal could be drafted which met with the approval of all part1e~ •... SAHC has withdrawn 1ts proposal for lhe present and 1ntcods IO revise the same <;<>as IO hopefully '™=Ct the conocms of local l'CSldcnts md landowners.• The conservauon group pbns to hold both formal and informal mceungs with all CO'ICcmcd to come up wilh a new and belier proposal for keeping inl.3Cl the beauty of the Roon Highlllnds. NC ROAD BINGE Nonnl World News Service The North Carolina state legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill o~ July 26 that will contnbute greatly to mushrooming development in the Klllliall province. By a House vote of 95-19 and a Senate vote of 39-11, lhe legislature raufied a highway package rood bill calling for S9. I billion for road construction throughout the Slate. In campaigning for the bill carher, Republican GovClllOI" J1m Martin vowed IO bnng every resident of the state within 10 miles of a fow--lanc highway. The bill would fund major road-building and road-widening projects and pave thousands of miles of ara,-cl roads. Pnrndox1cally, the governor turned against his own bill when Senate Democrats added a provision to use incrca~ vehicle sales taxes for 11110 years to fund pay raises for 1eaehcrs and swc employc:cs. But legislators did not respond to the governor's last-minute call to tum down lhe revised bill. Among the projects IO be funded by the massive highway constrUCtion act are widening of US 23 in Madison County 10 cn::ue a four-lane roadway between Asheville, NC and Johnson City. TN: widening of US 19-19E between Mars Hill and Ingalls m Avery County: expansion of US 19 between Bryson City and Andrews: widening of US 441 soulh of Franklin: and construction of a loop IO circle west of Asheville between 1-26 and US 23. 1"c:i[(, I 989 FRIENDS OF GRANDFATHER temperawrc in the river, which would cause populations of fish and olha- life to decline. Geologically, the Grandfather Mountain Window, where some of the oldest rock exposed on earth juus out of the gl'OWld, provides a unique glimpse into the past. 11 is estimated lhat Grandflllher Mountain is between 625 to 680 million years old, placing its formation during the Precambrian era, a time when life still existed primarily in the seti. and microorganisms were prom111CnL Fncnd~ of Grandfather is c , rently securing 501(c)3 non-profit status with the Elisha Mitchell Audubon Soc1c1y. It has also received suppon from the Blue Ridge Group of the Sierra Club and is worlcing with the Trust for Public Lands. To become involved or 10 send a donation to the Friends of Grandfather Mountain Fund please write to them at: P.O. Box 239: Sugar Grove, NC 28679. Nonnl World Ne"°' Service On !he northwest slope of Grandfather Mountain hes 1,200 acres for sale. 900 acres of lhis is owned by lhc Wilmore Corporation, headed by John Williams and Hugh Monon. A master pion has been drawn up which any developer interested in buying the property must agn:c to. Tiie sellers see this master plan. which includes a ski slope, shopping mall. convention center, golf course, and 200 or more homesiteS as being earned out m an envll"Ol\mentally conscious way. Friends of Grandfather Mountain is a group of concerned local citir.ens working to keep these envuonmentally sensiuve areas mtact by initiaung a media cnmpaign and an effort to purchase the land. By purchasing the land and placing it in the care of a conservation organi1.auon, perhaps future generations can enJOY at least one moun1:1m whose i.rrcplacable beauty lives unscathed. In protceting the land, douns of species of plants and animals would also be protccted. Many vnriwes of irces, and several rare nnd threatened plants and animals eiust on and near the 900 acre tract up for sale. Of pnme botanical concern are the Blue Ridge goldenrod and the Hclleri bla7jng star, both growing on the Profile Cliffs directly above the endangered land. These species are listed as critically globally imperiled by the Natural Heritage Program. The Blue Ridge goldenrod is also CODSJdered endangered by the State of North Carolina. DU"CClly off the Shanty Springs Trail arc bent avcns and lnuhng wolfsbane. These bcauuful plants arc also globally imperiled. Their ap(>C3rllllce is considered rare nnd highly localized. The proposed development would also displace hundreds of animal species mcludmg: deer. racoon, opposum. red and grey fox, bobcats and an occasional bear. Newly discovered is the presence of the northern Oying sqwrrcl, a "Jlt'CiCS endangered in the Sl&IC of North Carolina, just above the glade on the Shanty Springs trail. These small, nocturnal creatures seem 10 be declirung because of changes in vegetation and habitat disturbance. The population of these rare squirrels at Grandfather Mountain is the farthest north the species has been discovered in the state. Also, disturbing the territory below the hacking site for young endangered pe.rigrine falcons may reduce the chance of the mature birds renuning lO breed in lhal area. From the westtm slope of Calloway Peak, the highest peak in the Blue Ridge Range, spring three pristme streams which form the headwaters of the Linville and Watauga Rivers. Both rivers are currently being proposed for designation as Outstanding Resource Waters. The Watauga River may be unable to support additional treated wastewat.Ct, awaillng further LCSts by the NC Division of Environmental Management. Wastewater treallllent standards for the nver have already been made motC Stringent, and in some 111.S1allCC$ new pcnmts have been denied. Any silt or 1dditional emuent into lhcsc headwaters may ruin the nver"s quality. Of critical imponance is the potentinl increase of average water ACID VEINS Narunl World Ne"°' Sen-a The final mslallment of a ten year study on acid rain for the Kau1ah biorcgion has recently been released by Lhe Environmental Prolec:tion Agency. The final rcpon states th:11. 1f current sulfur emissions continue et the present rate, 129 streams in the region will become acidic within SO )'ClltS, and 203 additional sueams will be occasionally acidic. Researchers also projected the possibility of increases in sulfur emission during the same 50 year period. Starling with a steady inc= of 20% in the first 10 years and continuing for 15 years, then leveling offin the next 2S years. At lhis level 159 streams would become acidic:, and 340 would be potcntJally vulnerable IO periodic acidification. Presently there are no S11C811lS in KatWlh that are considered aciC:ic, and jUSt lhree are eswnated IO have an ac1d-ncutrali21ng capacity or lower than 50 m1cro-equ1valcnts per liter • the estimated vulnerability threshold or streams becoming temporarily acidic during heavy snow melts and rainstorms. Sulfur dioxide, wh.icb is convened in the atmosphere into acid, 1s primarily produced by C031-buming power plants and other industries. Oxides or n11.rogcn arc released in approxim3tely similar amounts by automobiles and industry. Even though the CIU"Tcm presidential admlnlscraUon has proposed a 10 million ton reduction in sulfur diollidc emissions and a two million ton reduction in nitrogen oxide releases over the next decade. one of lhe best means to reduce poisonous emissions is energy conservation, which lessens lhc need for both existing and proposed power plants. Here are some organizations that offer catalogs contammg energy-effiCIClll products: Tiie Renew America Prop:t: 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW (Sutte 63&): Washington, DC 20036 (&02) 862-2999 and The Rocky Mountain Institute: 1739 Snowmass Creek Road: Old Snowmass. CO 81654. �Gathering I dream the spirits gather, Gather in a space outside my Room. They call my name over DRUMMING And over, I stand Before them and their voices are The howling of wolves, lhe cooing of doves, LETIERS TO KATUAH We are in another place, They are touching me, I feel like a candle With a tall flame, They give me messages, When I wake I can only remember The voices of doves, Of Wolves, and the way We wavered over this world, Dear KatUah. I'm writing to thank you for sending the Katilah Journal all the way over to Swil.l.erlandl h's very important lhat people sian to think and care more and more about our environmental problems ALL OVER the world! I'm looking forward to your next issue! The seem of sandalwood. - Palricia Claire Peters YourS sincerely. Christine Moser ~t:.~S· p$. o-t$S ~ ri..~ \)~ tjl{C\;1!1 ~G·s~~s .~'.tS ....o~ ,.c9v~st:.•S v J\}t>G1!i :iS ~~ Dear Friends at Katrlal1 Journ(l/:, Dear Katilah Journal People, Your summer '89 issue on Ptau in the Mowttains was a moment of serendipity for me as well as good energy and inspiration. It connected with my moment of comple{ing a silk screened print inspired by and incorporating the Cherokee words for Water and S~ 7~(~:t;;)are:\JA 0' (pUJL'-) Phone~ally pronounced: ~ - q Ma. Justice prevails - this time - in S.E. Georgia. If here, anywhere! Your publication is excellent, keep it running. Can we do an exchange with you? At this time, it's a little out of balance, but the best we can do. h's all part of the same problem greed and power. Pax, Martina. John and Donna St. Mary's, GA ~ L/A1.,;1 -tho 1t1 :JU.. Several Cherokee people (Laura King, Pheasant Driver, Mary and G.B. (Going Back) Chiltosky) helped me with this identification and pronunciation. ~ 1hi1 G: spoken with urgency because water is critically essential to life. yours, delighted and connected, Margaret Gregg Jonesborough. TN love Story ! lie wirh the Eanlt Ukea lover. Embracing Her Enfolded in Her fragrance In the heat of Her body Through langucrous swooning afternoons And rhythmic pulsing nights. She is With me Dear KatW!h folks. A new book is out. that all serious gardeners and fanncrs should have. h's called Secrets of the Soil by Peter Tomkins and Christopher Bird (Harper & Row, 1989). Please try to get a copy! - from Knotts Island, NC Arowuim£ Inside me. Oneness. Greenness. Wilderness. Wildness. Swirling in the spiral Lost in Mystery. Knowing the Unknowable. -Mary dt La Va/ttte Xatiulh Jou.rnal p1i9e 26 f'aU., 1989 �Dear Friends. Greiuly enjoyed your spring issue. ns usual. need to call your attention, however, to what I consider the Planet Art article's wholely uncritical appr~~al of the current 'crystal craf.e'. So I thought I would send along Earth F1rster. Karen DcBraaJ's brillnnt linlc piece on crystals as an 31ltcdote. from 'Live Wild or Die', n recent Eanh First! dcnvauve. Please consider pnnting 1L Sincerely. Bill McCormick Crozet. VA Enclosed anic:lc {b) Karen OcBf.131): Crystals. Their shimmering beauty vibrates deep into your being, helping your being, helping you setf-actuahzc wuh healing powers und guided imageries. Cool and hip, right? New age and stylin', yes? But at what price? Well. hell, can a price be put on spirituality? Can a price be put on how the earth feels when her powerful energy trnnsm1uers and hc:llers arc ripped from her bowels for a profit, be u monetary orspmtual? The ripping (np off) of crysuils from the earth is causing her to ulcerate. Great eroding <;ear; rc,ult from the hungry hordes scouring the U.S.N:uional Forcsts (mainly in Arkansas) and areas in other counties, such as Mexico and Brazil. Armed to the teeth wuh screwdrivers, shovels and bulldozers, new-age hucksters and spiritual profiteers. well-meaning heaters and seelcers of the sacred arc mining and tearing at the earth with no thought of the cost to her. The environmental impact of our spiritually starved, buclc-hungry droves is not a consideration. Think about it. The next time you stroll by Toots for Fools (no kidding) or any other nashy crystal store in Santa Crut or elsewhere, and sec those t.v. si1~ cryslJlls glimmering in the display window, think about the hole it left when it was wrenched out by its roots. like a bloody wisdom t00th from a gum. And all those smaller oncs... thcy aren't laying around the forest noor like pine cones. "It resembles Gold Rush Days." said Montgomery County Sheriff James Carmack in Spectrum (Dee. 23, 1987). when asked about crysllll seekers in the Oucitn National Forest and surrounding areas in Arkansas. According to Carmack, people vandalve the area by stealing crystals from legal mines and digging illegal muics. These all cause erosion. The Forest Service liberally grants crystal mining permit,, 3Ccording to Spectrum. but the fees generated don't begin to cover the cost of m:>nitoring the mines or contr0lhng 1llcgnl hunters. Sure. crystals are poweiful. But maybe they are where they are for a reason. Leave them there, where the earth c11n use them as she sees fiL It is mter.:sung thnt newagc folks, who profess to care for the earth are so blinded by the crystal light that they are dcstr0ymg whnt they profess LO love. Their cryswls are bloody. Docs our endlessly raped earth need more of this? The NFS and the crystal-hungry massc.~ need to hear from environmentalists: crystal mining 1s yet another massive wounding that our earth doesn't need. We need to heal ourselves by healing the earth. Boycou crystals! If you own them, don't O:iunt them, which encourages others to get them. Let the NFS know th3t you don't want them to grant any more crystal mining permits. Let people know that crysrols belong to the earth! '' • J '· I .' Draw111g by Sw Adams Dear KatUah, I picked up the wonderful winter issue of your excellent and much needed publication at the Tremont Center in the Smokies. This issue has changed my perception and my life. I hope to live in the area some day. although I mny Opl to have a cabin in the woods of Kentucky or Indiana. It has been a dream LO live m the forest for a long time • by a stream. I wish to support and join the struggle for unity with the planet we inhabit. for stopping heedless exploiUltion and destruction, for nurturing life. I am in the process of nunuring my own life (much damaged in childhood). This nunurmg is most harmonious with the healing of the planet. Thanks for your work, Starfire Forest Voices I Sleeping on the wall of the world arching over the sun with the c11n•e off est trees or wlwse tips are rwe11ry leagues high i11 the morni11g light casting golde11 leaf shadows in this green place. The high wind orchestrates irs wisdom with the forest: Be at peace with the fly and pain of bursitis Let the heali11g ofthe pla11et be pan ofyou. Be one with me 2. Hush, the gods of the forest are speaking. They toss the sun with their fingers. The liale gods rising from the growui are staffs oftruth, each blade ofgrass a word of wisdom. 3. listen, the voice ofthe wmer sings, the naiad ofthe stream whispers 10 the silent one who rests by her way. The butterflies above are mating and the weefolk are white water rafting dow11 her tiny rapids in small spherical crafts. She says thar happiness is here with the jwnpingjish alld the drops of rain quietly sampling the edge of1he storm. Here hidden and safe I would wish to stay. 4. W01erfa/ls in nLrlung laugluer as white fire ascends in balance ofcoll/I/er energies providing one another's needs in mandala of reality, body alld spirit. -S111rfire Soledad f'p(t, 1989 �(conlinucd from page 7) habitat types represented in the landscape, the belier the possibilities for rhc survival of rhc whole. Older, more mature forests musr extend over many contiguous sites, not just on ridges and in coves, for successful migration of species. For life to adapt 10 changing conditions, reproduction of all but the most highly .inobile, weedy species must occur on adjacent sites. Following the mosr recent ice age, forest communities migrated at a rare of only a few miles per century as the climate v.'nmled over rhe course of thou,ands of years In the coming century, species tha• cnmnnsc marurc fore t communities musr migrate ar a rate perhaps I0 times faster, an impossible feat from isolated. fragmented habiratS. Optimum regional biodiversity, therefore, requires a continuity of habitats across the landscape in a mosaic of mature communities that includes all topographic conditions: ridges, nonh and south slopes, coves, streams and gorges, balds, and bogs. FederaJ protection has recently been extended 10 many of rhc latter communities (at least those thar are not commercially imponant) as Congressionally designated Wilderness Areas. But nearly all of the remainder - the large areas of contiguous second-growth forests that arc now cconomicaJly mature - is destined for violent disturbance before the tum of rhc cenmry. Defining Old-Growth Forests Forests managed for commercial timber and wild game species provide a great diver:;ity of plant and animal species through logging and other planned disturbances. Therefore, it is the conclusion of Forest Service policy makers that timber and game management activities meet the legal requirement for biodiversity. The one condition that managed forests do not meet is that of providing for the types of natural diversity in critically short supply: those associated with mature old-growth forests. The condition "old-growth" is defined by the Southern Region of the US Forest Service as any forest stand over 100 years of age. This completely arbitrary definition fails to meet the biological requisites for a mature forest, because it simply means that any forest stand older than an economic rotation for commercial timber harvest is classed as "old-growth." From the biological standpoint, an old-growth forest contains trees in all age classes, including dying, standing dead, and fallen dead trees. Because most of the trce species that comprise old-growth stands in the Southern Appalachian forests do not reach biological maturity for 200-400 years (and pcrhnps longer 10 be wcll-rcpresenied in t11e dying and dead tree categories), the present-day second-growth hardwood forests must be left free of disturbance for at least another 150 years. Even then, many micro-habitat niches provided by old windthrown trees, standing dead snags, and rotting logs will not become available until yet another century has passed. More imponantly, most of the plants and animals of our second-growth forests represent mid-successional species, which are not those that will eventually be present in the climax communities. The maturing forests of today will undergo dynamic changes in species composition when left undisturbed until they reach a condition of biological old-growrh. JCGtwm )o"rnaL paq~ 28 Artwork by Joma RN!a Herc we should dispel several common misconceptions regarding old-growth forests. First, old-growth srands arc not decadent. On the contrary, they arc dynamic and teeming with life. As old crees fall. many new niches are created for other plants and animals, both in the canopy overhead and in the rotting wood on the forest floor. Many microhabitats undergo constant micro-successions of plants and animals, as new niches arc created and old ones disappear. A second myth is that "old-growth" is synonymous with "wilderness." This is cenainly not true in eastern Nonh America, where we have very liulc true old-growth in areas that have been Congressionally designated as "Wilderness." There is one important difference between the two. Legal Wilderness is by definition for hwnon beings. a commodity for people to enjoy as a recreational experience, and it is managed as such by the public agencies. Old-growth forest is for bioro, preserved for the intrinsic value of all the various forms of biological diversity therein. Managing for old-growth, however, does not exclude use by people. rn fact, old-growth forests enhance benefits such as recreation, wildlife habitat, visual quality, and stream quality, as well as providing for essential biological diversity. Restoring Old-Growth Diversity We return full circle to the opening paragraph of this paper. "Today we stand at the threshold of a great decision" - one of the most imponant for public land use since the creation of the national forests. Current management plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests call for widespread timber harvest, largely by clearcurting, for most of the 60 to 80 year old second-growth stands that have reached economic maturity. There arc provisions in some forest management plans to temporarily preserve five percent of each harvested component (approximately 50 acres for each 1000 acres harvested) for old-growth . However, these temporary reserves are only fragments surrounded by young managed stands, and even these may also be harvested in the future. Tree species in the young stands created by harvesting will be heavily biased toward those with known commercial value, such as eastern white pine, yellow poplar, and the red and white oaks. This would reduce natural diversity ai.d would also reduce the potential for genetically stable communities in the future. An orientation toward timber management is not going to maintain regional biological diversity in its broadest sense. The United States IOOth Congress stated, "The Eanh's biological diversiry is being rapidly depleted at a rate without precedent in human history....Mosr losses of biological diversity are largely avoidable consequences of human activity ....Mointoining biological diversity through habitat preserv01ion is often less costly and more effective than ejforrs ro save species once tltey become endangered." (Quoted from H.R. 4335. 1988, emphasis added). We frequently hear reports of distinguished biological scientists warning that human-caused destruction of naturaJ habnats is the single most serious threat to survival of life as we know it on our planet. The loss of genetic diversity and the loss of entire ecosystems arc occurring at an accelerating pace around the world. The Southern Appalachian Mountains arc a pan of this grim picture. But the existing public lands have the potential to restore the natural diversity provided by the old-growth forests currently missing from the Appalachian biorcgion. Unbroken, naturally-functioning habitats must be restored here to provide the basic life suppon systems necessary to carry all forms of life through rhe unfolding ecological catastrophe of our times. We can overcome rhc mental blindness that would have us believe that providing commodities for people is the uhimote use for the Appalachian national forests. We can expand our vision to keep in mind the value of habitat, the foundation for all life. Whole and healthy habitats provide the necessary elements for the continued survival of the entire global ecosystem. Robert Zollner was a professor of forestry at Clemson Universiry specializing in the ecology of Sowhern Appalachian hardwoods until lus retirement in 1988. f'~U.. 1989 �LIVING GREEN <O Christoph and Mary-Clayton Endcrlein The Oreen Movement is more than 1 political ideology because Green vallltS also involv~ how we live every day. This list is for thl>se who have lhe "Green Spirit" and would like IO i~rponlle II further tnlO _daily living...Only by activating the ilel1IS on lhis list, can our grea1-grea1-grea1 gra~c~1ldren have an opponunuy. interacl directly wilh lhe grea1 whales, lhe elephanlS. the ravens, lhe wolves. This hs1 was created by Interspecies Communication board member ChrisU>ph Enderlein and his wife Mary-ClaylOll. Feel free IO copy. bul do llOl change i1 wilhoul permission. '° Recycle paper, glass, and metals . Recycle motor oil, dispose of hazardous waste responsibly Use cloth diapers Reuse egg cartons and paper bags Avoid using styrofoam . Avoid disposable plates, cups, utensils Use rags instead of paper towels . Use paper bags, not pa~r towels to drain ~se Give away rather than dispose of unneeded nems IO. Use the back of discardable paper for scratch paper 11. Be responsible and creative with leftover food 12. Use the water from cooking vegetables to make soup 13. Mend and repair rather than discard !llld replace 14. Invest in well-made functional clothing 15. Buy bulk and unpackaged rather than packaged ~oods 16. Purchase goods in reusable and recyclable containers 17. Buy organic, pesticide-free foods 18. Avoid highly processed foods 19. Eat foods from low on the food chain 20. Compost your food scraps 21. Grow your own food (even small kitchen gardens) 22. Volunteer to start or help with a community garden 23. Suppon your local food co-ops 24. Discover where the foods and goods you buy come from 25. Buy locally grown produce and other foods . 26. Use glass and steel cookware rather~ alu1TU11um 27. Volunteer to maintain local parlts and wilderness 28. Buy living Christmas trees 29. Plant trees in your community 30. Learn about the plants and animals in your re~on 31. Discover your watershed and work to protect II 32. Oppose the use of roadside defoliants in your area 33. Use non-toxic, biodegradable soaps and cleansers 34. Use non-toxic pest control 35. Don't buy products tested on animals 36. Keep hazardous chemicals in spillproof containers 37. Put m a water conserving shower head 38. Take shoner showers 39. Tum off the water while you brush your te~th 40. Put a water conservation device on your toilet 41. Learn where your waste and sewage goes 42. Learn where the energy for your home comes from 43. Suppon your local utility's conservation programs 44. Hang your clothes out to dry 45. Be sure your home is appropriately insulated 46. Weather-seal your home thoroughly 47. Heat your home responsibly, with renewable energy 48. Don't bum green wood 49. Choose the longterm investment of solar energy 50. Tum off lights when not in use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ta!!.1989 Drawing by Rob Messi<:lr. 51. Tum down your hot water heater 52. Lower your thcnnostat and wear warmer clothes 53. Buy energy efficient elccuical appliances 54. Keep your car engine well tuned 55. Drive a fuel-efficient car that uses unleaded gas 56. Walk, bicycle, carpool, and use public transponation 57. Shop by phone first, then pick up your purchases 58. Use rechargable batteries 59. Research socially-responsible investments 60. Suppon local credit unions . 61. Suppon local shops and restaurants. not chruns 62. "Adopt a grandparent" from the local senior center 63. Volunteer to cook for senior citizens 64. Provide for children in need 65. Hold a community potluck to meet your neighbors 66. Pick up liner along highways and near your home 67. Sponsor a clothes swap 68. Become involved with community projects and events 69. Organize or panicipate in community spons 70. Be responsible for the values you express 71. Educate yourself on global and "Third World" issues 72. Participate in sister city and cultural exchanges 73. Learn about the cultural diversity in your region 74. Work for global peace 75. Learn how your legislators vote, let them know your views 76. Be an active voter and anend town meetings 77. Vote for candidates who support green values 78. Become involved with your child's school 79. Encourage your child's natural talents and interests 80. Organize or join a toy co-op 81. Put toxic substances out of reach of children 82. Teach your children ecological wisdom 83. Listen to your children's needs and suppon their dreams 84. Discourage the use of violent toys in your household 85. Communicate openly with your co-workers and friends 86. Acknowledge someone who provides quality service 87. Work to understand people with different values 88. Be conscious of the struggles of oppressed people 89. Unlearn cultural sexism and racism 90. Acknowledge individual spirituality in yourself and others 91. Donate blood if your health permits 92. Explore ways to reduce the stress in your life 93. Practice preventive health care 94. Exercise regularly and eat wisely 95. Bring music and laughterinto your life 96. Learn about the medications you put in your body 97. Practice responsible family planning 98. Learn First Aid and emergency procedures 99. Take time to play, relax and go into nature JOO.Decrease TV watching and increase creative learning IOI.Have fun and be joyful! JC.atiuah JournGt p!MJB 29 �Whether you are a New Age prosperity afti m1a11onist or an idealistic pauper avoiding guilt by association with money, either way you look at it, inflation has deemed our dollars paper symobls of wealth that does not exist. A practical person cannot help but wonder how long before the big balloon pops and blows all our preny greenbacks away. There is a low-level anxiety present concerning our inflated economy which has prompted many people 10 s1ockpile food. move back to the land, and in many other ways be as self-sufficient as possible. This awareness is helpful in keepi ng us on our 1oes and ready for change, which is inevitable, even if it is unpredictable. However, survivalist consciousness can be devastating if you spend all your energy preparing for the fall of the existing order and deny yourself the bounty of the present, which is all we have really got. It seems important to balance respect for the preseni solu1ion of problems within 1 he world in which we live, however imperfect, with a vision and steps LOward an economics rooted in life. Barter Fairs offer a deeply satisfyin g eicperience for those who long to participate in a tangible, life-oriented exchange system, where true value is considered. As an example, here is a trade I witnessed at a Saner Fair in Idaho a few years ago: George had an anvil that Dennis wanted, but all Dennis had brought to trade were moccasins, which George did not need. Dennis kept coming back to George longing for that anvil, which George could not find anybody else to take. Meanwhile, George had found some gorgeous jewelry he could not live without, and in talking to the crafter he discovered that she was looking for some footwear. George told her about Dennis. They did a threesome, and the goods shifted hands. All three lightened !heir loads and left richer. Ideally the three people involved in the trade did not translate their goods into money value and compare their worth that way. They each il~d a.a abundance of something of which they no longer had a need and convened it into something they preferred to carry around with them. The anvil may have been worth $150 new, but to George it was just unused heavy baggage. Those jewels might have carried a hefty price tag at a craft fair. but since George had such a yearning gaze and such an open smile, the artist easily chose to exchange them for Dennis' moccasins, which could never have been sold for so much money, but fit her feet like her own skin, to her infinite comfort and delight. BARTER FAIR All judgement on money ethics aside, bartering goods and services without the value translation of money is a stimulating, heart-warming, and enlightening activity. The true value of things is discovered to be subjective. The shifting of a fair full of items to their most valuing recipients is wondrous in its unfoldment; the grounds for transfer are infinitely variable. The phenomenon of the modem American Bane. Fair originated in the Pacific Northwest, a r region with a well-developed bioregional awareness and a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency . The fairs are held semi-annually. The autumn fairs, coinciding with harvest season, are heavier on agricultural produce. In the spring, people bring more handmade items produced during the long winter. Both fairs are rich in reunions of friends, music-malting. sitting around campfires late into the night, and all the peripheral activitiCl> of the time and place. Barter Fairs are different than flea markets, although many people do bring used clothes, tools, and other goods to trade. They are more akin to the county fairs in the country. There is a spirit of festivity and pride in personal accomplishment and a sense of the bounty that comes of humanity working with nature. They are a celebration of the fruits of this union within a region of Earth. There is no reason I can see that Saner Fairs need to remain unique to the Northwest. Our southern highlands, historically short on money and high on resourcefulness, seem naturally suited to generate and support this kjnd of community celebration and self-sufficiency. Barter Fairs carry on a spirit with ancient roots in prehistoric times, when wandering tribes periodically gathered together in great council circles to define and experience their cultural autonomy. During later agric ultural periods fairs continued to stir human souls. Now in the age of K-Mart when you can hardly find a service station for your car, and pliers fall apart after one use, it is especially good to come together to celebrate our connectedness and support each other in our skills. Barter Fairs in Katuah will breed a healthy blend of personal pride and community empowennent. (Anyone with ideas on a good location to hold a Baner Fair in Kat1'ui11, please contact me. The main considerations are a flat place large enough to accommodate camping, parking, and trading for l ()() or so barterers and some daytime visitors; a good water source; and reasonable access by larger vehicles.) - Morgan Swann wrire clo KatUahJournal, orcaU (704)298-1770 '1\iaee, '1Wll~l 'Nat\Jri\ls KRLRNU T-SHIRTS. S WEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN BIOREG ION AL BOOKS AND TO OLS FOR LIUI NG IN APPALACHIA ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS CALL or WRITE for FREE COLOR CATALOG Natural Food Store The besl text on Deep Ecology, Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep &Deli 160 Broadway Ashevllle, NC 28801 Where Broactw.y ~ Merrlmon Ave 6 ~240 by Dolores LaChapclle "...we should be glad 1/ia1 we have teaclws such as Dolores LaC/iapelle." - Katu:ih Joumnl 1123 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday-Satu rday: 9am·8pm Sunday: lpm·Spm $23.00 (Price Ulcludes postage) NC resikrus plt!4Se add S'k sales tax. Orderfrom: KALRNU (704) 253-7656 JGQtiwh Jo~rnat pl:ll)e 3 0 P 0 Box 282, Sy/yo, NC; K01aoh ProYinu 28789 f'at!, !989 �The dates are set. The location is chosen. The Fourth Norch American Bioregional Congress (NABC IV) will be held August 19-26, 1990 in the Gulf of Maine Bioregion on the shores of Lake Cobboosseecontee ("where the sturgeon leap" in the Penobscot language) just west of Augusta, Maine and the Kennebec River. This Congress finds the bioregional movement at a critical juncture. The burgeoning ecological crisis is going to test the depth of the movement's commilment. The stakes are high, and while Third World countries are currently taking the brunt of the ecologicar impact, we 100 feel the pressur~ here in North America a.~ the fortes maintaining industrial society struggle 10 keep their power. But times of crisis are also times of change. What we are witnessing could possibly be the last days of induscriaJ civilization. A great deal depends on what we do in the decade ahead. The bioregional movement could be at the pivot point of a great change, or it could end up as just another bit of flotsam sucked down the tubes. The values we hold to and the actions we take are what will decide. At NABC IV we will have an opportunity to clearly state those values and decide how we will put those values into action. Excerpt from World Charter for Nature NABC IV The Eanh is calling to us. Are we ready to listen? A delegation of bioregional folks from ·the Kaulah province will crave! to the Gulf of Maine for the NABC IV. We would like to see the Southern Appalachians well-represented at the Congress. Make plans now if you are interested in attending. For information on the forming Katuah delegation, contact: K011"1h Journlll Box 638 Leicester, NC Kanlah Province 28748 (704) 683-1414 For information on the Congress, contact: Gulf of Maine Biorcgional Network 61 Maine St. Brunswick, ME Gulf of Maine Bioregion 04011 • Leopold, Aldo; A Sund Country Almanac; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1949 • Lovelock, J.E.; Goio: A New look at Life on Earth; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979 A Shon List of Sources and References on Biodiversity and Habirat Relevant to the Southern Appalachian Forest • Margolin, Malcolm; The Earth Manual: I/ow to Work on Wild Land Wi1hou1 Taming /1, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1985 • Berger, John J.: Restoring the Earth: /low Americans An Working to Renew our Damaged Environment; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986 • Maser, Chris; Tht Redesigned Forest: San Pedro, CA; R. & E. Miles, 1988 • Berry, Thomas. Tile Dream of 1h11 Ear1h; San Francisco; Sierra Club Books, 1988 • lfuxton, Barry and Melinda Crutchfield, eds.: Tiie Great Fores/: An Appalachian Story: Boone, NC; Appalachian Consortium Press, 1985 • Cooley, James L, and Jane H. Cooley, eds.; Natural Divtrsi1y in Fores/ Ecosystems: Proceedings of tht Workshop: Alhens; Institute of Ecology, University of GA. 1984 • Frome, Michael: Strangers in lligh Places; Knoxville, TN: University or Tennessee Press, 1966 • Gordon. Lorimer C.: S1and flis1ory and Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Virgin Forts/; Ph. D. dissenation, Duke University DepL of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 1977 • Harris, Larry D.; Tht Frogmenltd Forest: Island Biogeogrophy Theory and 1he Prtstrvo1ion of Bio1ic Diversi1y; Chicago, IL: University or Chicago Press, 1984 • Jackson, Laura; Moun1oin Treasures al Risk; Washingion, DC; The Wilderness Society, 1989 • Kulhavy, D. L., and R. N. Conner, eds.;Wi/derntss and Natural Artas in Eas1ern United States: A Monogtmenl Chai/tinge; Nacogdoches, TX; Stephen F. Austin State University, 1986 1"titL, I 989 • Ma.stran, Shelley Smith and Nan Lowerre; Mountaineers and Rangers: A flis1ory of Federal Fores1 Monagemenl in 1he Sowhern Appalachians. 1900-1981: Washingion, DC; US Dcpan.mcnt of Agriculture, 1983 • Michaux, F.A.; Travels 10 tht Westward of 1he Alleghany Moun1oins in the States of Oliio. Kentucky, and Tennessee in 1he Year 1802; London; Barnard and Sulizer, 1805 • Myers, Normnn Or., gen. ed.; Goia: An Atlas of PIOlll!tory Monagtmem: New York; Anchor Books, 1984 • Nash, Roderick F.; The Righ1s of Nature: A History of Environmental E11iics: Madison; University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 • Norse, Elliot A.; Conserving Biological Diversiry in Our National Fortsis; Washington. DC; The Wilderness Society, 1986 • Norton, Bryon G., ed.; Tht Preservation of Species: Tht Value of Biological Diversity; Princeton, NJ; Princeion University Press. 1986 • Pringle, Laurence and Jan Adkins; Chains, Webs, & Pyramids: Tht Flow of Energy in Na1ure; New York; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975 • Raven, Pete.r H.; The Global Ecosys1em in Crisis; Olicago:The MacAnhur Foundation, 1987 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (9 Nov 1982) ".... I. Nature shaU be respected and iis essential processes shall not be impaired. 2. The genetic vinbility on the earth shnll not be compromised; lhe population levels or all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitaL~ shall be safcguan:lcd. 3. All areas or the canh. both land and sen, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areaS, to representative samples of nil the different types or ecosystems and to lhe habitats or rare or endangered species. 4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by humans. shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species wilh which they coexist. 5. Nature shall be secure.<! against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities. 6. In lhe decision-making process it shall be recognized lhat humans' needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning or natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Chnner...." This UN Charter can serve as a starting point for local areas and regions to draft their own Charter for Nature. Legally recognizing the rights of other species is a critical step in bringing our species' syslem more in balance with the Life systems in which we pa rt id pate. If you would like a copy of the entire UN Charter, send a SASE to: Mamie Muller, Katuah Journal, P.O. Box 638, Leicester, NC 28748 Katuah Province. Please keep us in touch with your efforts. Ho! • Seed. John, Joanna Macy, et al.; Thinking Wee A Moun1oin: Towards A Council Of All Beings: Philadelphia; New Society Publishers, 1988. • Shands. William E. and Robert G. Healy; Thti Lands Nobody Won1ed: Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1977 • Shands, William E., and John S. Hoffmnn, eds.: The Greenhouse Ef!u1. Climate Change, and U.S. Fores1s; Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1987 • Spurr, Stephen H., and Bunon V. Barnes; Forts/ Ecology {3rd edition); New York; Wiley and Sons, 1980 • United States Congress: Technologies to Main1ain Biological Diversity; Washingum, DC; Office ofTechnology Assessment, 1988 • United States Department of Agricult.ure, Forest Service, Southern Region; Atlanta, GA; Land and Resource Monagtmenl Plans and Final Environmenlal Impact S101emen1s: C!Jauaboochee-Oconec National Forests (Georgia), 1985 Cherokee National Forests (Tennessee), 1986 Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests (North . Carolina), 1987 • Wharton, Charles H., and Harvey L. Ragsdale; The Values of Unmanaged Notional Fores1s in 1he Sou1hern Appalachians; Atlanta, GA; The Georgia Conservancy. 1983 �evenrs SEPTEMBER 19-22 ASHEVILLE, NC "Parkways, Greenways, Riverways: The Way More Beautiful" linear parks conference. lnt.crdisciplinary discussion of al1ematives to preserve the scenic landscape againsl development, pollution, billboards, and commercialism. Sponsored by the Appalachian Consonium. Great Smokies Hilton. Regis1rotion: $~25. For more info., call (704) 262-2064. ,, 22-2' . rt' ~J/\( ~- / ,,r / "\' ~ . . ) -J V\J <:--.._// Ii= ::J ~ r HOT SPRINGS, NC "Walking Gently on the EartW' ~ with John and Penelope Youngb L J ynam1cs o evo UJ1on a t. e I ig so~ 't,.;p " psych_ology ...a new evolutionary mysn.~sm. Reading: The Dream of the Ewth b~ Tf":mas Berry. SI 10. Sou~ern Dharma RylrQal C\\J'te~ RL ). °· / ( OCTOBER , ~ · C,f{EROKEE, NC Cherpkee Indian Fall Festival. Crafts, dance,_ stickball, archery, blowguns. exhibi~. midway. o..ilyadm~n: $3. A,! lhe Indian Ccremon,il\l Grounps. 3_7 Box 34-H; Hol Spnngs, NC 28743 t~ ¥"' \ ) ,/ V--V \~ ASHEVILE NC P Child ~musical fantaS al>oul children . • . . eace th • \, Y1 bnngmg peace to c world. Thomas ,vohe Audiionum. Advance: S6 aaulls, $4 children and sr. citizens. Door: $7 d SS ~ . (704) _ 684 5530 an ·1 n "I~ ~his r_etreat we will explore togetJ1er n spmtual1ty of the Earth 1n harmony_w1 · if J · nd h ·nS· hff ,, ~th d 22-24 r ~ ) MORGANTON, WV " John Henry Blues feStiv#. ~usic, workshops, theaLCr, more. Greer P•vill~. W~ver ( Park. Contact: Ed Cabbell; John HeorWl SQl\iety; Box 1172; Morgantown, WV 26507. 0fl4)~9 60?. ASHEVILLE, NC '11ie 'Dream of the 'Eartli. 'I1iomas 'Berry, autlwr of '11U '1>rtam 'Eart/i, 'flli{! sfum with us his concerns a6out mu pfanet anti What fu means 6y "reinventin9 tk fuiman at tk species kveC. 9:00 AM Iii Noon. Al the Jubilee! Community Ccmer, 46 Wall StrccL For more info, caJJ Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414. 23 ASHEVILLE, NC African Drumming Workshop with Darrell Rose. Noon 'ti! 3 pm. S20. At Troy Set7.ler's For directions and info.: (704) 683·3405. Evening African Drum performance with Darrell Rose and Michael Saleen. Al Stone Soup, 9 pm. FINCASTLE, VA Firsl Annual Southeastern Men's Conference, "Male Initiation and Isolation· wilh poet Rohen Bly, James Hillman, Michale Meade (storyteller and musician in the Ccllic tradition). and John Stokes, tracker. Jn the post the "emotional bodies" of men were directly ae1iva1ed by the interaction with elders, grand/others, and mentors...What happens when the grandfathers are aistant? ...How to hold to the duryofa father and not lose the passion of a son? ...How to explore the rage, grief. s'lro.me, anger, and joy inherent in the male psyche? Registration: $450. For more info, wriie Fred Stephens; 'Box ~2; Raleigh, NC. or call Doug Lcaster(919) 782-2900. ·FILLED· Write to bll put on mailing Ii.st for next year. 1 5-JS MADISON, VA "Wilddmcss Leaming Quest" - exploring lhe viild, exploring ~e self. Sl60. Sevenoaks Pathwork Center; Rt. I, BOX'~; Madison, VA 22n1. 17-20 '°6-8 JONESJWROUGl:f, TN NAP~S Na~al Sl~rytelling Pe$,tival fcaturirig mllJly famous nam~ in story·tellirjg. S5°'adull »<>j·membets, S2S chi\dtt.n, $125 f~milie$. For ~re inp>.• write f4ation3J AssQciailon for th~ Pn:se._rvalion &l\d pcrpc1uati6o of Storytelll{lg: Box.__309; Joni;s,boroug~ . 37659foc call ~l~ 75~·2171. - ) ™ 23 14-19 !p'tOXVl,LLE, TN ~nnual mecling of the Natural Areas Assoc!lidon, \lllldentlal land conservation and restoration organization. The fust day of the meeting will be devOLCd 1o th~lJibila.t of'lhe Soulhem Appalachian Mountains. PulilcffiiViteb.. Hrau Regency Hotel. Contact J. Ralph JordaJ;\TV ~; Norris, TN 37S2S (615) 494-9800. .,_) I 20.22 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mountain Fall Festival wilh ,.s lRASSTow ll, NC ~ / ,..... Vassar Clements, Allen Fontenot and the Country Fall Festival al the JobD C. Campbj)ll Folk dljuns. Roy Bookbinder, Rhythm in Shoes (step dance), SchooL-'Mus)c. craftS, country danci1,1g. · )ohn._C. • and more. Grey Eagle and Friends; Box 216; Black Campbell Follc Sch09l; Brasstown, ~c· 28906, Mountafo, NC 28711. 11·15 H.IGHLANDS, NC 20-22 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Visual EnvironmentaHsm· photography "The Song of Creation al Harvest Time• workshop in the field and in lhe dnrkroom wilh Robert harvest celebration in the Jewish tradition with Lynn Glenn Kelchum and Michael Wilder. $250 includes Goulieb, storyteller and rabbi of the Nahalat Shalom lodging. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center: Box Community, Albuquerque, NM. SI LS. Sou.them Dharmn 5SO; Highlands, NC 28741. (704) 526-4303. Relreal Center. See 9/22·24. 12 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC WomnnSong at McDibbs. "Socilll concern through harmony." S3. 119 Cherry St. (704) 669-24S6. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Thomas Berry will give the sermon at the Equinox service of the Jubilee! Community. Service begins at llAM 46 Wall S1rcc1. {704) 252-5335 ASHEVILLE, NC "Mountain Sweet Talk" - a lwo-acl play with the Folktellcrs, Barbara Freeman and Connie Rcgan-B lake. The Folk Art Center Theater. Thursdays lhru Saturdays - S pm: Sundays - 3 pm. TickctS: SS advance from Malaprop's; SIO dooc. Reservations, cnll (704) 25S-l l 13. 29- LO/I ASHEVILLE, NC "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" conference on mountain habitat 13-19 24 NEW MARKET, TN STP (Slop the Poisoning) School al the Highlander Center. Tactics, strategy, and networking for those working to stop industrial pollulion. Pre-register. Call Highlander at (615) 933-3443. 30 CULLOWREE, NC Moumain Heritage Day at WCU campus. Clogging, shape-note singing, exhibils, crafts, food, musical events, kids' shows. For more info, call (704) 227-72ll. 30-10/l SWANNANOA, NC Women's class on Jamaican culwral ceremony with Rev. Queen Mother Azula. For more info, call: (704) 29S-3935. The Eanh Center; 302 Old Fellowship Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28776 12-29 HI GHLANDS, NC "Praying Feel and Dirty Hands" Intergenerational Peace Conference led by Stepanie Nichols. Carol Powers (The Peace Network) and Bob Alpern. Programs on US/USSR cooperation, connict resolution and non-violence, overcoming slrCeotypcs, more - "leading people into action." SSS includes meals and lodging. The Mountain Camp and Conference CenLCr; 841 Highway 106; Highlands. NC 2S741. (704) 526-5S3S. 14 AS HEVILLE, NC "Danger Down Under" groundwnter pro1CCli011 workshop. Health risks, citizen action, simulations. Keynote: Larry and Sheila Wilson of Highlander Center. S:30-4:00. Owen Conference Center, UNCA. Pre-register: S15 to Clean Water Fund of North Carolina: l lS Person St.; Raleigh, NC 27602. For more info, call: (704)251-0518. (Sec ad on back cover.) Pre-registration: S20 to "Resloring Biodiversity..." c/o Box 233; Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info, call: (704) 251-6441. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Earth First! Road Show with Dakou Sid nnd Roger Featherstone. Music and rabble-rousing. Stone Soup, Broadway and Walnut. al S:OO pm. $4. 28 ASHEVILLE, NC "For All Things Wild" Forest Rescue Action Workshop. Strategy meeting for activists wishing to help defend and restore Appalachian habitat. (See ad on back cover.) Pre-regiStration: SS to "For All Things Wild" c/o Elmer Hall; Box 233: Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info.. call: (704) 29S-3325 (ExL 250). Drawing by Rob Messick f"aCC., l 989 �10-12 28 4 ASHEVILLE, NC ·wt1d In the Str••h: The Feral Q.all· Do.-..:• with Grondmother o"d Strow Com• c::o&-tutT\ed o.s your Q,... BLACK MOUNTAIN , NC David Wilcox, vinuoso local songwriter, at McDibbs. S4. See 10/12. fovortt• ~"·"'• onlmal or bird ... or .som•tN""S 10-12 MADISON, VA "Living the Sacred Round: Lessons from the Medicine Wheel.• Sevenoaks Pa!hwork Center, see 1W15-18. wlldl B 00 """" Loccrtlon to be c:>l'V'C>unc:.ed 10-12 CAMP NEW HOPE, NC Celebrating the Dream ofthe Eanh Earth, isn't this whaJ you want 28-29 WA YNESVlLLE, NC "Chi Kung: An Ancient Taoist Mysiery" with Ellen Hines of the Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic, Asheville, NC. S50 includes room and board. Contact S1il-Light Retreat Center; Rt. I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569 NOVEMBER 4 FLETCHER, NC "Improving and Maintaining Soil Fertility," a conference sponsored by the Carolina Farm Stewardship Assocuiuon. $15 includes lunch. For more info., call Fairglen Farms (704)252-4414. invisibly to arise in us? 11 (Rilke) Reflecting the key Lhemes of Thomas Berry. the conference will focus on the cerebral as well as ki11esthetic interpretations of the Dream of the Earth. With Miriam Therese MacGillis, Amy Hannon, Marnie Muller, and others. Workshops include: "Evolutionary Remembering," "Exploring the Dream through Movement and Sound." Annual Conference of the Center for Reflection on the Second Law. Info: CFRSL; 8420 Camellia Dr.; Raleigh, NC 27612 Cost: $9.50, includes postage (NC residents please add S~ sales tax.) raU,1989 CELlNA, TN TN Alternative Growers Assoc. Fall Conference. Includes soil improvement and backyard fruit production. At Sta.nding Stone State Park. info: (615) 232-7777. DECEMBER BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Mike Cross at McDibbs. Shows at 8 and 10 pm Tickets SIO in advance. See 10/12. .. ... Please specify size: Sm.. Med., Lg., X-Lg. 11·19 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Livingston Taylor at McDibbs. Shows at 8 an 10 pm. Tickets SS in advance. Sec 10/12. 15-17 Beer & Wine Making Supplies •: Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains :. In the traditional Cherokee Indian belier. the creatures in the world LOday are only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited lhe world, but who now reside in Galuna'li, the spirit world, lhe highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it These beings arc called with reverence "grandfathers". And of !hem, the sirongest are Kanali, the lightning, lhe power or the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the eanh plane; and Yunwi Usdi, "lhe little man•, as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from lhe underworld. Each is lhe sirongest power in its own domain. Together !hey arc aJJies: tJ1cir energies complement each other 10 form an even grcatct power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shin design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 4-color silkscreen by Ridgerunncr Naturals on top quality, aU-couon shins, they are available now in all adult sizes tllrough the Kal:mu bioregional mail-order supplier. Order shirts from: KRLANU Box 282; Sylva, NC KatW!h Province 28779 SWANNANOA, NC Marketing Alternative Crops seminar at Warren Wilson College. Call Fairglen Farms (704) 252-44 14 for more info. 2 Natural Foods rt'.ED'LC'LN'.E A.LL'L'.ES WAYNESVILLE, NC Weekend Meditation Retreat with Dorothy Abbenhouse, president of the Theosophical Society in America. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt, & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes •: Hair & Skin Care Products 111 200 West Kina Street. Boone NC 28607 \.• '\..,_ 704-264-5220 ~~':"' WAYNESVILLE, NC Discussion and practice of "The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" wilh Leon Frankel. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. 224'. broadway ashcvi.lle. n.c 288o1 704-252-8404 =• Ill .. carolina costume compaey _J~ .._________________, 1 =-~ MOON Gilts of Celebration (EARTHWAY BOOKSTORE) Books • New Age Music Wildcrafted Herbal Producu Gemstones • Unique Cards Magazines • & More WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Member NC Water Ouallly Assoeiallon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY. 107 RT . 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 (704) 264-7242 315 E. King Street, Boone NC 28607 e1ti11ese .,4(11p1111(/11re DESIGNS 111tli Jler/Jp/gl/I e/iHi( by Rob Messick lllustralion & Design in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil P O Box 2601 • soone. NC 28607 • 1704)754-0097 78 EMT CMESTNUT STREET AS>il:VIU.E. NC 28801 704 2S8-llOl6 M.C. M.VEBE. M.S., Ao.0. UC. ACUPl.INCT\JRIST EU.£H Hll<ES M.Ac.. ¥ M. UC. ACUPUNCTIJRIST �LEAD TESTS • Is your plumbing leaching poi.~onous lead into your drinkingwatcr? Find out for sure • lead-testing kit from the non-profit Clean Water Fund of NC. All you need for Sl2. Send a check w/ name and address to CWF: 138 E. Chestnut St.; Asheville, NC 28801 MOCCASINS, handcrafted of elkhide in the traditional Plains Indian style. Water-resistant, rcsolable, and rugged - great for hiking! Children's and infant sizes available. Write: Blue Feather Moccasins; Box 931; Asheville. NC 28802. or caU Patrick Clark at (704) 253-5047. BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid American/Chinese Dunstan chestnut lJ'CCS - blight resistant, limber growth form, productive orchard crop with large, sweet easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut Hill Nursery: Rt. I, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 APPLE TREES - old-timey and popular contemporary varieties on standard, semi-, or dwarf stock. Send SASE for prices: Jeff Poppen: Long Hungry Creek Nursery; Red Boiling Springs. TN 37150. UNION ACRES, an alternative community for 20 families based on principles of stewardship, equality, consensus, and simplicity. Spaces available. Apply to Caroline Grant: Rt. I, Box 61-J; Whittier, NC 28789 or call (704) 497-4964. ADOPT-A-TREE. Trees are the great conservators of the planeL The Adopt-A-'Ire.e program will help malce the vital connection between individual people and individual trees. Donations accepted. For more info. write to Box 144, Sugnr Grove, NC 28679 CHRISTIAN MA TCH-A-FRlEND seeks to bring together Christian men & women. Interested persons, advenisc free. We arc non-profit. For information please send a self-addressed envelope io: Gospel Ministry. P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. RENEWAL PROGRAMS- I provide individual and corporate renewal programs for businesses & organizations interested in healing themselves and providing empowerment 10 others. Write: Kathie Pieper c/o Pieper Associates, Rt. I, Box 238 Waynesville, NC 28786. NEEDED: CHJLD-LOVING PERSON who loves Lo be a nanny and housekeeper for my four children. Hours, wages negotiable. Rm. and bd. available. Asheville area. Call Morgan (704) 689-5382. NEW AGE - group forming. All interested in shnring about spirit to spirit communication, channeling, visualization, healing, chakras, tarot, etc. Emphasis on spiril and our connecLion lo Mother Earth, visualizing positive growth and nunuring. ConUICt Theresa C&rlson, 7501 Ruic Rd., Knoxville, TN 37920. PEPPERLAND offers a variety of outdoor education programs for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pepperland Farm camp: Star Route; Farner, TN 37333. "THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT' - a complete rcpon on our changing environment for the next 60 years. $17.00 poslpaid, or write for more information. Lorien House, POB 1112, Black Mountain, NC 28711-1112. APPALACHJAN GINSENG CO. ·stratified seeds, seedlings, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro, NC 28725. DRUMS ·Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbecks & wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704) 258-1038 or write 10: 738 Town Mountain Rd.: Asheville, NC 28804. THE PEOPLE OF THE ONE SONG - booklet of stories and poems that tell of the people's dreams, rituals, roles, and relationships from the arthetypal memory of the past, present, and future. S3 to Colleen Redman: One Song Scribe; Box 634; Floyd. VA 24091. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658 WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming. Songs of beauty, meaning spirit, fun, peace, cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon. evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068. X-citUah Jo1mmL pci9e 34 SEA KAY AKlNG - Come enjoy peace and solitude traveling with the rhythms of the sea. Classes. day trips, overnight tours, custom charters. Kayak/Sail boat tours to the Bahamas. Kayak tours to Costa Rica. For more information contact: Chnrlie Reeves, Sea Level Inc. POB 478 Tybee Island, GA 31328 (912)786-5853 ORGANIC HONEY - Tulip Poplnr, Sourwood and WildOowcr. From Patrick County, Virginia. No chemicals. no white sugar, no heat, ever Strained through cheesecloth and packed in heavy glass canning jars. For a 4-oz. sample of our premium sourwood and our catalog, send $4 to: Wade Buckholts & Megan Phillips; Route 2. Box 248: Stuart, VA 24171. (703) 694-4571 LO cook NAMASTE FAMILY needs brothers and sisters to join us in Lovi~g. Giving, Growing. Send Sl2 donation for writings and videotape to Namast~ Family; RR2, Box 578: Barnstead, NH 03225. THE WATAUGA LAND AND WATER CONSERVANCY • is a not-for-profit charitable trust set up to protect the values and ecological settings which sustain us both spiritually and economically. If you are concerned about the purity of the headwaters and watercourses, and the preservation of wild and agricultural lands GET INVOLVED. Write to Quality Living Publications, POB I, Valle Crucis, NC 28691 "MAGIC AFTERNOONS" - for children at the Unitarian Church of Asheville. An an program with Linda Metzner in music, Norma Bradly in visual arts, and Barrie Barton in creative movemenL It begins Sept.ember 18th. Call 254-7068 for details. NATURE LOVERS' COMMUNITY· Christians only. SIOOO gives you life time ownership rights on .5 acres. Whole prope.n y consists of 45 acres of wooded calm and privacy. Write: Gospel Ministry, P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. ITS THE ACHOO! SERVICE - Patch the clown brings laughter and fun to the hospital. Join him and the Gesundheit Institute at 2630 Roben Walwer Place, Arlington, VA 22207 or (703) 525-8169. PURE SORGHUM - and sorghum based desserts toppings and chocolates. Handmade in the Appalachian foothills. Free sorghum recipe brochure send SASE. Candy sampler (2-KY Buckeyes & 2-Bourbon Balls) $2.00 postpaid. Golden Kentucky Products, POB 246, Livingston, KY. 40445. (606) 453-9800. MOUNTAIN DULCIMERS • made of black walnut, red cherry, or maple. Tops available in wormy chestnut, butlernut, sweetgum, sassafras, western cedar and other woods. Contact: Mize Dulcimer Company Rt. 2, Box 288, Bloumville, TN. 37617 (615) 323-8489. WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions to: RHYTHM ALIVE • Handcrafted African- Style Drums, workshops, learning tapes. drumbags. and accessories. Please send SASE to Rhythm Alive! 85 Phenix Cove Rd. Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 645-3911. Drawing by Rob Messick Kat1'ah Journal P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 :r~u;.1999 �The Karuah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, anicles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kattiah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan1ah Province 28748. The Winter 1989-90 issue of the Katuall Journal will be concerned with the challenges and opponunities involved in "Raising Children into a New Consciousness." We are interested in hearing first-person stories, alternative schooling information, children's resources (books, places to go. etc.), and any other creative or pertinant ideas. Don't forget the canoons (kids love canoons!). BACK ISSUES OF KATUA H JOURNAL AVAILABLE ' ,!,!';;.., ~ ~- - The Spring 1990 issue of the K atuah Journal will be focusing o n "Wellness in the Mountains." We are looking for information and articles on those who contribute to the healthful quality of life in our southern mountains; especially through accivities which promote self-responsibilicy and a high level of wellness as the nonnal living state. A broad look at wellness might include topics like stress management, spirirualfry, retreats and adventures, service to others, Earth stewardship, having fun, education, family and other relationships, fitness and nutrition, or other areas of a satisfying lifestyle. lncluded in the "Wellness" issue will be a directory of goods and services related to wellness. There is no cost for a listing in this directory. Please send in your name, practice, and a shon explanation of your work or product, if you wish to be listed. ISSUE EIGHT · SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life · K.uuah 18,000 Ycan Ago • Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in lhe Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Cenaer Who Owns Appalachia? . ISSUETHREE SPRING 1984 SUSllllJUlble Agricuhure - Sunflowcn - Human lmpac1 on lhe ForcSI - Childtcns' Education Veronica Nicholu:Woman in Polilics - Uule People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR ·SUMMER 1984 Water Drum Water Quality • Kudzu • Solu "i Eclipse · Clurcu1ung · Trout • Ooing IO Weier ~I Ram Pllmps . Microhydto - Poems: Bennie Lee Sincl&ir, J1m Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE · FALL 1984 Harves1 • Old Ways m Chcrolt~ • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste - Our Cehic Heritage Bioregionahsm: Put, Prucnt. and Future John Wilnoty Healing Oatkness • Politics of Partlcipation ISSUESIX - Wl.NTER 1984.SS Winter SolsticG EAl'lh Ceremony - Horsepasturr River - Coming of lhe Ligh1 - Log Cabin Root• • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Williun Taylor . The Future of lhe Forw ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985 Sust1111able &:onomM:s • Hot Springs • Wortcr Owncnhip - The Gru1 Economy • Seit Help Credit Union • Wild Turltcy - Responsible lnvCS1m1 • Working in lhc Web of Life ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985 The Waldce Fo re11 - The Trees Speak Migrating Forats - Horse Logging - S1ar11ng a Tree Crop · Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987 Coverlets • Woman Forester • Susie McMahan Midwife - Ahcmativc Contraception • Bioscxuolity - Biorcgionalism and Women Oood Medicine: Mairi.=hal Culture . P1t1Jrl LSSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987 Helen Waiae • Poem: Visions m a Garden Vi11on Ques1 • First Flow • ln1llllllon Learning in lhc Wilderness • Cherokee Olallcngc - "Valuing Trees" Time ISSUE TEN · WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers • Circles of Stone - lntemal Mylhmalting • Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places - The Ulttcna's Tale - Crystal Magic • ISSUE EIGHTEEN · Winier 1987-88 Vernacular Archiaecrure . Drcanu in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Earth Energies • Earth-Shchcied Living - Membrane Houses • Brush Sheller • Poems: October DMsk. • Oood Mcdic111C: "Shclaer" ~g· ISSUE ELEVEN SPRING 1986 Community Planning • Cities and the Bioregional Vision • Recycling · Community GIJdenin&. Floyd CoWll}', VA - Guohol Two Bt0rcgional Views - Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Gatnes • Oood Medicine: Visions ISSUE THlRTEEN · Fall 1986 Cenaer For Awakening · Eliu.bclh Callari · A Gentle Death • Hospice - Ernest Morgan Dealing Creatively wilh Oealh • Home Burial Box • The Wake • The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom · Oood Medicine: The Sweat Lodge LSSUE FOURTEEN . Winier 1986-87 Uoyd Carl Owle • Boogcn and Mummers - All Species Day • Cabin Fever University • Homclca in Katuah - Homemade Hot Watu Saovernalter's Narrative • Good Medicine: lnaerspccics Communication ~UAt;)OURNAL ISSUE NINETEEN - Spring, 1988 Perlcandra Gorden - Spring Tonics • Bluebarics Wildnower Gardens - Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences • '"The Origin of lhe Arumals · Saory • Oood Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree ISSUE TWEJIITY - Summer, 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Hig)ilands of Roan - Celo Community - Land Trust • Arlhur Morgan School - Zoning hsuc • "The Ridge" • Farmers l1ld lhe Farm Bill - Oood Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain - Duke's PowcT Play • Cherok~ Microhydro Project uve Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor .....................$50/yr. Address Enclosed is $ 10 give this ejforr an extra bOost Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code "'"'· 1989 Phone Number ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR · Summer, '89 Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Di.reel Action! · Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers • Ethnic Survival • Pairing Projcc1 - "Baulesong· • Growing Peace in Cultures - Review: The Chalice and the B/Dde P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Name State ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - Spring, t 989 Pisgah Village - Planet An • Green City • Poplar Appeal - "Cl- Sky" • "A New Eanh" Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days • Reviews: Sacr('Jf land Sacred Sa, / cc A1e • Poem: "Sudden TaOils" lSSUETWENTY-ONE - FaU, 1988 Chestnuts: A Natunl History - Restoring lhc Chestnut - "Poem of Preservation and PnUc" Continuing lhe Quest - Forests and Wildlife Chestnuts in Regional Diet • Chestnut Resources • Herb Noie • Oood Medicine: "Changes to Came" - Review: Wliue u1ends For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 City -·- ISSUE TWENTY-TWO - Wintu, •gg.g9 Global Wanning - Fire This Time • Thomu Berry on "Biorcgions" • Eanh Exercise • Kor~ Loy McWhirtcr - An Abundance of Emp1iness LETS - Chronicles of Floyd • Derry Wood The Bear Clan Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Issue# _ _ @ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-23) @ $35.00 = $_ _ = = � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 25, Fall 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-fifth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on biodiversity and habitat: forest ecosystem, old-growth forest, regional planning, forest devastation, black bears and Eastern panthers, and living green. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robert Zahner, Laura E. Jackson, David Wheeler, Anna Muir, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Annelinde Metzner, Patrick Clark, Heather Blair, Chip Smith, Lee Kinnaird Fawcett, James Rhea, Rob Messick, Marnie Mikell, Patricia Claire Peters, Mary de La Valette, Sue Adams, Starfire Soledad, Christoph and Mary-Clayton Enderlein, and Morgan Swann, Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Great Forest by Sam Gray.......3 Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner.......5 Regional Planning for Habitat Integrity by Laura Jackson.......8 A Question of Value by David Wheeler.......10 Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation by Ann Muir.......12 Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" by Julia Nunnally Duncan.......13 A Place for Bears: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton.......15 Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" by Annelinde Metzner.......16 Eastern Panther, Where Are You? by Patrick Clark.......17 Oak Decline by Heather Blair.......19 People and Habitat by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett.......21 Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries.......23 Natural World News.......24 Drumming.......26 Living Green.......29 Barter Fair.......30 (Natural) Resources.......31 Events Calendar.......32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional planning--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives European Immigration Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Transportation Issues Turtle Island Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d6750f94c0a18f40bca5af30e17a5990.pdf 5e1986979bd6644b0725bad9148dd445 PDF Text Text ISSUE 36 FALL 1992 $2.00 ,.·········~···-..... ...,! ........ I" ? . ~-- -- '··~---.. ..,..•.... •r.--,.•,.--... ···-···_;:) WORKING WITH WOOD �PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 New Address Inside! Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 _. "1''e o,. .,,,. C, () I' Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Using Wood............................... Appalachian Logging..................... 4 by Lee Barnes Old Logging Days......................... 7 by Frank Hodgin Working the Woodlands................. 9 by David Wheeler Wood Products and Western Nonh Carolina.................. 10 by Dr. John Wade 13 USING WOOD Logging with Horses.......·-··········· 15 'Thi! ecoMmic base ofthe area is rapidly changing from agriculture and primary industry 10 service-related indJAS1ry. especially tourism." Natural World News..................... 16 Invasion of the Giants.................... 19 Depletion for Dollars...................... by Harley Wessman by Nancy McIntyre • The Dra!I Land and Rcsouroe Management Pl.an for lhe Nanlahala-Pisgah National Forests by Buzz Williams From Industry to Endeavor.............. 20 by David Wheele.r Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship.............. 21 by Robcn T. Pershcel Forest S1ewardship Programs........... 22 by Jesse Jones Ecological Foresay for Renewable Forest Values................. 23 by Leon S. Minckler Drumming.................................. 25 The Chair in the Tree...................... 27 by Tucker Windover Reading the Grove........................ 29 by Charloue Homsher Events....................................... 32 Webworking............................... 33 Drawing by Hope Walker f'a(L, 1992 Fanning and logging were the traditional mainstays of the mountain economy. Working with the land was for a long time the only way to live in the remote mountains. Isolated from the national economy more by poor transportation routes than by distance, the white mountaineers lived independently, each family deriving their own living from the fields and forests of their inherited cove lands. The fields grew food; the forests provided additional food sources, as well as a source of wood. The white mountain folk almost literally built their lives out of wood. As well as fuel, it was also used in the making of shelter, tools and utensils, storage containers, and wagon bodies. 11 was even necessary in the manufacruring of the leather that harnessed the horses. The arrival of the railroads changed all that. A flood of ou1side capital rode into the mountains on the rails and the primary objec1 of the corporate desire was the wood growing on 1he mountainsides. Many mountain people drew their first paychecks at the logging camps that sprung up in the hills at lhe tum of the century. The logging boom was in lhe voracious style of capilalism that characteriz.ed that era - it was short and intense, and lhen it was over. The great trees were gone and so were lhe timber barons with their paychecks. But the lives of the mountain people were irrevocably changed. They were integrated into the cash economy and could not go back. Many people left the mountains to follow the logging companies to the Pacific Nonhwest; others migrated to the Piedmont to work at the textile mills. Logging continued, but it was once again small operations cutting primarily for local use. The fanning lifestyle persisted into the 1940's, but once the region was opened to the flow of cash and goods, people increasingly preferred to buy food with wages than to scratch the ever more crowded hillsides for their living. Another transportation breakthrough brought another influx of oucside money and culture and tightened the bonds that held the region into the dominant national economy. The construction of the interstate highways opened the mountains to throngs of people attracted by the region's natural beauty. People came 10 visit, as tourisls and second-home owners, or they came to live, like the many retirees and professional people who found it was much more pleasan1 to live in the mountains than in the crowded cities. Service jobs, taking care of the needs of the visitors and the well-to-do new arrivals, rose sharply and are stiJI climbing. Employment in service occupations is th. e dominant factor in the region's economic picture. Farm employment has dwindled. Most of those who call themselves farmers now work the land only part-time and make the bulk of their living at wage jobs. About the same number of people are employed in the wood products industries as were 30 Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on page 3) "4tuah JournaC page 1 �' ""' ~/ ,, ,I MAST HEADS THIS ISSUE: Sherman Bamford Becky Barwick Charlotte Homsher Steve Lee Pegi L- - - - - -- - - - '/ ,, - ., ./ .•.. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 PUBLISHED BY: Kat1mh Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mowitaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC (love that basil!) WRITE us AT: Kanmh Journal Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-(IJ97 Diversity is an imponant element of biorcgional ecology, both natural and social. In accord with this principle Ka1uah Journal tries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Journal edil.OlS or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-prolil organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributioos to Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income mx. Articles appearing in Ka1uah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuah Journal siaff. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. ..... . ...,.... ,.. ., ,<'o .,..l.\..,,>" o'\J\),~ ...,to-~ ., ~~'"' .,... ( _., ... ~· ,,,.:~ ,.. . .,._ • ... . .r••••· · .. ., t: · --t··-------- --'.••! I - J. - - - - - - - - - - "" - .,.,,•., . •: , 6';-,. \- . ' I 1,....._··,•• _,,.A: ~..,·:·.....J..,·. .. · .. . -, .... ... ••• ••r'f'· . , .., •..->4·· , - .. ,' ,..,_ ,., •_.... _ _ . •~.. ..;-•.._....,_ -- , ;•• .,.•.~····:!,-" · ... .,__.. , · . --: ' .•... ..,/.:-=---- --- ----:-:,...-i~- ----- - ,.,-::..· : _ ---- Lee Barnes . -~· ,,,- ' ... ~ - -.. . -.. . ,_,.,, ,-' . .••_....;.• ••--!· : .;.;J Heather Blair Jesse Jones Rob Messick David Wheeler ( \ -------- ---~, STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once 1he Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Soulhem Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela. the Eanh Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of lhe land. We bring this connection into lhe being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. 'LNVOCA.'JWN Oh, trees, Dear sisters and brothers, We stand here To honor you. We acknowledge our kinship to you. We are because you are. You are a part of us, And we are a part of you. We revere your life-giving gifts, Your beauty and your chemistry, Your stability and flexibility. We cherish your life And feel blessed to live with you. Karuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants ro comm1111icare yo11r tltoughts and feelings 10 the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to LIS as leuers, poems, stories, arricles, drawings, or photographs, ere. Please send your contribwions 10 11s at: Kafliah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323: Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 286-15. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. Images will be the language of this issue. Your contribution is requested. Deadline is November 15th, 1992. Send to Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. THE SPRING ISSUE will be dedicated to sustainable tourism and transport, including green alternatives to uavel. The deadline is February 1st, 1993. OUR LAST ISSUE will be an index to the 38 issues of Katuah Journal, and a listing of bioregional organizations. '.Katimh Journa! pti9e 2 f'aU:, 1992 �(c:ontinUc4 flOltl pqa I) years ago (and to a great extent they arc members of the same families), but the relative percentage of those working with forest products has shrunk as the region's population and employment in other sectors has increased. Today the land-based occupations have faded from their former prominence in the regional economy. The rapacious timber barons arc gone, but the logging companies still arc often seen as the villains in local national forest land use controversies, as logging is the primary on-the-ground activity destroying the old growth forest and degrading native habitats. Logging frequently causes environmental damage on private lands as well. At best a logging site is messy and ugly for some years after the wodc is completed, but poor silviculture and careless cutting practices can leave a poor mix of unhealthy ~ . compacted and eroded soil, herbicide poisoning, and silted creeks. However, we cannot simply wish away wood use, one of our primary land-based occupations. Mountains, forests, rocks, and clear running water are what exist naturally in this place. If we arc going to grow a society that is bioregional, tied closely to the land and based on natural cycles, it will be nourished on food grown in our own fields and orchards. If we arc going to build a regional economy here, it will be built - like that of the early white mountain people - largely of wood. We must restore these "primary industries." Our central challenge in finding our place in any region is: can we live in a good relation with the land? In the Katuah bioregional province, this increasingly comes back to us as the question: working in a right way, can we use wood? In this issue of the Katuah Journal we look at how we arc using the mountain hardwoods. We will examine the wood products industry working in the upland forests today, partly to gain a better understanding of a powerful force in the region's economic and political landscape, but also to sec what changes we must make to create a beneficial and harmonious forestry that could be of benefit to all. The first school of forestry was founded here in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It would only be right for the Southern Appalachians to be the place where we start over and create another school of forestry practice, this one based on the region's native vegetation and natural patterns of growth. Such a field - or forest - of endeavor, done rightly, could be of positive ecological benefit to the bioregion. It could also be a paradigm for a healthy society. "Putting down roots" is the first prerequisite of biorcgional consciousness. When we arc really here, truly aware, we live with future generations in mind. The trees grow from 150 to 500 years in age, or five to 16 human generations. Thinking in those terms would cenainly transfonn our relationship with the land. To people measuring their lives in this time frame, it would be absurd 10 degrade or destroy their - and their descendants' - natural TaCL, 1992 Phoro by Rob Messiclc life suppon processes for the sake of shon-term gain. They would be as unlikely to "high-grade" the forest (cut the best trees and leave the inferior stock) as to pave it over for another shopping mall. To these people, it would also be patently obvious that they should defend the life web from all hann, whether it be the insidious intrusion of atmospheric pollution or disruptive activities . by their fellow humans. When we arc really here, truly aware, we also see the breadth and depth of relationships that keep this land alive. Biodiversity, this is called. The trees arc not the forest, but they arc the greatest plants that grow there. It takes a balancing of myriads of lives, many of them great, many more of them infinitesimally small, to create each living tree. An ecologically realistic viewpoint would see each tree as a culmination of these dynamic relationships. Tall buckeyes and stout beeches are not isolated phenomena that can be divorced from their surroundings. They are integral partS of their life community, and true forestry nunures the health and balance of the whole community to promote the health and growth of its trees. We can learn from true foresters what they learn from the trees: stand tall, grow slowly, develop strong roots, be open to both rain and sun, be green, be of service. Gregory Bateson, who combined careers in biology, anthropology, and psychiatry and is thought by many to be one of the great thinkers of the 20th century, was fond of retelling this story from England: "New College, Oxford, is of rather late foundation, hence the name. It was probably founded around the late 16th century. It has, like other colleges, a great dining hall with big oak beams across the top. These might be eighteen inches square, twenty feet long. "Some five to ten years ago, so I am told, some busy entomologist went up into· the roof of the dining hall with a penknife and poked at the beams and found that they were full of beetles. This was reponed to the College Council, who met in some dismay, because where would they get beams of that caliber nowadays? "One of the Junior Fellows stuck his neck out and suggested that there might be on College lands some oak. These colleges arc endowed with pieces of land scattered across the country. So they called in the College Forester, who of course had not been near the college itself for some years. and asked him about oaks. "And he pulled his forelock and said, 'Well sirs, we was wondrin' when you'd be askin'.' "Upon funher inquiry it was discovered that when the College was founded, a grove of oaks had been planted to replace the beams in the dining hall when they became bcetly, because oak beams always become bcetly in the end. This plan had been passed down from one Forester to the next for four hundred years: 'You don't cut them oaks. Them's for the College Hall.'" "A nice story. That's the way to run a culture," Gregory Bateson would comment . ne F.Alitrrs New Colugutory q/lQlff wllli pm,tissionfr- / ~Nes1 Whole Eanh Catalog (1980). x.at.i&ah Journal pMJe 3 �APPAL?\CHr~N , by Lee Barnes The original forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains contained the greatest diversity of hardwood trees on the con?nent. The majority of the Southern Appalachian trees are hardwood species, with interspersed stands of softwoods, primarily hemlock and pine. These forests occur in natural associations: Upland Hardwood Forest (oaks, hickories, and other species), Cove Hardwood Forest (yellow poplar, ash, red maple, basswood, and other species), Oak-Pine Forest mixtures, Boreal Hardwood Forest (Birch, beech, sugar maple and associated species), and high-altitude Spruce-Fir Forests, which occur in almost pure stands at elevations above 6000 feet. The Spruce-Fir forests are currently under rapid decline due to insect attack and atmospheric pollution. Prior to the twentieth century, the American chestnut was a dominant species in the mid-elevation forests. In 1909, American chestnuts were estimated to compose an average 27% of the trees in the entire Appalachian forest. As late as 1925, 43% of the trees in Buncombe County, NC were chesmuts. Following the introduction of the chestnut blight in the early 1900's, chestn~t trees were eliminated during a 30 year penod as a dominant forest canopy, timber, and important mast tree (one producing wild nuts of acorns). While chestnut root sprouts and seedlings are still occasionally seen in the forest understory, lhese only grow for 10-20 years and then die. Historically, Native Americans used wildfires to modify the forest by clearing shrub tinderstories 10 increase habitat and browse for game animals, especially deer and bear. Fire was used to clear harvested com fields of weeds and insect pests, and to return nutrients to the stream-bottom fields. Forest trees provided the native inhabitants with edible fruits and nuts, medicinals and ceremonial and construction woods. Th~ natural properties of individual woods were well known and utilized by the Indians. For the Indians, each tree, each plant had its parpose - its blessing. Several types of wood were sacred to the Indians, and were not cut or damaged except for ceremonial uses. Ceremonial prayers, gifts, and thanks always accompanied the "taking" of plants and animals. The noted anthropologist James Moody recorded many of the uses and rituals associated with plants native to the southern Appalachians, noting that eastern red cedar was the most.sacred tree to the Cherokees. European settlers entered Western North Carolina forests in large numbers between 1790 and the 1820's. The dense forests were considered as a hindrance by the Xatt'.uin Jou.rnaf; page 4 early settlers who needed sunlight for their domestic crops. Small fields were prepared for planting by killi~g the trees by_ "~rdling," cutting through the mner layer of livmg cells all around the trunk. First season crops were often planted between the leafless girdled trees, which were later cut for household fires or burned in field-side piles. The first settlers had only hand tools such as falling saws and falling axes, and perhaps, a broad axe for trimming and making rough boards. Early homes were built of logs or rough timber, with sawn lumber used primarily for coffins. The surrounding forestS provided.the settlers with wood for fuel. timber, utensils, bowls, and baskets. The settlers quickly learned from the Indians which woods were best for particular purposes. Metal tools were rare and . expensive, so many of the parts for sunple tools and machinery were made from wood. The original forests provided abundant"mast for free-ranging hogs and game animals. Hog and bear meat was best in the fall after the animals browsed on the nutS and acorns, particularly chestnuts, scattered on the forest floor. After clearing lands for homestead and agricultural parposes, the early settlers "high-graded" (cut the best of) the more valuable hardwoods for their own use and the local market. Woods such as black walnut, butternut, white oak and cherry were cut and dragged out of the forest by oxen_ and ho~es. The most desirable trees, those with supenor characteristics (size, straightness of trunk, freedom from excessive lower branches etc.) were cut first from the forestS, with no thought to the loss of gen~tically s~peryor seed-parents. This early ~1gh-grading 1 _s believed to have resulted in a decrease 10 genetically superior or "select" trees, while inferior trees were often left to release their seeds to create the next generation forest. Logging and lumber production in the Southern Mountains was accomplished using only hand tools until the late 1700's, when small-scale water driven "sash" or "gate" saws were introduced. These, too, gradually became obsolete after the introduction of steam-powered circular saws during the latter pan of the nineteenth century. Wood was dragged from the forest by horses, sometimes along constructed "pole roads" made of small diameter poles laid across the path. Logs were also "b~ooted," rolled and tumbled down the mountains, which was very damaging to the understory plants. Later, the horse dragging technique was modified to include specially constructed V-shaped troughs or water-driven flumes. Horses were used to start the downward momentum of the logs, but were hitched so that when sufficient momentum was gained, they could step aside onto "side-out" paths, and the logs would continue sliding down the mountain. Many logs were floated out o~ the . mountains along streams above wh.tch special "splash-dams" were constructed. The dams were built to entrap sufficient water to be quickly released through special flood-gates to flash-flood cut logs down streams where they were collected behind floating booms and then fed into sawmills. The splash dam technique was inefficient and very destructive to plant and animal life in the stream bed. But a shadow was looming over the mountains. Industrial progress was at hand. By the 1860's, the great forests of the northern and middle Atlantic states had been felled to build and fuel the rapidly developing Yan:, 1992 �t;OGGING COUl'IU)' Joraboro Museum. Washington Co1tt1ty TN East Coast cities, and large commercial steam-driven sawmills were slicing up the virgin forests of nonhern Pennsylvania. They were expanding into West Virginia by the 1870's. By the turn of the twentieth century, the original forests in Maine and the Great Lakes states had also fallen before the saw. In 1855, the North Carolina Legislature granted a chaner to the Greenville and French Broad Railroad Co. (GFB RR) to consm.ict a rail line into Western Nonh Carolina. Actual track laying from Greenville, SC to points nonh and west began in 1873. The line reached Asheville Junction (then named "Best") in 1880, 10 years after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The imponant timber and pulp town of Canton, NC was established in 1883 following the extension of the railroad from Asheville. A new age of technology had arrived. Timber interests had spent the last decade buying up lands in the mountains. Now they lost no time in connecting their properties to the main railroad lines. In I 873 Ephraim Shay of Ohio had invented the Shay engine. This railroad engine had horizontally mounted, gear-driven wheels which allowed greater traction to pull heavy loads and climb slopes of nearly 60°. The Shay engine was reported to be able to pull itself back onto the tracts following minor derailments. This unique gear-driven engine was soon nicknamed "Sidewinder." With the introduction of the Shay engine, railroads could now access huge are3S of the mountain forests which had previously been closed to logging. The narrow-gauge logging railroad lines were never safe. Train wreaks were common, and were widely reponed and photographed. Many lives were lost due to :fa[L, 1992 run-away engines and major derailments. But they enabled timber barons to make fortunes in the mountain coves and hollers. To cut the logs coming off the little trains, the well-financed timber companies also installed large steam-driven band saws, which were capable of producing over 100 thousand board feet of lumber per day. Once, long ago, two men had typically sawn 100 sawn board feet in one day and water-powered mills had produced 1,000 board feet per day. The late 1880's saw the beginnings of the US Forest Service. The US Division of Forestry was created in 1881, at the urgings of forest specialists Charles Sargent and Gifford Pinchot, by President Grover Cleveland. The first "forest reserve" (predecessor to our current national forests) was established in 1891. The Organic Administration Act of 1897 defined the purposes of the forest reserves as "securing favorable conditions for water flow, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States." In 1911, the Weeks Acl authorized federal funding to acquire "forested, cut-over, or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams..." The first national forestland in the east was the Pisgah National Forest which was established in 1916 from the land holdings of George Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt's widow sold the denuded land for $5 per acre, after previously selling the timber rights for $12 per acre. Several associated railroads and logging companies co-developed in the Appalachian forests in the early 1900's. Numerous northern and foreign-financed logging companies quickly established themselves in the Southern Appalachians including Suncresl, Crestmont, Bemis Lumber Co., Ritter Lumber Co., Little River Lumber Co., Scottish Carolina Timber and Land Co., Champion Fiber Co., and dozens of smaller companies. Their output was tremendous. An estimated 1 billion board feet of lumber were cut by the Little River Lumber Co. at its Townsend, TN mill; 200 million board feet by a Ritter Co. mill at Proctor, NC; Champion produced 5 million board feet a month at Sunburst in Haywood County, NC; and The Perley and Crockeu Lumber Mill near Black Mountain, NC cut 250 million board feet. Wood too small for lumber was generally used for pulpwood - especially the softwoods, spruce and white pine. Champion Fiber Company's Sunburst community boasted the largest double-band sawmill in the region. Buih along the west fork of the Pigeon River above Canton, NC, the company town consisted of the sawmill, houses, pose office, schools, churches, and had rail passenger service lo and from Canton. Interviews with retired workers from that mill repon thal between 140,000 and 160,000 board feet of sawn lumber were produced daily during typical work days, with a one-day record of 250,000 board feet. The mill burned once in the early i 920's and then was completely destroyed by a massive fire in 1925, along with most of the railroad bridges, logging camps, and the surrounding mountainsides. Not only were the forests and mountainsides forever changed by the industrial logging, but so were the mountaineers, who in the three or four decades of the logging boom grew accustomed 10 steady employment and living a more contemporary lifestyle in the newly consm.icted milltowns. The mountaineers were introduced to electricity, phones, regular health services, community theaters, motion picture theaters, barber shops, and even soda fountains. During this period, a unique private School of Forestry developed. The Biltmore School of Forestry, founded by Dr. Carl Schenck, was the first organized school of modem forestry in the United States (informally founded in 1898 prior to the nation's first Forestry School at Yale University). Dr. Schenck based his lectures on forest management upon his experiences as a student in European forestry and his hands-on experience as the Chief Forester of the Vanderbilts' Pisgah Forest. Schenck was brought to America by George Vanderbilt to manage his newly acquired 125,000 acre forest. Schenck was a student of Sir Dietrich Brandis, one of the first modem European foresters, and succeeded Gifford Pinchot as Chief Forester at the Biltmore estate when Pinchot left to guide the political changes (continued on next page) :K.ati«m Jou.mat page S �were cut, the industrial timber interests set out for the west coast to continue their rampage. For decades after the boom was over, timbering in the Southern Appalachians was canied oo by small, local logging operations who picked over the scraps of forest the big companies had inadvertently missed. Through natural growth and the stewardship of the public lands by the US Forest Service, the forest is returning. Now it faces another crisis as it nears economic maturity once again. ln summary, our region's current publjc and private forests have been greatly modified by humankind, resulting in woodlands greatly changed in composition and character. Our philosophies on forest and wood-use must be expanded to encompass all the values of the forest - sustainability, lum1?Cr, habitat, species diversity, water quality, recreational and spiritual values. Historical destruction and modification of the original forests have resulted in our present forests which continue 10 be damaged by our over-consumption and lack of empathy with the forest's inhabitants. Photo US National Archive (continued from page 5) needed to establish the United States Division of Forestry. Through trial and error, Dr. Schenck discovered that modem forest management D?USt be unique to each specific forest and cucumstance. He continually not.ed that forestry techniques were lightly linked to the availability of inexpensive transportation. Schenck was the first teacher to link classr~m ~eo!Y with hands-on, practical expenence tn different forest settings, and took great care to establish and monitor e~erimental management techniques on different forest plots. He realized that forestry manage!Dent must include not only timber producnon but also mineral, wildlife (hunting and fi_shing) and recreational (hiking, c~pmg) management. Early studentS of The B_ ll~ore Forest School were soon widely clistnbu1ed among the Forest Service and held leadership roles in developing forestry programs for the state universities. About 1914 the steam-driven, "Clyde Overhead Skidder" was developed. This machine consisted of a reinforced. stationary tower-boom with huge cable reels connected to a movable double cable trolley system. Mile-long, 2 inch thick cables could be positioned to "skid" four or five logs up to 40 feet long nearly one mile through the woods to a loading area where they could then be loaded onto railroad cars for transpon to nearby sawmills. The steam-powered McGiffert Log Loader was capable of loading huge logs onto train cars. and even had the ability to "lift iLSelf by the bootstraps." Huge areas of forest were cut using these machines, which carelessly wreaked havoc upon small crees and other vegetation in the drag-lanes. It was reported that one skidder remained working at the same site on Sam's Knob above Sunburst for two years. While huge quantities of timber were >Cat.uah )ournm page 6 removed using overhead skidders, these foreslS were often later scarred by huge forest fires, _often started _by SJ?arks from the heavy machinery, or by lightmng, or deliberately set fires (caused by displaced bootleggers, it was sometimes said) which raced through the slash left behind the logging operations. The massive grassy balds in Shining Rock Wilderness Area, along the Blue Ridge Parkway above Canton, are the result of skidder logging followed by a great frre in 1925. There are reports of fires burning continuously for three weeks. One logger stated that "they burned up more timber than they ever cut." The great fires of the industrial logging period influenced to this day the plant and animal associations found in the Southern Appalachians. When the last stands of the great trees We must see our southern forests as more than a timber base in order 10 realize th~ir full value. Our remaining public and pnvate forests are not just timber and mineral resources. These forests are the biological reservoirs of the land. Woodlands are the lungs and kidneys of the planet, producing oxygen, and cleansing the air we breath and the waters we drink. The forests are our region's greatest biological asset. They need to be managed for the benefit of all species. The living forests shelter us all. They must provide for our need for wood, but they must also proteet the biological diversity which can never be replaced. The sustainability of o ~ forests is everyone's responsibility. ~ Lee Barnes is a botanist and an avid backpacker who has hiked over a thousand miles in the Smokies, including over a hundred miles along trails which were once railroad grades (although he prefers trails through old growrhforests ). �OLD LOGGING DAYS by Frank Hodgin When I was young we lived on Canoogcchayc Creek in Macon County, NC, My daddy was gone, and my mother took care of us children. She never took a job. She just took care of the house and helped us in the fields. We all worked. There's no mistake about it. We all had a job. After school, we'd go to the corn field and work there until dark. If we got behind in the hoeing, I would stay home from school for a day or two and get caught up. That's the way it went. When I was about 14 years old, I swapped our mule for a horse, swapped that horse for a yoke of cattle, and went to work in the woods. I got a wagon, and I hauled telephone poles, "acid wood" (wood like chestnut or red oak from which tannic acid was extracted to use in tanning leather - ed.), and pulp wood. I had to haul it eiiht miles. The other kids and I would go up into the mountains, cue a load in one day, get it on the wagon, and bring it home. The next day I would drive it into town. I'd get back late in the evening and the next day we would cut another load, unless we had quit a few days to work a crop. That was how we bought our coffee, sugar, and the other linle things we needed. When I turned 15 years old, I went to work for a man who had bought a boundary of telephone poles on the government property up in the mountains above our house. l was making $1.25 for 10 hours of work a day. Lord, I thought I was making money. The owner had three yoke of cattle, and not long after I started working for him, the man who was driving cattle for him quit. He let me try driving 'cm, and those cattle and I got along real well together. I got in some tight places, but I never let one of his animals get hun, and I got his telephone poles out. He had a man doing the cutting, and that man would help me rig 'cm. I drove them out to the main road, where they were loaded onto a wagon and hauled to the station where they would put 'cm on railroad cars. I could make two trips a day, carrying five or six poles in each load. When I was 17 years old and of pretty good size, the Blackwood Lumber Company started cutting timber here. My brother and I went to work for Blackwood. We worked for them for years. I worked for the company longer than he did, off and on. I worked through to the back end of "Canady" (Little Canada - the headwaters of the north fork of the Tuckasegee River - ed.), and all over Rough Butt and Piney Mountain. We stayed in their logging camp back up in the woods. It was a big camp with 75 or80 men. Most of the time I drove a team for 'em, skidding logs. We'd get up at 5:30, feed the horses, put the harness on 'em, and at 6:00 a gong rnng for breakfast. At 7:00 the camp foremen turned us out into the woods. We worked all the time. If you didn't work, you didn't stay. We worked differently than the way they do now. There weren't any coffee breaks. We worked from 7:00until 12:00. We had until 1:00offfor 'FPCL, 1992 lunch, and then we worked until 6:00 that evening. It usually took about an hour to get back to camp. We would cat supper, and then the teamsters had to water their horses, curry 'em down, and put in plenty of hay. We Counuy of lhc Atchives of Appaltchia. ETSU didn't have time to relax or do anything after supper, we just went to bed, because at 5:30 the next morning they rang a gong to get the teamsters out of bed and back to the barn again. They always turned us loose at 4:00 on Saturday. They gave us two hours off on Saturday, and we didn't work on Sunday. It took a whole day to travel to Macon County, so we would usually stay at camp for a month or six weeks at a rime before we would go back home. Lacer on, I got married, and we moved to Caney Fork. Then I would walk home through the mountains every weekend. There were trails all through these mounuuns then. In the camp, we lived in long wooden shacks. They had double bunks on each side for the men to sleep in. The kitchen was built off one of the shacks. It was a long building with two long tables running the length of it. Most of the time the tables was just as full of men as they could be. They had good cooks, and whatever you wanted to eat, they had it on the table. For breakfast, they had ham and eggs, and biscuits. They'd have flapjacks, and they made gravy every morning. They'd make fried 'taters, and that gravy would go over 'cm, and there was applesauce on the side. They had peaches, they had jelly, and all kinds of meats on the table. It was good food, but it cost $1.00 a day. Of the $3.00 I made every day, I bad to pay $ LOO for board. That left me $2.00 in wages. Of course, if we stayed in camp on Sunday, we still had to pay for board, so when I stayed over, I made only$ 1.00 for my work on Monday. At lunchtime, if we were close enough to the camp we would go back for lunch. But up on Caney Fork, when we were away from camp, they would load the lunch on a railroad car and a "cookie" from the kitchen brought it out and set it all out in the woods - just like we were having a picnic. After everybody had eaten, he would gather up the dishes, and 1918 after they had loaded the car, he would set all his equipment on the back and ride out. Or perhaps he would walk out, because they ran those trains fast, and sometimes they would jump the track. It was dangerous driving one of those narrow-gauge trains. If one went off the track, it would tear up creation. Sometimes I drove oxen. Sometimes I drove horses. I'd drive six of them - three yokes. The biggest log I ever skidded was a 14 foot log that had 2700 board feet of lumber in it. It was bigger around lhan I was tall. There used to be some big timber in these mountains. I usually hauled a seven-log rig. I'd set the logs up in a line behind the teams. The front log had two J-grabs on it, so that if the logs started to run, you could turn your horses out of the road, the spread hooks would slip off, and the logs would go on by. Sometimes they'd leave the road, and it would be a time getting 'em back on if the ground was slick and icy. They'd get all tangled up, break loose, spread all over the mountain. That was some "rough doin'." I have seen it foul up - logs. horses, and all - and go over the bank. That didn't feel good when I saw what happened. It hun the horses. Some of 'cm got skinned up pretty badly. Some of 'em would get crippled, and they would have to kill 'em. Of course the company didn't care, they had insurance on 'em. I've been in lots of close places. A lot of times the logs would crowd me against a (continued on next page) X.Otuc:an Journot pOCJ", 7 �(continued from page 7) tree or a rock cliff. I had just one chance then. We wore cork boots (with sruds on the bottom - ed.), and I'd jump up on a log and jump off on the other side. Then when I got past the bad spot, I could cross back. It never got too rough to slow down. It didn't matter how deep the snow was or how thlck the ice was, we went out just the same. The foreman would turn us out on a rainy day just like on a good one. We could come back in if we wanted to, and he Most camps weren't as big as ours. Camps usually bunked 30-60 men. There weren't just timber cutters and teamsters. There were a lot of other jobs to do. Back then, they didn't have a bulldozer to make the roads, they made 'em with manpower. They took picks and shovels and dug 'em out The men who worked on the roads were called "road monkeys." They all had manocks and shovels. Where there was rock, they had to blow it out with dynamite. They had one crew that did the drilling and the shooting. Cowtcsy of the Arcluves ol Appal&ehia; ETSU wouldn't say anything about it; it was his job to turn us out, but if we wanted to work, that was up to us. It never got too muddy or too slick to haul the wood out. The railroad would run in any kind of weather. I skinned logs many a time when the road wasn't anything but a sheet of blue ice. It was dangerous. Back then, 1 was young, and didn't pay any attention to it, but looking back on it now, I can see those dangerous places, and it makes me tremble sometimes to think of some of the places I got into. I drove cattle and horses nearly all my life. I've been in some of the roughest places a man can put a team, but I never did get one hurt l guess 1 had enough practice at it. I followed 'em for years. I've worked some real good horses, and I've worked some that were as mean as they could be. Of course, if I got of one of those bad teams, I wouldn't stay long. I'd just move out. I'd go somewhere else, or I'd stay out a day or two and come back and get a different team. I'd haul the logs out of the forest to the narrow-gauge railroad where they would pick 'em up. The narrow-gauge train pulled about five cars, and it would bring the logs down to the top of Indian Camp Branch, where there was a big skidder. They called it the "drop out machine." It would book to one car at a time, and lower it down over a waterfall to the main line. They would unload the wood, give a signal, and the skidder would pull the empty car back and book onto another load. The wood went down the main line to East LaPone, at the bonom of Caney Fork where it joins the Tuckasegee River. Blackwood had two band mills down there. Each of them would cut 30,000 feet per day. That took a lot of logs. Xotiuih Journat p~ B Back at camp there was a saw filer who stayed at the saw-filing shack. In the evening, the cuners took their saws to the shack, and the next morning he gave them sharp saws to take out. There were cooks, and one feller caUed the "lobby hog" who would make up the beds in the morning and would get the wood in and keep the fires burning in the winter. He would get up early in the morning and build a fire to get everything warm before the men got up. They would generally run about five or six sawing crews. They would cut those big trees with that old cross-cut saw, the "misery whip." That's some rough work. Back then they just took the best timber. It had to be number one material. They would get two logs off some trees, but most of the time they would just cut one good log off and leave the rest to rot That's just the way they logged back then. They wasted more timber than they cut. They liked yellow poplar and what they called mountain oak. Of course, they would cut everything big enough to make a log white oak, black oak, basswood, maple, whatever it was. There were a few white pine trees and a linle hemlock up that way, but the yellow poplar and the mountain oaks would bring more money than any other kinds. Working in that big timber was dangerous, no mistake about it Sometimes a man would get bun, and every once in a while, a man would be killed, but not often. It was usually somebody who didn't understand how a tree was going to bust We had a few killed. Someone cutting that oak timber had to know just how to put a lead in it and how to saw it. Otherwise, it would " slab up," break off way up high, and part of that tree would head straight for the ground. If a man wasn't out of the way, it was just too bad. Three men worked on each cutting crew. One man did the "chipping" and the "measuring off." The other two didn't do anything but saw. Almost every tree leans just a little. The chipper had an axe, and he kept it sharp as a razor. He would cut a big notch in the tree right under that lean, 10 or 14 inches deep in a big tree, and then he would stand back and keep watch while the others began sawing behind the notch and cut the tree down from behind. When the tree hit the ground, the chipper measured off the logs they could get off it, and the cutters would saw them off while the chipper started chopping a lead in another tree. People were killed by falling limbs, too. Sometimes while they were cutting a tree, a dead limb would come off and would catch somewhere high in the branches. If they were lucky, they could go cut another tree, and it would come loose and fall. But they couldn't walk off and leave a tree. Eventually they had to go back and get it. The chipper would watch out for the cutters while they sawed the tree and got out. Sometimes, though, it wouldn't be five minutes before the dead limb would fall, and the cutters would have to dive out of the way. People got killed that way, not getting out from under a limb. They had a timber foreman, a road foreman, and a foreman in charge of the whole camp. The big bosses stayed down in the company offices at East LaPone, where the mill was. There's very little down there now, but East LaPorte was a mill town back then. There were more than 100 houses for the people who lived and worked there. The houses went up to the top of the ridge. They had a store down there, but they also had commissaries all up Caney Porlc for the working people. We would buy goods with scrip notes that the company issued. They would give us as much scrip as we wanted and then take it out of our checks down at the the main office. The commissaries had groceries, tools, shoes, boots, clothes - anything a person wanted. It was like a general store. They weren't more expensive than the Sylva Supply store in town. They were just about like any of the stores. Logging has changed a lot since my time. They don't do it now like we were doing it. It used to be an old cross-cut and "get 'em the hard way," but now it's all done with bulldozers, skidders, and chain saws. Chain saws started coming in during the forties. I bought my first chain saw in 1951 or 1952. Early on, some of 'em worked, and some of 'em were mighty sorry. Most of the early ones were two-man saws. They were big ones. They worked pretty well, but they were hard to carry through the woods. We used that kind until the companies put out the one-man chain saw. They were heavy when they first came out, but the loggers still thought they were bener than pulling on the cross-cut all day. They have improved on them a lot since they first staned making them. Things have gotten a little easier, anyway. Those old loggers, they sure had a time. ~ 1'aU, 1992 �WORKING THE WOODLANDS by David Wheeler Western North Carolilltl is abour 76% forest. What we do, how we manage these f oresrs - or how we mismanage them determines our destiny. We can't drill for oil; we can't catch sabrwn; we can't grow wheat. Forests are what we've got. - Charles Woodard,foresrer Looking out from over a high cliff in Katuah Province, one's vision moves across sweeps of green-mantled mountains flowing out to the horizon. Trees in such number and such variety are seen in few other places in the world. It is clear that lhe natural growth in this bioregion is forest. If left to grow, the old hills would be covered almost completely with a bewildering variety of tall trees and the wide diversity of other plant and animal species associated with them. Great and small, each species contributes to the health of lhe forest and makes it what it is. We are positioned between the warm Gulf air currents to the south, and the cold Canadian air currents to the north. The land climbs more than 5,000 feet in elevation change. In some parts of the region rainfall is 40 inches per year, while in others it is more than 90. The wide variety of influences causes a wide diversity of species. More than 140 species of trees are known here. There are, of course, all grades of sites, but on good sites many species of trees find their highest expression in the Blue Ridge. In 1901, H.B. Ayres and W.W. Ashe were sent by the federal government to inventory the Southern Appalachian forest. Of the area around the Great Smoky Mountains, they wrote: "The forests are chiefly of hardwoods, with a large amount of coniferous growth around lhe higher summits and in the deep, cool hollows. On the drier slopes, and especially on the south sides, oak and chestnut form the greater part of the timber, with some black and yellow pine on the ridges. The timber in the hollows is more varied and the stand is heavier, poplar, birch, Jinn, and buckeye being associated with the oak and chestnut. The finest and largest bodies of spruce in the southern Appalachians occur here, along the crest of the ridge and the north slope... " Just as the trees are a central feature of the ecology of the area, they have also historically been a central feature in the lives of the people who lived close to the land. And if we are to re-establish a balanced habitation of this area once again, our relationship with the trees will again be a primary fact of our ex.istence here. Seventy percent of the Southern Appalachian lands are still in forest. Some people hazard the guess that more land is in forest now than 100 years ago when each family had to clear off the acres they needed to grow all their own food. Many of the trees growing in the mountains are hardwoods. f"aU, 1992 Photo US National Archive Since the loss of the American chestnut from the forest canopy, yellow poplar is the most common species, though it does not dominate the region as the mighty chestnut once did. Sixty-four percent of the region is considered "timberland," which is technically defined as sites that would suppon timber utilization. By US Forest Service estimates, there are 16.7 billion cubic feet of "growing stock" (trees that are of a size to produce sawtimber) in the region. There is an estimated 54.6 billion board feet of sawtimber growing in the region according to the latest Forest Service surveys. With the mild climate, abundant rainfall, and dark forest soils, this bioregion is well situated to produce quality sawtimber. For the region, that is a blessing and a curse. For as long as they have been here, people have used wood from the forest trees sometimes carefully, sometimes in a manner that was wantonly destructive. The forest is only now recovering from the onslaught of industrial capital which ravaged the area in search of precious big timber at the turn of the century. The timber barons looted the region both economically and ecologically, and when their plundering was done they fled with their wealth to pillage elsewhere. The timber industry of today is making a positive economic contribution to the region, but often at the expense of environmental integrity - an expensive price. Logging and roadbuilding in the national forests penetrates into the last old growth stands left in the mountains and cuts t0 the bean of the last great habitat area left in the southeastern forest zone. Papennaking pays some of the highest wages in the region, but the Champion mi11 in the town of Canton is killing the Pigeon River with a toxic effluent that contains the deadly chemical compound dioxin. According to latest Forest Service surveys of the region, the industry is annually cutting 747,520,000 board feet (bf) of sawtimber, 1,851,000 cords of pulpwood, and wood for manufacturing 24,332,000 board feet of composite board. Wood is also cut for poles, fence postS, and a resurgent firewood trade. According to North Carolina State University's College of Forest Resources, the value of the timber cut in western North Carolina alone equals $129,231,000. This timber, according to Bureau of the Census figures for 1988, supported 51,354 employees in lumber and wood productS, furniture, and paper-making occupation's in the region. This was 7% of the employment in the whole region. High-grade hardwood sawtimber from the Southern Appalachian forests goes mostly to making furniture, lumber, facing veneers, and ornamental moundings. Some is exported overseas, largely to foreign furniture plantS. Lower-grade hardwoods go into the inside layers of plywood, flooring, pallets, railroad ties, and mine supports. Chips from small or poor quality trees are used in making oriented strand board and pulped for paper, paperboard, and coated stock. (continued on page 11) :K.cituan Journat PCMJe 9 �,,,l:1 'PhtIT ..:rmi1 1:,3wl '{d Juo lllguod ~-J,f 1''tti ~, T" ~;J•, :,~iif·... & n.- bid ru;:i 1ol1C1J11o:J lli:.m?. 11 '{t.UOJ n~•,, bna '-· ., .. ,.. .,,, ;. ,.. , with employment and earnings in the lumber fon:ed to zero. Lumber was chosen since it provides the raw material for fumilUIC and paper. Furniture and paper were not forced to zero values in the Model This is a well established Slalistical teehnique for answering "what ii" types of questions as the one posed here, but it should be in no way taken to mean that the author advocates the elimination or the lumber industry in any way. • On average, lOl3I earnings in the region would decline by over one percent if the lumber industry were losL Disposable per capita income would decline by almost as much. The most affected industry would be paper with losses in earnings and employment in lumbt:r on other industries as captured by the Model, Lotal employment in manufacturing in Western North Carolina would decline approximately two pcrcenL While these losses may not seem great, they are the stuff of strong recessions if comparable losses were to occur at the national level. br" ,f:,n,i,'\ qv Ilg, ri->ti! bl"JI ?Ir,:>.,.,,.,..,.,,, Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade (about 200) over this time period. (In other words. the increase in fumilUrC (300 jobs) and lumber (400.jobs) arc more than offset by the losses in paper industry jobs.) A beuer picture of job trends in these throe wood products industries can be had by looking at the relative position of these industries to the toial picture in Western Nonh Carolina, as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the disparity in job growth in the wood producis industry (lumber, furniture and paper combined) and agricultural occupations with the rest of Wesiem North Carolina. The numbers used in the graph do not represent actual numbers of jobs. Rather. the sectors have been indexed, so they all sharc a common starting point in 1969 that is set equal to one. This is done so that change in the different sectors can be pictured on the same graph. · Total employment in Western Nonh Carolina and employment in the service industry is much greater than in agriculture and wood producis. For example, in 1988 there was a total of slightly over 400,000 jobs in the region of which 16,240 jobs (or 4%) were in the wood products industries. The values on the vertical axis show the percentage change in employment over time. Employment in the service sector has grown by almost 70 percent between 1969 and 1988. Toial employmenl has increased by about 55 percent. In comparison, wood products jobs have been quiie stagnant, evidencing no growth during this time Depanmenr of Economics and F'JNl'IU, School ofBu.rincn, Wcsran Carolina University The trend of the~ few decades towards growing environmenial awareness in the United SUIICS has engulfed Western Nonh Carolina and made some of iis lnldilional industties controversial. An excellent example is in the wood producis area whose lumbering practices have come wider increasing scrutiny from environmentalists. Here we take a two-fold look at the wood producis industries (which are comprised of the lumber, fumitwe and paper industries). F'USl, historical data for employment &om the WNC Ecooometric Model at Western Carolina University and which is fwided by Tennessee Valley Authority is presented to place these industries' role in Western North Carolina economy in perspective. Second, simulations from the Model arc used 10 answer some what if type of questions such as what impact does lumber have on the Western North Carolina economy? EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Figure ] depicts employment in the three wood products industries in Weslern North Carolina Io all three, employment is quite cyclical or sensitive to downturns in economic activity, although paper is somewhat mOR stable than its wood products couoterpans. Although paper employment is stable, it shows a Sleady decline in jobs from over 5700 in 1969 to slightly more than 4700 jobs in 1988, a loss of approximately 1000 jobs. The loss of jobs in paper is economically significant since jobs in the paper indusuy are some of the highest paying manufacturing jobs in the area In fact, none of the wood i-ooucts industries in Weste.m Nonh Carolina could be characterized as a growth iodusuy as far as number of jobs is concerned. The entire group experienced a slight loss in jobs CONCLUSJONS Wood products are a significant pan of the Wesiern North Carolina economy, although their importance is slowly diminishing as fastu growing sectors of the regional economy continue to expand. The regional economy bas already been hun by the loss of jobs in the paper industry which arc among the highest paying in manufacturing. The source of dala for lhis article is lhe Western North Carolina Economclric Model maintained by Professor Wilk al We5tem Carolina Univemty under conlJ'aet &om lhe T"'11\C$SCC Valley Aulhority. The Model cons.isl$ of over 80 equations designed lo show lhc interrelationships among seciors in Western North Carolina Ind between seciors in Wutem Nonh Carolina and lhc TVA md nalion.aJ economics. The UNWlCC of Edward Su=u is grarefully period. "WHAT IF?" CONSIDERATIONS aclcnowledgcd. The views md conclusions in !his article do not nccasarily rellect lhosc of lhe TVA. The Western North Carolina Econometric Model can also be used to answer "what ii" typeS of questions. To further ascertain the value of the wood products industries to Western North Carolina, the Model was used to simulate the regional economy WNC EMPLOYMENT For lhe pwposcs of lhis article Western Nonh Carolina is defined u the fiftu:n counties of Nonh ..,~ Carolina in lhc Tcnnasee Valley watershed. fr INDEXED WNC EMPLOYMENT FURNITURE, LUMBER & PAPER: :1969-1988 BASE YEAR 1969 1.1·~-----------------------, 1.o+-- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -7"--i 1.5•-+--- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - --:7':~--1 1.4.l----- -- - -- - - - ---------,,....,11:-----1 1.3+-- - -- -- - -";p;'e:.i!i::::~~~=--- ----l 1.2+ - - -- -- ---1iil~~~~- =----=:::::::ra,;:----I +--- -~~~--1--~ __.,l!l:::ll!~~ ~---=-'""=-..llb.--Di 1.1 0.9·+ - ..?:::.;,j:.......::..__ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --1 0 .81.J......-.--,---,--,--,----,---,,--,-,---r--.--..-----.---,--,.--,---r---.--.-' 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 YEARS Figure I. Xat-1'.iah Jou.mat pQCJe 10 1984 1987 1-- 1972 SERVICES 1975 1978 YEARS 1981 1984 1987 - - TOTAL EMP. ---- WOOD PRO. -e- AG~I. Figure 2. 1-"0U., 1992 �(continued mxn page 9) Nearly 50% of the furniture manufacturers in the United States and the same percentage of the hardwood plywood and veneer manufacturing operations are located within the five states that include the Katuah bioregion. Much of the furniture-making activity is concentrated on the North Carolina piedmont. That location was chosen because it was close to the mountains, which supply 65% of the industry's raw materials, but still on flat land and accessible to major trade routes. Columbia-Carolina Corporation located a plant in Marion. NC specifically to gain access to Appalachian yellow poplar for plywood manufacturing and now uses 28 million board feet wood per year. AFG Industries in Knoxville employs a large workforce making wooden containers. The Champion International plant in Haywood County is a major purchaser of pulpwood in itS area, and there is a Bowater Southern paper plant in McMinn County, TN and a Mead Company paper plant in Kingspon, TN. Federal Paperboard and a large Westvaco plant in Covington, VA utilize pulp to manufacture paperboard. Abitibi-Price Corporation makes hardboard siding at its Roaring River plant in Wilkes County, NC and Weyerhauser Company turns out more than 50,000 board feet of oriented strand board per day at its factory in Elkins, NC. Most of these companies are on the periphery of the Southern Appalachians and draw only part of their raw materials from the mountains. The smaller sawmills like the large operations for the added markets that they create for lower-grade material. Sawtimber companies, for example, do not like to cut puJpwood; but if they have to cut it, they want to be able to sell it. Charles Woodard, director of the industry group the MuJtiple Use Council, said, ''When we heard that Columbia Carolina was building a facility, everybody said, 'Hallelujah!' because they came for exactly what we were having a hard rime getting rid of - the low-grade poplar lumber." It is obvious that the pulp and chip sectors of the forest productS industry are dominated by the industrial giants. Reducing wood to biomass and processing it into productS is a question of moving huge volumes of material efficiently. This is a job best suited for large-scale, automated, energy-intensive machinery. The investment is substantial, and a high degree of regularity is required. This is the scale of economy at which the giant, centralized corporations like to keep their operations. Most of the smaller, independent companies cut and process sawrimber. This is less complicated and does not require large investments in sophisticated technologies. Sawtimbcr is still an important component of the mountain wood economy, and the wood products industry still retains much of its traditional autonomy and independence in the region. Of the 521 lumber and wood products companies listed for the Southern Appalachian region in the Department of Commerce's Counry Business Pa11erns, 66% employ less than 10 people, 92% employ less than 50. A small logging operation requires less capital than most business operations, J'tlft, 1992 and even today a small contractor can bid a timber sale and then ca1J up friends and family members to help cut it There still are part-time sawmills back in the hills that start up operation when the price of lumber is good, sell a bit, and then cease operation bought out by larger fums. "It's just like anything else. Those who do a good job, keep up with the technology, and keep track of market trends are going to do alright. "There probably some people who can Counesy Jone.sboro Museum, Washington County TN when the price goes down. The mountain forest produc1s industry seems to be generally in good health. There is stiff competition among furniture company buyers for Appalachian hardwood, and no company seems to have an undue advantage in setting prices. The timber industry in the mountains is itself quite decentralized. Most sawmills, for instance, are small to medium-sized by national standards. Many of them are family-owned. A sawmill that supports l 00 workers is viewed as a large operation in the Appalachians. For instance, among the biggest buyers of timber stumpage east of the Great Smoky Mountains are the Parton Lumber Company, T & S Hardwoods, and WNC Pallet. Parton employs 75 workers at the mill and works 80 loggers in the forest. T & S has 54 millworkers and 50 loggers working on contract WNC Pallet employs 120 people at their mill at Candler. AJthough they are independent and fiercely competitive among themselves, the Appalachian loggers and mill owners arc cJannish and as a group wield considerable economic and political power in the region. But changes arc happening within the forest products industry. Dr. Larry Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Wood and Paper Science at Nonh Carolina State University, says: "There are still many small, independently-owned mills operating in Nonh Carolina. However, th.e trend over the last 10-15 years is that operations which are inefficient or which don't adapt to new technologies either go out of business or are cut just for the local market and be successful at it, but the business has become more sophisticated. Operators have to keep tabs on what is happening, always be looking for market niches, and must keep a constant awareness that they are dealing in an inrernational market and must be producing the best product that they can. Because it's much more competitive than it was years ago. h's a tough business. It's very competitive." Loggers, too, arc feeling the same pressures. "It talces so much invesunent in this modem, mechanized equipment, the little feller can't afford to get into it. They are pressed to move a certain volume of wood, because insurance and mechanization costs are putting them in a real bind," says Frank Norris, publisher of the market bulletin Timber Mart South and a veteran forester of 50 years experience. "It's becoming more sophisticated all the time. It's surprising how many loggers...the wife runs a computer and does the bookkeeping for 'em. They don't do it off a paper sack anymore. "They have to go further for wood, and to run the highways now they have to have better trucks. So their costs have gone up quite a bit. "They're being squeezed between their costs and what they can get for their product, so they're going to have to be more efficient or more of 'em will go out. Both of those things are happening. That's the reason you see fewer of 'em in it There's quite a few less than there were 20 years ago." (continued on next page) X.cu:uah ) O\U'nCIC paCJe 11 �t I'• f":. ~ t•• • I • .... -·... l i;""!! (continued (mm page 11) Other changes are going on outside the industry that also affect its future. One of the most influential of these changes is in the growth of the population in the region and the shift in its composition. Currently, most of the growth in population is the result of in-migration from outside the bioregion. The newcomers bring with them new attitudes and different ideas - including different occupations and different approaches to land use. One of the strengths of the independent operators has been that, since the depanurc of the early timber interests in the 1930's, forest products work has been locally controlled. The people working in the industry today arc not the offspring of the timber barons, but arc much more likely to be descendants of the people who worked for them. In fact, the timber industry has become a bastion of economic support for the local people of the region. If the industry were to die, a lot of the local culture would die with it. Today, the strength in this stabiliiy may turn out to be a handicap. The regional economy is changing. As the graph on this page shows, regional employment is rising. The rise in employment in the service occupations is on the same curve, which suggests that it is this sector which is driving the upswing. But while total employment and employment in service jobs arc rising, the number of people working in the wood products jobs is holding steady. And while workers are more likely to be operating a band saw than pulling a crosscut saw in the woods, they arc likely to be members of the same families who have traditionally worked with wood. Thus, while employment in wood products jobs is staying even, their percent of influence in the changing economy of the mountain region is declining. "This change is oocwring panJy :l(otuah JournaL p<M)e 12 because of the changing mix of population ...Fewer people are working in agricultural jobs; more are employed in the government, service, and retail trade sectors. The number in manufacturing has increased slightly in the last decade, but it is a much smaller percentage of the total number holding jobs. There is now less employment in jobs dependent on forest products, such as wood, than in the past. Tourism, however, is an increasingly irnponam pan of the economy," wrote the authors of the Draft land and Resource Management Plan/or the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests in 1985. Another aspect of the change in the region's population profile is the change in land ownership. The newcomers arc buying ll_P the land. Unlike the timber and pulp • 'c3rporations on the coastal plain who own their industrial forests, the mountain sawmills cut mostly on other people's land. In the past the landowners were fanners who depended on their woodlots to provide extra cash and so were glad to have them cut as soon as they were of sawlog size. Now people arc moving in who wish to escape from the industrial madness to a forest retreat. They arc well-to-do and want trees, not stumpage payments. This is sure to tighten the supply of timber in the region. What about the future? The agreement is unanimous that over the long term the demand for hardwoods, and thus their price, will only increase. High-grade sawtimber is especially desired. In the broad outlook. conditions are quite advantageous for the forest products trade. Locally, however, forecasts are that the amount of forest products operations that the region can suppon will shrink somewhat. And the shrinkage will take place in the number of the smaller companies that do not have strong financial backing. The corporate style of operation is not suited 10 the mountains - or anywhere in the natural world, for that matter. The smaller, more flexible timber companies have the potential for working in a way that is much more appropriate. The only question is whether the people in forest products occupations arc willing to adapt to the changes that are currently taking place. Replacing local people with newcomers who embody the new corporate attitudes is no solution. Working with wood offers a cultural reference point and a way local people can keep their place on the land. But exploitative attitudes toward the land, particularly when tranSlated into exploitative ways of working in the forest, will no longer suffice. It is not sustainable to support our species' life at the expense of the life of the land. Let us hope we can learn the lessons of ecology and put them to work. We want people to develop, not tum their backs o~'# their ties to this place. fr J'Alt, 1992 �Jj' ! 'J,1 DEPLETION FOR DOLLARS: THE ECONOMICS OF CHIP MILLS . · . i _ -·. ~J . . ( . .,,.:-_ • , :t... ,_ 1· ...,,-~ ., •l-Ao:~ . , ••.,.:-.~ ,..~_:,,;_ . '-!< • • -- . .: ~ . 1r-· · --- -- _-:.r.- The chip mill issue can be framed as a question of how to utilize the Tennessee River Valley region's forest resources to the best advantage of its residents. One option is to maintain the health of the established hardwood industry by keeping out the remote chip mills. This existing option can be characterized as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable system whose market demand is based predominantly on regional economics. A second option, that of bringing in remote, high capacity chip mills, can be characterized as a mechanized, unacceptable, and regionally non-sustainable system whose marlcet demand is based essentially on global economics. Backlf'OUDd To understand the chip mill issue it is essential to understand the forest products industry structure and the resource base upon which it depends. There are basically two divisions of the industry: the solid wood segment - which requires a continuous supply of mature trees to supply lumber for manufactured goods; and the paper segment • which requires a maximum volume of wood fiber to manufacrure paper products. In order to insure a continuous supply of mature trees, the solid wood segment uses the environmentally sound practice of selective harvesting in which only the older trees are harvested from a site, and many middle-aged and young trccS are left for the next harvest in 15 to 20 years. The selective harvest method can be abused by "high grading," a practice in which only the best trees are taken and no cull cuts are made to insure that commercially valuable species will be available for the next cuL On the other hand, chip mills, in order to obtain maximum fiber volume at minimum cost for the paper industry, generally use the environmentally degrading clearcutting method, clearing all protective cover from the land. If reforestation is planned, it is done with bulldozers and herbicides to insure that f'aU, 1992 the new crop of commercial trees are "released." All chip mills are not the same. There are chip mills associated with sawmills and manufacturers which process mill and facrory "residues" so that they can be utilized as "residue chips" in the manufacture of paper. There are "whole tree chippers" which can be carried from site to site and process whole trees. And then there are high capacity chip mills, sometimes called "remote" or "satellite" chip mills, which are set up to supply a primary facility (pulp or paper mill) that is in another region or country. These "high capacity chip mills" are the chip mills that have applied to the Tennessee Valley Authority (IV A) for permits to locate along the Tennessee River at South Pinsburg, TN. Any further mention of chip mills will refer to these remote, high capacity mills. High capacity chip mills cost approximately $3 million to $5 million, excluding site preparation. They have a mechanical life expectaney of three to ten years, depending on how heavily they are used They generally employ eight people or less. Advocates of chip mills usually try to claim that new jobs are created by log harvesting employmenL However, it is documented in both North Carolina and Alabama that much of the harvesting employment already exists and is occupied supplying established regional industries. Because of the high volume contracts, the lower handling costs, and the high value for the commodity on the world market, loggers and haulers often abandon existing industries and go to work for the chip mills. Harvestin& Impacts Comprehending the purpose, the nature, and the amount of tree consumption by the chip mills is essential to decision making because the region already has a very large manufacturing economy based upon the hardwood resource. The fundamental purpose of the chip mills is to supply fiber for pulp and paper mills ourside our region. TVA estimates that landowners will be paid a $1 to $4 per ton "stumpage" price by the chip mills for their timber as it stands. Following estimates by Charles McGee in the article "Low Quality Hardwood Stands," this is not enough to pay for reforestation. High grade hardwood timber is noc likely to regenerate without management costs. ff the owner is not willing to reinvest funds the resulting stand will likely be suitable only for use as pulpwood. Trees are harvested and delivered to the chip mill (for $18 per ton in my Alabama study area), and then chipped and sold for around $23 or $24 per ton. At that point the resource will be gone from our region with little value added. A ton of hardwood chips brings approximately $122, delivered to Japan. Contrast this "regional chip mill resource return" with our established, value-adding hardwood industries. The landowner is first paid a stumpage price for the timber, the logs are delivered to a mill which saws them into rough lumber; the rough lumber is made into finished lumber, marketed, and transported to a manufacturing facility where it is made into a wood product; this is then marketed and transported to a wholesaler or retailer, who markets it one more time. Value is added at each stage of the process. It should be obvious that when compared to the established hardwood industry "multiplier" for employment, the chip mill employment "multiplier" becomes a tremendous employment "reducer." It is also obvious that there is no value added in the region. Another point is that the chip mills are going to utiliz.e a much greater amount of wood than has been previously estimated. TVA stated that each mill would consume 300,000 tons of chips per year per mill. However, Steve Loveland of Georgia-Pacific Corporation in an article entitled "South Atlantic Chip Supply," said, "Any chip mill (continued on nCJ1l page) xawah Journat poc,e 13 �(continued fro;;. ·page 13) l , f t ,l 1, ,,a .. ; ' can double or ttiple irs chipping ourput by adding shifts and can be virtually run around the clock, seven days a week if necessary." This Statement shows that the figure on which TV A is basing its calculations is a minimum figure. Acrual production for one chip mill could easily be three times that much if economic conditions warranted. In other words, if TV A chose to permit only one chip mill, it alone could consume as much as TV A's predicted level for three chip mills. Another factor that skews predictions of ecological and economic impacts is that the chip mills are committed to providing a steady volume of chips regardless of local prices. There is a large capital investment involved in each of the mills, and many of them are owned by paper mills or are under binding "take-or-pay" supply contracts, meaning that they have to pay cash if they do not meet agreed-upon supply quotas. This artificially-maintained production depresses the price of residue chips produced by sawmills in the region, and is also inconsistent with wise resource and environmental management. Chip mills can also serve in a secondary economic capacity: that of liquidating the regional resource into readily available capital for transnational corporations that are sttuggling to keep their heads above water in troubled economic times. In simpler terms, the chip mills are to provide ready cash to their troubled corporate parents by trying, as rapidly as possible, to tum trees into money. This is particularly devastating to the established regional industries and the local environment. The chip mills do not care if "the regional resource"is liquidated because their mechanical life will essentially be over by the time the trees are gone. The Boise Cascade Corporation is one ~xample. Like most of the paper and pulp mdustry, before the recession hit Boise Csacade made large capital invesnnents to increase their capacity. Now the corporation is saddled with high interest payments in the face of a decreased market demand. Furthermore, due to the tremendous amounts of chip exports from the Nonhwest 10 the Japanese, they are being squeezed by chip prices in their operations in the Pacific Nonhwesr. (Condensed from The Value Line). In fact, according to the December, 1991 PaperandPu/p, Boise Cascade suffered a "$32.6 million loss in the second quarter" of 1991, and third quanereamings sank "to a $49.4 million deficit." As a solution to their predicament, Boise Cascade plans to sacrifice the region's hardwood forests, upon which many local people have depended for decades. Many foreign nations have a labor advantage over the United States on the open international market. The United States maintains its competirve position because of a superior supply of resources. It is clearly a good economic strategy for foreign companies to cur as much pulpwood as possible. If they can use much of the United States' resource, the United States will be that much more vulnerable on the open market By chipping our trees, foreign competitors are improving their long term X-citiuih JouTna£ page 14 I exporting market position. American business and government should be thinking ahead. Our competitors are. tnnuence of Market Conditions Developments in the regional and world markets helped 10 create this confrontation in the Tennessee River Valley between established regional wood producrs industries and transnational corporations. The first was a rise in the domestic demand for hardwoods. Because of a slowdown in the growth of softwood trees, overharvesring, an obvious supply of cheap hardwoods, and the development of new technology for using hardwoods in the making of pulp, the paper companies staned using a significant amount of hardwood chips in the mid-eighties. (The current mix is approximately 31% hardwoods and 69% softwood.) The overseas demand for hardwoods has also boomed. Several deepwater ports, like the Pon of Mobile in Alabama, invested heavily in chip exporting facilities during the 1980's. The federal government also invested $2 billion of the taxpayer's money 10 build the Tenn-Tom Waterway to create a direct route between the Tennessee River and the Gulf. It is ironic that the foreign corporations would be much less competitive with our regional industries if the government had oot subsidized their transportation system. Also during this time many well-meaning foresc industry people decided that they needed to "create" additional markets for our low-grade hardwoods by developing expon markets. They should have known better than to think that they could tamper with the market without creating serious repercussions in the existing hardwood economy of the region. This confluence of trends adds up to a radical market change which today could devastate the resource base upon which the sustainable, labor intensive, value-adding, regional hardwood industries of the Tennessee River Valley depend. Nature of the Chip Mil! Harvest The nature of the chip mill harvest is symptomatic of the market demand that drives it. The original intent behind the chip mills was to create a market for low-grade hardwoods. However, clearcutting for the chip mills takes all the hardwoods - poor ones, deformed ones, plus the well-formed young trees that would have grown up to make high-grade sawtimber. If extensive areas in the Tennessee Valley are clearcut, as they have been _in Alabama, it will be at least 70 to 80 years before any hardwood sawtimber matures. No one seems concerned about what will happen to the small local operators in the meantime. On a more immediate note, the low-grade sawmills and pallet makers find themselves shutting down or operating at a loss because the world chip market demand has driven low grade timber prices out of their reach. A sawmill owner in a nonhwestem Alabama county, where chip mill resource depletion has occurred and the sawmills have been shut down, said ruefully that any sawmill owner would be committing economic suicide to allow a hardwood chip - mill within theit ~ . A visit to the areas of Alabama already clearcut is probably the most convincing economic or environmental argument that can be made against the permitting of the chip mills. Competition for the Forest Resource Does our region have plenty of hardwoods to spare? AU the numbers presented by TV A say that we are growing twice as much as we are harvesting. But there is also the question of availabiliry: all the growing trees are not available for industrial consumption. How much of that volume is actually available for harvesr after figuring in operability factors such as steep slopes and year round water problems, and landowners who do not want to sell their limber? Thomas R. Reed of Champion International Corporation in his article "Industrial Perspective on Hardwood Use," said that roughly 50% of the hardwoods are available. This estimate is considered high by some observers. But TV A neglected to do any kind of availability discounting. They assumed in their calculations that all the hardwood trees in the region were available. The regional hardwood industries already depend on those growing trees. The bottom line is that although we may be growing a lot of hardwoods, we are not growing enough to supply the existing hardwood sawmills, the existing regional paper mills, which are increasing their use of low-grade hardwoods, AND the remote chip mills who are here to harvest the hardwoods of the region for the rest of the world. The domestic paper companies are large and well-financed and will probably survive the crisis, but the small milling operations, which employ roughly 85% of the Valley's forest products workers, will inevitably be sacrificed for the chip mills that will siphon off the region's wealth for huge transnational corporations. In terms of the eovironmeotal impact, or the economic impact oo tourism, the region will be trading the incredible scenery and diverse ecological community that accompanies a selectively harvested, mature hardwood forest for a pulpwood lot checkered with constant clearcuts. If one considers aesthetics as imponant, the impact ori southeastern Tennessee is going to be devastating. The scenery will be a politician's nighnnare: graphic evidence of a bad decision that gets worse, and becomes more visible to the public, with every passing year. ~ - Harley Wessman lnforma1ion for this article was provided by Robert Mitchell. coordinator of the Tennessee Valley liardwood Alliance. a coalition of small hardwood lumber manufacturers whose livelihoods are threatened by the chip mill operations that are seeking permits to operate in the Tennessee River Valley. Contact the TeMessee Valley Hardwood Alliance; clo R.C. Mitchell; 2850 McCa//ie Ave.; Cha11anooga, TN 37404. For more information on how to stop the chip mill invasion, c<>ntact T.A.G.E.R.; Box 764; Souih Pi11sburg, TN 37380. 1"aU, 1992 �LOGGING WITH HORSES by Nancy McIntyre "It's a win/win solution," says Jason Rutledge. He is talking about horse logging, a low-impact and sustainable timber harvesting method. Environmentalists call for timber harvesting to stop on public lands. The timber industry pushes ro cut marketable trees and to harvest them in the cheapest way, preferably clearcurting. Logging with draft horses offers another choice that addresses concerns of both groups. Conventional timbering requires building logging roads, often at public expense - roads that are large enough to accommodate tractor-trailer rigs and which damage the environment. Horse logging needs no road building and leaves minimal disturbance, even in steep or remote areas. Rutledge describes horse logging as a superior technology, "an evolved approach that marries science to culture." He goes on to say that "cUITCnt horse logging is a modem effort that employs specifically-bred heavy draft horses that are harnessed with nylon components and work in multiple hitches with several teams in tandem like the Budweiser Clydesdales, except that I use horses of the Suffolk Punch breed. The teams pull a steel log arch, which has high flotation pneumatic tires that provide front end suspension of long tree stems. This log extraction technique, along with directional felling, creates extremely low environmental and visual impact." Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company, started by Rutledge and based in southwestern Virginia, has harvested over 200,000 board feet of timber from national forests in Virginia. Using "real horsepower," Rutledge and his parmer John Thornton have removed trees from the Jefferson National Forest by the single tree selection method. Defined as balanced, uneven-aged management, this least-damaging, sustained-yield harvesting technique cuts a few peak trees per acre. Tree age, species, site, soil type, grade exposure, remaining growth, and wildlife habitat are among the aspects considered in tree selection. Rutledge explains that "this method of harvesting closely imitates nature's own selection process. Each tree is recognized as part of the interconnected whole. Top wood from cut trees and some trees of undesired species are left lying on the forest floor, while desired species remain standing in varying ages and become dominant in population and size." He adds that the Forest Service and agricultural colleges have many expens who can mark timber for this type of harvesting. "Modern conventional logging equipment does too much damage to the environment to go into the forest on a 10 to 20 year harvest rotation to remove a few peak trees per acre. With horses you can do this, and everyone wins something," Rutledge emphasizes. "Tunber is harvested without clearcutting, and there is never removaJ of den treeS or the total destruction of the forest canopy. Therefore, wildlife habitat is preserved while the forest is still contributing to immediate human needs of building 1-"aU, 1992 materials, furniture, paper, etc. "A healthy forest is maintained and helps to protect water and air. yet jobs in the logging business continue, and forest products still enter the manufacturing channels, though coming in smaller loads from smaller tracts and smaller operators. With horse logging, there is less ground for resistance and appeals from environmentalists and a bener opportunity to avoid below-cost timber sales. Governments in other parts of the world have already recognized the extensive knowledge and teach others," Chaffee says. Rutledge offers formal instruction and apprenticeships, but cautions, "Logging is one of the most dangerous occupations in the country." To learn chain saw use, he strongly recommends the Soran Erickson Game of Logging School, sponsored by the Stihl Company. (Inquire with local forestry deparunents for this nationwide instruction.) "Such instruction can save lives, countless Counesy of lhc Archives of Appalachia, ETSU benefits of animal-powered skidding techniques and have chosen this timber harvesting method for a portion of their timber removal." "Draft horses have other uses in the forest," Rutledge adds. "My first Suffolk, Forest Spring Red Samson, and his brother Forest Spring Bill, under the steady hands of Mr. Thornton, recently pulled materials deep into the national forest for the consauction of a rest area and overnight shelter on the Appalachian Trail." David Chaffee of Pittsboro, North Carolina, a commercial airline pilot and farmer who also breeds Suffolk Punch horses, says, "All you have to do is take four photographs. Take one of an area just logged by horses and another six months later. Compare them with photographs of an area timbered with large equipment, now and six months later. You're going to see erosion with the conventional timbering using large machinery. "In regard to jobs,"Chaffee continues, "horse logging involves more people, noc only the Joggers themselves, but also those raising draft horses and raising feed. These are internally-generated jo~s. whereas with conventional timbering, the heavy equipment is made outside of the United States and the energy is imponed. Jobs in the timber industry can be sustained by logging in a different way." Chaffee has twice stayed at Jason Rutledge's farm in Floyd County, Virginia to work with him and learn horse-logging skills for use on his own land. "Jason seems very willing to share his hours, and many bills," Rutledge says. Jason Rutledge is writing a book on Beginner's Use of Draft Horses for the Twenty-first Century. In articles recently printed in The Small Farmer's Journal and The Draft Horse Journal, he tells that he was raised by his illiterate grandfather "who was a hoss trader and, without an outline or agenda, taught the dignity of what a welJ-tended pair of work animals could do for a man who would work too." Jason adds that he is "determined to maintain the dignity of work animals and working man." Rutledge describes himself as an environmental actualist who has spent most of his life working toward the restoration of a cultural ethic or stewardship. "This ethic of planetary stewardship has to translate into everyday life and, for most folks, into the economic reaJity of making a living. Faith is the bridge between belief and action, and I'm going 10 cross that bridge/# with a horse!" fr For further infonnation: Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company Jason Rutledge and John Thornton 2050 Blue Ridge Turnpike Fincastle. VA 24090 Nancy Mclntyre lives on a beauliful ridge-top farm in Floyd County, VA. She is an energetic clean air and water activist and recently spent time educating people to the harmful effects of chemical biocides as part of the Agricultural Resources Center/ Pesticide Education Project. �ROADTHREAT AN APPEALING ISSUE·· ·· N--1 World Ne... $erYice N--1 World Ne... S.-,ice The Forest Service decision on the abolition of limber sale appcalJ bas noc been released 11 press Lime. In the inlerim, Congress has gouen involved with the appeals question. On July I, Sena10r Wyche Fowler (D.QA) introduced a bill co-sponsored by Pat Leahy, Al Gore, and Olhm that guaranu,cd the right to appeal Forest Service decisions. This bill passed in the Senate by a margin of 57-38. The strength of the Fowler bill indicaics that the,e is support for the appeals process as a chcclc against poor decision making. Laier in the summer, however, Larry Craig (R-ID} inuoduccd a v.akencd substitute for the Fowler bill The Craig measure was passed successfully early in August Under Craig's bill, the lime limit for filing appeals and for the Forest Servtce ~iuon of appeals would be shoncncd to 30 days apiece. It would force appellants to travel to the vicinity of the forest to make their case. The Craig bill would also require appellants to make comments in order to have s&anding. These appear to be minor changes, but the biU is in1e11lionally vague on many points. For example, the,e is some question as to whether or nOI the person who reviews the appeal can be the person who made the initial decision, thus creating a conflict of inrcrcst The changes proposed by the Forest Service are far-reaching and go beyond appeals. Acconting to the Sierra Club Legal Deteme Fund, the new appeals regulalions would eliminale the right to know about and comment on sates of lllllds affCCICd by insects and diseases. The lwldling of insect• and discae-relatcd sales has been subject to abuse in the past. In addition, the proposed changes would make it impossible even IO team about limber sales if one does noc sub!lcribe IO a variety of small newspapers. These and other consttaincs would make it much harder to conuibule meaningful comments or even stay informed about activities in nearby lllllional On May 21, the Virginia Transpor1alioo Board announced the prefen-cd IOULC for U.S. RL 58, a new fow--tane that would spai the southwcaem edge of Virginia between Maninsville and Cumberland Gap. The route would bisect the ML Rogers National Rccl'Cllion Area along Corners Crcett. a cascade-filled IIOUl Slmllll Pond Mountain and Hurricane Mountain. The Mount Rogers area is home to a number of rare animal species, including endangered mussels, rare salamanders, bog turtles, gray bats, and northern flying squirrels. Funher east, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VD01) would have Rt 58 cross the Blue Ridge Mountains berwcen Meadows of Dan and Stuart, Virginia, an area that Includes two waterways that are eligible for scenic river status. Highway consuucuon will destroy ll\3lly homes and farms along the way. Some cilizens con1e11d that the project will be the death knell for downtowns in small communities along the way. In order to respond to the threat to the ML Rogers area (and perhaps 10 ocher threatened areas), the Mountain Heritage Alliance has been formed. Members have begun a national letier wriling and petition drive. The group wishes 10 arrange a meeting with VOOT since VDOT has recently met with backers of a popular but desuuctive altcmalive passing through the highlands around Straight Branch, Whiietop l...aurel, and Grems Cove Creek. The group will iqe VDOT 10 IOUIC the highway along existing highways 1-77 and 1-81. They cite a Virginia Depanmenl of COllltlValion and Recreation recommendation against the highway and the findings of a Virginia Tech cconomiSl who predic1ed thal few CCUICllJlic baldiU would be derived from the road. forests. At the same time the Depanrnent of Agriculture is lobbying Congress to end judicial review of Forest Service decisions. Secretary of Agriculture Madigan told Congress. "We could manage bencr if we were free from the inletference of the caur1S [and] we urge Congress IO do that expeditiously." A few such bills have appeared before Congress but they have been unsuccessful so far. BAN CHIP MILLS Narura1 Wotld News Service Residents of the Tennessee Valley spoke overwhelmingly against pcnn1ts for chip mill facllities along the Tennessee River during two summer public hearings. SpcaJc.crs asked that TV A , stop Donghac, Channel Ch1p/P:lrker Towing, and Boise Cascade from construcung loading clocks and facilities along the upper Tenn-Tom Waterway, which TVA comrols. They told TV A th:11 the ini.cnsive clcarculting associated with chip manufacturing would result m a decline in the biodiversity and hardwood manufacturing economic base of the region. TV A omcials repon th:11 they are "swamped with tcuus· responding 10 the permit issue. The baule may have just begun, however. Boise Cascade Company announced shonly after the hearings I.hat they would open a chip mill without a pcnnit and ltUclc the chips overland to port. For more information, contaet TAGER; Box 764; South Pittsburg, 1N 37380. Xatuah )ouma£ PQIJ"- l 6 CLOSING IN ON CHEOAH NIil.ira! World News Service In a decision notice released lasl month, District Ranger Glen McConnell announced plans to log the Checab Mountains again. Over the past live years, the lofty mountain range that surrounds Checab Bald has seen more than its share or roadbuilding, road-indllccd landslides. and clearcutling. Exrensive logging bas tatm its toll on the forests around Oicoah's Shell Stand Creek, Stecoah Gap, Simp Oap, Grassy Gap, Wesc, and lower sections of Ben Creek. McConnell now plans to penetrate further into the wa&cnhcds of Bert and Franks Creeks to the southwest of Cheoab Bald. According 10 the environmental assessment for the Ben Creek Timber Sale, the Forest Service would build 1.2 miles of roads and harvest limber on more than 300 aaes. Even-aged logging is the silviculrural method of choice for most of the sale unit Activists an: concerned that the limber sale will cause further fragmenlalion of habiw in an area · thal is prime black bear babirat Over one thin! of the stands robe cul are over 100 years old. Fragmentation is also a pocential threat to the cerulean warbler and the goshawk. IWO Endangered Species Act candidates likely 10 be found ll the Bert Creek site. SIUdies have shown Iha the cerulean warbler needs at least 1600 acres of contiguous forest Other rare species at risk include the Indiana bat, East.cm wood rat, and hellbender. An additional issue of concern is the possible occurance of pyrue, a substance that produces a dangerous acid when leached out or a roadcut or log landing by rainwater. Oak decline, a phenomenon that causes a die-off o{ malllre oaks due to drought, infcsta.tJOn, and other su-esscs, is the pretext for the sale. but acuv1stS say the Stands are quite healthy. They claim that few loggers would bid on the umber if they had to share the full costs of F.S. 208 and other access roods built at LUpayer expense a few years ago. During the late 1970s, the RARE D Study recommended the Chcoah Bald area as one of the prem ier road.less areas in the Southern Appalachians. lt has since been opened to developmenL The arc3 still has tremendous beauty and tremendous wildland potential One has only to loolt out from the high ridges above Ben Creek to the Great Smokies in the distance to see what the future could hold. To procest the Ben Crnek Tunber Sale, write Glen McConnell, District Ranger; RL '· Box 16-A, Robbinsville, NC 28771. In order to become part of the national petition drive 10 save ML Rogers, write: Gary Stemp: Mountain Heritage Alliance; Rt 3, Box 589; Marion, VA 24354. TRANSREGIONAL POWER Nwral World News Service Attempts to build a high-voltage powerline through West Virginia and Virginia have hit a snag. Appalachian Power Company (APCO), a subsidiary ofthecoal-fued giant, American Electric Power (AEP), asked for a pcnnit to build a 765 kilowatt powcrline Crom southern West Virginia to a substation outside of Roonokc, Virginia, but it hns been forced to withdraw its applicauon with the We~l Virginia Public Service Commission until an acceptable environmental impact statement is p!'Cllll'Cd. Elsewhere, in a hearing before the Vi.rgini3 Utility Commission, expcn witneSSCS for Citi.zcns for the Preservation of Craig County (Virginia) said that APCO should not be given the right of eminent domain for a transmission line built solely for the purpose of ~ling off unusable excess power at a profiL The powerline would transfer power from the Midwest to the urban crescent of CllSLCm Virginia. Opponents say that the powerhne would cul across the Jefferson N31J01131 Forest between \.1ounuun Lake Wildcmcss and two wilderness areas several miles to the east They claun that the powerline will pass through hundreds of ocres of forest and farm land, lowcnng real CSlllle vallleS and conl8lllJll8lJllg springs with herbicides along the v.;3y They worry about the health effects of elecu-omagnetic fields, citing recent medical research on the subject J"aCL, 1992 �APdH &a'iler'f.~'•-tiftini envuonmenl3l siewardship reicon1. Many residenlS or the Southern Appalachians remember APCO's effort to dam the New River in Nonh Carolina. A few years ago, Appalachian Trail club members discovered dw APCO had built an unapproved access road lhrough the Appalachian Trail corridor. The club concluded that APCO was unable IO - g e their own utility corridor, so it reached an agn:anent with thc utility to manage pan or the power corridor themselves. In lhe meantime, APCO has begun a million dollar program promoting thc use or elecll'ic heal pumps. The figbl against the powertine has reached lhe national level U.S. Represeniatives Nick Rahall (WV) and Frederick Boucbcr (VA) have sponsored a bill that would pro!CCI federally-owned land along lhe New River, blocking access to one of the only f~ible rou1CS. The bill ha1 had sll'Ollg suppon in the House or Reprcsenwives. Hearings on the issue will begin SOOD in thc SenalC. Wrice Cilil.cns to Preserve Craig County; Box 291; New Casile, VA 2A I 27 and lhe National Commilltle for thc New River, Bluestone Project CommiUtJe; Box 103S; Athens, WV 24712. Also wrice your legislalorS. DECISION ON BIG IVY Nlhlnl Wodd News Savice In I.ale July, Ranger Paul Bradley ol the Toecane DiSlricl or thc Pisgah Nllional Forcsi. issued a decision oo the controversial Sugarhouse Cove Timber Sale, proposed for thc Big Ivy arca in BU1100111be County, nordleul of Asbeville.. Big Ivy is III an:a oC unusual circumneutral soils, rare planl communities, and excellent examples of old growth foreaa (see Ka,/Jalt JollnlOl 134), and lbe proposcd sale was bigbly CClllll'O¥a1ial. Bradley was leaning IOWll'd a decision 1h11 would have deVll.1Ulled a unique roadies., area conraining in:es measuring four feet in dialnder and examples of many rare plant species. ScienlislS and IIClivislS r.niliar with the sea rushed to ils defense, informing the Forest Service that die proposcd logging and road building would resull in unaccq,18blc damage. The eovironmeulal group SoudlPAW initialed a teuer writing campaip that brougb1 hundreds of lcuers and petition signaiurcs opposing the sale. Womansong, a choral group from Asbeville, 1111g for the forest outside die Forest Service otricea. garnering media coverage for Big Ivy. In response, Bradley scaled back his logging plans for the waaenhed. He eliminal.ed four of thc five areas scheduled IO be cut and reduced the timber sale volume by 80%. The remaining sale unils are in an abandoned homcSICad, an area that is already relatively degraded. Surprisingly. the Forest Service ~ the Sugarhouse Cove portion, after which the limber sale was named, as a Rcsean::h Natur81 Area. The analysis process resulted in designations of large pans or Big Ivy as either old growth habitat or as "unsuitable for umber producoon." Bradley dampened a poccntially explosive si1ua1ton. Many cnvirorunenl31istS feel lhal the Bag Ivy wau:rsbcd should be scqucsu:rod as a biological rc.o;crve. ActivistS are divided as to whclher to nppcal the timber sale or to turn !heir aucntion to other assaults on Kaluah's biodiversity. JUSI lhree weeks lalcr, Bradley allayed coocems that his districl might llOI meet its timber wgel by issuing a decision to log another scelion of lhe Toccanc. The sice is near Seven Mile Ridge along lhe Blue Ridge Partway. 1'cdl, 1992 1-26 HEARING HEATS UP Namnl World News Service Oo Joly 21, more than a hundred area citizens packed Mars HiU Elcmenwy School to give the NC Deparuneot ol Transportation (001) officials their views oo the proposed Inu:rswe 26 segment between Mars Hill, N.C. and die Tennessee border. Although opponents of the project were in thc minority, they represented about half of those speaking. One of lhe most moving prcserualions was a slide show by Bruce Oarlt showing whole moumainsides deliberalcly logged. deooded. and gouged away on the Tennessee section of the project, which has been underway for more than a year. To dace neither of the SlalC DOTs have fully considered the impaa or the projecl beyond swe borders or oulSide the immediate project area despi lC the fact that the projecl would increase tralfx:, cause displJlcemcnt, and destroy CICCS)'Slel!IS lhroughou1 the • region. Area citizens warned lhe DOT of the pol.Clltial for erosion, runoff, and wucc disposal problems associaled with large-scale "cul and fill" operations. They said lhal the project would disturb wedands and black bear migration corridors along the way. They suggested thal DOT explofe alremative uansponation sys1CRIS like freight uains and mass transiL networts before it embarks on a COSIiy projecl that the swe and federal governments, both in debt. canno( affonl. One speaker ciled a tcuu lhal the DOT sent to Monce Cunningham ol thc WNC Alliance. The 1cucr said lhal U.S. 23 is 1101 dangerous enough to justify mating expendilurea for Ind sand trapS and other safety improvements that Cunningham suggested.. In spice or this the DOT proposes spending nearly a q11111er of a billion dollars on a four-laae projec1 tbll will have no al«y benefilS until it is completed n1111y years bc:nce. The,e and other glaring inconsislmcies ha"VC 1od many citizens to believe that the DOT is • agency that plays by no rules except ilS own. WORKING FOR ALARKA Nanni World News Service Efforts are Slill underway to pr0ICCI the Big Laurel ttact in Swain County, a piece of land also known as AJaita Laurel. The Trust for Public Lands, a foundalion dial buys land and uansfers ii to government agencies. is hoping that ii can facilitate the purchase or the trac1. Officials II the 1JUS1 say !hey want people from Nonh Carolina to decide how bes1 to use the Big Laurel lJ1ICI. The llUSI has negotiated an option to buy the land. Local rcsidenlS have used the Alarka Crcelc watcnhed for horseback riding, camping, picnicking, SCOUl outings. and hunting for generations. According to resident Carl Queen, most or the people in the area "would like 1 see it kept in the pristine 0 Sl3ce that II is in.• The 2,080 acre traet contains a spruce bog. a wetland along Alarka Crnck, and a hctbacoous bog. The red spruce forest in Big Laurel is arguably lhc soulhcmmost on lhe continenL It is unusual because 11 has no1 shown any decline, as m Olher locales. and ii appears to be expanding in10 an area lhal was previously logged. Bag Laurel is also known for populations of brook uou1, pigmy salamander, and other rare ~ies. The Natural Hen1age Program has yet 10 do a survey of lhe area. According to Dr. William McL.amey, lhe area is I crucial mign11ory corridor. It is ~ible to descend from Big L.aurel at 4,600 feet to the LiUle Tennessee Gorge, then proceed to Wesser Bald on the olhcr side, and remain under foresled cover throughout lhejoumey. Shape Notes This little curl of smoke shows where some wood was. From thick tree trunk right down to tiny twig all gave up this cycle's shape to keep those beings in the cabin warm. Now this gray smoke stains the blue sky. It floats up up. Maybe someday in a different cycle those beings in the cabin will do some singing, some shape changing for the wood. Julia Vansclow Mutat Aliquid Ergo Sum (For Dylan-September, 1989) More often, now, the fog at dawn seeps deep into the hollow; creeps up the rodcy Eastern slope with a silent hint of Fall. It settles over everything, so near and distant hills are out of focus, dreamy, and hushed. 1ne first few leaves are spinning down; the Walnut's dropped its fruit. I hardly remember Spring at all when Summer's so dose to Fall, but Winter's hazy memory sits chill on the still night air that drips and drops a sparkling sheen in the haloed morning sun. 1ne last of Summer's fullness fills cicadas, crickets, tree frogs, until late morning melts the shade, dissolves the rainbow dew The Goldfinch canary yellow is dimmed. The last of the Hummingbirds are migrants navigating South. It's a lime we know there are no words that thought can fonn in mouth to really sing the song that sings the music of change, the IIWQTtneSS of things Frank Vogel Drawing by Michael Thompson x.atilah Jownat JJQ9"- 17 �Natural World News THE FOREST PLAN IS OUT! SPECIAL REPORT The US Forest Service bas just released its proposed Draft Suppleme111 (() the Final Environmental Impact Statement (DS-FEIS) for the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan. When the original plan was released in 1987 there were four appeals of its provisions, and the Chief of the US Forest Service remanded the plan back to the region for changes, specifically those concerning questions about old-growth forest areas, clearcutting vs. uneven-aged managemen1., protection of unroaded areas, below-cost timber sales, and protection of biodiversity. The proposed amendment is controversiaJ, arousing opposition from both environmentalists and the wood products industry. Public comment will be received through December 16, after which a new plan will be developed. The draft supplement describes the amendments to the Forest Management Plan and how the various alternatives were developed, giving more details concerning the affected environment and environmental consequences. The lengthy document is the result of much work, but it falls short of addressing public concerns about the mismanagement of the public forests. In the short "Highlights" of the Plan, rhe Forest Service statements appear to offer positive solutions to environmental concerns, but further investigation of the "fine print" does not support this initial impression. Much of the discussion focuses on the allowable sale quantity (ASQ) of timber to be cut each year. The ASQ has always been a ceiling for timber cutting, with the actual timber targets falling well below that level. For instance, the present ASQ is 75 million board feet per year, but the agency actua!Jy cut onJy 55 million board feet in the past year. In the draft, the annual ASQ in the Forest Service's alternative is reduced by an impressive margin, from 75 million board feet to 45 million board feet However, subsequent statements by Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl assure industry representatives that the amount of timber actually cut wouJd not fall very much, because "45 million board feet is not that much below 55 million board feet," intimating that the ASQ is no longer going to be the ceiling, but the target for each year's annual cut (CHAGRIN IS IN) trees are left standing on the site only to be removed in a second cut 15-20 years later. The Western North Carolina Alliance, a citizens' group which has vigorously opposed clearcutting in the national forests, is bitterly disappointed by this move. Members point out that they have consistently campaigned for uneven-aged management of the forests for years. Shelterwood cuts, like clearcuts, are a form of even-aged management. which yields a stock of trees that are all of the same age. To Alliance members, the agency's change is simply a change in rhetoric. "Shelterwood is simply a rwo-stage clearcut,'' observes one member. Only a very small pan (about 12%) of the total acreage 10 be cut would be logged by single tree or group selection to produce true uneven-aged management. To lessen the problem of below-cost timber sales that has plagued the agency in past years, the Forest Service promises timber interests that they will offer more lucrative sales containing large sawtimber trees and fewer sales containing pulpwood (undesirable trees that bring a low price). These custom-tailored sales still would not turn a profit for the government; at best the Forest Service could promise only that they might break even. Figures elsewhere in the draft show that the Forest Service plans to increase the profitability of their sales by increasing environmental costs. Despite earlier assurances, only 3.3% of the national forest lands would receive additional protection from road construction and logging. Some 44,000 acres of unprotected roadless areas (called "semi-primitive, nonmotorized areas") and nearJy 45,000 acres of land inventoried as possible old-growth would be opened to logging under the preferred alternative. Instead of treating below-cost sales as a signal to improve forest management by saving old-growth and potential old-growth habitats, the Forest Service is using below-cost sales as an excuse to sell those areas off! The Wilderness Society also noted that the Forest Service showed that their interest is not in stopping below-cost timber sales by putting into the timber base over 100,000 acres of land which would not tum a profit, according to agency analyses. Much effort was made to identify and inventory old-growth stands, but the criteria for determining old-growth presence were vastly oversimplified. In the draft supplement, the mere presence of trees older than 100 years indicated old growth. And the old-growth inventory was an empty gesture; while 133,456 acres were identified as old growth, only 5% of the total forest acreage wouJd be reserved for "future old growth values." Wood products industry representatives are expressing great concern about job losses, lower profits, and potential changes in logging techniques. However, the draft supplement estimates that the preferred alternative would offer only 100 less "jobs'' (actually hourly equivalents) than the number offered in the original plan. The new draft supplement shows that the Forest Service has indeed changed and become more skillful and sopb.isticated in its management techniques - it has changed its techniques of managing numbers and manipulating language to more skillfully cover the fact that out in the forest, it's business a.s usual! • by Lee Barnes and David Wheeler Copies of the Draft Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Suuement of the Nanlahala-Pisgah Land and Resource Managt!mellt Plan can ~ st1e11 al most public libraries ill westt1r11 Nor1h CarolillO or may~ reqllt!sted by phoning (704) 257-4200. Send comments ~fore December 16. 1992 to Nantalrala!Pisgah Planning Team; Na1io110I Forests ill North Carolina; Box 2750; Asheville, NC 2 ~ .....-::::::==:::::-.___ The draft supplement proudly announces a significant reduction in the acres of national forest to be clearcut annually: from the 4,500 acres called for in the original plan to 1,500 acres, one-third of the original amount Substituted for clearcutting was the shelterwood method, which in the preferred alternative would be practiced on 2,320 acres of the forest. Under this method, part of the Xatuah Joumat p09e 18 Drawing by Timbcrly Ashe :fa{!, 19112 �INVASION OF THE CORPORATE GIANTS by Buzz Williams Like many others who have chosen to make my home in the province of Katuah, I am keenly appreciative of the incredible beauty and diversity of the native Appalachian hardwood forest. But after living here for some time, one soon becomes aware that these forests, which are the cornerstone of our ecosystem, have been severely impacted by the human presence. For me, the fulfillment of finding my "sense of place" has been tempered with a kind of sadness when I think of what we have lost. But to lament over the past is certainly not productive; nor is the popular notion that further degradation of our environment is necessary for the well-being of our species. On the contrary, recent scientific studies tell us that the maintenance of healthy ecosystems is more than simply leaving a bener place for future generations - it is the key to our future survival. We are learning that a healthy economy is dependent upon a self-sustaining environment. Aldo Leopold stated it this way: "...a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends 10 ignore, and thus evenrually to eliminate, many elements in the land commurury that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning." Leopold's extension of our concept of ethics to include the protection of all plants and animals, what be called the "third element," must now be embraced if we arc to prevent the further degradation of our forests. After devastating the Southern Appalachian forests, the big timber companies moved to the Pacific Northwest. They acquired huge tracts of territory, and the timber supply from that area was instrumental in meeting the increased lumber demands during World War II and the decades of prosperity immediately following. During those years, the US Forest Service became increasingly timber oriented. From 1950 to 1968 timber harvest volumes from our national forests increased from 5.6 to 12.8 billion board feet. Several theories have developed as to why the Forest Service has so willingly become an ally of the timber industry, but the most plausible seems to center on a process called "logrolling." The timber industry financed and helped to seat CongressionaJ legislators who won positions on strategic subcommittees which govern Forest Service activities. including budget appropriations. These lawmakers have been in office for long periods of time and have built up strong concentrations of power in the halls of Congress. Their close connections to the timber industry are not hidden. Sen. James McClure (R-ID) went straight to a seat on the board of the Boise Cascade Company upon his retirement from the Senate. The press statements of Sen. Mark Hatfield (D-OR) read almost exactly like industry statements from the corporations in his state. This year Senate Majority Leader Tom Foley (D-WA) effectively stopped consideration ofH.R. 1-"all, 1992 1969, a bill which would have outlawed clearcutting in the national forests. Power such as this has brought the l!S Forest Service into line with the policies of the timber industry. Pacific Nonhwest. Io addition, the Appalachian hardwood forests were recovering from previous over-cutting. With recently-developed technology that allowed the use of hardwood fiber for making paper products, the Southeast was once again ripe for pluckin~. Cheap land and non-union labor costs m an area closer to their markets were further inc.entives to the timber giants to move south. As early as the 1950's, Georgia Pacific Company was already buying up land in the South. In 1982 it moved its headquarters from Portland, Oregon to Atlanta, Georgia. Others followed. The Forest Trust recently reponed that since 1978, seven of the largest timber comparues in the Pacific Northwest had increased their mill capacity in the South by 121%. They are coming from other directions as well. Bowater Corporation, the largest newsprint producer in the country, announced in Marcb,1992 that it would move its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Greenville, South Carolina. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, local conservation groups arc currently fighting applications for barge permits by three chip mill companies which would produce over 1.7 million tons of green chips per year. One of the companies, Donghae, is based in Korea, and all the companies plan to expon their chips directly to the Far East (see page 13). The addition of these powerful competitors for timber in the Southeast is In 1990 the fate of the threatened spotted owl became the focal point of the battle to save the remaining 10% of the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest The timber industry screamed that protection of the owl would cost thousands of jobs, but investigative studies found that they were using the spotted owl issue as a smokescreen to cover their own activities. One study found that, even before the owl was listed, 26,000 timber-related jobs had been lost to automation in Washington and Oregon, and, further, that between 1980 and 1989 the practic.e of log exporting had cost 19,200 timber workers their jobs. Closer scrutiny of the timber industries revealed that they were making huge profits at the expense of their employees and the loggers who supplied the mills. Their long-term strategy was obvious: they had overcut their private lands, just as they had done in the Southern Appalachians, and were now liquidating their timber "assets" to produce the capital to relocate to the Southeast, which had begun to recover from earlier exploitation and was out-producing the Pacific Northwest. Acre per acre, the southeastern coastal plains were producing about 1.7 times as many board feet in a 65 year period as the Dnwing by Michael ThompsQn (continued on p,tgc 26)' Xatuah Joumat page 19 �FROM INDUSTRY TO ENDEAVOR .:Forestry is the one area where the inappropriateness ofboth large-scale technology and the slum tenn prof11 motive is most apparent. For this reason, it may be an ideal place to begin to tlUn the tide." - Robert Brothers Timber extraction as it is presently accomplished is a primary cause of ecological degradation in the Karua.h bioregional province. Given that a land-based economy in the forested mountains will depend heavily on the use of wood products, how much wood can we use and how can we use it in a beuerway? Changing the way we think about the land and our conceptions of our role in the bioregion would change our relationship to the land and the way we use the products of the land. New definitions and new values would lead to new institutions and new ways of working. The first and most basic recognition is that we are pan of the natural oommunity and that the needs of the natural community must come first Aldo Leopold, a forester who truly cared for the natural world. stated it thus: "We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." In the Katuah Province, this means first and foremost that the public lands are held as a bioregional reserve, inviolate from logging or other intensive commercial use. It must be understood that all the forestry proposals that follow are for the lands surrounding and buffering the bioregional reserve, and that the reserve proper is to be left as habitat for the native plants and animals, wild and free forever. In its proper place, a buffer zone which includes large areas of sensitively managed timberlands would be a positive ecological benefit, extending the forest cover and protecting the core habitat area from disturbance. Even outside the core reserve area we must constantly remember that "the land is a community to which we belong," and that forests are complex and heterogeneous life communities. In the upland hardwood forests in particular, industrial forestry is not an appropriate practice. We must change the model of forestry 10 one that follows a biological panern rather than a panern of mechanical_production. Forestry is not farming. It is, as the local wisdom puts it, "living off the increase" of the natural forest community. Recognizing this, !t is clear that sustainable forestry does not Sllllply refer to the number of growing trees, but concerns the integrity of lhe forest community as a whole. Continued sustainability of the forest requires that biomass be returned to the soil to maintain soil fertility and site quality. The Institute for Sustainable Forestry in Redway, CA bas defined sustainable forestry as "forestry that can safely be practiced while X.ntuQft. Jou.mat p1i9e 20 by David Wheeler ensuring that the forest's needs are met before any biomass is removed in the form of harvested trees." Silviculture would then mean, as it is supposed to, the art of caring for aforest; not "growing trees" as it is currently defined. A Southem Appalachian Sustainable Forestry Association, designed on the California model, could promote this awareness. Like its western counterpart, it could draw on a wide variety of experience to devise standards for ecologically produced lumber and other forest products. Trained and accredited logging ooottactors and foresters could be given eoological cenification for timbering practices that are both ecologically and eoonomically sound. The group would also do public education, research and development of sustainable forestry practices, restoration forestry, and research on marketing, value-adding processing, and wood product ideas. At present, the greatest hindrance to a sensitive forestry in the Karuah Province is the notion that the land is a oommodity for speculation. Rising land prices and increasing fragmentation of landholdings are discouraging private landowners from becoming involved in forestry. If the land market will not support forestry, the only solution is to remove large areas of land from the market. Non-profit farmland and forest mists allow habitation and use for land-based activities, but free the land from oppressive tax burdens and protect it from the threat of development This arrangement would offer a strong economic incentive to those who wanted land for use and enjoyment rather than for speculation. ~nother neces~ conceptual change is to revise our ooncepnon of a demand-driven market to one that is based on the ability of the forest to provide. Measures to moderate the use of wood products (not including the substitution of plastics or other synthetics for natural materials) could help to lessen the demand. Companies could also utilize the wood that is available more efficiently and more C(:Onomically by ensuring the highest value uses and creating new ways to use pieces that might otherwise be wasted. At the other end of the process, consumers could help to lower demand through the re-use and recycling of wood. "Adding value" is another key concept that could change the face of the timber business. Supplying the furniture industry seems appropriate for the bulk of the timber cut in the mountains, but the growing export market threatens to draw timber- away from the region. It would be of the greatest benefit to the regional economy to emphasize wood products rather than wood as a raw material for a faceless global market Specialty products - hand-crafted wood furniture, wood carvings, boat lumber, musical insttuments, wooden toys and gifts, etc. - offer opportunities for creative entrepreneurs and support small shops that employ only a ~w people each. individually, they seem to be inoonsequential, but studies in the Pacific Northwest are showing that the cumulative economic impact of specialty shops is substantial. Another key word that oould SJ)C1ll great changes in the region's timber trade is "cooperation." Small loggers could oombine to sell their products. They oould thus reach bener markets and sell their wood for highest value. By pooling their capital, they could be more competitive and stay better informed about market conditions. They could also cushion expensive bonding guarantees and equipment repairs. By lightening the money pressure, they could afford to do a bener job in the forest. If the cooperative owned a sawmill, they oould eliminate cheating at the scales, could pocket the increased value of their product, and could provide work hours during periods when they could not go into the woods. Such ventures would be prime targets for community eooaomic development efforts. Another approach would be to organize landowners into cooperative groups, as forest management is organiz.ed in Switzerland. Lislott Harbens, a forester of Swiss extraction, said, "I know of two or three cases where larger landowners are considering pooling their resources and employing somebody to do their work for them" The changes listed above foreshadow a wood products market that is oomprised of smaller businesses that are more decentralized and more individualiz.ed. In light of present Ta(t, 1992 �~ • L by Robert T. Perscher ~ ~ I' • • .._ r.. ,1 f I ~~ • ..._ Pioneering a New Human/Nahµ'e- Relationship ~- - ~ (Thefolwwing is uzlunjrom a report commissioned in 19')() by the New England Section of1he &>ciety ofAmerican Foresters as part of ti~ process ofdrafting anew tnis.sion stare~ntfor the group.) The ex.isling forestry doctrine focused on wood production no longer serves our profession, society, or the Earth. The profession, therefore, needs to develop a new doctrine/philosophy embracing a land ethic and philosophy of ecosystem managemen1. This approach necessitates a reassessment of the adequacy of our ex.isting scienllfic foundations. Our mission must be expanded to the widest possible cooteitt: the preservation of life on Earrh. As foresters we are charged with this mission because we have accepted the role as stewards of what is perhaps the most critical 30% of the Earth's (land) surface. Our srewardshlp responsibility includes some of the most exuberant eitpressions of nature: the trends, this seems to be the direction in which the industry needs to move in the Southern Appalachians to be mon: sustainable over the long term and more regionally responsive. These changes would be only part of a necessary ongoing social and economic shift in the n:gion. Any economy, particularly in a forested area, that is growing faster than the trees can grow is moving too fast. An economy that kills its biological suppon system with toxic chemical pollutants needs to find new methods of production. Any area in which the local species cannot find secluded habitat is overpopulated and overdeveloped. These ills are obvious when our society is compared to the forest, the self-supporting, biological model for growth in our region. A sustainable forest products trade will not be attained immediately. The transition stage is critical. We can take immediate steps toward a more sustainable forestry: 1) Invest in the growth of high-grade hardwoods. This move appears risky in terms of the present economic climate. But the present economic climate is notoriously short-sighted, and long-term trends appear to justify this investment Landowners, however, do need to be educated about the value of improving timber sites and stands, as welJ as more careful logging in order to attain a sustained yield. 2) Provide tax relief for timberlands. Land that is currently being used for agriculture or forestry should be assessed at lower rates than development propenies. "Highest use assessment," in which land is assessed according to the most expensive use to which it could be put (usually subdivisions), virtually assures that the land will be put to that use. At present rates of interest., the only method that pays in the short term is to climax ecosystems of a green and .flowering world. They tend to suppor!_greater stocks of bi?mass and harbor a grea~er number of species than any other ~logic!'1 zone. ~orests play a ~Jor role ir· planetary recycbng of Carix?n, mtrogen anc.l o~g~n. They help detenrune temperature and nuofall. They constitute the major gene reservoirs of our planet, and they are-the main sites of emergence of new species. Life on_ Earth as we know it, human or non-human, IS dependent on our forests. And we, who call ourselves foresters_. are the . protectors of the ecosystems which make this incredi~le l~gacy of ?iversit)'. (>?SSibte. Ir [that protccnon] 1s our ulumate llllSs1on and, as such, must define and embrace all that we do as professionals. To fulfill this expanded mission we must rise to the challenge of recreating our relationship with the forest. We must now establish, as nearly as possible, a direct contact with our place within nature and begin to make our forest management decisions from that place. To accept this quickly clearcut all the young trees in a stand before they have had a chance to make their full growth. In the long run, careful and ecological logging that produces a sustained yield will pay off, but the initial returns are lower as the landowner improves the site and conditions the growing stock. Long-term, low-interest government loans or a capital gains tax differential for income on timber produced by ecological methods would help to make those methods competitive with industrial forestry practices and would make timber investments more competitive with other long-term investments for private owners. 3) States need to train and certify loggers. Two states in the bioregion are taking hesitant first steps in this direction. ~~ - ,.. challenge means that each of us must refuse t.o iux:ept.the least common dcno,;ninaror the loweit level of awareness of the forest that all membc;rs of our society can agree to, for this stifles change and persona) expansion. We must be willing to move beyond th.e comfortable and generally accepted doctrine the profession still clings to and forge a new _relationship that will permeate all levels of the profession. -. To accomplish this change wemust draw on the elemental energy within each of us _th~t originally drew us to this profession. Wuhin the SOlll"Ce of this energy some of us will find a fierce compassion and a true affection for the entire forest ecosystem. These are the fundamental fotees that will now drive our profession. The old doctrines of profit, fiber production, and primary loyalty ro employers will not disappear, but will be subsumed and integrated in their rightful place within the far more expansive vision of preserving life... • Excerptedfrom the April, 1991 issue of1"4 Journal of Foresuy. th4 publicauan of the Society of American Foresters. ~ Tennessee is one of several states that has received funding through the federal eittension service to start pilot logger education programs. Two one-week instruction courses run by the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service in cooperation with other groups and government agencies will provide training in ecological principles, best management practices, forest management, and safety practices. The North Carolina Forestry Association is also considering co-sp0nsoring training workshops for loggmg contractors with the state Division of Forest Resolll"CCs. Attendees would receive certificates of training and their names would be made available to landowners inquiring about responsible loggers. 4) Forest workers must defend the forests. Said Dr. George Weaver, head of the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Tennessee, "The forest products industry, like anyone else who has a stake in a resource, has to be responsible for maintaining and perpetuating that resource." Although he was speaking in a different context, his words ring true. Foresters should be some of our strongest environmentalists. Trees are pan of the forest community (or ecosystem); it is only logical that to protect the trees, one protects the forest that produces them. In the mountains, foresters and loggers should be vigorously "protecting the resource," in particular from the dangers of atmospheric deposition and the pressures of continuing land development. Forest scientists in the piedmont areas are already concerned that atm0spheric pollution might be affecting the growth·of softwoods there, and several studies have tested that connection. Other studies have (continued on page 22) :Fa£!, 1992 :Katuah )ournat p09e 21 �{continued from page 21) documented a connection between atmospheric pollution and spruce decline in the high-elevation coniferous forests. A clear cause-and-effect connection has not been conclusively proven between atmospheric deposition and Fraser fir die-offs, oak decline, dogwood blight, butternut blight, and hemlock decline. However, there is a common suspicion that pollution is implicated in the widespread and severe forest die-back. Other ecological macro-events, such as the gypsy moth invasion, global climate change, and the orone hole, are going to affect the condition of the forest, and foresters need to feel responsibility for these issues as well. . Aldo Leop<>ld spoke of our relationship with th 7forest m terms of "love and respect." Todar It would seem incongruous for a prominent ~orester to use such tenninology. What pracncal value could notions like "love" and "respect" have in forestry? Upon reflection, however, it can be seen that these are of the utmost value. They are, in fact, the very f~undation of a forestry that is truly sansfying and truly sustainable. The First People had been living in these mountains for 2,000 years of unbroken OC<:upation when they were discovered by the w~te settlers. Eve_n though it had supponed the1r culture for millennia, the forest still stood with a grandeur that awed the whites who centuries ago had sacrificed the ' European forests as "resources." There were - intentionally - less of the native people inhabiting the mountains, but that was not the sole reason for their longevity as a people. Their culture was based on love and respect for their bioregion and the other "nations" or species that shared the land with them. They directly addressed the spirits of the other beings tllTough song. Before hunting they addressed their prey in song, and after making a kill, they performed a brief ritual and offered a song of thanks. Recently the environmental group SouthPAW caused great amusement in the timber industry because they suggested in a Forest Service timber sale appeal that singing to the trees be used as a forest management technique. The group protested that the puiyose of their proposal was, of course, sanncal. They wanted to show that, whatever loggers thought of singing to the trees, it was preferable 10 the destructiveness of clearcutting. However, the South PAW proposal, so gleefully ridiculed in timber trade publications, hits directly home. Unless we have that sense of love and respect for the forest and the trees, well communicated by singing to them as the hunters of old sang to their prey, we wiJI not be able to develop a truly sustainable way of using wood in the Southern Appalachians. The day yet may come when loggers stand before a tree and, either silently or aloud, offer thanks for its life. We will know then that we are in balance with the forest and that we are well on the way toward a long-lived human culture here in the southern mountains. ~ Rick Parrish of the Southern Environmental Law Center is investigating the possibilities for initiating a Southeastern Institute for Sustainable Forestry. All those interested in supporting this effort may contact him at 201 W. Main St. (Suite 14); Charlottesville, VA 22901 (804) 977-4090. Forest Stewardship Programs # Two new programs offi:J help 10 landowners who wish lO mana11c their Corests wisely. The Forest S1ewardship Program helps landowners to devel~ s1ewardS.hip management plans for their folCSiS. The Siewardship Incentive Program offors financial help 10 enable Jandowntrs to carry out stewardship plans. Bolh programs wc,e created by the federal Fann Bill of 1990. and are supervised by SJ.ate forcsuy ai:encics, so they vary slightly from state to siate. Federal and sta1e forestry assisl311ce 10 pi:iva1e landowners is not new. What is new abont the Foresl Stewanlship/lncentive programs is the increased emphasis on non-timber val~. the degree 10 which these programs seek IO enable private landowners to ~cvc:lop and implement c0111prehensive plans to conservu wide range of land values, and the dcgteC of commitmel)L requ~ o! landowner.: participating in I.he programs. The new programs ~led in past from the growing controversies over public Jan4 managemt111 in the US. The public lands cannot meet all of our needs for wnber, wildlife (including non-game and endangered spocics) habitat, ~igh quality water nows, recreation. and beauty. Much or~ mosl potcnliaUy productive forestJs he.Id by priv.io landowners. This land could be bcuec managed. ~stewarclsbip -progrnms arc predicated on the bcijef lhat ll\ally privalC landoW!MJ.S will take good ¥ ol their f01C$1S it'they are given educatiollll, ,echnlcal, a,'ld financial help,~ some.recognition. .Landowners owning forested l!ICtS of Oan 10 to 1,000 a~ m a y ~ in ~stcwar~ programs;tQ ~ allllldo"1'tf mukt.naati: some senous comm~: • eqdgrsing tJfc ).)'Sign the •sie~ip aieecr s t ~ i p ~ti;! pledge tO Collow lbeir .slO'l¥8[~ip plan. ~L Z) Commit co improving at lc:&9l dne ol rou I"' ,d vp categ()qi:s ( wildlife_. soi.1/wAJet: timli<:r, '.& a,e f ~ ) and ~ n Ql'Pf1'{cct (l«ber values, ~) ~ i t ;t~d land w)Lfiin the tract~ Sl~ship.1118118~t. ' 41 Actively patficipate in sLe'IYirdsblp jlr.n develQl)llleru. 5) Abide by S1ale and (edc,:al JaW$ affcttin1 for~ activities. , In exe1iangc, for IIJ¢ sicw~blp comrnitmellt, Jhe atate will~ ~wnci, il'I clcveloping a st~dship plan lbat reflCClS thcu- desires fur thcit land. The plan would bedc-vel()pCd either by g(lvemment l1)SOIJroC' mQMgers or by private consuhanis, tunded through the: Stewardsllip l1*:nlive Program. °Tht" foreSUtef,'lltdship program.,; lll'O in &licit in(ancy, and it is diJTieulr tojudge wha{ the loilg-torm lmpaet,w1II be. &tate foresters in TCMe$SCC, North Carolina, South Carol:i'na, and G ~ reportlhat 110 10 l!ID sm-warw:liip plans ha~ been ~l&ed in each of lhesc sillies, and more are bcing-prcparc(1. -Je~JontS For /'/l(Jre informacio11 on 1/te;Fote,-1 Stewardship Pro_grams1n your arta. contacr-yowr stare Jor.estry dBenq, f"n(t, 1992 �,-- -.~ ·----·· ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY FOR RENEWABLE FOREST VALUES by Leon S. Minckler First, what is forest management? Traditionally, it has meant an array of practices designed to produce the most and cheapest timber products. The Society of American Foresters describes silviculmre as the science of "growing" forests. Unfonunately, this concept is widely prevalent. However, true forest management must encompass the whole forest ecosystem, including all its biological and physical factors. Forest management also needs 10 be sensitive to the preservation of the natural rhythms of the earth and the environmental and spiritual values desired and needed by mankind. The key word for forestry should be ecology: an awareness of the interconnections of species, site, climate, soil and soil organisms, water, topography, stress factors, and biological diversity. The real "products" of the forest include commodities and non-timber environmental values. The first objective of forest management must be the sustainability of the forest ecosystem itSelf. This is known as "land ethics." It's not a new concept, but it appears to be one many in forestry profession have drifted away from. Toe land ethic means that we do not "own" the land and waters. Instead, in a very real sense they own us by making life itself possible. The adulteration of natural processes and the overuse of natural resources impinges on our basic needs and desires and gradually renders the earth unlivable. Thus, forest managers can no longer afford to separate environmental and long term economic concerns. ON THE VARIABILITY OF FORESTS Ecological forestry is composed. of the following treatmentS: weeding, thinning, improvement cutting (fSI) and final harvest or regeneration cutting. When used sensitively, these practices are compatible with land ethics and can be implemented to attain biological diversity, aesthetics, water recreation, wild.life habitat, and spiritual benefits. Most foresters make timber production the prime objective of their forest management operations. Often, these foresters are only concerned with maximizing immediate economic returns. Unfortunately, many industry and public foresters confuse short-term profits with long-term sustainable economic returns and therefore ignore environmental valoes. How much is six inches of topsoil worth? How much is two weeks of forest recreation worth? Can aspects of Jove and enjoyment in a natural landscape even be tranSlated into dollars? We have reached the point in our industrialized society where these so-called amenity valoes must be thought about by the people who manage our forests to achieve these multiple values? Well, there is no one way to manage all fo~ts. This should be f"af.t, 1992 obvious, but contemporary production forestry has taken a different path: clear-cutting or single-dimension, one-shot forestry. The relationship between a patient and a doctor is a good metaphor to illuminate the way a forester should approach the management of a forest ecosystem. We must study and evaluate the forest's vital signs - its hydrology, productivity, and climate. We must think long and hard about the forest's internal structure and how we want the forest to appear now and many years into the future. We must decide what we want the forest to provide. And, most importantly, we must carefully consider how to preserve its longevity and natural health. Forests are heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Forests are vibrant and diverse, not streamlined plantations. Forest type, climate, elevation, aspect, past history (natural and human), soil-site, age class, and ecological interconnections are just some of the variables that distinguish each forest from another. CLEARCUTTING VERSUS GROUP SELECTION "Good silviculture emulates nature, but on a different scale." The ecological truth of this statement is borne out by long experience in the woods. By the practice of managing a forest for multiple objectives. By the careful cultivation of the environmental and commodity values of the ecosystem. My experience is mainly with the management of central, southern, and Appalachian mixed hardwood forests and I will focos on them; however, these same principles apply everywhere. Western and southern conifers, and pioneer species like aspen, poplar, and mid-west northern pines, have different ecological characteristics. They each have different ecological requirements and different responses to disturbance. Therefore, our silvicultural treatments must be individually tailored. Simply put, clearcutting does not emulate nature in the mixed hardwoods. These forests are naturally uneven-aged and highly diversified. They contain a wide range of species, age and size classes. They grow in a variety of site conditions. Group selection, however, imitates natural mortality and windthrow. Oearcutting advocates argue that clearcuts replicate wildfire bum patches. This statement is questionable in the arid West and almost irrelevant in the humid East where large, high-intensity forest fires rarely occur. More problematic is the fact that the nature and species composition of completely clearcut stands cannot be accurately predicted. On some sites pioneer species may regenerate. On other sites regeneration may be dominated by coppice sprouting from the root systems of the harvested trees. Still other sites may be entirely covered by maple or tulip poplar seedlings spread by the wind from a single source tree. In the end, however, clearcutting means conversion. It means that the species composition of the regenerated stand will be greatly altered by the end of the next rotation. It means the stand's native diversity and internal structure will be simplified and streamlined. While clearcutting may seem to be the cheap way to go, its long-term costs are excessively high. In order to control composition and growth, clearcut stands most be entered several times. Investments must be made for intensive forestry, fire protection, and intermediate cuttings. Moreover, the end product of clearcutting is a homogeneous forest with few large, high-quality trees. In the East, the Forest Service, and some other land managers, seem to be moving away from large clearcuts toward smaller patch cuts where two to five acres are harvested. Some may call this "group Drawing by Pegi (continued on next page) Xatuah Journat ~ 23 �(continued from page 23) selection," but in reality patch cutting is just a variation of clearcutting. Control is by area and the sites are cut without regard to tree size, species, or stand condition. This is an entirely artificial technique with no basis in ecological concepts. Wide-spread application of patch cutting will result in very peculiar forests. THE PRACTICE OF GROUP SELECTION Group selection is based on the same general concepts as single-tree selection. However, group selection is always combined with stand improvement cuts and efforts are consciously made to make small openings for new regeneration. The key word for the practice of group selection is flexibility. In preparation for group selection management. an inventory of the stand is made and trees are classified as growing stock, financially mature, low quality, undesirable species, high risk, unmerchantable culls, and wildlife trees. The growing stock (rotation potential) trees, from saplings to immature sawtimber and special wildlife trees, are left behind to grow. The others are cut or killed. Foresters base the size and spacing of the harvest opening on the condition of the forest. not mechanical, pre-determined patches of area. In general, shade tolerance, the ability to reproduce in the limited sunlight of the understory, is greater for northern hardwoods: American beech; birch; maple; and hemlock. Appalachian and central hardwood species (oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, ash, and cherry) exhibit an intermediate level of shade tolerance. Often they require more sunlight for successful regeneration than the northern species, but they will regenerate and grow vigorously in openings that are at least as wide as the height of the swrounding residual trees. Larger openings, one and a half to two times the size of the surrounding trees, produces better early growth. It is better to make detenninations of the opening widths based on the heights of swrounding trees, rather than arbitrary acreages, because it provides a more accurate means of measuring how much light is received and how large an opening will be required for adequate regeneration. The novel structure and ecological character of eastern mixed hardwoods makes it easy to create openings in one or two cutting cycles that favor the regeneration of native, site-adapted species. After harvest the whole forest, including the regenerated areas, is then subject to intermediate treatments, such as weeding, release, thinning and stand improvement, for example, scarification of openings on good sites by tractors can result in abundant yellow-poplar regeneration if seed sources are or have been present THE KASKASKIA EXAMPLE In my experience as a research forester on the Kaskaskia Experiment Forest, in southern Illinois' Shawnee National Forest, the worst of the forest's thirty-eight compartment's was a twenty-one acre tract of "poor farm woodland." It was a central hardwood forest with a history of two or three partial cuttings-- mostly what we now call "high grading" with no stand improvement If this stand had been clearcut in 1952 it would have yielded 3048 board feet of sawtimber per acre. However, instead of clearcutting this tract, as many contemporary production foresters no doubt would recommend, we chose to apply a series of ecological group selection and improvement cuttings. Drawing by Michael Thompson In 1952 and 1959, group selection volume cutting on the tract yielded a total of 1762 board feet per acre and killed sixty-seven cull trees (five inches in diameter breast height and larger) per acre. By I967, the forest- now a diverse mix of oaks, hickory and yellow-poplar-was a fully stocked stand of good growing poles and small sawtimber. Fifteen yea.rs after the first intensive group selection and stand improvement treatments, this poor farm woodland tract contained 3167 board feet of sawtimber and fifty-nine good growing stock pole trees five to ten inches in diameter per acre. Obviously, the role of in-growth was very imponant I returned to this stand in 1988 to find a beautiful forest of mixed hardwoods. Diversity was high and quality was unusually good because the poor trees had been eliminated. The differences between a silvacultural clearcut and the intensive group selection from the original stand are easy to calculate. Clearcutting would have yielded a total of 3048 board feet per acre and would have had no market for the many five inch to ten inch diameter poles trees cut Intensive group selection, on the other hand, yielded 1762 board feet ofsawtimber per acre harvested in 1952 and 1959 and left behind by 1967 a volume of3167 board feet of sawtimber per acre. The total volume for the fifteen year group selection was 4929 board feet per acre (1881 board feet more than the cleaicut would have produced), plus many healthy saplings, and living and dead wildlife trees. After forty years, the differences between the two alternative treatments in terms of non-timber environmental values would be astonishing. The group selection cut stand will provide a tall canopied, diverse forest, while the clearcut will be covered by twenty-five to thirty foot tall saplings and poles. The group selection stand will be managed as an uneven-aged forest with volume and diameter distribution controls, while the clearcut will be managed as even-aged stand with area controls. In the long run, clearcutting mixed hardwood forest ecosystems seldom can be justified for amenity, environmental, or timber values. Let me emphasize again that different forest ecosystems should not be treated in exactly the same manner. But foresters must make a choice. They can follow ecological laws and care for the creation or they can disrupt the ecological trends of the forest ecosystem for quick profits and ease of operation. The best regional example of this type ofcareful forestry is Walton and Dee Smith's Waldee Forest in Macon County, NC (see report in Katuah Journal #9). Leon S. Minc/cler is a consultant in tnvironmental fortstry from Blaclc.sburg, Virginia. Dr. Minckler spent 33 years with the Forest Service at four eastern Forest Expuimtm Stations doing research in the silvicuiture and ecology of hardwoods. ExcerptedfromForest Watch magazine. Nov.-Dec., 1990. Forest Watch is published by Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants (CHEC): 3758 SE Milwaukie; f'ortland, OR 97202. I 1 1'"a££, 1992 �DearKatuah, I was musing the other day on the fact that billions of people refuse to see that we're all one big group, and the verse ~mposed itself which, in tum brought to Ol.l.Od the inte~ined lines which should represent our goal of coming together, of a common mind, to begin to heal Ela, Mother Earth. I'm an incurable optimist- it will happen, sooner or later, when enough caring people wakeup. Keep on the path, Jeffery R. Zachary DRUMMI NG What the Big Trees Say Come. Don't be afraid. We were once small and skittish too. Now we have lived so long, stretched our arms so high, loved intensely our own piece of land, loved it so much that we stay fiercely, intimately attached to it, never leaving. Fidelity is an important value in our community. Stay true to your lovers, the sky, the sun, the Earth. We watch over the young things, bearing our leaves, giving them time to grow before we sprout our spring. We don't let young things grow too fast - we shade them from the sun after a while. We know that growth, the best kind of growth happens slowly. We grow just the way you do our hearts expand year after year as our trunks get wider. That's the real growth, you know. Our roots mix more with the Earth while our tops stretch more toward the sun. We span and measure the distance between the sun and the Earth, between the darkness and the light. The gift we bring you is the gift of growing beyond youth, the gift of being in one place so long that your heart spreads wisdom wide, each_ year encircling more and more. We bnng maturity, a sense of deep belonging to an environment. We bring the courage to stand strong and alone as individuals, yet work together with the other plants, animals, rocks, soils and trees in our community. We can teach you how not to become stunted jn your growth, how to seek out the light places where the sun lets you grow. When you cut us down you remove that wisdom we hold for you: Maturity, Depth, Growth, a Widening Heart. Susan Klimczak Dear Katuah, Only just recently have I ~me aware of your flourishing ex_istence - picked you up on a table at the Tunle Island Bioregional Congress V near Hunt, Tens - didn't meet the folks who brought you there. Then a few days lacer I met one Billy of the Billys (of "Billy Home and Gardens, Ashevi~e") - but just briefly. Issue #34 was a hum~ger sustainable agriculture is a hot topic on my personal agenda. Articles by Bane, Hollis, Barnes, et al really cut to the core of the matter. I'm excited to imagine how much more material you have coverd with a similar depth of understanding and presentation. I want to take you up on your offer of back issues - find check enclosed. I'd like to bob with the ripples you're sending across the pond. Truly, Hal Strickland Johnson City, TX Drawing by Jeff Zachary ran:. 1992 Dear Katitalt, Is prescribed burning really best for our forests? I question this. What is the real answer? Sam Booher • Is prescribed burning best for our forests? That is still very much an open question. A careful reading of Karuah Jour_ nal #33 will reveal that it appears that the species composition of today's forest has been influenced by excessive human-caused ~s. particularly in the wake of the greatloggmg boom. For species such as Table Mountain pine, that is not such an i?'1pon~t . consideration. One of their specific ecological functions is to recolonize areas burned by fire. But how about oak trees? There is . accwnulating evidence that their presence 1s somehow linked 10, or at least encouraged by, fire. If fire were removed completely, ii might inhibit the presence of oaks considerably. Since the loss of the chestnut, oaks are a critical mast producer; many (continued on next pagcl �}ccrlllnl*I fmm pea• 1S) wildlife species, including black bears, depend heavily on acorns for their livelihood. Until the chestnut returns. we need to mainmin the oak trccS, and it might require fire to do it This is just one prominent example among many. So, while we all lOYC the feel of deep humus developed under a long-standiJ?g grove of old-growth trccS, we cannot issue a blanket condemnation of fire and its role in the forest. Naturally derived or not, the forest may have come to depend somewhat on fire. We may have to utili2.c fire 1 make a . 0 ttansition to a more narural system. It 1 also s possible that we will have to maintain it indefinitely. . What is narural? A provocanve question. There probably is no final answer. READING RESOURCES LOGGING Books raw stumps jut up through layers of autumn, ! Bwuon, Barry, and Malinda Cruu:htidd, eds.; The Great Fou st: An AppalachiDII Story (The Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1985) whole~han$ in potential falling throufl' live limbs sttairung to break, board-length ttunks cut clean of appendages lie in parallel murder wounds Japing from chain teeth Clary, David; Timber and the Forest Service (Univeisity Press or KllrlsM, Lawrence, 1986) de Steigucr, J.E.; L.W. Hayden; D.L. Holley, Jr.; W.G. Luppold; W.G. Manin; D.H. Newman; and R.M. Shelfield; Southern AppalacNOII Tunbtr Sru.dy, (US Forest Service, Soulheasicm Forcs1Expcrimcn1 Station, General Technical Report SE-56) Susan Parker Weatherford -OW Eller, Ronald. D.; Miners, Mil/hands, and I THINK OF THOSE Mountai~ers: /ndu.srriallzation of the Appalachian Souih, 1880-1930 (University or Dear Karuah, Hello and Thanks! Please keep me on I think of those who have lost the luck your mailing list. I read both issues from They will never sec again, cover to cover. I am in the process of How the hours dwindle down to so much dust simplifying my life. I wan_t to.live i!' hru:mony And the evenings arc stow and labored with nature and your pubhcanon will bring Like a dying man's breathing, me much needed information along with a How the morning comes tacking promise sense of connectedness with others of like With sunshine hidden behind clouds. mind. l lhink of those who have tried to break The life-long spell of neglect; Thank you, I think of the conquered, Blessing and Light The ones who sought the prize and were lert, . MacClarlc Solitary performers, reciting thei r lines to an audience of air. .. Tennessee Press; Knoxville: 1982) Fri12, Edwo,d C.; Clearcutting . A Crime Against Nature (Eakin Press, Austtn, 1989) I Hllrris, Larry 0.: Tht Fragmented Forest: ls/Md Biogeography and the Preserwmon of Biotic Diversiry (Universi1y or Chicago Press: Chicago: 1984) Jackson. Laura E.; Mo11111au1 Treasures at Risk. The Fuiure ef the Southern Appalachian National Forests (The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC, 1989) ' Leopold, Aldo; A Sand CounJy Almanac (Od ord University Press; Cambridge: 1949) (continued &om peg• 19) causing political and economic friction . ~ nee again, as in the Pacific Northwest, the big companies are victimizing the small operations which are more dependent on the national forests and are caught in the squeeze between greater competition for timber and a growing concern for sustainable forest management As they did bef~ the large~ companies are employmg scare tactJcs by lhrearening massive job reductions and making accusations that conservation groups are advocating socialist control of privllC lands. Their aim is to use these claims to detraet from the true issue: that new scientific evidence is showing that current forest management of both public and priva1e lands is not sustainable and lb.at swiu:hing to a more natural form of management. such as selection silvicuhure, would create new jobs for smaller companies while at the same time protecting our native ccosysaems. Fonwwely, we in the Southeast have an advantage against cuporatc effons to divide our people. For ~ l e , in T ~ an alliance rl 40 hardwood timber comparues has organized to fight the chip mills. Indications are that the communities are realizing that if we are to ldcqualely proccct our forests we must accomplish tw0 things: we must embrace a new land ethic, and we must support our neighbors in the timber business who along with the environment have been the real p= ~JoumaL palJB28 victims of bad management policy. We must push f~r posi~ve incentive~ for our local industnes until they can adJust to a form of forest management more compatible with our environment I Minckler, Leon S.: WoodlaNI Ecology: Envirorrmtlll4I Forestry for the Small l.aNwwnu. (Syracuse University Press; Syracuse; 1975) Perlin, John; A Foru t Jouniq: TM Role ef Wood in In conclusion, we must listen to the words of Leopold, who once said, "~n ethical obligation on the pan of the pnvate land owner is the only visible remedy for these situations." Stated another way, the key to good forest management, w ~ it be~ ~blic or private land, will ulbmalCly be individual involvement The evidence of past abuse and the conclusions drawn from recent scientific research combine to support the case for a revision of policy based on a shift in values. We must change our priorities from a focus on short term commodity output to an emphasis on sustainable commun~ : The remedies we use to correct these policies must include choosing the wisest I ~. treating our land with respect, and abstaining from oven:onsumpcion. The choioe is a matter of ethics. Buzz Williams was formerly employed as afortst technician/or the US Forut Service but lost his job wlten lte protested excessive timber salu. He is now working as rite Southeastern Program Director efthe Association of Forest Service Employees f or Eff'llironmelllDl Ethics (AFSEEE). , tht Dtvtlopment ofCivilizalion (Nonon: 1989) Robinson, Gonion: T/te Forest a1ld tht Trtts: .4 Gllidt to Excellent Forestry (lsland Press; 1988) Schenck. Cart A.: TIie Birtli ef Forutry ilt "1Mrica · TIie Biltmore Forut School 1898-1913 (The ; Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1974) Sloane, Eric; .4 Rtvtmice f or Wood (Henry Hoh & Co., l990edilion) Te,cll, Hugh and Bedlel Jr. High School Eighth GradeClals. SoNJ1110:ValleyofthtMoon: • Sut&btust (historical interviews with former woatas • the Sunburst Lumber Co., 1978) Articles Brothers. Robert; "Respectful Forestty," in In Con/Ul, Winter, 1984 ·ean Foresras Romance a Land Elbie?". theme of April, 1991 issueoClheJollTMl efForestry. L...-------------Falt, 1992 �THE CHAIR IN THE TREE There is a special advantage to working with green wood in doing joinery, the assembling of the chair. I use mortise and tenon joints. The mortise is simply a hole partway through the vertical post and the tenon is a tongue on the horizontal rung that fits into the hole. I put the rungs into a small 1ciln for a couple of days to get them bone dry befOl'C I make the tenons. To form the tenons, I have a cutter that works on my brace. The ten0n cutter is matched to my drill size to give an extremely close tolerance. It forms a tenon that is oversiud by about 1/U)() of an inch. I make the mortises while the post is still green. Green wood shrinks as it dries, so after the pieces are joined the mortises dry around the tenons and lock them into place. That makes a tighter joint than anything that can be done with kiln dried lumber. Assembling the chair can be tense, but it is satisfying. I use a rawhide mallet ro . 1moclc the pieces into place. It's a fine feeling to watch all those pans that I made laboriously one by one come together to become a whole chair. I protect the finished chair frame with a few coats of tung oil. I like the natural colors of the different woods, so I don't use any stains. The chairs darlcen slowly and evenly as they age. by Tucker Windover I live now in Madison County and I have been working wood for nearly two years. For me, interest and somc~s inspiration come from the wc:><x! 1~lf - from walking in the woods, from sphnmg firewood. or from seeing a fine table or cabineL Different woods have their own smells and textures. When you become curious about wood, and begin woodworking with a ttcc, you can never be sure exactly what you are getting into. Any piece of wood could contain hidden knots, a twisted grain, or a beautiful curly figure. There is wide variety, even within the same species, so you can't know what to ex~. The cha.irmaking process stanS with finding wood in the fo_rcsL ~u~ting wood reminds me of fly-fishing - n gives me an excuse to be out in the woods. I find myself wandering around looking for tn:CS, or sometimes just wandering around. I remember those moments as I go through the process of buil~g ~ chair. -ro ~p that connection in mind 1 very sansfying. s Like any logger, I am usually looking for trees more than 14 inches in diameter. I search for oak and hick<X')'. Occasionally I have found ash in this area, but I have never used iL Black walnut is always a nice possibility, if you can luck into iL I don't saw the logs into boards. Instead, I split the log into four even sections or qlWterS with wedges and a sledge hammer. Every time I open up a log, I feel anticipation as I drive in one wedge after another until it spliu apart. Ideally tl';C log. splits into two perfect halves. Sometimes n snaps open with a sharp "crack!," and.the two halves roll apan as ncally as opemng a book. Sometimes I fight and tear and cuss and finally have to haul out the axe to get the stubborn log to spliL So~ are hopes and disaPt>Ointments. I never know what experiences lie inside a given ~. and I n~ know bow many chairs a log will make until all the pans are shaved down to their final sizes. Finding good chair legs and rungs in a log is tricky business. To get my "rough stock" (wood which is roughly the siz.e of my finished chair pans), I split the quarters by a process called "riving," which is carefully CO!'trolled splitting. Trees such as oak, hickory, and ash arc called "ring porous woods" aDC;1 are the easiest to split this way, due to their pattern of annual growth. Their spring and early . summer growth consists of large-por:ed. airy cells. while their late season growth 1s dense. The ttcc thus becomes a wrapping of well-defined strong and weak layers. Splitting along these layers is controllable and reasonably predictable. I ming this rough stoelc to the shaving horse - a low bench with a jaw that grasps the wood just below the c~ lev_l of someone c sining on the horse. The Jaw is opened and closed with a foot treadle. With the stoelc held Falt, 1992 steady in the jaw, I carefully shape out the chair pans with a drawlcnife and a spokeshave. A spokeshave is a small to0l that has a mounted blade with a handle on either side. It is designed especially for working rounded surfaces. lt was first used to make wagon wheels - hence its name. I work the wood while it is still greeg. Wood is much softer when it is green and thus men suitable for working with hand tools. I measure and mule my pieces. but I also have to rely on my hands and my eyes. To get a really fine finish on my chairs. I use a finely tuned spokeshave. Sandpaper abrades wood. To get a clean finished surf~ on wood most chainnakas use a lcecn-cutbng hand plane or spokeshave. A good spokeshave can cut a shaving that is thinner than tissue paper. It is simple in design. but it is a remmbblc IDOL Wood shaved by hand has a texture which 1alhcd wood lacks. It sometimes rcuins curves or pccutiarim that are reminiscent of the ttcc's original growth. There might be a tiulc knot, a little bit of twist, or a wormhole. Different woods feel different in your hands when you arc working th~ They give differently under the drawknife. Some are troublesome and can be a challenge ro shave down to a clean surface. Red oak can be very coarse, while hickory shavings tend to be more even and smooth. You can 1eam to recognize green woods by their smell as well as by their feel. Walnut is a favorite wood of mine. It has a wonderful smell It's greaa to have a ~e of walnut shavings in the shop. Red oak lS sometimes called "piss-oak" because of its smell. But it never bodlcn me. I like bow wood smells. Hickory bark is my favorite ma1eria1 for making chair seats. The bark must be harvested in the spring or early summer. At that time of year, when ~ is rapid growth and lots of moisture in the tree, the bark is tender and easy to wark. I choose a sapling (CClllliaad cm Mlll pap) �~continued rrom page 27) make any sense. I recently saw a videotape of an old man from Switzerland, a cooper. He was obviously a master craftsperson. Although he had great dexterity and technical expenise, what impressed me the most was how completely this man was absorbed in his work. While he was working in his shop, he was in his place. This clement of crafunanship - this combination of composure and concentration - is what work is about. If that element of lhe craft is lacking, lhen our labor is incomplete. Fine craftsmanship requires complete attention. But to achieve lhis level of attention, a woodworker needs to understand - to see and to experience - the whole process of lhe object he has wrought, from the forest to the finished piece. There are times when I feel at home with my work. Of course, some days it just feels like hard work. But there are other days when it is sweet, so sweet, to listen to and shave off the outer bark, exposing the inner bark, which is quite pretty. I score lines one inch apan the length of the tree with a jackknife, and peel off the inner bark one strip at a time. I use this inner bark to weave the chair seat. Any woodworker learns quickly that in order to make a living, the hand tool must be dropped at some point and the electric powered tool needs to be used. The process of building a single chair is simply too labor intensive. For myself, however, I am not sure how to define the line where handwork drops off and machine work begins. Machines make production many times easier and faster; but what good is there in having so many cheap mass-produced objects? The real concern is: to what extent have machine tools improved crafrsmo.nship? Here, we need to understand what craftsmanship really is, which is hard to do because there are so few craftspeople around any more. To find someone who can take clay or glass or wool and turn it into something that is beautiful and functional as well, that is a truly wonderful thing. Machines have not made better craftspeople; they have eliminated them, which does not sh,viog, ,,.., off <he woode/ ~ Drawing by Hope Walker Plwto by Elmu Holl "The area's oldest and latgcst natural foodsgroo?fY " c.o"'°'illG- •oo~ Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies CA.~~s ,ao &6~ aaoc,. C"-\\~~lt,N.C. 2.1-,,r Ill l)•llc,c234 -NC287J9 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 ~)6934>l35 speaking f2.r..the earth. whole earth grocery dclcr of Big Cove 1pealu of tndiliom and 1inp the Booger Dance, Crcco Coro Dance and ' ·, .·. '\ I r1 .. NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT PREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Rd. Boone. NC 28607 Xotilah Jou.mat page 28 ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVlNG 446 e.parkway aaft center • suite 11 gatlinburg, tennessee 37738 615-436-6967 ~ 14,\ othen with drum and rattk. WHERE THE RAVENS ROOS1 .:.: f'ril (704) 264-5220 Cherokee traditional tongs of Walker Calhoun Sn£Cnsx> AS Ml OOl"STAl,'l)fl,IQ RlUt R£coaDrNQ 8Y THE UIIMltT 0/F• Talking Leaves is a moothly journal of deep ecology, inspired penoual activism rooted in wthm spirituality. Past issues have featured articles by Gary Snyder, Swbawk, Jobo Seed, Joanoa Macy, Bill Devall, Looe Wolf Circles. Barbara Mor, etc. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a speus for the oannl world and for the rekindlioa of our own wild spirit COH(IJIBSS CMmn AND IIOOICLIT S 12 Moul<TAIN HDITA<lt CDrn:ll WIS"lnN CAllOLIN,\ UNTVtUlTY Cuu.ow8i:!, NC 28723 Subscriptions arc $18.00 one year/ SZA.00 outside U.S. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a 1430 Willamette 1'361 Eu,-, OR 97401 503/342-2974 Taft, 199rz �Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher These are some of my observations on how to study trees in a grove with an eye to recognizing che invisible forces at work. In order co find a grove, the first thing you have to do is gee off the main trail. Hiking trails are almost always arbitrary cues that slice across the forest. Exceptions to this are the Indian trails which were the original animal runs or bison trails. Trees do eventually accommodate the presence of the artificial trails, but this is a process that can take several generations of human lifetimes. To get to a grove, I recommend walking barefoot to minimii.e the impact on the forest floor and also to stimulate one's sensual awareness by immediate, direct contact with the earth. Finding a magic grove is something like searching for morel mushrooms. It requires quiet observation, stealth, and perseverance. The object is to find a grove where the trees have no particular relationship with humans but are primarily connected in a group with each other. A grove is defined by specific physical boundaries which may be water, rock formations, or an abrupt change in vegetati9n. The shape of a grove is usually circular. I can most easily recognize a grove if I am looking for a nature spirit home or settlement. To some there may be a question of whether the nature spirits created a grove in a particular way to accommodate themselves or whether a certain panem of tree growth attracted the nature spirits. I think it is co-creation of both the trees and the spirits or of the visible and the invisible. I do recognize a grove as having specific character which changes even a few feet away. A grove supports more variety of life than the trees immediately outside the grove. lfl want to understand the relationships of trees to each other in a grove, I need to stay very quiet and observe as a detached outsider. The tree itself is an interface of superimposed spatial realities. There is energy at every level of the tree, from the deepest taproot all the way up the trunk into the canopy and above the crown. These energies can be felt, or seen as color and/or shape. Those who can see nature spirits describe this creative energy as a variety of spirits which live on one tree. (I am thirucing particularly of Geoffrey Hodson who watched nature spirits change shape and size as they fluidly dissolved in and out of the solid mass of the tree.) Auras of trees blend with each other. Mature trees have expansive auras which bathe nearby younger trees in their light. l believe this is a generational nourishing and teaching process in which the older trees influence the younger trees. Like people, trees can take on a predominate level of energy which can be defined as chakra level or specific role playing. Native Americans referred to trees as the Standing Men because, like us, trees ThC£, 1992 stand upright between heaven and earth. A grove is a family group of separate beings that at the same time creates the one Standing Man represented by all the trees playing different pans to make the whole. What I call the grounded tree is analogous to the grandmother or grandfather and may be the oldest, largest tree. Much like the function of the feet of humiµ1s, this tree is particularly adept at bringing earth energy up through the roots and trunk and making this earth nourishment available to the plant life in the immediate vicinity. It helps in the nourishing process as does the binhing tree, the mother tree. The seeds from the mother tree are particularly potent. There may be more nature spirit activity around these trees, especially of the kind of nature spirit interested in seed saving and propagation. The mother tree supports an abundance of life of every kind. Birds and forest animals are attracted to the mother tree. Moss and growth of all kinds will be abundant on the trunk. The boughs of the tree may extend to neighboring trees in a nesting kind of way. Unusually lush patches of wildflowers or many sapling trees will grow close to the mother tree. The beauty tree is particularly graceful in form and is a joy and inspiration to all the other trees. The speaker rree is the communicator and the mediator. It understands the language of many life forms and relays information. Of all the trees in the grove the speaker tree is the one most likely to speak to humans. If one spends a long enough time under a speaker tree, the tree will begin to influence one's thoughts. It has listened to the stories of woodland animals and migrating birds. It knows about the health of its species and about trees in other parts of the world. The spire tree is the tree in the grove most resp~>nsible for bringu'!g in the cosmic energies. It is usually the talfest tree. It has the most far-reaching view. It helps open up the species or the grove itself into inter-dimensional reality. The reaching bough trees are the good neighbors, the loving trees. They intertwine their limbs with nearby trees and twist their trunks toward their neighbors. They extend the wannth and comfon of their being to the other trees. Not every grove will contain all these types of trees. This is only an indication of the outward form of what I think is an awareness of trees for each other. Young trees do not have enough character to have assumed importance in the relationships of the grove. But if a mature tree is destroyed, then a younger tree, even an understory tree, can be groomed by the nature spirits to replace the old tree. If this happens, the characteristic traits of the mature tree will begin to manifest in the smaller, chosen tree, which may be of a different species. I·know of one grove in which several prominent "trees" are actually old-growth ,,# rhododendron. p Drawing by Pegi �The North Carolina American Chestnut Foundation If the American Chestnut tree is to once again compliment the mountains of the Katuah bioregion, your help will be needed. This is not a hybrid tree. Planted here on a half-acre of land are some forty-seven true American chestnut seedlings. But they cannot grow on such a limited piece of land. They need many acres on which to spread their magnificence; where both human and animal can enjoy their fruits. This is a hypovirulent strain, and therefore blight-resistant. Such trees usually survive attack by the fungus Endotlua parasirica. These seedlings have come from old trees that have resisted the virus. By constant checking and proper nunuring, we may re-establish this tree in our moutains. Will you help? These seedlings must be transplanted into their permanent home no later than February or March of 1993. They are three year old seedlings. and doing just fine now, but they will need land to mature on. Money (for more trees and help in bringing them to maturity) is needed and so is a great deal of acreage. The more land available, the more of these special trees can be grown, and the more the land and wildlife will gain. Are there old farms no longer being fanned for whatever reason? ls their acreage unused? Are there landowners who have no children to leave their land to, who would rather see it go to something beneficial to the Earth and the many animals for whom the chestnut was a staple food? Would you be interested in supporting the chestnut rather than have your land go to the State where, too often, wealth or political power, permit clear-cutting and destruction instead of caring? This work is not for profit. Do you remember as a child the beauty of the tree, and the unmatchable flavor of chestnuts cooked in an iron skillet over an open fire? That beauty and the joy of chestnuts can be shared with today's young people, and tomorrow's. We must have a deep and abiding faith that God will touch the hearts of those who can help this effort to allow these trees their full potential. If you want to help and be a part of this worthwhile goal, generations to come will be forever grateful. Dorothy Diclcson The North Carolina Amtrican Chestnut Foundation l l ] Awumn lane llarri.sonburg, NC 28075 (The North Carolina Amtrican ChestnUJ Foundation is not offiliattd in any woy wirh the American Chestnut FoundallOn.) RARE SPEOES NEED HELP! The Biodiversity Legal Foundation (BLF) is calling on grassroots environmenral activists with a strong biological interest and legal orientation to develop comprehensive reviews of the biological status and distribution of inadequately protected rare and endangered species in the East. Information cpllected in these status reviews will be used to develop and implement effective administrative, legal, and public education programs on behalf of the species or subspecies. These are all species that the Biodiversity Legal Foundation considers to be biologically threatened or endangered. but that have not been added to the official list of federally protected species under the Endangered Species Act Species of special concern requiring priority status reviews in the Appalachian states include: Brachymenium andersonii Cy/indrocolea andersoni Psoralea macroplcylla (scurf-pea) Solidago plumosa lesquerella perf orata (Spring Creek bladder pod) Lesquerella sronensis (Stones River bladder pod) The Biodiversity Legal Foundation conducts biological research to identify species that are in need of protection under the Endangered Species Act and provide the necessary documentation to press petitions before the US Fish and Wildlife Service for endangered species status. BLF staff will cooperate in the development of conservation and recovery plans for petitioned and listed specie:s or will develop legal actions to compel federal and state agencies to comply with the laws intended to protect natural diversity, as is appropriate. Contact: The Biodivusiry ugal Foundation Boz 18327 Boulder, CO 80308 ~vl-~,~-,~ w -~ V' Alternatives ... The Dirt1ctnry of lntt-ntional ConfJ,wnlllt!. is lhe prod· < uct of two years of intensive research. and is lhe most comprehensive and accurate di.rectory available. It documcnis lhe vision and lhc daily ltfc of more lhan 350 communities in North America, aud more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address. phone. and a dcsc,ip•Jon of lhc group. Extensive cross-rcfcrcnr,ni; and mil'-• ing makes lhe infonnation easy to access for., wide vancty of users. Includes maps, over 250 atldit.ional kesourcc listings, and 40 rclared articles. Programs to encourage self ond Earth oworeness. celeblolion. kinship ond hope. Covi~ffiN'i·1·11·~~ Perfcctbouud • Youth Camps • School Programs • Famlly Camps· Te&cher Tra,n,ng • Community Program• • Camp Slaff Training • Outdoot Program Consulting Octobu I990 ISBN Number: 0 9602714-1-4 .~°P P.O. Box 1306 Gon.,burg. Temessee 3n33 6 15--436-6203 328 pages 11-1/hll ~ • •L ~: w t $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & handling ror first book. $.50 for each aJdt1ionJl; 4u% <l rM:ount on orders of 111 w more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (509)~5102 REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNO/II· FM P.O. Box 804 Spindolc, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 ,=-on, l 992 �TRANSFORM Transportation in NC The Four Directions: Native Literary Magazine The Snowbird Publishing Company of TelJico Plains, TN is owned by Native American Indians and publishes works by native people. Now !he company is offering The Four Directions American Indian literary Quarterly. The magazine will make available the poetry, short stories, anicles, historic narratives, and artwork of the native peoples. Tt will also fearure commentary on issues facing the native tribes today: education, health, women's issues, thefts of native artifacts ("professional" as well as "amateur), and environmental issues. The first two issues of The Four Directions Literary Quarterly are now on sale. Snowbird Publishing Company is owned by Joanna and William Meyer of Tellico Plains. Joanna is Cherokee/Navajo; William is Cherokee/Creek. Between them, the two have much experience in writing, editing, and publishing, as well as working in native communities on issues of concern to the native people. William has been assistant editor and reporter for the American Indian Historical Society and its newspaper Wassaja. He was also editor of publications for fndigena, Inc., an international organi7.ation of native peoples based in Berkeley, CA. With Burke Armstrong, he co-founded American Indian News Team, the first national Indian news agency. TM Four Directions A=rican Indian literary Quarterly is available for $21.00 for four issues from Snowbird Publishing company; Box 729; Tellico plains, TN 37385. CaU (615) 546-7001. POWER TO THE PESSIMISTS! "What's happ'nin'?" Here's how to find out - what's cool and what's not, what's drab and what's hot. lt's Power 10 the Pessimists, a rare glimpse into the mind of (some ot) today's young people, freely offered by the students themselves. The mystery publisher of P llJ the P is identified only as Monrovia, thought to be a student at the Mountain Heritage High School in Burnsville, NC. The stapled newsletter is all '90's - xerographies, paper gra.fitti, poems, personal (very!) statements, random decorative art pieces (doodles), and lots of tenth grade wit and wisdom This paper even has "sensitive boy poets!" - and you thought they were dead! Young people will want to check out Power to the Pessimists as valuable communication. Older people will relish,the perspective it offers on the world as the coming generation sees it. (So, obviously, it's a publication for everyone.) Entertaining and insightful, P co the P is.. .is.. Js... fresh! And definitely worth picking up on. Contacl Power 10 IM Pessimists al: 1890 Hannah Branch Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714 (IL's only $5.00 for one year - bu1 !hey deserve better lhan lhaL) Spurred by a recent series of articles published in the North Carolina Independent, a group of North Carolina citizens gathered on the lawn of the state capitol in Raleigh September 10 10 announce the formation of the NC Alliance for Transportation Reform. The group consists of individuals from many different backgrounds. Some members are veteran road-fighters who want to protect their yards or neighborhoods from intrusive projects. Some are people who see our automotive lifestyle as one that the natural world cannot afford. Others believe they should not be paying the high tax rates that come with unneeded highway projects. The statewide group proposes that the the current system of political favoritism be replaced with <?ne that gives o~ary ci~ens, environmental1sts, planners, pubhc transit advocates, and the scientific community more authority. Transponation Reform would abolish the Highway Trust Fund (transponation funding would be subject to the same rules and budget procedures as all other state projects), and it would require the DOT to use environmental standards that meet or exceed federal regulations. The group will target gubernatorial and legislative candidates during the 1992 election and it will ask the two candidates for state auditor to commit to an in-depth performance audit of the DOT. For more information, write: N.C. Alliance for Transportation Reform; Box 1002; Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514, or call western North Carolina contact Rusty Sivils at (704) 258-8737. Drawing by Hope Walker 1492-1992: NEW VISIONS NEW ALLIANCFS Wbile many ,cc the issues ofColwnbus' invasioa u SOO )UIS in lhc past. llw:rc by ~ob Messick Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in I<atuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: Rob Messick Rt.8, Box323 Lenoir, NC 28645 Tact, 1992 arc about 1.4 million original North ~ among us loday. They Olce • wide range or life and death issues lo which newer Americans ue o'14I blind. 1491,1991.- NEW VJSJONS, NEW ALLJ. AJ.K:ES provides insights Ullo lhe Europe from ~b Columbus Jmmcbed bis Y(Tj· ages, a mon: realistic portrayal of North American histoiy followmg lhe European mvasioa. and ccamplcs of lhc battles Native AmcritaDS musl still f'3hl lod3y. 30 pp. S4 each. Sl.SO for IS or more. ENERGY rooLS ·l·lfMJ~G, WAWDS· MtD ICIN€ BAGS C.RYSTALS•TI\Ll<INC:i STICl(S • DRU~.S • MEDI C.INE STAFFS•SiONES ANO MO~ ASHEVILLE. NC 704-158- tt'l~I Return to: Mobilization for SUrvival 328 Flatbush Ave., Suite 155 Brooklyn, NY 11238 Drawing by Michael Thompson '.K.atuah Jou.mat page 31 �events 'l WAYNESVILLE, NC Meditation Retreat gives you the chance IO spend the weekend with your reflective self. Leon Frankel, resident managet of Stil-Light Theosophical Retrea1 Center, will offer instruction in basic breath-awareness meditation toclmiques. Pre-register: $40 plus meals and lodging. For more info on this and other programs, contaet Stil-Lighl, Route I, Box 326, Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-4569. ASHEVILLE, NC Reading the Inner Tree is a short course on tuning into tree energy. Learn to recognize special trees and magic groves with facilitator Oiarlotte Homsher. Pre-register. S35 for beginners' two-session class on Ociober 3 and IO. Advanced class will be Octobu 24, and cost $25. For more info, call (704) 253-5917. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Southeast Light Linlc '92 is a regional network gathering for those involved in planetary uansformation. The agenda includes large and small cucles to share ideas, resources, visions ... no workshops! Pre-register.$115 includes meals and lodging. For info, contact Anne Gillis, 4311 Harvest Hill Road, Memphis, TN 38141. (901) 761-3435 or (901) 362-8431. 27-29 CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival at the Ceremonial Grounds. Traditional dancing and costumes, dance competitions. For info, call (800) 438-1601. 6-10 30-11/1 WESSER, NC 10th Guest Appreciation Festival and Used Equipment Sale will include music, mini-courses and general family fun. For info on this and other events, CODll!Cl the Nantahala OuldoorCcntcr, 41 Hwy 19 West., Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. NORRIS, TN Tennessee Fall Homecoming is a celebration of traditional mountain culture at the }fuscum of Appalachia. Music, crafts and demonstrations of rural life skills, in addition IO the Museum's regular exhibits. For info, call the Museum at (615) 494-7680. 7-11 SEPTEMBER 18-30 WASHBURN, TN Intensive Pennaculture for the Southeast is an intensive course offering practical training in the design of agricultural ecosystems with the diversity and long-term sustainability of the natural world.Course will be held at Narrow Ridge Farm and will focus on strategies and techniques for the Katuah bioregion. Contact: Chuck Marsh; Box 1488; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-3535. ASHEVJLLE, NC "Kituwah" - the second annual iniertribal Native American culrural celebration. Drumming and dance competition, traditional crafts sale, juried fine ans show and an educational program for kids will all happen at the Asheville Civic Center. Admission: $5-10. For mo.re info, call (704) 252-3881. SWANNANOA,NC Drum andRanle Making Wodcshop with Hawk Hurst. For more info about this and other programs, contaet the Earth Center. See 10/10. 23-25 3 ASHEVILLE, NC WNC Alliance Annual Membership Meeting is open IO the public as the Alliance marts its lCllth anniversary. Agenda includes workshops and legislative update. Pre-register. SIS includes lunch. For info, contact the AlJjance, 70 Woodfin Place, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 258-8737. 3 1 7-JS NOVEMBER 6-8 10 SWANNANOA, NC Dance for the Ancestors will follow the monthly Full Moon Lodge at the Earth Center. All-night dancing, singing and drumming to honor the Native People, five hundred years after Columbus. Families are encouraged to come. For more info, contact the Eanh Center, 302 Old Fellowship Road, Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. ~ GREAT SMOKIES PARK Appalachian Crafl Jubilee will provide an oppornmity IO learn traditional mountain craft techniques in basketry, pottery, weaving and other crafts. Pre-register: $100 includes meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contac1 Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont, Rt I, Box 700, Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-67()() 7 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge begins at noon each month, followed by a shared meal. cau the Earth Center for more info. See 10/10. 24-27 CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day is a celebcation of the music, dance, crafts and folklifc of Katuah. Shape-note singers, gunsmiths, storytellers. quilters and others will be on hand, in addition to the Mountain Heritage Center's exhibits. For more info, contact the Center at Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723. (704) 227-7234. 26 11 FULL MOON/ HUNTERS MOON 10 FULL MOON/ BEAVER MOON DECEMBER HELEN, GA Falling Leaves Rendezvous will offer serious instruction in the ans and lifeways of indigenous people. Skills include making fire by friction, stallcing and tracking, tool making, plant identification. lnstuctors will be Darry Wood, Snowbear, and others. For info, contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi Stare Part, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. 15-18 2-6 HOT SPRINGS, NC From Confusion IO Enlightenment is the title of a meditative retreat led by Thubten Chodron. an American Tibetan Buddhist nun. Pre-register: S 150 includes vegan meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contact Southern Dharma Rcireat Center, RL I, Box 34H, Rot Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. S-6 OCTOBER JONESBORO, TN 20th Annual National Storytelling Festival will feawre the best yam-spinners and tall-tale-tellers from all ovet. For info, call the National Association for the Preservation and PerpctuAtion of Storytelling at (615) 753-2171. 2-4 Drawing by Rob Messick 16-18 NEW MARKET, TN STP School is a periodic weekend gathering designed to "benefit members of grassroots groups currenlly working on concrete environmental issues." This session will focus on environmental litigation. Pre-register: cost is low and negotiable. For info about this and other programs, coniac1 the Highlander Center, 1959 Highlander Way, New Market TN 37820. (615) 933-3443. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Winter Highcountry Camping in a backcountry shelter. For info on this and other field COl11'SCS, contact Smoky Mountam Field School, 600 Henley Street., Suite 105, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885 or (615) 974-0150. 9 FULL MOON ralC., 1992 �GOOD EAR1H .ORGANJ~ - in Asheville has a nctWOrk-~eting p~-wh)ch can provide a substantial part-time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no training required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you started in yoor own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. RAW. CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY • with comb or withoUL Tulip poplar and Sourwood honey from the foresis of Patrick County, VA. No chemical. no white sugar, no heal - ever. Strained through cheesecloth and packed in glass. Limited quantities. Call or write for prices and availability. Wade Buckholts - Bull Mountain Beelreepers; Rt 2, Box 1516: Stuart. VA 24171. (703) 694-4571. WISE WOMAN TRADmON • herbal healing workshops with Wh.itewolf. • Sept 12-13: Campout and weed walks, Waynesville, NC. • Sept 29 • Oct 4: Apprentice Week near Atlanta, GA. • Nov. 6-8: Fall Rootwork Weekend in NC mountains. Root digging, medicine-making, inner journeying. Sliding scale, work-exchange. Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. TI-IE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM. is an unconventional library; free and open 10 the public. Our collection interests include the environment, social and political issues, the media and peace. We have over 200 magazine subscriptions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environment and political concerns. Books and VCR's can be checked out A video player is available for watch.ing films in the reading room. Located at 2 Wall St. #114; Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-8 pm - Tues/Sol I0-6pm - Sat/Sun l-6pm BEGINN1NG CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOKNATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS • include handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, Custom Pipes, Medlcine Bags, SweetgraSs, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide Raules, Tobaccos, Pipe Bags, Native Autes, and more! For lice catalog send to: P.O. Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. TREE PLANTERS NEEDED - Men, Women, families. Hare! work (much done for paper & timber co's.) for great pay. December through March in the Southeast Mobile camper rt.quired (pick-up with camper, trailer, van, bus, etc.) Send resume to: Eclcerman Forestry Service; RLI, Box 290-D: Wam:nsville, NC 28693. (919) 385-6838. BACK TO THE SOURCE - is an advenwre in the spectacular beauty of our remaining wilderness and is the highest quality baclcpaclcing guide service available. We specialize in small group, minimal impact journeys into the most remote wildlands in America. For a brochure write: Back to the Source, Lee Mercer; 361 I White Ave; Baltimore, MD 21206. (410) 426-6016. - - life's n=essitiesfor less - - FRENCH BROAD Fooo supplemented with two cassettes. Stresses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in ieaching and learning the Cherolcee language. (346 pages) $39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Calalog also available with tapes., books, pipes, dance sticks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products, and more. Craft supplies also available. (please specify). Send $200 to the Muskrat Trader, P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. HAWKWIND EAR1H RENEWAL COOPERATIVE • is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcout Mountain Parkway in northern Alabama Easy ~ . safe family camping, year round weekend programs featuring Native American elders and Eanh teachers from around the world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all visits, please. Childcare often available. Write: P.O. Box 11; Valley Head. AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quarterly newsleuer and program updates send $10.00. • There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) per entry of 50 words or less in Webworking. Submit entries for Issue #37 by November 15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323· Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. • Co,op Kalmia Center, Inc. 90 8u.TMOR£ A ~ 00WIJTOVIN AsHEv!ui Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 ('104) yr,,,r ammumity Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. 255-7650 .....,.,,.,,.,_,,... groary stare ..... ~F--,•t .... •lpm. ......,.laa D f llffi. rl :Thu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm fnll, 1992 NATIVE FLUTES Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sa"'!)' Mush Herb Nursto/ WREATHS•POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 2874S Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �D ear Members of Katuah Journal, After nearly 10 years of service to the Karuah Bioregional Province, the Katuah Journal newspaper will be ceasing publication in the summer of 1993. We have not been able to find enough people able to take long term responsibility for a project of this scale on a volunteer basis. While we are stopping the journal, we will keep the non-profit organization "Karuah" alive in order to have the.option of carrying out future bioregional projects. The Board of Directors for the Karuah organization will consist of: David Wheeler, Rob Messick, and Lee Barnes. We will meet at least once a year to keep track of organization business and to discuss future options. Any member who has project ideas or is interested in participating in this process should write us at: Karuah Futures; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645 or call (704) 754-6097. The winter issue of Katuah Journal #37 will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. In the spring we will publish an issue devoted to alternative transportation in the Karuah bioregion. The final summer issue will contain an index to the Katuah Journal, a listing of other bioregionally-oriented organizations in the province, and tie up loose ends. Thank you for your generous support of Katuah Journal over the years. Without your help the paper would not have been as vibrant or as vital as it has been . We d ecided to end the tradition of publishing the journal with some measure of strength, rather than watch it slowly fizzle out. If you have comments or suggestions for the future, we w ould like to hear from you. Sincerely, Katuah Journal Staff /1 I would like to order issues: #37 (Winter 1992-93) "Bio-visions" #38 (Spring 1993) Alternative Transportation #39 (Summer 1993) Index & Resources Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ For a total value of $7.50 Katuah Journal Rt. 8 Box 323 Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 Issue #39 of the Ka Mah Journal will contain a resource guide to groups and organizations devoted to protecting and restoring the natural world in the bioregion and working to sustain the web of life and our human economic and social systems in Katuah. We have postulated the following categories of activity: Regional Economy Health and Healing Appropriate Technology Appropriate TranspoTtation Councils &: Decision Making Peace Issues &: Conflict Resolution Xatuaf, Jour naC page 34 Shelter Education Agriculture Spiritual Life Natural Ecology Drawing by Rob Messick Town _ _ _ _ _ State_ _ Zip _ _ __ The success of this project will depend on your participation. Please send us information about your group and other groups that are working in your area. Offer other categories, if you like. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary. Give name, address, phone number, a one paragraph description of their work, and possibly a brief quote expressing their purpose. Enclose a copy of the organizational logo, if possible, and any photographs or drawings of group activities or the products of their work. Please also enclose your name, address, and phone in case there is a need for follow-up contacts. Submissions must be received by April 31, 1993. Mail to Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. rau., 1992 �··:KAT UAH KON FU S\ON :.. b-:, Rob MessicK BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE-SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture. Sunflowers· Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens' Education· Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics· Little People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR· SUMMER 1984 Water Drum· Walef Quality. Kudzu · Solar Eclipse • Clearculling • Trout • Going IO Water • Ram Pumps· MicrohydJO. Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee. Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Dnnmess - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX • WINTER 1984-8S Winter Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 198S Sustainable Economics. Hot Springs· Worker Ownership-The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life lSSUE EIGI-IT • SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life- Katuah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Follc Arts in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center. Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE - FALL 198S The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Slllrting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Myth Time ISSUE TEN- WINTER 198S-86 Kate Rogers. Circles of Stone . lntcmal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places - The Uklena's Talc • Crystal Magic - "Dreamspealcing• ISSUE THIRTEEN - FALL 1986 Center For Awakening • Elizabeth Callari • A Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dcnling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake· The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Dr! Owlc • Boogers and Mummers· All Species Day - Cabin Fever University· Homeless m Kmiiah • Homemade H01 Wa!Cf • Stovcmakcr's N:ur.:ilivc • Good Medicine: lntcrspCCics Communication We have limited 11umbers of particular back issues. Order back issues soo11 lo insure availability. There are no more entire sets of KatuahJournal available. The near complete set of back issues will be diminishi11g as limited copies sell out. rtiCL, 1992 ISSUE FlFTEE.N • SPRING 1 987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception • Biosexuality • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malriarchal Culture • Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite • Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Quest • Fll'St Flow - Initiation • Learning in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge • "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular Architcclure. Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home · Earth Energies • Earth-Sheltered Living • Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter Poems: Octo~r Du.sic· Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE NINETEEN· SPRING 1988 Perelandra Garden • Spring Tonics • Blueberries • WildO.ower Gardens • Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals:• Story. Good Medicine: "Power• • Be AT~ ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wildcmess - Highlands of Roan • Celo Communily - Land Trust - Arthur Morgan School • Zoning lssue. "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Farm Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain • Dulce's Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988--89 Global Wanning • Ftre This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" • Earth Exercise . Kore Loy McWhirter • An Abundance of Emptiness· LETS • Chronicles of Floyd • Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WENTY-THREE • SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Planet Art· Green City. Poplar Appeal • "Clear Sky" · •A New Earth" • Black Swan • Wild lovely Days • Reviews: Sacred !And Sacred Su, Ice Age - Poem: "S udden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR - SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in Alomic City • Direct Action! • Tree of Peace • Community Building • Peacemakers· Ellm1c Survival • Pairing Pro.,ec1. "Baulesong• • Growing Peace in Cultures • Review: The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE 1WENTY-SIX • WINTER, 1989-90 The B:oroic Era· Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company· Conmc1 Resolution Developing Creati vc Spirit • Birth Power • Magic of Puppetry • Home Schooling • Naming Ceremony Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN· SPRING. 1990 Transformation • Healing Power • Peace LO Their Ashes • Healing in Katuah • Poem: "When Left LO Grow• • Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Foresl ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FAU/WINTER 1990 From the Mountains to the Sea · Profile of The LlUle Tennessee River • Headwaters Ecology • "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic HabitaLS - Dawn Watchers • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Road· Kaulah Sells Out. Watershed Map of the Kaliiah Province ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology • Ways to a Regenerative Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" • Clarksville Miracle • The Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy" • Shelton Laurel· LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE· SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities of Dowsing • Electrical Life of the Earth • Katuah and the Earth Grid - Call of the Ancient Ones • Good Medicine: "On Aggression" · Time to Take the Time to Take the Time - Whole Science • Tuning In ISSUE THIRTY-TWO · FALL 1991 Bringing bac.k the Fue • A Bit of Mountain Levity • Climax Never Came · "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah . Walking Distance • Good Medicine: "Serving the Great Life" · The Granola Journal · Paintings: "Mountain Stories"· Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-THREE· WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - Whal Is Natural • Fire and Forge • The First Fire - Hearth and Fire in the Mountains • Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" • Midwinlef Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam • Litmus Lichens ISSUE THIRTY-FOUR· SPRING 1992 Paradise Gardening· Community Sponsored Agriculture - Ealing Close 10 Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops. Katuah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac - Good Medicine "Medicine Training• • Poems by Allison Sutherland ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE· SUMMER 1992 Consensus • Problems with Consensus. Tribal Council - Elda • The State of Franklin - Regional Rainbow • Steve Moon: Shell Engravings • Good Medicme "Medicine Training rr·. A Look Back Back Issues: Issue# _ _ @ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $,_ __ Issue#_@ $3.00 = $._ _ _ postage paid $._ __ Name Address City State Zip Near Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-35) postage paid @ $50.00 =$,_ __ Katuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 28645 • (704) 754-6097 '.Kati.ulfl Jourrn:1( pnge 3S � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 36, Fall 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-sixth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on wood and its role in mountain life: logging, wood products, and forest stewardship. There is also an announcement that publication of the journal will cease in 1993. Authors and artists in this issue include: Lee Barnes, Frank Hodgin, David Wheeler, Dr. John Wade, Harley Wessman, Nancy McIntyre, Buzz Williams, Robert T. Pershcel, Jesse Jones, Leon S. Minckler, Tucker Windover, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, Julia Vanselow, Frank Vogel, Michael Thompson, Susan Klimczak, Jeff Zachary, Susan Parker Weatherford, Mark Anderson, Hope Walker, and "Pegi." Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Using Wood.......1 Appalachian Logging by Lee Barnes.......4 Old Logging Days by Frank Hodgin.......7 Working the Woodlands by David Wheeler.......9 Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade.......13 Depletion for Dollars by Harley Wessman.......13 Logging with Horses by Nancy McIntyre.......15 Natural World News.......16 Invasion of the Giants by Buzz Williams........19 From Industry to Endeavor by David Wheeler.......20 Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship by Robert T. Perschel.......21 Forest Stewardship Programs by Jesse Jones.......22 Ecological Forestry for Renewable Forest Values by Leon S. Minckler.......23 Drumming........25 The Chair in the Tree by Tucker Windover.......27 Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher........29 Events.......32 Webworking.......33 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest products industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Logging--Appalachian Region, Southern Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance