1 50 16 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/bd92e4fbc33066336189ab94cb2cebd3.pdf faafa5c5af75e827adb96e85cb965890 PDF Text Text ������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993</em> Description An account of the resource This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of&nbsp;<em><a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>.&nbsp;</em> &nbsp;<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,&nbsp;</em> later simplified to &nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal,&nbsp;</em>was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.</em></p> Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes North Carolina, Western Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rob Messick Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource periodical indexes PDF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Death and Dying Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies European Immigration Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites Shelter South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/de17f54be8d2e1fccacd51c09b08146c.pdf e4018ca4e8f5df316bedfdd2f6ee2887 PDF Text Text ISSUE AUTUMN NO. 1 1983 �BIOREGIONS : "The Trail To Home" FROM ULSTER TO CAROLINA : (The Scotch-Irish Migration To N. Carolina) 1 3 (""! N 4 PERHACULTURE PRACTICES A Story MOSHKA & LAKIMA N By Snow Bear < z H ,.J 0 ''Wind Rose" By George Ellison MAP MEDITATIONS 6 8 OLD TIME APPLES POETRY ...... co The Katuah Bioregion 9 10 i:x: < u ::c f-1 i:x: MOUNTAIN GUIDES A Resource Bibliography i.2 BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES 14 ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS 17 FINDING KATUAH 0 z 19 A Bioregional Questionnaire FALL CAL EN l}\R 21 CREATIVE DISTRIBUTION 22 .. (""! ...... co �"A TRAIL TO HOME": continued from page l By W1frI of definition of this word, Peter Berg writes : The teim refers both to a gecgrapti.cal terrain and a terrain of consciousness - to a place and the ideas that haVe developed about how to live in that place. Within a bi.ore9ioo the oonditicns that influence l ife are slllli.lar, and these in turn have influenced lunan ooc:upancy. EDITORIAL STAFF: Bonrue .CamJ;:bel.l '1b:mas Rain Crowe IDretta Rattler Arrly Feinstin Oluck Marsh a:1 McNeil! Olip Smith Ida Mc:Neill Mamie Muller David Reed Sam Sutker Martha Tree David Wheeler A bimegioo can be detemined initially by the use of climatology, physiognqily, animal and pl.ant geogra?lY, natural history, and other descriptive natural sciences. The final boundaries o f a bioregioo are best described by the people who live within it, th:cough hunan rec:cgnitioo of the realities of livin:;J-in-place. All life al the planet is ocmected in a f&1 obvious ways, and in many nme that are barely explora:i. But there is a distinct resonance lllDl19 living things and the factors which influence them that occurs specifically within each separate place al the planet. Di.soovering and describing that resonance is a way to describe a bioregion." EDITORIAL OFFICE FOR THIS ISSUE: Long Branch Environmental ~ducation Center Route 2, Box 132 Leicester, N.C . 28748 PRINTING: Sylva Herald Publishing Co. Sylva, N.C. ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: Kat.µab: Biorez1onal Joµrnal of the Southern Appalachians Box 873 Cullowhee, N.C. 28723 'lbe effects of seeing the world in this W1frI would be far-reaching. WOUld our national policies be the sane if the land was seen as a sacred being? WOUld our eoonanic:s be the sane if the <X>St to the biosphere were reckoned into the price of production? WOUld our politics be the same if power over an area were in the hands of the people who lived there? lllat if oak, bear, fox, and chickadee had a voice in the decisial-lll!lking oouncils? The key to this transitioo is in the spiritual realm, for in disoovering the land as she is in the place \othere we live, we di.soover ourselves in the izooess. 'DleJ:e is a necessary connecti.cn here, for the self we see axoum us is not our own nature in metapx>r or reflection. I t is our own aelf tJ:uly and actually. 'lbis is the mystical oonneotion that makes healing, knowl.edl;Je, and power all possible. If we make a gesture to the earth, the earth gestures back - this is the source of the nagic. '!!le geological fomations urx3erpinning the land, the sprinq rains every year, the wims sweeping in f%an the west, the tan;Jled uniergrowth of a rhoc!odermon slick, the juna>es playing anong the forest trees - these are mcng the forces that shape our bioregion and give it its unique character. 'lbese forces also shape the landscape of our own cxnscicus- ness. But our mind is a creative force as well, and the attuned h1.1nan mind can be a power for encx:iuragi.ng the ecological health of an area. 'lb:>se who see thEmlelves as sta.lards, protectors, and healers will be uniting the power of their minds to this task. To these pe:>ple falls the responsibility of keeping the essential nature of the nountain area intact. 'lbe .A{pllac:bjans are the oldest irountains, and they are strong sources o f power for the whole eastern half of TUrtle Island. This is .iJttx>ssible to explain to those who do not already understand it fran their own experience. To them, this po- .... -·.,,.-·· . sition would seen reactionary and a::>unter-pr:oduc:tive, and they cannot see why it is ultimately inportant to the survival of us all. we are here to make changes, but the biggest changes are within ourselves. We are here to learn and grow and, like the great trees of the forest, to develop roots and beo:rne part of this place. In this way the process of transfomation begins. It is a healing process, a voluntai:y marriage of ourselves to the land. As we help the land to repair the damage done by a careless humanity, so does she help us to repair the damage done within our hearts and minds by a bankrupt system. By infomling our vision and giving a a::>ntext to our work, the idea of a bioregion can be a powerful tool in our spiritual, ecxxanic, and political liberation. It can help us to becane whole in our spirit, in our bodies , in the land, and in our experience. Prayer chant: "Ancient M::>ther I Ancient M::>ther You who have waited so l.alg, You Wio have waited so lcn;J For your children to return, Your children are oow returned Here we are" , KATU1!.H - page 2 'lbe Blue Ridge M::>untains are under duress, but the area still has a feeling of sacredness, an aura of power that has protected it sanewhat fran the ravages of humankind. we are lucky in the land that has been left to us. 'lbis area is a prine location to hatch an ecologically sane and healthy society - the no.mtains are equal to the task if we are. We have an area that is relatively untraapled and not overpopll.ated. Because of its inaccessibility, it is econ::mically depressEd and therefore relatively \mindustrialized. Because of its isolation many of its p e o p l e , are unsqhlsticated and still feel close ties to the mountains. aubml 1983 �FROM ULSTER TO CAROLINA The Migration Of The Scotch-Irish To Southwestern North Carolina The study of migration is particularly valuable to Americans, for either in an ancient past (for American Indians) or in more recent centuries, all Americans are immigrants. To an amazing degree we have remained a migratory people, profoundly mobile, moving from city to city, state to state. Alexis de Tocqueville observed of early American society that the American "grows accustomed to change." Once having moved, it was easier to move again and again. Migration frequently leaves only a sketchy historical record. While the great sweep of events might be clear, the details are often lost in the confusion of move· ment. Many family histories remain incomplete and often even the names of those who first came are lost. The problem of understanding and evaluating the ex· perience of the Scotch-Irish is made more difficult by the eagerness with which they threw over the culture of the Old World which might have identified them as a group in America. Still, their presence surrounds us in the Southern Appalachians in the evidence o( family names, in the stamp they placed upon the customs of the region and in lingering memories. A distinctive feature of the Southern Appalachian region is that its relative isolation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries has preserved a strong sense of a Scotch-Irish past. At the close of the American Revolution, the territory west of the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains quickly opened to the first legal white immigra.nts. Southwestern North Carolina was one of many regions across the new American nation that received a flood of new people. For perhaps two decades before the area was opened for settlement, it had been admired by the inhabitants of the western Piedmont and Watauga who hunted there and fought with General Rutherford against the Cherokee in 1776. In the last year~ of the Revolutionary War, North Carolina passed legislation granting mountam lands to ve~erans of the state's militia and the Continental Army - from 640 acres for pnvates to 12 ()()() for brigadier generals. For others, land was available throughout the period fo; five and ten cents per acre plus fees. A series of treaties with the C~erokee between 1785 and the 1830s progressively opened the land and kept tt cheap and plentiful. Beginning in 1787, when the first grants were made on t~e Swan· nanoa and French Broad Rivers, war veterans and settlers from the Piedmont and Watauga, as well as a steady flow of people down the Great Wagon Road, settled the mountain lands with surprising sp~. Although early census figures are notorious for underestimating populations, the census of 1790 recorded 88 families some 559 souls already settled on Reems Creek, and a considerable settlement' to the south ~here Bee Tree Creek enters the Swannanoa River. Between 1787 and 1840 the Old West Frontier passed through southwestern North Carolina and a new society evolved. The census of 1840 recorded a population of approximately 34,000 people in that region west of the eastern boundary of Buncombe County, divided at that time into Buncombe, Henderson, Hayw?°'1, Macon and Cherokee counties. Like all frontiers, the region was never static or isolated but constantly growing and changing. For many new settlers, western North Carolina was only another temporary stop. There were people who grew a few crops on land they never legally claimed and then pushed on either westward into Tennessee and Kentucky, or southward to Georgia and Alabama. Some raised children before seeking another home and still others stayed. ~os~ who settled amongst and frequently displaced the Cherokee were of ~tverse backgrounds: English, German, French, Black, Welsh as w_ell as Scotc~·lr1Sh: No single ethnic group can claim an exclusive role in the creation of fr~~tte~ ~1ety, but a careful examination of the family names in the new communmes md1cates that the largest group among the early settlers was the Scotch-Irish. aubm'l 1983 Mountain Agriculture "I doubt not that those (Scotch-Irish) pioneers who came to the South and gave all cheir strength and devotion to the fabrication of such civilization as we have were grim and decermined and stiff. necked and opinionated and fearless people. le is probably easier to admire chem than it would have been pleasant to live with chem. I spent my earliest days amongst them and I have no doubt that their arrributes had been transmitted almost unmodified to them by their ancestors for generation after generation. They were and they are undemonstrative, apparently without affection and superficially cold. But they generally have opinions, right or wrong, and they are altogether willing, if nor anxious, to stand by their opinions to their last breaths. I scarcely think our government could have come into being without them."}. K. Hall on his Scotch-Irish ancestors in North Carolina, personal correspondence, 1941. This large, mobile and adaptive group of immigrants brought to their new homes a culture formed in Scotland and the north of Ireland and molded by migration. Much of the Ulster legacy had been put aside for new ways with few signs of regret. The Scotch-Irish brought a simple, practical and unadorned style of life, but in at least two essential areas, religion and agriculture, thier mark upon mountain life still bears witness to their Ulster origins. The other area besides religion where the Scotch-Irish left their mark upon mountain life was their use of the land. The pattern of mixed farming which they develop«P was one that they brought with them and which they found wellsuited to their new environment. This mixed farming was appropriate for the mountains because it did not require enormous amounts of first-quality land and could in fact utilize unclaimed "open range." Nor did it require the kind of capital that was needed to obtain the best lands, so it was better suited to a people most of whom had left Ulster with little material wealth. and it was appropriate to a heavily-forested and laborshort area. This type of mixed farming is described in the wills and farm inventories of the earliest settlers, such as those surviving for Haywood County. Grains were the dominant crops with Indian corn far and away the leader, followed oy oats, wheat and barley.- Plows are listed in most of the inventories, indicating that in addition to hoe cultivation many fields were also being cleared and plowed as agriculture moved out of the earliest pioneer phase. Other crops such as flax and cotton were also grown, though in small amounts for local use. This .t ype of agriculture, using slash and burn techniques to remove trees and the hoe to cultivate around the stumps which were left, as well as the raising of small numbers of animals, was a pattern which had been practiced in Ulster in the infield-outfield system, and it was a pattern which the Scotch-Irish stamped upon the mountains of western North Carolina. James Patton, the weaver from County Derry, offers a valuable insight into that.aspect of the frontier economy. In the Philadelphia area he had found various employment as a casual laborer until he had accumulated enough money by 1789 to purchase a supply of·goods and set out for western North Carolina. His experiences in Pennsylvania indicate that in fact Patton knew little about farm work and had no taste for it. This marked the beginning of his new career as a traveling merchant, taking trade goods south to the North Carolina mountains and driving livestock north to the cities of Washington, Balti!Ilore, and Philadelphia. His experiences give a good idea of what it took to prosper as.a merchant working the Great Wagon Road and into western North Carolina. During his life, he saw economic activity grow from the late 1780s, when there was little money available in the mountains, to the 1830s when his inventories of trade goods reveal a significant expansion of commerce. The primary "cash crop" that mountaineers raised was livestock, whici1 according to Patton was driven out of the mountains in large numbers, supplemented by furs, feathers, beeswax, and roots for medicine such as gipseng and snake root. He observed: ... I settled in the upper part of North Carolina at that time the poorest part of the country I ever saw to make property; but I do not entertain the same opi· nion now. Changes and improvements have convinced me that there are few sections of country superior to the western part of North Carolina. , KAW.AH - page 3 �WHAT IS PERMACULTURE " • • • Pe.Jtma.c.u.ltwr.e. -l6 ~ a c.oMdoU6ly duigne.d ag.Jtic.uli:WLe. .t>y.t>tem • •• that c.ombinu land.6c.ape. duign wi;th pe11.e.nniai. pf.ant.6 a.nd a.nimai.6 to make a. .t>a.6e. a.nd .6U6tainable. 11.uoWLc.e. 6011. town a.nd c.ou.ntluj• •a. :t.Jwly a.pp11.op.Jtia.te. te.c.hnology giving h-i..gh yie.ld.6 6011. low e.ne.11.gy inpd.6, a.nd U.6.lng only hu.ma.n .t>IUU and Welle.ct to a.c.hie.ve. a .t>table. ILe..l)oWLc.e 06 g11.e.a.t c.ompf.ex.lty and .6tabil..ity• • • • ( pe11.mac.u.ltwr.e.) -l6 a philo.t>ophy 06 woll.h.ing wi;th, 11.athell. than agaiMt na.twr.e; 06 p11.otll.a.c.te.d a.nd thought6ul ob.6M.va.tion 11.athell. than p11.otll.a.cte.d and thoughtlu.6 labo11.; and o~ looking a.t pf.a.nt.6 a.nd a.n.imal.6 in all the.ill. 6u.nc.tionli , Jta:the11. than tll.e.a.ting a.ny a.11.e.a. a..6 a. .t>ingle.-p11.odu.ct .t>y.t>tem." ---&ill. Molti..6on a..6 quoted in AGAYULI , Pvuna.c.uli:WLe New6lette11. THE CHICKENWIRE DAM EVERY YEAR HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF TONS OF TOPSOIL WASH OFF OF OUR AMERICAN LAND INTO THE OCEAN. SOIL IS ONE OF OUR K>ST PRECIOUS RESOURCES . WITHOUT F!ln'I LE SOIL. AGRICULTURE -THE FOUNDATION OF OUR CIVILI ZATI ONFAILS. THE LAND CAN NO LONGER SUPPO!n' BUMAN LIFE. THIS HAS HAPPENED THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY OF OUR PLANET MANY TIMES. IN FACT. MANY OF THE WORLD'S DESERTS ARE THE DIRECT RESULT OF POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND DE FORESTATION THAT LED TO SOIL LOSS THROUGH WIND AND WATER EROSION. PEBMACULTURE IS AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS THAT ARE ECOLOGICALLY SOUND,PERMANENT.SUSTAINABLE AND ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVING. THE PRACTICE OF PERMACULTURE DRAWS FROM THE BEST OF EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND COMBINES THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES TO CREATE CONSCIOUSLY DESIGNED, H!GH QUALITY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. THE CllICKENWIRE DAM. WHICH WAS DISCOVERED QUITE BY ACCIDENT. CAN PROVIDE A USEFUL TOOL FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION FOR SMALL STREAMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERMACULTURAL SYSTEMS. THE CHICKENWIRE DAM, WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY A RUMANMADE BEAVER DAM, IS QUITE EASY TO BUILD. SET LOCUST POSTS AT 4- FOOT INTERVALS ACROSS A SHALL STREAM BED AND UP THE SIDESOF THE STREAM BANK TO THE TOP EDGES. SECURE THE TWO END POSTS WITH GUY WIRES OR SOME OTHER BRACING SYSTP.M. ATTACH 36" OR 48" HI GH, l " OR 2" MESH CHICKENWIRE TO THE POST IN THE SAHE MANNER AS IF YOU WERE FENCING A CHICKEN YARD. IN FACT THIS DAM CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO A CHICKEN ENCLOSURE. SECURE THE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE CHICKENWIRE TO THE STREAM BOTTOM AND BANKS WITH PEGS OR ROCK. FLOAT HAY, LEAVES. OR SIMILAR DEBRIS DOWN THE STREAM ABOVE THE FENCING AND ALLOW IT TO BUILD UP ON THE FENCING AND GRADUALLY SEAL ON THE MESH . WATER WILL BEGIN TO DAM UP BEHIND THE DEBRIS-CLOGGED FENCING, WHILE SOME WATER ~LL CONTINUE TO PASS THROUGH AND OVER THE DAM. THIS STEP WILL HAVE TO BE REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES TO INCREASE THE HEIGHT OF THE DAM, AS DEBRIS PROGRESSIVELY BUILDS UP HIGHER AND HIGHER ON THE FENCING. EVEN THOUGH AT FIRST THE DAM WILL LEAK COPIOUSLY, OVER TIME THE DEBRIS WILL SEAL MORE TIGHTLY AGAINST THE CHICKENWIRE. THE CHICKENWIRE DAM HAS MANY POTENTIAL PERMACULTURAL APPLICATIONS. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE SYSTEM'S VIRTUES AND USES. IF YOU CAN COME UP WITH ANY MORE, PLEASE LET ME KNOW. 1. THE DAM IS INEXPENSIVE AND QUICK AND EASY TO CONSTRUCT. OTHER MATERIAL THAN CHICKENWIRE. SUCH AS WOVEN CANE OR BRUSH SECURED IN THE CREEK BEAVERDAM FASHION COULD BE USED. 2. THE DAM IS FLOOD PROOF. WATER JUST FLOWS THROUGH THE DAM OR OVER THE CHICKENWIRE CLOGGED WITH DEBRIS. IN FACT. FLOODS CAN ACTUALLY MAKE THE DAM POND DEEPER BY ADDING DEBRIS HIGHER UP ON THE DAM FENCING. J. THE DAM SLOWS WATER LFAVING THE PROPERTY AND INCREASES THE WATER' S POTENTIAL USES. 4. THE DAM ACTS TO COLLECT SILT AND SOIL BEING CARRIED DOWNSTREAM. THUS REDUCING A PROPERTY'S SOIL LOSS AND PROVIDING A SOURCE OF RIGH QUALITY , EASILY COLLECTED SOIL FOR RETURNING TO FIELDS AND GARDENS. THESE DAMS CAN BE PLACED IN A SERIES ALONG A STREAM FOR EVEN GREATER SOIL CONSERVATION AND COLLECTION. THE SILT THAT EVENTUALLY WOULD FILL THE AREA BEHIND THE DAM COULD BE USED FOR STREAMSIDE GROWING AREAS FOR SUCH PLANTS AS WILD RICE. CATTAILS, SAGITTARIA, CREEK MINT AND .OTHER AQUATIC PLANTS. 5. PONDS SO CREATED MAKE " GREAT POULTRY WATERING HOLES AND HABITAT FOR DOCKS . GEESE, FROGS , CRAYFISH, AND OTHER WILDLIFE OR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 6. THE DAMS. IF PLACED NEAR CULTIVATED AREAS. CAN BE USED FOR IRRIGATION PONDS FOR FLOOD. GRAVITY OR PUMP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS . By: Chuck Marsh , Bountiful Gardens , P.O . Box 509 , Dillsboro, NC 28725 (70 4) 586- 5186 , I<ATlWI - page 4 autum 1983 �SCOTCH-IRISH MIGRATION a-/fer ]uia, b°'J' t:lt &atlt continued from page 3 ij nf aJ4 :J }J,..lt Ml 1'.W\li: ~ HtAo""J ,,., k tu tfD.," ;,,, ft""' JJAilu.re1. 'JI JA°'rt:f wilh ,,,_ i1j c/,eu,., wa.h1J1 "These mountains /of North Caro/ma/ begin ro be populated rapidly. The salubri· ry of rhe air, rhe excellence of rhc warcr, and more especially rhe pasrurage of rhese wild peas for the carrle, are so many causes char induce new inhabiranrs ro serrle rhere. "Esrares of rhe first class are sold at rhe rare of two dollars, and rhe raxes are nor more rhan a half.penny per acre. In· dian corn, whear, rye, oats, and peach rrees, are the sold ob1ecr of culrure. "The inhabitants of these mountains are famed for being excel/enc hunters. Towards the middle of aurumn mosr of chem go in pursuir of bears, of which rhey sell rhe skins, and rhe flesh, which is very good, sttves chem in sr:.ear measure for food during that season. They prefer ir ro al/ ocher kinds of meat, and look upon it as the only thing rhey can ear wirhour being indisposed by it. They make also of their hind legs the most delicious hams ... They hunt chem wirh great dogs, which, wirhouc going near chem, bar/c, cease, and oblige chem to climb up a rree, when rhe hunter kills chem wirh a car· bine." F. A. Michaux, Travels il nulu.r11 "'Y jDUl. '); luJJ 1"I i.IO!Jf f/,I J4ih If rtpl ihidi"f /w ilj oi.m JIM. gtt~ 1~"f1' :J fA1Ut ~11WfA- ttltcYJ A~ j/u.""'1j #f iWAUJJ f :J f•r M tvf/, fo,. 11¥ &.rlJ, ij wilA. Mes Llj ~hl.a.inj w ilj JIA) ihtj fJ!mflJrl ~. 0, fta1 &ulJ,,, ym M je1 tl ""1«~vd i,. ilcl ~ '1f Mj tMM-~) I '-n filt1J, ""f 1'1i1Wi ,.,jlJi. n111t..l#ttj ~ ""°'! 1-ttJ MY 14JO!HJI,. jur1ly lit# iur 41'11 IJ,,e J'4j4,.j ;Mil ..n lite l4YJ If fo/1""' Ml ,,.r Zift uJ :; 1c1>ZZ J.in j,,, The Drovers' Road through North Carolina connected rhe region ro Charleston and Savannah. Ir was a roure of serrlement in che early 19th century as well as rhe sire of rhe carrle and swine drives char were so im· porranc ro che regional economy. sourhwesr~ i l!Je ha.vlf ef ih~ far1r1r-. _,y,. 1if: ~J ~.u,. CJr41111 HOW THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS GOT THEIR NAME - FROM A GUEST CONTRIBUTOR It is worthv notice, that our mountaini; are not liOlitnn• and scattered confusedlv o~er the face of the countrv; but that the~ c:ommcnce at about 15~ miles from the sea-coast, are' disposed in ridges one behind another, running nearly parallel with the sea-coast, though rather approaching it as they advance north-eastwardly. To the south-west, as the tract of countrv between the sea-coast and the ~l ississippi becomes narrower, the ~1ountains converge into a single ridge, which. as it appronches the Culph of :\lexico, subsides into plain countr~'· and gives rise to some of the wilters of that ~ulph. and particularly to a ri\'er called the Apillachicola, probably from tht- :\p;1l;1d1il'S, an Indian nation formerh· n•sidin~ on it. Hence the mount.tins ~i\'in~ rise to that river, and s~n from its various parts. ,,.l'rc e;1lll•d thl' :\p;1lachi;1n mountains, being in fact the md or ll'rmination only uf tlw ~'feat rid~es passing through the <.'Ontinl'llt. European gcograplwrs howc\'er l'Xtended the name northwardlv ns far as the mountoins extended; some giving it, after their separation into different ridges, to the Blue ridge, others to the North mountain, others to the Alleghaney, others to the Laurel ridge, as may he seen in their different maps. But the fact I believe is, that none of these ridges were e,·er lmo\\11 by that name to the inh;1bitants, either nati\'e or emigrant, but a~ tht>y saw them liO called in European maps. In the same dir<.'C'tion ~t·1wr;11l\' are the \'t>ins of limcstmll'. coal. and other minerals hitherto 1lisl~l\'t•rt•tl : :incl so range the foils of our ~rt·at ri\'ers. -TllOM.\S jEFt'Ell.>;OS Xotc1 0 11 tl1c State nf \ 'ir::,i11ia. 1781-82 West of the Alleghania, 1802. Two fundamental features of the early Scotch-Irish do stand out. The first is the cultural interaction they experienced with people around them throughout their migrations. They never settled in isolation from others. The second is their readiness to change and adopt new ideas and practices. Perhaps their most per· sistent trait as settlers on the American frontier was their way of using the land, evolved in the uplands of Scotland and Ireland and ideally suited to the frontier that unfolded south and west of Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their familiarity, even contentment, with this way of life drew them to the fron· tier and invited them ever onward in search of plentiful land and game. And here too their preference for the single family farm over the village community sustained their strong spirit of individuality and the importance of family and self-sufficiency. This is where their greatest influence lies - in the kind of land . use and social organization they brought to much of the South. The open range system in which crops were fenced and livestock roamed free prevailed across much of the South into .t he 20th century and is an important element in the shaping of Southern history. Southwestern North Carolina had by the mid-19th century created a society that was a synthesis of cultures and peoples reacting to their new environment. This new Appalachian culture was shaped by forces distinct to the region. Ethnicity was largely submerged by regional conflicts within the state; by new economic activities such as logging, mining, and tourism; by the intervention of the federal government in land policies and development projects; and by continuing in· and out-migration as the Southern Appalachians became increasingly differentiated from surrounding regions. Those who would understand modern Appalachia would be right to pursue these themes; but a true understanding of the traditions of the region and its sense of itself still calls us to back to the ethnic heritages the first settlers brought. ~ Migration of rhe Scocch·lrish People A Comprehensive Ex hibition Produced By Mounrain Heritage Center of Western Carolina University Sam Gray: Project Director Curtis Wood and Tykr Blethen: Hntorical autum 1983 R~arch and Writing ' I<ATUAH - page s �MOSHKA. t LAKlMA The. moon .6m.U.e.d Jted .thJr.ough the. ne.u a:t the. edge 06 the meadow. TJr.Unk, bMnc.h a.nd lea6 .6ha.dOW.6 .6netc.hed a.c.Jr.0.6.6 a. JLlppUng .6ea 06 the. t:a.ll gMUU a.nd wil..d6loWelL6 belong.lng to Ealith Mathe.Jr.' .6 late .6wnmeJt. Ro.6e. c.oloJted ha.Jr.vut moonU.ght .6lowly ga.ve. wa.y to .6h.,i.n,lng .6il.ve.1r., a.nd a..6 the. nee .6ha.do1Al6 .6hMnk, the. .li..ght 6eU upon the. two 6ox pup.6 pe.1r.c.he.d upon the. ta.ll.., .6mooth, Jr.Ound gMnlle. boulde.Jr. ,ln the. VeJL':f c.e.n.te.Jr. 06 the. meadow. A STORY BY SNOW BEAR Mo.6hka. a.nd La.IWna. 6eU the a.nc.ient powe.Jr. 06 .tha:t Jr.Oc.k .6.lng.lng thJr.Ough them, c.oUIL6ing ~d.6 th/Lough the pa.d6 06 the.iJr. plW6. But the.iJr. ga.ze tAn-6 6.bc.e.d upon the meadow; .6lowly .the.iJr. .6.talr.e. c»r.c.J.e.d .it., taJUng bt the. bowa:ty 06 ti6e tha..t .tlvt.ive.d on that JUc.h, bla.c.k .60il. and the plant.6 a.nd wec.U tha..t gJte:w on a.nd w.lthbt. The.iJr. e.alt.6 c.a.u.ght .the. c.on.tented IWmbl.lng 6Jr.Om .the bla.c.k beaJL '.6 thJr.Oa..t a..6 .6he. e.66oltt,lu.6lq lti.pped open .the Jr.Otten hemlock tha..t ha.d 6a.Ueninto .the. me.a.drxu. She .6a..t on he.Jr. hau.nc.hu, tic.k.lng 6Jr.Om he.Jr. pa.w the. wh.U:e. g.ltl.Lb.6 tha:t ha.d lived w.i.tkin the. log. HeJt c.ub poked a.nd .6c.Jr.a..tc.he.d a..t .the. .6o6t wood, 6incllng he.Jr. own 6ood . Clo.6eJt .to .the. a.nc.ie.n.t Jr.Och .the. wh.ue. 6la..6h 06 the .6kunk '.6 .6.tJU.pu dlr.w .the..ilt a.tte.n.tlon. A6 .they wa-tc.he.d he. .6c.Jr.a..tc.he.d a. hole. ,ln the. .6oil., Jte.a.c.hing down wLth one pa.w a.nd wlth.dJr..aw.in a. gJtea..t p.(.nk ri.igh.t CltaWleJr.. Then .tluwr. lz.e.e.n eyu caught the. UniJ Jtu.6.tting 06 gM.6.6 a..6 the. 6,le.ld mou.6e. Mn thJr.Ough hi.6 tunnel, c.otte.c.U.ng 6a.Ue.n .6e.e.d. They .6e.n.6e.d hi.6 6eaJL a..6 he. 6Jr.Oze. when the. .6ha.dow pa.ue.d ave.Jr. hi.6 ba.c.lz.. Vown-!Wrlne.d 6ea..the.lr..6 mu.66te.d the. .6ound 06 the. gJtea..t ho1tned owl' .6 6.li..ght a..6 .it. .6WOOped bt a..t gM.6.6 top level. to ha.Jr.vut IJU a.no.their. /,i..e.ld 110U6e. The. .6p.iJLlt6 06 the. boo young 6oxu .6oa.Jted upon the. .6ong.6 06 the. night: .the. c.hiltp 0 6 the. c.Jr.ic.lz.e.t.6, the. wlU.6 pelt 0 6 the. glta.6.6 e.6 tha..t ntaltke.d .the. pa.u.i.ng 06 .the tung .6nake., the. .tJt.iLllng 06 the. nee. 6Jr.Og.6, the. yipp.i.ng a.nd how.U.ng o 6 the c.oyotu, .the. de.e.p-.tlvr.oa..te.d hooting 06 .the owl. But then, 6Jr.Om the. wut, ca.me. a. ha.Jr..6h Jr.Oa.!Llng .tha:t dlr.owne.d out the .6ong.6 06 .the night. Mo.6hlz.a. a.nd LalWna. tultned a.nd IAJ!Lin.k,l.e.d theAJr. nw.LZzlU a..t the. .6meU a.nd .6ound 06 da.nge.1r. .tha..t wa..6he.d oveJt them. They c.Jr.Ouc.he.d down tow, pltU.6.ing the.tn.6e.l.uu a.ga.in.6t the. gMnlle. be.neath, gJr.Owt..i.ng a..t the. btv.l6ible. .thltea..t ,ln .the. w. A.nd .then, a..6 the. Jr.Oa.!Llng gJtw unbea.Mbly loud, .they .6a.w .it. c.oming ! A. bU.teJt, ove.1r.powe.Jt.lng w.ind bUIL6.t upon .the. va.Uey, .6na.pp.lng wea.lz. tJr.e.e..top.6, upending .6ha.Uow Jtoote.d nee tltunk.6 and 6la.tte.ning .the deU.c.a..te. meadow gJta.uu. It .6la.ppe.d the. two 6oxu, nybtg to tea.Jr. them aJAJa.':f 6Jr.Om .the a.nc.ient .6.tone., but they hehl on w.it.h a.U the.iJr. .6ne.ngth. Ic.y 6.ingell.6 cfug be.neath theAJr. .61z.bt; .the.Vt ha.c.lz.lu we.1r.e. M.l6ed, .theAJr. ha.iJt .6t.ood on end. And then, a..6 .6wi6tty a..6 .it. ha.d c.ome., .it. pa.ue.d on. They looked up bt we to .6 ee. .tha..t teM.lble. w.ind Jtoa.!Llng down the. vall.ey, .6 na.ppi.ng ne.u a.nd 6latte.n.i.ng gM.6.6 u a..6 .it. went. The. wind ha.d le.6.t; .it..6 biting c.hilt wU:hbt .them; the. on the.iJr. ne.c.lz..6 .6til.t .6tood out, the.iJr. eyu we.Jte wide. a.nd gla..6.6y with teJr.Jr.OJt. Looking a..t the. meadow they .6a.w d.tvtk .6ha.dowy c.la.IAl6 a.nd teeth Jr.U6hing a:t them. The. moonUgh.t 6-lU.e.d .the. .6pa.cu be.tween the .6ha.dow c.la.IAl6 with gho.6.tly .6il.ve1t .6ha.pu .tha..t CltaWle.d a.long .the. e.dgu 06 the 6ie.td. The. moon .it..6e.l.6 Wd.6 .tro.l6.te.d in.to a. .6c.owl.lng huma.n 6a.c.e.. PaiJr.6 06 a.ngJty Jte.d eyu .6t.alr.e.d a:t .them ha,iJr. KATOAR - page 6 autlm1 1983 �6Jtom wltkin .the g.11.a.uu thlr.eate.ning .to pou.nc.e and claw and b.lte. F1tom a.U. cU/r.e.c;tion6 came kideou.6 AntL'Ll.6 g1towl6 and Al.U:he.Jt.ing noi6u . ' Pa.n.i.c made. .them dlUJw down w.ltJWt .them6elvu 6rwthe.1t and 6WLtheJL; .they e.a.c.h. weJLe. 4b.6otu.telq alone., 601tgo.tten to ea.ch o.theJL. They coul.d onhj hu.nc.h oveJL and Ah..i.veJL. r.t l.00.6 Lak..ima. who 6.irralt.lJ ga.the11.ed the. 1tenw.Uning 4.tl!.e.ngth 06 hi6 Ahltin#Ung .6p.iltU and .in an .i.Jvr.u..Uta.bte. bu;t .6.U.e.nt vo.i.c.e. Aa..id, " Mo.6hka, took at me.I Look .into my e.yu l " She. twr.ned he.It he.ad and looked .in.to he.It bJto.the.Jt '.6 e.yu. A4 .the»r. eyu met, a Apalr.k l.00.6 tu..ndled. The tonge.Jt they looked, the AtltongeJL .the 6lame 61tOm .that Apalr.k g1te.w, until. .the 6.i.Jte 06 Ap.ilt.lt bl.a.zed .in .the.ilr. .6ou.l.6, rn.<.nd4 and bod.i.u. That IAJtVUnth .6plle.a.d .thJtOu.ghou;t to dutltoy .the cold 6e.a.Jt .that had COn6u.med .th~. When .the l.tu.t .tlutcu 06 6e.4Jt we.1te. gone, they bltOke .the.ilr. gaze upon ea.ch o.the.1t. They looked to the E44.t .into .the n,ight .that ha.d Awai.towed .that cold, powe.1t6u.l wlnd and .they .6en6ed a Ao6t Jtu.4.t.Ung 6.tow.i.ng up .the. valley. A '4Wlm, gentle bJte.eze moved .the .tl!.eu .into a Jthy.thmic., .614.tly.i.ng danc.e. It U6.ted up .the gll.444e6 .that had been p1r.u.6ed 6la.t and ILi.ppt.ed them gently, 44 .i.6 .the meadow l.00.6 the 4u.Jt6ace. 06 a AIWrrneJL.i.ng lake. The. &«1IUll iAJind calte.6.6 ed the.iJr. 6aCe6, and played wUh .the.i.Jt 6u.Jt 44 .lt had wUh .the. gJUZUe.6, JUppLi.llg .lt .in IAllVe.6 06 lted, white and black. Then .they 6elt .lt pa.u .in.to .the Wut, Jtutolt.i.ng eve11.rJ-th.i.ng .to .the calm .that had been be601te .the. cold wlnd lt4vaged .the. va.U.e.y. Once. 494.i.n .the meadow l.00.6 a pt.ace 06 be.a.u;ty .that frilled them IAllth Aong. The Aong came 6oltth ucaping .in.to .the. cte.a.Jt n.ight aAJr. and l.00.6 dJuuAwt .in.to .the he.a.Jtt 06 e.veJLy Uv.ing .th.i.ng .in .that pt.ace. Exha.u.6ted, .they padded Atowl.q and 40(,t.l.y u.p .the. Vlt.i.p Spll.i.ng Hollow and cLimbed .the. hA..U to .the. ltOck owt:Cltopping .that hel.d .the.ilr. home.. S.i..tt.i.ng .in a c.i.Jtcte .in 61tont 06 .the. den we11.e. Tlt..i.4hka and Ka.lwn4, .the.ilr. mo.the.It and 6athe11., and w.i.4e. old W44hte., the IUlcoon. The1te we.Jte .6.tlutnge du,i.gn6 .6CIUltched .into .the e.a.Jtth be601te. .them; they Aat .touch.i.ng ea.ch o.the11. '.6 paW6 and A.i.ng.i.ng .i.n a la.ngu.a.ge .the young 6oxu had neve.Jt he.a.ltd be60Jt.e. When .they dlr.e.w clo4 e, fAl44hte looked u.p and 44.i.d, " Thi6 n.i.ght you. have 6ou.ght tong and luvtd wUh an enemy 6e.w Me able .to conqu.e.Jt. FoJt you. have conqu.e11.ed the Sp.(Jt.lt 06 Fe.a.It and though .lt mtL1J 4444u.lt you. o6ten, you. wlU a.l.wa.y.6 be .lt4 ma.6.tell.. The. powe.Jt 06 .the. love .i.n you. that m44.te.Jted .lt wlU g1tow .6.tl!.onge.Jt .in .the 1Je.a.lt4 ahe.a.d. We .thJtee have 14Nltc.hed you. g1tow, r..m..tJUng .the Path 06 TIW.th, and knew you Welte 1te.a.dy .to 6ac.e .thi6 tJUal.. r.t l.00.6 we Jto Ae.nt .that Sp.(Jt.lt 06 Fe4Jt upon you., .to .6.tl!.e.ng.then you. and 40 you. m,i.ght know .the powe.Jt .that h44 601t Ao tong AptVr.k.t.ed wl.th.in you.Jt eyu. F1t0m .tw day on, you. have. w.ltJWt you.Jt Ap.i.Jr..lt .the c.hih.llten you. we.1te, bwt we wlU .tl!.U6t you. 44 ou.Jt .tJtu.ebJto.the.Jt and .t1we-.6i4.te.1t. But now, .into .the den wUh you.. " When .they CltaWled wl.th.i.n .the. 11.oc.k.6, be.6 011.e. .them a 6eJU.t l.00.6 la.id ou;t 06 a.U. .the.i.Jt 6avolt.lte. 6Jtu..lt4 06 the. meadow: bla.c.kbeNtq, .6br.awbeM.y, ll.44pbeM.IJ, and pe!t4..innon, all luvtvu.ted and dlr..i.ed .in .the. ti.me. 06 the.i.Jt Jt.i.pene.6.6. They ate glt4.te6u.lty, .then la..i.d down .in ne.w, .606.t bed.6 06 pu!Li6y.ing c.e.dalr. bou.gh.4 and went glt4Ce.6u.lty .in.to .the IA10lthJ. 06 dlr.e.am.6~ autmn 1983 Snow Bear is a teacher and herbalist of traditional alternatives for children and adults. He and his wife Khalisa are founders and directors of the Pepper land Farm Camp in Farner, Tenn. ~ - page 7 �In the North Carolina mountains, people have developed an appreciation for a variety of apples because apples were used in so many ways. In the old days, apples were not an occasional treat. They were a staple food. From the planning of the home orchard to the drying of the apple slices, every way possible was used to extend the apple season and preserve the fruit. In the absence of modern refrigeration, various kinds of apples came to be known not only for their taste but also for their rate of ripening and their capacity for preservation. Each apple had its specific season and purpose. Some apples are early apples and some are better late in the season. Some are for drying , some are best suited for sauce while others are best for canning. There are juicy ones for cider and hard ones for storing and, of course, there are plain And who knows how the Leatherman, old eating apples. the Milam, ~he Democrat and the During the season, some of the best Knotley Pea got their names. Many by Dou;J Elliott old-time eating apples are Crow's Eggs, of the apple varieties I mention Bellflowers, Black Hoovers, Virginia here are found only in a particular Beauties, and Spice apples. The small area, perhaps as small as a portion yellow Spice apples actually have a Just about anyone who's been raised of the county. And some names might distinctive wintergreen-mint flavor . be a local name for a widespread in·· the mountains or who's looked at Some eating apples will keep for months, variety. For example , Theron showed apples in the western part of our while others might be right for eating me what he called a "No-rthern Spice State has come cross Winter Johns or during only a few weeks of the season. Apple" that looked suspiciously some of the other old and almost Theron showed me a little apple called like a common New England breed forgotten varieties of apples. Until a Stripey. Early in the season the apple called "Northern Spy . " recently, an apple was just an apple has a crisp, tangy, white flesh; but if One of the great proponents of prefor me. That was before I started it gets too ripe or you let it sit around serving the many varieties of apples ranging the hills and hollows with the house too long, sometimes even for a was L.H . Bailey whose 1922 book, The Jheron Edwards, a sharp-eyed mountain few days, its crisp texture turns mealy. Apple Tree, lamented that of the more man from Yancey County raised in the "It'll almost choke you," says Theron of mountain tradition of self-sufficiency than 800 varieties listed in nurseryits sawdust-like texture. As good as this men's catalogues in 1892, not more and well in touch with much of the delicious morsel is fresh from the tree, than a hundred were available at the old-time wisdom and ways . After a you'll never find it in the suppermarket. time of book's publication. couple of seasons of seeing apples Sauce apples and canning apples each ' through Theron's eyes, I felt like have different properties; they aren't someone who had been shown a rainjust labeled as cooking apples . Good bow in full color after seeing only canning apples are firm-fruited and won't black and white. turn brown while a whole panful is peeled The fact is, there's an incredible andsliced. The slices hold their shape as variety of apples in the mountains of they are exposed to the rigors of home North Carolina. And by biting into a canning. Some good canning apples are few of these old-time apples we can Winter Johns, Pippins, Milams, Sweet tap the richness of a rapidly distA~ Russets, Knotley Peas, and Spitzbergens. appearing culture and life style. Although it is possible to make sauce out When I asked Theron how many types a, of almost any apple, the best have a soft of apples he knew, he rattled off a texture that will break down into sauce list of more than 20 varieties . Just with little cooking. Bellflowers and the names of these almost forgotten Stripeys are ideal for sauce-making. Juicy breeds left my head reeling with deapples like Winesaps and Sheep's Nose lend light. Some were named for what they themselves well to cider-making. Pippins resembled, like the elongated, lopand Crow's Eggs are favorite pie apples. sided Sheep's Nose apple, the oval The large Stripped Ben Davis is a favorite Crow's Egg, and the yellow Bellflower. "Why do we need so many kinds of baking apple. Others took people's names, presumapples?" Mr . Bailey asks. "Because Good canning apples are usually good ably the ones who developed the there are so many folks," he says. drying apples because of their firm flesh. variety or who first brought it into "A person has a right to gratify his Apple-drying was an important home industry the area. So there's Stark Apples, legitimate taste. If he wants twenty or in many parts of North Carolina . Itinerant Betsy Deatons, Black Hoovers, Stripforty kinds of apples for his personal merchants traveled back country buying or ed Ben Davis's and Ducketts. Still use, running from Early Harvest to trading dried apples. Theron tells of Others, like the Winesap, Sweet Roxbury Russett, he should be accorded peeling and slicing basket after basket Russet, Stripey and Spice apple are the privilege. There is merit in of apples which were dried on racks over named for their distinctive tastes, variety itself . It provides more the cookstove . In some areas the apples wer color patterns or both. The contacts with life, and leads away cored and sliced into rings which were drie _ Spitzbergen and the Virginia Beauty from uniformity and monotony." by stringing the slices on a pole . Drying refer tn their place of origin; the Today, according to the North is one of the simplest and, if you have a Horse apple is so big and sour that Carolina Agricultural Extension Service wood stove, one of the most efficient ways it is considered fit only as feed 90% of the State's co11DDercial apple to preserve apples. Just slice the apples for horses; the Limbertwig was crop is made up of only their varieties thinly and spread them on window screens named for the distinctive shape and Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and CONTINUED ON flexible limbs of arent tree. Rome Beaut • aubml 1983 KMUAH - paqe 8 ,, =1nd by bitin.y into a few of tAese old-time apples we can ttLf rtc/in,ess '?f :ap tdl_y dts°i'feartTtj cutture and lifestyle.'' �...- :· . ~,. . •>...,, . -- · _ _ ..,.....a - .- -~---~ for B, a geopolitical song as emblem, in this 22nd year of heavenly deadlock "The bastard wilde Popple is called ••••• in English winde Rose •• ••• " Gerarde, Herbal (II, lxx 301), 1597 "In those days, even though ancient astronomers had learned to divide the circle mathematically, directions were not marked by degrees, but in terms of winds • Every experienced seaman, however untutored, knew his winds. They meant more to him than any number 0 to 360. Since the ancients recognized 12 primary winds, at first the medieval compass cards were circles divided into 12 directional points •• ••• And the way they were drawn, often with artistic flair, reminded sailors of a 32-petaled flower. Hence the compass cards became known as wind roses. To this day the Portugese call the compass card a rosa dos ventos, a wind rose, and any modern cartographer wishing to affect an old chart places in one corner an elaborate and full- blown wind rose." John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers, 1981 Finally, of course, there are oo naps, oo c:arpasses, oo destinations. No plans . No yesterdays. No tarorrows. Just place. The only lodestar is your heart. Switchbacking fran the cul-de-sac above the shade we pass through air so still it is a balm but we can see that sure breeze jagging treelight on the crestline & when we get there, love, I pranise you it will swirl us into pattern up the main ridge to CliJ'9'1BllS (passi1'¥3 over the JUdge's eyrie at Sharp Top we' 11 raven-croak in unison into his solanness) & sail us Cbwn the high divde to Silers Bald & 'lhurderhead & on & on & on devouring the upgrades & laurel hells with the sheer ease of flight (the ridges west in Tennessee are negligible but eyeing the other incline we'll tick off Forney Welch Jenkins Twenty Mile & IDI¥3 Hun;p:y &you&I will spy the threads in this tapestry glinting in the norni1'¥3 sun Peachtree Noland Forney Hazel for this is our & Eagle range) till the downdraft shelves to Fontana & ~ering back through the old river valley finds us wieldil'¥3 these walkID]sticks tryi1'¥3 to get a little higher on the slope together • . ..• . ... . ;,.,· autl:lm 1983 KAnfAH - page 9 �...... "I WAS VRIVING BACK ON 1-40 FROM RALEIGH, AMV I STARTEV TO GET THIS EXCITEV FEELING AS I VROVE INTO THE FOOTHILLS. I BEGAN TO FEEL THAT CERTAIN FEELING OF BEING IN THE MOUNTAINS AGAIN AS I STARTEV TO CLIMB, ANV I KNEW I WAS COMING HOME. THE MOUNTAINS WERE IN FRONT OF ME, LOOKING MAGNIFICENT. YOU KN(XJJ THE WAY THEY ARE SOMETIMES, WITH l BIG CLOUDS GATHEREV ALL AROUMV THE TOPS ANV THE SUNLIGfT SLANTING THROUGI, LIKE GOV WAS SAYING, 'THESE ~ ARE MY MOUNTAINS, KEEP THEM HOLY'." THE APPALACHIAN BIOREGION, LIKE THE LAND ANYWHERE, IS AN EXPERIENCE. IT IS THE BEING THERE, THE WORKING , THE EXPLORING, THE COMING TO GRIPS WITH ITS MYSTERIES THAT ULTIMATELY .PROVIDES OUR PHYSICAL SUBSISTENCE AND OUR SPIRITUAL STRENGTH. WRITINGS AND MAPS CAN NEVER SUBSTITUTE FOR THIS EXPERIENCE. THERE IS A SPECIAL INTENSITY IN STANDING AT THE TOP OF A STEEP MOUNTAIN RIDGE LOOKING OUR OVER FORESTED VALLEYS OR IN ARISING AT DAYBREAK ABOVE ROLLING BANKS OF CLOUDS THAT ISOLATE THE MOUNTAINTOPS LIKE ISLANDS IN A GRAY OCEAN. THERE IS A PERVADCNG SENSE OF ALIVENESS """ AND AWARENESS IN A FOREST OF TALL TREES THAT AWAKENS THE MIND TO THE NATURAL SURROUNDINGS AND REVEALS A SPECIAL SENSE OF PRESENCE. BUT WORDS AND PICTURES CAN BE GUIDES TO POINT THE WAY. IT IS PLAIN TO SEE ON THE LAND SURFACE MAP OF THE EASTERN RALF OF THE CONTINENT, TURTLE ISLAND, THAT THERE IS AN APEX OF INTENSE ENERGY: THE BLUE RIDGE AND SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS, WITH THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS AS THE ENERGY CENTER. FROM THAT CENI'ER, THE ENERGY FLOWS OUT, RADIATING IN ALL DIRECTIONS. JUST AS IRON FILINGS WILL DELINEATE THE INVISIBLE FLOWS OF MAGNETIC FORCE, THE LINES OF THE RIVERS ON THE MAP SHOW THE ENERGY PATHS RADIATING OUTWARD. THE RIVERS ARE BORN IN THE MOUNTAINS. TREY FLOW OUTWARD IN ALL DIRECTIONS: EAST TO THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD; SOUTH INTO THE PALMETTO COUNTRY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA; INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO THROUGH THE ALABAMA LOWLANDS OR BY WAY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE WEST; EVEN NORTH TO THE GREAT LAKES. THE POWER OF THE EARTH SPIRIT FLOWS OUT OVER ALL THE LANDS THERE ARE BOUNDARIES TO THE MOUNTAIN REGION; BUT THEY ARE "SOFT" BOUNDARIES. NATURE DOES NOT LEND HERSELF TO HARDAND-FAST LINES, BUT RATHER TO TENCENCIES. NIGHT MOVES INTO DAY, WINTER MOVES INTO SPRING - THE DIFFERENCES ARE APPAI<A1lJAH - page 10 RENT, BUT THE PRECISE POINT WHERE THE TRANSITION TAKES PLACE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEFINE. SO IT IS WITH THE LAND. AS ONE TYPE OF CLIMATE, VEGETATION, OR TERRAIN MERGES INTO ANOTHER, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MARK THE PRECISE CROSSOVER POINT. / t<ATUAH: THE CENTER "ON CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS, THEY FREQUENTLY SPEAK OF THEMSELVES AS "ANI-KITUHWAGI" OR "PEOPLE OF KITUWHA", AN ANCIENT SITTLEMENT ON THE TUCKASEGEE RIVER ANV APPARENTLY THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS OF THE TRIBE." - Jamu Mooney, My.th.6 06 .the. CheJr.Oke.e. ~ THIS NAME, KATUAH, APPEARING IN A VARIETY OF PHONETIC SPELLINGS, REFERRED TO THE CHEROKEE VILLAGE LOCATED JUST BELOW THE JUNCTION OF THE TUCKASEGEE AND OCONOLUFTEE RIVERS IN autmin 1983 �WHAT IS NOW CALLED SWAIN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. THIS VILLAGE DOMINATED THE "MIDDLE TOWNS" OF THE CHEROKEE NATION, THOSE VILLAGES LYING ALONG THE TUCKASEGEE AND THE UPPER PART OF THE LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER, AND THAT AREA WAS FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO AS KATfiAH. .. THE MEANING OF THE WORD KATUAH HAS BEEN LOST, BUT IT IS ONE OF THOSE WORDS THAT CARRIES A SIGNIFICANCE DEEPER THAN ITS DEFINITION. THE WORD WAS USED WITH DEEP RESPECT, AND, ACCORDING TO MOONEY, WAS "FREQUENTLY EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE WHOLE TRIBE". ... THESE RANGES PERHAPS RELATE MORE TO THEIR LOCAL ENVIRONS THAN TO THE APPALACHIAN SYSTEM AS A WHOLE. ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN, THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU FOLLOWS THW MOUNTAINS SERVING AS A TRANSITION AREA BETWEEN THE HEIGHTS AND THE COASTAL PLAIN • APPALACHIA IS BOUNDED ON THE WEST BY THE TERRITORY DEFINED BY THE OHIO, CUNBERLAND, AND TENNESSEE RIVER DRAINAGES. TO THE SOUTH, THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM DIMINISHES IN NORTH GEORGIA AND NORTHEAST ALABAMA UNTIL IT CEASES ALTOGETHER IN , THE VICINITY OF THE GREAT ETOWAH MOUND NEAR MARIETTA, GEORINDEED, IT CAN BE SEEN ON THE MAP THAT KATtl-·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . , GIA. AH IS THE GEOGRAPHICAL CENTER OF THE CBER<r KEE TERRITORY, AS TH.§ INDIANS APPARENTLY ECONOMICALLY , THE CITY OF ATLANTA , ORIWERE WELL AWARE . KATUAH ALSO COINCIDES WITH GINALLY THE OLD RAILROAD JUNCTION, THE ENERGY CENTER FOR THE EASTERN HALF OF FACES AWAY FROM THE HIGHLANDS TOWARDS THE TURTLE ISLAND CONTINENT. IT IS FROM THE PROFITABLE COMMERCE OF THE SOUTHTHIS CENTEJ WE BORROW THE NAME FOR OUR PR<r EASTERN FLATLANDS. YET .THE MOUNVINCE, l<ATUAH. AND '!T IS THROUGH THE NAME TAINS ARE ALWAYS THERE, SENDING KATLJAH WE HOPE IN OUR MODERN CONTEXT TO REOUT THEIR INFLUENCE, AND STILL AWAKEN THE SPIRITUAL IDENTITY THIS AREA HAS HAVE A HOLD ON THE HEARTS OF MANY HAD IN THE PAST. OF THE CITY'S PEOPLE. THIS PROVINCE, THE FOCUS OF OUR ENERGIES THE APPALACHIANS ARE THE OLDEST AND OUR OWN BIOGEOGRAPHICAL NICHE, ROUGHLY MOUNTAINS ON THE CONTINENT. IN THE COINCIDES WITH THE ORIGINAL AREA OF CHER<r EONS OF THEIR YOUTH, IT IS HYPOTHEKEE SETTLEMENT IN PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES. SIZED THAT THEY STOOD AS TALL AS THE THIS AREA IS ALSO LARGELY COINCIDENTAL WITH HIMALAYAS. NOW, ROUNDED AND WORN WITH "OLD APPALACHIA", THE GEOLOGICAL NAME FOR AGE, THEY ARE A DEEP STORE OF WISDOM, THE EARLIER FORMATIONS OF THE APPALACHIAN STRENGTH, AND ENDURANCE. THEY ARE THE CHAIN - THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS, THE UNAKA ELDERS OF THE LAND, AND THEIR ENERRANGE, AND THE TRANSVERSE RANGES BETWEEN GIES ARE MORE SUBTLE AND DEMAND MORE THEM . ~""" d.e. "'-.P ATTUNEMENT THAN THE RAW PRIDE OF THE Tll f.: CllJ:;HOJ<EI·: MOUNTAINS TO THE WEST GLORYING IN THEIR PHYSICAL STRENGTH. THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN WAS FORMED IN TWO DISTINCT STAGES. "THE GREAT APPALACHIAN .JAMl':S :-.100.N t-:\" THE POWER OF THE APPALACHIANS IS A 11:)00 VALLEY" - THE TENNESSEE AND SHENANDOAH STRONG FORCE IN THE LIVES OF ALL RIVER VALLEYS SEEN AS ONE - DIVIDES @dui-rft..J K~ ..t~ site. THE PEOPLE UNDER THEIR INFLUENCE. "OLD APPALACHIA" FROM "NEW APPALACHIA" ~ .__ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __.THEY STAND STRONG ABOVE THE RUSH OF THE ALLEGHENIES AND THE CUMBERLAND THE COASTAL POPULATION CENTERS. MOUNTAINS, YOUNGER RANGES THAT CONTAIN THE MASSIVE COAL DECALM, IMPASSIVE, ENDURING, THEY GROUND AND BALANCE THE POSITS SO CHARACTERISTIC OF APPALACHIA JN MANY PEOPLE'S l'KENETIC ENERGIES OF THE PROFIT-SEEKERS AND THOSE TOO MINDS. ABSORBED IN SIMPLY MEETING THE BILLS ON THEIR LIVES TO NOTICE WHERE THEY ARE OR THE WORLD OF LIFE AROUND THEM. THE MOUNTAINS ARE IN MANY WAYS SIMILAR THROUGHOUT, BUT THE MINING OF COAL HAS PERMEATED THE HISTORY, CULTURE, ECONOLIKE THE MOUNTAINS' POSITIVE BENEFITS, THE CHANGES THAT MICS, AND CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE PEOPLE OF "NEW APPALACHIA" WOULD COME ABOUT IF THEIR INFLUENCE WERE DIMINISHED BY TO SUCH AN EXTENT THAT ENTIRELY DIFFERENT CONDITIONS HAVE THE MISTAKES AND EXCESSES OF HUMANKIND WOULD ALSO BE BEEN CREATED BETWEEN THE TWO HALVES OF THE APPALACHIAN SUBTLE AND FAR-REACHING. IN WHAT MANNER THESE CHANGES CHAIN. HOPEFULLY, THESE WILL BE RESOLVED IN THE COURSE OF WOULD APPEAR IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY, BUT THEY WOULD POST-INDUSTRIAL HISTORY, BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME. SURELY aE DESTRUCTIVE AND WOULD LESSEN THE VITALITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AND OUR POTENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL. APPALACHIA: O SIORE&lON UR THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS FROM EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA TO THEIR SOUTHERN LIMITS IN NORTHERN GEORGIA AND ALABAMA COMPRISE OUR COMPLETE BIOREGION. PROTECTING AND MAINTAINING THE LIFE OF THE MOUNTAINS IS A VERY PRACTICAL SORT OF WISDOM, FOR OUR WELL-BEING AND THE SPIRITUAL HEALTH OF THE LAND ARE INTIMATELY LINKED. CLWTINUED ON PAG£ tO GEOLOGICALLY, THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN PICKS UP AGAIN TO THE NORTH AS THE CATSKILL AND ADIRONDACK MOUNTAiNS IN NEW YORK STATE AND THE GREEN AND WHITE MOUNTAINS IN NEW ENGLAND. BUT aut\ml 1983 r KATlWl - page 11 �A RESOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR KATUAH AREA THE BIOREGION IVEA AKWESASNE NOTES. A BASIC CALL TO CONSCIOUSNESS: THE RAV DENO SAU NEE ADDRESS TO THE WESTERN WORLD. AKWESASNE NOTES, PUBLISHER-cJo MOHAWK NATION, ROOSEVELTOWN, NY 1368~e bioregional ethic as lived by the Iroquois Nation from Paleolithic era to the present and the attack upon it by European colonialism. BERG, PETER, ed. REINHABITING ! SEPARATE COUNTRY. PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION, BOX 31251, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94131. 1978. The bioregional experience, Northern California as example. BERRY, WENDELL. THE UNSETTLING OF AMERICA. SIERRA CLUB, LAND. NORTH POINT PRESS, SNYDER, GARY . EARTH HOUSE.ti:OLD. NEW DIRECTIONS; THE OLD WAYS. CITY LIGHTS; THE REAL WORK. NEW DIRECTIONS; TURTLE ISLAND. NEW DIRECTIONS. Bioregional classics - poems and essays of respect to Gaia and the "real work", getting in touch with ourselves and nature. TUKEL, GEORGE. TOWARD! BIOREGIONAL MODEL ; BERG, PETER. t?IGURES OF REGULATION; TODD, JOHN & TUKE~. GEORGE. REINHABITING CITIES AND TOWNS. PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION, publisher. Some of the publications from Planet DrlDD which give a good overall $ense of designing for sustainability. periodicals: AKWESASNE NOTES. c/o MOhAWK NATION, ROOSEVELTOWN, NY 13683. Official publication of the Mohawk Nation; Best statemect of the traditional Native viewpoint on modern problems . CoEVOLUTION QUARTERLY (CEQ). "WATERSHE!'JS" ISSUE. WINTER, 1976-77. published t;y the Whole Earth Catalog, Box 428, Sausalito, CA 94966. CoEVOLUTION QUARTERLY. "BIOREGIONS" ISS!.iE . no . 32 WINTER 1981. published oy tile: Whole Earth Catalog . RAISE 7HE STAKES.PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION, Box 31251, Sa& Francisco, CA 94~31. - - Tri-annual publication dedicated to "deve:!.oping, analyzing <i-:ld communicating the concept of a bioregion". Interested in developing an exchange among individuals and groups "tnat are exploring cultural, environmental anci economic forms appropriate to L:he places they live in". GEOLOG'I ROGERS, JOHN. THE TECTONICS OF THE APPALACHIANS. WILEY-INTERSCIENCE, 1970. NATURAL HISTORY Use any good field identification books ( The A~dubon Field Guides good) plus the following of special regional interest: BROOKS, MORRIS. THE APPALACHIANS. ~re particularly Natural History textbook. CAMPBELL, HUTSON, SHARPE. GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN WILDFLOWERS . UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS. CHILTOSKEY, .'1ARY & HAMEL, PAUL . CHEROKEE PLANTS. HERALD PUBLISHING, 1975. Syl va, NC ELLIOTT, DOUG. ROOTS. CHATHAM PRESS . Exceller.t 5uide to r:ne underground world of medicinal and othe::vide useful plant rhizomes. GRAY, SAM. HAZEL CREEK: PATTERNS OF LIFE ON AN APPALACHIAN WATERSHED. MOUNTAIN HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY, CULLOWHEE, NC. HESLER, L. R•. ' MUSHROOMS OF THE GREAT SMOKIES. KROCHMAL, ARNOLD AND CONNIE. GUIDE TO MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES . QUADRANGLE PRESS. Experts on Appalachian plant life. KATUAH - page 12 autunn 1983 �LINZEY, ALICIA AND DONALD. MAMMALS OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK. UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS. STUPKA, ARTHUR. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK; TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK. One of the best-k. lwn naturalists specializing on this area. STUPKA, ARTHUR AND HUHEEY, JAMES. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK. The Smokies are known for the varieties of amphibious creatures. BARTRAM, WILLIAM. THE TRAVELS OF WILLIAM BARTRAM. BARNES & NOBLE. One of the first whites into the area, Bartram wrote of the land and the Indians in almost an untouched state. TIME-LIFE. THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS . TIME-LIFE BOOKS AND JEROME DOOLITTLE, 1975. NATIVE INHABITANTS There are a lot of books on the Cherokees, but it is hard to find information about their traditional ways. Mooney is the best source. MOONEY, JAMES. MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE AND SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEE. CHARLES ELDER, BOOKSELLER. GRAY, SAM. MYTHIC MAPS: CHEROKEE LEGENDS OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. MOUNTAIN HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY. ULMER, MARY AND BECK, SAMUEL. CHEROKEE COOKLORE . PUBLISHED BY MARY AND GOINGBACK CHILTOSKY, 1951. MUSEUM OF CHEROKEE INDIAN. JOURNAL OF THE CHEROKEE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. CHEROKEE, NC 28719 . Periodical . Sometimes interesting, sometimes boring accounts of Cherokee life and history, almost always by white academics. WHITE SETTLERS: HISTORY ANO CU L TURE CAMPBELL, JOHN C. THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDER AND HIS HOMELAND. UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY . KEPHART, HORACE. OUR SOUTHERN HIGHLANDERS . UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS LOVINS, CLIFFORD R. OUR MOUNTAIN HERITAGE. MOUNTAIN HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY. PARRIS, JOHN. ROAMING THE MOUNTAINS ; MY MOUNTAINEERS, MY PEOPLE; THESE STORIED MOUNTAINS. A good storyteller and knowledgeable"""'ibout the mountains, if you can get through his descriptive verbiage . VAN NOPPEN, JOHN AND INA. WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. APPALACHIAN CONSORTIUM PRESS. WIGGINTON, ELIOT, ed. THE FOXFIRE BOOK and FOXFIRE 2-6. ANCHOR PRESS/DOUBLEDAY. The famous interview series on mountain culture. SEEING BERRY, WENDELL. THE WHEEL (poems) ; FARMING:~ HANDBOOK : THE COUNTRY OF MARRIAGE CARTER, FORREST. THE EDUCATION OF LITTLE TREE. DELACORTE PRESS. A young boy learns from his Cherokee grandparents in East Tennessee. DILLARD, ANNIE. PILGRIM AT TINKER CREEK. HARPER'S MAGAZINE PRESS. PORTER, ELIOT (PHOTOS) AND ABBEY, EDWARD (TEXT). APPALACHIAN WILDERNESS . BALLANTINE BOOKS. NEW YORK, 1973. POLITICS ASKINS, JOHNSON, LEWIS, editors . COLONIALISM IN MODERN AMERICA: THE APPALACHIAN CASE. EMERGING 810REGIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN RESOURCE CATALOG. PUBLISHED 1980-82 . AVAILABLE NOW IN LIBRARIES OF WNC AREA. autunn 1983 �FOLKS IN THE OZARKS HAVE BEEN MEETING AS A BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS EACH YEAR FOR THE LAST THREE YEARS. OTHER BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES AROUND OUR CONTINENT ARE BEGINNING TO CONVENE AS WELL. IN FACT, THERE IS EVEN GOING TO BE A NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS IN SPRING OF 1984 TO BRING TOGETHER ALL OF THESE CONGRESSES. WHY ARE THESE CONGRESSES HAPPENING AND WHAT ARE THEY ABOUT? WELL, FIRST OF ALL, BIOREGIONAL BOUNDARIES ARE CLEARLY DIFFERENT THAN POLITICAL BOUNDARIES.WHEN YOU BEGIN TO THINK BIOREGIONALLY, YOU BEGIN TO HONOR WHOLE PROCESSES THAT SURROUND YOU. YOU CANNOT CUT OFF A MOUNTAIN RANGE JUST BECAUSE IT HAPPENS TO EXTEND INTO ANOTHER STATE; NOR CAN YOU SAY THAT YOU CAN FORGET WHAT HAPPENS DOWN RIVER BECAUSE IT HAPPENS TO BE UNDER OTHER'POLITICAL JURISDICTION'. IN OTHER WORDS, BIOREGIONAL BOUNDARIES INCLUDE "WHOLE SYSTEMS" AND HONOR THE NATURAL, ECOLOGICAL "LEGAL" SYSTEM THAT IS ALREADY FUNCTIONING. BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES A.lIB INFORMAL LEGISLATIVE BODIES WHICH HAVE 'CROPPED UP', SO TO SPEAK, WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE BIOREGIONS. A MAIN PURPOSE OF A BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS IS TO REFLECT WITHIN THE HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS/CULTURE THE WIDER "BIOLEGAL" STRUCTURE THAT EXISTS IN THAT BIOREGION; IN OTHER WORDS, TO TRANSLATE INTO HUMAN TERMS THE ECOLOGICAL LEGAL SYSTEM WHICH IS ALREADY FUNCTIONING IN THAT BIOREGION. ANOTHER PURPOSE OF A BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS IS TO FACILITATE THE ADAPTATION--INTEGRATION--INTER-FACING OF THE HUMAN CULTURE INTO THE WIDER BIO-SYSTEM. HERE THE EMPHASIS IS ON "SUSTAINABILITY". ARE HUMAN PRACTICES THERE --ECONOMIC, SPIRITUAL, SOCIAL,ETC.-- ALLOWING FOR OR CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BIOREG- ION. THE FOLKS IN THE OZARKS WHO CONVENE EACH YEAR AS THE OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS (O.A.C.C.) HAVE BEGUN TO EVOLVE A VIABLE PROCESS FOR "CONGRESSING". THEY HAVE FIRST IDENTIFIED ALL THE VARIOUS ASPECTS IN THE BIOREGION WHICH THEY CONSIDER TO BE SIGNIFICANT. HAVING IDENTIFIED THESE ASPECTS, THEY , THEN, HAVE SET UP ELEVEN PERMANENT STANDING COMMITTEES TO ADDRESS THESE INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS AND TO CAUCUS DURING EACH CONGRESS. THE ELEVEN COMMITTEES ARE AS FOLLOWS : APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS COMMUNITIES/ALTERNATIVE LAND TENU AGRICULTURE/DIRECT MARKETING BIOREGIONAL/ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ENERGY/RENEWABLE RESOURCES HEALTH EDUCATION/NETWORKING/COMMUNICATION PEACE/HUMAN RIGHTS SAFE ENERGY KAT6AH - page 14 autunn 1983 �EACH REPRESENTATIVE ATTENDING THE CONGRESS IS ASKED TO JOIN ONE OF THE ELEVEN STANDING COMMITTEES AND TO CAUCUS WITH THAT COMMITTEE DURING THE CONGRESSIONAL SESSION. THE COMMITTEES MEET SEVERAL TIMES DURING THE FOUR-DAY SESSION OF THE CONGRESS --DOING INTENSIVE NETWORKING, INFORMATION-SHARING, AND PLANNING WHAT THEY WILL DO AS A GROUP FOR THE COMING YEAR. A MAJOR FUNCTION FOR EACH STANDING COMMITTEE IS TO DRAFT A SET OF RESOLUTIONS -WHICH ACT AS A PERMANENT GUlDELINE FOR THAT COMMITTEE'S DIRECTION. TOWARDS THE END OF THE CONGRESSIONAL SESSION , THE RESOLUTIONS ARE THEN BROUGHT TO THE FULL CONGRESS IN PLENARY SESS ION AND ARE REVIEWED AND RATIFIED . TAKEN AS A WHOLE THE BODY OF RESOLUTIONS FROM THE ELEVEN MAJOR COMMITTEES THEN FORMS THE CONSTITUTION/MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE CONGRESS. THROUGH ITS CONSTITUTION , THE CONGRESS-BY IDENTIFYING THE MAJOR AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BIOREGION -- HOPES TO PROVIDE A "ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE" TO THE ACTUAL BIOREGION, IN ORDER TO ACKNOWLEDGE ITS COMPLEXITY AND INTERWOVENESS AND, THEREFORE, TO CONSCIOUSLY PLAN FOR ITS SUSTAINABILITY. IN OTHER WORDS , THE CONGRESS HOPES TO "MIRROR" THE BIOREGION. THE REPRESENTATIVES WHO ATTEND THE CONGRESS ARE MAINLY PEOPLE FROM THE BIOREGION WHO ARE ALREADY INVOLVED IN THE "SUSTAINABILITY" OF THE BIOREGION IN SOME WAY --EITHER THROUGH THE ARTS, THE ENVIRONMENT, THE REGIONAL ECONOMY,ETC . THE CONGRESS IS NOT "JUST ONE MORE THING TO DO" -- IT IS A WAY OF LETTING PEOPLE WHO ARE ALREADY WORKING ON PARTICULAR ISSUES OR IN SPECIFIC AREAS SEE HOW THEY ' FIT IN' TO THE WIDER PICTURE OF SUSTAINING THE BIOREGION AND TO RENEW THEIR SENSE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR PERSONAL ACTION . IN THE YEAR BETWEEN CONGRESSES, THE STANDING COMMITTEES MAY MEET PHYSICALLY , OR JUST MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MEMBERS , OR DO NOTHING AT ALL. THEIR DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION IS ENTIRELY SELF-DETERMINING AND DEVELOPS OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS. O.A.C.C. FEELS THAT IT IS KEY THAT THE CONGRESS DEVELOP IN A NON-FORCED, ORGANIC WAY -- THAT THERE NOT BE STRONG EXPECTATIONS LAID ON THE CONGRESS OR ITS COMMITTEES IN ITS FIRST YEARS. THE METAPHOR IS THAT OF Ni\TURAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: LET IT UNFOLD, REMEMBERING THAT THE BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS MODEL IS NOT BASED ON "HUMAN LAW" AND HUMAN PRIORITIES BUT RATHER ON THE WIDER RHYTHMS. THE VARIOUS BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES ON THIS CONTINENT AND THOSE BEGINNING IN EUROPE ARE EMERGING BECAUSE THE STANDARD LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES, BOTH REGIONALLY AND NATIONALLY, ARE NOT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THIS REALITY OF WHOLE, INTERDEPENDENT SYSTEMS NOR ARE THEY TAKING ON THE TASK OF SUSTAINING OUR ECOLOGICAL, CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE. THESE EMERGING BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES ARE PROVIDING A MEANS FOR HEALING AND RE-NEWING THE BODY POLITIC, IN ITS TRUE SENSE. THROUGH THESE CONGRESSES, WE HUMANS CAN AGAIN ALIGN OURSELVES WITH THE FORCES THAT ALLOW THIS PLANET TO EXIST. dltawn 61Wm c.onveJt6a..Uon6 wlth Vav.ld Hae.nke. HERE IS A LIST OF BIOREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, BOTH EXISTING ONES AND THOSE IN FORMATION: OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS , O.A.C.C. O.A. C. C., Box 129, Drury, Missouri 65638. Thia Congress meets in the fall of each year. Bioregionaliata from other areas are welcome to attend. O.A. C.C. is also spearheading t he co-ordination of the upcOIDing North Amer ican Bioregional Congress . THE GREAT LAKES BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS G.L.B.C. , Box 24 , Old Mission, Michigan 49673. Thia Congress is now being formed and plans to hold its first congress in October ('83). OCOOH AREA COHMUNITY CONGRESS OCOOH, c/o Spark Burwiaater, Rt.l, Box 77A, Chaseburg Wisconsin 54621. This Congress is now organizing and may hold a Congress this fall ('83). NEW YORK STATE BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS - c/o Alan Casline/ROOTDRINKER, Box 864, Sarasota Springs , New York 12866. Thia Congress is now forming and is planning for a Congress to be held July 4, 1984. KANSAS AREA WATERSHED COUNCIL, KAW KAW, 816 Mississippi St, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Thia Congress formed in Kay, 1982. A Congress is scheduled for tbJ.s fall ( '83). O. S.INTERIOR PACIFIC NORTHWEST c/o Michael Pilarski, Friends of the Trees Society Box 1064, Tonasket, Washington 98855 . A bioregional gathering is being planned for this winter ('83). SOUTHERN APPALACHIA BIOREGION c/o KATUAH, Rt . 2 Box 132, Leicester, NC 28748. A strong bioregional consciousness is coming out of this area. A new bioregional journal KATUAH will be published quarterly, beginning i~ fall ('83). There is also interest in forming a Congress for the area . U.S.SOOTHEAST c/o Southern Onity Network/Renewable Energy Projects (SUNREP) P.O.Box 10121, Knoxville,TN 37919 . SUNR!P organized the Southeastern Connections Conference which was held in August '82 and was cosponsored by over 77 organizations in the Southeast. This conference included vorbhops on bioregional organizing. SUNREP offers to help facilitate people in the Southeast to s et up bioregional organizations in their area. COLORADO PLATEAU Southwest Bioregional Congress, 227 Eas t Coronado, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 . A Southwest Bioregional Congress is in the process of being formed. A Congress was scheduled for fall ' 83, but has been postponed. OHIO RIVER BASIN Ohio River Basin Information Service (ORBIS) c/o Sunrock Farm, 103 Gibson Lane, Wilder, KY 41076. The Ohio River Basin Information Service has been formed to facilitate bioregional awareness in this vast watershed . TENNESSEE BIOREGIONS c/o Louise Gorenflo, editor , Tennessee Organic Growe r, Route 6 Box 526, Crossville, TN 38555. Bioregional consciousness is being developed in this area and a bioregional gathering is being planned. INTERNATIONAL THAMES VALLEY BIOREGION c/o Mark ltinzley, 7 Gayshaa Avenue, Cants Hill , Ilford, Essex IG2 6TB England. A bioregional organization is beginning to form in London. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IM LEARNING MORE ABOUT BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES OR IN HELPING TO FORM A CONGRESS FOR OUR SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREGION, PLEASE CONTACT: Marnie Mulle r c/o KATUAH Rt.2 Box 132, Leicester,NC 28748 RNIE MULLER autum 1983 KATdtw - page 15 ' �" TheJte. ne.e.d.6 to be. Continent Con91tu6 that the. occ.upa~ 6.inai.1.tj become 60 06 Nollth Ame.JU.ca can .inhabUa~ LEARN TO BUILV A LCXll-COST, FUEL-EFFICIENT FINNISH MA.SONRV WOOV-HEATER and frind out whVte the.IJ Me.•• Th-U ti.me Con91tu6 iA a veJtb •.. Cong1tu6, come togetheJt. Come togetheJt with the continent. " - PeteJt Be.Ilg, 7976 THE NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS ( NABC ) IS SCHEDULED TO BE HELD IN MAY, 1984 IN THE NORTHERN OZARKS. IT WILL BE THE FIRST MAJOR CONVENING OF THE CONTINENTAL BIOREGIONALIST MOVEMENT AND WILL INCLUDE THOSE WORJ<ING IN 'GREEN POLITICS' AND FOR SUSTAINABILITY, IN GENERAL,AS WELL AS NATIVE TRIBES AND ORGANIZATIONS. A HANDS-ON CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP wU:h an in-depth 1teview 06 it.6 contJt.a-ntow duign pll.inciptu SEPT.16-18, 1983 Workshop leader: Tom Trout FOR THE EXPERIENCED AND INEXPERIENCED SINCE 1981 WHEN A RESOLUTION WAS PASSED BY O.A.C.C.II ALIKE (OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS) CALLING FOR A NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS, INDIVIDUALS AND ORGAN- Thi6 week-end wo1tfuhop IZATIONS HAVE BEEN WORJ<ING TOWARDS CO-ORDINATING THIS 6e.atWle both a CONGRESS. 1tev.lew 06 the F.lnn.i.6h Ma.6onlllj He.ateJt du.lgn IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN YOUR ORGANIZATION BECOMING A CO-SPONSOR FOR THIS CONGRESS OR IF YOU WANT TO PART- M well. M the hand.6on con.6.tlw.ct.ion 06 it ICIPATE IN CO-ORDINATING THIS CONGRESS, CONTACT: ---at Long Bllanch EnTHE BIOREGIONAL PROJECT/N.A.B.C. v.i.Jr.onmentai. Education BOX 129 CenteJt. DRURY, MO 65638 rwt --~:::c;;:CCI P.-.-n--.:::=~- I.ONG BRANCH t:N\?IRONMl:NTAl t:OUCATJON Cf:NTt:R Rl'ul.z 2. Box 132 1..ek:es\er. N .C . 28748 INFORMATION 683-3662 PLANET DRUM BOOKS Planet Drum Foundation is dedicated to the vision of communities living within the natural cycles and energy flows of their particular bioregion-in the city or in the country-as conscious participants in the biosphere. Many people and a growingnumberofcommunities have adopted a bioregional stan~-they retnhabit their regions, they choose to Uve-inplace and intend to restore and maintain that place in the planetary web of life. HOW ABOUT YOU? We foster and report the bioregional movement. and relate It to devolution, Native American issues and dec:entralism in Raile tlw Stoia, a trl-annual review. We network amon1 emerpnt bioreg· Iona I sroups to provide needed information. reference to expertise and contacts with potential memben and other groups. Planet Drum Foundation memben set Roi# tlw Stalra. Planet/ Drum "Bundle1" and publications from Planet Drum Books. We respond to requests for information and contacts. and consider memben as bioresional correspondents. Membership also helps support our efforts to achieve recognition for bioregions and create a reinhabitory society. Yearly Membenldp/115 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We invite you to join the Planet Drum circle. D S15 regular membership (one year) Help us help your bioregional ettorts Name ··- _ _ -~­ Addn·'~ (1!\ Zip BOX 31251 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA. 94131 USA • Rrlnhabiling a Srparatr Country: A Bloregional Anthol· OJ.!!/ of Northern California. editt'<i hy Peter Berg. 220 pages. E~ay,, natural history, biographies, poem~ and stories re\·ealing Northern Co&lifomia as a di.~­ tinct area of the planetary biosphere. SS postpaid. • Devolutionary Note1 by Michael Zwerln. 64 pages. A fir~t hand account or European M>parati~t movements today. S3.50 postpaid. • Eco-Derf'ntrali.st Dmgn: A 3. ,·olume set including Figura of Regulation: Guides for Re-Bala ncing Society with Thr Biosphere by Peter Berg; Toward a Bioregional Model: Clearing Ground for Watershed Planning by George Tukel; and Reinhabiting Cities and Towns: Delignlng for Swtainability by John Todd with Geori~e Tukel. 98 pages complete. Critical preliminary readings for intentional bioregional planning. $10 postpaid. • Bloreglons: Winter l 981 / 2, issue 132 or CoEvolution Quar· terly. Guest edited by Peter Bertt and Stephanie Mills. 144 pages. Murra)' Bookchin on social ecology, Jan Morris, Gary Snyder, and Peter Berg with essays on de\'olution and the Fourth World. Jerry Mandt>r. Winona La Dukt•, \\'t"' Jac-kson and Paul I la" kt•n art' amon2 othl'f'i "ho l'ontrih11tt• tu thi' il'.,•1t·. R<·1l<1rt' on tlw South"t"t. Gre:.11 Plain\. '1:11rtl1 \\ 11e11k ,111d :\la,k.t in tht• l ' ~.A. ~4 l''"tpaid BUNDLES • Rur l..lm111 Tiie Rm kir\. A \IX· p.ut l\11ndl1· of l"-\a\·s. p0t•m,. j1111rnak c·alt·ndar' and prnpmah ahout tht• fral!ilt Rock' ~toun tain,. $4 po\lllaid. PLEASE CUT AND MAIL IN TODAYi . . ~ - page 16 autam 1983 �ALTERNATJVES TO ECONOMJCS SUSTAINABILITY OF OUR BIOREGION IS INTIMATELY BOUNV TO OUR ABILITY TO RE-CONCEPTUALIZE OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM. WE AS A CULTURE NEEV JO GET OURSELVES BACK ON AN EVEN KEEL WITH OUR ENVIRONMENT BY FIGURING OUT HOW TO INTEGRATE OUR HUMAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM INTO THE WIVER 'PRIMARY ECONOMIC SYSTEM' OF THE BIOSPHERE. RIGHT NOW OUR HUMAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IS OPERATING OFF-BALANCE BECAUSE IT VOES NOT REFLECT THE ACTUAL ENERGY INPUT-OUTPUT THAT IS OCCURING ANV BECAUSE IT EXTERNALIZES A PORTION OF ITS BASIC COSTS OUTSIVE OF ITS BUVGETING SYSTEM. A GOOV TEXT TO REAV ON THIS SUBJECT IS HAZEL HENVERSON'S THE POLITICS OF THE SOLAR AGE: ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS (Ancho~ Book'6~, 1981). THIS VERY REAVABLE BOOi<°IS ACTUALLY A TREATISE ON REFORMULATING ECONOMICS --HlXAJ TO SHIFT "FROM ECONOMIES THAT MAXIMIZE PROVUCTION ANV ARE BASEV ON NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES, TO ECONOMIES THAT MINIMIZE WASTE, RECYCLE EVERYTHING, MAXIMIZE RENEWABLE RESOURCES, ANV ARE MANAGE'O FOR SUSTAINEV-YIELV PROVUCTIVITY".(p. 81 HENVERSON APPROACHES THE QUESTION OF RE-CONCEPTUALIZING ECONOMICS FROM A PLANETARY PERSPECTIVE, BUT HER "MEASURING STICKS" CAN WORK ON A BIOREGIONAL LEVEL, AS WELL. FOR OUR BIOREGION, WE CAN BEGIN TO ASK THESE KEY QUESTIONS: If the economic system in the bioregion is considered to be efficient/beneficial/productive, FOR WHOM is it efficient/beneficial/productive and OVER WHAT PERIOD OF TIME is this being judged? -Since no system is value-free, what are the VALUES inherent in our EXISTING economic system? In terms of scale, what is the best scale to use when the variables of RENEWABLE ENERGY, FULL EMPLOYMENT and ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY are being considered? RE-CONCEPTUALIZING ECONOMICS FOR OUR BIOREGION MEANS THAT WE BEGIN TO KEENLY EXAMINE THE PRACTICES OF OUR CULTURE TO SEE IF THEY REFLECT OUR TRUE VALUES ANV TO SEE IF THEY ARE IN SYNCHRONICITY WITH THE WIVER ECOSYSTEM. WE NEEV TO STUVY A WIVE VARIETY OF PRACTICES INCLUVING: BANKING PRACTICES; BUILVING COVES; FOOVPROVUCTION; TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS; SOIL ANV WATER CONSERVATION; HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS; RESEARCH SECTOR; MARKffiNG SYSTEMS; GOVERNMENTAL BUVGET PRIORITIES; ANV SO ON. ,, KATUAH WOULO LIKE TO PROVIVE A FORUM FOR THOSE OF US IN THIS AREA WHO ARE PARTICULARLY INTERESTEV IN RE-CONCEPTUALIZING ECONOMICS FOR OUR AREA. IF YOU ARE INTERESTEV IN RESEARCHING A SPECIFIC AREA OF THIS ISSUE OR IN WRITING AN ARTICLE OR IN SHARING IVEAS, PLEASE LET US KNOOJ.~ - MARNIE MULLER, A..lteJtna;t,lve Econom.i.C.6 ,, EditoJr. KATUAH, Rt. 2 Box. 132, LeicuteJL, NC FROM POLITICS OF THE SOLAR AGE: ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS Hazel Henderson • • ••••. • • • •• ' v .. ' . . '~ -. ·· ' •. l!n·· . ff il ~. "The task for all of us committed to these social-change movements (human rights, corporate accountability, economic justice, ~onsumer and environmental protection, holistic health, appropriate technologies and those promoting stmple living, personal growth, and greater awareness of the interdependence of the human family on this blue planet) is to see that we a.te. 011e. coa.Lltlort in the larger politics of reconceptualization . Together we must demystify today's counterfeit priesthood of •puppet• leaders, and map and align our own energies with these larger-field forces and the energies that, in reality, drive our planet: the daily solar flux, which in turn drives our planetary weather system; the cycles of oxygen, of nitrogen, and of hydrogen, and the plant photosyntbeais that is our ~ e.collOm.i.c 4114tem••••••••• • • • we can see ourselves and our diverse socialchange activities as part of a living orchestration, generating larger patterns, out of which grow new paradigms of knowledge, policy, and personal behavior.• • •• For many of us, activities in various movements for social change have helped us understand our own and each other's inner space and to tap the deeply coded knowledge of the creation. This inner/outer search provides a base for healing the body politic. Some of us, in the environmental movement for example, began with the objective manifestations of human pathology or, as in my case, with diagnosing the pathology of economics . Now we are coming together in a growing coalition with the potential for 'wholing' ourselves 111td recycling our culture.• "Farmers have always understood what sustained-yield productivity means -now we have to teach it to economists." "When asked for advice by the U.S.State Department concerning the formulas that economics might develop, my response was that the economic method was entirely inappropriate, since economic models do not take account of bio-productivity, the requirement for diversity in ecosystems. the widely differing approaches to production and consumption in each culture and value system as lte.60WtCe.6 ••• " 28748 autmJn 1983 f KA'lUNI - page 17 \ �CONTIMIED FROM PAc.£ 8 (preferably nylon screens) suspended a few The apple tree, like most of us who call ourselves American, is not native to the feet above your wopd stove or oth~r heat source. The drying usually takes three days Americas. Some crab apples are an exception, to a week. During warm, dry weather but the apple tree actually originated in (a rarity in the Appalachains) apples can Persia although it had been cultivated in Europe for at least 2000 years before it be sun-dried, but they must be taken inside every night to protect them from the dew. was brought to the New World. Despite its Traditionally, people who were preparing foreign origins, no tree has contributed more to America than the apple tree . Besides apples for the market peeled them to make the vinegars and tonics , it's given us apple a more refinerl product. However. this is not necessar y, especially if the apples have not jack, apple brandy, apple wine and apple been sprayed. cider ; there's apple jelly, apple sauce, The art of preserving fresh-eating apples apple butter, apple cake and pie; and l\'\Cr't-, nowadays has been relegated to the relm of don't forget apple leather (broiled and horticultural science and refrigeration dried apples), candy apples, baked apples, engineering. Modern storage houses are vaporscalloped apples, apple grunter and apple crisp sealed and have massive refrigeration systems that maintain a constant temperature of 31 F. and a relative humidity of at least 85% . However, the-old-time methods of storing apples are still worth knowing, not only because they may be of use to those who might like to store a few bushels of apples for home use but also because they demonstrate a creative relationship with the enviornment app~. and a sensitivity to nature that is disappearing from our modern world. Eor· th~ person versed in the art of applestoring, the first thing to consider is the hase of the moon. As Theron tells it ,"keeping" apples are best picked on the "down side" of the moon (yhen it is waning). During this phase, any bruises that occur will most likely dry up and not ruin the apple. However, if you make hard cider or home brew, you'd best make it during the "comin' up" of the moon, since things "work" or ferment better as the on is waxing. Next you must choose a good keepingapple variety. Winter Johns and HardThere are apple toys like apple-faced enings are the favorites in our area . dolls and apple games like bobbing for The apples are picked carefully, each apples. Appl e wood is prized wherever apple lifted upward to snap off the a hard, fine- gr a ined wood i s called for. stem. If it is pulled so that the stem In colonial days, it was used for marips out of the apple , decay can soon chinery, particularly cogs, wheels and ruin it. In colonial days two men, a shuttles. Even the apple tree bark can picker and a packer, harvested each tree be used as a vegetable dye to give vivid with gloved hands . The picker handed golds and yellows. two apples at a time down to the packer Jonathan Chapman, better known as who carefully laid the apples in straw Johnny Appleseed, said, " Nothing gives on a sled. (A sled juggled and bumped more yet asks less in r eturn than a tree, less than a wagon or a wheelbarrow.) particularly the appl e." When loaded, the sled was skidded over Whenever you roam the hills and the hay to the packing cellar. hollows of the Appalachians and come upon The apples were then stored in cellars . an apple tree, stop and look around . You In Vermont and Connecticut where there will probably see others as well and was ready access to quarries, some apple perhaps some ancient rose bushes, lilacs cellars actually had marble shelves to or other cultivated plants. Nearby, you keep the fruit cold and dry. Sometimes may see the ruins of an old cabin, perhaps they even had windmills that operated no more than the fallen chimney and a fans inside them to keep the air moving. depression i n the ground that marks the Noah Webster recommended packing apples cellar where many an apple was stored. in heat-dried sand . Others used grain Living in the space age, it is difficult pr dry straw. Sometimes really special _ for most of us to understand the richness apples were hung "by their tails" (stems) ~-~ ~- 7 -~ as well as the hardships of that kind of from the cellar 's rafters. One favorite ~ -:::;../ l lfe. Other than reading a little history, down-home Appalachian apple sot rehouse ~'=:--:::;-~ - " listening to the music and the s tories of is a hollow chestnut stump. It is cleaned the old-timers, there aren't many ways for out, lined with dry leaves, filled with us to get a flavor of the old times-unless apples, covered with more dry leaves and it's through the flavor of old-time apples. some slabs of bark to shed the rain . Theron has also piled apples on the ground and then covered them with a thick layer Voug Elliott iA c.uJrJr.enti.y Uvi.ng i.n of "loose blade fodder"-dried corn leaves8UIUt6 ville, N. C. • He iA well.-known tied in bundles. This insulates the apples i.n :the mounta..LM a.6 an heJLbai.iA:t a.nd from severe cold, yet allows plenty of a. hil.alti..olLA i,tolltj:telle.JL. He -l6 :the air circulation. "They'll keep all winter," au:tholl 06 a. book, Root.6: An UndeJr.Theron says. gJr.Ound Follag eJL' .s GUlde. 'Not~i" ~i'ffll,S fet lt7j a7K7 m rtlur111 pdtrtt.<,tki~ r.!f ,, tfw; ~ KA1UAH - page 18 autmn 1983 �WHAT IS THE ELEVATION OF THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE WHAT IS THE GEOLOGICAL UNVERPINNINGS OF YOUR PLACE ? ? HOW WAS IT FORMEV ? TRACE THE ROUTE OF WATER FLOW FROM YOUR HOUSE TO THE OCEAN - -TRACE THE PATH OF THE ENERGY THAT POWERS YOUR HOME FROM ITS SOURCE TO YOU --FROM WHICH VIRECTIONS ARE THE SEASONAL PREVAILING WINVS IN YOUR AREA ? NAME SEVEN COMMON TREES IN YOUR AREA --NAME SEVEN COMMON WILV ANIMALS IN YOUR AREA --NAME SEVEN VARIETIES OF BIRVS COMMON TO YOUR AREA - ARE THEY WINTER OR SUMMER RESIVENTS ? VO YOU TALK TO TREES ? PLANTS ? LIST FIVE CRITICAL ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN YOUR AREA --- · ·~ ~;;%;:. . ~~~I!~~~ WHAT ANV WHERE IS THE CLOSEST NUCLEAR FACILITY TO YOU ? WHAT ANV WHERE ARE THE LARGE INVUSTRIES NEAR YOU ? A.) WHAT ARE THEIR WASTE PROVUCTS ? HOW ARE THEY TREATEV ? 8.) VO THEY SELL WITHIN OR OUTSIVE OUR BIOREGION, OR BOTH ? WHAT IS THE POLICY OF YOUR LOCAL VUMP ON SALVAGE ANV RECYCLING ? WHAT IS THE STORY BEHINV THE NAME OF YOUR LIVING PLACE ( cove, CJteek, town, etc. ) ? We woui.d Uk.e yowr. JLupon.6 e and po.6.6-i.ble .6k.e.tchu t.o the tJAJO qu.ution.6 below. Plea.6 e mail. to: Katuah, P.O.Box 873, Cu.Uotdtee, N.C. 28723. WHAT IS THE TOTEM CREATURE FOR OUR REGION ? ( That -U, the CJtea.twr.e that by at; wU.qu.enu.6, at; ,impo!Lta.nce to the na:tu.lta.l ecology, oil at; pJLevalence but expJLU.6U the. .6p.i.Jr1;t 06 owr. aJLea - example.: Pac-i..6-i.c. Nold.hwut - .6a.lmon I WHAT IS THE TOTEM PLANT FOR OUR REGION ? ( example.: Ozallk. Mou.nta-i..n6 - oak ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _l_ _ _I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ......... ,,,.• A.. ..... I -=- I ~ ~ ........ 11..... • lll&P..."llli ....1p•11•u-1. , :"°'. -- I I I 111111.'llll ........... ~-Wmrpml belt representin3 the fonnation of the Il:oquoian League with design meaning "one heart for all the nations. n -------------------------------------------- autumn 1983 IOOU'AH _ page 19 / �_Q:O:oo~®.oQ....oc.Qo_~_.o-~.oo-or~ REmIABITATIOO ••• IT IS TI ME TO RETURN HOME . .. TO LI VE AS ~ NATIVE PEOPLES OF THIS AREA, MAKING OUR LIVING BY SKI LL ANV ~ ATTUNEMENT TO THIS PLACE, AJJIARE ANV SENSITIVE TO ITS CHANGES, LIVING SO ITS CHANGES REALLY MATTER ..• RATHER THAN LIVING IN ONE PLACE ANV SUPPORTING OURSELVES BY EXPLOITING J:l THE RESOURCES OF SOMEWHERE ELSE, IT IS TIME TO ROOT OUR ~ LIVES HERE ••• TO SHARE THI~ PLACE WITH TffE LIVING BEINGS 1--J WHO SHARE IT WITH US... ~ SUSTAINABILITY ... THE LEVEL AT WHICH A BIOREGION CAN CONTINUE TO PROVUCE WITH INTEGRITY ... MEETING OUR FOOV, WATER ANV ENERGY VEMANVS FROM WITHIN OUR OWN AREA BY TECHNIQUES APPROPRIATE TO THAT AREA ... SHAPING OUR VE MANVS TO THE ABILITY OF OUR REGION TO PROVIVE .•. "LIVING FOR THE SEVENTH GENERATION OF OUR CHILVREN'S CHILVREN"... g JJ: tl Li D ~ P. ••• "A VOMICILE ••• LJALLS OF HILLS OR MOUNTAINS, A FLOOR OF A RIVER OR A LAKE, A ROOF OF RAINCLOUVS . .. CLOUVS ~ · PART WITH RAIN WHICH FALLS ANV EROVES THE WALLS INTO THE AQUEOUS FLOOR WHICH EVAPORATES BACK INTO THE CLOUV R OF ... O THE WATER CIRCLE/CYCLE FORMS A BIO-SPHERE"... N (Pe.tell Wa11..6ha.U.) l'1 WATEBSHED 0 ECOLOGICAL LA/JI OF THE BIOSPHERE AS ~ EXPRESSEV IN THE FORCE OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS - EARTH, WATER, ~ FIRE, ANV AIR - IN MOTION ••• THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THESE ELEMENTS VEFINEV AS LIFE-FORMS , OF WHICH THE HUMAN SPECIES IS ONLY ONE AMONG MANY .•. GREEN LA/JI: BEAUTIFUL, VISPASSIONATE, INEXORABLE, RUTHLESS, ANV TOTALLY JUST... ~ "GREEN IM" ••• THE ~ ••• A COUNCIL MEETING OF THE BIOTIC ~ A GOVERNMENT, BUT ITS NATURAL ALTERNATIVE ••• HERE ALL ARE REPRESENTEV, BE THEY CLOUVS, ROCK, SOIL, PLANTS , ANIMALS, TREES, OR PEOPLE ... WHERE CONSENSUS IS SOUGHT ON THE ECOLOGICAL LAJJIS OF THE LANV AS WE REAV THEM IN THE BIOREGION ANV THE LIFE THAT SURROUNVS US . .. WHERE THE STEWARVS ANV CARETAVERS OF THE LANV VEVELOP STRATEGIES TO VEFENV AN1J PROTECT THE NATURAL ECOLOGY ANV TO STRENGTHEN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NATURAL WORLV ... BIOREX;IOOAL COMMUNITY ... NOT ~ •• •"ALL THE THINGS OF THE WORLV ARE REAL, MATERIAL THINGS. THE CREATION IS A TRUE, MATERIAL PHENOMENON, ANV THE CREATION MANIFESTS ITSELF THROUGH REALITY •.. THE SPIRITUAL UNIVERSE, THEN, IS MANIFEST TO HUMANS AS THE CREATION .. . (64om the Invoca.tion) Appalachian Physiographic Provinces MA? ME.D\TAT\ONS -- c.oNT!NUEO FROM PA•E II LAND/LIFE/FORMS WE CAN NEVER COMPREHENV HER, BUT WE CAN KN()il HER. VEEP IN OUR EVERY CELL, VEEP IN THE SOUL O~ OUR BEING, THERE CAN AJJIAKEN AN AFFINITY FOR THE LANV SO THAT ONE MOVES INSTINCTIVELY TO HER RHYTHMS, KNOWS WHERE TO FINV VEER OR GINSENG, KNOWS WHEN IT WILL RAIN, KNOWS HOW TO SPEAK TO MOUNTAINS. ••• OUR MOTHER GAIA, THE EARTH, SINGS TO US ••. IN EVERY PLACE THE SONG IS VIFFERENT: BE IT STEEP, FORESTEV MOUNTAINS: WIVE, FLAT PLAINS; OR PALM TREE BEACHES ... EACH EXPRESSION IS UNIQUE ANV REQUIRES A UNIQUE RESPONSE IN THE THIS IS NATIVENESS. THIS CAN COME FROM GENERATIONS OF ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, ANV SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THOSE HUMANS LIVING IN THE SAME AREA, OR IT CAN BE CULTIVATEV BY WHO ARE LISTENING ... THE PLACE, THE SONG, THE RESPONSE: ~ CONSCIOUSNESS ANV AWARENESS OF OUR RELATIONSHIP TO THE THE BIOREGION... ~ LAN1J ANV HER WAYS ANV HOW WE LIFE OUR VAILY LIVES IN HER PRESENCE . BIOREGION ..n... cs-cro.QtrcJLL>®..o~_o:o_p_g_ :o:o::.o..~ a ''THE IDEA OF A BIOREGIONAL IS CULTURAL. IT DEFINES BOTH A PLACE AND ADAPTIVE IDEAS ABOUT LIVING IN THAT PLACE," SAYS PETER BERG OF THE PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION. THE BIOREGION, AS WELL AS BEIN D G EFINED B THE LAY OF Y THE LAND AND THE FORCE-FLOWS OF THE ELEMENTS, IS ALSO IN THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF ITS PEOPLE. IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS, THOSE WHO LOOK TO THE MOUNTAINS TO SEE BEAUTY, THOSE WHO LOOK TO THE MOUNTAINS FOR STRENGTH AND INSPIRATION, THOSE WHO DEFINE THEMSELVES IN THE MOUNTAINS' TERMS ARE ALL RIGHT THERE IN THE MOUNTAIN BIOREGION. THE BIOREGION DOES NOT HAVE TO BE ORGANIZED OR PROCLAIMED. IT IS ALREADY THERE, WAITING FOR US TO DISCOVER IT. IT IS A PROCESS BEGUN LONG AGO, WAITING ONLY FOR US TO PLUNGE INTO ITS STREAM. ,P' autum 1983 �l :oo llY\ e..\vtc.. ~1101aue1 NC.... autmn 1983 £..8J1'B'Z- CM&Mc &I. "'L&. 'UT'&~AL. cMEttAc£E c.tt...w=r.s ~ c.uauu, .rnc.acew, lN1)"'fll P601> •lllC..W..., f'U>WA'f, EKtUllT.S OM Tt\• us-.11rtr10...i, CAt•lt.Otce'l! 1 N. c.. 0tT. lf-·9 - Mt, , I<ATUAH - paqe 21 �,1-· .. .. . ,.... .. . . ....... "·"';!<.•-'' ,•• ······~--- ., .• 1?". •• ••••• ,. ·'·'t·:t=::'IO-• ••.•••••.;,..,:r. • n·:="'=':=·~ ,;=~•:.;;!1==7=',>~··•"''·'*·n--.:;;;."~''·",:= •-1..._.~,=rn!:;:!: ... ;.:..:t~tc.:t.• ····:1·1·•:i;:1:f••••:...; ...._.. . . ..... ·••l•"':"'•·· ····r. •t!i:t ·it". ,·:,;)!:,..........;·····-- 1 •• J'i'\"'~····•-•.\:..,.1 ...... l' •.:•;·1~-m· •i ,.: ;1: •••:., '' /l •"""".. -;·· ....··,...... 1'::;!i?:..-.......... ,._,u. ~1: • .• ·•,4 •. S'·-·· ................._. ••• ·t··...··-·-- a·1...._. • .., • ;~:.~r.:1:· !.t'i,,....~~ ........... ·••::...!•1 . .:::"": :!: .: ..:i:.•,:.:;."!:?· ..., •.•.•,,..,.~,.·µ,•r· •• ···'--' :•-:.:c • 1:t:~ -~· .... ·• · · ~t:i-•;•·'~';~:::1.:1.1: i.'··-· •..:.;:;.:.: .1!1t 11"~• 1 =<···..···~;Jtr~r.:;:J~ni'd•?;·"·•.:.·~~s·· ...,.,. ';Jl·!iJ-;t'r._J\a 1 ·~ · 'i 1· : !:?:!t!;.!t.-:••• i'i~ ... , ·• ·~.:: ;~-: .~Je.: ........... ·• ... :11\:!:'f; ..._._.......,:!:, ~a.....-tl! l~Mi;i ••\ .,., ~;',• .:.. 1 ,~.,., ~···~ ~~::.;,'!-,:•.,,,=::••""""~"'"~'""'-•!•'-';:;<;;,;•.:::;~· - ~ -·-r. "~ -'""~·r.i'"'"" ;>;t•~I"""·~" \~g;:;~f.i;5fil~i,ifPJ;:r::n!!XE:t~:=ti;?.~~::!f~r.:qf:r;;~ 1/i~·e~ ~ _J ... - - - ~ -~ S~···· ~!f.!**1 · ;...~·--•• :il~t.!U~;.~~·; J't!'•!J.!• •tJ.t:-1•·•L.9.fl·•·..-..•••J;ll•t..::.:. ~::.~! t!;l-:t;:i;j;:ie1;'>!rfu:T¥,' ;b_•) ••I I I •!":\!t•t.;,.,_""t 'f• 'Jfill• '' 1~t •\ ...~m~·:';l~-:m-!~~: l·::;,:-,1;:f. jl,l~r.~ •f•••t ~t'"•1••...,.,a ' •1·"• •!: Joo.. ...... t" tie ' £) .. ...........r.:·1·' : ....~· ·'·ft•;.s:,1.;..,, .. At 1 ...-·-···:.-·''.,,, ''· "' -" 1/t'$t'01t .. ... "···· , ....,-... -cc; . .. --· ..,. .-. ....,.1··-··~ .. C''i: .......... ~.- ..,,,, .... .~~·,s·•t.'lff.h•~··r:r-.!i··1,· · - ··~~ ~ ··-· ·-~!t·• • .::.,·1:-t~:! ~.i-.., .............~.. •• ·= :.1~c;.:•"'~'~...... ....,... \' ;.,.,,,. ·•• tfHWl•• ·1.r • •• •,.,...._._-;::~--t~~~~.-1~..•.•·,.......l .., .~, :~ ~·i·•·Jr': •1:~1 :;..-r..;:-~-..-:i~::;.;i.,·,!;..!!t 1! lt!:~~ ;:.,}:t;.,t l'tC ·•-· .,.. ~~~.1fi1 .:-ffil! .... ::;.;.:.;i~::;.:i,r ...!,![!j\1~1 ;or~ ,..., \ ~~~ . ..... °"'·•·•·1·•····~-.,... 1•.......... '!,,,;..i., .... '"" • .......:.~~ 1 .:·~1~·~!~·t'-. .. .. '1 ':i.:: r.. ;:;:.r.;:.;:.,;:..:..."'t .. •• . ,,,., ::. r.:·1 :" ..._ . . . ....,~ ..£ ·:~~.c;.~.~1!.1'!!'r~W~~fo;:' 1 ..!· <J•• i::.-..., •..,.. ••,:.:·,· _. ......."..... 1 . .. ~.; tJ:.•;-Et~. t..-r= ~:~;t'!':c;, •... mr.1~1!:!: ::, • - ........ .~ ! ~Pr.1~ 1!rf:~ ;HH;.tr!;{l; ...~:r: r.·-~r .. ..,~,. ···r:·:. .... !.,. . ~··· . 1 1 . . .. . . • .. .. . . . .:, ..kl:l. (1.J1Ii!l ····•:•:J,Ji04F~~·~i~~~.~t~F~ . . . . AL. L 11! 1~~i·•· 0 !:i; ..."l;~i 1 1 '-'·• •f , .... .,, •• t u t, 0"99 I !i;m:.:::i..-~·?1J.: Ma.gaz.uie d-UiVLibu.ti.on doun t ha.ve to mean IAWLt:.nOU.6U Ou D • . . . ,., II g _,,. t... • ~ , newti plUnt wi;t.h -t.OadeJl.6 ha.u.U.ng ,.,....,...,...w onto ··- :-1-- • "-IW."-r"° • ~.uig .;r-;.~;;~ ~!11·:·•· 'I J• ._.,•. -•••:... ., :{~J.f;i:~~!i~~ v ,.,,, HS{it~~i:;~: How about a d.i..66eJr.ent v.U,lon? Kata.ah 11.oad people :tlla.veLi.ng ~~flr.~~~£:?,F,;t . ~J~il:ii!.!i?r the length and b}[.ead.:th o 6 the mountcU.n c.ount:Jr.y wl:t.h a .~tac.k ..,1·•··..·......i.~•• ~.,, ..... c·· ~ ..,..!'1 .......,.,_. ·"'••••:'Jr•r.•1•·•9"!.·•fJ,,• ·~ 1 - "' '&,.::. h d b . ""h ::.1*9':":.·~~:1~',.\.~:'.-!ir:t=W:t\>l'e:.\t~~.t~~.i.•-:{".!r;?T~j···!1~;. j \iWi!'&<Tiflil~c1· o' mnnaz.inu among the dot u an "go}[.p" ag~ .ui ""- U.11. ~!;'fP!~';:1;~~.:.;rrl~~fr.! r,f;!:~fit:-:~7:-::·!::·!·~:.'!t!'l!!.:.i; .,.-:;:.~i!:!'--U"·li :.:..;.t. r!.~1••;~1.-.:..~! bu i. -::J i... . .. ,,, .• H• u• :-·.. 1... ~ ....r "!'U· J,,1• .... !.!. r.J,.t, H'ltl:! • •__ , ... ,,,,...••, ... i~~r'tt;~11~=:~.,~;.-:.::: 4Cr<.paC.rGO i;;;:.:,tt·~;~~ :::m;: :~-:- r.t~J:;!:,_ ~L~::: .......... ~···!'> ......r;...... m::Ei; 1 ·::sffir,.:~ii-;~~ ;m:.:;;•.~1 ..e~~n;:~· t..:J•~t·•'fo•• fg1Eii.>~~t ;:-;:!!!*Wir f_=nfJsm~·,. ~W~i:Ef:l! ·····-·~ ·i\i55fJ!:i.:: 1:t-:t::~·~ :'t':t-:;.:!r!!:.. · ·:n·..-•,... :~:~· ::?;~~ ..,,....-· p:s~::.:;o.;:J ~~i:llf~. ~~ft!:!'i'"! ~i!r. ... r.. . :;;~~Jf~!iF.f' ':!~j~]!~t~. _ • - ..... :u ~.l~1.. ,...... t ::J;:r:-.1''!!'J ri " 1 • :,,_:. r;."'"'!~.,.,._; \.:J:J; ;1!'!~z;!!1~::. :;z;...... .,.,, .,.... :FH~f! ~E:::-!E;:_r-~: FOR TH E I DEAS AND INFoRMATioN !.!il.:!;!: 1!¥.!!m;::~:~~ ABOUT BIOREGIONAL CONSCIENCE ll{17:~;;tt;.1~~u~~tl~!~~:1 •t1•·-r1 Jt--ffll.,... -~. THAT WE ARE TRYING TO BRING ~·!!ll~·1r~:rr~:.:.:!r:l:.~ FORTH IN KATt1AH TO BE SPREAD ~tfu~~j~;~:filf.4il~!fJ FAR AND WIDE WITHIN THE REG:Ujtilf~JHl~~riE~:~}).!.j~ ION, WE NEED THE JOURNAL TO ~iif,lt;1m=.-1~~~-ni';tr.~1J ..... (1:•·l- ·-··l~:·.hl ...~ REACH AS WIDE A GROUP OF PEO- ~:.m!u;~~)jmi!;h.!.:::.i.:.;: ~ ... .!~~m1 1 !L!;!a:!:Cct:\r1 PLE AS POSSIBLE. :!r.:;!;:t!,~:i~1!~!J·~~~rn~!• : •r···~t"·J··~1~· , ... ,r SEEKING THE ,;,~-ur.-·:li:ta :7!,Ji;~.!r~~ TO THIS END WE ARE · 1 ~:~:;n...:....!-:;,·1:1t':;i.;; SUPPORT OF OUR READERS IN DE- :~..t-~~:ti!:\!~j!~~!llj~?5i VELOPING A REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. IF YOU ARE INTER-mi.=ifoil~Bi:"..;~~~:: ··· ··:t··-:::?l!~!f~:S.~t· 1 h;!§nil~filH;~ilii'!lli- ESTED IN HELPING TO DISTRIBUTE THIS JOURNAL IN YOUR AREA , BY ILLING PLEASE CONTACT us F ... ,,..,·,,.,f, ..oi r..:.F.f!i':!a-r• OUT T HE FORM BELOr.T '". · · ....... · :w.~~:~m;r.i.lli:!..~tn~:= ~m!;as;.·?~..!<~~:i !;-~hi :l • ..••~ho"l~ i• ••~y:•·-~-1c· ~:; •. ·f1filF 1 ~r?!:-!1,~~~ :.r;::m::ffl1: ...::,n,-.:-- [r.··f·'·ft~··· 1 c .......n . 1lt ':i;.~.{!i .• 1.~:.::~r~-:!~~ DISTRIBUTORS CONTRACT TO BUY THE JOURN~L AT THE WHOLESALE PRICE. ALSO FOR EVERY 20 COPIES OF THE JOURNAL THAT THEY SELL, DISTRIBUTORS GET ONE COPY FREE TO SELL OR KEEP. ;t;j; ~. ~m· 1.?J .. ,. ~ii ~-­ THIS INCENTIVE IS TO ENCOURAGE DIRECT DISTRIBUTION :irt~ BECAUSE, AS WELL AS BEING A MEDIA COMMUNICATION, THE JOURNAL IS A "TALKING TOOL" TO HELP INITIATE DIALOGUE. IN FACT, IT WORKS BEST THAT WAY. THE ~~ STRONGEST CONNECTIONS ARE FACE-TO-FACE AND HEART- :J.::~j fiiEl ;rn ···TO-HEART. PLAIN WORDS CARRY A STRONG MEANING THEN· ~ll! PERHAPS YOU FEEL THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO KNOW MORE ABOUT KATUAH AND THE BIOREGIONAL IDEA IN GENERAL so AS TO FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE DIALOGUING AND FIELDING QUESTIONS FROM YOUR NEIGHBORS OR PEOPLE ON THE STREET. THIS IS WHY WE PROPOSE LOCAL MEETING GROUPS. THESE ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN EACH COUNTY OR CITY WHO MEET TO TALK ABOUT BIOREGIONAL ISSUES IN GENERAL, AND TO STUDY THEIR LOCAL HABITAT, IN PARTICULAR. THEY GATHER STORIES OF UNIQUE PEOPLE AND PLACES IN THEIR AREA AND SEND THEM TO THE JOURNAL. THEY COALESCE INTO AN AFFINITY/ACTION GROUP IN CASE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY. THIS IS WHY THERE ARE ONLY I MEMBERS' AND NO I SUBSCRIBERS. TO KATUAH. THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR THIS JOURNAL WILLHOPEFULLY GROW INTO A PROCESS A DYNAMIC PROCESS OF INTERACTION, OPENING, AND CHANGING ON ALL SIDES THAT WILL FOSTER A GROWING AWARENESS OF WHAT Is AT STAKE FOR OUR LIVES AND THE LAND IN THE DAYS TO COME INTERESTED? WRITE US, AND WE'LL EXPLAIN THE DISTRIBUTION PROCEDURE AND HOOK YOU UP WITH OTHERS NEAR YOU WHO WANT TO GET INVOLVED. THESE ARE THE TIMES! U1.{ # • # ~-' about KA""·~Ah and a u.<..uueJtulA. uny -': ', A~.,. ~ 0, 0 loofU.liln a:t and Uv,lng wl:t.h theliind, they might al.-60 C1VVr..IJ ·~ h nO a c.ameJul and maybe a. .6maU ta.pe /[.eC'.oltdeJt. At:, t: ey .tlr.a.v~, they .talk wlth people about Ka..tU.a.h, note thw JtUpon.6U, and pellha.p-6 take thU!t p.i.c.tu.11.e. Fii.om t/W, ,lnteJr.c.hange c.omu mateJLial.. 60/[. the next .U.6ue 06 the j 0wr.na.l. -- the c.a.nclld though.t.6 and 6ee.li.ng.6 06 oUJr. ne-i.ghboJUi . ... ""he -v'LU. ~-v ..... "OV"" """"~-vAo,,,.~ ~ -v.. ""he ,...,"""- '\A.In ""'d agni"', .o\.l'i .. ,... +e "":-e ~· ""L.elj tW ""........,, leaJLn the te.Jr.JIJU.n. They Lind .6topning "'""c.u: .the homu 06 new 61Llend6 wheJte they ft.ind a :;;;i.C'.c:;- whetheJr. 6Ji.om old mountai.n 6olk.6, new age homuteade.JU,, 0/[. .60cia.l. o.ct.lv.Uu Uv.ing ,ln a ~ a""'""'"... ent. ,,;-1-.. ~...,..,,, The ,,;,.A .. : .,. ,,.;d,, .. /··~01..,,,.~ IM.Q\... ..J:.,.,OV"" n""' mou~""ni .....:0.1_ ~...., ..~ ..... '""-1',-v .... ,IA._... ~ 0 An-'· nnd 6 ;.,.d "Ov"• "nd .. idgn• .,.L.A.,. •oon be"ome 0°-' u.o """ """'' '- ~ ""' ~ ""-nuA... "" '-'. Ao • : .,. ""h · LJLle.nu.o. The Vta.v~M.6 J[.e.tuJul to V;(..6-v\.. ""- em '\.,. :- and aga..ut. A,111e o Pe!Lha.fl6 they w.ill be 91Llded onto l.lttte-U.6ed tJw.il..6 that they Vi.ample down and wlden by thw c.ontinued pa.6.611gU .60 that t:hey }[.ema.in M r.ooi.fUng }[.OutU 60/[. othell.6 to 60.U.Ow on thw own joUJr.netj.6 ,ln lateJr. ti.mu when people w.iU enjoy r.ooi.ki..ng to the,Vr. du.ti.na.ti.on-6. V.UVUbu:ti.ng KatUo.h c.ould be a new uny to .6ee OWl land and heJL. people ClMe up. AnotheJr. .6C'.ene: A 6am-U.y ta.ku Ka:t&.a.h to the c.ornrnunay At:, t hey CJVVr..y t he. WO'W 0 'V .. .(..U. 'V.. """" .(..U.. 'V\.. potlllc.k and .6eU up a ta.bte to hell. the joWtniJ..l to the.ilt 61Llend6 and ne,ighboJUi. "HeJte, ta.ke a. look. 16 you like U, you c.a.n. butj .lt. )U.6t don, t .6p.i.U a.ny o6 tha:t g1U1vy on a, now. Tell. me what you th..i.nk." ::µ: ~~ Olt p.i.dWte th,U,: The .60und 06 dlr.wn6 WU OVVl the bU.6tte and din 06 the mountain 6a.ilt OJ[. CJLa6t .6how. People W.6t ii~.~-_: OVeJt to a b!Li.gh:tty C'.Olo}[.ed booth ba.c.ked by a l<Vtge map 06 -·· the Ka,tilah mountai.n Me.a. TheJte they jo,ln people al.Jr.eady i~~ da.nc..ing to the ciJw.m6 and c.hanting vo,lc.u, "Ka-tu-ah. *~ Ka-tu-ah. II The .6ound6 JtLLn up and down thw .6p.i.nu, ~ij~; M.ng,lng deeply, open-ing .6e.cJLet pla.c.u c.lo.6ed by c.en.tWLiu ~ht: o6 c..i.v.illza:t..Um. Hii±~ Then the mU-6,l('. -6.top.6 and .6omeone .6pe.a.k.6 b1Lle6ly .06 a bio~nm 11.eg,lonal 6u.tUJr.e ,ln KatJ.a.h. Thvr.e Me quu.tion-6 and an.6we!L6, ~·f\'{f. and .6ome n_innau'..nu Me .6old. The mU-6.lc. c.ontinuu. A .6eed :..~!·-·!,n. -:i d -·--' b · .,. _ • 06 ®Wi.enU.6 and c.omrrun.lttJ .U pla.nte u.na eg-<..n-6 "-o g}[.ow. t~·~ ~ij~ AnotheJr. ..<.de.a: Young people U.6ed to peddle nW6papeJL6 on ~&T ,,;-1-,, .6:t.1Leet.6 to make a Li.;t;Ue ex.tlul money. Tho.6e da.tj.6 may f.!t~ b;bac.k, but now U' .6 .in the wl.de c.oMA..doJUi 06 hhopping i:E~ rnali.li, a:t the c..i.v,lc. c.enteJt on c.onc.eJtt rr-ight, 0/[. maybe a:t H~ a c.oun:tluj da.nc.e. 16 you know .60me !fOung 60.t.k.6 tha-t would j~!?. .Uke to make ~ome money 6oJt them6e1.vu, Ka:tUa.h wil.t .6upply ~~~g the mga.z.i.nu. !"(•--· !:e--·~;·•.&.,.:r• ... H1'~1·~····l• .... ~;:.,.i•J1 ···1i.:t i'f!'"-'•1•·-··•·• .,•.•.• ,......,..,~ ~;.;,.;.;.._ ·-:.4:;.i:r:t :.~;j". · . • ,....... •·r·r ~ --·--· - ·f··~,,~.-· .. ·,.- ··1 .. ••i'•· ... h.•·... a,,. ,., ..,..,. i'~·i.i!•..,., ..,J:~•~..,..,.fi··40 t•J li:t~ 1 .• t::".r:~-ai,.q.11'.Ct!l;;:i:.::;;.· :.J ....··- :.:~: •. 1:.1, ., ,.. . " ..::illr·•• .. a.·,·r.:• .....····a.·..,. ;\,9f.;.,,,,..,....,...... ......... ., 1 .w..,,....... ::.. ;t • •tR.I'(. . .¥.'.:-t:: ;t:..::.:~..~·-,•••.•,•. ~ ~·· ~ . . .. ............... ,,1 ;l ·ffi:1~ ffi~j';l,:-f:!~i;r·~~!~~~~'.'~.... . ;;li~~'1· :.-:~; ...: ... .;.:;!:!(:;'&;'!:.:;:'!:-.,•:.;:.!-,:ffi:Jg:;e ~:;_..r:;:,.,J;iS ., T-•11H· •· ..\,,. ....,................. ';1: rl~,:i.... -·•·.. ~·•-•· ..... ·~~ ... ~ ·•·•-•r:' t:· t-:..::-:=.:-.t-•rr:!?~1:::~1J:~·~!~:!~1!r~~-=•!""'. :,:~:,:,:i!~i~:~r.#Jf!jJ:. ,.~~.:,;n-=:-.s:1r ~~'!."!~L;:: .. ~·!.:-"'· ~\.,,~;,:-:-•,-· ......., -,.-' ,..=. ,.: ....:1••·r:.' n···!r:, ..... ~1....-· ·!-:i·!:.l J:r!·-~ .... ~ ••:........., .... ··•:!:-r... .. t1~.•~!>.1.,,~., ,.,,~!~r!E!i:·~ ,· ···;J"····,~l.fl·,,,, .:.:!..!J. ····,···.' ·.!~:;! ......:.,.. !H.~ •• ,.......J ......, ',,· •!ll~•• ·;tr.. , , ...... .... Hii~ 1..... -~··· ........ ,11.--... ............ , ........ , ........ _..f'' ""'•r• • ..........•• , ~.-..• • ·•• •t•~·· ·~ :c-................ t-. ,.,..,_ r11 ,, ...... - !'':lt-t.'i~: !'2~!~'!! ::.~....... ~ .,....., .•••, ......... -. ••• ·, ,..,...,.,....,~-.r·• :·'~-; :.'\ • w , .. I!\.,'":~ ~ f"1'1~. ~ !(\ ( ~:; ":!. YES, I AM INTERESTED IN FINqING OUT .:-cm.~~: MORE ABOUT DISTRIBUTING KATUAH. I ·•·r··~~,1 UNDERSTAND THAT I CAN RECEIVE COPIES •:,:-~:~.o.: OF KATUAH AT THE WHOLESALE PRICE OF r-Jfu-t~'. $1.10 AND CAN SELL THEM AT THE RETAIL {~¥~ki~ PRICE OF $1. 50. I ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT .;!:m;i~ NO PAYMENT IS DUE UNTIL THE COPIES ARE r:.u··:t:~ i~~h!~ SOLD • ''-''·~~~:::. :.r;,m::iii PHONE-------- ~ RETURN TO: KATUAH P.O.BOX 873 CULLOWHEE,NC 2 8 7 2 3 KMUAl:I - page 22 autmn 1983 �WMATTO 8JUN<t t SCHEPULE: 10 - 12:30 - Discussion of bi oregional concerns, issues, and directions for future gr owth 12 : 30 - 2:00 - POT-LUCK LUNCH 2:00 - 5:00 - Tradin', pl ayin ', socializin ' , and interest group meetings -Covered dish and utensils for the whole family -Items for trade , barter, sale (plant s, craft s , produce, canned goods) -Information to share : issues, topics , interesting folks , organization bioregional happenings -Hope , good humor, and ideal ism OCTOBER 29 at DEEP CREEK CAMPGROUND GREAT SMOKY MTN . NATIONAL PARK Driving : Go to Bryson City, N.C. and follow signs to " ~ ep Creek Campgrounds" EVERYONE WELCOME! For more information , contact: paqe 23 �ISSUE NO . l AUTUMN g I o ~ ~ o ~ ~ g § ~ o ~ ~ Og oommmooo Dnr«atimv 1983 mmmooomnunoog I 1n the beginning, we we/le told that t he human being.6 that IAXli.h.. abou..t on :the Ecvvth have been g pMvided with all the thing.6 nec.Ul>aJl.y f,011.. li6e ..E! We we/le ..i.n.6.tJw.eted to C'.aJl.ll..y a love. f,011.. one. ~ arto.thell, and to l>how a 11..upeet f,011. all the be- g ing.6 of, thl.6 EaM:h. We aJi.e L>hown that ouJL li6e ~ exi-6.t.6 with the .tll.ee Uf,e, -that oWt we.U-being ~ depe.nd.6 on the wei...t-being of, :the. vegetable. g Uf,e, that we. a11.e. the. c1.o.6e. 11.e.f.ativu of, the. ~ 6oWt-legged being.6. In OW!. VXJ.lj.6, .6p,i.Jt,(;twi£ ~ c.on.6eioU.6nU.6 i.6 the. highut f,oJun of, poUt-i.c6 . g OW!..6 i.6 a v.xi.y of, Uf,e. . We. believe. that all Uving thing.6 aJl.e. .6 pi!U:tua..f. be.ing.6 . S pVU;t-6 ~ c.an be exp11.u.6ed M e.nellgy f,Oll.1116 manif,uted i= ,(.n mat.tell. A biade ofi gJt.aM i.6 an ene11.gy f,011..m manif,ute.d in rna:ltell - gJt.aM m atte.11... The ~ .6 pilU:t 0 6 the gll..a.6.6 ,(A that U.n.6 een f,011.c.e whic.h f3 p11.odl.1.c.u the. .6 peciu ofi gll.M .6 , and it i.6 g O ~o a g g i 0 a o i :;::9~ o:~: ::dg:•~eal, ~<Mal i g 0 g thing.6 . The C11..eation i.6 a .tJw.e, mateJLi..a..f. phe.n~ ome.non, and the Cltea.ti.on manif,ut.6 -ihe.l.6 to ~ U.6 :thMu.gh 11..e.af.it.y. Th e. .6 p,i.Jt,(;tual u.nivelll> e., o then, i.6 man-i.Lu t t o man M the. Cll..eation, the ~ Cll..eation wh..i..c.h i,u.ppoJtt.6 Li6e. . We believe that e man i.6 11..ea.l, a paJtt o6 C11..e.at.lo n, and that g hi.6 du..ty i.6 to .t>u.ppoll.:t Uf,e. in c.onju.netion with o.t:heJr. be.inQ' • Oo n I o The 011..igina.f. 1n.6.tJw.etion <Li.Jr.eet that ~ O e o ~ ~ I o g I we. who v.xi..f.k abou..t on the Ea.11.:th a.11.e to e.xp11.u.6 a g11.e.at 11.upe.et, and a6f,e.etion, and a g.Jta.t..ltu.de toVXJ.Jt.d all the .t>p.i.Jr.i,t.6 wh.i..c.h c.11.e.ate. and .6u.ppoll.:t Uf,e. . We give. a g11..eeting and a tha.nkl>giving to the many .6u.ppoll.:tell.6 of, ou.11.. own Uvu the c.011..n, the. bean.6, :the .t>qu.a..6h, :the wind.6, .the i,u.n. When people c.eMe :to 11.upe.et and explle.6.6 glLD.t:-i;tude f, 011. :thue many :thing.6, then all Uf,e. wlU be dutll.oyed, and human Uf,e on thi.6 pl.a.net will. c.ome to an end. g ~ Ou.11.. 11.00.t.6 a11.e deep in the .t.o.nd.6 whelle we. Uve. we have a g.11.e.at love 6011. ou.11. c.ou.n:tll.y, f,011. ou.11. e fWtthpl.a.c.e i.6 the/le . The. .6oil i.6 11..ic.h f,11.0m :the. g bonu of, thou.L>and.6 of, ou.11. g.e.nellation.6. Eac.h 06 ~ U.6 VXJ..6 c.11.e.ate.d in :tho.6 e .f.a.nd.6, and i:t AA Ou.IL ~ dl.1.ty to take. c.a11.e. of, them, bec.a.u.L>e 611.om thue. g dl.1.ty to take. g.11.e.at c.a.11.e. o6 them, be.c.a.u.L> e. 611.om I ~~~~e.~~~~~ri11!e.t~~~~~~f~~~~ o abou..t w.Uh a g.11.e.a:t 11.upe.c.:t, f,011. the. Ea.Jr.th i.6 I a Vell.IJ 0 0 : e 0 o ~ ~ 0 - .6ac.11.ed pl.ac.e... ~ p--- address of the Hau De No Sau Nee to the western world (presented to the United Nations, Conference of Non-governmental Organizations; Geneva, Switzerland, 1977) 9 0 0 ol 0 ° I 1 1 1 0 0 o 0 0 0 g I ( "The land is sacred," the Indians told the European ool onists. It is only in this generation, un:ier the threat of nmaway uraniml, runaway in:iustrialization, and the ravages of EX>isol'OlS sprays am waste-EX>llutants that we are CDning to realize the true depth and meaning of these words. Now we have rediscovered the web of life, called "the ecology" am the spirit of the lam, "the envirorment." cnly now, alm::lst 500 years after Colurbls, refugees fran the invading irdustrial society are anbarking on amther voyage of exploration into the New World. We are looking at the lam with new eyes to fin:i space, subsistence, am meaning for our lives. Ia:>king arourXi, we see a different world, alive and p.tlsating, a spiritual being. OUr planet seen in this way, we call GAI A. a living organism with a will and an intelligence of her own. She dances to her own time, and it is to our own peril i f we do oot follow her lead. 'lhe ancient name of this continent we inhabit is TURTLE 1SLANV. 0 "Turtle Island - the old/ new name for the continent based on many creation myths of the people who have been living here for rnillenia, and rea.pplied by sane of than to "North .America" in recent years. Also, ari idea fourxi world-wide, o f the earth, or the cosnos even, sustained by a great turtle or serpent-of-eternity. g 0 g a · I 0 ~ name: that we may see ourse lves 11Dre accurately on this continent of watersheds and life-camnmities - plant zones, piysiograpri.c provinces, culture areas; following nat\Jral boundaries. 'lhe "U.S.A"and its states and oounties are arbitrary and inaccurate inp::>sitions on what is really here." - Gary Snyder A g 111 0 1 0 g I o ) speak of the world 11Dre accurately, to speak of the world that is really here instead of the arbitrary ploitical boun3aries, we speak of BIOREG!ONS. TO 0 Qmmmooommmooommmooommmooommmooo1DDDD0oommmooomnunooo~ autum 1983 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,</em> Issue 1, Autumn 1983 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Apples--Varieties--North Carolina, Western Apples--Storage Traditional Farming--United States--Appalachian Region, Southern Alternative agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Permaculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Animals--Folklore Appalachians (People)--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Description An account of the resource The first issue of <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, published in the fall of 1983, sets the platform of the publication which expresses and overall tone of respect and stewardship of the land and all life in it. Topics in this issue include Katúah and its meaning, the world as bioregions, the migration of Ulster Scots to North Carolina, and sustainable practices. Authors and artists in this issue include: Chuck Marsh, Thomas Rain Crowe, Sam Gray, Curtis Wood, Tyler Blethen, Snow Bear, Doug Elliott, George Ellison, and Marnie Muller.<br /><br />Beginning with Issue 19, Spring 1988, the journal title was shortened to <em>Katúah Journal</em>. The journal was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. <br /><br /> Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Bioregions: "The Trail to Home".......1<br /><br />From Ulster to Carolina : <br />(The Scotch-Irish Migration to N. Carolina).......3<br /><br />Permaculture Practices.......4 <br /><br />Moshka &amp; Lakima : A Story By Snow Bear.......6 <br /><br />Old Time Apples.......8 <br /><br />Poetry : "Wind Rose" by George Ellison.......9 <br /><br />Map Meditations : The Katuah Bioregion.......10 <br /><br />Mountain Guides : A Resource Bibliography.......12<br /><br />Bioregional Congresses.......14<br /><br />Alternatives to Economics.......17 <br /><br />Finding Katuah : A Bioregional Questionnaire.......22 <br /><br />Fall Calendar........21 <br /><br />Creative Distribution.......22<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Economic Alternatives European Immigration Geography Glossaries Katúah Permaculture Poems Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/4d450fedff98db51d827ad2d6b6eb05e.pdf 17a990be6fc8c33627511b8f4ccfd428 PDF Text Text ������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, Issue 7, Spring 1985 Description An account of the resource The seventh issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on the culture of economics and work. This issue features an essay on economy by poet, novelist, and environmentalist Wendell Berry. Other authors and artists in this issue include: Donna Obrecht, Elizabeth Squire, Becky Wellborn, Sparrel Wood, Mark Friedrich, Rick Murray, Thomas Rain Crowe, Chip Smith, C. B. Squire, Robert Penn Warren, Barbara Reimensnyder, and Michael Hockaday. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Looking to the Future.......1<br /><br />Sustainable Economics.......1<br /><br />The Great Economy by Wendell Berry.......3<br /><br />Native Village Economy.......4<br /><br />Hot Springs.......5<br /><br />Worker-Ownership.......6<br /><br />Busy Needle.......7<br /><br />Working in the Web of Life.......8<br /><br />Spring Creek.......12<br /><br />Self-Help Credit Union.......13<br /><br />Responsible Investing.......15<br /><br />Madison County.......16<br /><br />Wild Turkey.......18<br /><br />Update: Forest Service Plan.......20<br /><br />Nuclear Waste Update.......22<br /><br />The Gift Economy.......23<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional economics Sustainable development--Appalachian Region, Southern Cooperative societies--North Carolina, Western Barter--Appalachian Region, Southern Investments--Moral and ethical aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Children's Page Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hunting Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Villages Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/3bb540dcdbeaaaf1f14ddae1dc0e4557.pdf a36e851f2b8b17710f0753e60cf20014 PDF Text Text Postage Paid ~UA~)OURNAL Bulk Ma~ Permit #18 Leicester, NC P.O. Box638 Leicester, NC 28748 Katu ah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED ISSUE 20 SUMMER 1988 $1.50 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF TH E SOUTHERN A PPALACHIANS �THE TRACKS OF THE PANTHER Will Mark the Length of the Appalachian Range ..... and Beyond CONTENTS The Tracks of the Panther............... 1 "Wilderness is not a land-use designation!" Alphonso Lubek Highlands of Roan ..................................6 Celo Community: 50 Years on the Land ..................... 8 Celo. lnterview.................................... 1O Land Trust: Tenure for Our Time.. 11 Learning Community......................... .12 Mountain Landscapes at Risk ......... 13 Rest in Perpetual Wilderness ....... 14 "The Ridge"............................................15 Farmers and the Farm Bill... ........... 16 Good Medicine: "Relating to the Land" ............. 17 "It Comes in a Mist" ...........................18 Duke's Power Play.............................. 19 Cherokee Micro hydro Project... ..... 21 Drumming: Letters to Katuah ........ 22 by David Wheeler Photographs by Gil Leebrick Leave for awhile this world of damaged and broken life cycles, and step into a different time frame. Leave the deranged pace of our society - the quick buck, fast food, the instant replay - and move to another rhythm. In this time perspective, forests and glaciers flow and recede. Slowly and ponderously the mountains breathe, inhaling and exhaling through the ages. Species migrate across the face of the Earth, through time in which there is no time, only an endless procession of seasons and the stars circling overhead. This is evolutionary time. From this time space we can see indusaial society as a sudden wound that tore open the Eanh's flesh and let in dangerous poisons, diseases, and putrefactions which threatened our planet's very existence. But the wound is now slowly healing over. The last traces of infection and sick, decaying tissue arc now disappearing. See a new race of human beings, few in number, their bodies strong and sensitive to the world, their intuitive faculties awake and aware to every shift in the energy patterns around them. These people are not driven by goals or guilt from artificial motivations or formulations of good and evil. They live simply, keeping their senses unencumbered to fully receive the greatest delight: the gift of existence in a world that is whole, that informs and provides every motivations or formulations of good and evil. They live simply, keeping their senses unencumbered to fully receive the greatest delight: the gift of existence in a world that is whole, that informs and provides every facet of their lives. These people live in small tribal circles surrounded by the powerful forces of the natural world. They see themselves as the eye at the center of the world - the part of the whole that can look back on itself, see itself jn its entirety and delight in the intricacies and movements of the life pattern mandala. The camps of these humans are small islands in the midst of the flow of the world. Wilderness to them is not a rare and specialized category. Wilderness is their reality • sometimes fearsome, but never alien or forbidding. Wilderness is the central fact of their existence. It provides for them. It shapes their consciousness as well as their physical existence. And when the time comes, wilderness takes their lives. Wilderness is habitat is home. Life at the center of the world can be sustained forever, if the people think and live in evolutionary time. The step into this vision of the world may seem like a long one to us, situated as we are in this time, but in actuality it is not so far. We are only 400 years removed from it on this continent. And we need to think in these terms, for this is ecological reality. This is a vision of the world in balance. We need to think of it, aspire to it, before we can achieve it It is from this perspective that we are offered the proposal "Preserve Appalachian Wilderness" (PAW) authored by Jamie Sayen of Stratford, NH and first published (continued on page 3) KATUAH- page 1 SUMMER- 1988 �CARRYING WATER: Scott Bird Christina Morrison Chip Smith Rob Messick Marnie Muller David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: John Morris Jack Chaney Michael Red Fox John Lang Colleen Williams Will Ashe Bason Judith Hallock Michael Hockaday Oliver Loveday Cover Photo by Gil Leebrick of the Environmental Arts Center, Highlands, NC Invocation by kore loy mcwhirter STATEMENT OF PURPOSE EDITORIAL QFFJCE nus ISSUE: Worley Cove, Sandymush Creek PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co., Sylva, NC WRITE US AT: Katuah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 TifE SOlll'HERN APPALACHIAN BIOREC!ON AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS TELEPHONE: (704) 683-1414 Diversity is an imponanl element or biorcgional ecology. bOth natural and social. In line with this principle, the Katuab Journal lries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed anicles express only the opinion or the authors and arc not nccessnrily !he opinions of the Katuab Journal editors or stare. The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatiJah a non-profit orgnniMtion under section 50t(c)(3) of !he Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to KatUah are deductible from personal income tax. 'LNVOCA.TWN summre solstice songe I speake forre the darke forces I amme the seede the light-mongres have forgottenne theirre purpose we gathre ande growe no one canne live withoute oure beinge evenne the sma!Jeste glimmre is made greate inne oure presence a!Je muste returne to us you maye dance ande dragge atte youre sbadowes wishlnge themme awaye whenne you wearye of the battle forre supremacye and separationne you wille come to reste inne oure annes we wille rocke you to sleepe to the songe of the moones' darke face she singes of youre memorye thatte we are one Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turtle Island; a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense ofresponsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of r~sponsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Kantah" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicated by its nawral boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the north; the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley to the west. The editorial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the awareness that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is a way to insure the sustainability ofthe biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a " do or die " situation in terms of a quality standard of life for all living beings on this planet. As a voice for the caretakers of this sacred land, Katuah, we advocate a centered approach to the concept of decentralization. It is our hope to become a support system for those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that Katuah will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing members. - The EdiJors KATUAH - page 2 SUMMER - 1988 �(continued from page I} in the Eanh Firsr! Journal. The PAW idea is simply to create a continuous wilderness or habitat area from the Florida Keys to the Laurentian Mountains in Quebec, using as a foundation the present protected route of the Appalachian Trail. The idea seems outrageous in the present social context, but it is actually a modest transitional step toward ecological sanity. A continuous wild habitat the length of the Appalachian Range could provide the first requirement for wilderness, space, and in time enable the return of unique plants and large animals - panthers, bears, wolves, moose - that have been exterminated throughout all or parts of the mountain chain. lf the PAW plan became a reality, plant and animal species could migrate freely from Karuah to the Gulf of Maine bioregion to the north, and likewise to the Aorida Peninsula bioregion to the south. "The 'backbone' for this wideranging habitat," says the PAW document, "already exists, albeit plagued by slipped discs and cracked vertebrae. The Appalachian Trail runs for over 2,000 miles from Mt. Katahdin in nonhem Maine to Springer Mountain in northern Georgia. "Wild areas along the Appalachian Trail must be expanded, buffered, and protected in perpetuity as wilderness. Only then will the backbone suppon the weight of the massive wild areas throughout the C3Stern reaches of Tunic Island which will be joined to the Appalachian Trail 'wilderness backbone' by means of wild, natural corridors. In this way the Adirondack wilderness (in NY) can be linked co the Appalachian Trail in the Green Mountain National Forest (VT) via Lake Champlain and other riparian and terrestrial wild corridors." KA1UAH - page 3 A continuous wild habitat the length of the Appalachian Range could provide the first requirement for wilderness, space, and in time enable the return of unique plants and large animals - panthers, bears, wolves, moose - that have been exterminated throughout all or parts of the mountain chain. Of the Katuah province, PAW says: 'The Southern Appalachians.....are home to the most varied deciduous forest in North America. Due to the extraordinary range of plant habitats and climates, 2,500 tree, shrub, moss, and lichen species occur there, 1.500 of which are flowering. There are over 200 endemic species, including 40 wildflower species. 'There are more than 25 wilderness preserves in this area, but, unfortunately, most are of the usual variety, i.e., less than 10,000 acres. Almost the entire length of the Appalachian Trail from Springer Mountain to the northern tip of the Shenandoah National Park traverses National Park, National Forest, or designated wilderness. There is enormous potential for 'big wilderness' in the southern Appalachians. "This is the good news. The rest of the story is more familiar. Roads parallel or bisect much of the Appalachian Trail. National ForestS and Parks are not managed for wilderness, and most designated wilderness is fragmented and confined to mountain tops with spectacular views. The lower reaches, drainages, swamps, valleys, and less scenic areas - in shon, the areas with the greatest biological diversity and species richness - are generally unprotected." The proposal also mentions re-establishing the American chestnut tree, once a dominant species in the Appalachian woods and a major food source for the large wildlife populations that inhabited the mountain forests. PAW activist R.F. Mueller and olhers in Virginia have proposed a 65,000 acre "Shenandoah Wilderness Area" in the northwest corner of the present state boundaries. The PAW proposal states that, "This proposal is PA W's highest shon tenn priority even though the Shenandoah Wilderness lies approximately 30 miles from the Appalachian Trail. Appropriate buffering and connecting corridors in National Forest land will connect it to the backbone. It should be noted that in the long run PA W's vision calls for greatly expanding this core area..... "The Cranberry Back Country in the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia, fifty miles as Raven flies from lhe Appalachian Trail in Virginia, will also be joined by natural corridors to the backbone..... (The Cranberry Back Country) offers promise of supporting a healthy wolf population which could begin to radiate to other wild areas such as Shenandoah Wilderness, and then up and (continued on page 4) SUMMER- 1988 �(c.ontinued from page 3) down the Appalachian Trail Wilderness network. "The Cranberry Back Country is composed of the 35,000 acre Cranberry Wilderness and the 45,000 acre Cranberry Back Country which merits immediate wilderness designation. Surrounding the Cranberry Back Country is a large block of roaded, but wild, Monongahela National Forest and other public and private lands which provide good buffer to the core wilderness..... " The northernmost of the large, protected habitat areas would be a Northeast Kingdom Wilderness Park and Biological Preserve in the northeast quadrant in the present state of Vermont. The PAW document says that this area is particularly important, because "For four of the most wilderness-dependent species - cougar, lynx, wolf, and pine marten - blocks of 400,000 acres or more in wilderness are needed to maintain viable, stable populations. For the cougar, a 400,000 acre wilderness is needed specifically in Vermont to assure thriving, interbreeding populations elsewhere in the Appalachians, because this species has a country-wide distribution and prefers mountain realms." Below Springer mountain the habitat zone would continue south to link up with a proposed habitat area for the Florida panther and other native life forms that would comprise most of central Florida. "One possibility," mentioned in the proposal, "would be to continue the Appalachian Trail southwest from Springer Mountain into eastern Alabama's Talladega National Forest and thence eatsward to the Chattahoochee River south of Columbus, Ga. "A similar priority exists at the northern end of the Appalachian Trail A route north of Katahdin, hopefully incorporating the St. John's River and the fabled Allagash in Maine to the Gaspe Peninsula region must be devised The goal is to ultimately reach the Canadian tundra. Then the tropical will be truly rejoined with the tundra, just as migratory birds have KATUAH - page 4 continued to keep them joined throughout the centuries of ecological fragmentation and destruction." "We must consider the natural history of the region and the ecological needs of wild/ife and the landscape, rather than continuing to ask, "What is politically realistic in the context of industrial . A merzca.?' . . . . . we must consider the whole system, not what sort of a compromise we can sneak through Congress." "Our basic strategy," says the PAW manifesto, "is to identify large, core wilderness areas which are to be protected in perpetuity as federally-designated wilderness. Surrounding these cores will be buffer zones. The inner buffer zones will be managed as mature forests, thus increasing the effective size of the wilderness core. They will mitigate the impact of civilization on the core areas and will mitigate the depredations of wildlife species on humans and their possessions. Appropriate benign human activities like canoeing will be permitted. "Outer buffer zones would border on human settlements. Primitive hunting and long-rotation forestry might be permitted in the inner portions of these outer zones. The outermost sections, which actually border on developed areas, might permit more intensive forestry, including tree farming, recreation, and possibly low-density housing. "These buffered wilderness cores would be linked by wild corridors to other nearby cores. These corridors must be wide enough to permit the flow of species, individuals, genes, and energy, and to provide space for habitat patches." Elsewhere in the PAW document author Sayen explains the need for massive, undisturbed habitat areas: "The issue of predation points out the importance of large wilderness preserves, preserves of 400,000 or -more acres. As is well known, many plant and animal species undergo periodic fluctuations in population and range. During periods of unusually favorable weather, species tend to expand their ranges and populations. When conditions change adversely, range and population contract to below-average numbers. "Herbivores like moose and deer feast off early successional plant species that colonize natural disturbance areas. But after a number of years the plants mature and grow out of reach of the herbivores, or the SUMMER- 1988 �browsing pressure causes a decline in vegetation locally. Large moose and deer populations can no longer be supported. and they either decline or go localJy extinct and move on co another, more hospitable locales. The decline of the herbivore population affords plant communities a chance to recover. "Meanwhile, the decline in prey base causes the wolf population to decline or go locally extinct, as it follows its shifting prey. Gradually, the herbivore population builds up in favorable new feeding areas and the wolf population follows. The cycle goes on endlessly, and in time herbivores return to the first site, whicb by now has recovered from earlier overbrowsing. It is essential that wildlife and wilderness managers recognize this cyclic phenomenon and that a wide range of ecosysteµis in differing states of succession be inclulied in a wilderness preserve to insure chis dypamic process. This requires that we manage for processes rather than for individual species." The PAW proposal is a challenge to us to dare to break the boundaries on our thinking imposed by the current social order: "We must consider the natural history of the region and the ecological needs of wildlife and the landscape, rather than continuing to ask, "What is politically realistic in the context of industrial America?'.....We must consider the whole system, not what son of a compromise we can sneak through Congress." The vision embodied in PAW is also a challenge to our society as a whole, because "Merely setting aside large wilderness preserves will be fruitless if we continue to generate acid rain; nuclearwaste; pesticides and herbicides; overpopulation; and a violent. exploitative attitude towards others (human and non-human)." Can our species live up to the standards of wilderness? This question is crucial to the success of the venture to "Preserve Appalachian Wilderness," but it is also the ultimate question of our species' continued survival in the world. KA TUAH - page 5 Jamie Sayen, the author of the PAW manifesto, is also tlu! author of the book Einstein in America. lie is a member of Conneeticut Valley Earth First! and was a spawner in the Salmon Revival Run up the Connecticut River this summer. Gil Lubrick is residenf plzofography teacher and workshop leader at the Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in llighlonds, NC. lie has fought of Honolulu Community College and NC Cenrral University. His landscape photographs hove been nationally exhibited and reside in numerous public and private collections. Copies of the complete PAW proposal are available for $3 .00 ppd. from: Gulf of Maine Books; 61 Maine St.; Brunswick, ME 04011 In addition to the outline of the wilderness plan, the paper also contains valuable background information on the formation of the Appalachian mounrain chain, a brief history of the Appalachlan Trail, thoughts on the importance of wilderness and the need for large, wuJisrurbed habitat areas, and more specific specifications for wilderness in the nonheast. THE POSSIBLE WILDERNESS For more information on the importance of large-scale wilderness habitats, read The Fragmented Forest by l.Arry Harris (University of Chlcago Press, 1984) Potential Wilderness Areas in Appalachia SUMMER-1988 �Xnown as the Highlands of Roan, the Roan Mountain massif is a magnificent isolated mountain mass of 23,000 acres located in Caner County, Tennessee and Avery and Mitchell Counties, North Carolina It is a vast high country with huge grassy areas that roll and undulate in every direction. Winds, averaging 25 miles per hour year-round, ripple the tall sedges and hair grass ...like seaweed in a great tide. l n late June, Catawba rhododendron blooms color the ridges purple. Flame azalea and mountain laurel splay orange and pink against blue-grey backdrops. In winter, the winds pile snow deep in the protected valleys while rime ice clings to exposed twigs on the summits. Unaka, the Cherokee word for "white", gives the range its name. Season by season, almost moment by moment, the Roan reveals itself, always displaying a wide spectrum of mood and ecological treasure. The Roan provides a haven for an extraordinary diversity of plants and animals, many of which are rare and endangered. Each year researchers, teachers, and amateur ecologists come to the Higltlands to study the many species and seek new finds. Throughout the nineteenth century, botanists from around the world visited the Roan in their studies of Appalachian flora. The quote (on next page) from Elisha Mitchell, for whom the East's highest mountain is named, is indicative of the high regard these botanists held for Roan Mountain. The balds are treeless areas of sedges, grasses and wildflowers covering several hundred acres along rounded KATIJAH - page 6 ridges and peaks from 5,400 feet to 6,100 feet above sea level. Wild, yet tranquil, rugged yet fragile, this place is not like any other. Great rocks, weathered and timeworn into strange and fascinating shapes, jut from knee-deep grasses. Wind-wracked, rocky crags edge the balds. Ancient many-colored lichens, centuries old, creep across the rocks at the rate of only 1/16 of an inch every 25 years. Season f>y season, almost rnom.ent f>y m.om.ent, the '.R.oti.n rnvealS i-tsd f , alwa y s d:i-spCa.yi-fl-9 · a wi-d:e sp ectrum. of mood: and: ec0Co9i.cal t r easure . For fifteen of its 2,100 miles, the Appalachian Trail traverses the Higltlands of Roan. It crosses the great balds and moves into the conifer-covered Roan High Knob-Roan High Bluff area, providing hikers with some of the most striking natural vistas along the entire Trail. lo season, wildflowers carpet the Highlands. Acres of white fringed phacelia cover the ground in May, accented with splotches of may apples with white and purple violets, trout lilies and many other early spring flowers. A month later the balds are streaked yellow and red with hawk weed and other sun-loving flowers. ·. SUMMER- 1988 �'Lt ts the most &ea.u.ti.fut and will & r epay the Ca&or of ascendi.~ i.t of est aU ou.r h.i.qh. mou.ntai.ns. 1Ji.th. the except w n. of a & oc:Cy of roe~ Coo~i.~ [ ilt,e the rui.ns of an o[c:C casUe near i.ts sou.th.western. ex.t remi.ty, the top of th.e R oan may & c:Cescri.&ec:C a.s a vast e meadow wi.th.ou.t a tree to obs t r uct a prospect, w h.ere a person may 9a.[[op fl.ts fwrse for a m ile or two wi.th. North. Caro[i.na. a t fl.ts f eet on one si.c:Ce and Tennessee on. the other and a 9rea.t ocea.n of mou.n.ta.i.ns ra.tsec:C i.n. tremendous &tllows i.mmedia.tay a.rou.nd h.f.m . 1.t t.s the eLyst.u.m of the southern &ota.nt.st, a.s a. nu.m&er of From a boianist's perspective, the Roan Mountain massif is superlative because of the outstanding diversity and the exceptional quality of plant communities found there. Over 300 species of plants a.re found on the Highlands, including the very rare Gray's lily (lilium grayi) as well as spreading avens (Geum radiatum) and Blue Ridge goldenrod (Solidago spithamaea). There arc more nationally or regionally ranked rare species on the Roan massif than any other site in the high mountains of the southern Appalachians. Roan Mountain also has varied and abundant wildlife, a fact which can be attributed to its exceptional habitat diversity-a product of latitude, altitude, geology, vegetation, and even history. At least seven of the thirty rare mammals listed in Endangered and Threarened Plants and Animals of North Carolina have been reported in the Highlands. The Ronn massif is a vast, high altitude island surrounded and isolated by low and narrow valleys and rolling hills. Because its slopes vary in steepness, soil composition, orientation, and drainage, it suppons a mosaic of vegetation types and microhabitats, and these are of sufficient total area to sustain substantial animal populations. Ice Age History Roan's dynamic Ice Age history transformed the 18-mile ridge into a fauna! melting pot of northern relics, southern invaders, and local isolates or endemics. The Roan was left a northern island in a sea of southern deciduous forests. These factors as well as the low level of human activity have created the living space for a spectacular array of animal species. Roan Mountain's major habitats arc generally described in terms of their dominant vegetation. Distinctive attitudinal plant zones, from the spruce-fir forests, grass balds, and rhododendron heaths at high elevations, through northern hardwood and oak forests to valley hardwoods and old field sites, largely simulate the Latitudinal sequence of habitats from southern Canada to southeastern US. Thus a few species, such as the New England cottontail and the bog lemming, arc at or near their southern limits and may be relics of a past ice age. Others, like the opossum and southern flying squirrel, are warm-climate species which periodically invade the upper slopes. Some species arc confined to one type of habitat on a pennanent or seasonal basis. For example, meadow mice inhabit the grass balds, a habitat used by the rare snow bunting only in winter. Other species occupy the adjacent pans of two vegetation wnes: the threatened northern flying ~----.1 pCa.n.ts a.re fou.nd 9rowt."9 t.n th.ts co[c:C and h.u.mt4 a.tmosphere wnicn a.re not seen GCJGt.n. u.n.tU we ha.ve 9one h.u.ndrecls of mUes fu.rther north." - EUsh.a. M.t.tcheU, 1839 squirrel frequents the lower spruce-fir and upper northern hardwood forests. Still other animals-shrews, jumping mice, salamanders and many invcncbrates--require ccnain micro-habitats within a zone to provide special foods or refuges. Finally, active carnivores (least weasels, spotted skunks), large species (bears, bobcats, and foxes), and fliers with special needs (owls, bats, hummingbirds) must range widely over the mountain and, in fact, would probably not survive if confined to a single area. The Roan also provides a haven for over a hundred species of birds during nesting, migration and wintering. Bird sitings include the bald eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, snow bunting, raven, alder flycatcher, and saw-whet owl. Need for Protection This whole extraordinary area is in great need of protection. Fortunately, the Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy is working to preserve it. The Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization founded in 1974 with two goals in mind: to ensure the means whereby the Highlands of Roan wiJl be protected in perpetuity against development and other incompatible uses and to establish a continuing program of stewardship for these lands. Efforts to protect the Highlands were begun under the auspices of the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) in 1966. Most of the initial preservation work of the Highlands was directed toward the proteetion of tracts along the Appalachian Trail in preparation for their purchase by the ForeSt Service. Conservation efforts were carried out by the Roan Mountain Preservation Committee of the ATC, with the cooperation of The Nature Conservancy. In time it became evident that the Highlands of Roan project would require a greater cffon than could be accomplished through a committee of an organization concerned with the entire Appalachian Trail. As a result, the SAHC was organized to take responsibility for fund-raising, land acquisition, and land management In the mid 1960's, the US Forest Service, cooperating with the ATC, instituted an acquisition program on Roan Mountain. So far, SAHC has assisted the US Forest Service in acquiring 4,300 acres. When combined with the Forest Service's previous holdings, a central core of 11,800 acres has now been acquired as public lands. The remainder of the protection effon is focussed around this core area. As most of the Forest Service's planned Appalachian Trail corridor acquisition work has been completed, it is now up to other organizations and individuals to complete the mountain's protection. (continued on page 2.S) pho10graphs councsy of SAHC KATUAH - page 7 SUMMER- 1988 �C 1981 John M. Morgan CELO connu.Nt'Jy: 50 YEARS ON THE LAND by Marilyn Cade While fireworks were exploding for the bicentennial anniversary of the United States Constitution, in a small valley at the feet of the Black Mountains in Yancey County, NC another anniversary slipped by quietly, almost unnoticed. 1987 was the fiftieth year of existence for the Celo Community, the oldest land stewardship community in the nation, but life flowed on as evenly as the South Toe River, which winds through the valley. Celo Community, Incorporated (CCO is an eclectic, occasionally eccentric, collection of people who all unite on the idea of saving and preserving the land. They are painters, carpenters, architects, glass blowers, poners, weavers, and farmers by trade. Some are staff at the Arthur Morgan School, an alternative junior high located in the community. The school grounds are also the location of the Celo Press, a small publishing firm. Rural Southern Voice for Peace, a newsletter published by members and non-members of Celo Community, has its offices on the campus as well. The Barrus family runs a summer camp for children with an emphasis on interlinking with handicapped children and children of different races and socio-economic backgrounds. The Celo Community land base is owned, not by individuals, but by the CCI. An individual or family cannot purchase title to any of the community land, but rather leases a "holding". The price is actually a "deposit", calculated according to the local price for a similar piece of land in the surrounding area. But community agreements govern the use of the land, and land speculation, subdividing, clear-cutting, abusive agriculcure, etc. are not available options. If a member withdraws from the community, the amount they paid as a deposit is refunded, without regard to any appreciation in land value since the original holding was taken. Any buildings or homes are treated separately, with refunds equalling the cost of replacement value including depreciation. For members, the advantages of community landholding outweigh the loss of traditional ownership. Residents are attracted by the concern shown for the present and future well-being of the land. They want to live on a protected large tract, where certain areas are kept wild. And they enjoy sharing the community life. Cooperative ownership is contrary to the notion that KATUAH-page 8 hwnans arc given dominion over lhc Earth. It is based instead on the idea that we arc given stewardship over it, that we are accountable for our actions. This principle is now being advanced in the land trust concept, a new model for land tenure currently being practiced in Lhis country. Ernest Morgan, a community member and son of Anhur Morgan, says, 'The land trust is designed to avoid the exploitive nature and abuses of individual land ownership...The land trust concept is something lhat western society urgently needs to face up 10." Celo Community advocates the establishment of more land trusts and cooperative ownership arrangements in the region and beyond. The population of the community bas stabilized and they are no longer actively seeking new members. They hope that their role at the present time could be as an inspiration and a model for lhe development of other community experiments. Depression Roots The Depression and the t 930's were years of great economic and social turmoil. ELhics in daily life seemed desirable and even practical. People, especially young people, were ready to experiment with new ways of living and working outside the failing mainstream economy. W illiam Regnery, a Chicago philanthropist, at this same time sought suggestions for new charitable causes from Arthur Morgan.Then Presidc.nt of Antioch College in Ohio, Morgan had been an engineer who built successful flood control dams, later becoming Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority. He was a Quaker who had already thought a good bit about the difficulties of leading a fulfilling life in the modem world. He felt that there should be an opportunity for young people to try new approaches to making a living. Morgan told Regnery of an idea conceived in conversations during 1932 and 1933 with Clarence Pickett, the Executive Secretary of the American Friends Service Committee. They wanted to somehow provide a situation in which the young people then seeking answers from them could instead work out their own solutions to leading a fulfilling life. With the general industrial collapse of the Depression, they decided a rural piece of land suitable for families to develop into individual farms would be most practical. This whole idea appealed to Regnery, and he agreed to finance the land if a suitable spot could be found and if Morgan and Pickett would serve on the board of directors. Morgan envisioned a small community situation. He SUMMER- 1988 �wanted the land to be located in an area sufficiently isolated that the settlers could pursue new goals without the distraction of old habits reinforced by the wider world. A small community would have more influence on how its children grew up. A small community could support positive values and beliefs among the adults. If Morgan sounds utopian, that was not his intent. He denied being io any way a visionary. He stated from the beginning that there would be no religious, political, or social code binding the community together. In a memorandum for the community written in 1937, he said, "It takes more than economic need or craving for congenial society to hold men together. Set religious or political dogmas tend to be a dividing influence. Above all other reasons for living and working together, there needs to be a strong common purpose..." As to the land itself, Morgan desired a location that was arable, affordable, had wholesome neighbors, and was blessed with a natural beauty. After several months of combing the Southern Appalachian Mountain region for such a site, the search ended in the valley of the South Toe. ln 1937, 1200 acres of woods, somewhat exhausted farmland, streams, and pasture were bought in the Celo area of the valley. Land-sharing was not a clear objective when the community first began. The earliest residents were renters who were already living on the land when it was purchased by the community. One of them was appointed a manager. The goal of encouraging young families to be self-sustaining was the primary object. However, most of the first families who came had no financial resources. The struggle for simple swvival prevented them from taking a larger view of the community and its future. Managers succeeded one another in frequent succession, each one recruiting different kinds of people to pioneer the community. Tenant farmers, socialJy troubled families, bible colJegc graduates, and ex-missionaries came for short periods of time between 1937 and I 945, with largely unsatisfactory results. The community tried and then gave up farming, dairy herds, a sawmill, timbering, and a nursing home. By 1945, only five families remained in the community. Community Revival 1945 was clearly a watershed year for the Celo Community. After some early members withdrew their membership but kept title to their land, the first steps toward community ownership were taken. Conscientious objectors moved to the community after the war, bringing with them a new idealism about the community and land use, and they supported the land cooperative idea. It was also in 1945 that the land manager system was finally abandoned at Celo as well. It was replaced by a steering committee of fi vc people, one from each household. The committee met once a week, and the whole membership met once a month. The meetings have continued without interruption since that year. Members regard the meetings with varying degrees of enthusiasm. One of the ongoing problems for the community is maintaining a much higher level of group involvement than most people have previously experienced. But since all decision-making power rests with the meetings, they arc an indcspcnsable part of the Cclo Community life. There are also four standing committees: Finance, Membership, Property, and Land Use. It is evident that half the specific concerns arc about land. Sara Smith, a daughter of a Celo family, wrote in a college paper that "the single common bond for CCI members now is the land they hold in trust". During the 1950's more people came to Celo and swelled the population to 20 member households. The "back: to the land" movement and disaffection with prevailing political and social conventions in the 1960's brought still more members. Others came after being introduced to the area while resident craftspeople at the Penland School of KATIJAH - page 9 Crafts in nearby Mitchell County. As the new members came, they tended to build their houses in tucked-away comers of the woods. There was a strong sense of wanting to pioneer and to feel self-sufficient. However, the spreading population could quickly have made the forest into a suburb. Realizing the danger, the community about 17 years ago began to set aside land for a wild area. Of the community's 1,200 acre land base, at least 300 acres arc now in forest preservation. Within this wild area, overseen by the Land Use Committee, arc examples of the usual and unusual wild flora of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. There are plant communities that date back to the time of the glaciers. There are endangered species found in some of the coves and bogs. Use of the proteetcd area is limited to bikes and nature walks. Much of the community is bounded by National Forest land. At ti.mes this has been seen as an asset, as for years at a time there is no activity in these areas. However, the National Forest is managed land, and the Forest Service builds new roads and marks off timber sales for clearcuttlng. Community members sec these actions as a threat to soil stability as well as destruction of valuable forest. They lobby the government and the Forest Service co limit this manner of land use. They arc concerned 001 only with the land they hold in trust, but with all the valley and the wider mountain area. Many members of the Cclo Community are active in various organizations and strongly support local efforts to preserve the environment, such as the Friends of the Toe River. Bob Johnson, a wildlife enthusiast who is on the Land Use Committee, has observed that "this is prime condo country". AU around the county there is unprecedented growth. County political leadership has expressed little concern with curbing this development, and in fact probably encourages it. The Southern Appalchians were economically deprived for many decades, though chere has been much improvement over the last 20 years. Still, it causes leaders to sec any growth as a good thing. Arthur Morgan, 50 years ago, predicted that decades of upheaval lay ahead for the nation. Among his many concerns he included land conservation, endangered species, alcernative living opportunities, animal rights, and the need for a new cornminment. He once remarked bow much he would relish being a 25 year old starting ouc life in the Cclo Community, ready to take on the challenge. Morgan had some final thoughts on Celo when he wrote a brief history of his experience with the community: "It seems co me that Cclo Community and the surrounding neighborhood is a favorable setting for an interesting human adventure lasting through generations, which will not be a retreat from life, but an adventure in living." C 1981 John M. Morgan SUMMER- 1988 �r--~·-·-- 1 I A Conversation Ruth Ostrenga and Rio Alden have Jived in Celo Community since 1985. In February of this year they became official members of Celo, where they now run a plant and flower business called High MoUnJain Greenery. Christina Morrison of rhe Katuah Journal spoke with them one afternoon about how it feels to belong to a land stewardship community. with Ruth and Rio of Celo Community Katuah: What does living on a land cooperative mean to you? Ruth: I've lhought about it a lot lately and I've realized that its so much about relationships. It's preserving a large piece of land and looking to see what's the best use for lhe land with people who have pretty common values. And that requires working lhings out in a community fashion where you come together and have to really communicate and see more sides than just your own. I value that a great deal-growing and moving through my stuff by being in relationship-so what better place to be than in a community where I'm pressed with it a lot? K: I understand that the. Forest Service doesn't actually sell the land; they sell lumber companies the right to clear-cut And then the Forest Service builds the roads for them and reseeds the land and actually ends up losing money on the deal. And we all lose the forest Ruth: Exactly. Those are the kinds of things we really have to take a look at. And I know that lots ofus he.re don't approve of this mis-use of government land and feel we don't have the say we should have in it. Ruth: I've had a dream for a long time of growing good food for a large number of people. And now that we're here it's starting to seem feasible ...The idea is to put up several composting greenhouses that can grow food al l year round. They're self-heating and also create C0 2 for optimum growing conditions. I've already asked to lease one of the open fields so we may soon be growing enough food for the whole area. Fresh vine-ripened tomatoes in January! I know I'll need more energy than mine to make it work, but I also know there are others here who'd get excited about it too. /(: Sharing land seems to open up so many possibilities. It's surprising that lhere aren't more communal projects going on that utilize th~ land. Rilth: J ~c;e Ce!o,as )c.ind of divided iMo two spaces--there are long-time members who've.already figured out bow to make it and then there are young ones wilh families wJ\o are t;trusgling to 9uild houses and take Qare of kids...so there's not a lot of' extra energy for even things like stopping. the clear-cutting. People are still doing things they'd be doing anywhere and that is getting their acrs togeiher. K: How about your relationship wilh lhe land itself? Ruth: That's something lhat took a while to sink in... that it's my land--all of this is my land--yet it's not. A big thing is that I have a voice in deciding anything that happens in regards to it. That feels really good. I feel the importance of taking responsibility in all respects for what we're doing right now to the Earth...and if I have a band in a pretty good size chunk, then that feels good to me. Also, because we're a community, we have a wider influence than just within the land trust. We can be an example to others who want to do the same thing - preserve large pieces of land. We can also help to influence what happens to other areas around us. Most of our land backs right up to the National Forest. land that the ~Forest service has control over (that is actually ours too - only not as directly), and they're going to be selling off parcels to the lumber industry for clear-cutting not far from here. That feels really awful K: Any dreams of what you'd like to see here? Rio: T here's been a lot more cooperation lately about almost everything though .... childcare, building projects-it seems like a growing trend to give here and take there and trade. So....and this is kind of a wild idea, but I thought perhaps the community could buy rights to that land instead of the timber companies. What better use for a chunk of money? And if we bought the land they wouldn't have to build a road or any of that - so that could be subtracted from what they'd normally charge and they'd actually end up owing us money! (laughs) I can't wait to run this by the land use committee. K: So when you take care of a piece of land you realize how connected it is to the whole area.... Even though I'm not a member, it's great to live near Celo and have so much land to walk on with fewer roads and fences and no "No Trespassing" signs. It's a real feeling of freedom and welcome. Living here, you can even forget what it's like out in the "real world" where land seems so arbitrarily divided up. Rio: I think I would call this the real Ruth: We've started a small garden club of organic growe~--and there's even a local person down the road who has joined. It's a real nice thing to be connecting wilh others in the area-feels like starting to reach out and cover the whoJe planet in terms of cooperation and doing things in a good way.... Hey, there's the osprey! (points above river) They've stayed around for three weeks now--they might be raising babies. K: Are there any areas where you'd like to see change? Ruth: Some members would like 10 see more things done communally. We have workdays once a month for 4 hours and they're a great way to get things done and help each other out. They'd really been fizzling out, lately - like 2 people showing up. But the last workday was really good, Rio: I think it was partly your enthusiasm... Ruth: Yeah, I got really fired up at lhe last meeting and presented it as a wonderful opportunity for everyone. world. K: What was the job? Ruth: I bet the trees would agree. (continued on page 24) KATIJAH-page 10 SUMMER- 1988 �LAND TRUST: Tenure for Our Times Among primitive tribal societies the world over, the Earth was seen as a living being, as alive and conscious as we. There were no "resources," but the mother planet gave her children what they needed to live. The natural forces were potent elemental beings. The idea of "owning" land or "resources" never came to mind until the development and spread of European society. lo our western culture land is parcelled out and sold, and once money has changed hands, owners assume it is their right to have their way with "their" property, whether or not it is in the interests of the land, the wider human community, or the life community as a whole. In 1945 the members of the Celo Community saw that individual land ownership threatened the continued existence of their community, and put their land base into common ownership. Members of Celo now lease a "holding," which grants a holder the right to live on and the right to use the land within guidelines set up by the community's Property Committee. This arrangement was a forerunner of the land trust concept, which was developed by Roben Swann and Ralph Borsodi during the 1960's. A land trust is a corporate entity (usually incorporated as not-for-profit) which is empowered to hold land. Land trusts are set up for a variety of purposes: - in rural areas they can be used to make homes and fanning land available to community people as the Community Land Association is doing in Clairmont in nonheast Tennessee. - in cities they are a powerful t.ool for resisting gentrification and making homes available to low-and moderate-income people. The South Atlanta Land Trust, which is restoring a declining neighborhood in Atlanta, GA is an example. -Conservation land trusts put Large tracts of undeveloped land into trust to preserve them in perpetuity The Ozarlc Regional Land Trust of Canhage, MO is an umbrella organization worlcing to foster all three approaches in the Ourlc mountains, as well as initiating educational projects in ecological land use and farming practices appropriate to that bioregion. In each of these situations the essential purpose of the land trust is to remove the land from the speculative marketplace so that. for whatever reasons, it can no longer be treated as a commodity. In a conservation land trust, human access to the Land is strictly limited. In rural community Land trusts, pans or alJ of a tract are made available for human residency and appropriate use such as ecological agriculture. In an urban setting, land trust holdings are dedicated to uses most beneficial to the community, whether for residences or community service areas. The non-profit land trust corporation retains title to the land and leases rights to community people, subject to land use KATUAH-page 11 Drawing by: Laurie Pierce guidelines of varying strictness depending on the purpose of the land trust. These leases are usually long,term contracts that may be passed on to descendants. Leaseholders who wish· to terminate a lease are allowed to sell the equity they have earned (i.e., the value of buildings and other improvements). Often tbe land trust reserves first options on these equities and buys them to re-sell to the next leaseholder. Land trusts can slow down runaway developmenL Land trusts can enable farm families to gain access'to agricultural land where Land speculation (as on vacation home properties) has caused highly inflated land prices. Land trusts can also preserve wild areas far beyond the lifetime of an individual owner. It is now a widely accepted principle that we cannot own ~nother of our own species as propeny. Someday we may evolve to the point where it would be incomprehensible to own an individual of any species as propehy. And someday, someday, we may progress to a stage where we once again regain the primitive sense of a free and living Earth that cannot be cut into pieces, cannot be bought or sold. The land trust, then, is a stepping-stone to the re-sacralization of the natural world. It is a legalistic mechanism suitable to the complexities of modem society, but it offers a way forward into a new and ancient relationship with the land. RESOURCES to help in unch:rstanding and implementing land trust: BOOKS The Community Land Trust Handbook by the lnstitwefor Community Econormcs (Rodale Press; Emmaus, PA; 1982 - available for $6.00 from ICE, see address below). "Through land trusts, co171171Wiities can regain control oflocal land and Jwusing. This book tells how.for both nual and urban communities." New OrJaniutional Prospects for Community and Conservation Land Trusts by Gregg Galbraith (available for $12.50 ppdfrom the Ozark Regional land Trust, see address beww). "A legal study of the nl()tUI of a regional land trust to assist the development of other regional land trusts." PERIODICALS Communit1 Economics - quarterly newsletter with articles abow develo~nts in community land trusts, community revolving loan funds, and other community development issues. Available by donation from ICE (see address beww). ORGANIZATIONS Jnstituiefor Communil)I Economics 151 Montague City Rd. Greenfield, MA 01301 Oz.art Regional Land Trust 427 S. Main St. Carthage, MO 64836 Solllhe.asr.un Land Presuvali,on Trust 305 Buclchead Ave. NE Atlanta, GA 30305 The School ofLiving (land Com11Uttee) do Common Ground Rt. 3, Box 231 Lexington, VA 24450 The Katuah Regional Land Trust is looking for charter members. This new organization is dedicated to "serving first the land, and then the life nourished by the land" by "reserving and restDring narural habitat areas; the ancient sacred sites and places of power; and a land base, whether rural or urban,for humans to conduct their lives in accord wilh the conditions of nature as found in the KatUah Province of the Appalachian bioregion." Please respond to: KatUali Regional land Trust; Rt. 2, Box 108-A; Whittier, NC 28789 ~ SUMMER- 1988 �LEARNING COMMUNITY by Judith Hallock Arthur Morgan School is a unique boarding school for 24 girls and boys in grades seven through nine. Named after an innovative American educator and activist, the school is based on the principles of Maria Montessori, Mohandas Gandhi, Arthur Morgan, and the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). The stated central aim of the school is to help each student grow into a confident and responsible young person. The school property is part of Celo Community, an intentional land stewardship community. The 100 acre campus consists mainly of woods and meadows and is largely surrounded by national forest. Elizabeth Morgan, Anhur Morgan's daughter-in-law and founder of the Arthur Morgan School, did not go to school until she was the age for eighth grade. She had been lightly tutored by her parents, but she had mostly played around her home, helped her mother, read books, and made music. When she finally did start school, she found it exciting and raced through high school in three and one-half years as an honor student Elizabeth oommeoted that the amount of time children spend in school is usually out of proportion to what they learn there, and that most schools are a great waste of children's time. School, she said, is mainly a gigantic baby-sitting operation designed to keep children out of circulation in a society in which children no longer have any meaningful function except to grow up. It was her experience as a public school teacher that inspired her to found the Arthur Morgan School in 1962. She felt that adolescence is a particularly crucial time in the development of the whole person. Patty Keene-Windsor, school clerk, a central administrative position at the Arthur Morgan School, defined some of the special needs of puberty-aged young people: "The years between 12 and 15 are KATUAH- page 12 crucial years for developing a sense of self, and to do some brt;alcing away from family. It's a time of questioning habits and ways of doing things, challenging the way your family does things. It's a time of change and rebelling." In meeting these special needs, the Arthur Morgan School offers a community-based response. "The main focus of the school is for staff and students to create this community together," said Patty. Through conscious commuoitybui lding, the school becomes a working/living/learning/caring place. in educating the whole person, a whole life approach is taken, and the loving, healthy oommuoity becomes the core of the learning experience. At the same time, a I :2 staff-to-student ratio suppons individual needs. Values, which have been largely separated from education in the public schools, are an integral part of the Arthur Morgan School, and are directly related to community ideals. Cooperation, respect, openness, sense of self, responsibility, and interdependence are all qualities of a healthy community, and are learned by participation in the school oommunity life. ''By creating this oommunity, we are teaching community skills. We are giving the students an experience and a model that they can carry always. If they have experienced hearing each other, working on problems, being interdependent, in a small oommunity like this, they will Temember that when they move into a bigger community, or when they start thinking about the world," said Patty. Housing at the school is in family groups, with each composed of several students and two houseparents who share housekeeping functions as well as teaching and/or other staff duties. These families live in wood-heated homes on campus. Margot, a houseparent at Arthur Morgan School, wrote of her experience, "Ideally the job of a houseparent is to create a harmonious family environment for the students dwelling under her roof. We try to offer the students a secure and supportive place to return to after their school day. Since many of our students are seventh graders leaving home for the first time, we strive to maintain a family setting. The boarding houses are not dormitories, rather individual homes with structure and rules varying with the different houseparents. "What I find unique about houseparenting these young adults is that I can give them both support and positive criticism in a more or less objective manner. Their exposure to other peers of different backgrounds expands their universe and encourages social responsibility. The houses reflect the philosophy of the school in microcosm." Breakfasts are cooked and eaten in the houses, as are weekend lunches and two dinners each week. All other meals are eaten together in the school dining hall. The diet is largely vegetarian, with an emphasis on fresh whole foods, natural sweets, and organic produce from the school's large organfo garden. Weekdays begin with a short community gathering to share songs, skits, and announcements. All students attend classes in four core subjects - English, social studies, science, and math. Though individually designated by grade levels, students are grouped in these classes only by ability and interest. Class sizes are small, so teachers can focus on individual needs. Students are encouraged to see connections between their classwork and the outside world. Academics are supplemented by an electives program. Each student can choose up to six classes a semester from such offerings as music, drama. arts and crafts, shop, languages, sports, and dance. Neither electives nor core subjects are graded. Students and parents receive instead periodic written evaluations of the student's work. Leisure activities include special Saturday night activities such as a dance, talent show, group game, or sweat lodge. In addition, weekends often include soccer games and housefamily outings. Much time, both on weekends and weekdays, is spent outdoors. The mountain forest surrounding the Arthur Morgan School provides students with a wide variety of outdoor experiences. Extended trips in the fall and spring are supplemented by periodic day hikes and overnights. Patty said, "We provide challenges in this area that we are pretty sure the students can meet: like being able to stay out in the mountains for six days, or walking or canoeing certain distances. At this age, when these kind of physical challenges are met, and the students feel they have succeeded, there is a great feeling of exhilaration." Each spring the students explore the world beyond Katuah on a three-week field trip. In recent years they have put on a travelling show, canoed the Florida Everglades, and assisted at a refugee camp on the Texas-Mexican border. (conlinucd on page 26) SUMMER-1988 �Land Use Planning in Buncombe County, NC by Carol Lawrence Whether or not it is mentioned by Asheville promoters recruiting new businesses, one of the attractions of Buncombe County - along with the clean air and water, year-round temperate climate, and stunning natural beauty - is the freedom to develop land outside the city in any way the owner sees fit. There is, in other words, no overall counry zoning plan. The last attempt at county-wide zoning was made in 1973. It was not successful. Johnny Robens, a Flat Creek resident who worked against the recent zoning proposal there, remembers that attempt. "It went down like the Titanic," he recalls. Buncombe County Board of Commissioners Chairman R. Curtis Ratcliff recalls it the same way. "When commissioners held hearings on that proposed zoning plan, the further we got into the county, the more opposed everyone was." "I doubt that there is currently enough pro-zoning sentiment to revive the county-wide plan," says Jim Coman, County Zoning Administtator. "There is not a consensus among the commissioners on county-wide land use planning and regulation. Undoubtedly, some are more in favor of it than others. Among residents, there's certainly limited desire for zoning out in the rural areas. What I hear over and over is 'We don't wanr anybody telling us what to do with our land_"' As a result, land use in the regions surrounding Asheville is a matter left up to each individual township. And the recenr events in Flat Creek point up exactly how difficult it can be to develop land use planning on a local basis. Earlier this year, the Vulcan Materials Company of Birmingham, Alabama took out a long-term lease option on a 99-acre parcel of land in the Flat Creek area. Their intent: 10 quarry granite and produce crushed stone. Controlled blasting would open up a large pit, eventually going down some 200 to 400 feet. The granite in the substrata would be extracted, crushed, and hauled away in trucks. In compliance with procedures established by the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development (NRCD), Vulcan sem notice of its plans to all Flat Creek residents owning adjacent land. Upon learning of this intended development, area residents became concerned. In fact, they were so concerned that when the NRCD sponsored a public bearing in the elementary school on the hot, muggy night of August 6, the auditorium was packed with 400 area residents. Another 400, unable to fit in, remained outside. Overwhelmingly, those attending disapproved of the proposed quarry. Together, they began to investigate what they could do to prevent the coming of the quarry. Thar's how Flat Creek residents started what is called a community planning program. This option, open to any KATUAH - page 13 AT RISK Photo by: Chip Smith Buncombe County township, allows residents to establish a community planning council, which, in tum, can draft land use (zoning) ordinances. On October 17, after two months of work by a 15-member planning council and community input at the Buncombe County Planning Department, a comprehensive zoning ordinance was presented to the Flat Creek residents for approval. As evidence of the interest sparked by the zoning question, 1,560 residents - 600 more than cast ballocs in the last Presidential election turned out to vote. The proposed land use ordinance was defeated by a margin of nearly 3 to 1. Manha Claxton, an Asheville pediatrician who lives in Flat Creek, served on the community planning council and continues active volunteer work against the proposed quarry. She explains the move toward zoning this way: "We started looking at zoning because of that quarry. We were concerned about things like the effects the quarry would have on the fragile water table, whether the blasting would cause basemenr walls to crack, how safe the children would be in school buses that share roads with large rock 1:IUcks, not to mention the nuisance of noise, dust, and blasting vibration." "We knew, even in early August, that passing of the zoning ordinance would not necessarily keep Vulcan out; they started the application process before we started the zoning process. We proceeded because we hoped that strong anti-quarry sentiment combined with a zoning ordinance prohibiting quarry expansion might cause Vulcan to rethink that particular site." Johnny Roberts, a 43-year resident of the Flat Creek area and owner of a local store, agrees that local sentiment ran against the quarry. Yet he, like many others, voted against zoning. "The main thing is that people here own their land, they pay for it, and they don't want people telling them what to do with it," he says. "The County has very strict rules about building and construction and people just feel that's enough." There will be no zoning in Flat Creek. And Flat Creek residents - who by and large still oppose the proposed quarry - have not solved the problem of persuading the NRCD to refuse Vulcan's mining permit application. Further, Flat Creek citizens could find themselves in this sicuation again, should another company announce plans to build an asphalt production facility, for example, or open another tavern adjacent to the elementary school, or develop a multi-acre mobile home park. In every case in Buncombe County where there has been interest in community-based zoning, it has been in response to unwelcome development. The two communities in the county that enacted local zoning, Beaverdam to the north and Limestone to the south, did so out of concern, the former about housing development and the latter about a junkyard. IUnkVard. Currently, residents of an area on Goldview Road are investigating zoning because they do not want the new Craggy Prison located in their neighborhood. They approached the Commissioners for help in developing prohibitive zoning. The Commissioners responded by asking them to try to establish a community planning program for the whole French Broad Township, rather than just the Goldview Road area. Given strong anti-zoning sentiment present in rural Buncombe communities, it may be impossible to do that "Because of the differing opinions, zoning is a difficult question," says County Attorney Keith Snyder. "For the most part, where there's interest in zoning is in portions of townships that are highly urbanized. In the outer perimeters of the county, they are against it. "Rather than have piecemeal, partial zoning, I recommended to the Commission that they do a comprehensive analysis of the county. We know which areas are becoming urbanized. We know where the large tracts of undeveloped land are. Looking at all those things together, the Commission could then develop policy on where industry should locate and where there should be shopping centers and where there should only be residential building." In the meantime, county residents though in favor of protecting their community's water supply, clean air, and propeny values - may have little say in what happens in their neighborhoods. Reprinted from the Winter, 1988 issue of Dircovery News a publication of Asheville-Buncombe Discovery; 46 llaywood St. (Suite 336); Asheville, NC 28801. ~ SUMMER - 1988 �REST IN PERPETUAL WILDERNESS by Billy Campbell In the densely popula1ed highlands of the island of New Guinea in the lands of the once cannibalistic Fore ( pronounced "!or-AY") tribe, there are still pockets of untouched wilderness. These are the sacred groves, or pies masalai, near which the bodies of their dead are buried. The Fore regard these areas with/ear, believing that here the ghosts of the dead are waiting to possess the bodies of any who enter. Because of their fear, beamif11l, wild, untouched stands of the original forest still exist in the midst ofagricultural lands and a teeming human population. When my father died, the funeral director, a decent person and a friend from childhood, steered us toward his top-of-the-line casket It cost more than a lot of cars do. We settled instead for the only wooden model that he had. He cautioned us that it was not "watertight," but consoled us with the fact that Dan Blocker (Hoss Cartwright on the TV show "Bonanza") was buried in an identical casket could we not put the money that is spent on expensive burials and sterile plots into the purchase of natural settings that could also act as protected habitat areas?.....Sacred groves, certainly. The money that we invest in funerals and "perpetual care" today is considerable. The Wall Street Journal stated in May of 1985 that there is more than $4 billion invested in funeral trusts in this country. I live where the mountains drop to the piedmont in South Carolina. Land here goes for $800 per acre. Together, one thousand members of a memorial society, each contributing $1,000 (which is only one-quarter the cost of my father's burial) could purchase l,250 acres of land: a The pies masaJais of the Fore inspired me with a different idea. I would rather have laid my father's body to rest in a wild setting, full of the quiet and peace of nature...a place reached by a trail instead of a road, where trees would stand guard over my father's remains and in turn be nourished by him to stand tall in his memory. Why is this not possible? Why While some might want their remains cremated and their ashes scattered, others would want a marker designating a specific place of interment. Instead of the usual tombstones, more natural markers would be appropriate. ln keeping with the concept of creating vigneues of wilderness, living plants, or colonies of plants, might be best. A particular burial site might be graced by a colony of orchids,for example, or perhaps trilliums. Living memorials could be coordinated by a resident restoration ecologist in areas that have been heavily impacted. ln such a setting, an American chestnut tree might make a particularly good memorial. Because of the continuing blight problem, native chestnuts will probably need human help if they are to survive outside of orchards. The setting would offer a rich source for ritual. Imagine a communion ceremony using chestnut bread and muscadine wine. Limited harvesting of stunted rrees from the forest would yield materials to make heirloom baby cradles, marriage beds, or even caskets. While it is consistent with most religious beliefs, the practice of using funeral parks could be transforming, "greening" Christianity, Islam, or other spiritual practices. Next he showed us the vaults. The first was Italian scrolled, guaranteed not to leak for 100 years and able to withstand thousands of pounds per square foot of overpressure. I cold the director that it all seemed silly. First of all, who was going to check to see if it leaked, and who cared if it did? Such strength might come in handy if we were trying to protect the corpse from a direct nuclear strike. but otherwise it seemed pretty useless. I suggested that we not have a vault. The director seemed aghast at the idea. "Billy, the casket you picked is not watertight. If you don't get a vault, in a few years the ground above will.....sink. in. Family members would have to deal with the fact that din and water are.....going in .....on the loved one." Ultimately, my father's body was pumped full of toxic chemicals, placed in a casket, which was placed in a vault, buried in an over-manicured graveyard, and covered with pea gravel. The whole affair cost $4,000.00. parks are hazardous waste dumps, filled with small, sealed capsules of toxic chemicals, the grass abpve artificially maintained a perfect green with another assortment of toxic materials. significant parcel of land that would serve as a lasting (and, to my mind, a fitting) legacy for furure generations. Large undeveloped tracts near towns would be the first sites to be considered as memorial forest areas, especially those unlikely to be protected by government or other private programs. Unprotected Indian mounds, especially those in proximity to extensive woodland areas, would be prime sites. The membership in a given area might sponsor a survey and biological inventory of significant sites. Burials in this memorial forest would have to be simple. Bodies could not be preserved, and any containers would have to be built of easily degradeable materials. Formaldehyde, with which bodies are preserved in standard practice, is a poisonous material. Present-day memorial I wish my body to nourish a part of the Living forest, marked only by a colony of trilliums or a chestnut tree, in an area that would be pleasant and rejuvenating for others to visit, in which they would be reminded of life's continuing cycles of growth and death, decomposition and rebirth. This would be truly a sacred place. Any others who are interested in joining a memorial forest society may inquire (send no money, please) of: Dr. Billy Campbell P.O. Box 152 Westminster, SC 29693 or write to the: Katuah Regional Land Trust Rt. 2, Box 108-A Whittier, NC Katuah Province 28789 ~ p (see page 11) Dr. Billy Campbell practices family medicine in Westminster. He is a good Scot and true to his clan. Drawing by: Wes Wyau KATUAH - page 14 SUMMER - 1988 �r THE RIDGE There is a ridge in southern Virginia over which I enter and leave my farm. Deer leap and call on this ridge, ground hogs scurry to their holes, wild turkeys range. An almost white skunk lives in an old pile of handmade brick, which I would like to use were they not his home. I've seen a silver fox on this ridge, and thought a 'possum really dead, and sat spellbound as deer walked close and looked at me. Here the moon rises damp and close and the stars seem near touching. The unseen life of night lingers in the early dew and the sun rises with ringing echo from two ridges and a river over, where a farmer calls his cows. Unless fog has quietened the world, a blue line of distant ridges separates the sky from all the fields and tree tops that lie before it. The day's last color slips westward behind a mountain that humps large and green, protective. Breeze skips up the pass to this high place or shifts to wind that rushes in from the woods to the north. An unmaintained road cuts beyond those woods down to the house, too steep in ice or mud for my jeep. I park atop the ridge and climb a split rail fence. Pasture grass nods as I walk, and halfway down the familiar path, cool air from the spring dampens my face. Grouse flap the air as they rise. I glimpse my house in the hollow below. The ridge is more than passage to my home and place where I walk at each days beginning and end. The land itself is a friend to talk to and the animals answer. Here I learned to stand alone and discovered myself joined to all life. It is my place of beginning and entry to a larger world. © 1988 &y Nancy Bcir nharcit KATUAH - page 15 SUMMER-1988 �FARMERS AND THE FARM BILL By Chip Smith Late in 1985, the U.S. Congress passed into law the Food Security Act, or "Farm Bill." According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the administrating agency, the intent of the bill is to "reduce soil erosion, minimize the amount of wetlands and grasslands being converted to cropland, and reduce surplus commodities, which in rum will strengthen the overall farm economy.'' The impetus for this bill was the realization that the governme.nt has actually encouraged soil erosion and loss of wetlands by allowing farmers to include highly erodible lands and converted wetlands as part of their "base acreage" for a variety of farm support programs. This policy contributed to the crop surplus and falling commodity prices which have fueled the recent era of unpaid loans and farm forecloswes. To Congress, "farm" means the corporate superfarms of the west, midwest and coastal regions, but agriculture in Karuah is affected as well. Legislation passed in Washington cannot afford to be sensitive to special problems and paradoxes on the local level. But in Kanfah, implementation of the Farm Security Act is rife with paradox. While the goals of the act are necessary and valid and the principles on which it is based are admirable, the sweeping generalizations in its provisions are causing hardship and loss and may force more small farmers off their mountain landholdings. In Katuah, agriculture is a small-scale industry that is no longer the major contributor to soil erosion problems. A "Land Development Security Act" or a "Road Construction Security Act" would be more effective in controlling soil loss and stream siltation. Yet, the conservation provisions of the Farm Bill state that fields with a slope greater than nine percent are "highly erodible land" and are to blame for excessive erosion and lost productivity. Furthermore, if farmers are to receive the benefits of the various farm support programs, they must submit approved conservation farm plans by 1990 and have them implemented by 1995. The locaily governed Soil and Water Conservation Districts, with assistance from the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, are in charge of plan approval. The Conservation Reserve Program has also been established for those who wish to be subsidized for retiring croplands to pasture or tree farms. At the head of Long Branch in Yancey County, North Carolina two old timers, Raines and Eugene Hughes tend burley tobacco. Their farm is an original version of small-scale mountain agriculture. They bought it as a gullied-out and overgrown depression farm in 1936. KATUAH-page 16 Today, the pastured hills, neat garden, and "baccer" patch reveal much of their independence and stewardship. Proud and outspoken, they resent what they feel is a judgment passed on their farming abilities. "Well, I tell you - I don't think too much of that Farm Bill myself," said Raines. "You don't have much freedom anymore, do ya? Somebody telling you something what to do all the time, seems like. "Anytbing's gonna get eroded, if it's not got a cover on it" And Eugene said, "We've always farmed that way, ever since we were kids. Our dad was the first man to start that in this section here. It looks like a plan to cut us small farmers out, is what it looks like." Today, the conservation provisions of the Farm Bill require the installation of erosion control practices such as terrace systems, grassed water ways, field borders, and/or alternate year crop/cover crop rotations. For mountain farmers already short on tillable land, conservation compliance means fewer crops, smaller profits and a questionable future. Tobacco has been a staple of mountain agriculture for generations, because tending burley is a labor intensive, family operation. It requires very little mechanization: a borrowed tractor and planter and the garden tiller will do. The labor needed for weeding, cutting, hanging, and grading the leaf is provided by family members. Tobacco growing is possible with resources mountain people have, and a productive season can bring a profit of at least $2000 an acre. "To fellers like us it means a lot," said Eugene. "It goes right back on the farm, what we get from tobacco. That's what we set aside to pay our taxes, buy our fertilize, and such. "People here in these mountains depended on tobacco until these factory plants came to town. We're one of the few who still live off the farm." Raines and Eugene realize the good intentions of the Farm Bill, but as Eugene put it, "Those fellers haven't been outta Washington in a while: "lf we was younger we'd kick more. We always looked forward to farming all our life. People say anymore: Well, I may farm this year and I may not next year.' Nowadays a feller will just get him a job at the plant." Raines said, "It's a haphazard way to farm. It's just turned around from the way it used to be." Realizing an too well the consequences of noncompliance, Eugene lamented, "We're gonna try to comply with the law. Take two fellers that's 75 and 77 years old - we've not got too many years to grow, have we? We're Appalachian paupers, but proud of it." In the midst of renewed interest in stewardship and small-scale mountain agriculture, many of our teachers are packing up shop. These mountains are no longer a barrier to the fast paced "outside world." An inflated land market has pushed propeny values out of the reach of local Plant jobs are pulling family people. members off the farm, and discount stores entice them away from agrarian values. Tobacco abuse kills, but an alternative crop to fill the place of burley in mountain agriculture hasn't been found. In short, while the Farm Bill may help clear the streams, in the Appalachian mountain country it is inadvenently contributing to the demise of a way of life. SUMMER- 1988 �"Relating to the Land" (These are the words of a traditional Cherokee medicine person) My grandfather told me that one day when his grandfather was sick and they knew that he was going to die, he called together some friends and the members of his family and spoke to them. My grandfather was jost a boy at the time, and he could not hear what was said, but his grandfather got up and he looked strong and healthy. The old man gathered a group of men and boys, and, though he was young, my grandfather was allowed to accompany them. They walked and camped for a month through western NQitb Carolina and parts of eastern Tennessee. They carried his grandfather some of the time, but most of the time he walked by himself. They went to places that, seen through a boy's eyes, seemed insignificant to my grandfather. They would go to a rock and his grandfather would look at it and rub all over it, and then maybe he would tell them to take him to some little creek up in a cove someplace, and he would peer around in there. He was tcliving bis history. These were places that were familiar to him, that represented part of his life, and each place was important to the old man. To him, the land was personal. These places wetc a part of himself. They were alive as the world was alive. Western culture sees the world as dead. But the Indian People know the Earth as a living organism. The screams are the Earth's blood. The soil is the flesh. The plants and the leaves are the hair. The rocks are the bones. The wind is the breath. The Earth is one living organism, and the human race is part of that organism, not something set apart. Everything has a spirit. Everything that is living seems to be an in. ividual entity, separate to itself. Each of us seems d to be an individual. bot actually, we are each made op of trillions of parts - things that can be seen and things that cannot be seen. And all those pans are dependant on one another. The planet is the same way. It is the same kind of life just larger. And the human species is just one of the pans of the Great Life. Collectively, the individual spirits of everything that lives make up the Great Spirit When you conjure, and you hook into power, that is your power. But you have to feel part of it first. We get our power from being able to move evenly with the other pans of the Great Life. There is no trick or magic to it, other than knowing yourself as a pan of this life. KATUAH-page 17 Our gifts of intelligence and creativity were given to us so we could be caretakers, so we could perpetuate the Great Life. It is our role, our pan of the plan, to be conscious. The side effect of that is ego. Some people call it lust or sin, but it's separation from God. It's true, because what we have here is God, whatever it is. At some time the human race reached a point in its developement where our ego overrode all the innate understandings we had held since we were primeval slime, or whtaever we first were. Now, our biggest conflict is to concrol our intellect that has grown by such leaps and bounds in such a short period of time. Our shortcomings are reflected in the culmination of European or western culture, which is highly individualistic: Western culture makes people believe that the Earth begins when they are born, and is over when they die. They have the most incredible notion that there is a God up in the sky that serves us alone and, the ultimate of ego, that we are created in his image. He made everything on this planet for our use, and if we can't use it, it's a weed or crash. The best story my grandfather ever told to show the difference between European and Indian ways was to say that when an Indian man bunts the bear, and be kills the bear, be gives thanks, and promises the bear to use all the parts of his body, for that is the bear's gift to us. If an Indian man goes out to hunt the bear, and the bear rips him down and eats him, there is no hostility against the bear. It wasn't the bear's idea that be was to eat meat The Creator.put this notion in him. . ., The people would mourn the man and grieve for him, but there was no anger toward the bear. It was just the creature's nature, just like it was the man's nature to be out hunting him. There was no separatiQn from the bear at all, If this were to happen to a white man, the others would go out and comb the mountains and kill any bear they saw. We arc all predators. But western man cannot tolerate another predator. Wolves, mountain lions.... white people don't want them out there as competitiou. They don't eat them. The only other predators western man eats are fish. They aren't going to eat a wolf, but they will kill him off. If a creature can be domesticated, controlled completely, and made useful to humans, then it's from God. If it can't be made useful, then they eliminate it God made a mistake there. · For European culture there. is no concept of balance, no concept that we are pan of a greater whole. It is alien; it's like they arc from another planet. Look at how they throw their crash and litter around! Would they do that at home? It all goes back to the ego that says we are made in the image of God and all this was created for us. In the body of the world, we are cancerous cells. Cancer is when a group of cells in the body goes crazy for one reason or another. There are environmental reasons for why we are acting so crazy, reasons which we created ourselves. But there are still some deeper reasons why we are susceptible to this disease of the spirit. After all, we are the product of millions and millions of years of evolution, and everything else is evolving along with us. We m responsible for ourselves. We may not be able to stop accidents, or something somebody else does to us; but the sickness and disease, we are responsible for all that. The world was not made for us alone. My grandfather's grandfather said that we are mainly observing what is happening in our own lives. We can dodge things a little bit to the left or to the right, but the major aspects of things we are just observing. Observation....tbat's what we are doing. SUMMER - 1988 �- Soil acidification could release bound aluminum in toxic amounts. - Nutrients could be leached out and lost from acidified soils. - Excess nitrogen, acidification, or released heavy metals could deplete or destroy soil microorganism populations or the mycorrhizae fungi, which Live in a beneficial relationship with the roots of the spruce and fir trees, causing nutrient deficiencies. NATURAL WORLD NEWS REPORT "IT COMES ON A MIST..... " "The bottom line is that someone at some point has to make a decision as to whether or not the evidence is strong enough to do something about acid rain ..... "We have a lot nwre informarion now than we did two to three years ago. The nwnality of trees has increased tenfold over the past five years. But we could spend another 50 years studying this issue and never gather enough proof to slww that A plus B equals C." - Roben Bruck, to the AsbeyWe Ciifilul, March 5, 1988 Since 1983 Dr. Robert Bruck has been coordinating a team of field scientists from North Carolina State University (NCSU) investigating the mysterious dieback of the spruce/fir forest that was once a grand mantle draped over the shoulders of Mount Mitchell and the other peaks of the Black Mountain range (see KatUah Journal #9). Using the most sophisticated equipment, the researchers have been testing the soil, soil microorganisms, and the trees themselves, to determine the amount of airborne pollution the mountaintops are receiving and the effects of this pollution. Their field work is supported by experiments in climate control chambers and greenhouse tests to determine the tolerances and parameters of the tree species. Another team of NCSU scientists funded by the Environmental Protection Agency doing intensive studies of the chemistry of the orographic (associated with mountains) cloud cover that shrouds Mt. Mitchell and the Blacks for 250 days of the year. The data these scientists have produced are chilling. During the year 1986-87 Ml. Mitchell received approximately 122 kilograms/hectare (roughly equal to pounds per acre) of acidified sulfates. Ouring that same period approximately 65 Kg/ha (lbs/a) of nitrates were deposited on the mountaintop. Ozone, when in the lower atmosphere, is a gaseous pollutant panicularly damaging to plants. It is formed when nitrogen oxides are combined with the hydrocarbons produced by auto exhaust in the presence of sunlight. Ozone is frequently present at concentrated levels at the top of Mt. Mitchell. Of 3,000 readings taken during 1986, one quarter approached or exceeded a level of 80 ppb (parts per billion), which was shown in greenhouse tests to be acutely toxic to young fir and spruce trees. At the same time the mountaintops are bathed in an acidic mist which registers a 2.5-3.4 pH level. Because pH is figured KATIJAH - page 18 Cm.tree logarithmically, the clouds' lowest pH levels are 1,000 times more acidic than normal atmospheric conditions. Precipitation, which is more diluted, ranges from pH 4.0-5.0. Those clouds, so gentle in appearance, are panicularly threatening to the upland forests. They are formed by moisture-laden air, which, as it rises over the mountains, cools and condenses into fog. In the process it attracts and bonds with particles of airborne, water-soluble pollutants, and this concentrated, poisonous broth settles on the tree needles, where much of the toxic payload is absorbed before the droplets fall, branch by branch, to the soil. The variety of chemicals in the mist solution could affect the trees in different ways at each stage of their journey to the eanh: - Acidification could damage or destroy foliage, as was observed after one highly acidic cloud covered the mountaintop. Forty-eight hours later the rips of exposed spruce needles were brown and dead. - Acidic oxides, alone or in combination with ozone, could leach nutrients from the foliage. -The chemical pollutants could interfere with the tree's metabolic processes. - Excess nitrogen could increase susceptibility to frost and freeze damage. Pollutants can also work through the soil. In one experiment. seedlings were planted in soil taken from the top of Mt. Mitchell to a lower elevation. 93% of the seedlings died. Examination of the soil showed that it was highly acidified and low in the nutrient elements calcium and magnesium. Toxins in the soil could damage trees by some or any of these means: To come to grips with the problem of the airborne pollutants, " ..... the scientific and policy-making communities wilJ have to find common ground in dealing wich 'imperfect knowledge,"' wrote Dr. Bruck. He is warning us that, although his team and other scientists will be keeping up the intensive investigations they have maintained for the last five years, it would be a mistake co postpone decision-making until a clear and simple cause-and-effect relationship is proven. The situation is simply too complex. That the high-altitude boreal forest is being subjected to massive doses of airborne pollutants is clear. But it is impossible to isolate a single chemical compound or a single process as being the sole culprit for the forest decline. The different chemical permutations and possibilities are endless, as would be the wait if positive proof of the reasons for the tree dieback were required. It has been clearly shown, however, that a great percentage of the sulfates being carried on the air currents are produced by coal-fired utility plants and smelcing industries. It is also known that most free nitrates are put into the air by automotive exhaust emissions. There are sophisticated scrubbers presently on the market that, if installed in the tall industrial smokestacks, could remove much of the sulfates now being spewed into the air. Catalytic converters are now being developed that could reduce the level of nitrates produced by automotive traffic by 85%, according to Bruck. Nothing is going to avert the need for a basic change in the way we live our lives, but we are not going to have the chance to effect a change, unless we take steps to alleviate the ecological catastrophe we are creating. And, meanwhile, we are sacrificing other species daily to our wantonness. Again quoted by the Ashcyil le ~Bruck said: 1: 0 300 j 200 E £ "The technology is available today, right now, to clean up the vast majority of the problems I am showing you the daJa on. Tlrat is what can be done if you decide as a society that this is a problem and that we need to do something abouz it." 100 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 1~ 115 125 0.-IPl>DI SUMMER- 1988 �NATURAL WORLD NEWS REPORT Duke Power Company of Charlonc, NC, intends 10 purchase the Nantahala Power and Light Comany (NP&L) in Katuah Province. The Linc is proposed 10 carry bulk electricity from Duke installations on the piedmont to Nantahala's service area in the mountains. But scratching away the surface reveals that there is more, much more, at stake in this project than the needs of a small rural utility company. The Linc is 10 be 26 miles long, strung from hilltop to hilltop on towers that would range from 125 10 175 feet in height and 100 feet wide at the base, costing at least $30 million to construct. It will carry two 230 kilovolt (KV) high-tension lines from Duke installations in the Jocassee watershed to a point near Cashiers, NC, from which point a single 161 KV line would continue on to tie in with a sub-station planned for construction in the small community ofTuckascgee in Jackson County, NC. The Line would climb out of the Jocassee Watershed, leaving an ugly scar through the basin of the Toxaway River. Along its route The Line would march up the sides and over the top of Toxaway Mountain, marring the face of that mountain beloved by residents and summer people alike in Transylvania County, NC. It would stretch along the sides of the Pamhcnown Valley, a spectacular area that harbors sights of sheer cliffs and rare vegetation not 10 be found anywhere else in the cast. The Linc would bisect imponant wild habitat areas in the Greenland Creek drainage and the Tuckascgee River Valley, which arc large areas of uninterrupted forest that would be cut in two and laid open forever after to disruption by humans and their machines. Fanher down the valley, The Line would swallow up property and homes and heedlessly push aside families who have lived on the same farms and homesites for generations. One evening in May representatives of citizen and environmental groups and residents of the NP&L service area came together to talk about The Linc. As the conversation moved around the table, and each participant spoke of his or her own perspective or fears on the issue, the pieces of the giant jigsaw puzzle that is Duke's master plan for the Kauiah Province, fell into place. Ripped Off by Alcoa Veronica Nicholas, a county commissioner in Jackson County, told of a decade-long struggle between a group called Citizens for Low-Cost Power and the Alcoa Aluminum Company, the industrial giant that presently owns NP&L (sec Katuah Journal #3). Originally, Alcoa had set up hydroelectric generating facilities on the TV A lakes in the Tuckasegee River watershed as a public utility, which meant DUKE'S POWER PLAY that the company had certain privileges in acquiring land and setting rates that went along with the obligation to provide power to the residentS of the area. However, soon after the generating facilities were completed, Alcoa split its holdings into two companies, Tapoco Company and NP&L. Tapoco, although it was originally established as pan of a public utility, was kept to feed Alcoa's voracious energy appetite. NP&L remained a utility to provide for the area residents, but it was clearly a "neglected stepchild" of the parent corporation. When Tapoco was a utility, almost all of the area's electrical needs were met with hydroelectric power generated in th.! mountains. After the split, NP&L's generating capacity had to be supplemented by power purchased outside the region. This resulted in the ludicrous situation of Alcoa siphoning cheap electric power from the mountains, while ratepayers in the hiUs paid to have nuclear power "wheeled in" from the Tennessee Valley Authority. Not only did the nuclear power cost more, but it had to pass directly through the Alcoa plant on its way back to the mountains! NP&L ratepayers finally rebelled in 1977 and began legal motions to regain the use of Tapoco's generating power and 10 recover the money with which they had been subsidizing Alcoa. The case went through extended litigation, until the ratepayers were flatly denied by an unsympathetic conservative bench on the US Supreme Court in 1987. "II feels that (with this sale) we arc simply changing masters," said Nicholas. "It is becoming increasingly clear that we are losing our power to determine the use of our natural resources. That's what my main input will be tonight: Tapoco is not included in thjs sale to Duke Power. Alcoa is trying to relieve itself of itS public obligations, just as it did in the l950's when it tried to sell its transmission lines to Duke. If this sale goes through, Tapoco will be supplying the power Alcoa needs for smelting aluminum, and our ability to provide for ourselves will be forever gone." Biology professor Dan Pittillo, chairman of the Western North Carolina Alliance and a resident of Jackson County, added, "NP&L has never been funded properly, and it has not been able LO keep up with their maintenance as they should, so that there is S40 million in maintenance that needs to be done in the next ten years. "Duke promised us that when they purchased the company, ratCS would remain stable for five years. rm thinking, though, that after that time the rates we will have to pay will go up from the 4.5-5 cents per kilowatt/hour that we arc paying now, to 8-9 cents per kilowatt/hour, which is about what Duke's rates arc at present" Pittillo also displayed a copy of a Duke Power annual report, published in February, 1988, which boasted that, "If regulators approve the acquisiton, we expect that NP&L will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Duke Power. The company (continued on next page) KATUAH-page 19 SUMMER- 1988 �HOLD THAT LINE! WHAT'S ON THE OTHER END OF THE DUKE POWER LINE? - HABITAT & SCENIC AREAS DESTRUCTION? - NUCLEAR DEPENDENCY AND NUCLEAR WASTE? - RATE HIKES FOR EXPENSIVE IMPORTED POWER? - MORE DAMS? ENERGY EXPLOITATION OF THE MOUNTAINS? )! ~; - .. c: • ·c LET'S GET THE FACTS BEFORE DUKE BUYS OUT NANTAHALA POWER AND LIGHT S! • - Write to the public staff of the NC Utilities Commission. Support their request to postpone hearings on the Nantahala sale until, September. Address: Antoinette-Wike, Public Staff, NC Utlltltles u c • 2 S! ,, > c( .Cl Commission, P.O. Box 29520, Ralelgh, NC 27626 M ,... fOf ttf HO\.D THAT llNIJ l o• - Otll• "°" NC tUU (continued from page 19) will in turn supply bulk power to supplement NP&L's hydroelectric generating system. To deliver that power, Duke will build a transmission line to the NP&L system and gain a direct link.for the first time with the 7VA, which serves more than 3.1 million customers in seven states. That link will create the opportunity for other bulk power sales to the west." (emphasis ours) Showdown at Coley Creek Sitting near Pinillo was Bill Thomas, public lands chair for the NC state Sierra Club chapter and a co-chairman of the Jocassec Watershed Coalition. Duke has nlready damaged a pristine wilderness area in that basin with a pumped-storage project on Bad Creek. Thomas said, "The Jocassee Watershed Coalition is tied up with this transmission line in some fashion, because Duke is considering putting a second 2100 megawau pumped-storage facility on Coley Creek at a cost of $3.3 billion dollars. We thought aJI along that they were jiggering their electrical demand forecast to make it appear as if they would need a 5,000 megawatt output in their service area by the year2000. "What I'm thinking now, when I sec this NP&L move, is that there is no penalty co Duke for over-forecasting if they have this pipeline to the west. What we are seeing is the use of North Carolina resources being used for Duke's profit, as they extend their tentacles to the west. That's a matter of public policy that needs to be debated quite fiercely." Thomas continued, "Jim Hendricks, principal engineer of Duke's design division, and others have told us that the ultimate plan is to put in a 500 KV line. That means that any route that is chosen will have two sets of towers and a 1,000·1,500 foot right-of-way. "500 KV lines are up in the voltage range where possible adverse health effects are something you can't just brush off. I don't know much about electromagnetic KATIJAH - page 20 radiation fields, but it has been brought up as a possible cause for health problems in other places." "Why, western North Carolina is being set up like dominoes!" someone exclaimed. "If they can get that line in, then they can justify Coley Creek. And, while they've been saying they need it to supply NP&L, all along they've been wanting to sell power to TVA and even further west!" ''What we are seeing is the use of North Carolina resources being used for Duke's profit, as they extend their tentacles to the west. That's a matter of public policy that needs to be debated quite fiercely." "We Didn't Want to See lt" A woman resident from the Sapphire Community, located along the route of The Line as it passes through Transylvania County, said, "It would have been just above our house. We didn't want to see it, but we didn't know what effect physically living under those lines would have. So we sold our house because of it "Duke gave us a very good price. We asked them if we should price it without our furniture, but they said that they wanted co keep the furnishings, because they were going to use the house for an executive retreat. That doesn't sound like a public service company to me." Dan Pittillo said, "A main issue in this discussion is the attitude that Duke is taking. Duke is working like an aggressive business 1hat is interested in selling power and keeping people working on their projects. They are doing what is good for business. Their interest is not the people whom they are supposed to be serving. They are not interested in conserving energy. Why, if Duke were on a conservative bent, they would have no need for this whole system whatsoever!" Others in the room spoke as well. Several Jackson County residents were unalterably opposed to Duke Power's nuclear record and the company's lobbying effons to bring the Southeastern Compact's low-level radioactive waste dump to North Carolina. They wanted 1he NP&L sale stopped completely. Some of the most vigorous opposition came from members of a property-owners' group around Lake Toxaway, whose main interest was in maintaining the value of their area as a vacation spot. They complained of Duke's high·handed methods in not consulting with local people as The Line was being planned, buying the right-of-way propenies under false pretenses, and announcing the project only after the property was purchased and the company was already commi11ed to a specific route. Although Duke's publicity said alternate routes were being considered, the propeny-owners said that the company could produce no alternative plans when asked to do so. The group gathered together that evening represented different people from different points of view, but each piece added co the puzzle made the whole picture of Duke Power Company's plans for the "development" of Katuah become more frighteningly clear. David Wheeler SUMMER 1988 �Tiffi CHEROKEE MICRO-HYDROELEC1RIC DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: An Appropriate Community Energy System (Readers are referred to the article "llomemade Electricity• by Richard llotaJing in Ka11jah Journal #4 concerning the value, simplicity, importance, and •how-10• of micro-hydroelecrric power gtner01io11.) Tucked away in the shade of a cool mountain holler on the Cherokee Indian Reservation is a prototype of an advanced technology still little-known to the world. It 1s not made with circuits and capacitors, but rather with concrete, plastic pipe, and common sense. It is a micro-hydroelectric system that taps the kinetic energy of the Galamore Branch, a small creek flowing down from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park into the Raven Fork in the Big Cove Community. Electricity produced at the site powers the Big Cove Head Stan Center, the Big Cove Community Center, and the Big Cove Volunteer Fire Department building. The project has been developed through the cooperation of Appalachian State University, the Energy Division of the Nonh 01rolina Depanment of Commerce, and Save the Children, lnc .. by Michael Red Fox With its abundant water supplies and steep slopes, the Katuah Province is ideally suited by climate and topography for micro-hydro power production. It is hoped that the Cherokee project will serve as a model that will help increase popular awareness that micro-hydro is a benign, narural, and renewable energy resource and will encourage the development of micro-hydroelectric sites in other areas of Kan1ah. The site on Galamore Branch was located in an early study of micro-hydroelectric si1es in Katuah. The study found 1,950 suitable micro-hydro sites in the mountains that would be capable of producing a combined potential output of 34,000 kilowaus of energy if developed. Fifty-three of these sites are on the Cherokee Indian Reservation and represent a combined potential output of970 kilowaus. The Big Cove micro-hydro system divens a design flow of 1.2 cubic feet per second through a six inch diameter PVC penstock (pipe) for a distance of 2,500 feet 10 develop a net head (drop) of 210 feet The intake structure is located at a point where the streambed is less than six feet wide and consists of a poured concrete dam, which divens water into a concrete seuling basin. The energy generated by the falling water is convened by a Pelton turbine wheel into a design power output of 12 kilowaus. The small turbo-generator is located beside the Head Start pre-school building, which is the primary load center that utilizes most of the electricity produced The maximun load for lhe pre-school is 7.4 kilowatts, which is currently being reduced somewhat through load management devices and more efficient lighting. Under federal law, small electricity producers have a right to be connected into the commercial power grid. However, the Galamore Branch project is too small for interconnection to be cost-effective. Operating on a "stand-alone" basis (not connected to the larger utility grid) requires a ballast to prevent the electrical generator from over-speeding when the load is low. Currently the ballast load is divened into two three-kilowatt resistance space heaters mounted on the basement wall of the Head Stan Center. However, plans call for an integra1ed system in which the micro-hydro plant will complement a passive solar greenhouse to be built on the side of the school building, which will include water containers for a solar algae pond aquaculture operation. The water absorbs solar heat directly and will not need backup heating in the winter. But electrical resistance coils buried in a bed of sand below the containers will act as electrical ballast for the micro-hydro system and will provide additional heat for the tanks. It is fitting that the Cherokee people are developing this energy alternative. By utilizing lhe natural products of the ever-circling environment, they are following the traditional values of their culture in a modem context. Micro-hydroelectric power is a liberating technology. lt is a technology scaled to living and working in place. It has minimal negative environmental impacts and could be a significant resource in developing the new, land-based economv of Katuah. Micro-hydroelectric power production is site specific: each unique stream site determines a different configuration for a micro-hydro system. But the principles are everywhere 1he same. The Galamore Branch project provides descriptive exhibits and workshops on micro-hydroelectric power generation. For information on visiting the project, contact: Save the Children Box33J Cherokee, NC Ka/Uah Province 287I 9 or call (704) 497-6092 Michail Red Fox Is a whitt person living on the Cherokl!e Indian Reserva1io11. fie was involved in the design a11d construction of tht micro-hydroelectric instal/Olion 011 Gal.amore Branch aN1 is now head opera/or of the project. KATIJAH- page21 SUMMER-1988 �spruce mountain song DRUMMING LETTERS TO KATUAH ~ If I could take this broken world and give it back it's trees it's gentle healing summer rain f ~ it's clear, cool, autumn breeze then I could rake the magic of the wood the magic of the mind and spread it then to ail my kin to all of humankind ~ ~ .i And yet I know even as I speak that this cannot be done J. I feel the earth through every pore my healing bas begun we start out as a candle flame we will become the sun ~~i ~ ~ ~ ::°'b::::g: ~ethe ~ l ~. - earth Mara Bradburn, 16 ~ Robert Stough Deny.PA '..t :rl· ~~ ;~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ; ~.g ~.~ i· ~ ~ .... .It's funny how I picked today to read this issue of Katuab, because I took a long walk through the woods today with my neighbor (I live in the mountains of north Georgia). We walked an old road that runs by Sharp Mt. Creek I often stopped to wonder what life was like here in these woods hundreds of years ago and how peaceful it must have been to be one with nature, in this sacred land. I will be looking forward to bearing from you. Valerie Ansted Jasper, GA ~ ~ ~ kt. ~ !§ t~~~~~~~~~.\t:19~..~~~~ . Dear Kattlah, We're busy in this area trying to repel the Superconducting Supercollider the governor of this state thinks should be in Durham, Granville, and Person counties. We're talking forced relocation of (at least) 100 or so families, some who have lived here for 5-7 generations already. The SSC is an atom smasher (53-mile underground circle), that will produce particles of energy called muo.ns, that will penetrate soil, rock and groundwater tables. It will only be used for 25 years, at which time they have no idea bow they will deal with the leftovers (our children). Please help us pray for the Eanh and our children here in the flatlands. Tara Clayton Rougemont, NC KATUAH - page 22 summer morning dew, the nightclouds gone, dawnlight glowing on the old sugar maples, tree-snails stiJTing in its thick moss-fur, i take the deer-trails through soaking meadows, thoughts flowing with the yellow swallowtails over hucklebeny meadows bumming with bees, past moccasin orchids, young ferns in the sun, through flame azaleas and wind-twisted birch into deep spruce shadows, mossy and still, then down a ways along a faint grassy trail to a cool spring among ancient spruce/sages, and rested there awhile. a stone for a pillow, a feather in the hair of the wild old nx>untain, then wandered on, sailing with the ravens over jwnbled rockfields and tangles blowdowns, by flowering witch-hobble, snow-petaled comets, sparrows chatting in gnarled gray hawthorns, a lone swallow skimming the crest above the broken wing of the old wrecked plane, i a thoughtless seed drifting on the wind, each moment a cosmos sprouting, waves of gn:cn mountains rolling me home, soaring free, clear blue sky in all my mind Dear KatUa b, Thanks so much for the time and interest you are giving to help make our vision become a reality. Without such concern of kindred spirits we know that very little would ever be accomplished. As I mentioned to you, we need any useful donations of building materials, hand tools, garden tools, heavy farm equipment. livestock, and even workers to help clear and build shelters on over 18 acres, recently purchased to provide needy people with a "farming community home"! Thanks again, Cherie & Tom Lowry Rt.#5, Box 216 T Ellijay, GA 30540 (404) 838-4636 SUMMER- 1988 �APPALACHIAN SLEEP In sleep, each tree becomes the one cree, each flush of rhododendron, color for the cheek oflhedream I rub with dozing fingers, each mountain, something to climb without thinking, to soar above it effonlessly as a brash-feathered bird. I do not leave the glorious ou~lde as I slip beneath , the sheet but bring it w\tb me, to wearcomfonabJy, to wrap round the child's soft body. John Grey C RMDESIGNS Spring Equinox Dream 1988 There is a group of us out on a kind of platfonn and we are watching a performance: dancing and farting around. It feels more like a show than a performance. There are some of the kids among us participating in the performance that is going on to music. It is a kind of trapeze they are playing on that is pulling them over humps in the straps etc. They seem to be having fun playing on it, though the apparatus does not seem to be working very well. At some point we realize that !here is an authority that is about to impose a soning on us. We each have numbers and are seated on these smooth rounded pebble like soners that glide easily on the floor surface. As we are being sorted we go through openings in which we can not see the ends or where they come out. I realize that I do not have a number, and begin to also realize that I am being sorted toward the low end of the numbers. People with low numbers or no numbers are soned for extinction by the brutal authority. As I am finally sorted into this category 1 become restless and begin to search for ways to get over to the groups with higher numbers, such as 8 or 9 and find it very intimidating and difficult. There seem to be no physical police yet their presence is still felt. I have with me a metallic object that has on it a symbol like a planet or a rounded form and a there is a feather sticking out of it It becomes a spirit guide to me as 1 get a rush of energy from it and find my way to survival. This magic symbol in metallic form spoke to me with wisdom and 1 easily made it to the group that slipped past the authority. It showed me that I had my own energy with which to escape the trap that was made. Later we are walking through a passageway and I am so amaz.ed that we made it through alright. I remember the spirit guide and its assistance. Together some friends and I realize that this is all a movie of ourselves that we are watching, and we are walking out of a kind of theatre in the earth. Soon we are all together in the yard of our house around a fire. There is a friend who is burning huge sticks of incense and we are talking, and eating, and laughing. RM You know Sometimes in the quiet cool of summer dusk I sit oo the porch after a rain has washed the dark mountains and covered them with quiet mist a restless dream rising and rolling and the still hum of a million trees lulling to the milky sky like This moment as the river murmurs in its sleep a hot tongue of lightning licks a distant ridge the husky voice of far off thunder sends a shudder through the bedded earth she turns and breathes a long green sigh and in her subtle sleepy way Whispers the answer - Tony Fisher KA TUAH - page 23 SUMMER- 1988 �A Conversation with Ruth and Rio of Celo Community continued from p. 10 Ruth: It was one of the worst things! -the worst! How to deal with multiflora rose. K: lt seems that people here have very different lifestyles and interests that keep them busy and not as involved with each other as they might be. That may make support difficult. Yet diversity can also be a strength ... the dark. Someone put a flashlight in the middle of the circle and there were just shadows... and there was such a difference in the way people were sharing! That was when I talked about the next workday...and I was able to be real vibrant and alive 'cause everyone wasn't staring at me. It was like I was in the dark by myself talking to I don't know who. Ruth: Yeah- I really value the large age diversity here. You have the wisdom of people who've been here so long and have been through all the processes and then you have the young sprouts wilh new ideas and energy--it's such a nice mixture. K: Because some want to use herbicides and some don't? Ruth: Yes, and some don't even care if we get rid of it Rio: What's neat about the older members is how open they are to new ideas. And how they can even joke about themselves and the community and how crazy it is here. Rio: And some say, "We've been fighting it forever and it's getting away from us so let's have careful use of chemicals and just get rid of it "...and it's become such a touchy subject people don't even want to bring it up anymore. Ruth: I remember hearing an older member talk about the process in the meetings being just like in a family--how you're certainly going to have disagreements so you just go ahead and have them and move on. And you still love each other because you're a family. Ruth: So it took some new people to say, "Let's go folks ... those who wanna do it, come on out - we'll have a great time!" K: So what'd you do? Rio: And knowing that the difficulties not only pass but that they're useful. And that new energy is coming in and things are moving constantly. Rio: We cut and grubbed... and got rid of a Jot! .~ Ruth : Life would be like that E anywhere, only there are more rewards and Ruth: And the same day a big group also cleaned up the river. People were really enthusiastic and had a fun time together. I'd like to see that trend continue. ~ more possibilities here than I can imagine :i d Ruth: People not being open with how they feel. Rio: I tend to say very little in the meetings because I'm often intimidated. Ruth: But you're loosening up. Rio: I have to-I'm secretary of the Property Committee so I have to read my minutes and if people think I didn't do it right I have to go through that. K: It's great you're doing it. Rio: It is. I do see it as a good process for me. Ruth: One of the best meetings we've had recently was last month's. There was a thunderstorm and the lights went out and three-fourths of the meeting took place in KATUAH-page24 K : Making a commitment to land is .9 Rio: Some of the complaints now are about how group process in the meetings is so difficult. .. K: Because of communication problems? having anyplace else. seems to give a blessing to whatever happens there. It almost assures success because the land is so giving in return. 1i' such an important thing to do these days .. .it ! K: Sounds like you should hold all of them that way! You mentioned relationships before and how important they are in communities ... yet some people probably came here panly to avoid deali.ng with others as much ...aod suddenly find they're as close as ever! Rio: That reminds me - Billy Bernstein wrote a hilarious song after he'd been here awhile -·it goes something like "I thought I was dropping out but it looks like rm dropping in"! Ruth: Celo is also getting fairly large and that makes group process all the more difficult Rio: And there arc so many opinions and the aim is to reach consensus on everything. It also seems that with groups in general it's hard to make commitments and follow through on what you say you'll do. It really takes supporting each other. Ruth: That makes me think about owning land. We owned some land in Minnesota and I never even felt like I owned it even though it was in my name. Holding land as a community feels much closer to true ownership. I want to call it stewardship. It's about taking care of land the way it needs to be taken care of and not about saying, "I can do whatever I want with it!" That doesn't even make sense to me. I'm really grateful to Arthur Morgan and the others who started this place - and all the work that's gone into it over the years. And the longer fm here, the more I appreciate it. It's such a healing place... there's healing going on, and you can't even put your finger on it - it's just happening. SUMMER - 1988 �The "'i4Jhtan4s of Roan continued from p. 7 The SAHC is leading the way in securing this much-needed protection. Examination of a broad range of alternatives has led SAHC to conclude that protection can best be accomplished through a blend of federal, state and private ownership. SAHC encourages governmental protection where appropriate, receives gifts of land and buys land from willing sellers using donated funds. To date, SAHC has protected approximately 900 acres through private means and has partially funded a 693-acre acquisition by the state of Tennessee. Approximately 9,500 acres still remain to be protected. SAHC's protection strategy Involves four approaches: I. Receive gifts of land, including conservation easements and other partial interests. 2. Encourage additional acquisition by Federal and State agencies. 3. Purchase lands or interests in lands with donated funds; own and manage such lands. The bulk of the protection will be accomplished by this means. 4. Register lands under the respective Stare Namral Area Registry programs; since registry is nm binding upon the registrant, it may be considered only temporary protection. Cooperating with SAHC in saving the Highlands are state agencies in North Carolina and Tennessee as well as the US Forest Service. Endorsing the program are the National Audubon Society, the Garden Club of America, the Appalachian Trail Conference, and numerous state 8Jld local organizations. Without an active plan for preservation, it is likely that much of the area now unprotected would eventually be purchased by developers. In the early days of the preservation effort, a part of the area was purchased by developers. Fortunately these tracts were since acquired by the US Forest Service. To date there have been two kinds of development pressures: 1) second homes and 2) high density recreation. Development activity bas been particularly strong o.n the North Carolina side of the mountain. The largest stngle development is on Beech Mountain, about 10 miles to the aonheas1 of the Highlands of Roan. A particularly controversial development is that on top of Sugar Mountain where a concrete ten-story condominium is visible from many points. Public outcry against this intrusion was so great that the NC Legislature passed a "ridge law" restricting construction on mountain tops; however, there is no equivalent law for the slopes. Numerous smaller developments are in the vicinity. Throughout the Newland-Linville-Boone area, second homes are appearing on many ridges and in rural areas. The high density recreation developments have so far been primarily oriented toward skiing. One large tract within the preservation project boundaries was earlier surveyed as a possible ski resort and determined to be among the top ten sites in the southeast. (The same tract was considered as a site for a Tennessee Regional State Prison.) There are large ski developments on nearby Beech Mountain, Sugar Mountain, Big Bald, and at Seven Devils. If skiing business increases, development pressures will escalate. The adverse consequences of developments within a unique natural area are worth recounting: First, developments limit accessibility by the general public. The owners of second homes want privacy. Other facilities may be limited to club members or pacrons. Second, it is clear that the health of the animal populations within the Roan massif depends upon an adequate range over which they can roam and feed. The entire massif provides protection for certain species that individual tracts a lone cannot provide. Rare plant and animal species are more likely to survive in a large area of protected tracts. Third, the views from the higher summits depend absolutely on the absence of incompatible development on the massif itself, particularly within the project boundaries adopted by SAHC. High density recreation facilities, public or private, could be so heavily used that the present naturalness-would disappear. KATUAH- page 25 'lt is cCea.r that the health of the ani.mat poputati.ons wi.thi.n the .Roan massi.f depends u.pon an adequate ran9e over which they can rnam and feed. The enti.rn massi.f prnvi.des prntecti.on for certai.n. speci.es that i.ndi.vi.du.a[ tracts a!on.e cannot provi.de. SAHC realizes that the task of land protection cannot be accomplished simply by acquiring lands and conferring on them a certain conservation status. A continuing stewardship program must be exercised to prevent damage from ever-present threats to existing natural values. SAHC's plan is to keep the Highlands of Roan the way they are: to maintain the balds, to leave the forests undisturbed. to encourage retention of fanning and other rural activities on the lower slopes, and generally to let the lands be available to the visitor on foot. The overall goal of SAHC's stewardship program is to accommodate nondestructive scientific, educational, and recreational uses of the Highlands of Roan while protecting their biological and physical features. To assure survival of the rich fauna and flora of Roan Mountain, SAHC is keenly aware that management plans and preserve boundaries must consider both habitat diversity and t he total size of the a rea to be protected. Boundary and acquisition decisions based on the narrow distributions and requirements of individual plant species and a few special plant communities will not suffice. A broad view of the protection zone-·one which considers wildlife habitat, animal mobility, and critical population size--is more likely to ass ure preservation of both the flora and the vast wildlife legacy. Vital to the success of SAHC's plan to preserve the Highlands of Roan is a strong and successful fund-raising program. SAHC has launched a major effon to raise the approximately $10 million needed to complete the private share of the protection plan. Nearly $1,000,000 has been raised so far mainly from individuals. Individual memberships in SAHC are available from a $10 minimum Subscribing Membership to $1,000 or more as a Life Member. Currently SAHC bas approximately 1800 members in 40 states. SAHC also receives donations. The project is an excellent vehicle for individual tax-deductible giving. Appreciated land, securities and other property may be donated without payment of capital gains tax; donors may take a tax deduction on the market value of the gift as well. The donation goes into the land fund and is used for the acquisition of tracts within the project. SAHC also maintains a perpetual register of memorial gifts. Also a number of members have named SAHC as beneficiary in their wills; no estate taxes are payable on bequests to tax-exempt organizations. Another common form of giving is to take out a life insurance policy and make SAHC the beneficiary and owner of the policy. Such donations are tax-deductible as well as the premium payments. Becoming a member of the Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy and volunteering time and skills is an excellent way to participate in the protection of this excraoidinary treasure-the Highlands of Roan. ~ Southern Appalachian Highlands Conser vancy P.O. Box 3356, Kingsport, TN 37664 (615) 323-3677 This ar1icle was compiled by Marnie Muller of Katuah Journal Crom SAHC materials, panicularly the SAHC Case Statement. Special thanlcs to Stan Murcay of SAHC. SUMMER-1988 �LEARNING COMMUNITY -Arth ur Morgan Schoolcontinucd from p. 12 'The reason we have such a variety of experiences and such an openness about giving the students choices is because we know that there arc things that each student can do well. We make an effon to help find out what they are, and we let them know in a sincere way that they arc good enough," said Patty. ttEvery situation is approached slightly differently. We try to give everybody involved a chance to talk about their perspective. We try to clarify all the specifics of any problem. We might use the chalkboard for writing 'this is his problem with the issue, and this is what he would like to see happen' and 'this is her problem and what she would like to see happen' to get everything clearly out 'This can be done in a small group, or in the all-school meetings which happen weekly. It is a consensus process and deals with the issue in a way that can satisfy everybody. Discipline often comes in the form of a proposal that is carried on during a trial period, such as from one all-school meeting to the next. and then re-evaluated." In this way students have the opponunity to participate significantly in making decisions that affect them. Cooperation is another quality needed in a healthy community. This means sharing the work as well as the play. Students arc involved in all phases of community responsibility - cooking, cleaning, wood gathering and spli11ing, and gardening. Wor k teaches responsibility and interdependence as well as practical skills. Patty said. "If a student doesn't want to do their chore at lunch, and their job is to wash dishes, then that throws everything off. It means that whoever is drying and potting dishes away can't do it, or has to wait In practical ways like that we try to poi.n t out that each student's personal actions affect everyone dse. "This isn't the right school for everybody. We want to be clear about what the school is. We're flexible in trying to meet each student's needs to an extent, but if a student has a problem with stealing things, for example, we're not willing to lock everything up so that ccnain student can remain here. If a student can't cope with the 'freedom within a structure' that we offer here, we're not going to change our whole philosophy." Elizabeth Morgan in her notes referred to a quote from Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi that summed up that philosophy: "A school should be built by the children, should seek to be self-supporting, and should never be finished!" , DE.SIGNS by Rob Messick 1 1tus1ra1lon & Design in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil P.O. Box 2801 • Boone. NC 28007 • (704)7~; 111.TMVIOLET l'UWICATIOtl AHO fllTBllMO IYITfMI GM PlflODUCTI • WATSI AHAL\'Ill .HWY. 107 RAN~ C. LANIER ~2 RT. II IOX 125 CUL.1..0WHEE, NC am T-SHIRTS, SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN 15 ORIGINAL HANO-PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS EACH COWRFUL DESIGN IS PRlN'IED ON QUALITi T' s AND SWEATS Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic M. C. Majebe Licensed Acupuncturist 78 East Chestnut St. Ashevllle, NC 28801 (704) 258-901 6 KATIJAH - page 26 S~R-1988 �. ........ NABC ill From Aug 21-26, 1988, Lhe Third North A meric an Biorcgio na l Con gress (NABC III) will draw Turtle Islanders from all over the continent to Vancouver, British Columbia, for a five-day celebration of their varied cultural forms and their commitment to the restoration of ecological harmony on this pan of the planet NABC Ill will adopt a cultural focus, encouraging panicipants to express their bioregional identities by telling their stories, presenting displays and mapping projects, exhibiting their arts and craflS, and sharing their cerebral and ceremonial activities. For more information, write NABC III, Box 99, Lillooet, BC, Canada VOK !VO. Individuals or groups wishing to contact other NABC participants from Katliab may phone (704) 683-1414. For a copy of NABC ll Proceedings, a 112-page report on the 1986 Congress, send $11. 50 (p & h included) to Ha.rt Publishing, Box 1010, Forestville, CA 95436. Cry, Sacred G round: Big Mountai n U.S.A. (© 1988) by Anita Parlow js a compelling oral testimony of Navaho sheepherders who describe the religious beliefs that underlie the impressive resistance to stop a disinheritance from their sacred ground. The Navahos who share l11eir stories do so to make certain that what is happening will not be forgotten - and that it be stopped. As one Medicine Man told the author, "our children will know that we knew how to live.as' Navahos and we knew, too, how to die as Navahos. Cry, Sacred G ro und, produced by the Sacred Lands Project of the Christie Institute, includes 50 photographs and artwork by award-winning artist William Franklin. , . The Sacred Lands Project of th.e Christie lnstiuae, 1324 North Capitol Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20002 Who Owns North Carolina is a 420-page guide to the largest landowners in the state's 100 counties, tile result of the most exhaustive land ownership investigation ever undertaken for a state or region in the U.S. Maps, charts, data analysis, and interpretative essays offer statistical details and comparative ranlcings of each county's largest landowners, data on forestry and farming in each county, rankings of the counties by 25 different social, economic, and political characteristics, and discussion by the project's investigators of the cultural significance of their findings. The book is available for $30 for Katuah readers (mention our name). Write: lnstitme for Sowhern Studies, P.O. Box 531, Durham, NC 27702 The International 4th World Assembly will hold its seventh assembly this summer, July 31-August 4, 1988 at Meredith College in Raleigh, NC. The 4th World is an informal group of people from all over the world who affirm the right of urban neighborhoods and rural villages to make their own decisions abopt their own Jives. The theme this year is "Community Economics As If the Earth Mattered". Registration is open to all. Full conference fee including meals, lod ging and proceedings is $150. For more info: School of Living, 7th assembly; 3030 Sleepy Hollow Rd, Falls Church, VA 22042. Economics as If the Earth Really Matte r e d is the first in a new series of books from New Society Publishers exploring the possibilities for creating an accountable economy. The book by Susan Meeker-Lowry offers hundreds of suggestions of how average people can invest their money and/or their time in building a new economy in harmony with life-affirming values. Subjects covered include boycotts, shareholder action, socially responsible investment funds, small-scale investing, projects i n local economic control and worker-ownership, new community economics, tools for reinvestment and.revitalization, alternative exchange systems, and seeds for the future. Dozens of names and addresses and resource lists round out this unique and exciting book. Meeker-Lowry, publisher of Cara/yst-a quarterly newsletter for those interested in small-scale socially responsible investing, offers us new glimpses of ways in which people are using their participation in the economic system as a vehicle for the expression of consciously chosen values: living in harmony with the earth, fighting poverty and injustice, combatting feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and building lives which combine diversity and synthesis, integration and balance. New Society Publishers, P.O. Box 582, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-0582 The Ca r olina Associa tion fo r t he Ad va ncement of Midwifery (CAAM) is a grassroolS organization whose goal is to remove the current legal restrictions that prevent direct-entry midwives from practicing in North Carolina. CAAM's goal is to promote competent and legal midwives to serve the women and families of North Carolina. CAAM wants members from all over North Carolina. Membership ($10/yr) entitles one to receive future issues of Midwifery News as well as contribute to the effort to make North Carolina a state where parents have real choices about giving birlll. CAAM, Rt.1, Box 201 M, Durham, NC 27705 A unique summer comp uduenture Natural Food Store & Deli 160 Broadway Asheville, NC 28801 {704)683-1414 68:M795 Where &oadWay rMets Merrlmon Ave & 1-240 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday-Saturday: 9am·8pm Sunday: 1pm-5pm ror young people 6 - 18 years old Woods, water, trail experiences, horses, crafts, Indian lore free brochure available Pepperland Farm Camp Star Rout e Fiimer, TN 37333 {704) 253-7656 KATUAH - page 27 SUMMER - 1988 �€V€0t'S 7-10 LINVILLE, NC The Highland Games at Grandfather Mountain. Caber toss, sheepdog trinls, Highland dancing, bagpipes. $8.00/day. For more info, call (704) 733-2013. 9 HELEN, GA ·Appalachian Mountain Music Festival" at Unicoi State Park; Helen, GA 30545. Call (404) 878-2201. GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Big Game Observation." S4S. Smoky Mountain Field School Sec 6/},5-26. 9-10 JUNE 19-2S BRASSTOWN, NC "June Music and Dance Week" at John C. Campbell Folk School; Brasstown, NC 28902. SUMMER 20 CELEBRATION SOLSTICE 22-26 HIGHLANDS, NC "The Art of Landscape Photography" workshop with Gil Leebrick and John Scarlata. $2SO incl. accommodations. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center; P.O. Box 580; Highlands, NC 28741 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Wild Mammals of the Great Smokies" field instruction with Dr. Michael Pelton. $45. Smoley Mountain Field School; 2016 Lake Ave.; Knoxville, TN 37996. 25-26 29 Full Moon 29 RABUN GAP, GA "Wild Fems" expedition with Marie Mellinger. $8 incl. lunch. The Hambidge Center; P.O. Box 339; Rabun Gap, GA 30568 or ca1J (404) 746-5718. 13 New Moon 13 RABUN GAP, GA "Materializing the Shadows." Investigating stream life with Dr. William Mcl.arney. The Hambidge Center, SQC 6(29. 17-23 m G HLANDS, NC "Transcendentalism on the Mountain" seminar at The Mountain; 841 Highway 106; Highlands, NC 28741 29-31 CELO, NC "Midw i fery in the Mountains" conference. Workshops on "Herbs in Pregnancy and Binh," "Medical Questions," "Body Work," "Tricks of the Trade," more. With Lucinda Flodin; Barbara King, MD; Lisa Goldstein; Pat Roy; others. $55 incl. meals. Lisa Goldstein; 823-C Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714. (704) 675-5316. 30.31 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Mushroom ldcntific.ation," for beginners. $45. Smoky Mountain Field School, sec 6/2S-26. 22-24 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Rhinoceros Glances at the Moon: The Art of Movement as Meditation.• Tai Chi weekend with Jay Dunbar. $75. Southern Dharma, see7/l-4. 22-24 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Family Weekend at Great Smoley Mountains Institute at Tremont. Hiking, siorytelling, music, more. AdultS:· $4S. Children: $35. Write at Townsend, TN 37882 or call (615) 448-6709. RALEIGH, NC Fourth World Conference ("break down all the big powers into their ethnic or bioregional areas") - bioregional sp~ers, including Jim Berry, Peter Berg, Susan Meeker-Lowry, and Mamie Muller. At Meredith College. $150. For more info, write School of Living; 3030 Sleepy Hollow Rd.; Falls Church, VA 22042..or call (703) 237-7507. 24-29 JULY 1-31 ASHEVILLE, NC "Mountain Sweet Talk," a two-act play with The Folktellers, Barbara Freeman and Connie Regan-Blake, at the Folk An Center on the Blue Ridge Parkway. Advance LickctS: S8.00. Call (704) 258-11 13. GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Teacher and Naturalist Week" (and anyone interested in learning more about the natural world). Joseph Cornell (Sharing Nature with Children), guest instructor. "Learn about the natural history of the Smokies and ways of effectively motivating people toward a deeper appreciation of the natural world." $145. Great Smoky Mpuntains Institute at Tremont. See7/22-24 31-8/4 24-30 1-4 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Writing Down the Bones." Writing, meditation and yoga retreat with Natalie Goldberg and Frances Kean. SJ20. Southern Dhnrma Retreat Center; Rt 1, Box 34- H; Hot Springs, NC 28743. ROANOKE, VA "Celebrate Love• conrerence sponsored by Visions or Tomorrow at Hollins College. Cllls.<:es, events, conccrtS. Program: S165; w/ food, acc. $290. Contact: Jan Settle; Rt. I, Box 310-A; Goode, VA 24556 28 AUG.UST l LAMMAS FESTIVAL 1-28 ASHEVILLE, NC "Mountain Swee1 Talk," sec 7/1 -31. 1-31 C HEROKEE, NC "The Art of Cherokee Fingerwcaving" cxhibil at the Cherokee Heritage Museum and Gallery; Box 477; Cherokee. NC 28719. 5-7 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Naiuro Siudy Workshop fOI' adults. $45. Grct1t Smoley Mountains Institute al Tremont, see 7/22-24 Full Moon 12 KATUAH- page 28 DAY ( Mid s ummer ) New Moon SUMMER- 1988 �27 ELKrNS, WV August.a Fcs1ival - 11adilional music and dance wilh all the 11immings. Write August.a Hcriiage Ccn1cr, Davis and Elkins College; Elkins. WV 26241. Full Moon 12-14 22-28 WILLIS, VA "Women's Wellness Week" with Libby Outlaw (massage therapist); Carolyn Moore, MD; Katherine Chantal (herbalist); Christine Byrd (nutirtional counselor); much more. Pre-register: $295 incl. food and acc. Indian Valley Holistic Center; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380 26-28 LOUISA, VA · women: Cclcbra1ing Our Divcrsily - A Multiculiural Galhcring• wi1h workshops, performance, dance, culwml sharing. S35·75 sliding rec. Wrile Women; Twin Oaks Communi1y; Louisa VA 23093 (703) 894-5126. 10 New Moon 1-30 CHEROKEE, NC "Ayun'ini (Swimmer): Cherokee Shaman" exhibi1 al Cherokee Hcrit.age Museum and Gallery. SceS/1-31. 2-5 BRASSTOWN, NC "Labor Day Music and Dance Weekend" wilh Pelc Sulhcrland, Karen Billings, Marlha Owen, olhcrs. John C. Campbell Folk School, sec 6/19-25. 3-5 HIGHL ANDS, NC "Pinhole in lhe Landscape," pinhole camera workshop wilh Eric Renner. "/ use no viewfinder or exposure meter; I rely upon the passion and the timing within myself and the belief that it will worlc." Environmcnllll Aris Ccn1cr, sec 6{22-26. 17-18 HARRISONB UR G, VA "Restoring Wilderness in the East: A Deep Ecology Perspective" conference featuring Dave Foreman (Eanh First!), Gary Lawless (Gulf of Maine Bioregion), Jamie Sayen (PAW), Barbara Dugelby (Earth First!), David Wheeler (Kataah). Sponsored by Virginia Earth First! and Virginians for Wilderness; co-sponsored by Karuah. At James Madison University in Harrisonburg. Registration: $10 advance, $15 at door. For more info: write VA EF!; Route 1, Box 250; S1aunton, VA 2440 I or call (703) 885 6983. 17-18 HE LEN, CA "Native Americans of lhc Soulheast• a1 Unicoi St.ate Park, see 7/9. 4 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS "Wild Mammals or lhc Grcal Smokies," see 6125-26. /' TU~ f~LL GATME~NG RND THROE FRIR SEPTEMBER 30 • OCTOBER 2 , 1988 in Floyd County, VA Actiuitie s, Music, Dancing, Workshop s Bring: camping equipment, musical instruments, trade goods For more information, contact: Katherine Delauney Will Ashe Bason Travianna Farm Rt. 1, Box 217 Check, VA 24072 (703) 745-2708 (703) 651-3492 Need a ride? Share a ride? Call your local Katuah contact person or: Eastern slope (NC, GA, SC): David Wheeler (705) 586-3146 Tom Hendricks (704) 689-5382 Western slope (TN): Sariah Loveday (615) 688-7408 KATUAH - page 29 SUMMER- 1988 �STARSPAN ASTROLOGICAL PROFILES: Relationships, life chans, forccastS. ChartS and proCcssional taped readings also available. P.O. Boll 10413; Raleigh. NC 27605 WANTED: LAND in western NC. Flllllily seeks 5 or more acres, preferably near Cullowhee, to preserve and evenwally inhabit U you have or know or affordable land, contaeL Bob and Mary Davis; 213 Wesunorcland Ct; Georgetown, KY 40324 (502) 863-4267. MOON DANCE PARM HERBALS - herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm: Rt 1, Box 726; Hampton, TN 37658 FUTONS by Simple Pleasures - affordably priced. Send SASE for info 10: Simple Pleasures; RL. l, Box 1426: Clayton, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920 FREE CATALOG - Our books cover solar energy, natural foods, mCUlphysics, fiction, and poetry. The latest project is Black Mountain Rtvitw, with !hemes on lhe individual vs. society. Write: Lorien House; P.O. Box I 112; Black Mountain, NC 28711 EUSTACE CONWAY- Guide and 1eaeher of primitive Earth Skills with emphasis on fire building, hide tanning., shell.er, and foraging. He teaches at public schools, parks, environmenlal cen1ers, and classes of au kinds. For more information contact him at: 602 Deerwood Drive, Gastonia, NC 28084 or call Allein Stanley al (704) 872-7972 POLE STAR RETREAT CENTER available for rental. Days. weekends, or weeks. Conferences, workshops, CIC. in privalC, rural setting. 30 ft yurt, camping, swimming. Localed near Boone, NC. Contact: Rt 2, Box 59: Zionville. NC 28698 (904) 385-2071. GARDENERS are encouraged to visi1 our Paradise Garden for instruction and inspiralion (free) and/or perennial plan1 sale (cheap). ArtistS are inviied. IO come and crealC in lhe garden - painting, drawing, and photography are encouraged. We also have a cabin available in exchange for working in lhe garden. Mountain Gardens; 3020 While Ouk Crock; Burnsville, NC 28714 (704) 675-5664. M. TREE DESIGNS: Illustrations and Design Beyond the pages of lhis journal, I work in pencil, colored pencil, ink, cul paper, and batik. Fine and graphic an to express and enhance our lives. Logos, brochures, books, portrailure, window and wall hangings. Contae1 Martha Tree (704) 754-6097. DAYSTAR ASTROLOGICAL SERVICE - natal, transit, comparison chartS. Very accurate. Only S3.00 each. Chris and Will Bason: RI. 2, Box 217; Check, VA 24072 (703) 651-3492 ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY in the Smoky Mt'ns. of east TN. 10 acres with creek, springs, views. good neighbors. Be a part for $8500. Call Leslie (615) 453-1538. STIL-LIGHT TREOSOPHJCAL RETREAT CENTER - a quiet space for personal meditation, group inLCraction lhrough s1udy, and community work, and spiritual seminars. Contact Leon Frankel; Rt l, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming. Songs of bcau1y, meaning spiril, fun, peace. cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon. evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068. CRAFTSPEOPLE - send price listings 10 Gifted /lands of NC, 331 Blake S1; Raleigh, NC 27601 (Au'n: Bern Grey Owl) - unique shop presenting 35-40 craflers' works in Raleigh's City Market All crafts considered. HAND-CARVED WOODSPIRITS. mys1i:al hiking staffs, and wall hangings by Steve Duncan. For brochure, please wri1e Whippoorwill S1udio; Rt 4, Box 981: Marion, NC 28752. ASTROLOGICAL CHARTS - natal. progressed, or solar re1um. 4-page prin1ou1 includes wheel wilh planetS and houses, aspecLS, midpoin1s, and keywords. Specify name, binh time, date, place, and chart type. StO 10 Phoenix Productions; Rt 2, Box 59; Zionville, NC 28698. RM DESIGNS - I use the media of pencils, colored pencils, gouache, pen and ink, and photography in creating unique fine and graphic art I can make diagrams, logos, finished prints, and designs for brochures, calenders, cards, books, CIC. Mandalas and symbols are my 1cndency among other styles. Contact Rob Messick (704) 754-6097, LAND TRUST in lhe forming on 57 acres near Boone, NC seeking families wilh slrOng visions and resources to manifest a peaceful place for our children to grow in love and to survive lhe coming of lhe new age. Paul and Susan Del Rios; RL 2, Box 314; Vilas, NC 28692 (704) 297-4937 LETTERS OF FRIENDSHIP AND SUPPORT would be appreciated by incarcerated brothc.r. Write 10: Rick Whitaker #85670; Box 2000; Wartburg, TN 37887 DRUMS - Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbccks & wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704) 258-1038 or write LO: 738 Town Mountain Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY now forming in the mountains of norlh GA. Join olhers seeking greater cooperation and self-sufficiency. Based on spiritual and ecological values. Properly is now available. (404) 778-8754. BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid American/Chinese Dunstan chestnu1 trees - blight resistant, timber growlh form, productive orchard crop with large, swee1 easily-peeled nutS. Chestnu1 Alli Nursery; RI. J, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 BLOW YOUR MIND wilh "Medicine Wind." Finc-1uned bamboo nu1es and soothing musical recordings masterfully 1rancemit1ed 1hrough "Medicine Wind"/Gcorge Tortorelli; 86 NW 55 SL; Gainesville, FL 32607 (904) 373-1837. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, herbs, and organically-grown, local produce at the WNC Farmcss' Markell Look for the Fairglcn Farms stall, unitS F and G in lhe wholesale area of lhe Farmers' Markel; 570 Brevard Rd.: Asheville, NC (704) 252-4414 "ESSENCE" - the all-one skin/dress/ jumper/pantaloons wilh nursing pockCIS. Earlhwcar; ROI, Box 75-CI; Carl1on, PA 16311 SMALL HOUSE on land trust in rural NC mountains in exchange for pan-time farm chores and occasional companionship to creative, joyful, mentally handicapped adul1 (or olher labor, such as carpentry). Quaker Camily. Meeting nearby. Write: Bob and Dot Barrus; Cll!llp Celo: 1349 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 ARCHITECTURAL ADVICE AND DESIGN: Adam Cohen; Rt. 2, Boll 217; Check, VA 24072 "TREASURES lN THE STREAM" - a casset1e tape of songs by Bob Avery-Grubel. SIO to Rt. I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091. WEBWORKJNG is free. Send submissions to: KatUah Journal P.O. Box 638 Leices1er, NC Kauiah Province 28748 ORM DESIGNS KATUAH - page 30 SUMMER - 1988 �Mtdlcln,.. The KatUah J ournal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kat:Uali Journal, P. 0. Box 638, Leicester, NC, Katuah Province 28748. .?tllfts In the fall, Katuah will look at Castanea dentata, the American chestnut tree, and its importance in restoring Appalachian habitat. Any information about this great tree's past and future will be welcome. "Hand Made," exploring the benefits of living simply and creatively, will be the focus for the winter issue of the Katuah Jo um al. ·BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture - Sunfl~wers - Humm Impact on the Forest - Children.s' Eduution Veronica Nicbolu:Woman in Politics - Little People - Medicine Allies full C'olor ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 Waler Drum - Waw Quality - Kudzu - Solu Eclipse - Clearcutting - Trout - Going to Waicr Ram Pwnps - Microhydro - Poems: Bennie Sinclair, Jim W ayne Miller T-sfilrts w In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today are only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world, but who now reside In Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it. These beings are called with reverence •grandfathers·. And of them, the strongest are Kanati, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi Usdi. "the little man•, as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they are allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the APPalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of KattJah have been depicted In a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality. all-cotton shirts, they are available now in all adult sizes from the KatUah Joumal. "To show respect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in turn become an ally in the continuing process of maintaining harmony and balance here in the mountains of Katuah." To order, use the form below. ISSUE AVE - FALL 1984 H:irvcsl - Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng Nuclear W ute - Our CeIlic Heri111ge Biorcgionallsm: Put. Present. and Future John Wilnoty - Healing Dlllkncss - Politics of Participation ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Winier Solstice Earth Cct'cmony - Horscpasturc River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Roota - Mountain Agricul1ure: The Righi Crop - William Taylor - The Fururc of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRINO 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing - Working in the Web of Life ISSUE EIOHT - SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Katuah 18,000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Ccnicr - Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985 The \Va.Idec Forest - The Trees Speak Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Starting• Tree Crop - Urban Trees - Acom Bre.od - Myth rune ISSUE TEN- WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone - lnicmal Mythmalting - Holistic Healieg on Trial Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Ploces - Tbe Uktcna's Tale - CryJtal Magic - I'" ISSUE ELEVEN - SPRINO 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the Bioregional Vision - Recycling - Community Ocdcning- Floyd County, VA - GllSOhol Two BioregioMI Views - Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Oames - Good Medicine: V'tSion.s ISSUE THIRTEEN - Fall 1986 Cenicr For Awalccning - Elizabeth Calllri - A Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan . Dealing Creatively with Death - Home Burial Boit - The Wake - The Raven Mocker Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom - Good Medicine: The Swea! Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN - Winier 1986-87 Uoyd Carl Owlc - Boogen and Mummers - All Species Day - Cabin Fever University Homeless in Katuah - Homemade Hot Wau:r Stovema kcr's Narrative - Good Medicine: Interspecies Communication ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987 Coverleis - Woman Forester - Susie McMahan Midwife - Alterna tive Contraception Bioscxuallty - Bioregionalism and Women Good Medicine! Maniaclwial Culwie - ~ ISSUE SIXTEEN - Swnmcr 1987 Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden Vision Quest - First Flow - Initiatjon Leaming ie the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN - Winier 1987-88 Vernacular Architecture - Drums in Wood and Stone - Mountain Home - Earth Enc.-gics Earth-Shch•m'<I Living - Membrane Houses . Brush Shelter - Poems: Oc1obq Dusk - Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUENINETEEN-Spring 1988 Per!eandra Garden - Spring Tonics -Blueben:ies WildDower Gardens - Granny Herbalist Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals: Story - Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Tnoc "Dreamspcaking" ~~' ~UA~URNAL For more info: call (704) 683-1414 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28723 Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-19) Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Name Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Address Enclosed is$ to give this ejfon an extra boost City State @ $25.00 = $_ _ T-Shirts: specify quantity color: tan S_ _ M _ _ L_ _ XL_ _ @ $9.50 each............$_ _ Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code KATUAH - page 31 Phone Number TOTAL PRICE= $_ _ postage paid SUMMER-1988 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 20, Summer 1988 Description An account of the resource The twentieth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on preserving wilderness in Appalachia with a look at land trusts, the Preserving Appalachian Wilderness (PAW) proposal, and Cherokee perspective on relating to land. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Gil Leebrick, Marilyn Cade, Christina Morrison, Laurie Pierce, Judith Hallock, Carol Lawrence, Billy Campbell, Nancy Barnhardt, Chip Smith, Martha Tree, Michael Red Fox, John Grey, Rob Messick, and Tony Fisher. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Tracks of the Panther.......1<br /><br />Highlands of Roan.......6<br /><br />Celo Community: 50 Years on the Land.......8<br /><br />Celo: Interview.......10<br /><br />Land Trust: Tenure for Our Time.......11<br /><br />Learning Community.......12<br /><br />Mountain Landscapes at Risk.......13<br /><br />Rest in Perpetual Wilderness.......14<br /><br />"The Ridge"........15<br /><br />Farmers and the Farm Bill.......16<br /><br />Good Medicine: "Relating to the Land".......17<br /><br />"It Comes in a Mist".......18<br /><br />Duke's Power Play.......19<br /><br />Cherokee Microhydro Project.......21<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......22<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology Wilderness areas--Appalachian Region, Southern Celo Community--History Land use, Rural--Appalachian Region, Southern Land trusts North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Community Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies Geography Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Turtle Island Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/8a5a4fec25f2fc73cddbd86819a283ba.pdf bf0a8b567e8a648b583874aca5cd8629 PDF Text Text ,. ·. ~UAl:i~ ®URNAL ... ISSUE 22 WINTER 1988-89 seeds of survival $1.50 �When strong-hearted people keep on singing the Song of Creation, they will find the true path, forgotten by many, so Grandpa David says. When prayer and meditation are used rather than relying on new inventions to create more Imbalance, they will also find the true path. Mother Nature tells us which is the right way. When earthquakes, floods, hailstorms, drought, and famine will be the life of every day, the time will have then come for the return to the true path ... -from Meditations with The Hopi ~LJAH JOURNAL P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 �Global Wanning and Katuah .......... 3 by Kim Sarulland Fire This Time ............................. 5 by lyfich Crabawr Bioregions: The Context for Reinhabiting the Earth .............6 by Thomas Berl) Earth Exercise .............................9 by Marnie Muller and 2.oa Rockensrein Poems and Drawings by Kore Loy McWhirter.............. 10 Drawing by ESTHER An Abundance of Emptiness......... 12 by Richard lowenJlia/ Reviews: Thinking like a Mountain Talkfog with Nawre .................... 14 Options For Regional Currency: The LETSystem .......................... 15 by Fred MignoM "Chronicles of Floyd" .................. 16 by "Granny" DeLauney Knife, Axe, and Saw.................... 18 An lnrerview with Dorry Wood Natural World News ................... 20 111c Bear Clan ...................•........22 Poem by luci11da Flodin ................. 23 Drumming: Letters to Kalllah ....... 24 Wcbworking .............................. 30 the Earth stirs in her dream she wakens and arises. she comes! she comes! great in her gifts, striding with purpose. each step an age in the evolution of life. she is moving. she will not remain to stagnate in our wastes. she would be healed. and we would break through our brittle egg casings of separateness to rejoin this planetary life community. we are too powerful to remain so ignorant the change is begun. we can cry out in pain or rejoice in our healing. we Loo need to move. to work for the change, to pray that the balance be restored and, moving. we will be swept up and carried in the wave of her motion. �STAFFTI-IIS ISSUE: Will Ashe Bason Rob Messick Mamie Muller David Wheeler Chip Smith Christina Morrison Kim Sandland Richard Lowenthal EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scou Bird MlU'lha Tree Jack Chaney John Creech Andy Half-Baker Lisa Franklin Sam Gray Michael Red Fox Marsha Ring COVER by Martha Tree INVOCATION by Andy Half-Baker PUBLISHED BY: Kart1ahJournal THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BlORECION ANO MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mo1111tai11eer Press WBITEUS AT: KatWih Journal TELE Pl JONE: (704)683-1414 Box 638 Leicester. NC Kaufah Province 28748 Diversity il> an impor13111 clcmcn1 of bion:gional ecology, both n3tural and social. In line with this princ;iple, the Katiiah Journal tries 10 serve as a forum for the discussion of n:gion:ll issues. Signed article.~ express only the opinion of the authors and are nol ncccs.o;arily lhc opinions of lhe Katuab Journal editors or staff. The ln!Cmal Revenue Service ha.~ dcclru-ed KaJU4h o non profit organization under sccuon SO I(c)(3) of the In LemaI Revenue Code. A11 contributions IO Kartlah arc deductible from J>C™lll3I income uu. invocation From the deep dark place in ourselves, Through the darkest part of the changing year, Through the darkness of the turning world cycle, We know of troubles facing us, and of hope bearing us on. Birth, death, rebirth. Spring, Summer. Fall. Winter. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE lltrt in tht southern-most heartland of the Appaluchian mounlllins. thl" oldest mountain range on our continent. Turtle Island, o small bur growing grmip has begun to take on a stn.ft of responsibiliry for tht imp/icarions of 1ha1 geographical and cultural heritagt. This .ftnse of ruponsibiliry ctnters on 1~ conupt of living within the natural scalt and balance of univtnal system.1 a.1d principles. Within this circle wt begin by invoking the Ch1•ro~e nam11 " Katiu.ih" as the oldr new nameforthi.1 area of the mountains and/or iu journal at well. 1he provmce u indicated by its natural bawuJaries: rhe Roanoke River ~'allt•v ta th~ narrh: ti~ foothills of the piedmont arta to the east: Yona Mountain and the Georgia hi/1.1 to the sowh: and the Tennessee River ~'allq 10 the we.11. J'he editorial prioririu for u.1 are to colleet and disseminate 111/ rmatirJn o and energy which ~rtains sptcifically 10 this region. anJ rofoster the awarelll!u that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Lfring in thi.s manner is a way to insure the su:uailrability of the biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continwng evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a• do or die • situation in terms of a quality sta/ldard of lift for all living beingson thi:r planet. Asa voice for rhe carttak.trs of this sacred land, KariJah. we advocate a centered approach to the co11cept of tkcentralizaiio11. /1 is our hape to become a .1uppor1 system/or rhase accepti11g the challenge of su.staiMbilil)' and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this ploce. We welcome all co"espondence. criticism. perti11e11t informa1io11, articles. arrwork, etc wirh hopes that Kariuih will grow 10 urve rhe best intt:rms of this regio11 and all its living. breathing mtmber.1. -The Editors We all grow and change. Darkness is followed by light, Sickness is followed by healing. As Gaia goes around the circle We reap what we have sown, and plant new seeds for the coming light. rrs NOT NICE TO FOOL MOTilER NATURE �-~· ~ •.... •-:....i. ..•••·••.,,..........-: .,.• .........·• ""·. \ ....\, .••. . 1 • ••••• "• •••••.............. •·:. ; , ........ :· ; ...... . {~~~~~ ... ~··· ....--~­ ·~.·· ...~ .. . GLOBAL WARMING AND KATUAH By Kim Sandland Just to satisfy a yearning for the breaking down of barriers, this wricer is currently taking classes in the beautiful, dramatic language of signs. a language expressed with the bands and body and interpreted with the eyes and the heart. My "sentences" arc stiJI a little sluggish, my rtngerspclling a little awkward, and my boots rattle around my ankles at the thought of confronting a real live deaf person with no one's hands around but my own. But someday. when I'm good enough. sign language will allow me to enter the world of the deaf and communicate with them. They will understand me and I will understand them. It's all a matter of knowing how. There is another world that this human being would like to know how to enter, another barrier to break down. It is the barrier that prevents many people from seeing and understanding the impact of human activities on their Earth. It is the world in which many humans are unable to interpret the language of the Earth, nor to hear the voices of despair, cries of defilement, and pleas for care. Gary Miller, of the Depanment of Environmental Studies at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, hears the voices. In a recent interview, Miller outlined the here and now of the global warming trend, the depletion of the ozone layer, the increase of ozone pollution, and acid rain - - all are similar in their origin and require the same solution, says Miller. For Kauiah, the pressures of environmental catastrophe are already apparent, and growing worse. Oak decline is taking place on our slopes, and drought like that we experienced over the pa.~t <;everal years may exaggerate · and acceler,11e - that decline. Miller a!lributes chat decline to a number of different factors, including poor forest management practices earlier in this century. like the harvest of prime trees, leaving poorer trees which are more vulnerable to adversity. If the greenhouse effec1 has staned, the climate will only get warmer, and intense summer heat and drought may make plant communities vulnerable to wiY1h@1e ecosystem~ !\!re :irlll je@pudy, !l!lld m!ly ~sa;p]pem .... S1l!lclb. as the s:plrl.1ce-ffir ~osyitem ~yjpical @f aihe lb.ii.gh.er S@11.11tllaem ApJP!lh1clmh1llll elev!lti~:ins, tfot exm!I!ljplle. 111ds we bow." invasion by disease, insects, and fungi. Plants and the animal communities they suppon may not make the necessary adjustments to severe climatic shifts in a shon period of time. They need long-term evolution, Miller says. Whole ecosystems are in jeopardy, and may disappear - - such as the spruce-Cir ecosystem typical of the higher Southern Appalachian elevations, for example. This we know. We have known, says Miller. about acid rain since the 1870's, and about the "greenhouse effect" since before the turn of the century. Unfonunatcly we arc only now monitoring the changes induced by these pollution effects and may yet be a couple of years away from cfTectivcly implementing new control legislation. In 1988 we experienced the effect of increased water temperatures and decreased water volume in our streams and reservoirs, Miller says. Higher water temperatures mean less oxygen concentrated in the water; less oxygen, increased coxins, increased temperatures will mean less fhh. For Katuah, this affects not only our fishermen. but our trout industries as well, Trout fisheries ha\'e already begun relying on well water, which has less oxygen capacity than stream water, and so have turned to (con1111ucJ on nest pegel W1.NT£R. - 1988-89 Drawing by ROB MESSICK Jeot.Uan Journa! p~ 3 �(continued from previous page) oxygenation systems, powered wilh electricity, powered by fossil fuels. Increasing populations, resulting in higher nitrogen pollution from the burning of fossil fuels in power plants, factories, and automobiles, coupled with the temperature inversions characteristic of mountain valleys, will fill our mountain air with unbreathable substances, says Miller. During lhc past summer ~zone pollution reached the highest levels ever recorded in our "Refusing to learn the issues, refusing to raise taxes and refusing to commit resources to resolving environmental problems, will result in an uninhabitable planet. Deferring action until later will only cost us more in the long run." area. More air-conditioning will be desired by people as the years go by; more air-conditioning means more burning of fossil fuels, and more pollution, in a never-ending cycle of waste and want. It's already happening. More people will be here, too. Miller believes it is impossible to consider the ramifications of current trends for the Katuah bioregion alone, because what happens in other bioregions will have a direct effect on Kattiah. Rising ocean waters, increasing greatly over the next 20-50 years, are likely 10 flood coastal areas. Coastal communities, both marine and human, may be devastated. Our wetlands, the coastal estuaries, the hean of lhe seafood industry and the basis of the foodchain for all species, will be destroyed by advancing seas. Sixty to 65% of harvested fish and shellfish now spend pan of their life cycle in the estuaries, says Miller, and they will be affected. People have already begun flocking to the mountain areas to escape hot climates; people will come in droves, bringing their indusuies with them, as the coastal economies and environments are changed. There will be more fossil fuels consumed, more water consumed, more native habitat destroyed here in Kattiah, in the face of an already-shrinking resource base which is falling 10 the effects of global warming and global waste. We know about all lhis. We know about hot summers [which will grow hotter), and about temperature inversions [which will only serve to make i1 hotter and harder to breathe, for all species), we know about increasingly severe storms and drought and landscapes of fallen trees and wi1hered undergrowth. We know because we have read it, heard it, we have already seen it. But is it 100 late for Katuah? Gary Miller has some defini1e ideas. There arc 1hree keys to understanding and action, according to Miller, which m3y not undo what is already upon us, but may save a pan of whnt we have for future generations. The first is education. Gary Miller believes that we should have a national required curriculum in environmental science in all our schools. Says ~iller, "The future of our planet depends on how well people understand the issues." Many people are not aware; they don't read, and they don't understand. lf we read and understand, we can change our own wasteful behaviors, and we can demand more of our politicians. Part of education, says Miller, is comprehending the fact that solutions are expensive. Refusing to learn the issues, refusing to raise taxes and refusing to commit resources 10 resolving environmental problems, will result in an uninhabitable planet. Deferring action until later will only cost us more in the long run. This has always been the case. The second key is consuming less, doing with less. As Miller says, every time you lhrow it away, you waste energy, because it must be recreated, using virgin resources and more fossil fuels. And waste must be disposed of, or incinerated when we run out of room for disposal. More air pollution. Miller believes that all people could cut their use of elecuicity by 40-50% today and srill live comfonably, provided they give up their need 10 live in a totally regulated environment with temperature fluctuations of only a few degrees. Miller calls it, "a new e1hos--try 10 live with less or do without," and we can begin it in Karuah. It's not so new, because some of us have been hearing it for years. We can participate at any of several levels of activity: recycling, avoiding plastics, wearing sweaters inside in the winter. We can promote mass transit and drive our personal cars less. We can conserve fossil fuels by pursuing solar energy and other alternative energy sources, excepting nuclear power. In the realm of electoral politics, we need to investigate politicians' records carefully, vote for pro-environmental candidates, and demand more leadership from them. We can send money to organizations trying to save lhe rain forests (and those working on behalf of the temperate forests as well), which are vital to our atmosphere. "If we do not, we will lose our freedom of choice as nature takes over, causing hurricanes of magnificent force, high temperatures we can not tum off, ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer, air we can not breathe, a scarcity of drinking water, and deserts where once there were forests." And the last key, says Miller, is planning. For Katliah, this means that local and regional officials must decide what is the true human carrying capacity of this region, taking into consideration dwindling water supplies, protection of habitat, and disposal of waste. This is not being addressed by local planners and officials, says Miller. An obvious example is lhe plan to have incinerators handle the solid waste overload--and anything, says Miller, with lhe potential of c?ntrib~ting to air pollution, compounded by temperature inversions, should be ruled out. Indiscriminate promotion of the area in an effon to attract new mdusuies and more people should be curtailed, until we understand what a shrinking resource base will mean to us in the near future. We must make these difficult decisions now, says Gary Miller. If we do not, we will lose our freedom of choice as nature takes over, causing hurricanes of magnificent force, high temperatures we c~ not rum off, ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer, air we can not breathe, a scarcity of drinking water, and desens where once there were forests. To those who don't hear, we must find a way to communicate, a language of respect, conservation, pro1ec1ion, and realization, to be shared among all species. We must find that language soon, lest our message have no ears to fall on. WtNTDt - 1988- 89 �FIRE THIS TIME by Lylich Crabawr "God give Noah tM rainbow sign. No more willer, fire~ time.• • Block spiritual Looking around at the forest about me, l soe great imbalance. I see the forest suffering as a result of acid rain, clearcuuing, and the drought we have been having. These are clearly the result of human influence. The world is in need of healing. But each imbalance has within it the conditions that will restore equilibrium. That is also true in this case. There is a change coming, and it is coming on much faster than people think. We are presently caught up in a cycle of drought. This is not going to go away next summer. We might get a reprieve next summer. it might not be as bad as this year, but the following summer will be, and the summer after that will be as well. Some drastic climatic shifts are in the making. Different areas might become weuer, drier, colder, or hotter. These changes will occur for no apparent rilyme or reason. The Southern Appalachians happen 10 be an area that is becoming hotter and drier. In fact, I think this area is going to dry up severely. There is going to be a massive die-off of the forest. We are seeing that already. The Black Mountain Range is being denuded by acid rain. Already there are streaks of dry places on the ridgetops. panicularly around rocky cliff areas, where the water drops out quicker. If there is no rain, those dry ridges have no source of water. Lower down on the hillside, water collects and drains down. But as the moisture falls off and the water table drops, the ridges suffer the mosc. Already, the dries! varieties of plants live on che ridgecops: scrub oak, scrub pines, mountain laurel, and grasses. Those are the species that are adapted to living up there. Ginseng. the orchid species, or big poplar IJ'CCS do not live up there. ln effect, what is going 10 happen is that the dry ridgecop conditions are going to move down the hill. As the climatic change intensifies and conditions become more severe, the poplar cove associations will become scarce as 1he dry ridgetop community moves down into what were once rich, moist coves. The moisture-loving species will hold out longest alongside the creeks. But then 1he smaller, higher watersheds will dissipate, and 1he dry conditions will move fanher and fanher down. There will be a terrible decline in the little streams now running through the hills. r do not know if major rivers will dry up, but they are going to become a 101 smaller. How far ii will go, J do not know. We have somewhat of an advantage in that we have a number of micro-climates and a vancty of different plants here in the mountains. That will help lo offset the worst aspects of the change. When the forest dies off on 1he ridges, greal amounts of dry tinder will be left on the.hillsides. And as the dry weather continues, there will probably be tremendous firestonns burning off that highly flammable material. That is going to create an incredible amount of pollurion over the temperate forest 1,ones, which will speed up the degradation of the atmosphere and intensify the "greenhouse effect" a1 an exponential rate. On these steep slopes, if the tree cover dies off and fires burn off the organic maner on the top of the soil layer, the soil will be washed down the hillsides very quickly, because the vegetation and the leaf mulch is what holds the soil in place. If rhe vegetation dies on the ridgetops, the soil is going to come down. Strip a hillside now and see how fast it gullies; see how fast the streams silt up and die. There is always more erosion in time of drought. The situation here is going to be similar to that in the island nation of Haiti where the native people cut the wood off th~ hills for cooking fuel. With the vegetative cover removed, che tropical rains washed all the soil off the mountainsides, and the forest could never grow back. The Appalachian mountaintops are basically granite rock with a couple of feet of soil on the top. They will be eroded down to bare rock. This is already becoming evident. Mt. Mitchell has two to three times as much rock showing on its face as it used to have. Eventually I believe we will have an environment here similar to that of northern New Mexico: bare, rocky mountaimops and fenile valleys. There will be perhaps trees and streams in the valleys, but all around us 1he hills will look like New Mexico. It won't be unattractive. New Mexico is a wonderful locale in its own way. But it is going co be sad 10 see the species disappear that live here in these rich coves. Conditions might stabilize before then. They might become more disastrous than that The weather is not necessarily going 10 be consistcnL Just because our summers are going to be horter, that does no1 mean tha1 our winters arc going to -be warmer. We may have even colder winters, but with more drastic changes, like sudden storms followed by warm spells, or terrible fronts coming down out of Canada. I do not perceive the greenhouse effect as causing worldwide desert, however; ii is causing worldwide drastic weather changes. Tl is not getting hotter everywhere, but climate fluctuations arc getting more extreme. The Carri bean and the Gulf of Mexico recently experienced the wors1 hurricane within memory, Hurricane Gilben. Gilben produced the lowest pressure ever recorded. But as the climatic shift progresses, we may see cyclones and hurricanes the likes of which we cannot imagine at this time. Massive thunderstorms may produce corrential rains. There may be floods like thO'iC this area experienced in 1916, but the effects may be worse, because there will be no vegetation on the hillsides to hold the water and the mud. The Anasazi and other pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona had a similar experience. They suffered a drought and the vegetation died off on the tops of the mesas, so that when it did rain, nash noocts came down the valleys, destroying their crops and gullying out the fields, before the land became dry again. Where they once had com and squash growing at the edge of the creek, the water was now running in a trickle at the bonom of a gully 20 feet deep. This made irrigation impossible for them, and the uncontrolled erosion would carry away more of their precious bouomland (c;onunucd an pqc 26) 1.Jl.NTER - 1988-89 Eiching by ROB MESSICK XAt.i&M Joul'~ p~ 5 �Bioregions: The Context for Reinhabiting the Earth by Thomas Berry Tlwmas Berry's new book The Dream of the Earth has recenrly been published by Sierra Club Books. Ir is regarded as a major book of our time. This excerpt provides an excel/em introduction to his work on bioregional thought and humans' relationship with the planet. T he universe expresses itself in the blazing radiance of the in the vast reaches of the galactic systems. Its most intimate expression of itself, however, is in this tiny planet: a planet that could not exist in ilS present form except in a universe such as this one, in which it has emerged and from which it has received its life energies. The planet presents itself to us, not as a uniform global reality, but as a complex of highly differentiated regions caught up in the comprehensive unity of the planet itself. There a.re arctic and tropical, coastal and inland regions. mountains and plains, river valleys and desens. Each of these regions has its distinctive geological formation, climactic conditions, and living fonns. Together these constitute the wide variety of life communities that may be referred 10 as bi0tegions. Each is coherent within itself and intimately related to the others. Together they express the wonder and splendor of this garden planet of the universe. Slar'S and The human species has emerged within this complex of life communities; it has survived and developed through participation in the functioning of these communities at their most basic level. Out of this interaction have come our distinctive human cultures. But while at an early period we were aware of our dependence on the integral functioning of these surrounding communities, this awareness faded as we learned, through our scientific and technological skills, to mnnipulare the community functioning 10 our own advantage. This manipulation has brought about a disruption of the entire complex of life systems. The norcscence that distinguished these communities in the past is now severely diminished. A degradation of the entire natural world has taken place. Even though humans as well as the other species are in a stressful situation, few of us are aware of the order of magnitude of what is happening. Fewer still have any adequate understanding of its causes or the capacity to initiate any effective program for the revitalization of these life systems upon which everything depends. Disruption of the life process has led to a severe disruption of the human communicy itself. If social tunnoil and international rivalries have evoked significant concern. the disruption of the eanh's life systems remains only a vague awareness in the human mind. This is strange indeed when we consider that the disruption of our bioregional communities is leading to a poisoning of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil and the seas that provide our food. We seek to remedy our social ills with industrial processes that lead only to further ecological devastation. Indeed our sensitivity to human conflict over the sharing of earth's resources has di~tracted us from the imperiled condition of these resources themselves. a peril associated with the loss of topsoil, the destruction of forests, the desenification of fruitful areas, the elimination of wetlands and spawning areas, the exhaustion of aquifers, the salinization of irrigated areas, the damaging of coral reefs. The urgency of a remedy for this situation is such that all social groups and all nations are called upon to reassess the entire human-earth situarion. As was indicated by Edwanl Schumacher, we must rethink our industrial approach to "development." This rethinking involves appropriate technologies, but also appropriate lifestyles, and, beyond those, appropriate human-earth relations. The most difficult transition to make is from an anthropocentric to a biocentric norm of progress. If there is to be any true progress, then the entire life community must progress. Any progress of the human at the expense of the larger life community must ultimately lead to a diminishment of human life itself. A degraded habitat will produce degraded humans. An enhanced habitat suppons an elevated mode of the human. This is evident not only in the economic order, but also throughout the entire range of human affairs. The splendor of eanh is in the variety of its land and its seas, its life forms and its atmospheric phenomena; these constitute in color and sound and Drawing by ROR MESSICK loltNTER - 1988- 89 �movement that great symphonic context which has inspired our sense of the divine, given us our emotional and imaginative powers, and evoked from us those entrancing insights that have governed our more sublime moments. This context not only activates our interior faculties; it also provides our physical nourishment. The air and water and soil and seeds that provide our basic sustenance, the sunshine t.hat pours its energies over the landscape--these are integral with the functioning of the fruitful earth. Physically and spiritually we are woven into this living process. As long as the integrity of the process is preserved, we have air to breathe and water to drink and nourishing food to eaL The difficulty has come from our subversion of this integral life communily, supposedly for our own advantage. In the process, we have tom apart the life system itself. Our technologies that do not function in harmony with earth technologies. With chemicals we force the soil to produce beyond its natural rhythms. Having lost our ability to invoke natural forces, we seek by violence to impose mechanistic patterns on life forces. In consequence of such actions, we now live in a world of declining fertility, a wasted world, a world in which its purity and life-giving qualities have been dissipated. The solution is simply for us as humans to join the eanh community as participating members, to foster the progress and prosperity of the bioregional communities to which we belong. A bioregion is an identifiable geographical area of interacting life systems that is relatively self-sustaining in the ever-renewing processes of nature. The full diversity of life functions is carried out, not as individuals or as species, or even as organic beings, but as a community that includes the physical as well as the organic components of the region. Such a bioregion is a self-propagating, self-nourishing, self-educating, self-governing, self-healing and self-fulfilling community. Each of the component life systems must integrate its own functioning within this community functioning to survive in any effective manner. The solution is simply for us as humans to join 1he earth community as participating members, to foster the progress and prosperity of the bioregional communities to which we belong. The first function, self-propagation, requires that we recognize the rights of each species to its habitat, to its migratory routes, to its place in the community. The bioregion is the domestic setting of the community just as the home is the domestic setting of the family. The community continues itself through successive generations precisely as a community. Both in terms of species and in terms of numbers. a certain balance must be maintained within the community. For humans to assume rights to occupy land by excluding other lifeforms from their needed habitat is 10 offend the community in its deepest structure. Further, il is even to declare a state of warfare, which humans cannot win since they themselves are ultimately dependent on those very lifeforms that they arc destroying. The second bioregional function, self-nourishment, requires that the members of the community sustain one another in the established pallerns of the natural world for the well-being of the entire community and each of its members. Within this pattern the expansion of each species is limited by opposed life forms or conditions so that no one lifeform or group of lifeforms should overwhelm the others. In this function of the community we include, for humans, the entire world of food gathering, of agriculture, of commerce, and of economics. The various bioregional communities of the natuml world can be considered as commercial ventureS as well ~\NTt:R. - 1988-89 as biological processes. Even in the natural world there is a constant interchange of values, the laying up of capital, the quest for more economic ways of doing things. The earth is our best model for any commercial venture. h carries out its operations with an economy and a productivity far beyond that of human institutions. It also runs its system with a minimum of entropy. There is in nature none of that sterile or toxic waste or non-decomposing liner such as is made by humans. The third function of a bioregion is its self-education through physical, chemical, biological and cul rural patterning. Each of these requires the others for its existence and fulfillment. The entire evolutionary process can be considered as a most remarkable feat of self-education on the pan of the planet earth and of its distinctive biorcgional units. An important aspect of this self-educational process is the experiential mode of its procedures. The eanh, and each of its biorogions, has performed unnumbered billions of experiments in designing the existing life system. Thus the self-educational processes observed in the natural world fonn a model for the human. There is presently no other way for humans to educate themselves for survival and fulfillment than through the instruction available through the natural world. The fourth function of a bioregion is self-governance. Ao integral functional order exists within every regional life community. This order is not an extrinsic imposition but an interior bonding of lhe community that enables each of its members to participate in the governance and to achieve that fullness of life expression that is proper to each. This governance is presided over in much of the world by the seasonal sequence of life expression. It provides the order in which florescence and exuberant renewal of life takes place. Humans have iraditionally inserted themselves into !his community process through their ritual celebrations. These are not simply hu1l13ll activicies, but expressions of the entire panicipating community. ln human deliberations each of the various members of the community should be represented. The fifth function of the biorcgional community is self-healing. The community carries within itself not only the nourishing energies that are needed by each member of the community; it also contains within itself the special powers of regeneration. This takes place, for example, when forests arc damaged by the great storms or when periods of drought wither the fields or when locusts swarm over a region and leave it desolate. In all these instances the life community adjusts itself, reaches deeper into its recuperative powers and brings about a healing. The healing occurs whether the damage is to a single individual or to an entire area of the community. Humans, roo, find that their healing takes place through submission to the discipline of the community and acceptance of its nourishing and healing powers. The sixth function of the bioregional community is found in its self-fulfilling activities. The community is fulfilled in each of its components: in the flowering fields, in the great oak trees. in the night of the sparrow, in the surfacing whale, and in any of the other expressions of the natural world. Also there arc the seasonal modes of community fulfillment, such as the mysterious springtime renewal. In conscious celebration of the numinous mystery of the universe expressed in the unique qualities of each regional community, the human fulfills its own special role. This is expressed in religious liturgies, in market festivals, in the solemnities of political assembly, in all manner of play, in music and dance, in all the visual and performing ans. From these come the cultural identity of the bioregion. The fururc of the human lies in acceptance and fulfillment of the human role in all six of these community functions. The change indicated is the change from an exploitive anthropoccntrism to a panicipative biocentrism. This change requires something beyond environmentalism, which remains anthropocentric while trying to limit the deleterious effects of human p~nce on the environment. �(continued from previous page) We have limited our discussion so far to the inner functioning of the regional communities because these provide the most immediate basis of survival. If these communities do not fulfill their most essential functions, then the larger complex of biorcgions cannot fulfill its role. Each of these bioregions is. as we have noted. re/a1ively sclf-suscaining. None is fully self-sustaining since air and water flow across the entire planet, across all its regions. So it is with the animals. Some of them range widely from one end of a continent to another. Birds cross multiple bioregional, and even continental, boundaries. EvenruaJJy aJI bioregions are interdependent. Tllls interdependence is presently accentuated by the toxic waste poured into the environment by our industriaJ society. Such toxic materials are borne across entire continents and even across the entire planet by water and atr. Such an extensive continental problem would not exist, of course, if each of the various bioregions functioned properly within its own context. The larger functioning of bioregions leads to a consideration that the canh be viewed primarily as an interrelated system of bioregions, and only secondarily as a community of nations. The massive bureaucratic nations of the world have lost their inner vitality because they can no longer respond to the panicular functioning of the various bioregions within their borders. A second difficulty with these large nations is the exploitation of some bioregions for the advantage of Others. A third clifficulry is the threatened devastation of the enrire planet by the conflict between bureaucratic nations, with their w~aponry capable of continental, and even planetary, devastation. To break these nations down into their appropriate biorcgionaJ communities could be a possible way to peace. The bioregional mode of thinldng and acting is presently one of the most vigorous movements taking pince on the Nonh American continent. Its comprehensive concern is leading toward a reordering of aJl our existing establishments: political-legal, commercialindustriaJ, communications, educa1ional and religious. At present all of these establishments arc involved in the devastating impact of indu~trial society on the natural world. The human arrogance they manifest toward the other natural members of the life communities remains only slightly affected by the foreboding concerning the future expressed by professional biologists and by others who have recognized that the imminent peril to the planet is not exactly the nuclear bomb, but the plundering processes that are extinguishing those very life systems on which we depend. Yet the numbers of those speaking and acting and leading in. pro~rams of reinhabiting the eanh in a more benign relauonshtp with the other members of these natural communities are growing constantly. This movement, often referred to as the Green Movement, is fostering an ecological or biorcgional context for every as~~t of life, for educarion, economics, government. healing and rehg1on. So far, the movement remains a pervasive and growing m~e o~ consciousness that is groping toward a more precise an1culanon of its own ideals, its institutional fonn and its most effective programs of action. othe~s . Of primary imponancc in Nonh America is identifying the vanous bioregions. To do that requires a sensitivity akin to that of the s~amanic personality of tribal peoples. While bioregions have ~nai~ geographic boundaries, they also have cennin mythic and h1stoncal modes of self-identification. This idenrification depends on ourselves as we participate in this process, which only now we begin to understand or appreciate. / Excerpted by permission of Sierra Club Books from The Dream of the Earth, e>I988 by Thomas Berry. Available 11 bookslOfes around the region or by d!rec1 mail from: Sierra Club Store Orders. 730 Polit Street. San Francisco. CA 94 IOCJ. (Prepaid orders only, enclose S 18.95 plus SJ.00 for pomge and handling.) Towards the Legal Recognition of the Rights of All Species Finally. II 1s beginning to dawn on us humans that the wider Earlh communlly with whom we exist have nghts, IOO. Afl species have rights··such as the right IO habi1a1. the right to breathe clean air, the right to have access 10 good water, elC.··and it is lime for these rights IO be legally rocognued. In The Dream of the Ear1h, Thomas Berry refers to The World Charter fur :>lalure which was adop1ed by lhe U.N. in 1982. This chnncr can be a valu:ible. dynarmc tool for draftJng a regional or local Ch.:incr for Nature. Citucns groups. study grou~. 13Sk forces or individunls could speamcnd this effort IO 3dap1. the charter lO 1he specific region where they live (or t0 draft an entirely new one). The document can then be submitted to one's !Own council, county commission, state legislature. etc. for adopuon. Having the righ1s of other species be lcgnlly rccogni1.cd is an imPortnnl step 111 bnnging ourselves and our species more in balance with the Life community m which we part.icipal.C. If you arc interested an receiving a copy of The World Charter for Nature, wr11e: Mamie Muller. KatUiJh Journal, P. 0. Box 638. Leicester, NC 28748, Katililh Province. Earth exercise: a guided exercise designed for personal/community/Earlh healing Getting in touch with our own interior heaJing resoun:es as well as those of the planet itself is an imponant facet of any environmentaJ, political, or social effon. Often we see ourselves as bucking the cultural ride and feel a sense of futility. Yet, it is important to see the work that we each do, as an individual and as pan of an organization, from a wider perspective. The body wants to heal itself, the planet wants to heal i1self. We need to let ourselves feel a pan of this wider biotic system of self-healing. We don't have to invent or create a "make-believe" connection, all we have to do is give ourselves the opportunity to see these wider connections that eiUst. There are many "spontaneities" within us that can be tapped into in order to pnnicipate consciously in this heaJing process but we need 10 get beyond our "everyday" mind to do this. Exercises such as the one here can provide a non-threatening, comfonable way to begin this process of getting in touch with these resources. As we become more familiar with this way of seeing, our "everyday" self can more easily shift into this wider perspec1ive as well. Even our breathing in and breathing out can gently remind us of our intimate connection to the wider Earth process. Another aspect to invite into this conscious participation is our dreamworld, which so often remains isolated from our "regular" consciousness. This (next page) is a guided exercise for groups assisted by a facilitator which was originally designed for and used at the afternoon sessions of the second Annual New Priorities Conference held this fall in Asheville, NC. The Conference theme was: "Wake Up and Dream!" The exercise is intended for both experienced as well as inexperienced facilitators. -Mamie Muller W'\JlfJ'Ejl - 1988-89 �Let every pan of your body feel a sense of being relaxed .. .let an inner smile come to you.... to every pan of your body. (wait I minule or more) Now that you arc becoming deeply relaxed.... let yourself settle in to yourself... ...to a place that feels very secure to you....... very loving......very beautiful... ...Let yourself feel "at home" there. (pause) Experience fully a sense of your own well-being. Feel i.mmcrsed in it. Let Lhat weU-beingness pour over you like sunshine. ( wait 1 minute or more) Earth Exercise I cksUjnd blJ narnie nuller cuut Zoa R.ocfunsui-n In.structiollSfor faci/ital()r Design the selling in the form of a circle whethu indoors or out.Side. If'JOU/eel it is appropria1e. have some taped music quietly playing as people come in and se11le down (for uample. Kitaro's Silk Road or some othu soothing music). Once all are present. have everyone get corr(ortable. llandbags. books. papers, should be m owsilk of the bo1uularies of the circle. You, asfacilita1or, should be si11ing as part of the circle. A.s 'JOU share this t'.Urcise. be sure to speak slowly and distinctly in a quiet. gentle manner. Be sure to leDW! quiet time bcuween each phrase. As you are feeling your own sense of well-being...of joy.... begin to feel the well-being of those around you ...feel wannth and sunlight coming to this circle hcre...immersing us all in a sense of Life and well-being. (pause) As you breathe in and out... .feel the water coursing down from the mountains... bringing life and well-being to all....feel the roots of trees as they grow deeper into the soil..... feel the autumn leaves laying themselves one on another as they become pan of the eanh....ex.pericnce Lhe plants around soaking in wamuh and light from the sun.... making food for themselves and for all... .listen 10 the melodic call of the birds in the forest trees. Watch the hawk circle in the sky.......Feel the wind blow gently across your face ....(pausc) llere is a suggested "script" which you are welcome to adapt for your own use. ...............Ex.er-ci.se................. Right now, we will do a relaxation/guided exercise having to do with your well-being, the well-being of others and the well-being of the planet Just relax and enjoy it. Images, thoughts or feelings may come to you; don't be concerned as to whether you are getting visunl images or not, just let it happen. If at any time in the process, you feel uncomfortable with this ex.ercise, simply open your eyes and wait for the rest of us to finish. Let's begin. Close your eyes, if you'd like..... And begin to relax ...Take a deep breath in .... pause for a moment .. then breathe out ...Breathe in again .... pause.....and breathe out Continue to breathe in this way, and let yourself begin to relax as you do this breathing. Breathe in.... pause....and breathe out..... Breathe in... pause....and breathe out Focus your attention on the place inside yourself where you are pausing ... between breathing in and breathing out. (wait 1 minute or more) Let your muscles begin to un-tighten and relax .....Lct your whole body feel free and comfonable.......... Breathe in..... pause.....and ...... breathe out. IJ\NTER. - l 988 - 89 • Feel the self-healing that has been going on....on this planet... for thousands of years .... (pause) Feel yourself a pan of this process.....(pause) ...you are pan of this life-giving process...even your breathing in ...and your brca1hing out.. .. brings life..... (I minute or more). Now let us together imagine that this sense of well-being is being restored throughout our entire community ..... throughout our whole mountain region. (pause) Let us imagine well-being nowing through any painful or distressed areas of our community ---both our human community and our wider ecological community..... Let us feel a healing an<l a strengthening taking place.... Let us feel a sense of empowenncnt coming to all who are afflicted. The well-being of each of us is integral to the well-being of all of us. Feel a sense of health and sufficiency being available to all in our community here. Envision yourself as an importanl pan of this healing and restoring that is begiMing to take place in our community. Sec how you, in an on-going way, fit into this process. (pause)..Fecl yourself a pan of the Life-giving energy that will help ~tore this community to a full state of weU-being. (1 minute or more) Now imagine the entire planet........fecl the tangible. intricate connection of all life.... .Fecl the planet itself being restored to a state of well-being ...(pause).........Though it is much threatened right now, the planet is working vigorously towards self-healing. As your own body acts to heal itself... from a cut or wound ...sense the planet's ability to work towards self-healing.... Begjn to feel the undercurrent well-being of the planet itself....Feel yowself a pan of this process. (1 minute or more) Return now to your secure place within yoursclf...and let your own well-being be strengthened.....and be renewed ...(pause). Experience deeply the well-being that is at the hean of things, and let yourself remember this sense fully. (pause) Now, gently, come to this circle here...... Begin to arise out of this meditation. (pausc)....As you begin to arise out of this meditation. let yourself know that this ability you have to see things in this way is available Lo you whenever you need it. ..... Now come and be fully present Lo this circle, here. -end- InstructiollS/or facililator Agiun. you may want to play sootl11ng music softly for a few momtnts to give people timt to -come bock". Lock aroUNJ the entire circle Olld ma.Jr.t f~# each ~rson ts alnght and is 'with you". ;crediisc The concqxof"ll\lltt smile" is dn..,, from TOO<ll WO)<llO Traruform Strus Into ViJa/111 by ManW. Ch1a. The imagery or autumn leaves layina lhcrruel•cs one on anolhcr comes from lhe poem "Autumn" by Ycvgcny Ycvlahenko. l'CSOlll<JCS'. A good ldvanccd l'C9QWCe is Wor.tiitg l/Uilk O..i (Applibl MtdllaJ1on for f111ui11vc Prabla..-Salvifll) by Margo Adair. Wingbow Prus. 1984 Available from Boolq>eoplc 2929 ri!lh S1r«1, Bcriu:ley, CA 94710. Mtdita1/ng wull Cliildun by Deborah RoU\an and Spwsilig 1-d by Mmy Mwdock ltC good for begimeo mdcbMen. �we are buUdinge a house I wondre wille we evre real/ye live inne rharre place wille we die inne ine I nevre go rhere ine is imaginarye space contained I amme ftdfilled imagininge irtefromme thisse distance looking uppe ane ine as w the nighte skye baskinge...no, skewered ande roasringe inne irres vasre brillianre promise I canne imagine livinge there butte I cannorre imagine tllisse bodye seuinge f oote inne the doore we are buildinge rhisse house withe oure handes withe woles moved bye oure bodies ande oure lives closinge oute the skye we looke oute the windowes ro gette oure bearinges inne the worlde we enrre tlzroughe the doorwaye to become sometlunge otlzre thonne whane we have beene I muste come zo ourgrowe tllisse comainre we are makinge lilce anye orhre cru.slllCeanne mye lwde shelle I amme softe inside I musre reste ande growe winges inne tllisse place tharre keepes oute the worlde thenne openne a/le the doores ande windowes takinge mye daughrres bye the hande flye oure everywhere I aname thisse womynne I speak withe herre voice she has beenefarre she has seene the manye wayes 110 one beinge cannefarlwme a/le herre visionnes I amme rhisse womynne I canne feele a/le man11re ofherre senses swellinge ande flowinge inne herre bloode she is worthye ofyou.re deepeste arre11do.11ce a/le creanues grea1e and smalle va.sre ande f ewe are honoured bye herre giftes ande blessinges I amme thisse womynne I canne see through alle herre harde walles o\·re alle herre higheste rampartes the warmrhe inne the brigluc roomes ofherre hcarte the joyouse wisdomme abundan1e ande ge11ero11Se inne the da.rke ferrite groU/lde o/ lierrc soulle I amme thisse womynne I COJllU! telle you she bearres no mysterye or angre so greaie thatte itte deserves none youre moste trusti11ge ande rendre regarde I amme tllisse womynne emered ande conJained I speake withe herre voice ~iUM Jo\lrna.£ P"'Jll 10 W\.Nn:Jt - 1988- 89 �" somerimes the goldenn.e-handed one wille arrende you she wille rouclli! youre woundes ande tlieye wille openne bloominge like tlli! manyejWwres a place w reste cradlinge youre sorroM-'t!S she canne do no wronge alle lierre ministrationnes are rlie rainnes' attendance onne thirstye growule she willes you tender/ye backe to life you cann.e joinne thisse downpourre amonge the greaifulle herbes ande grasses reachinge joyous/ye withe youre manye-petalled woundes goinge to seede thisse softe-spokenne invirationne w 1111! springe ofllJ!rre unconditioMOlle generositye .... ..... ..... "• -~ thisse lwu.se is tire cauldrenne where we drive 01ue lives inne withe everye 11aille a/le horde lessonnes are learned inr1e iues newe raftres withe oure booces onne we walke inne or oute 011ne the dayes irte ope1111es irres dnores irtes walles ca/le to us inne oure sleepe come 111110 me I wille give you reste I .amme watchinge tire vaste surface of yo1u face like the oceamU! forre signes of re11u11e yorue habintalle morio1111es to a11de fromme mye shores are so like the tide tharre I waslie owe to sea ande re11une smootlw Olide more rare eache time you release me the hmLl·e standl!s onne the edge ofshore ande sl11Jllnwes irce is the liglulumse visible inne the dangerouse ande beawiftule fogge we trm:elle to reaclie orie tJJwthre sometimes I amme the lande creature/you rite sea 011e the house is wliere we meete ande pane inne otLre bootes and inne 01uejinnes washinge inne ande owe ofi11es dnores ande windowes like anye commormefLSlre or mysteriouse glwste watchre-womynne we/le sunge who changes herre skinne to jinde love owe of herre elemente wlw longes forre a place to harboure a/le tlU!se unruleye weedes ande l11Juntes/11eedes ande wantes you are bttildingtll amme imagininge 1/iisse house 011ne the slwre ofoure lives givenne ovre we are maldnge oure betides le11e us lie inne themme tellinge tW lies k>'LNTER. - 1988-89 • I slil11ed wmingc withe t's mne highc <;choolc bccnusc I wns bored antic I hked lhc rrcnche and<: oldc cnglishc wayc of domgc 1.l11~e; the waye the wordes lookc antic rcctc ... htr.c lhc!yc don1.c stoppe butte s1ghc into !he! nexte a huJc. Nowe I ~ulle do iue to slowe mysclfc ande the wortdc downc ju.st a little.• poems and drawings by Kore Loy McWhirtcr �completion. Thus, paradoxically, consumerism is actually the undoing of prosperity and abundance because it both fosters and feeds on the feeling of lack., and of identification with only human creations instead of the whole of creation. This leads to enslavement to unending desires and to the frantic acquisitiveness of our culture. How can we avoid panicipating in this mad delusion of "consumerism" and "conquest"? l low can we be psychologically heahhy and ethically aware? Undeniably, we are all somewhat susceptible to the massive hype and pervasive illusion that surround us. Under this influence, we tend either to resist our society and its materialistic preoccupations or to acquiesce and "go for it". Unfortunately, either way we end up trapped in reaction, and emotionally chained, because both resistance and acquiesence involve a kind of bondage. ln order to neither resist nor acquiesce, we need to learn to identify with that within us which is already complete, already fulfilled, and to gradually merge with this inner Being which does not always need "more". Without this inner development, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to avoid being "possessed" by the dominant thought-fonns and desires/reactions of mass culture. An /1bu11d arice. of €mpti11es5 by Richard Lowenthal Our planet's deepening ecological crisis has recently been forcing us to reassess our culture's most basic assump1ions and attitudes about nature, society, technology, and prosperity. In particular, it is now urgent tha1 we understand our culture's pathological preoccupation with consumerism. In earlier times, "consumption" referred 10 a disease, namely tuberculosis; today it refers to an accepted social norm. Tuberculosis was called a "wasting disease" which caused a person to gradually weaken and "waste away". Is it possible that modern mass consumption is also a wasting disease, causing the human spirit and the Eanh itSClf to "waste away"? Through this consumer mentality, our cul1ure has become so out of touch with nature that we arc threatening the Eanh's capacity to be a functioning suppon system - not only for ourselves, but for the entire Life community of the planet. Consumerism can easily be likened to parasitism, in which the parasitic organism (the human species) lives off of and gradually destroys the host organism (the Earth). In fact, Western industrialism and "prosperity" has always been based on a profound disregard for the Eanh and an unbelievably arrogant intention to "conquer nature". What really concerns me most is the feeling behind labelling people "consumers". For any culture to identify its members as "consumers" is quite degrading. le reduces the complexity and grandeur of being human down 10 the lowest - and saddest · common denominator. To be a "consumer" is to feel anxious, hollow, waiting to be filled ... cons1antly trying to fill the void inside, desperately buying things to block lhe feelings of emptiness and isolation. ft is a state of continual, ceaseless hunger without any lasting satiation or X.Otuah Jo14rnQ£ pa<Je 12 I am here reminded of Homer's Odyssey and his story of Ullysses' encounter with the Sirens. As Ullysses' ship approached the island of the Sirens, he recalled the warnings of the sorceress. Circe. She had told him that if he and his men listened to the hypnotic singing of the Sirens, they would steer towards those rapturous voices even against their will, and be smashed to pieces on the rocky shore. It took considerable ingenuity and strength of will for Ullysses and his crew to get safely past them. So how do we, on our own Life journeys, get past the Siren songs, the hypnotic allure of consumerism and immersion in appearances? Ullysses' tale dramatically shows us that we mustn't delude ourselves into underestimating their influence upon us. One of the most dangerous characteristics of modem materialism is its insidious seductiveness, its open-armed invitation to those places in us that feel most insecure and needy. "Come," murmur the Sirens of consumerism in unison, "I will feed you, care for you, fulfill you, satiate you. What you need, I can supply! I am yours ... (and you are mine!)". Obviously what we really need is the awareness and inner resolve to steer clear of the hypnotic spell of our modem-day Sirens. Just like Ullysses, we need to understand the nature and power of these forces which can lure us into a spiritual 'wasteland' of illusion. Jn order to free ourselves from Life-denying, illusory "consumer prosperity". we need to face and identify our modem-day Sirens. Here are some that J have identified for myself.... The Siren of Induced Need and Desire We are subc.onsc1ously l13incd by advertising (and ofttn school and family) to believe that we always need something ouisidc of ourselves to help us feel okay. The undcnmble purpose of commercial advertising is to get us to foci vulnerable and 111COmplctc, usually by playing on our <:exual and social desires and fears. And the purpo:>e behind &his, of~. is to crtalt "n~· and &hen make money from the "needy" in any way possible. Jn the swkes1 tcnns, whnt'~ happening is lha1 our $C11SC of inner self wonh and dignny 1s deliber:uely being undermined, so we will buy lhctt message and thcirproducL Adverti:;crs know lhal fulfilled and self-assured people aren't c:isily hocked; thus, their job is to nmplify our fears and m'iCCuntie~ v.hilc prc1cnding to .\tn:nglhcn and help us. The ltUly diabolical lwisl in this sccnano is &hut when our needs and de~res ate increased, our capacity for happiness and contcnuncnt co11cspondingly decreases. What rcsulLS is a preposterous but deadly catch-22: we arc told, in innumerable sublle ways, "You aren't happy, bill you could be happy by chBngmg your ouiu circumstances .••.Of course. since there ate alway:; bt11tr eircums1D11Ccs to aspire to, what you have and who you 11IC 1s never good enough, so you aren't happy, but you could be by...eic." So, ·round and 'round we go-unul we choo.i:e to get off this vicious •merry• -go-round. llS viciousness shows up in painful and continual comparison of who we are wilh who we supposedly could or should be-as well as in 1.11.NlDl - 1988-89 �judgement and comp:irison of Olhers. It presents appearances as ultimate reality, denying the inner essence. IL affirms only what we IW and havt, not who we inherem.ly art. This judgemental aunospherc is all around us in our socicty--at school, at work., at home, even in bed. In fact. oftcn 11's such an integral pan or our lives that we aren't even aware of this subtle negauvity unless we're the obvious victims of judgement . The way to recognize compllllSOO and judgement is that it is always sep:uative and contracting rat.hec lhan inclusive and exp:ins1vc. IL causes us to feel defensive. different. "better" or "worse". and to close our hcarlS oo real hum31l conlllet-and it inclines olhets to react t0 us in the same way. To avoid lhis Siren. we need to cultivate discernment and empathy, which are humane responses instead ofjudgemenull reactions, and t0 embrace this moment, os it acrually i.s. 'Ln many ways our f!Ujht from nature ancl c!esire to remake the wort:<£ arises from our fear of the unknown, the uncontrollable, and ultimately of death. The Sirtn or Unlimited Prognss and Technological Sah·ation One of our most cherished modem beliefs is thru the natural world is not designed for hum:111 comfort and lhus needs cictens1ve remodeling. This belief was our key LO Pandora's boit. and it h3s motivated our rclcntlc.~s b3ttlc with nature, with all ilS ierrible and unforeseen con.sequences. We h:lve acted as if the Earth and a.II its plant and animal life exist to be used or abu.~ by humans, and we h3ve ignOICd the fundnmental oneness and iolCtdependcncc of all life. Underlying all this is a profound misunderstanding of the Structure of life: we have ignored the foct that nature - including human mllun: • is inherently imbued witll form, limits, structure, and boundaries. We apparently forgot - or wiUfully denied - that we too are bound by ccnain nntural and ~iritual laws. rn Greek tragedy, the hero is always brought down by a tragic naw known as "hubns"··a blind arrog;incc which denies limits and auempts to usurp the power of the gods. The desire for power over ll3lUl'C is our tragic naw--and a nlllll'al proccs.~ of rctribuuon has been set 1n motion. The uue place for limitless creative 'progress' is in our social and spiritual m3turation. in mampulnting and "conquering• physical n:ality. . £ven proponents of "prosperity consciousness• can be mesmcriied by this Siren. lf one secs the universe as absolutely unlimited, doc:; this automnucally mean that Lhc Earth's resources are also unlim11cd? ...that every person has a "divine right" lO unlimited wealth and prosperity? Will we continue to ci1pcrience "abundance" if, through our own doing, our p131lct's ecosystem becomes mcapable or supporung life? Allowing oneself Lo become a participant once agnm m the vibrancy of lhe 113tural world and to begin to appreciate the beauty and wisdom of limit and form is a step toward freedom from this Siren of "No Limiis". "°' The Siren or Domestication and lnsu1111ion rrom Reality In many ways our night from na1urc and desire to remake the world arises from our fear or the unknown, the unconuollable, and ulumately of dcalh I once wa' on the Slaten Island ferry. cm.~g New York h:lrbor at n1ghL when suddenly I had a vision of all those immense towers and all lhJl light and glare functioning tO obliterate the mght. to !iOmehow shut out and dwarf the darkness. the realm of death and lhe unkllown. Daylight helps us feel safe and m rel31lvc conucl--everything is clear. distinct, visible, and the ego likes thaL Night is a different mauer aliogethcr-disunctions and shapes blur and blend. the familillr becomes unfamiliar, nnd the sun disappears. leaving us "in the dark". And then... thousands of star.1 appear in lhe heavens, rem1nd1ng us of mlimtc ~. not only 'out there', but within us as well. This is quite intolerable for lhe ego bent on conuol. to order 10 preserve 11S illusion of omnipotence. lhe ego mu.st crcate an altcmntive reality which shuis out change. decay, death. silence, diutness. And lo and behold, with modem technology bolstered by advertising, we have seemingly accompli$hed !hi.~. We insulate our homes so we don't h3ve to feel lhe heat or the cold; we light up our houses and our strcelS lO negate lhe night, and lhe glow from our c1ues blocks out the stan; we have radios. TV's, lape players. etc. 10 enien.am us and keep silence at bay: we wash and scrub and dcodoril.e and disinfect our bodies, our dishes, our clothes, our noors until everything is spotless-so clean that there is no place ror germs and decay and death tO g;un a foolhold·-or so adverli<;tt$ would have us imagine. k1tNTER. - 1988-89 We also shut away the darker side of ourselW!s--1.he irrational, angry, lustful, sad or murderous rcelings that m1gh1 puncture our illu.~ion of control--and uy our best to be "nice". always in control. Of course, this means it simply won't do to be spontane00s and child-like. No, when we "grow up" we have to behave like adults and plan everything. But boring and dcrulcning as this may be, 111. lcast it's safe-and lhe ego despcr.uely need!. to feel safe, because deep down we know that this separate ego is itself an illusion. So nuher th31l face this and get catapulted inoo another level or awareness, we cleverly devise count.less avoid3nce mechanisms to distract us from the uuth. There 1$, however, a huge dose of divlllC humor in au this-because having to be in control actually feels terribly consuicting and uncomfortable, while letting go of control and entering the !low of the moment feels bolh liberating nnd very safe-after we eitpcriencc lhe fear and move through 1L Every time wechnnge, every umc we let go of lhe past, we die a liule-but we're also reborn: and if we continually ICL ourselves die t0 lhe past. we're also continually reborn. The cosmic joke is: this is the power and immon.a.lity lhe poor frightened ego is constantly wanting, but II has lO be willing to "let go" lO get lO 1L Tbt Sirf'n or Over-orodutlivlty and Wasterulntss This siren has had a dcvasm1ing impact on the environmcnL Its internal "logic" goes like lhts: Westerners arc led to believe th3l somelhmg temble will happen if they don't continually 111cn:ase their GNP, so they·re always pushing LO grow. construct, or manufacture more and more goods. These goods are increasingly dc.~igned to be disposable or 10 qUJCk.ly become obsolete. Afier all, if people throw more things away, thcy11 have to buy more later, and I.his increases production and profits. Perfunctory hp service is paid to the Idea of recycling. but the dommant message sull "in lhe lllI" in this cuhure is that 1t is perfectly fine t0 waste resources 1r this increnses bolh eonvcrucnce and production. Even fwther, if we're really "prosperous• m this cuhun:. we're able to throw things away at wall and replace them (with "new, improved" ones. of course!) :Every time we "throw somethiruJ away " (where is "away"?) ... we add to the out-of-control "9arha9t,fi,cation" of our planet Home. In olher words, waste, squandering, conspicuous consumption, gadget mania, ond total d1~n for the environment are our measuring sticks for llow "prosperous" we are! This attitude has more to do with ecological suicide than prosperity. Every Lime we "throw somctlung away" (where 1s •away"?), especially non-degradable pla~ucs and styroforun, we add to lhe out-of~ontrol "g:irbagilication" of our planet Home. If lCllAnlS ever ucaled a house the way we treat our planet. they'd be evicted immcda:ncly, and the Board of Health 11oould prob:lbly condemn lhe property! We've been vainly trying lO send our garbage abroad and to p:iy other nauons to take 11 off our hands. In 1988 we've witnessed the sad spccll!Cle of masses of g:irbage and medical refuse washing up on our beaches. again and again. Thus, it's now impossible not to recognize that our garbage and our attitudes are a major ecological problem. Yet the visible garbage is only the 1ip of the iccberg--what about nuclear contanunatlon and other invisible, highly t0xic effluvia? True prospcnty would never give nse to such an absurd and ecologically harmful "modus operandi". Conscious pl:lncwry 51ewardship clcrnands th.11 we be awarc of waste and ac11·v~/y srop supponing 1L We can recycle most house.hold wastes: we can simplify our live~ nnd decrease our "needs•: and we can help Olhcrs do lhe same. In this way conscrvatlon can go hand-in·h:lnd with a d«pcr prospenty that honors Life. The Siren or Pain Avoidance and Addklion to Pleasure People have always sought plca.wre and tried tO avoid pain, but modem society has turned this iendcncy into a quas1·religious and fanatical faith. On every side we are beset by messages and infCICllCCS that pleasure is "good• while pam is "bad", and that we should always feel eitcited, happy. and carefree-which mean~ that we must deny and suppress our pain at all co:.IS. This attitude can be br117cnly obvlOU.,, as in most advcrus1ng; it can also opcr.llC very subtly, so 11 can be difficult to pinpoint and counteract iL, effccis. One effect, though, is feeling illi.IJy about eitpcriencing pain--it somehow <;CCII\~ almos1 un-American to be in pain! But growing up can at times be difficult and painful. In order to become mature adults. we sometimes have LO go through and learn from painful �Book Review: 11iINKING LIKE A MOUNTAIN: Towanls a Council of all Beings by John Seed, Joanna Macy, Pat Reming, Ame Naess 1988; New Society Publishers; 128 pp.; $9.50. Thinking Like a Mow11ain is a deep ecologist's prayer book. Running Lhrough ils collection of essays, poems, rituals and workshop notes is a pervasive sense of the emergence of Gaia, the living planel, not as a quasi-scientific hypothesis, but a living presence, a goddess. The book's opening invocation by John Seed is a good example: "We ask for lhe presence of the spirit ofGaia ...Wc call upon the spirit of evolution...We calJ upon the power which sustains the planets in their orbits, that wheels our Milky Way in its 200-million-year spiral." Directly relevant to the defense of eanh, Gaia is experienced not only as presence pervading all, but as Seti', the larger Self of which everything is pan. Experiencing the planet body as one's own is for Seed the radical bean of deep ecology and something he discovered Lhrough his own direct action defending the rainforest near his home in New South Wales. "J was literally part of the rainforest defending herself." "... we arc the rocks dancing." This point 1s most powerfully made in 'The Testimony of Graham Innes" which includes a p1C1ure of Innes buried up to his neck as part of a campaign defending the Da.intree Rainforest against the onslaught of bulldozers. "A slow dawning of awareness (occurred) of a hitheno unknown connection. Eanh bonding. Her pulse became mine, and the vessel, my body, became the vehicle for her expression." In addition to direct action, Seed suggestS a variety of methods for inspiring the experience of deep ecology including prayer, poetry, wilderness vision quests, and ritual of the sort provided in thjs book. Indeed "The Council of AU Beings" ritual developed by Seed and Joanna Macy and described in the book by Macy and Pat Fleming deserves detailed auemion. The ritual consists of three stages. The first is entitled "Mourning." Drawing on her experience with despair workshops. Joanna Macy observes that the destruction of our life suppon systems is the deepest and most pervasive source of anxiety in our time, that this destruction is happening now, felt in our bodies as depression and despair that we fear expressing because of the taboos set up in our society. The first stage of the ritual acknowledges this despair - the pain involved in the devastation of our soil. the loss of our forests, the extinction of species, the poisoning of our breathe and blood, air and water. The aim of the ritual at this point is to have the participants "hear within themselves the sound of lhe eanh crying." The second stage of the ritual is entitled "remembering." Through both guided fantasy and active mimicry, panic1pantS reenact the entire evolutionary journey of the cosmos, the planet and life on earth acknowledging the real physical links of this journey built into the coding of our genes. The last stage of the ritual is the council itself with each participant speaking for another life form and acting out the drama of the contemoorarv olanetarv situation from a non-human perspective as well as taking rums playing a human. Jn addition to the ritual, the book contains poems by Robinson Jeffers. Gary Snyder and Joanna Macy. an essay by Ame Xatuah Journal pQ.CJe 14 Naess, beautiful rainforest illUSII'lltJons by Duilan Pugh and much else useful for all of us working to generate the experience of deep ecology. It is interesting that in a collection of eanh prayerl> and mvocauons to Gaia such as this, the selections are. w11h one exception, the work of contemporary Western poets and authors rather than excerpts from various Native American U'llditions which have long revered the Great Spirit, Father Sky and Mother Earth. (That one exception is a rcnrution of Chief Seattle's 1854 Duwam1sh speech.) While the authors have undoubtedly been influen~ed by that tradition, they represent what seems 10 be a new revelation shaped both by contemporary science and contemporary vision. Their poems, prayers and ritual evoke a spirit and offer a general fonn rather than provide verbatim formulas. They begin to forge a path into the teachings we must all be about the task of discovering and inventing if the world of our children, let alone the world seven generations hence is to survive as the rich luxuriant planet we have known. l must add that there is a healthy emphasis in the book that ritual is not an end in itself but preparation for action by generating deeply felt recognition that defense of the earth is self-defense. To this end we join in the book's invocation: "O stars, lend us your burning passion." ~ -Amy Hannon Prinls by PAM and LIU TllOMAS Book Review: TALKING Wfl'H NATURE: Sharing the Energies and Spirit ofTrees, Plants. Birds, and Earth by Michael J. Roads 1987; H.J. Kramer, Inc.; 151 pp.; $9.95 (cloth) The night was cloudy and I was alone with a book by the fire. So l feh preny good Lo begin with,considering that's one of my favorite places to be. but I was oot prepared for what the book would d~ to me. As I read into it my heart opened and my sense of bemg expanded. At midnight and half way through Lhe book, 1 could contain myself no longer. I jumped out of my seat, rushed out the door and flung my arms out 10 the night just as the wind blew the last cloud from the moon and rushed past me in unbounded joy. Ir's ha.rd to know what else to say about this book that really matters. It is not as simple as the title implies, and yet in a very deeply powerful way, it is simply about "talking with nature". It brings that whole concept into an accessible reality. It is a sharing of an unfolding that will touch you as deeply as your own untoldmg lies within you. h holds vital pieces of wisdom, cruth and lighL It is ~ sweet nourishment. • reprinted from 1~ EducOlional Resourct COOJ>(T(JJivc N~.tlt111er IJ'\.N1£R. - t 988-89 �.. ..., ... ·~ • " . . . . . . . 'N. r;:!:'1-~••.•.·~-'\.. IN ~~~i:r~ST I ,i";'>. ................, An Original Idea For Ka!Uah Oirrcncy Options for Regional Currency: A Look at Local Employment Trading System (LETS) This network also increases the amou nt of personal contaet between neighbors. Reminding us of our true interconnectiveness, it's a tool for the reweaving of ancient pauems.or !Jibe and village. l~'s about simplifying and taking respons1b1hty for our collective economic behavior. T he LETSy~tem is an altemalive as well as a supplement to rhe convennonal economy that can be implemented right now. A LETSystem is a network whose members use a local currency to allow them to 1rade foods and services without necessarily having access to federal dollars. Members have accounts which start with a balance of zero. Goods and services which members want to obtain or provide arc listed in a monthly mailing. There are currently about 50 LETSystems operating around the world, with much experience to draw from. Computer software for operaung the ne twork is readily available. A videotape, and a game which models the workings of the system, can be used in educating folks about iL Prices are stated in 'green dollars', a quasi-currency equivalent in value to federal dollars. The lOtal of all member~· account balances always equals zero. At any one point, there are some accounts with a positive balance ("in credit") and some accounts with a negative balance ("in commitment"). A stntement of one's transactions and balance is received with the momhlv mailing. A charge is deducted from each accoun1 monthly, according 10 use, to cover the operating cos1s of the ne1work. For example: John cu1s firewood. Pe1er 1s a weldcr, and he wants wood bu1 has no money. John doesn'1 need any welding done. Thai's usually where ii stops. However, if John and Pe1er are members of a LETSystem, then John delivers the wood, and Peter picks up the phone. He dials the LETSy,tem answering machine and says, ''Hi, this is Peter, #48, plea~c acknowledge John, #83, $75 for firewood. " This informauon 1s fed to a computer. which increases John's account by 75 green dollars and decreases Peter's account by 75 green dollars. In tum, John employs a carpen1cr. the carpenter has a haircut, gels some clothes made. buy~ food from a farmer. The farmer now has a way to pay for a welder. so Peter gets to work again. In this network people need never be unemployed because of a lack of federal dollars in the communily. Many transactions are likely to consist of pan green dollars and pan federal dollars, as members take care of their needs for cash. The LETSystem is compatible with the conventional monetary system and simply increases the amount of local economic activity. What I sec happening as a next step is people who are juiced up about tltis taking the time to consider the details. Then a group of peo~le who feel clear about it can get the ball rolling by actually starling a LETSysiem and organizing an educational workshop designed to ium larger numbers of people onto the network. We are c~rr~ntly ro:m.in.g a LETSystem for the Floyd County community in the Vtrg1ma portion of Katuah. compiled by Fred Mignone -rtprinrtd from Educauonol Rtsouru Coopt'raJi\'t', Box 80, Floyd. Virginia 24(~/ If you wo uld like to know more abo ut LETSvstcms tha l a re c urre ntly fun ctioning in Cana da a nd the L.S. as we ll as audio-vis ual ma te rials, send a d olla r to: Lands man Community Servi ces, Ltd., 37 5 J ohnston Avenue Courtenay, BC V9N 2Y2 C anada. Olhcr rosourus: Economics as If tht Earth Rtally Ma11utd: A Ca1alyst Guide 10 Socially Conscious lnvtsting. Su'ian Meeker-Lowry. 1988. New Society Publishers, P.O. Bo~ 582, Sama Crur., CA 95061 "The Local Employment Trading System•. Wholl! Earth Revitw, r-;o. SS. Summer 1987. Oraw1na by ROB MESSICK W'l.N'J'ER - 1988- 89 X.OWah Journot pGCJe 15 �tft.e cft.t'ontcie.s of fCoycL At the time of the change there were so many wildly imaginative approaches 10 transformation; all worked some, some worked a 101! What a time for adventure and opponunity.... shining days. One thing I remember, there was n lot of knitting and darning going on. People just staned to draw up the rough and tattered edges of the life cloth and sewed them back together. One of the signs of it was the coming of prosperity; all over people got together good shelter and strong gardens, 1here was a 101 of local commerce and baner. health re1umed 10 1he land and birds came back. and bear. The people 1hrived no maner what the weather. The seasons began 10 make sense 10 1he people and they noticed the changes and understood themselves.... they were able 10 help each other, so prosperity returned. The apprentice pa1h came into focus again. People all of a sudden began to think of what they knew as a gift and a tool of their trade. The work people did was recognized as a pan of 1heir lifesong and deserved 10 be honored. Quality returned, and guild houses; young folk traveled from guild to guild getting a taste Text reprinted from EducatiolllJI R~ouret Ctnru Nt'Wslcutr: Bo~ 80: Floyd, VA 24091 Drawing by 10 �• r . O _... .. ""'' ~~, " .' >BMESSICK . ~{)'.~J.. •1.~• ••:;\r;. •\I "' • 'I , •• ',1~ ·~ .., o,.,· ·:· I(,, of the difference, then they would take their pick. At first everybody kept jumping from one 10 the next, midst alot of smoke and dust, but it settled pre11y quickly and folks could hear their intuits, which always speeds things up. Now the choices usually are clear. Of course, all the decision-making was helped along greatly when we re-connected with our ancestral helpers: the others or our group in the past, present and future, who all want the same thing. They reminded us that discipline Le; just remembering what you want. And, of course, a big, big change came with the passing of the age of leadership. We know now it was really just a thought, but it projected such substance and energy it was difficult to see thru it for a while.... like a heavy fog on the ridges. Bui by and by it lifted and nobody needed a leader anymore, we all fell a sense of purpose and had a plan, of course that brought order - real orderliness like the way water moves along, or fire bums, or a rock splits along a line. When I look back to the before rime, it's hard to believe how all our lives were ordered by confusion. Our power circuit was unplugged. So. or course, the ~ change was awesome at first, but 11 quickly became normal... ..i1's easy to forget I'm so glad 10 have seen these times. -by Granny DeLauney p �.KNIFE, AXE, AND SAW • or " Getting Pocketknife Religion" Recorded by David Wheeler Darry Wood thinks of himself as an anisan. The word is French and refers to someone who works in the middle ground between an artist and a craftsperson. "/ am happiest when I am creating fimct1onal objects that are beautiful," he says. And that sums up his work, whether it is his house built of hand-hewn logs. drawings, sculptures, cabinetwork, museum-standard replications of the eighteemh and nineteenth century clothing of the Sowheastern Indian tribes, or the self-made hand tools that he uses in these projects. Darry is also a master of primitive camping techniques and the ancient native technologies that have come w be known as "Earth skills." To whatever project he undertakes Darry brings his fme sense of observation, an intense power of concentration, and a love for natural materials. These personal qualities are constantS in all of his work. As we calked at his homestead on Buck Creek in Clay County (NC), Darry scraped hair off a deer skin stretched tight on a wooden frame preparatory to brain-tanning the hide to condition it. The rhythmic scratching of /us wahinle, as the hide-scraping tool is called in the LAkota Indian language. pwicwated his words as he e.tplained that primitive skills were not simply techniques, bill a way of life. Katl1ah. You've JUSt returned from doing an "Eanh Skills Workshop" wilh Snow Bear and Bob Slack at the Unicoi Staie Park in north Georgia. How do the skills that you teach at those workshops benefit the students? Dorry Wood: We focus on making fire without matches, going into the natural environment and finding food, making shelter without the use of metal tools, brain-tanning, and 01her practical affairs of life. To me, these are primitive skills in the highest sense of that word. People often think of "primitive" as being crude or obsolete. and I suppose a lot of people would say that what we do in our workshops is obsolete. h's not something 1 would care to debate with people who have n much different system of values. But I see what we are doing ill> "primilive" in the Latin sense of the word meaning "the first," "the most basic" - "primary." In practicing these ancient teehniqucs, people inevitably touch back with themselves, with who they really are. In this day we are so insulated from lhc natural world by plastic. aluminum, concrete, and glass. we forget that we are of the Earth, and that it is not Wi nn-Dixie and the Blue Rjdge Mountain Electric Co-op and other X4c.UM Jou.rna! p~ l 8 institutions !hat sustain us. It's the Mother Eanh that sustains us, and by practicing Eanh Skills people begin to see that in a real way. As we cook over an open fire, put our hands into the flesh and blood of the deer, and learn how to sharpen our knife and our axe so that they'll serve us in the best possible way, we can feel the simplicity of life as it was in another time, and yet still retain a feeling of just how relevant it is for us in this time to take pan in the life process as it has been continuing on this Eanh for lhousands of years. Our lifestyle has become so dis-integrated, that living on a primitive level for just 48 hours helps people reintegrate in a way that lhey didn't realize was possible. What r teach are the basic skills of life. It's home economics; it's rediscovering our birthrighL K: Even the practical techniques that you talk about are highly sophisticated on some levels. You showed me an adz.e in your workshop that was made out of a branch that was growing off the tree at just the right angle, and showed me a ncshcr that had a thong which went over your wrist, so that it made your forearm into an actual pan of the tool. Those tools show an awareness of engineering lhat is more than logical. DW: Perhaps a more precise example of what you arc talking about is the sticks that make fire. Everybody has heard about making fire by rubbing two sticks together, it's almost legendary. Ir the knowledge of how to create fire by friction were lost, it would be very difficult to reinvent. There's no telling how many thousands of years human beings Strived to do this before somebody succeeded. It must have been a magical moment when a human being first brought fire into being with his or her own hands. To actually bring fire, everything has to be just so. h's not something one can fake. The design of the tools has to be just right. All the details of the fire-making process have to be followed carefully or no fire appears. This sk11l, or science, whichever you want to call it, evolved over lhousands of years. and while there arc minor variations in method based on local traditions and local material:., the basic technique is always the same. Although this is primitive, it is very specific. Like so many things, it's easy when one knows how and when one pays auention. One of the basic facts of life in America today that 1 have yet to face up to is the operation of a computer. I know nothing about it. And yet everywhere people are doing it, and for a lot of people it has become second nature, yet for me it's still a great mystery. But ever since I was a kid I have been making fire by friction and preserving hides by brain-tanning, and all of that is about as lhrcatening to me as making a sandwich. K: But operating a computer involves only the pan of our brain that works with logic. If someone is walking out in the woods and sees a certain crook in a certain kind of tree, and says, "Hey! There's my adze handle," that involves knowledge and logic but also an intuitive sense that does not come into play in operating a computer. OW. Let's say ii like this: to live in the natural world requires a much greater level of awareness than what most modem people are used to manifesting. I've thought about this a lot. In my boyhood I was around some native people who came as close as anything I could think of to being prototypical savages. These were native Creek and Seminole people living in the Everglades of Florida, who, unlike the Cherokees of these mountains, were not exposed to the white people's schools and churches throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Yes, they had some European goods; they had guns and they had cloth; but they spoke very liule English. The old man who taught me how to make moccasins, for instance, was named Billy Bowlegs III. He welcomed me to watch him at his work, from which I gathered that my young sma.n-alecky level of awareness was preny shallow compared to the level of this 100-year-old man, who from behind could tell that a crow was in his com, grab his single-barrelled shotgun and, hardly glancing more than once at the crow, could knock it dead l.1tNJER - 1988- 89 �I saw that happen !>CVeral times when people to go into the forest and create a lifestyle. Put me down in the American • hardwood forest with these basic tools. primitive hunters in the times before give me a linle time, and I couldn't imagine European contact must have maintained a a more ideal situation. remarkable intensity of awareness to be so totally at home in the wild environment. It's It shocks people when I begin a workshop by saying that w-hen they get hard for us to imagine how finely-tuned home from the hardware store with a were the senses of those native people, w-ho brand-new, American-made knife, they lived with, and in some ways like, the don't have a tool that is ready to use. The animals · on the Eanh in a natuml way. assumption is that a tool comes from the store ready to go. The one cutting tool with K So a simple thing like sharpening which that is probably the case is the saw. your knife 1s a staning point 10 reawaken Saws work on a different principle, and some of thnt.. .. come from the manufacturer as good as they DW: Surely. If I have anything real arc going to geL at all to offer people, something that the But axes and knives need a whole lot of work. It's very subtle, but the basic issue average modem person docs not know and needs to know, it is the knowledge of how is the angle to whlch the manufacturer has to sharpen a knife. That is the basic lecture ground the bevel of the cutung edge. !l's all that I give at almost any workshop situation wrong for-doing practical work. h's way that I'm in. h's the opening hand; it's the too thick: Before I use a br:ind~new knife or ~ foundation from which all the rest builds. If we are going to create a viable axe,) first do considetable filing OP it to •• lifestyle in a natural environment, the basic : • remove the n)etatjust behind the edge, So as operation, upon which all the rest are built, to taper it and thin ii down, .so it will is to rune up a knife so ii will be performing peni:trate wuhouL resistance. Once 1 've done that, l hone a fine cutting edge on it at the highest level. To do otherw11;e 1s like asking a concen violinist to go on stage and ~with 11 stone. American.made knives play Paganini with an inslJ'Umcnl that is out genccally come with the bevel ground to of tune. It's just not reasonable to do. And 40-45°, which is much too obtuse for most cutting operations. So I immc0u11ely take a yet that same level of ignorance is where file and readjuSt that to an 20.25u angle. most people are operating when they an: out in the woods with a knife or 'an axe. Their almost half as thick as the epge tMt they$11 tool is dull, because they don't know how you. before I put ir 10 w6rlc. Most people to manage it in a way that will make life don't know to do that , h's not in the BfJ}' easy and comfonable. Scout Haiidbook. lt'i; not in '3ny of the Witness the choice of word~ that we common pl:tces where B ~rson might have developed in the English l:in~age to Cl';pc<;t lO iud such a thing. say "in trouble" or "in danger." We ~· "Sharpening the Ktiife" s my basic "We're not out of the w6ods yet," imJ>ly"ng sermon. It's a beginning)Jlace. It's a key for us to open ourselves up so that we can that to be in the wood. is to be in a hazardous state and that we are~e and free begin to look oeeper. If someone is seekin& enlightenment when we get out of the wOOds. That's the implication. But l totally reject rhat pq1nt of 11 nd their kl!ife is dull, they have the view, for I am safe and at home when I am ~roverbial canoe~ the horse. ~ in the woods. \ "\... .It 1s .ror thnt reason that I don't K: This priruidve lifestyle involves an awful Jot of sophi~ticnted physic~ and pamc1pate in any workshop where I am advenised, and this has happened, as one engineering ! who is teaching "survival skills." That's \ ._ how the army writes its manuals dedicated DW: That's beCnuse these arc thing to teaching people how to hve m the narural ~ lhat peopTe haven't rhouglit vet)'. much . nbo\lt. To sharpen a knife rcg_ujres ~IJ!Y. environment. They call it "survival skills." But to me survival skills are knowing how two-minutes, once someone knows liOW.1 0 to cross Peach_tree Street without getting run do lL J. . , . . / It's all relative io v.hat one bas been over by a taxicab or how to walk through the ci~y at night wi~out getting mugged. exposed 10 and what one's condluoning is. But give me my knife and set me down It takes me at least one hour lO communicate to someone else an understanding of what's somewhere in the eastern hardwood forest, going on down there where the steel meets and I'm just like Bre'r Rabbit in the briar patch. I'm home. the stone. I find, however, that if someone pays attention for an hour, then they can K: And so "keeping your knife bring a knife to useable condition in just a sharp" is a way for people to live their lives, few minutes. even in a modem context. K: But it's not just the knowledge DW: Right. l call this "pocketknife and the understanding, it's also nece!>sary to religion." practice the motions. The folding knife is our basic unit. If we have our pants on, our knife is with us DW. That's right. Mastery comes at all times: that's the fundamental tenet of with repetition, but there's nnother element pocketknife religion. Proceeding from there as well. to the axe and the saw, we build our holy fn hunting, even when someone trinity. It is knife, axe, and saw that enable acquires a skill and can perform it well, that I was a kid, and I've often thought that the 1 of itself is not enough. When the moment comes to strike. one has to be able to bring one's full auention to bear on the necessary action. One has to be there with awareness, or else the arrow doesn't shoot the deer through the hean. Mastering skills like that requires practice beforehand, but that split-second moment of action aJso requires a "present awareness" of an intensity most people can't comprehend. That is one reason I go outside and either shoot my blowgun or shoot my bow and arrow at least once every day. It helps me to tune myself up, because these are things that I have done for a long time, and I know that I can hit the bullseye when I get myself very calm and very still and concentrate on that bullseye with what I think of as "a savage intensity! It's the same reason Ted WilJiams had such a good batting average. A sponswriter asked Ted one time how he could hit the baseball so well, and Ted offered what I thin~ is one of the most famous quotes in Qa.seball, "I keep my eye on the ball." Jt's simple, yes, but the difficulty lies in hllving the presence of mind to do it in the J>recisc moment. I know how to shoot the bOW and the arrow, but I don't hit the bullseye every time, because most of the time I'm up there loafing - manifesting verage flakey behavior. But there arc momen~ when I wake myself up, and I look intensely at that bullseye. I don't have to thmk about technique at that moment; I've practiced the technique for year.;. What is required is tile determination, in that moment, 10.put into practice what I Jcnow how IO do. If· I can concenuare my aucntion for that one split instant, the arrow goes clean Into the center of the target. But oftentimes I don't seem to have the motivation to oo it at that level. Of course ihe,old-time P,Cople living on the Eanh lrad to do it, or they would have starved. It may not be a weapon; it may be a tQOI that l have in my hand. If I intend to fell a tree with an ~e. to do it efficien~ly I have to deliver the bu of my axe precisely to a little pinpoint-sized spot that I pick out on the bark. Then the next cut has to intersect first precisely. The way most people flail away at a tree with an axe, it looks like a be~ver's been working t~ere, whereas a skilled axehandler leaves JUSt a few large. clean chips. fill e K· Some people are predicting an economic collapse. saying that our whole economic system is going to be changed on a scale more catastrophic than the Great Depression. Do you think that these ~kills and the awareness they engender would be of great practical value in a situation like that? DW: I would think: so. The awareness these skills create would be particularly valuable. I'm not prophesying it, but should such a coll3pse come, there is no doubt but that we would have to do things much differently. How we would live, God only knows. There are not enough deer in the woods that everyone could wear deerskin clothing. In fact there's ((DllJinucd on p.tg~ 23) WlNJER - 1988 89 Drawing by ROB MESSICK JCAl.Ucm Jol.lrna! pa~ t9 �./',,,,. ,...~,....................,,,,,,,,,. ,, ...... .. ...... .... \~ /.NATURAL ~ ~ ~ ~ WORLD . :: =: ~ ·\...... NEWS ·~ ::: .. ~ .~/ .. .... ~· ·•,,,,,,,,,,,,_.....•,.m.·-'''''''~''''''. "WATCHIN' 'DEM BOMBS GO BY" Nlllllt&I World News Savia: A convoy of three ~ked trucks accompanied by five escort vehicles pulled out of the Pantex plant in Amarillo, Texas. The trucks carried nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons parts. There was no way to identify the trucks or their cargo except by the distinctive "goalpost" antenna~ tha~ extended up the sides and over the dnvers cabs, but they were being watched: As they emergl!d from the plant gates, a smgle car swung in behind the convoy, and word flashed ahead along !heir route. As they proceeded east along the interstate, newspapers were alerted ~nd sign-carrying dcmonstrntOr.> called at.tenuon to I.lie presence of the bomb ~ruck:; m each major city as the nuclear shipment roll~d through town. The single sedan stayed. with the trucks and their anned guard vch1cle$. sometimes talking pleasantly with the drivers over the CB radio and staying in contact with a central switchboard in Oklahoma City by cellular phone. Before sunrise on the morning or November 5, 1988 the convoy approached their destination at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Thiny miles west of the town 12 more vehicles joined their esc?"· but these cars were unanned, full of noisy protestors. and carried signs warning "H-Bomb Trucks Ahead." As the trucks entered the town limitS, the unofficial escort pulled ahead, and as the big rigs pulled up to the gates of the Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Components Plant, they were greeted by shouting demonstrators waving signs and banners. This was Nukewatch. During the week of October 31 November 5, tlie Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance (OREPA) joined the nationwide Nukcwatch action by monitoring the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge. Volunteers maintained conslllllt surveiUancc at the Y-12 gates waiting for the specially designed, unmarked "safe secure trailers" (SSTs) that transport nuclear warheads, weapons components, and nuclear ingredients for the Department of Energy (DOE) . Communication networks between Oak Ridge. the Nukewatch headquarters at Oklahoma City, OK and other weapons :Kcitiuah JolU'f\Ot PQ'}e 20 installarions trncked nuclear convoys across the nation. . . On the first day of monnonng, OREPA truckwatcher Stephen Clements followed a weapons transpon vehicle and escon cars from the Y-12 gates, through downtown Knoxville, and north ~n Interstate 81 to Gaithersburg, Maryland in the suburbs of Washington, DC. The Washington Post followed up on the stozy, and a reporter learned from a D~E spokesperson that the truck wa~ carrying 97% pure, bomb-grade uranium to a research reactor ai the Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg. A rcpon appeared in the Post the next day. The public scrutiny makes the DOE nervous. They give possi?le t~s!'l as the reason for their paranoia, but It 1s mo~ likely that they would rather that people did not know that unmarked radioactive shipments are passing down the highw~ys. Nukewatch believes that people have a nght to know how close nuclear war is to th.cir personal Jives. Nuclear weapons production becomes real to people when they realize the truck they arc passing on the interstate 1s loaded with parts for n~clea_r warhe~ds. When shipments of radtoactt~e uranium passing through an urban neighborhood suddenly become visible~ it .brings home the lesson that the first v1cums o f nuclear confrontation are those affected by the environmental hazards of nuclear production and nuclear waste. The Oak Ridge Enviro11mental and Peace Alliance Bo:c 1101 Knoxville, TN 37901 Call (evenings): (615) 588-9370 ISN'T IT OBVIOUS? Nawral World NcWfl Savic:e The North Carolina Forestry Association has announced that with the Western Nonh Carolina Development Association's Forestry Commission it will be launching a $30,000 "educational campaign" to convince people in the mountain area or the state of the benefits of the clearcu11ing technique or logging. the method preferred by loggers and the US Forest Service for its economy, speed, and ease of managcmenL The camP,aign will be panially funded by a $9,000 grant from the US Forestry Association. Clearcuuing has been coming under strong and often bitter auack from all manner of people in the mountain area or Katuah. Besides being aesthetic~lly unpleasing to humans, clearcutttng diminishes already scarce wildlife habitat by fragmenting valuable cover areas and favoring yellow poplar and other non-food-producing tree species over valuable mast-producing species, like oaks and hickories. The US Forest Service: has also been criticized for clearcumng trees on a short rotation schedule, causing mast·bearing trees to be removed before Ibey can enter their period of highest produ~tivity •. and .ror replanting clearcut areas wtth whne P.tne trees which create vezy poor habuat coodltions for most wildlife species. USFS PLANSTOINCREASE HERBICIDE USE N.wn! Wodd News Service The US Forest Service (USFS) has released a draft environmental impact statement that indicates that the age~cy intends to increase the use of chemical herbicides and prescribed bums in the National Forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The "vegetation management" proposal covers the National Forests in. the mountain areas of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Virginia and Kentucky and isolated areas in South Carolina and Alabama a total of 5.2 million acres. It defined V:ork in the areas of site preparation (for planting of white pine ttees). corridor (trails, roads, and utility linc:s> '!lainten~ce, hazardous fuel reduction, wildlife clennngs, and timber stand improvement operations. The statement also considered the impact of mechanica! and manu.al methods of land clearing and stte preparation. The statement was in the form of eight alternative plans for management, varying in intensity. The plans ranged fr~m "no clearing" 10 clearing or preparing 173,000 acres each year. Under the most intense regimen proposed, 3.3% of the forest lands under study in the mountains would be cleared or worked each year. Herbicide use options varied from no chemical treatment to treating 57 .~ acr~s each year. Aerial spraying. by heh.copter 1s considered in three of the eight opuons, and 1he alternative preferred by the USFS provides for aerial applicauon~ ?n ru~ged terrain and along some u11l11y lines. Herbicide brands to be used would include 2,4-0; 2,4-DP; Tebuthiuron; Triclopyr. and others. . The draft impact statement designates a lOO·foot unsprayed buffer area around wells, screams, springs, and private land boundaries. and a 300-foot buffer .~ea around private residences. No prov1s1on was made for herbicide drift. The report deemed that the poisonous spra}'.S ~ou!d have "no significant effect" o~ w1ldhfe_ m the spray areas and that se!ecuve sprar1ng would minimize accumulauon of chemJcals in the food chain. These standards are unrealistic and inadequate, and the persistent ~isoM being used will have a strong negauve effect on the plant and animal communities that live on and in the forest soil and water. Using heavy chemicals for economy and convenience connicts with the USFS mandate to protect the area's water sources. The Appalachian public lands repre~~ts the last large-scale habitat areas rem:.umng to many species of wildlife. The l?resence of str0ng and persistent toxic chemicals :vould only contribute to the general degradauon.of these already weakened and embattled hfe systems. . . Removing vege1a11on by chem1ca1 means takes money that could have provided j~bs for moun~in ~sidents. The.se jobs could improve the s11uat1on for counues that have a low tax base because they contain large percentages ofNati~nal.Forest lands. Money spent on chcrrucals is divened 16'1.NTER. - 1988-89 �away from 1his region 10 gian1 chemical manufac1uring conglomerates that arc major producers of highly hazardou~ waMes. The USFS draft environmental impact sm1cment on vegeiation managcmcn1 seems di-conceived and irresponsible. The public will have the opponunity make commcnis on the proposal until f-cbruary 17, 1989. "Altcm:uive A," which provides for "no treatment" is the only one of the alternative plans that docs not in,'Olve the use of 1ox1c chemicals. This is the bes1 choice for the fores1s until the USFS can come up wi1h a be1tcr proposal 10 safely manage the lands under their care. Subm11 your comments to: Bjorn Dahl, Fort·st Superl'isor USDA Forest Scn•ice Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 MRS HEARINGS HeJrings on the proposed Monitored Retrievable Storage facility for high-level nuclear waste will be held in Atlanua, GA at the Westin Peachtree Pl111.a Hotel from 9 am - 5 pm on January 17, 1989. For cronsponarion i11/orma1ion, write Bo:c 291: Mars I/ill, NC 28754. Biodiversity Bill Dies Will It Rise Again? Nllllnll Wedd News Scr'liicc HR 4335, the Nn1ional Biological Diversity Conservation and Environmental Research Ac1, did not pass the Congress this year. Perhaps, however, i1 was a taste of legislation to come as Congress auempts to remedy what is now commonly recognized as an environmental crisis of monumental proportions: the mass extinctions of other species stemming from pollution and overdevelopment by the human race. The bill, sponsored in the I louse of Representatives by Rep. James Scheuer (D-NY) outlined a national policy for the conservation of biological divcrsi1y and n federal strategy for maintaining living ~ies and their habuat~ . The bill called for a national research center devoted exclusively to promoting understanding about the conditioni. necessary to maintain biological diversity and setting government conscrvn1ion priorities. It also would have amended the National Environmenial Policy Act 10 insure that biological diversily y,ould be required as a salient fac1or in preparing environmental impac1 siatemcnis. Ahhough the bill failed to pass the Congress this year, it had wides11rcad suppon and should be 11 s1rong contender for passage in the next session of the legislature. Write your representatives! 1"'lNTt:R. - 1988- 89 EIS ORDERED BEFORE CUT BELOW CHEOAH BALO Natural WDlid News Service In 1979, during the days of 1hc ill-fated Roadless Arca and Review Evaluation II procedure (RARE II), the Cheoah Bald area was the largc:.1 roadlcss area in the National Fores1 lands in l\onh Carolina, measuring 23,000 acres of unbroken wild terrain. Roadlcss tracts provide valuable wildlife habitat, particularly for black bears, which arc na1urally shy of roads, scnsi1ive 10 human access, and rcquin: large, continuous range areas in which 10 move. Bui Cheoah Bald did not receive wilderness designation in 1979, anCl when the RARE II procer.s was nbandoncd, the Fores1 Service moved quickly to cut roads into 1hc area so that large tracts would be removed from "roadless" status. Some clearcuuing has already been earned out m the area. In 1987. however, when 1he US Forest Service (USFS) announced plans to clearcut ano1hcr 400 acres in 16 lr:J:CIS of varying sizes in the Cheoah Bald area, the Wilderness Society and other conservation groups raised an outcry, and the USFS consented to carr.• ou1 an cnvironmen1al impact statement·(EIS) on the proposed logging. This move sets a precedent, because never before has 1he USFS presented a full EIS for a clcarcuning operation. The usual procedure before a timber sale is for a cursory "environmental 'ascr.sment" which inevi1ably produces a verdict of "no significant impact" on the environmen1 and rubber-stamps the timber sale proceedings without serious examination. The crucial difference 1hat won the Cheoah Bald area special consideration was that the Appalachian Trnil passes through the timber sale a~a. and some of the cuts would be qui1e close to the trail, while 01hcrs would occur in vistas considered to be among the mos1 spectacular along 1he l,OOO·mile length of the trail. The Forest Service's preccdcnt-seuing move, then. was ra1her the resull of an aesthc1ic, rather than an environmental, impact. Other areas studied in the RARE II proposal, the Big Creek area in Madison County, NC, the Nolichucky area on the .Nonh Carolina-Tennessee state line near r:twin, TN. and the Wildcat area, which adjoins the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, also lie along 1hc Appalachian Trail. Big Creek is a valuable habiuu area as well as a scenic asset. as it borders a wilderness area in the Cherokee .National Fores1. that would be cxp:inded to create an unbroken habitat area of 25,000 .acres if Big Creek were also designated wilderness. Timber sales are planned in the near future in Big Creek and Wilclca1, and 2,000 acn:s of the Nolichucky area arc to be designated as available for logging, but because of possible scenic disruption to tmil hikers, these areas have an advantage in their fight to ~m:Un primarily habirac :uus. Aesthetic beauty does denote a healthy. functioning forest community, and it also is important for humans 10 find solace from a ubiquitous civilization. However, environmental needs ~ist even when they arc no1 vi~iblc to human beings. There arc 01her roadless areas slaccd to be opened up for clearcu1ring that will receive no special consideration and no environmcnial impac1 Statements. Roads and timber sales will both be pushed through in these areas, unless citizeni> stand up for the rights of \\ildlife and the habitat that suppons them. Some of these areas are: • Upper Wilson creek - 6,530 acres. inventoried in the RARE U s1udy. A timber sale will be proposed for this area m 1989. • Linville Gorge Extension - 2, 138 acres adjoining the Linville Gorge Wilderness Arca now slated to be opened for timbering. • Balsam Cone - a 13,529-acre area on the eastern slope of the Black Mount.a.ins, adjoining Mt. Mitchell State Park and encompassing six peaks over 6,000 feet, of which 3,400 acres arc to be managed for shon·ienn or longer-rotation logging. • Middle Prong Extension - 2,265 acres near the Sunburst Recrca1ion Arca on the Pigeon River in Haywood County tha1 will be opened to longer-rotation logging. • Snowbird Wilderness Study A~a a large 8.490 tract high in the Snowbird mountin of Graham County, NC and adjacent to a roadless area in the Cherokee N:uional Forest of Tennessee containing prime habitat area, some natural balds, and groves of virgin timber. Thi:. area was studied for formal wilderness designation by the Forest Service, but wilderness sta1us was declined in the 15 -year draft management plan, which is presently under appeal. • Tusquitce Mountains - a 16,720-acrc area studied under RARF. II ;;outheas1 of Andrews, NC. • Chunky Gui - 12,446 acres near 1he Tu~uitcc Mountains area. 5,600 acre:; arc slated to be opened to intensive logging. • Southern Nantahala Wilderness Extcnsionr. - tracts totalling 11,402 acres that adjoin the Southern Nantahala Wilderness Area, the Chunky Gal tract, and wilderness areas in Georgia, studied as pan of RARE II. 8,000 acres are proposed for short-1enn or long·term logging, and the 'Trail Ridge road and timber sale is soon to go up for bid. • Fishawk Mountain - 4,890 acres southeast of Franklin, NC that is to be opened for shon-tcrm and longer-term logging rotations. For illfom1ation on how you can participate in habitaJ preunurion ejfons on t/1£ public lands, conuzcr: Forest Voices Box 1275 West Jefferson, NC 28694 {T Petc.r Kirby The Wilderness Society 1819 Peaclllrt'e Rd. NE Atlanta, GA 30309 ,.. p;I/ XAti&ah Journm p'"JC'- 21 �t t:t 1 tt 41..li.r.i lhe honeybees. Can you gather those without being s1Ung? And lhey also cal odle.r inseclS, grubs, and rotting carrion. Do you have lhe SIOmach for those foods? •And in lhe fall !he bears eat lhe mast, the acoms end !he nuts or the forest trCCS, lO ge1 faL for the win!Ct. The bears also love lhe persimmons, pawpaws,and gropes lhlU grow in the woods, bul the mast crops are what keep lhe bears alive in their dens. "Wild foods arc powerful foods. Although they e.a1 li1lle meal, black bears can grow lO 500 pounds In siz.e in these mounlllins, although the females are generally less than I 50 pounds and the males less than 250 poWlds. Bears are strong! They brealt branches from oak trees IO reach the tasty acorns. Bears are fast! They can nm for eight to ten hours and can ouldisl!UlCe several p:icks of dogs if need be. Bears are agile! They like best to run through the thickets of lawcl and ivy IO lose their pursuers. Wild foods give the bears their strcngth and endwance. •Because you do not grow a black fur robe lhnl is warm and beautiful, but are naked and hairless, I feel SOIT)' for you. You must use olhcr furs and materials for clothing, and you musl have a den to live in lhe year round." And lhc Bear Old Man told them more things, and some of the people listened carefully. and these in their own minds called themselves the Bear Clan. and they put small images of the blnck bear among the other objects on the swen1 lodge aliar and by their sacred springs from which nowed their pure drinking waler. And these humans began IO create a habimt for themselves based on the word.s Yonah had 10ld them. They bulll lhemselvcs dens 10 live in that were m3dc of rock boulders or heavy logs. so 1ha1 their homes were massive and cave-like, cool in lhe summertime and wann in lhe wintcrS. They walked I.he woods in the spring and found the wild ramps, buL instead of enllllg !hem all, they replanted some in lhc fore.q~ near lheir home den.~. and lhe ramps multiplied and sixcad. They followed the c:rccks and picked lhe early branch leuuce and ne11le leaves, but they would leave a number of lhe plant people growing and kept lhe Slrenms running clear and unobstructed, and always spoke a word of thanks to lhc plant people as they gathered them, so !11at the green things would conunuc tO feed the humans. In their hollows and coves lhcy grew fruit 1recs, bolh cu!Livatcd and wild, and among lhe trees they placed h1YC.10 or bees, for they knew that this would please the Bear Old Man. In olher fields they culLivalCd blnckberries, blueberries, nnd raspberries close 1ogclhcr, as they grow on the mounminlops. and m the summer they moved among the berry bushes foraging their food much tn the manner of bears. They tended gardens of corn, spring greens. squash, climbing beans, and lhc roo1s of potatoes, onions, and rich-smelling garlic. They let the polcewced. creasy greens, and bmb,;quancrs grow, for Yonah told them the.~ greens were some of the mo'l nutriuous of foods. Bul bccau.-.c the humans did no1 have the suong digestion of the bears, they had 10 hnng heavy loo~ of wood lO their home dens 10 cool these foods 10 mnke them pablllble. In the woods the Bear Cbn encouraged lhc wild fruit trees. The)' helped these trees wherever they found them growing by keeping down the other uees around them 10 give lhc fruil uces sp:icc nnd light. They spent a 101 or ume wandering through lhe woods. jusl watching the IJ'CCS, plllDLS, and animals growing, and tn I.he proper seasons they would come upon feasts of the succulenl THE BEAR CLAN Long ago, a young boy of the Chcrolcecs led his entire clan away from I.he SCllled life of the village IO live in I.he forest. and these people were lral'ISfonned inlO blaclc bears. Thus, says the old Oicrokee legend. ~ the bear nation first crcalCd. The spi:ril of the Wild Boy. who first led his people to their new life in I.he wild, grew old and changed int0 YOO!lb, the Bear OldMan. Yonah returned once more 10 the sculemenlS where he had lived before. He found his rebtives, I.he humans, much changed. The villages were now large, and many new people lived there, suange and different from the native people, with skins as pale as fall mushrooms and hair of all shades of color instead of the lustrous black of his own people's hair. Yet YoMh spoke lo lhe humans, newcomers as well as the remnining native people, and those who wanled IO live closely wilh the lnnd heard his words. "You cannot wm int0 bears and come live in the foresl with me as my people did once before. Times have changed; lhnl way is closed, and ii perhaps may never be opened again. Bul I will tell you what I.he bears know about living in the moumam forcslS, Md, if you follow my insuuelions and conlinue 10 give the bears honor and respect, you will be able 10 live here forever." And the Bear Old Man lOld the People; "The stcepesl mouniain land can support one female bear for every six or eighl square miles. Males arc more of a luxury, and the mounl3ins allow one only every 30-50 square miles. "lmngine bemg able lO find all you needed for life within six or eighl square miles of tnnd! You humans may no1 be able IO do this. You do not have a warm fur coot growing on your back. You do no< have the strong digestive system of a bear, who CM\ cal anytlUng! •And you humans have seriously overbrcd beyond the capabilily of the land lo sustain you. You need to reduce your numbers so lhat you can live with the land. lkmg crowded 10gclhcr so closely is a filthy and dismal way IO live. Your numbcn> are so great lhal you cannot forage in the open woods, bul must lend certain plants and humbly serve their needs, in.'tcad of the plants serving you, as il should be m the world. "Truly, your lives arc going to be miserable ones indeed until you learn IO control your numbers. The firsl duly of any specie) of l:irgc animal is 10 cn~ure that enough off$pnng live 10 conlinue lhe Cllislcncc of the species. Bul lhe second duty of the species is to limil lhc1r number' to what the land can pro,ide for. Paying Ollention 10 those simple rcahues would <1erve you far bcu.cr than your prcoccupalion with "good and evil," which in truth do no1cx1st m the world. Yet, if )'OU aire for the water and the soil ond lend your plants, you will be able 10 make a living in l11e mountain.\, although you will never know the true freedom of being a block bear m the wild world. Bui do not complain aboul your lol, ror you have brouglu this on yourselves by your own doing. ·em as lhe belll'S cat. Bears ea1 the CMly greens m I.he spnng ·branch lcuuce and sungmg ncu.lcs from lhc cn:cks - and dig ramps from under the leaves on the forest noor. Squawroot is a special food reserved for I.he bc3rs, and you canoot cal that. "lo !he summer the bears cal the many bClncs and the fruits • serviccberries, wild plum~. wild cherries • thaL grow on lhe moum.ainsides. They alw fca.\t on the sweet honey 8lld lilrVae of (conunucd on p. 26) Print by ULA 11-IOMAS WtNTER.. - 1988-89 �(conllnucd from page 19) not enough wood in the woods for everybody to heat with wood! Those of us who do these things arc taJc.ing advantage of unique situations which in no event would be available to the greater population. So I would not want people to think that learning these skills would guarantee their survival. The real value of learning these old techniques is to gain a feeling of greater self-reliance. I don't usually use the tenn ''self-sufficient," because it would be foolish under any circumstances to uy to be totally sufficient unto one's self. But I think that to be more self-dependent is a great virtUc. Going into the woods and learning to identify ccnain plant and animal species can help you in your life - even if you never have to know them to survive. Another economic shakedown is certainly possible. I don't know whether it will ever come to that, but 1 do know that when I am able to do something even as basic as being able to identify the plants and the other animals of the forest, I gain a kind of self-respect that helps me go on and face up to whatever it is that has to be done. K: But doesn't it also add a sense of depth and meaning to the processes of life? DW: It cenainly does for me. Strangely enough, when I am doing my thing right, concentrating totally on what I am doing, I sometimes get a linle flash of insight into the fact of our monali1y. Death is an aspect of life that is important to face, but most people in our culture prefer to avoid it. We would rather live as if we were never going to die, as though we could maintain our present state of existence indefinitely. But if we look at it for just a moment, the obvious conclusion is that we are mortal: our bodies arc going to perish and in some way go back to the Eanh. And when I am living my life correctly, I am preparing for my death by getting myself a little calmer and a little bit more in tune with the overall plan. K: Coming to terms with that has a lot to do with achieving that "savage intensity," doesn't it? DW: I think it does. Exactly! To live life to the fullest is what we are talking about. That's what real "savage intensity" is: right there in that moment to let this fine brain that our species has inherited be working in such a way that it's got us breathing the most air, hearing the most sounds, smelling the most smells, and seeing all that we can see in that moment, fully. And when that happens we are not at all self-conscious about it. K : If one were self-conscious, it wouldn't be happening. DW: That's right. In that state the brain is not thinking as much as it is processing the natural senses. Then anything we do and anything that happens arc spontaneous responses. K: There is also a beauty to a spontaneous action, because it is instinctual, naturally graceful, and right. DW: Often times I get too romantic about this aspect of my work, but I do believe that there is enough substance there that I can insist 1ha1 when everything i~ 1. st.um&Ce4 upon tt. wnUe watcfil.rn.J a &I.rd t.n fCLcfot. on one of those flrst. wuUl.s t.firou!Jh t.fie wooc!s of my mountoln home reU int.a l.t mmost. &ut was lns tont(y &«Mn &y Us lmmcnsi.ly Thls 9l.anl.. remnant of fmun &.fell, r..runfl. sia(a(;Jmtus rcad1lntJ t.ft.yward um( trotted over surrounded by Hs ci..rcfo aU of me f ithnlJ msidc the cirdc ant( 1 watd\a( the uy und h .r.t.crwd t.o llw voi.ccs from whuc the r oo ts had. &«.n and r..hcy t.oCd m e thc st.or I.cs . . . of the 9i.unt trees •. of thc t~mc when thc chcstnut.s towued over thc mounwins .... uu 'i'-'"ns anc! l f t!t part of I.he cages whU:fi arc t.hi.s (Qnd and h."'w 1. was welcome. kllNTER. - 1988-89 Drawing by MAR1llA TREE flowing just right, I have momenlS lha1 arc almost ecsraric. When shooting the blowgun, sometimes as I raise it up, I can feel where the cen1er of lhc target is. And when I shoot il, I can sense the flight path of the dan, my consciousness follows i1 all the way 10 the bullseye, and I know even before it hits that it's going to be right on the mark. Other times I might be working on a piece of wood at my bench, and, although I know I am shaping it, I'm not aware of any intellcc1uaJ process going on. I'm just aware that my body is moving in a rhythm, and that a wonderful result is occurring between this natural material and the tool I am holding, which m many cases I have made myself. Even though I will never get rich doing what I do, the possibilicy for making a modest living and at the same time enjoying myself is going to keep me a1 it the rest of my life, as long as I have eyes and breath. Again, it's what I think people are seeking through spirirual disciplines that are supposed to lead to enlightenment or happiness. When it's done well, this very ordinary, everyday process of creating useful things for a living can accomplish that. That's why I, with mock seriousness and yet with real sincerity, say that this is religion 10 me, this business of tools and material and trying to c:1;trac1 the best I can from them. In doing so. I realize my highest potential and that of the tools and the material - having them all working together. �DRUMMING LETIE RS TO KATUAH Dear KO!Uah, Have you ever wondered why so few Americans have suff.cient interest in environmental problems, and their solutions, to join organizations, such as the National Audubon Society, (one of the largest environmental organizations with a membership of only about 0.2 percen1 or our population) and support i1 in its efforts to solve our environmental problems? Dear K01Uah, ... I found the Ka1Uah Journot at a restaurant named Stooc Soop in Ashe,•ille, NC and was nourished by both. J found the work you are doing very empowering and wish you all good energies in continuaLion. Tiie EARTH is healing thanlcs to us all!. .. Sincerely, Maria Tncp:icz DearK.J., Greetings in the light. I'm writing to thank you for the Fall issue. Also thanks for printing my letter in the "Wcbworking" section. The Kim Sandl:ind anicle "Gin of the Chestnut• was very informative. My prayers arc with you. I'm the prison librarian. I place copies or KJ. on the magwine rack when I run through with them. With love, in peace, Riek And upon Mocher Earth I crouched, And the Voice wns within .... New Beginnings from the Drum quietly echoed. New Begionings from the fcathcrcn:atioo in prayer. New Beginnings in lhecircle of service for my brothers and sislefli as my oolh providcth for mankind your feather lay gently when the Drum had 'llOken.... simply the lasting vision, New beginnings, all my relauves. - Bern Gn:y Owl Dear KatUah, ...I was in W. Virginia for the fll'St ume this spring for the Wildflowcr Festival m Blacltwater Falls State Parle- it was grc:u Cun! Met a man there leading a field trip who had this lfemendous encrgy...a native of W. Virginiit..He said he got up every morning and said: "This day is gomg to be a 101• and added "It usually is.• This prompled the following poem: Yesterday is aln:ady gone ..• Tomorrow will get here when ... Today is all I've really gOL.. And It's gonna be a 10! Many than.ks, Barbara Wickersham Knoxville, Tenncsste Drawing by ROB MESSICK You could take any 300 Americans, load them on n jumbo jet LO some dcstinatioo, and there would be immediale and great con<:cm when they had the slightcsl awareness of any problem with lhe plane's environment. indicated by such events as decrease m cabin pressure, increase in cabin temperature. sudden appcamnce or unnatural odor, etc. And everyone, or course, is concerned when there are immediate and obvious changes in the earth's environment in their vicinity. Who is bored when they arc aware of an eanbquakc. volcanic eruption, tidal wave, hurricane or tornado? Yet very rew people I know, especially from my former habitat (Long Island, NY) exhibit any emotlon, other than polite, sbon-term interest, turning tO boredom, when I try to discuss the implications of the discovery of a large bole m the 01.one layer in the atmosphere over the South Pole. Their general viewpoint is something like •1 don't sec how they can say It LS caused by escape to atmosphere of chemicals used as refrigerants or aerosol propellants. Anyway, it is all to teehnical ror me, and I don't believe there's anything to worry abou1 anyhow.• A high government official, when told destruction of the ozone layer could cause a great increase in the incidence of skin cancer. responded with "People will have to learn to use more sunmn cream, wear hats and wear datlter sunglasses.• This, or course, is hardly a viable solution to the problem In regard to the acid rain problem: it is rather difficult for the non-teehnically oriented person to undcrsllll1d and accept bow smoke from powethousc stacks containing combusuon products or a fuel contaminnm (sulfur) can be convened, at very high altitudes, through contact wi1h the ozone layer in the presence of the ultra-violcl component of sunlight. into another gas. This. when absorbed into water (rain, snow, or fog) in the aunosphere produces sulfuric acid. Up on Long Island I listened to radio station WNEW. The ir weather man seemed to be environmentally con<:emcd, so I wrote and suggested he give. as a pan of his repons. the acidity (ph) of the most recent precipitation to indicate its potcntial to cause acid ram damage. He replied, · 1 think it is a good idea, but since acidity is expressed as ph few people would under.;tand whal I was rallcing abouL Therefore, there would be liule interest in the data.• People, when faced with problems hard 10 understand and whose solutions will cost them and change their lifestyle prefer, instead, to look for and emphasi7.e reasons, mostly irrelevant, which will allow them to believe there are really no problems and to proceed on the basis that everything is alright. II might be well to reeall tha1 in January 1987 ano1her spaceship, the Challenger, and its crew were destroyed because lhosc in ch3rge ( exccutiv~ of NASA and M<>rton-Th1okol) refused to listen to their engineers about a problem with its boostet rockc1 seals. They continued to proceed with the launch to save money. save face. and maintam a good press. One of the results or their proceeding was that they did none of the above. One can only hope the same fmc does not befall the spaceship Earth because of the ~me short-sighted, mista.ken awwdc on the pan of the go,'CITlmcnt and the public m, so far, refusing to heed the advice and warnings of expens and envll'Ollmentalists on the problems mcntJoncd. as well as on many more. There is one cond1uon that might prevent it. Those "m authority" might come to their senses soon enough to prevent it because they, also. arc ridmg this space ship. (edited) J. J. Combes Newland, North Carolina ltJlNTER. - 1988- 89 �The Third Dear Sirs: t-.1r. Runer was in town last week nnd solved my puulemcnt. Earlier in the month I hlld received the autumn issue o( your journal and had no idea who sent ii. Wh:it a ~utiful piece of work on my favourite subject • the American Chc.~tnut. I re:id every word nnd learned so much. Would you please sent me four copies of this issue tO be used in my missionary work with <;0mc friends in Pcnnsylv:mia. There are st.ill rolks up there who remember the talcs their folks told of this 1ru1gnificen1 tree. Yours truly, J.N. Salv1ro Kensington. MD NEW ZEALAND(IP CHESTNUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION INC. P.O. Box 1328, lnvercargill New Zealand Dear Sir: We would be pleased 1f you could supply us w1lh a copy or the Fall 1988 ediuon or the KatUah Jourlll.ll which has cx1ensive nniclcs covering chcslllut rcscatth. Cordially yours. NEW ZEALAND CHESTNUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION INC. ERNEST NEW Executive Director Dear KmUah, Carolyn and I just got your letter and papers t1us morning. The enclosed paper has been in circulat.ion for two years: "You art invittd to con1emplme tht idta btlow, to sinctrtly short your idtas about a just and ptactful world: Cltarly lift on tht planet is in jeopardy. What will it takt to revtrst tht /tar, tht weapons, the pollution, tht monopoly, tht inttr'Vtn/Wn ...and project Uft toward abundance, coopuation, and environmental and social compassion? /low can wt txperience such a miracle? "Consciousness crtatts form" /Seth/. PleaJe bt prac11cal. fless than 500 words/ Art you willing to bt published? __yes _no. Please include your llD.ml!, address. and a short tkscriptwn ofyourself. It is our intention to circulate tht comributions, to create a conllnuwn and an on-going forum Facts. feelings. ideas. positivt creations art welcomed. Transformation is inevitable. It is cltarly the will of the human race to live on abundantly wt// into thtfuturt. Spirit awakn! Send your responses to: NamMt~ Consciousness Box578 Ctnter Barnsttad, NII 03225 P.S Feel fret to copy and distribute" My answer is: That best friends must bond around common pnnciples: to share. care, heal, and enhance life locally in BIOCELLS by the thousands in every BIOREGION. Each aulonomous cell is joined to the biorcgion by commitment to the values. Please share this invitation to respond with your readers. Thanks, Bruce Center Barnstead, New Hampshire I've got news for you. A Higher Jntclligencc has hlld me to know some information about the way the Universe functions. What I learned was tha1 the computers that we arc all growing so fond or arc a Gacan trick. The plan is Iha! the h~man race will dump all their intelligence into those neat plastic boxes, then Gaea will tum off the power. and it all will be gone. Then we'll be free! And we'll find we dJdn'l need It anyway. love. l ..,'\.NTER. - 1988- 89 hildegardc North American Bioregional Congress by Lisa Franklin This summer I represented Katuah at the third Nonh American Bioregional Congress (NABC Ill) held in a small outdoor school nonh of Vancouver. B.C. Magical things had happened to me while traveling on route to the congress, so I came expecting more. 1 wasn't disappointed. It seemed that an incredible exuberance just bubbled out of everyone. At the morning circles we shared songs. information and a sense of harmony that spread 1hroughoul 1he day. The committee mceungs revealed an amazing array of qualified and .in~onne~ individuals s~aring their ~nowledge. Some spectaltzed in water qual11y, some in permaculture, education, forest management, green cities, herbs. dow~ing, etc. Ideas were bounced around, scenarios entenained, and a lot of creative. intellectual energy zipped about. The previous congress resolutions were reviewed and any proposed changes were brought before the plenary during the last couple of days. This process was an inspiration to me personally, and several different projects are now a part of my life due to these idea sessions. 1 have begun working on an All Species Project in the Asheville Alternative School and have been working with education about organic agriculture and promoting local production of organic produce. The proceedings from NABC 111 will be published in the spring of 1989 and will give explicit deiails of the comminee discussions, their decisions, and 1he plenary votes on issues brought before the whole assembly. Throughout the congress we were honored with presentations from various native peoples from Tunle Island. During many of these, we wept openly for the pain in their lives which they shared with us. We took to heart the plea for help that was extended by them. These people are asking to be allowed to live their Lnlditions, as arc all native peoples around the world, so that this spirituality can help to heal the planet. May we each do whatever we can to let il be so. The evening biorcgional presentations were a stream of creative, honest ways of sharing the pain, humor and love felt for the different partS of Tunic Island and the state of the environment. The presentation for lhe Karuah bioregion was well received and consisted of a Cherokee welcome song, a creation myth, a slide show accompanied by banjo picking, poetry, stories of home and family, and slides wi1h commentary on lhe soulhem Appalachian trail Late night drumming and dancing helped folks loosen up after lots of intellectual discussion. It was a time for physical expression and fun. In the shon period of one week, we 300 or so people bonded togclher into a tribal group, which no one wanted to leave. Throughout 1he week, each person was working, talking, lhinking, living, and breathing to find ways for all of us to exist in greater hannony with our Mother Earth and all the living things on it. We realized that we were seeds to help the next shifl in consciousness happen and that we can help the earth survive by loving her and not getting discouraged, and by allowing that love to come lhrough our intellect to solve problems. So at the week's end, reaffirmed in the purpose that brought us together, we allowed the wind to scatter us again so that each could set in motion the changes needed everywhere to evolve life lo another level of awareness. This is the energy that can help prevent worst case scenarios in world problems and bring about change. I am honored to have been a pan of it. To obtain a copy of the Proceedings ofthe Third North American Bioregional Congress, send $8.00 to: Seth Zuckerman, P.O. Box 159, Petrolia, CA 7555 ¥ Xo"'°" Journal ~ 25 �(continued from page 5) each time it rained, so they moved on. They still had water enough to drink, but the land would no longer produce food. Flash floods might come through my little cove and take out my bottoms, as happened to the Anasazis. The creekbcd might suddenly become such a gorge that I couldn't build a bridge across it, because it was draining such a big torrent each time. On the other hand, a mudslide might come down the valley, and where my house and fields once were, might suddenly be tree-top high with ~ clay and boulders. That might be the way of it I am not very optimistic. As the cycle deepens, big fronts of weather will be created. When big fronts get moving, they move farther before they can be dissipated. Strong, fast-moving cold fronts could come down out of Canada. The Sll'Onger they are, the further south they a.re going to go. There may be routine freezes in Miami at that lime, because the turbulent weather will suck the winter fronts further south, meaning more violent snow, cold, or whatever, with each approaching front As soon as a cold front dissipates, there may be a SIJ'onger front approaching from the south, bringing up warm, moist air or rainstorms that thaw the ground and confuse the plants' growing cycles. All one can say for sure is that the climate will become turbulent and unpredictable. In ages past as the Earth evolved and the climates changed, as in the wanning and freezing periods in the time of the ice ages, the process of change was a gradual one talcing place over thousands of years. Plants and animals had a chance to migrate, and everything could adjust to maintain the equilibrium. Species were extirpated, cenainly, but many life-forms were able to maintain their range in suitable habitat conditions. That is not the case this time. The most disastrous element of these changes is that everything is happening so fast, that this time the desen plants in Arizona will not have a chance to migrate to Kauiah to replace the forest trees. And the plnnts here are not going to have a chance to migrate to New England or to some place more habitable. They are simply going to die! The difference is that this change is an artificial one; it is not induced by natural causes. The whole world is threatened, and, like a patient thrashing around in a fever delirium, the change is going to be convulsive and simultaneous. There are not going to be safe havens to flee to, because the change is going to be happening everywhere at once. It is going to be world-changing. It is going to take a high toll on the animal and plant species we live with today. With the vegetation gone and the soil gone from the hillsides, the damage done will be permanent. There will come a time when the world will get weuer again, but it might be in 100,000 years. Of course, we might get lucky and it might take only 10,000 years. To regenerate the vegetation, of course, would take eons longer than that, but I do not believe that conditions here will ever again be the same as they are now. The greenhouse effect is a cycle already in motion, and it's not going to Stop. The government does not even admit that there is a problem yet The government admits we are in a drought, but they assign it to natural causes and will not admit that the pollution, the ozone, or the nuclear waste, are threats to our survival. The government has just begun to mention skin cancer as a possible effect of the degradation of the atmosphere. Skin cancer is the least of it! It may take 20 years to get skin cancer, and someone could starve in six weeks. The governments will recognize the problem in a few y~ when it is too late to do anything about it. Even if they said tomorrow, "We've got a serious problem. We're going to cut all traffic, you can only use your vehicle half as much. Burn half as much gas. Bum half as much wood. We're going to shut down half the plants. We're going to cut worldwide energy use in half," it would still be too late. In the first place, a cutback in energy consumption will never happen as long as the profit motive is the first priority. But even if we could make an immediate change in the way we live, we might slow the oncoming cycle down or we nU$ht not slow it down at all, but we are not going to avoid it. At this point it is snowballing. The causes are all tied together, they are already in motion, and I do not see any way that we are not going to have to bite the bullet. We caused the problem, and we are going to have to face it. Basically Tdo not feel called to conjure or to pray for relief from this problem, because the only relief now is a healing, a realignment of the Earth's energies. AJJ that we can do now is to try to avoid contributing to the problem, do what we can on behalf of the world environment, let people know what is happening, and prepare ourselves physically, mentally, and spiritually for whatever future is coming. But just in case, I'm going to plant some cottonwood trees around my place and put some western chokecherries in along the creek. Lylich Crabawr is an Appalachian native of Scottish descent. He lives with his family in a moUlllain cove also inhabited by turkeys, hawks, owls, a pileated woodpecker, gnomes, and others of the Little People. He wrote on "Circles of Stone" for Katuah Journal 1110. _, (continued &om page 22) wild fruits freely offered. They also encouraged the young nauve chestnut trCCS with prayers and songs, and whenever they chanced t0 find a U'CC bearing nutS, these were e:igerly distributed to all parts of the region and planted, wntchcd. and aided. Their efforts began to produce results. for more and more cheSUlut trtcS began to grow without the killing disease cankers. The magic of the Beat Clan was known to be powerful, because it was causmg the chesuwt trees IO appear where they h3d dlsappeared before. In olhcr fields the Bear Clan planted nut uec.~ • cultivntcd chestnulS. filberts, and walnuts - and they mode sure to gnlbcr acorns from the foTCSt each year (su K:11Uah /19 - ~ds.), so that in the fall among the Bear Clan lhcrc was a frenzy of activity when, lilce the bears, they hurried to store enough food for the winter But, because they could not line their bodies. with fnt like their relatives the bears. they lined the insides or their home dens with dried foods and nuts tO last them through the winter months when snow covered the mountaintop.s and nothing grew through the frozen ground. Because they did not have the powerful mow teeth of the bears lha1 could crush hickory nuts and acotru1 to a fine powder, they hlld to grind lhe.ir foods between stone wheels. This they did and combined the com and nw flours together inlO the llllt cakes they tiokcd in their healed ovens. One winier sciveral families tried swallow111g fecal plugs. a.~ the bears do to close their systems, so they oould fast and steqi through the winier months, but that expcrimCTit came to a messy end, and they round thnt they were humw after all. with human limitations and a human nature that they hnd IO follow. By living like the bears. the Bear Clan came to be more like the bcnrs in their bodies and their ways. They tended 10 be heavy and hairy. The men were strong, oftentimes quanelsomc, and sometimes ferocious, even among others or their own clan The molhcrs were wide. soft, and co1y, with enormous laps to snuggle into. Tiie young women were also large, and were known as strong fighlCIS if aroused, and ricrocly 1ndcpendcnt. Tiie women ruled the home dens, and the cave-like shcllCIS were wann retn::11S where food was plentiful even 111 wanter, and the young ones grew rapidly. Among their own the Bear Clan were mostly jovial. fun-loving, and playful. But lil:c their relatives in the woods, they were somcumes moody. seemingly inOucnced in a dramatic wny by the cycle of the seasons and the tides of the moon. Bear Old Man saw the many changes, and he was glad. He visited the Bear Clan often and brought them the best dreams during the long nights of winter. Many or the dreams were personally enhghlClling. others granted special powers of healing or working with the elements, while others were strange or prophetic. so that the Bear Clan shared a deep knowledge among themselves, although 11 was never spoken. And the Bear Old Man spoke ID the mount.ain spirit.s, and they provided well for those who followed the way of the block bears, and the Bear Clan lived full lives for generations beyond counung In the hills of Katilah. ,,# p WtN'TEJt - 1988-89 �(corwnucd from page 13) experiences as well as pleasurable ones. So if we deny our p:un, we never get lO grow up. we never have to grow up (we 1maginc)... wc'll be "forever young" ... The cruel irony is that this "faith" has been turning us int0 a culture of spoiled, self-indulgent "takers" who want nothing more than to suc..le at the breast of our bountiful tcchnolog1cal "mother". Think about TV-bound "couch potatoes"; tremendous use of both legal and illegal drugs: the fanuwic rise in "Cast foods". "convenience" storCS, and quick fixes of every description. The need for immediate gratification is an infantile trait, and inability to dc:il with p:iin is a sure sign of emotional and spiritual imm111.urity. This siren of pain avoidance can be extremely elusive and dangerous because its message often comes across in a cheerful, breezy, thoroughly innocuous way, as if getting rid of pain was such an obvious benefit that nobody could even question iL The real meaning is far from cheerful, though. The underlying theme invariably implies that life on Eanh i.\ difficult and painful, so we need to create an artificial, human-made reality to escape from our fear and pain. This is expressed quite openly in most drug advcrtisemenis--and then people nnively wonder why we have such a "drug problem" m this country! In one ad for a "p:iin-ltiller", a jaunty, successful businesswoman is portrayed in action. while the background music sings. • r haven't got time for the pain, I haven't got room for the pain, etc.". But what happens to the pain we supposedly get rid of? What if pain is a messenger, come 10 tell us of a potential or present problem in our lifestyle? What then? Answer: we've lost (at least temporarily) a clue LO our health and our inner identity. But the pain will show up somewhere (or sornellmc) else, JUSt hke our garbage on the beaehcs--thc problem is merely put off and avoided, not really gotten rid of at all. Obviously, we haven't succeeded in our quest 10 eradicate the problems and pain of living-in fact, we seem to have increased them, if we look at what's happening around us. The truth is, It's impossible to outwit nature, and pain and pleasure arc both natural aspecis of life. Pain is a signal, a vital indicaior. Denial of pain is really denial of information that is being relayed to us by our body/being. Only if we're willing lO embrace the full range of cmotions--lO experience the hcighLS of rapture and the depths of pain-are we able to reach full maturity. Our planet and our cul lure is in a massive "healing crisis", and we as individuals need to be able to empathize with the p:iin our world is expcriencing... thc pain of the animals, the planlS, the sky, the oceans.... not deny it, if we arc to be able lO assist in the healing. And we need to feel our own pain and the pain of our brothers and sisters everywhere. if we arc to develop compassion, wisdom. and wholeness. There is no quick fix, and the only way out 1s through. The Siren or lud ividualibm 1o1ud Nou -com mun io ri This Siren works to undermine our sense of interrelatedness and community. The frontier-era ethic of "rugged individualism" seems lO have given way to a consumer-Oriented ethic of "p:issive individualism" ·-which combines the isolation and separateness of the former with the neediness and passivity of the "ideal consumer". There arc, however, powerful human needs which can only be met through communicauon and interaction, and when community breaks down, no amount of consumption of things can fill this gap. The truth is that we arc individuals and members of many diffeccnt communities-both social and natural. But in western culture we've made individualism our god and tried Lo banish the idea of community, even associating it with "Communism". Some striking examples of individunli.sm run ramp:int are: The glorijicaJion of the auJol'fWbile and the tkcline of railroads, trolleys and other forms ofpublic transportOJiorr. Most cars on the road have only one or two people in them. walled off from others within their mobile mctalhc box. Work. home, friends arc often great disl3Jlccs from each other and so the dependency on the aut0mobilc is reinforced. Urban design often glorifies the car more than human interaction so the isolation becomes more "set in stone". The tkJ)<ndency orr recorded SOWlds. Creating music used to mcan getting togc1hcr with other people. either to listen or 10 play an instrument or sing. But toda> it's much simpler to JUSL put on a record or a casscue without having LO socialize or put out any cffon. This is wonderful up to a point-·but when people arc out in public with tiny earphones in their ears, oblivious IO the sounds of life :iround them, and intent only on lheu inner cxpcnencc, perhaps it's become another way to create separation and isolation and to deny rclatiomhip. "/he corrtinued diminishment of J)<Oplts' ho~ life. The M>Cial dimension of homclifc has been steadily shrinking--from the cxtcndcd family, lO the nuclear family, lo :.inglc-parcnt familie:., t0 couple$ living together -..ithout children, to people living alone. The extended family has practically disappeared m western culture. And aclual homelessness has been increasing at a very frightening pace as well. JlNTER - t 988-89 the l'fWVt towards instantarrtous food. Eating used LO be a basic, shaied form of communion. But today, cooking and c:iting togclhu i:; no longer nccessruy-cxccpt for rare holidays. Instcad,the food industry offers us thOU!i:lllds of prcfabricalCd foods. Wlmt we've lost in term~ of nunurance nnd nourishment 1s noc made up for by the variety and convenience of industrial food products. There is also a profound difference between supcrmarkelS and old-world style markets -supermarkclS are not conducive lO socializing. Siren or Spir ilual Mater ialism and Dependency Even those who are "aware• can be caught by consumption mania and the drive for "more", whether it is material . psychological, or spiritual. Mother Teresa, while visiting the US, felt strongly that Americans are the poorest people she'd ever seen-lost amidst a multitude of possessions. separated, starving for love, she said. With little cultuml acknowledgement or suppon of the non-material dimension, it's often hard to maintain awareness of our inner essence. Thus, we may be 1ost' in this deeper sense as well. This loss of self leads directly lo the povcny of soul Mother Teresa describes. The result, of course, 1s that we look outside ourselves for our power and satisfaction. We often project our own power onto authority figures or 'sy~tcms' such as churches, astrologers, psychics, doclors. 'channelling', and spiritual groups. We then look to these sources for dirccuon, validation. The guidance received may be quilc helpful. but the use being made of 11 fosterS unheahhy dependency. The emptint$ and hunger underneath IS sull there, as is the denial, the desire to gloss 11 over. But u is only through jOUmeying inio the hean of that emptiness that the cycle can be broken, and our inner abundance can f1owcr. To be and feel abundant is a state of experienced "beingness•-a stat.e of wholeness, fullness. satisfaction. love, gratiludc. Gratitude is the essence of true prosperity consciousncss--to embrace all of life, to be humbly and truly appreciative of our daily food. our breath, our friends, our growth--even our pain. It is a deep reeogn1uon of, and rcspecl for, the inter-connectedness of all living things. The All of these Sirens, and others, are best able to entrap us when we feel ourselves alone, separate from the human community and from the wider Eanh community. When we feel rooted in the wider Reality of the true human spirit and of nature, the consumption mentality has less of a hold on us. In fac1, it becomes decidedly unreal. Our culture wilh iLS emphasis on constant consumption hides an elemental cruth from us -- one 1hat is essential for us to rediscover in breaking our bondage to the consumer mentality: namely, that "emptiness" is an imponnnt aspect of any essenrial growth cycle. It is only when we are able 10 appreciate a stale of true emptiness (the 'creative void') ... thal we are capable of seeing what we need and what we don't need...that we are able to see the amazing abundance of creation. It is then, in a spirit of gratirude and humility, that we are able to experience our own inherent abundance. When we experience this 'beingness'., we no l?nger ha~e lo heavily iden ifv ourselves with our belongings, beliefs, projects, money, etc. We no longer need to create our identity that way. Human beings do seem to be "identifying". creat.ures, 1hough--so our only option is to upgrade what we. tdenufy with. As.we l~am lo identify with more universal, fulfilhng values and re~nt10nsh~ps, we can honestly feel complete with or without those things which we "consume" or have been "atLaChcd to". We who believe in conscious growth and a deeper sense of prosperity for ourselves and lhe planet ha~e the res.ponsibility of re-creating community and ways 10 share this sense ~th each other. Ritual sharing, celebration, and all the . vaned forms of communication/ communion are things we need in order 10 feel 1n1ly alive to feel prosperous and fulfilled. This is so imponant--and we have 'so much to unleam...and so much to learn about living together and with ourselves and the Eanh. But we've got to do il, if we truly wish to enjoy the abundance that's available to all of us an<! the entir~ Life community. True abundance is a fonn of love, and like love, .tt grows when we share it, and it withel'!t when we gra~p and clutch 11 tightly 10 ourselves. �The Planetary Initiative The Watauga Land and Water Conservancy "Open land and pure water for all...for all time to come" is lhe motto of lhe Waiauga Land and Water Conservancy, a group forming to work in the upper drainage basin of lhe Watauga and New Rivers. The group is not an advocacy group, and want to reach out across all political lines to form a broad-based group to acquire wilderness and agricultural land through donation and purchase. They envision leasing land to farmers when appropriate technology would be employed. The Conservancy is still in the fonnarive stage. 501 (c}3 non-profit status is being sought. For more information, contact: Gay Gingrich (704) 963-5614 or Lowell Hayes at (704) 963-5835. • Su.son Rttd DE.51GNS by Rob Messick lllus1ra1lon & Design In Pen & Ink and Colore<I Pcnc II An estimated 1.5 billion people will be participating world-wide for the third annual World Healing Day, an international observance aimed at raising our awareness of global issues. The event is unique in that all participants will be located around the world in more than I 00 countries, and all services will be held at 12 noon Greenwich time, 7:00 AM EST. More than 500 peace-related organizations and all major religious faiths will be included in lhe event, with emphasis on prayer, meditation, and song creating a global mind link ac one hour in time to express the desires of people to live on planet Eanh. The initiative was originally taken by the Texas based Quanas Foundation in 1984. The first World Healing Day was held on December 31, 1986. with more than 500 million participants. The size of the global event grew to 800 million in 1987. The event is presently coordinated by the "Planetary Commission", a world-wide, non-denominational, non-political organization without headquaners, structure, or fundraising activities. Interested persons are invited to attend the local observances. (In Asheville, NC: local observances will be December 31, from 6:30 11111il 8:00 AM at Central United Methodist Church, 27 Church Srreet. For further information contact Gloria Free ar (704) 274-7539, or James Cassara at (704) 252-2819.) Workshops. .. at Ille NC BiodomeCommuniJy Waynm-lflt, NC (704) 916 0273 Integration of Creative Landscape Design Instructor: Bob Gow The family's food & family fun; Landscaping shelter for animals and friends; Food production as an artistic expression; Designing our evolving bioregional landscape J a n. 21 $30 (or $25 w/ other garden or herb workshop) The Herbal Medicine Chest lnstructor: Cindy Heath Herbal Remedies that may ta.Ice lhe place of aspirin, antihistamines, antibiotics. pain killers and other commonly used drugs. We will be making an herbal remedy to take home. February 4 $30 (or $25 w/ other garden or herb workshop) Relationship Enrichment lnstructors: Jofannie Karla & Marie Rocchio A workshop for commiued couples. Overnight arrangemcntS available. For infonnation: (704) 926-1625 March 4 & S $185 per couple The Nursery for Home Use and Profit Instructor: Bob Gow Exploring gounnct vegetable production, flower and herb cultivation, rock gardens, & landscaping with native cultured materials. March 28 $30 (or $25 w/ other garden or herb workshop) P 0. 13<>X :!hOI • Boone. '-C: 2tlti07 • 7Cl4J754 h0!17 e1ti11ae "''"'""''"" uA ..Her/Ju/JJ111 e1i11ie u C. w.1E11E M.S. Ac.0 UC.~T .A--"""1 . THE ALTERNATIVE HEALING HOT-LINE 1-800-544-4980 A frtt 10 thr public r~fttr.tl '(_"nlcf' .Jod N-'lk>n.11 \.V"fn<-.,, ~witchbo•rd • ...u... tti....Ji., o..,~, I tt, 1':\TTO~ \L DIRECTORY OF 1101.ISl IC PRACTITIO"lt:Rs. H•:ALERS, SCl1 001 <;, Cl-:'-'Tl'RS & RrTRF.ATS l'hon~ lh~ HOT·llNE fO find ouf how )nur pr•ctia, «h.,.,I, he.ling trnfrr or rrfr,..f on t... li<f~ in fh~ 'll•lion•I Oirttinrv. ?J/E_,A/'C ~io£Jo/1E Co.Ql,~U.tAty' i/vFtES 8()1.t. 'toJoi/ ~s /It' tJuA. /JioPcJ///;/(tc ~..f!'t . .&-o ; &fr-'1/ff'l9st A.CT,tf£'9T5 W&?M"S#¥.S / / S#'.ELto.Af·C'oY~ ,.f/J. l{t 2 .13~ 11~ w.Ay/.esr;l'fE (701'-) ?2t,-027J A'. C. .2378(, �WORKSHOP ON FORMING A LOCAL LAND TRUST The Nonh Carolina Natural Heritage Foundation announces a two-day training conference on March 17-18, 1989 to assist people in forming a land trust (local land conservancy) and designing land prote~tion projects. The goal of the conference 1s to assist the formation of more non-profit land protection organizations and to strengthen the communications network between people and organizations interested in protecting the land. . Topics covered at the workshop will include: definition and history of landtrusts; organizing, building, and maintaining a land trust organization; land protection methods; and tax laws. A training manual and extensive reference materials will be provided. The workshop will be held at the Ka nuga Episcopal Center near Hendersonville, NC. The event is expected to cost $90 per person, which includes two night's lodging and five meals. For registration information, write to: The NC Natural Heritage Foundation P.O. Box 11105 Raleigh, NC 27604 or call The NC Natural Heritage Program at: (919) 733-770 I '.M-'.EDlClN'.E ALLl '.ES In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief. the creatures in the world today are only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who once Inhabited the world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spirilual barrier and exist yet m the world as we kno w ii. These beings are called wilh reverence •grandfathers·. And of them, the strongest are Kanatl, the lightning, the power of the sky; U/sa·nati, the rattlesnake. who personifies the power of the earth plane: and Yunwi Usd1, "the lit/le man·. as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies. who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they are allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powetS of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 4-cofor silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality, all- cotton shirts, /hey are available now in all adult sizes through the Kalanu bioregional mail-order wpplier. Order shirts from: KALANU Box 282; Sylva, NC Katuah Province 28779 Please specify size: Sm.. Med., Lg.• X-lg. ~~ ~ WINGS WAY CONSULTANTS Multi-Level Wellness Nutrients for Body, Mind, Spirit J..~~ ....... Rr ,._1.~. .,_~~I. L1l6e t "1 f'I 1~r. Cl.nu 5.>q, and mor~ .l.lf~ ft • • t:n• io~u' "' ~ Bluebird Bol• nlcalb~ .;;,!-1> r;J~ PO Bo~ 12"1 Mnklon. NC Z8734 ~/ 'ljo '1..: . ,•' .,,~B.irbara R<'nnen,nycfpr PhD ~· · rum D wor115 I IN Ashiko Dr ums 738 Towu Mou.nl&i.A Rd. Aabnille, N.C. 28804 (704) 258-1038 - ~' -..., .-'. ~ ""'"' A so: l I Natural Food Store &Deli /"\ edrc1Ne 0RvM~ c ~RAMIC Ou111bcc.k$ ... S+R 1'f5 Member NC Water Ouahly AS$0Ciatlon RANDALL C. LANIER 704·293-5912 1.11.NTEJl - 1988-89 HWY. 107 RT 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 KRLRNU Soec1J1z1N9 Woo,f eN WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Send requests to: Lucille Griffin; Rt. 2, Box 42; Newport, VA 24128 KHLRNU (704) 688-7016 All natural ANNOUNCEMENT The American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation reports a very good harvest of American Chestnut seeds this year and has nuts available to willing cooperators. The seed is free and will be shipped with planting a nd care Instructions. The Foundation requires only a brief annual progress report on the seedlings each September. P 0. Box 282; Sylva, NC; Katunh Province 28789 LUCHIA MAISON 1>i...A .. f1 ..... '/-a fumf- 'L Jf(lltL 841 Highway106 Higlilands, NC 28741 (704) 526-5638 Write for a f ree price list, f rom : Send $3.00 & long S.A.S.E. for Samples & Catalogue Box 1477 Old Fort, NC 28762 Members of the Elders' Circle of the American lndlan Council will speak at a weekend event at The Mountain Camp and Conference Center in Highlands, NC on March 17-19. They will present the native perspective on important environmental, social, and political issues. The fee for the two-day meeting will be $128, which includes two nights lodging and six meals. For registration infonnation, contact: The Mow1tain Camp and Conference Cenrer BI OREG I ONRL BOOKS AND TOOLS FOR LIU ING IN RPPRLRCHIR Cost· $9.50, includes postage P.O. NATIVE ELDERS TO SPEAK D~ vMcAses '- RAftl es SeNd 160 Bl'Olldw8y JI ,~~ -f R CA-f Afo j o - AsheYllle, NC 28801 wi... a-dwlry....MlrTtmon Ave• l-240 ~ OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday·S.urday: hrn·8pn> Sunday: 1pm-Spm (704) 2.53-7656 �-ef6BWoR/S!t!g APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR design, blueprints. and foll working drawings for homes, shops, and sheds. Creative drafting.....your ideas or ours. Harmony Sunbuildcrs; P.O. Box 194; Sugar Grove, NC 28697 MOTHER'S BREATH HERBAL PRODUCTS high quality herbal extracts, ointments, and oils, lovingly created.. Send for free brochure 10 RL 2, Box 25 I; Vilas, NC 28692. ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY on bcauliful lnnd near Cherokee, NC seeking families desiring grcalet cooperation and self-sufficiency. Based on SpirilUal and ecological values. Property now available. Call (404) 778-8754 for info. WANTED: LAND in western NC. Family seeks 5 or more acres, preferably near Cullowhce, to pn:scrve and evenllla.lly inhabiL ff you have or know of affordable land, coniact Bob and M3Jy Davis; 213 Wesunoreland CL; Georgeiown, KY 40324 (502) 863-4267. RM DESIGNS • I use lhe media or pencils, colored pencils. gouaehe, pen and ink, and pbOtOgraphy in creating unique fine and graphic an. I can make diagrams. logos, finished prints. and designs for brochures. ~dcrs. cards. books, etc. Mandalas and symbols are my tendency among other styles. ContaCt Rob Messick (704) 754-6097. r:o: SI~ LIFESTYLE CALENDAR • The photos on llus page appear with Olhcr striking portraits or moumnin people in "The F:iccs of Appalachia• c:alendar. Procccd.s support lhe work of Appabchia. Science in the Public lnlCJ'CSL To receive your calendar postpaid, send $7.00 to: RL 5. Box 423; Livingston, KY 40445 "TREASURES IN THE STREAM" • a casse1tc iape of 50ngs by Bob Avcry-Orubcl. $10 10 RL I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091. M TREE DESIGNS: fllustrallons and Design . Beyond the pages of !his journal, I work in pencil, colcwed pericil, ink. cut paper, and bauk. Fine and graphic an tO express and enhance our lives. Logos, brochures, books, por11aiturc, window and wall h;)ngings. Coniact Manha Tree (704) 754-6097. HAND-CARVED WOODSPIRITS. mystical hiking staffs, and wall hangings by Steve Durican. For brochure, please write Whippoorwill Studio; RL 4, Box 981; Marson, NC 211752. ...And Tk Earth Lived llappily Ever Aflu ·stories from foll: traditions all around the world chosen tO help protect all living beings by bringing the world socie.ty a few steps closer 10 peace and respect for all life. Edited by Floating Eagle Fealhcr. $7.00 ppd. (All profits go to Green peace and lhe Peace Museum.) Order from: Wages of Peace; 309 Trude.au Dr.; Mctatre, LA 70003. JOURNEY INTO THE SLICKROCK Wildcmcss Area. Boys, fatbtt-son, falher-daughtcr expcdillons. Learn observation and woodcraft in the deep w~. Burt Kornegay, experienced guide. Sliclcrock Expeditions; Box 1214; Cullowbce, NC 28723. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS • Comfrey, Eucalyptus, or Golden Seal salve, Lemon or Lavender lllcccream. Made wilh natural and ~llal oils and love. Send for brochure: RL I, Box 737: Floyd, VA 24091. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS • herbal salves tinctures, & oils for binhmg & family health. brochure, please writc: Moon Darice Farm; RL 1. Box 726; Hampton, TN 37658 FUTONS by Simple Pleasures - affordably priced. Send SASE for info 10: Simple Pleasures; RL I, Box 1426; ClaylOll, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920. STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHlCAL RETREAT CENTER • a quiet space for personal meditation, group interaction through study, and community work, and spiritual seminars. Contact Leon Frankel; RL I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786. EARTH REACH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION teaching primitive skills tO children and adults. Robert Martin. Jr. and Jeanne Moore; Rt. I, Box 178-A: Ferrum. VA 24088. llEIRlOOM GARDENING and Saving Your Own Suds, pamphlet with specific Instruct.ions on growing, harvesting, and storing non-hybrid seed. Sl.00 w/ SASE. Also, SEEDS . Sl.00/packec velvet bean, wormsced, mullein, brown cotlOll, luffa. All from Hoedown Organic Fann. Rt. 1, Box 188·1: Quincy, FL 32351. CAROLINA MTN. MACROBIOTIC CENTER offers natural foods cooking classes, dietary oounsclliog, cducntional lectures for a helnlhitt life. Tom or Debbie Alhos. Call (704) 254·9606. WANTED: SOAPSTONE for carving and sculpting. Wiii pick up. Barter or cash. Please call: Scott BU'd (704) 683-1414 "ESSENCE" • the all-one skirt/dress/ jumper/pantaloons with nursing pockets. Eanhwcar, ROI. Box 75..CI; Carlton, PA 1631 1 FREE LABOR - I would like to learn about beekeeping and building New Age Housing. Willing to worlc for- free during lhc summer All I a"1c is a place for my tcm and an occasional meal. Contact Chris Irwin: 1712 White Ave.. Knoxville, TN 37916 (615) 673-0653. INDIAN VALLEY RETREAT - 140 acres in Blue MEDITATION CUSHIONS from Carolina Morning Designs. Tradittonal and innatablc i.afus. For fr~ brochure. write; Rt. I. Bo~ .31-B; Hot Springs, 11\C 28743. A~TERNATIVE COMMtlNll Y in the Smoky Mt M. of Cl.SI TN. 10 acre.~ with creek. springs, vie"':s· good nc1ghboc~. Be a part for S!!SOO. Call whe (615) 4S3·1S38. Ridge mountain~ with facilities available to n:nt ror- groups or individual retreats, c11hcr guided or unstructured. Send for information and c;ea.<ional c:ilcntlar or healing tr.IClsfonnativc e•·ents to: Indian Valley Holistic Center. RL 2, Box 58: W1lhs, VA 2-l3!!0. MOU/ER £ART// N/ilVS " no longer rcJ1r1nung back issue<:. AJpha.B11 ha' many, at co~cr pnce plus postage. Wntc Alpha·B1t; Box 465; Mapleton, OR 97453. Grurhk• ~OIVlaJ ofApfdl.Ji·>UaSc1mu in 1>.c Pub/re /N.,,~JJ from the "Arralacltia, /0&9 • Slf1l('lc LJ/~ C""7dir." \\'EB WORKING 1s free. Send subrn1ss1ons to: Kattiah Journal P.O. Box 638 U:scc,tcr, NC Katliah Pro•·1nce 28741! kllN'TEJl - 1988-89 �Send articles, drawings, and photos of what interests you about the Katuah region for the spring issue of the journal. The KatUtih Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kau'lalr Jo11.mal. P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748. The summer issue of the Kati1aJ1 Journal will deal with the menning of.1h.e word "Peace" a~ a dynamic process that can replace e:iusung structures of domination with vibrant new relationships. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSI IE 11-IREE ·Spring 1984 Sustainable Agricuhurc - Sunnowers Ruman Impact on lhe Forest - Childrcns' Education - Veronica Nicholas:Woman in Politics· Lui.le People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FIFTEEN ·Spring 1987 Coverlets • Woman Forester - Susie McMahon· Midwife - Altermuivc Contracepuon - Biosexuality • Biorcgionalism and Women - Good Medicine· Mauinlchal Culwrc - Pearl ISSUE FOUR· Summer 1984 Water Drum • Wnter Quality - Kudzu Solar Eclipse • Clearcuuing - Trout Going 10 Waler - Ram Pumps · Microhydro - Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987 Helen Wane • Poem V1s1ons in a Garden • Vis ion Quest • First Aow • Initiation • Leaming in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge· "Valuing Trees" lSSUE FIVE - Fall 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee Ginseng • Nuclear Waste • Our Celuc Heritage • B1orcgionalism: Past, Prescm, and Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness - Pol iucs or Participation ISSUE EIGHTEEN· Winter 1987-88 Vernacular Architecture - Dn:ams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home - Earth Energies • Enrth·Shellercd Living • Membrane Houses Bru~h Shelter ._ Poems: Octobu Dusk - Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE SIX - Winter 1984-85 Winter Solsuee Earth Ceremony Hor.;cpaswre River· Coming of lhe Light • Log Cabin Roots • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of lhe Forc~t ISSUE SEVEN - Spring 1985 Sustainable Economics • Hot Springs Worker Ownership - The Great Ecooomy Sclr Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey Responsible Investing • Working :•1 the Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT· Swnmer 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life • K:11iiah 18,000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in the Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE- Fall 1985 The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak Migrating Forests • Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop • Urbnn Trees • Acom Bread - Mylh Time ISSUE NINETEEN ·Spring, 19&8 Pcrleandra Garden - Spring Tonics • Blueberries· WildOowcr Garden$ - Granny Herbalist - Rower Essences • "The Origin of the Animals:• Story - Good M.:<.licm.:: "E'U~cr· - Be A Tree ISSUE THJRTEEN - Fall 1986 Center For Awakening· Eliuibcth Cnllllri - A Gentle Death - Hospice · Ernest Morgan - Dealing Creauvcly wilh Death Home Burial Boit - The Wake - The Raven Mocker - Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom - Good Medicine; The Sweat Lodge ISSUE TEN· Winta- 1985·86 Kale Rogers - Circles of Stone - Internal Mylhmaking · Holistic Healing on Trial . Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places • The Uk1ena's Tale - Crystal Magic • Drcamspeaking. ISSUE ELEVEN - Spring 1986 Community Plnnning • Cities and the Biorcgional V1s1on - Recycling Community Gardening- Floyd County. VA • Gasohol ·Two Biorcgional Views • Nuclear Supplement • Foxfire Games • Good Medicine: V!Sioos ISSUE FOURTEEN - Winter 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owlc - Boogcrs and Mummers - All Species Day • Cabin Fever University - Homeless in Ka1iiah • Homemade Hot Water • Stovemakcr's Narrative - Good Medicine: Interspecies Communication ISSUE TWENTY· Summer, 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness Highlands or Roan - Cclo Commuruty Land Trust • Arthur Morgan School Zoning ls.~ue - "The Ridge" - Farmers and lhe Fann Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" . Acid Rain - Duke's Power Play Cherokee Microhydro Projcc1 ISSUE TWENTY-ONE· Fall, 1988 Chcslnuts: A Na1ural History • Restoring lhc Chestnut • "Poem of Presetvntion and Praise" - Continuing the Qucs1 - Forests and Wildlife· ChestnUlS in Regional Diet - Chcslnut Resources - Herb Note • Good Medicine: "Chnngcs to Come• - Review: W~rf: legends Li~ /' ~UA~QURNAL P.O. Box 638 For more infonna1ioo: (704) 683-14 14 Leicester, NC KatUah Province 28748 this effort an txtra bOosr I can be a local contact Address City Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-21) @ $30.00 $_ _ Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Enclosed is$ State Zip person for my area Arca Code Phone Number to give = � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 22, Winter 1988-1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-second issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on the relationship between humans and the environment. Authors and artists in this issue include: Kim Sandland, Lylich Crabawr, Thomas Berry, Marnie Muller, Zoa Rockenstein, Kore Loy McWhirter, Richard Lowenthal, Fred Mignone, "Granny" DeLauncey, Lucinda Flodin, "Esther," Rob Messick, Amy Hannon, Pam Thomas, Lila Thomas, David Wheeler, Martha Tree, Bern Grey Owl, and Lisa Franklin. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Global Warming and Katúah by Kim Sandland.......3<br /><br />Fire This Time by Lylich Crabawr.......5<br /><br />Bioregions: The Context for Reinhabiting the Earth by Thomas Berry.......6<br /><br />Earth Exercise by Marnie Muller and Zoa Rockenstein.......9<br /><br />Poems and Drawings by Kore Loy McWhirter.......10<br /><br />An Abundance of Emptiness by Richard Lowenthal.......12<br /><br />Reviews: Thinking Like a Mountain | Talking with Nature.......14<br /><br />Options for Regional Currency: The LETSystem by Fred Mignone.......15<br /><br />"Chronicles of Floyd" by "Granny" DeLauney.......16<br /><br />Knife, Axe, and Saw: An Interview with Darry Wood.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />The Bear Clan.......22<br /><br />Poem by Lucinda Flodin.......23<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......24<br /><br />Webworking.......30<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern Global warming--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Forest Issues Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island Water Quality https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2f5c7a65526cf67e7320e0c5525d2492.pdf a25df4140491bff73a4b9d4c92436ab2 PDF Text Text ISSUE 23 SPRING 1989 $1.50 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS �~LJAHjOURNAL Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �THE PISGAH VILLAGE: A Window into Ancient Ways ..~..-··-·-···-"·-·- ··..·-----··-··-..··-......~.. ...... ·' - ....... - -......· -.. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways ..............! by Kim Sandland Planet Art in Katuah............................. 5 by Denise Newbourne The Green City as Thriving City.........8 by David Morris Poplar AppeaJ .................................... l 0 lJy Doug Elliott Written and Illustrated by Kim Sandland Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait... .... 13 by James Rhea "A New Earth" ................................... 14 by Jerry Trivette College as Community Resource .......16 by C.B. Squire Wild l ovely Days ............................... 18 Poems by Elizabeth Griffin Photographs by Gil Leebrick Natural World News..........................20 Reviews: Sacred Latu/ Sacred Se.x Rapuue of the Deep .....................23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age ............25 Drumming: Leuers to Kafllah ...........26 ''Sudden Tendrils" .............................28 a poem by Michael Hockaday Events Calendar................................32 Webworking .....................................34 On a low rise above the Catawba River there was a village .....Once, long ago, the village flourished ..... Flanked by magnificent forests, with mountains rising abruptly on the western side, it stood on floodplain soils, with fields and gardens enriched by seasonal deposits of sih..... lt has long since been abandoned. and now it lies underground, a ghost town enslirouded in the mystery of its demise.....Remains of posts in 1he ground delineate where homes once stood. cold heanhs contain fragments of roasted nuts and seeds and the bones of deer and small game animals.....Picces of hand-formed and decorated clay ea.nhenware. tempered with the sands of village paths, litter old floors .....When one stands in what was probably once the cemcr of the village, there is a pervasive aura of kindred association and the lingering question of why was this village abandoned by its rcsidcnls 600 years ago..... The old town has been named the Pisgah Village by mhaeologists presently excavating the Cn1awbn River site. Ken Robinson of Warren Wilson College and his field workers are only now uncovering the village, and it will be some time before a thorough picture of its rcs1den1s' wiy of life is pieced together. Excavation hns already taken months of work, and the project will continue through October of 1989. Laboratory study of the artifacts recovered from the site, photography. drawing, mapwork, and comparisons with other sites will take much longer. NOTE. The exact locOUO!t of the "Pisgah VI/Inge" article 10 protect tlit #le fro111 po.r3iblt di!.turlJanus before ucawJlion rs c:ompltttd. is 1101 11l•tlf 111 thU Archaeology allows us to reconstruct the lifeways of chose who lived here before us. II allows us to determine the distribution, availability, and use of natural resources by peoples of 1he past; climatic conditions; cultural, behavioral, and spiritual traditions and their material representations. Archaeological fieldwork can also tell us when - and possibly even why • such cultures dlsappeared. The Pisgah Village is one of thirty promising sites that were identified in McDowell County. North Carolina. Three of the sites were tested for future study, but this is the only one currently under inrcnsive study. The site is interesting. says Robinson, because of its location at the edge of the mountains on the boundary between 1 very differe nt wo geographical situations. This was not typical of late prehistoric settlements. The Pisgah village presents lhe first opportunity for study of what is possibly a definitive boundary between the ancestors of the Cherokee and the ances1ors of the Catawba peoples. whose culrurcs were evidently very differenL Anifac1s so far recovered indicate two occupations of I.he village sire - the first from about 500-1000 AD, the second from about 900·1500 AD. The focus of the current research is on the later occupation, says Robinson. He hopes to shed some light on why the Pisgah Village site was ab3ndoned. Widespread disruption of narive settlements throughout the Southeast occurred around 1450· l 550, and the dissipation of such (oonunucd on p:ige 3 �~LJAHjOURNAL ·- EDITORl AL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Will Ashe Bason Michael Red Fox Richard Lowenthal Rob Messick Christina Morrison Marnie Muller Kim Sandland David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scou Bird Manha Tree Jack Otaney John Creech Jay Joyce Marsha Ring Patrick Clark Chip Smith COVER by Rob Messick INVOCATION - a poem, •world.~ by Elizabeth Griffin PUBLISHED BY: Kauiah Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mow11ainecr Press WRITE US AT: Kail1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 !ELF.PHONE: (704)683-1414 D1vcrsi1y is an 1mport:tn1 elemcm of bioregional ecology, both nawrol and social. Tn line wath Iha~ principle, lhe KaJ1'ah Journal uics 10 ~e as a forum for the discussion ot regional Issues. Signed arucles e~rcss only lhe op111ion of the aulbors and arc not necesSill'il)' Ille opanions of the Karliah Jounw/ tduors or stnff. The lmcmal Revenue Servtce bas declared Kat11ah a non·pront organiza1ion under seer.ion SQl(cXJ) or Ille ln1cmnl Revenue Code. All conuibwions lO Katiiah are deductible from person.al income tl.it. tNVOC.ATWN the vJorld is as W9- are TH£ SOtll'HERN APPALACHtAN BJORECJON AND MAJOR EASTERN RJVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Herc m lhe souLhcm-most hcattlund of Lhc App:ilnchian mounuins, 1he oldest mounlllan range on our continetll, Turtle lslnnd; a small bu1 growing group h:is begun IO mke on a sense of responsibilhy for Ille implicau(ln.~ of lhl11 gcogr.tphicnl nnd culturol heritngc. This sense of responsib1li1y c:cnu:rs on lhe conccp1 of hvmg w11hin the ruuural ~ and bal3nce of universal sysiems Md pnllClJllcs. Wilhan dus circle we began by invoking Lhc Cherokee mime • K;u.Ualt' a.~ lhe old/new name for this nrca of the mouniains and for ii.s joU!Tllll as well The province is indicated by •L~ naUDUI boundarie$! the Ro:inokc Ri~cr Valley 10 the nonh; the foollulls of the piedmont area IO the cast: Yona Mount.am nnd lhc Georgia halls lO lhc :>0u1h: and the Tennessee Raver Valley to the west. TI1~ editorial pnootieli ror u:; arc t0 c:o!Ject and disseminate mfonnar.ion Md energy which pcrL'llllS specifically LO lllls region, nnd IO ro.u:r IJ1e awareness 1h:u 1hc land i~ a hvmg be.mg de$CMng of our love and rcspeeL Livmg in this manner is a way IO ansuro the su.~n:ibility of the bao.~phcrc and a la.rung placc for ourselves m 11.S continuing cvolutlonary process. We seem IO h3ve readied Ille fulcrum Point of a• do or die • si111t1tion m t.cnrn; of a quality standard of life for all living beings on !his planeL A~ a voice for lhc can:lakcrs or llus saarcd land. Kaniah. we advoc:uie a c:enlefed approach 10 Ilic cooccp1 of dccenlnlli1..otion. II is our hope 1 become a support sysicm for those acocpong lhe .0 challenge of SUStninabilhy and lhe creation of harmony and balance an a total sense, here an this place. We welcome all correspondence, critlcism, perunen1 infonnation, articles, an work, etc. with hopes th31 K.a.tWib will grow ID serve lhe best in1eres1S of lhis region and all us li11'11lg, breathing members. -The EdilOrS let us desire only that consciousness ,r Of life in which the cosmic will and the will to be are.,one Some of lhe K01iiah JourfllJ] Staff: (le1i IO right) Foreeround: Andy Ha!I-Bak.cr Middlr: David Wheeler, Mamie Muller, Rob Messick Standing: Will A.She Bason. Christina Morrison. Chip Smith, Rithiud Lowenlh3l. Lisa Franklin Sprt"'J, 1989 �(continued from page J) well-developed, thriving cultures has never been fully understood. Robinson feels lhat CJCcavauon of the Pisgah Village may lend some support 10 the theory that early Spanish explorers had a devastating effect on native aboriginal peoples. lt has long been surmised that Spa.nish explorers, led by Hernando De Soto and Juan Pardo among others, came up from the east and Gulf coasts through South Carolina and then inlMd to the Little Tennessee River. The routes of these explorers have lately been re-evaluated, however, and much evidence now indicates that they came along the eastern edge of the mountains ~ perhaps even as far east as the Catawba River. Some of the ac!ual records from the DeSoto and l>ardo expcdhions contain references to what are now believed to be villages in McDowell County. a hand in decimating these large animal populations. The burgeoning human population. unchecked by disease and nunurcd by abundance, reached a saturation point. The time from about 8,000 BC to I AD is called the Archaic Period. when human living took on a very different approach. In the woodlands the Archaic peoples hunted small game - primarily deer - fished. and collected plant foods. They were only seasonally nomadic, capitalizing on the migrations of animals, the spawning of fish, the maturing of nuts, and the flush of ripening benics. The people of the Archaic Period were efficient enough in their hunting and gathering that the search for food did not take up all of their time; they also pursued other endeavors. They made basketS and mats which have been found preserved in sites in the dry Southwest desen. They made hand-polished stone articles - some done very anistically, others left undecorated fo~ utilitarian use. Graves from the Archaic Period contain tools, weapons, red ochre (a pigment associated with ceremonies), beads, pendants, and dogs - all mcticulo_usly placed to accompany the dead into an aflcrhfe. Their stone hunting points were made with stems to be attached to sbaftS, an innovation from the time of lhc Palco-Indians. The earliest evidences of human occupation in the Southern Appalachian Mountains date from the Archaic Period. They consist of isolated find.~ of a distinct type of projectile point used for hunting - the Morrow Mountain type - dated to 4500 BC. The Woodland Period The Woodland Period of human habirotion The Spanish brought conflict and murder along wi1h their pack trains. They also brought Q.iseases - smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, and influenza - the likes of which the native population had not experienced on this continent. The Spanish, according to their own writings, burned villages, kidnapped and enslaved natives, abused the native cullure, and spread their imponed diseases. They formed trade alliances with some of the native tribes and introduced European materials. The full extent of the cultural and social disruption caused by the introduction of these trade goods is only now being realized. Robinson hopes that study of the Pisgah Village site will provide new links in the chain of undenaanding. extended from about I AD to 1600 AD. Three primary developmentS marked the transition from the Archaic to the Woodland cuhural iypes: · the development of pottery for cooking, storing, and transporting food and other items: - the cultivation of vegetable crops to supplement hunting and gathering: - and the first pcnnanent settlements. People of the Woodland phase settled in river valleys, where seed-bearing plants thrive. and became almost sedentary. cultivating native grains and then com. gourds, and squash as these crops were passed nonh from Mexico. Projectile poinis became smaller and more finely crafted. The bow and arrow replaced the spear and the dan. Woodland peoples traded across long distances. Mica from the Southern Appalachians and shells and fossilized shark's teeth from the coastal areas appear in archaeological sites throughout the southeast Burial practices continued the tradition of placing grave goods to accompany the dead. Some individuals were bwied in elaborate earth mounds, indicating some status or rank among their feUow villagers. Some of the Woodland Period peoples built tremendous carthworlcs for purposes that are still unclear to archeo-historians. They show a remarkable diversity, some being mathematically executed, others shaped like serpents. birds, and other figures. The full extent of some of these landscape sculptures was fully realiz.cd only after observers could fly above them. In some pans of the Southeast during the Woodland Period, clements of what is called "Mississippian culture" appeared. Mississippian culture was characterized by temple mounds (eanhworks which were the foundation for ceremonial centers). village) fortifLed with encircling palisades of stakes. copper tools and jewelry, and inrncruely designed ceremonial an. The v.intings of early European explorers of the 15th century describe palisaded towns with an ehtborate soctal development and material culture. (continued on JXl8C 4) The First People During the last lee Age a land bridge JOined Asia and Nonh America acrosi. chc Berin~ Strait. Many scientist:. believe that prehistoric people followed the large game animals into the new continent by this rou!e, and by the year 10,000 BC the first humans were well-established in both Nonh and South America. These Palco-Indian people. as they arc called. were nomadic hunters. They had no settlements, and the only evidences of their culture that have been round arc hunting weapons (stone spear points and darts), chipped stone knives, choppers and scrapers used for processing game meat and cutting wood, and animal bones thnt are evidence of their big game kills. By 8,000 BC the glaciers had retreated, and the climate became wanner. Many of the big game animals - species of horse. camel. rhinoceros, and bison not seen today. the great ground sloths and the woolly mammoth - became extinct on this continent Some scientists believe that humans had Spr~"'J. 1989 Ken Rotmisnn and visiring school class t!t.Omi1U! parrially ew1WJ1ed grid .fllUl1re OJ PiSgaJ1 Vi/Inge. Pho•o by Morme1 Mulltf �(col\Ullucd from p:ige 3) In the Southern Appalachians, lhis Mississippian tradition, borrowed from cuhural influences 10 the west is called "the Pisgah tradition" by arch~eologists. Peoples of the Pisgah tradition were the direct ancestors of the Cherokee. The Pisgah tradition of lhe late Woodland Period with its Mississippian influences, marks the pi~nacle of the cultural evolution of native peoples in the Southern Appalachians. Although some cultural traditions persisted until the rime of the Cherokee Removal, the native way of life was altered forever with the arrival or white explorers and seulers. Pottery fragments, called sherds, cons~ilute the majority of anifacts from the Warren Wilso11 excavations. Pottery vessels were fashioned from coils of clay, shaped and rounded. Some of the containers hnd handles or thickened runs and were tempered with sand before firing for extra s1rCng1h. Some were plain and undecorated, while others bore complica1cd panerns created by stamping the unfired vessels with carved wooden paddles. Cords or nets were also used lO l~ve fiber impressions in the wet clay, and des1~ns were also incised with small, sharp. marking tools. Plnin and decorated clay tobacco pipes have also been recovered, as well as small s1one and clay discs. believed to be counters or gamepieces. Also found were clay and soapstone beads and polished stone gorgeis. A hole was drilled into each of the ornaments so that it might be worn around the neck. The Pisgah rradition was a way of life which allowed individualized expression of talent and beliefs. During this phase livelihood was secure enough to allow time for artistic embellishment of functional tools. Carved soapstone bowls were made in sizes to hold from Relics AJong the Swannanoa The Pisgah tradition is best represented by archaeological discoveries made on the campus of Warren Wilson C-0llegc in Swannanoa in Kan'.iah. Artifacts found there preview what might be uncovered at the Pisgah Village site along the Catawba. The Warren Wilson site snw four penods of habitat ion by native peoples. The earliest occupation daies back nearly to the beginning of !he Archaic Period, The snc has been disturbed by erosion, dig~ing. and more recently by plowing. Disturbed sues are more dlfficull to interpret, because artifacts are misplaced, and feature.~ such as building foundations, heanhs and r::rosh pits are scauered. Despilc such disturbances, archaeologists have learned a great deal from the Warren Wilson site. No anifacts later than the Pisgah phase have been. recovered ~1 Warren Wilson. Its residents vanished someume 1n the mid- l600's and never returned. two quaris to 1wo gallons of liquid. Polished stone axes were found, some grooved to be anached to shafts, others designed to be hand-held. The excavation yielded monars and pestles of stone for grinding seeds, nuts, and drie(benies. and caches of red and yellow ochre and graphite used for paint pigments. The villagers who occupied the Warren Wilson site lived in rectangular dwellings. Over the years. the sunken posts rotted and left dark circular Stains in lhe earth, like perfect shadows. ghoslly visions of the past. The walls were Likely made of waule-and-daub, a mixture of clay and grasses. Mose of the dwellings were not within the village itself, but in outlying farmsteads. In lhe center of each house was a raised clay fire basin for warmth and cooking. The heanhs and the storage vessels buried nearby contained evidence of the foods these early people utilii.ed, among them hickory nuts, waJnucs, buuemuts, acorns, persimmons, maypops, grapes, bl~ck cherries. and chesmuts. There were also remains of com, squash, beans, and sumpweed, all of which were cultivated. Trash pits contained the bones of 30 species of animals, including bear, deer, bobcat, weasel, mountain lion, squirrels. turtles, snakes, frogs, and turkeys. From the distribution of foods, it is sunnised that the Pisgah (conbJlued oo page 24) EXCAVATION OF A PREHISTORIC SITE An archneological cxcavarion site is chosen because of the discovery of surface artifacts. because of a promising location that looks likely to yield evidence of occupation, or because th.e area is threatened by development or by destruction by vandals. Fieldwork begins with a surface collection of artifacts. Surface finds are ploued on a detailed map of the site, because their distribution may in itself reveal important information. The plow zone is scraped away and sifted through mesh screen 10 separate out any artifacts. Below the plow zone may lie a surface undisturbed by the activities of lauer-day humans. A grid of stakes and Jines is then laid out over the site, usually in a true nonh-south alignment, to correspond with grid l~nes mark~d on a site map. The area of each gnd square 1s usually one square meter. Soil samples may be taken with augers to determine distinct strata and/or the presence of hidden constructions or features (visible item which cannot be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory, such as house floors. burials, cooking fire pits, etc.). Selected grid squares may be excavated at random if the site is large. Small sites may be excavated entirely. Test excavations help 10 determine where to concentrate digging e!Tons. As the squares are excavated, the wall of each square 1s left intaCt m display lhe stratigraphy (visible layering) of the soil. Small layers, and sometimes whole strata, of soiJ are removed using shovels or trowels, and the exposed surface is levelled. M~terial from each level is sifted and soned. The an1facts recovered are bagged, labelled with their exact location in the soil stratigraphy. Soil samples are taken from each stratum 10 be examined in the laboratory. for even mJcroscop1c elements in the soil {such as pollen grains) may reveal information about the nora of the area and the climate (such 11s periods of drought and rainfall). Each exposed surface level is mapped and photographed, and details arc recorded in field notebooks. Features arc very carefully u~covcred ~s they appear in the strata. To d1~turb lh_e1r placement would be 10 destroy the rnformauon they contain. Small dental picks, 1ooth~:ushes, and even fine paintbrushes may be uuhzed to remove the soil from artifacL~ and features. Laboratory analysis of the artifacts. notes, maps, drawings. and photographs may take months, possibly years, of additional work once the fieldwork is completed. . Artifacts and features from each gnd and srratum and their relationships to the other finds through~ut the site, will reveal the lifeways of the people who once lived there - their t<?Ols,_ trades, rituals, subsjstence. An archaeologist literally delves into the relationship that ancient peoples maintained with the world around them. Archaeological fieldwork reveals details .of th~t relationship. It may te~ how lo~g lhat ~elauonship was sustained, and Dllgh1 possibly potnl to clues as to why it came to an end ;st:t' Sprtng, J!189 • �Art by Denise Newboume Dream f rQl}ment . •• Slt.e fell oslup that mghl and as she dre<uttM her spirit was luult'd through the long spiral tunnel and inII) till! scars. M1uri-dimtJtSional ribbons with Jhimmering citcu.ils drifted past aJ incompreJumsiblt spuds Slie realized she was in 1/ie center of the 1rwi.rplanetary in~rface, a place similar to a radio sroJibn w/ll!re lJfU! can nW'. into past <JNlfimue choices and possibilities for any piaMt, and/inc tune w tlic path ofgre01esr harmony. "Hmmm," she wondered, .,what can that p01h possibly be for the eartlrr Finding ow ~·as as simple as speaking the roMS that most corresponded with Earth's vihrationaljreqrumcy ar tlie prese111 tu~. No soonu had llll! said "John Wayne" than she fo1uld lu:rself in a lwlogram oftill! Earth. Her SU&Sitivc a.11ral rectpum M-Ve overw/11:/med a1fv.~t with an almost 1111/Jearablt colkaion of hurrlingferocities, terrified srreaming, and lrnpelt!Ss fwiliry. She re111(Ji/led calm, knowing from experience tll/Jl often tire jint reception ofsuch planets was the hardest lmagu of marching soldiers appeared before her, rows ofmen 1n unifonns, who turned on their heels and became long rows of ballerinas, all dressed in the same rum dolng rl~ uact SOllW hops and twirls while myriads of musicians all played variatwns of the SattU'! song. A smal I number of "others" hod them wrapped in strings, wl11ch the>• kept rig/rt, and twisted tfl/!nt this Wtl)' and tllDt, like puppets. Then she noticed thOl'-fand:. of beings sitting i11 tlie darkness.paralyzed The dancers and musicians wen' used to dii-en rheir anention from tll/!ir dl!.rperarely repres.ud condition. Then di/! Sct!nario began to change the people in darkness bt:gan to wake 11p and cw the strings. They swpped allowing tl.e cloned do.nurs and arrisrs to llypnoti:e them and started dancing tlll!mSelvts. Nor imuating any form, they simply followed wh1tre their own bodies led tht!ITI. The "official" artisu also stopptd their/~en.sh reprodJJJ:twnr ofprescribedforms long en1mgh w listen to the songs and dances from wid1itt They all begD11 listen.ing to and performing thdr own unique songs and danus. and helping otlll!rs learn tlll! s~. More and 1111>re strings were cw. and tlle ligliJ gr~ brigluer wilh t!llch ""e's gift of color. until of/ the beings became a mandala ofilrlerw<J\'tn harmony and beawy. Her anelllion tllrMd to a man in a belly dancers silks and veils, doing rhl sinuous, anciefll dance of binh She looked closer and saw it war .. John Wayfll!! "What a nice resolurilln," slie mused to herself. "It doesn't seem so hard looking at ft from oUlhere.·· "'do We are now witnesses to the ultimate dead-end created when reason attempt~ to dominate spirit, men to dominate women, science to dominate an. and "civilized" peoples ro dominate "'n:uive" ones. The5e are all external eumples of a fundamental split and sttuggle within e:ich of us. We have come so far from our primordial heritage of wholeness. that many of us arc at a los:. as to how to regain it We are still StrUggling to learn lhnt our fundamental problem is not any category of people. but the \'Cry existence of ~~teg~es.. 9ur problem ~s nOt science.~ power. not an, not ~pintuahty; n 1s the pcrcepuon of these tlnngs as sepanuc rather than facc1~ of a unified whole. ,\ key clemenr of the 1houglit sys1cm in which we perceive each Other ns lw lhan whole 1s the notion lhat some people arc creative and Olhm arc no1. Thi:. is extremely discmpowcring becllusc the power to cn.:.ltC is a cenrral attribute of divinity in all n:ligions. Thi~ c~tivc now from within provides us with 1he knowledge of our own power. b:iJance, and self-wonh. lf we believe that we do not have this rcgcnenitive power, then we promote scarcity for ourselves and others. So here we all nre amidst terrifying psychological scarcity collectively creaccd by the majority of the population who for one rcawn or another do no:i belie~ they arc creo.rivi- nnd powerful The planet cnn only a1wn the pence thut com~ from wholenes.~ when the beings who comprise it acknowledge •heir own and each others' wonh An. ai. we know 11 today. b a mirror for our plnnewy condiuon. There arc some people who do it. and they are n:vercd :is if they have something others do not. There is a funher dhtinction between "fine" an and "folk" an, with the unplicarion that fine an is somehow nobl~-r and better than folk., because it is non-funclionnl. TIUs 1s the alienating idea that an is only real if it is removed from the daily now oflifc. When a peoplCli: he.1.rlfclt. arti~ cxprcs.sion is_ lo;-t or s~tenurically extingu15.hcd, they begin to feel empty inside and often beccmc caught up in a funle effon to saiisfy themselves with utemal g~. 11us exu:mal grasping often IC3ds lO the phenomenon o! ~ictiveness The fact &tlat ~e !'ow ha~oe whole societie~ c:."pcncnang desperate levels of addlCtlOn :uid_ 1is a11endan1 destruction is a signal that it is ume forchoosmg to heal ourselves. One way we can do this is by tapping our unique expression~ and bl~ing ourselves llild the planet ~;th the creative energy that Oows from our spinL Our culrural definition of an needs to expand from the activiucs or an elite few to that or all people. Jose ArgueUes, in his latest book Surfers ofthe luvuya, provides such a definition: "You've all gott.t undcrsuind th:tt you're artists. Nothing fancy, but anists of life. anists of reality....Anything that's harmoniwl. that's an. This is an imponnn1 point ... since the planet's got to (conunllCld on PQ&ll 6) SJJrin9' 1989 ~ ~~~ - 1'.!'9'1 ~ y �be cleaned up and rehnm1omzed, there isn't any1hmg that isn't Planet An." With this kind of definition. an becomes intrinsic to the flow of life. \Ve are now beginning to realize that a11y expression that comes from our own spirits i'> valid, even if it docs not confom110 formerly prescribed ideas of'' an". To see an as a force for hnrmonizing our world is also to odd a higher di~s1on '?f social respon~i~ility to it. 111~. question "Will this conmbute to harmomzing our plam:t? becomes a standll!"d pan of the creative process, and an irnpon:mt criteria for whether or not 10 mar.ifest nn idea. Also integral 10 a holistic perspective is the understanding that an and science are not separate but are indivisible facets of a life-oriented culture. This understanding would ~1e a much-needed ~1al . . responsibility for everyone m all areas of human producuvny What exactly is Planet An? It is about reclaiming our concept of an to encompass all forms of exchange with our world. An is the language our species has used to communicate with the universe for thousands of years. Primitive an focussed on the intimate relationship of a tribe to it~ particular homeplace and all of its inhabitants. Now our homeplace has become the entire planet and beyond...aod our an has begun to rcllect this reality. Planetary an is a conscious awareness of the whole Life community in which we participate and a strong intent to . hannonize with it. lt is vital to our species' survival that we shift to this more active engagement and interplay with the universe. Jn this way. the many facets of our reality become intimately woven toget.hcr...our own interior world, our human cultural communiry, our planetary life community and the rest of the universe. How does the Harmonic Convergencu fit in with all this? Broadly speaking. the purpose of the Converge.nee wa.s 10 reactivate our ay, an:ness of the earth as a consc1ou~ b<:ang and to pro-.idc a time to rcatlirm our choice to co-create with her. Those who consciously made that cho1ce at that umc are the people Arguelles is now calling the "Eanh Force". By next year, Arguelles feels that this Earth Force will begin to manifest itself as a global and cultural phenomenon. He also feels that all need 10 move in a much more direct, mobilized way. By the second anniversary of Hannonic Convergence, he sees the opponunity for a Rainbow Peace Event. That would signal that the Campaign for the Earth has coalesced and bonded enough in the underground to begin 10 manifest as an alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations moving in concen to take measures int0 our own hands. When I think of "art camps" and the "alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations", the bioregional movement comes to my mind. We are a ready-made resource of diverse people who are awan: of the Earth's aliveness and are choosing to assist with her healing process. Karuah is a very supportive communuy for Planet An, and a strong network is already fom1ing. Here are some examples of Planet An going on inKatuah... Heart Dance Pat Sharkey, who lives in Floyd, Virginia, makes beauoful jewelry from crystals and stones. One lhing she has learned from working with crystals is that our own bodies operate in a similar way ... that is, they can be programmed, and they amplify energy. These conceptS have inspired her to create ways for an and science to become pans of a whole... through sacred dance. "Dance is like a gridwork, a system of conduction," she iold me. "By encompassing tones, using our bodies as conductors by arranging them in specific geometric configurations, employing corresponding herbs and stones, and consciously utilizing the energy gridwork of Icy lines on the planet, we can attune oarselves to move any specific energy through, and use it for healing." This kind of work could be done at key sites alJ over the eanh ...those places that amplify energy as well as those in need of healing. She Stressed the impon.nncc of a disciplined preparation of daily meditation for at least a month before coming together to do sacred dance. "The more preparation, the clearer the channel, the more juice we all reccive...the more we personally understand -something, the more authentically we can put it out to others." One way that planetary art is manifesting is through networking. Jose Arguelles, one of the key figures in the 1987 Harmonic Convergence, helped to found The Planet An Network in 1983. According to Arguelles. it is far too late for anything else save for artists, from all medias, 10 converge and produce inter-media performance rituals and other forms of planet art. He feels that these performance rituals should be simulcast via satellite to as many cities as possible to raise the consciousness of humanity. He sees this as a higher purpose of our extensive system of mass communication. When we are able 10 liberate this media system from the forces of fear and domiruuion we will have an incredible tool for dispersing immediate visions of peace. Astrologer Amero Alli envisions "the emergence of multiple 'art camps' ...clusters of resonant core groups dedicated to varied forms of planet an." Again.. the indicauon is that this an js a grassroots, collective phenomenon. Some of the elements for such activities could be music, dnnce, comedy, drama and sign language, combined with visual an. lighting, costumes. holograms. crystals and audience participation. There is no limit lO the possibilities! Drawing by Sbe.IJ Lodge The example she gave is for a Hean Dance, in which men and women would come together nnd fonn into a Star of David ...men forming one triangle, women the other. Rose quru:ii; would be in the center. Pora month beforehand each pamcipant would have spent time meditating daily on healing between men and women. They would then come together in meditation and symbolic movemenrs. and allow their energies to interact for the purpose of healing. The same concept can be used with any symbol, for any healing purpose, anywhere on the planet. Groups could begin travelling 10 other countries f~ the expres.s purpose of performing sacred dance there to amplify the energies of hannony and healing. "This is a way we can utilize all the systems we've learned - astrology, numerology, the tarot...and combine them in perfonnance through our bodies. High technology has become so overspecialized that no one can see the whole anymo.rc. By using our bodies as holographic componenis we are going back to lhe source of all recbnology...our inner beings." Pat is interested in organizing an Earth Dance gathering, and in exchanging inspiration and info with others interesled in this idea. Her address is P.O. Box 606, Aoyd, Virginia, Kaulah Province 2409 l. SprLf19, 1989 �Orandmottu A planetary art exhibit ... The popular Gmndmothc:r band in Asheville, North Carolina is a group tha1 is already doing visionary planet an. The group is composed of four women who each play several different insD"Uments and sing h:innonics 1ogelhl'r. They arc a visual, muhi-me<lia band. incorporating inro !heir performances creative movement, sign language. masks, costumes. acting and comedy. Their inclusive approach 10 music provides an enthusiastic vision of peace. leaving nudiences with a tremendous feeling of satisfaction. l talked with Deb Criss. one of 1he founding members of Grandmother, on her thoughts about Pl:lnet The People of Lhc One Song UV!NG ART F!Xll/B!T An. Her inspiration for Grund mother crunc to her when she was visiting lhe pyramid sites at Palenque. Mellico. She sa1 for long periods of time in the part of the complex that had been the Mayan's theatre. There :;he had visions of "blending ri1ual art into a music concert with respect to 1he four elemems and a ~ensc of oneness with 1he eanh, using costumes and masks. and finding ways io reach ou1 and dec~se 1he distance be1wecn audience and performers.'' ''The original vision l had was for an intentional way of doing a show, beginning by smudging the area, a group prayer and quie1 rime of positive thought We could then play with 1oncs, color, and lights, blended with modem-day music 10 induce frequencies tha1 unify heart, will, and higher mind. People of1en become uncomfonable when things are quiet, sacred, and serious for 100 long, so comedy is also an important part of our shows." Grandmother is very community orienled ... at one of their shows !his past fall four women joined 1he show for theatre and signing. One of them was an 89-year·old woman from Waynesville, the "honored Grandmother" of the evening. "I feel 1hat i1's important 10 in1cgra1e all ages, so that we all have a fuller understanding of the circle of life," said Criss. Their group is a dynamic process of consensus, and chooses to be open to additional aclS (with prior pl!lnning) being part of the show. "Grandmother is the ancient spiri1 of the winds Lhrough lime that speak through the earth to all people ... if s..meone feels that inner voice speaking through them. it is good 10 claim it and find a way to express ii. We hope 1hat Grandmother is a catalystic agent to inspire others 10 do this." For more information about Grandmother, call Deb Criss at (704) 253-4831. Contact Improvisation Also going on in Asheville is the quie1 revolution of Contact Improvisation, a newly arising dance form. Its emphasis is on releasing individual and group creativity through spontaneous movement rather than following a specific 1echnique or choreography. More than traditional dance forms, Contact relies heavily on suppon and cooperation among the dancers. II strengthens both the "I" and the "we" because the movements come from one's own center as well as being shaped by one's interactions with the other dancers. It's a way for 1 physical body to learn he trust. •. in a literal fashion, through physical imerac1ion. rn Contact, there are no wrong steps or movemcn1s---1here is only more or less fiowing, depending on how relaxed, trusting, and sensitive the dancers allow themselves 10 be. Contact is also p:utidpatory rather th:m perfoml!lnccorlented. fl is primarily an expenence for the d:lncel'li instead of for an audience. The movemenlS spring from deep v. ithin and nre a continual source of surprise, even 10 1he dancers This makes 11 nlJ the more dynamic to Y.itness. Audience and dancers are brought together llS both expcnence in different ways the everchanging now of movement coming from spiri1 into form. Leigh Hollowell and Christina Morrison are co-1e.'lching the first Conmct Dance class in Asheville. Chrisuna had auendcd a Dance New E11gland Conmc1 ln1ensivc la.~1 summer and rerurned home excited 10 share this fonn with others. She immediately began teaching friends in Celo and talking with Marnie Muller abou1 the possibility of a regional Dance Kn11"1Ji. Spring, 1989 (continued on pago 29) Who are the People of the One Song? They are ILf a1ul nwre ...They are inspiratian ... />a.rt 14ah.ng into furure ..Funue leaking into past. We invite rlrem into prese111 being ro help us remember rite word.f to The One Song Singing in rite liearrs and mitids ofall Earth's People. Tile People of rlie One Song is an art exhibit centering on the clay pottery faces and masks by artisl/poner Jane Avery-Grubel. The faces, strikingly adorned with beadwork, .shells, and feathers by artiM Jeri Dewey, represent a culture of people dr:Jwn from archetypal memory of natural tribal living. and from the vision of a futuri.~1ic tribe we may become. Out of lhe faces have come stories, written by local poet Colleen Redv.onun, tha1 1ell of the uibe's dreams, ri1uals. roles. and relationships. The exhibit will also fua1ure many local crafts people's works such as baskets, jewelry. clothing, musical insuurnents, pottery and herbs that v.ill repre~ent the tribe's anifacts of everyday living and celebration. The People ofThe One &mg is a \ision of a tribe leading resourceful, crea1ive, peaceful lives in relationship with the Earth and each other. The concept is an expression of 1ime transcending--a merging of pa~r. pn:o;en1, and future 10 cn:ati: a cuhure of our wildcs1 d~a~...one that may have been...could be. The artists involved sec Thr People nf'The o~ Snr.g as a modcl....''Through art we can nffirm a fuum: that i~ noc so dependent on modem 1echnology. Most c~cry1h1og cxhib11ed can be made, grown, or found m na1ure 111e show is a ·work in progress that we are continually crra1ing and recreaung, jus1 as we create our every day rc;tli1y. It's like opening our minds and doing an archeolog1cal dig into 1hc: future." Open through April 1989 at Old Church Glllery. M:un Street. Floyd, Virginia, Katuah Province 24091. For more infonnation or to schedule additional gallery engngcments: _-~ (703) 7-i5-4849 or 745·3316 ~ e • "-I ... >Can.ah Jourrnal pCMJe 1 �THE GREEN CITY AS THRIVING CITY Implications For local Economic Development by David Morris This April, David Morris ofthe I nstiture for Local Self-Reliance will be the key1Wte speaker for the WNC Environmental Summit '89. Here is an article from the conriner110/ bioregionat publication Raise the Stakes that highlighis some ofhis thoughrs. In discussing the greening of ciLies. one is reminded of Lhe slogan Lhat the French s1udents used in 1968. On their posters they said "all that we want to change is every1hing," which comes from that famous ecological dictum, "everything is connected to everything else." When we pull a thread, we may in fact unwind a sweater. The 1wo fundamental assumptions underlying the way we've designed our communities nre the assumptions of cheap energy and cheap disposal cosis. Jn constant dollars, a barrel of oil that cost five dollars in 1910 cost a little over a dollar in 1965. The cost of lhrowing away a ton of garbage remained preuy much the same from 1900 to 1960. We could lherefore ignore lite operating inefficiencies and wastes of the systems that we developed. Cities reflect that inefficiency and waste. Our cities are dependent creatures. A city of 100,000 people impons 200 tons of food, I 000 tons of fuel and 62,000 ions of water a day, and dumps 100,000 tons of garbage and 40,000 tons of human waste a ye:ir. We've accepLed long disaibution systems as the price we pay for progress and development. Jndeed, we've elevated separation to Lhe status of vinue and internalized those principles into our way of thinking about our local economies. J was recently reminded of how much we take 1ha1 state of affairs for granted when Twas in a SL Paul, Minnesota res1auran1. After finishing lunch. 1 got a toothpick, and of course all toothpicks now have an obligatory plastic wrapper. The word Japan was primed on the wrapper. Now, I thought to myself, Japan has no wood, bur it has been considered economical 10 take pieces of wood and send them LO Japan, wrap them in plastic and send lhe whole thing back: 10 Minnesota. Thal toothpick embodied 50,000 miles within it. Well, not to be outdone, Minnesota just set up a fac1ory. Ir's producing chopsticks and it's sending them to Tokyo. This brings to mind an image of two sh1ps passing each other in lhc Pacific, one carrying lildc pieces of wood from Japan to the United States, and the other carrying linle pieces of wood from the United Slates to Japan. That is economical only if one acceplS the twin assump1ions noted at the outset - those pillars upon which our economic system has been established. This impon-expon paradigm is the way our economy runs. It is also the way our waste economy runs. Washington, D.C., for instance, was becoming overwhelmed by its. hum:in wastes, and paid a consulWlt $150,000 to come up with a solution. He suggested they barge them to Haiti. That recommendation was approved by D.C., but Haiti vetoed lhe idea. Haiti decided though they'd been offered the wastes of the c:apiLal of the Frtt World, they preferred nOL to be shat upon. The integrated planetary economy was supposed to make us more secure, but has it? Global trade expands and so do planetary tensions. For example, developing counaies arc now exporting more and more food to the developed counaics to eam the hard currency necessary to repay debts that they incurred primarily to build up their expon indusaies. lndusaial development and utilizacion both have increased. The developed counaies are in an inlCTesting protecrionis1 free trade dance, a pas de deux of late planelruy economics. in which each country tries desperately to preserve ac lease some amount of ils sovereignty and its productive assets. at the same rime trying not to interfere with free trade and the mobility of resources. Capilal has become the lubricant for the planetary economy, the grease that lets the planetary machine functioo. We fervently believe lhat capital should flow at least as freely as raw maLerinls and products. Last year 20 times more currency was iraded than was needed to underwrite world trade. We are more reluctant to embrace the unimpeded rnobili1y of the third factor of production: labor. But we're inching up to it Six months ago the Council of Economic Advisors recommended abolishing all barriers LO migration in order t0 improve the economy. JC.cu .(ui.h ) o"rnal. p~ 8 We've lost sight of the underpinning of a society - lhe sense of community. Mobility is not synonymous with progress. Weve ignored Benjamin Franklin's advice: those who would trade independence for security usually wind up with neither. We have made tha1 crade and in the process have become an increasingly dependent and insecure people. But now the rules have changed. Cheap energy and cheap disposal are no longer available. Despite the recent drop in oil prices, lhe cos1 of energy has risen more than 1000 percent in the last 15 years. Disposal costs have risen even more dramatically. In 1975 it typically cost about three to five dollars to dispose of a ton of garbage. Today in the U.S. it costs between $30 and $50 to dispose of that ton of garbage. In 1970, to dispose of a barrel of hazardous waste cost berween $5 and $10 a barrel •• although most companies just spilled ii on the side of the road. Today, to dispose of hazardous waste costs abou1 $300 a barrel, and for many companies the disposed hazardous wasce now has a legal liability attached to it that is po~ntiallyenormous. What's imponant to note about these price changes is that they have changed not because or the real world exhaustion of supply, but because of a change in political a1tirude. The rising price of oil did not occur because oil began running out, but because OPEC artificially limired the supply. The cost of W3SlC disposal did not rise because we suddenly ran out of dump space but because communities, by establishing new disposal rules, anificially limited the supply. We consciously and willfully changed the cost of doing things the traditional way. One of lhe enduring legacies of the environmental movement is that it bas managed to begin to move the price of doing things to the cost of doing things. The price is what an individual pays; the cost is what the community pays. Let me give you a specific example of price versus cost Rock salt is used 10 de-ice roadways. lls price is very cheap: one to rwo centS a pound. There is at least one alternative to rock salt, made out of plant mau~: calcium-magnesium acetate. It can be produced a1 present for abou1 20 cents a pound · 10 to 20 times more than rock salt. That's ilS price. However, rock salt has some problems. It corrodes the undcrbody of cars, it corrodes bridges, and ill New York City, Coosolidnted Edison has found that it causes a great many problems in the electrical supply system which runs through the sewers. Sprlf\9. 1989 �Sewer water, c1111yi11g dhsulved rock sah. can corrode insulation and lay bare wires. A neoprene gas can be genmued and if a spark occurs. an explosion can send manhole CO\et'S flying. By one estimate Consolidated Edison spends S75 million to n:pa.ir damage caused by rock sah. Thu's part of the cost of roclc salt. Another cost is polluted groundwater and the devastation of vcgetntion. New York S!Atc has made an informal esumate that the acruaJ, internalized cost of rocl salt is 80 ccnlS a pound. Which de-icer should you buy? The individual is unt1warc: of this cost. It is the n:sponsibility of the community 10 make price and cost similar. Even though the rules have changed, we haven't yet adopl.Cd a new paradigm, a new way of organiting our knowledge and our information. One of the principles of that new paradigm should be to extract the mnximum amounl of useful work ecologically possible from the local resource base. Thar sounds like a very modest proposal, but it has profound repercussions. As we begin to obtain more and more u~ful work, we (ind thnt we've begun to be more and more self-reliant and self-conlll.incd. ls self-reliance economical? Whnt do we mean by eoooornics? Whnt do we value in our economic system? Those who praise the global economy and trade as the underpinnings of our economic henlth invariably point to the benefits of comparnrive advantage and just 11s invariably point to the example of bananas. Surely local self-reliance docs not mean raising our own bananas in the United States when the clirruue 1s so much more favorable in Guatemala. Il may be cheaper to impon those bananas. once again, depending on what the price is versus the cost. Bananas that come from Central America cooie from countries that do not pennit unions. arc produced by companies that do not pay any iaxcs, and are grown by production methods that have no environmenta: regulations. I submit that if you ca.lcuhued the number of dollars that have been spent by the Unil.Cd Sratcs in military intervention in Central America, and dh'ided by the number of bananas that 11.rC imponed into the United States, you would find that it's very costly co tmpon bananas rather 1h:ln 10 grow them you~lr. When we look at c<:onornic signals, we need ro look at them in a holistic sense. first, we arc leamio&, as our s)",\tems get ever larger, tlw the downi.hle rhks get com:spondingly gru.icr. Twenty years ago when we wked about a cau1strophe, it meant a flood or an earthquake. Today when we talk about a catastrophe we mean the end of the ozone layer. the end of the human species. Local self-reliance also has a downside risk: you could try '>Omething and it might not work. but the risk Is modest. Second, locnl self-reliance leads to a diversity of cxpcnmenmion. As communities experiment with differcn1 technologies, we advance on the learning curve. Third, local sclf-reliBnCe by definition reduces pollution by improving efficiency. Fourth, local sclr-rcllancc Is economical because It recycles money internally for more productive purposes that would otherwise have to be spent on maintaining the system. A crude estimate that r made recently :;uggcstcd that 15 years ago the United States was spending between one and three percent of its overall income for system maintenance and cleanup. Today we're spending almost 15 percent of our income fOI' that purpo~. And finally. an advan1.1gc of local self-rcli.tncc is that we begin 10 channel our ingenuity into developing new bodies of knowledge that may be appropriate 10 a world that is in a vef} dlITcn:nt cond1tioo. The technologies that we're developing 1n North America, for example, art technologies appropnatc to ruuions that arc resource· rich and pcople·poof. But ISO percent of the world's popufauon li\lcs in countries that 31C rc~·poor nnd peoplc·nch. ff you try 10 make the United State~ !>Clf-~ufficicnt or sdf·reli:mt, the technologies you develop tO do so will be neither appropnaic nor comp:inble wnh the needs of dc\•eloping nat.tons.. Bui if you move towazd m:tking our tknsely populated and rcsou~-short cities sclf·rcliant the i«hnologicsdcvc:lopcd \I.Ill be appropnate to a resource-poor 1.1.orld. The kno1.1. lcdge generated can become a fll!ljor export commodity. But the pnmary benefit or local sclf·rcliancc J~ not economic; it's psychological and ~oc1nl. II improves decision nuldng because the costs or the decision fall on the smne community. We do not separate the productive process over long.dhtllllC~ Psycho.logicall)'. we improve the setf-<XX1fidencc 11nd socunty of our commuruues. We begin to miniaturize the economy. h means achieving v.hat Fritz Schumacher, one of the great cconomim of our time, dreamt of: local productton tor local markets from local rcsourct$. SprU\9• 1989 ls that theory or is that pr3Cticc? ..yeu: it rums out that in ~c scrap metaJ industry, the scale of producuon IS much smal~ than 111 the raw matcrittls industry. The best ex.ample J know of is 1he steel industry, where the newest technology is called the mini-mill. They used to be called neighborhood mills. but the industry decided t.h:u that would rais.c the image or Mao 1.e-<long's backyard fumaus. aod they didn't feel this was good advertising. Miru-mills use 100 percen1 scrap, and arc very sm:all- 200.000 tons a year average produc1ioo. A raw ore-based, vcnically integrated steel mill produces between two and three million ions a year. The healthiest. fastest-growing pan of the steel indu~try is based on scnp that comes from regional matb:ts and products often sold regionally. Another example 1~ the chemurgy movement, created SO yean ago by scienlisti-. from around the world concerned with using the then-large agriculrural surpluses lb mdustrial products. In 1932. the ltalian ambass3dor 10 Oreat Bnlllin arrived at the coun of St James dressed in a sun made or milk. That is, Italian scientists had discovered how to weave the casein in milk into clolhes. Tn 1941, Henry Ford, a devotee of the chemurgy movement, unveiled his biological car. The car body was made or soybeans. lhe fuel came from com, and the wheels were made of goldenrod. The soybean plastic body weighed hlllf as much as a steel-bodied car, so the car was more fuel·eflic1cnt. lf you dented it modestly, the dentS could be knocked back out. The C11r was wanner in the winter and (COISinuoj ... pq• lO) Green C ily 11 How-To 11 Mnnual---Just Published! "Cities need to be<ome more 'green'. They must be transformed illtu places that are life-enhancing an<l regenerarfre." • PelCr Berg <:rr~a Ci11 as a "how-to• m~nual (Of mdlv1<tUllts and O(JJ.n11AllOns antcmo1ed an a :iuswnablc future. tis intnl3C i.s &hat urban att.aS Cllll Cl.isl lunnonlou\I)" with na111nll 1ysu:im • :md 111nctudca bolb practical mid visL;xury :aw1tcut1on1 lh11I •re uppllc•btt 1;; ny ci17 or 1ino11. lbcte ts also 1 ~ 1ts11ng of volllllUlet o.:uv11a with i:lc:a. llbout gctllftS: wried and womns 0 IO'll<-.ds D £n'C1)" fuwrc. • URBA."' Pl.Af.ilNG • SMARTTRASSPORTATIO' • SUSTAIN"BLEPLA,~'t'l!O • RF.l'>'E\\'ARl.ll E.''ERGY • l'."EIOHBORHOOD CHARAC'rnR AND li."IPOWERM£.'lol • RECYCUNG Al'tl> REUSE • CE.l..EllRATtNG l.IF'E·l'L-\C'F. VITA.Un' • IJRBA.'J WILD HABITAT • SOC'tAU.Y RF.SPONSIBLE SMALL BUSINESSES ANO COOP'ERATIVE.S 'Tbe CrttD C117 Proi:nam 11 1V111bblc d1tcc1ty from Pbru:l Drum Foundation for S7 f'CISIP.1ld Mcmben ol lbc Foundation =eh-cu free aloag with lbc hl·annu.:11 ne11;1p;pcr lfluu tM Suills llld Olhcr public:atiol\1 for ~i: yearly membership rec Sl5. Thta llddtc.ss Is PIAnet Drum FoundaUon, Boit 31251, Son 1'111nt11COCA 9413t �POPLAR APPEAL written and illustrated by Doug Elliott W hen I tell northerners Lhat 1 built my house almost entirely of poplar, including the framing, rafters, interior panelling, and exterior siding, they seem confused. When I go on to say that there arc a 101 of old log cabins in 1hc Carolina mountains built from large poplar logs. they look a1 me like I'm crazy. I'm finally learning that to a nonhcmer, the word "poplar" refers to the aspens and other related trees whose wood is light, soft. and vinually useless for house construction. After a bit more discussion, we finally ge1 our terminology straightened out, and I get the response, " Oh, you mean 'tulip tree'". Yes, this magnificent tree has many names and even more uses. It is not a crue poplar, but was so named because iis leaves are attatched to its branches by long petioles (or leaf stems) that allow the leaves to move m the breeze in a manner not unlike that of a quaking aspen. The tulip poplar is actually in the Magnolia family . ' l ts scientific name, Liriodendron tulipifera, translates roughly to m~ "tulip-bearing lily tree". This is a fitting name for the ttee because itS flowers look like a combination of a tulip and a lily. They are a light greenish yellow and each of the six petals has a blaze of orange at its base. OUJ ofa giant tulip tree A grem gay blossumfalls on me; Old gold andfire iu petals are. Ir flashes like a/al/Ing swr. - Maurice Thomas A large tulip poplar lit up wilh hundreds of these large, cup-like blooms in spring is a magnificent sight indeed. The tulip poplar is the king of the magnolia family. 11 is considered to be the tallest hardwood tree in North America. In the old forests of the southern Appalachians il has been known to attain a height of 200 feet with a straight ttUok 1en feet in diameter and clear of branches for eighty to one hundred feet . The largest tulip poplar on record is the "Reems Creek Poplar" in Buncombe County. It was I98 feet 1all with a ttunk IO fcec I I inches in diameter four feet above the ground. When it was burned in April.1935, it was believed to be the largest tulip poplar in the world, possibly over a thousand years old. "But despite the splendor of its dimensions. there is oothing overwhelming about the Tuliptree, bm rather something joyous in ilS springing straightness, in the candle-liU blaze of its sunlit flowers, in the fresh green ofus leaves, which being more or less pendulous 011 long slender sralks, are forever IW'ning and rusrling in the slighres1 breeze; this gives the tree an air ofliveliness, lightening iJS grandeur. So even a very ancieltl tUlip tree has no look of tld abou1 It, for not only does it make a swift growth in youth, but in maturity it maintains itself marvelously free of<kcay. This look of vitality comes partly from the vivid paleue from which tire Tullptree is colored. The flowers which give it 1/Us name are yellow or orange a t base, a liglu greenish shade above. Almost as brilliant are the leaves when they first appear, a glossy, sunshiny pale green: they deepen in tint in summer, and in awwnn tum a rich, re1oicing gold. Even in winter the tree is still flOt UJllldorned.for the .•.cone remal'ns, candel/Jbrum f as/Uon, erect on r/le bare twig ...(1111Iil) all the seeds have.fallei1." - DoNJld Culross P~ Each of the seed cones 10 which Pcauic refers can produce l 00 or more seeds. Each seed is located a1 the end of a blade-shaped wing, called a samara, which keeps it airborne. On windy days 1hcse seeds whirl like tiny helicopters and are dispersed over great distances. Because they are released gradually all through the winter, the seeds arc important to wildlife. They are ca1cn by many kinds of birds as well as by squirrels, chipmunks. and other small rodenlS. On a bright snowy day rwo friends cross-countty skiing in the Pisgah National Forest were surprised to see a white-footed mouse scampering all over I.he snow, so busy collecting and devouring freshly shed tulip poplar seeds that ir seeme~ eomple1cl y unaware of their presence. Old Uses Indians had many uses for the rulip poplar. Us.ing fire and stone tools, they carved dugout canoes out of large straight sections of the ttunks and taught pioneer se1tlers the an. One of the first accountS of this was in 1590 in Thomas Harriot's brief and true report of the new-found land of Virginia: " ... rite irrhabitams that were neere 10 us doe comrtlQnly make tlleir boars or Canoes of the fomi oftrowes (troughs), only with the helpe of fire , ltarcl~IS of stoMS and shels; we have known soml! being so great ...tluu they have carried well XX men at once besides much baggage· 1/ie timber being greor, ta/, streight, soft, lig/11, & yes tough ...". Captain John Smith in 1612 reported canoes large enough to hold 40 men. Daniel Boone made such a canoe 60 feet long, capable of carrying five tons. Into it he loaded his family and all their possessions and in 1799 they floated from Kentucky down the Ohio River and on into what was then Spanish territory. The tree is still known as "canoewood" in some areas. Poplar blossom time is very important to beekeepers. The poplar is one of the most dependable sources of nectar in the Southeast The yield of nectar per bloom is possibly the highest of any plant on the continent and has been calculated at an average of 1.64 grams - or about one third of a teaspoon - per flower. During a favorable season, poplar nectar is secreted so abundantly that honey bees and other insects cannot carry i1 away as faSt as it appears. Sometimes one can feel the nectar dripping down like a gentle sticky rain when sranding under a blooming wlip tree in a light breeze. (People who park their shiny new cars under tulip trees often complain about this.) Because the poplar blooms early in the season, many honeybee colonies are not strong enough 10 fully utilize the abundance. For StrOng hives, however, harvesLS of 100 pounds of hooey per hive have been recorded during just the three week poplar bloom. The honey is dark in color and is sometimes called Spf'tn9. 1989 �"black poplar honey". When held up to the light, however, it can be seen tha1 it is actually a deep amber-red in color. Though it is not as light as locust honey nor as sought-after as sourwood honey, it has a rlch full-bodied flavor that can sweeten fruit salads, yogurt, tea, and other beverages. Poplar honey goes well on pancakes, waffles, cereal, biscuits, cornbread, and other baked goods. Rarely a day goes by that I don'1 eat some. If you want the ultimate tulip-poplar-tasting experience, sip the nectar straight from the flower like the bees do. You need to find a freshly opened blossom within reach. Pick or lower the blossom carefully without josrling it. Then lick. the drople1s on the inside of the petals, and taSte tha1 ambrosial Sometimes the nectar collects in a puddle on one of the lower sepals. If the air has been warm and dry, the nectar will often be thick like syrup. After one taste, you will know you have imbibed the nectar of the gods! In European gardens the tulip poplar is one of the favorite "exotic" American ornamental shade trees, and it has been so for mOTC than 300 years. In fact, the tulip poplar was first described botanically in 1687 from a specimen that had been brought from the New World and was growing in an English garden. In the early part of the 18th century John Lawson, Surveyor-General of North Ol.rolina, reponcd a hollow tulip poplar "wherein a lusty Man had his Bed and Household Furniture, and lived in it till his labor got him a more fashionable MMsion." Of course the senler's "more fashionable mansion" would probably have been no more than a log cabin made of tulip poplar logs. There is many an old tulip poplar log cabin still standing today and new ones arc still being built Using Poplar Lumber The first significant cutting of poplars in the new world was by settlers who were clearing ground for farming. They knew that where the tulip poplars grew, the soil was the richest. Today this still tends to be true. Ginseng hunters look for stands of tulip poplars when SC'Jnning distant mountainsides in search of the moist soil that characterizes good ginseng habitat lt was not until two decades after the Civil War, when the r:>ilroads began 10 penetrate the rugged mountainous areas of the Southern Appalachians, that the huge poplars and other southern hardwoods were harvested. In those days only trees over 30 inches in diameter, each yielding more than 400 board feet in lumber, were accepl.ed at the mills. In some areas tulip poplar grows in almost pure stands. In 1912, a tract of land near Looking Glass Rock in Transylvania County yielded 40,000 board feet of tulip poplar lumber per acre. Nowadays loggers are pleased IO get 10,000 board feet per acre. Foresters call tulip poplar a hardwood because it is a broad-leafed tree, like oaks and maples. Pinc, fir and other conifers arc called softwoods. The wood of tulip poplar however, is as soft and workable as white pine. Because the extensive heanwood is a yellowish tan in color, it is known as "yellow poplar" in the lumber business. The sapwood is creamy white and has been used as interior panelling. When used in this capacity, i1 has been called "whirewood". Because of its lighmess and strength. ii is used for boxes and crates. Yokes for oxen were often made from tulip poplar, because it was so easily carved. lt was one of the favorite materials for building aircraft in the days when airplane bodies were built of wood. Poplar wood has the ability to return to its normal shape after being compressed under great pressure. This property accounts for the wood's popularity for building barrel bungs. Poplar lumber is used extensively in the furniture-making industry. Its porosity and ability to take glue makes it an ideal core upon which to glue fine wood veneers, and, because it talces a polish beuer than any orher native wood. poplar wood is itself often used as a veneer. Kiln-dried yellow poplar wood makes a good framing lumber for house construction. It is moderately lightweight, yet stronger than spruce, fit; or white pine. Unlike the whole poplar logs used in cabin construction. milled, dry poplar lumber has little tendency to split when nailed. The Nonh Carolina Building Code accepts graded poplar lumber as a framing material. However, it has been infrequently used in recent years because of the.abundance of low cost softwood timber, such as Douglas fir and spruce, shipped in from the western Sl4tes. As the supply of western softwoods decreases. tulip poplar may come back into more common use. Dead and Rotting Wood Tulip poplar is also valuable when dead and rotting. The stumps decay quickly and provide an ideal habitat for various wood boring beetles. These beetles and their larva are one of the favorite foods of the majestic pilca1ed woodpecker (often called "wood hen" by mounroin folks). The pileated woodpecker is so named because of its brilliant red crest. It 1s our largest woodpecker. almost as big as a crow. These and other woodpeckers regularly visit decaying tulip poplar. and some people purposely cut poplar slumps high or use the Jogs in gn:rden beds near the house in order to artmct them. Dead tulip poplar is also the favorite growing medium for cenain fungi. most notably the delec1nble oyster mushroom (Pleurorus osrrearus). Oys1er mushrooms arc one of my favorite 'Aild mushrooms. l learned to identify them by Clll'Cfully studying them in mushroom field guides. They arc f.urly easy 10 recognilC, hence they are one of the safest of the edible wild mushrooms. They grow in cluster:., usually out of the sides of logs or stumps. They vary from a creamy. "oyster" whi1e to 1.1n or gray in color and arc distincbve because the gills run down the entire length of the stem. They arc delicious in soups. on p;ista. and can be saut6ed and gently stewed lO make an elegant side dish. Once l had oyster mushrooms fried in fritter batter, and (conunucc1cmJllil&e30) they actually tasted like oyster mttcn.. ~'°""" J--' 9"'JS t t �The bark of the poplar tree can be remo1Jed in the spring and early swnmer and has been used in many ways. Large sheers of Ir were used by the Indians as CO\'trings for wigwams, wickiups, lodges, and orher living quarrers. In the Nonfl Carolina mountain.s, poplar bark has bun used as siding on frame houses. When I first disco11ered it on some homes near Burns11ilfe in Yancey County, I was suuclc by ir.s rustic, }'et eleganJ beaury. As I was building my own house at the time, I wonted to /ind ow how poplar bark siding wa.f made and how long it wollld last. Wizen l asked around, however, it seemed tlw.t most of the builders of these hauses Jw.d long since passed on, but t~y had left a legacy ofpoplar bark. siding thol was sdll holding up well qfter 70 or more years. 1 finally found one older man who was a poplar bark crafts11w..n, and he tk.scribed tlie process UJ me. In early swnrner when the "sap's running", large sheers of the bark are removed from mediwn-sized trees. The bark is carefully pried off tlie trunk with a to0I know11 as a "tan bark spud". This tool hark.ens back to the days w}ien the collecting ofoak, chestnut and hemlock bark was o pan ofevery timber cutting operation. The bark was sold to tanneries as a source of tannic acid. A spud could be Improvised mu of a stout curved stick with a chisel-like edge carved on one end. Those made by blacksmiths look somewhat like a small-lieaded spade. After 1/ie bark is remo11ed, it is cut illro large rectangular sheets, taken ro a barn or other dry p/act and "stacked and stickered" like green lumber with na"ow strips ofwood between each sheet of bark to allow air to circulate. Rocks or other weights pilled on rop of the stock ofbark en.sure that the sheets stay flat and do not curl up as they dry After a month or two of drying, rhey can be cut 10 length and nailed like slung/es onro the building. Armed with th8se minimal instructions. and a lift·long love of tulip poplar, I knew I had to onempt co/leering bark 10 cover at lea.rt part ofmy house. A friend who was building ms own lwuse was about to CUI some poplars on his land 10 use as suppon beams. He told me that if I'd help him cut them and haul them down to the building site, he'd help me get the bark. The first tree we/tiled was aboUI afoot in dianieter, and it fell uphill. We trimmed off the upper br01iches, until we had a length ofclear trunk abou1 30 feet long. With 1he chainsaw, we mode one long CUI throught the bark down the entire length ofth4 l.og. Then, staningfrom the bonom, with one of us on eilkr side of the log, wt wenr at it with the bark spuds, ourf111gers, hate/let blades and whatever else we collld improvise to genJly pry the bark from the log. . .. - TIU! nt•wly formed cambium layer benn•e11 the bark and the sapw(l(Jd was sofr, slippery and Yer)' juics. As the: bark gave way 10 our efforts arul .tepararedjrom ti~ rrunk, it made a slurpy hissing noise. !Ve gradll(l//')! worked our Wll) up the log . The bark was coming ojf bc:outifully. When wc:j1r1ally reached the 11pper end oftlu: log, tire remaining section f1f the bark StpcJrated wirh a rtsowuling hollow "pop" We stood up and ~ere congrarularing ourselves on a job well dmu:, when we heard a noise. lt>okinR down we sow our newly-skinned log heading off down the hi/IT ltsfreshl)• removea bark had created a trough t/IQJ was slick.er tlllJll any bobsled run, and b>· rhe time that log left that piece of bark, it had picW up a terrific amo1u11 of speed and momenlltm. It we111 careenin,g down the mountainside, and all we co11Jd do was watch in astonisl11T1enl as thoJ log leapt over rock ledges and crashed through thic~ts. It fi111Jlly .rropped uh0111 fl!ry yards down the hill when i1 collided with a srump jusr above rhe house .tire. We breathed a huge sigh of relief. If it had nor been sropped by the s111mp, that .flippery bauering ram would hove done considerable damage to rhe ho11se founda1io11. Afrer rhar, we senved a rope to each log before we removed ilS bark. I found ow larer rluJt mountain loggers hove a word/or a log sliding down a nwu111ainside. TluJt log is nball·hootin'," and it is recognued as a serious danger in logging steep f1W11n1al11 ,f/opes during spring and s1unmer. As one old logger told me, 'Them poplar logs is bad/or that. Wilen the sap's up, that bark can slip off a log you're dragging and if tha1 log gets loose and goes a balf-Jwotin' down the mou111ain, buddy, 'hit can kill a ma11l" The bark of small poplar trees can be scored and folded into carrying 11essels ofall sizes from berry baskets to backpacks. /11dia11s daubed the seams with pine pitch and used them as W(ller buckets. I was first introduced to bark basketry by my mountain neighbor and friend Paul Geouge, wlio has been mak.i11g baskets for years. I was enchanted by the way he explained their simple practicalily; "So you've been out fishing all morning .following the creek up in.lb the nwuntain.t. You're cau:hlnJl some of 1/iem nmive speckled trour, bUJ afrer a while the srream gets too small. So you call it quir.s and head up onto the ridge/or rhe long walk home, There you TUii into the biggest patch of ripe huckleberries you halle ever seen. ~You'd 1011e to take some of them berries lwme, hut you ai11'1 go11101hing to carry 'em in. Whor collld you do?" Paul asks wirh a twinkle in his eye. "Well, if you knew how 10 make a berry basker, you'd just find you a young poplar rree, make you a poplar bark basket, and tote tllUn berries home. Now they'd taste mighry g()()d after a fish dinner! ... Between the ower layer of the bark and the sapwood is a layer rich in fibro11s vascular material known as bast. When rorred under controlled condirfons it can be used to mah ropes. twine and other cordage. Ir was high/}' valued by Native ~ricansfor rhese tiles Poplar bark has also been 11sed medicinally as a tonic and a remedy/or fevers, stomach ailments, dysentary, rhe1unari.sm and gour. It is a source oftulipiferine, an allt:aloid that acrs as a heart stimulanr. / 2 ! ff.'" • Doug Elliou's most recent book, (that includes step-by-s1ep instruetions on how to make a rulip poplar bark basket) is entitled Woods/ore and Wildwood Wisdom. It can be ordered from him at Possum Productions; R1 1, Box 388; Union Mills. NC 28167 for $10.00 post paid. Sprl·"'J· 1989 ""'' .... - �CLEAR SKY a drawing by James Rhea The concept for the drawing derives from my years growing up in the southern foothills and hearing Cherokee follclore, and being fascinated by their lifestyle and contributions. I have always been inspired by other culrun:s, especially so called primitives. This picture is pan of a series of portraits of healers or philosophical leaders, who arc inspirational to their people, representing cultures throughout the world. From that I envisioned a change of bean from a life of war and bloodshed to one of service and ~ce. This choice was indicauve of several individuals who laid the foundation for the later culturnl flowering of the Cherokees. Clear Sky is more of a composite of an ideal figure lhan a definite ponrait. The Cherokee people in the late l700's were in a state of despair and desperation because of the encroachment upon their lands and military defeat by European scnlcis. SC\'Cral individu:tls came to the forefront to encourage and inspire their people. To the Cherokee. they were lcnown as beloved persons. both men and women. They felt a need for a transition or integration into white society, but at the same time they hoped to retain the best of their past for cultural survival. Clear Sky's dress is typical for the time. He wears a blue EngltSh bro3dcloth shin and has a Spanish trade blanket around his waisr. The necklace is wampum with a silver gorget. The eamngs are archaic beaten copper with slit earlobes. The hair is trimmed with a dyed egret feather ornament In his band he holds a turkey feather (an with natural bead work. a sign of respect and dignity. lsk.agua CJtr Clear Sky was listed in Duane K. King's book CMrolcee Indian Na1ion as being present and signing a document protesting the tt'Catment of Chickamauga Cherokees by the Americans. The petition was sent to King George m of England aslcing his government to intervene. At the time of the signing, or thereabouts 1789-1791, he changed his name from NeMnoataah, or "Bloody Fellow" to lsk.agua. "Clear Sky." Spr~nAJ. I used several sources Ill compiling his dress, ornaments and general demcaner. but the most informative was the JnditlJIS of the Southeastern Un11ed States by John R. Swanton, Smithsonian Anthropology. James Rhta lives in an old farmhou.st in a rural pan of Cabarras CoUllt)'. Ht is illlertsttd in organic gardening and environmental issul!S and spends time canoeing and hiking for inspiration and peace of mind. His artwork includes tM subfecrs of wildlife as well as portraits. "In gentral" he says •1 favor world peace and holistic liftstyks". ,/ 1989 Xat-~ )o\UnoL ~ 15 �II a Early, al tine o'clodt IWO sbocb ol-an anbqaUe Wlft felt. Tbc boule D cuM:d mid ew:rytbing WU ID mowmelll. The bcns fell to the paid fJOm lheir room ud set up a pi.tifol cry. You cm see chat the white people mR diffaalt bc:ings from us, we are made or.red clay. they of white sand. About lbe J'Cll' 1811 IOIDC of the Cleroba cbamed ud Olha'S RCtiwd. in various ways. cQ11111mictricw from lhe Oral Spirit. all lr:Dding IO discredit die ICbane ol c:ivilization. See 10 ll dw you get back your old Beloved Towns. Yoor mother is not pleased you punish each other so ha1d. I have told you what the Gn:ac Spirit's will is, and you are 10 pass on iL la on:tcr that you might know bow things want to tell you what happened bcrc in the Nation ju,st the other day. ~Pl in die Wkl IDday, I Jusr dne rughis ago I was at a Wk in C>o&1mally. To tha1 place came~ man and two women who to1d that while they were on 11 journey, Ibey came eo an unoccupied house near a hill called Rocky Mountain and enlCttd it in order to spend the night thcte. Just as it had become dark, they heard a violenl noise in che air.•.As !hey went outside to sec abou1 ii they saw a whole crowd of Indians ~g on I.be hill from the sky•... nding on small black horses...their leader beating a drum. .•came very close.• .They were much frightened .•.•. "Don'1 be afraid. we arc your brothers and have been sent by the Great Spirit 10 spcalc co you. The Great Spirit is dissatisfied that you arc n:ceiving the white people into your lnnd•.•.. You sec that the hunting is gone, you are planting lhe corn of the white people. go and sell ii back to them and plant Indian com and pound it in the manner of your forefathers. do away with the mills. The Mother of the Nation h~ fOtY.lccn you. •. her bones are being broken through the grinding. She will return co you if you put the white people out of lhe land and return to your fonncr manner of life. If you don't believe my words then look up at the sky." They did and saw the sky open...an indescribably beautiful light and in it four white houses. "Such houses you are to build in your Beloved Towns... for white men who can be useful to the Nation.. . ." I mn not Ible IO delcribe lhe creat perplexity into which we C11D11 Jasa ...L Our dwelling bowie was in die most violent mDVellXIH IO lhu it seemed IO be Deir II> be falling in. .. .a strongviolent noise beard from the W.N.W. _ .and stteaks of l.ighlning..... This morning between 7 and 81>'c1ock we felt tw0 more shocks without the sli1thtcst noise. ...our house was r:rembling..•the roof moved. The m:es were in movemen1 wilhout !he slightest wind. It is true, the white people must all go from lhe Nation; boWevcr, 4 smiths, S()tne school ceachers a.rid those who arc building mills for us a.re to be toleralbd. but later. they too must return to their own country..•.. Some of them anribuce the occurrence co the sorcerers; some, to a large snake which must have crawled under their house; some to the weakness and old age of the eanh which will soon cave in. . •.they held a grand feast and celebrated a great medicine dance. .• .. . . .if they believed and obeyed, then game would abound, the white ll1!ll1 would disappear. . • .• .• .instead of beef and bacon they would have venison, and instead of chicken they would have turkeys. . . •we heani today from a traveler tb:u in Taloni. •. thiny miles from here along the road to Georgia. in a field 13 sink holes appeared as a result of the earthquake. the largest of \\<hich is 20fcet deep and 120 feet in circumference and is. • .full of gn:enish water. . . .he would like to know whether lhe end of 1hc world were not near. .•• • sprin9. 1989 �J ...many lndians believe that the white people were responsible because they had already taken possession of so much of the Indian land and wruned still more. The Great Spirit is angry...and be wanted to put an end to it through eanhquakes. , Soon after the eanh had tremble4 an Indian was silting in his house in deep thought, his children were lying sick in front of the fire. ...a tall man appe~ clothed entirely in the foliage of ihe trees, with a wrca1b on his head. ..carrying a small child in his ami.~ and had a larger child by the hand. "The small child on my arm is the s ClJC:it Spirit. l am not able to tell you whether the Great Spirit will soon destroy the earth or not. 1be Great Spirit is not pleased that tbc lndillll$. have sold so 111uch land to the white man. :rugalo, wl!K:I\ is now possessed by white people, u; the r~t place the Great Spirit created. There in a hill he placed the firs& fire. for all fin: comes from the Great Spirit. . . .the white people have built a house on th3t hill. They should ab:lndon th~ place; on thru hill there ~hould be grass growing. only then will there be ptaee. ...the Indians no longer thank the Great Spirit before they enjoy the fust fruits of the land. They no longer have dances in his honor before they eat the first fruit~. You arc sad because you thin.le your childn:n m ill, they are not renlly ill. but have only taken in a. little dust.~ •.. he gave him two small piece5 of bark from a certain tree ••• and told him to cook them and to give the drink to his children. and from that they became weU right then. 7 ...the residents of one wwn fled into the hills and tried to crawl into hiding in the ho!~ of lhe rocks in order to escape the danger of I.he hail stones, the size of half bushels. which were to full .••.. ...numbers of the aibe.. .abandoned their bees. their orchards, their slaves, and everything else that might have come to them through the white man, and...took up their toilsome march for the mounwns of Carolina. ..•mills. clothes, feather beds and iables - worse still •.. books, and domestic cats! This was not good· theieforc the buffaloes and other game were disappearing. The Great Spirit was angry. and had withdrawn his protection. The Cherokees must return to the customs of their fathers. They must kill their cats, cut shon their frocks, and dress as became Indians and warriors. They must discard all the fashions of the whites, abandon the use of any communication with each other except by word of mouth, and give up their mills. their houses, and all the ans learned from the white people. ~ Oicrokecs arc at this time in a rcmarlc.able manner - occasioned by the late shocks of the eanh ·endeavoring to appease the Anger of the Ore3t Spirit They have revived thcnr religious dances of ancient origin to appease the Anger of the Great Spirit....with 115 much solemnicy as ever was seen in worship In our churches. They then repair to the water, go in and wash. These ablutions arc intended 10 show that their sins are washed away and that they are cleansed from all defilements. These fanatics or prophelS tell them that the Great Spirit is :ingry with them for adopting the manners, customs, and habfo; of the white people who, they think. are very wicked. Some of the females an: mutililting fine muslin drcsses and arc told that they must discontinue dancing n:cls and country dances whieh have become very common ampn~l the young people. . . .!here is llllk ...in the space of 3 months the moon would again become black. and thereafter hail stones as large as hominy blocks would fall, all cattle would die Md soon the earth would come to an end. A sorcerer said uncil then there would be peace; how things would be after thnt he did not know. that a new earth will come into being in the Spring.••.. •• ,it has bc!en revealed by the Great Spirit th:u there would be an intense darkm~ss and that it would last three day~ - during which :lll white people would be snatched away as well as 1111 Indians who had any clothing or household articles of the white man's kind.••• •.• they should put aside everything that i:. similar to the white people and that which they had learned from them, so that in the darkness the Great Spirit might not mistake them and snatch them a~ay. ... many llre doing away with their household articles and clothing.•.• The above ma1trial if parr fJf a /011ger work in progress. Jr is drawn entirelyfrom actual occounLS uf the events ~ntitmed, a.s recorded in ltrrers and diaries from the period, many of wlrich were locared in rhe Mortn•ian lfrchh'es In Winsron·Salem, North Carolina. 5 �Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around the region and beyond.... A Look at the Black Swan Center By C.8. Squire College students encouraging community economic development in the community that surrounds their campus? Thai is exactly what's happening in the Swannanoa River Valley. The effon is being carried out by student-faculty teams from Warren Wilson College working ou1 of the BlacJc Swan Center. The Black Swan Center. named for Black. Mountain and Swnnnanoa, !he two towns in !he Valley it embraces. is currently located on the Wnrrcn Wilson campus and serves as a community resouN:e organization for the entire area. A key ob)ective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and ce-0nomic development projec ts," according to Black Swan directors Laura Temple Haney and Louise Solomon. Initially funded by grants from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and the Broyhill Family Foundation, the Center operates with a work/study crew made up of students and faculty advisers responsible for various individual projects of the Center. This "work crew". made up of fifteen students majoring in Sociology, Environmental Studies, Social Work, Political Science, and English, meets regularly to review their various projects centered around !he "community economic developmem" concept. The Black Swan Center grew out of lhe Swannanoa Valley Projcc1 (SVP), a land-use planning and economic development study carried out in 1985 by Swannanoa Valley residents and Warren Wilson College Staff, faculty, and students. Funded by the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation and TV A, the SVP found that most project participants wanted the Valley to reverse its downward economic trend "while remaining an essentially rural area wilh a viable economic base." It became apparent thm what wa!"> needed was an ongoing community resource center to serve these needs. Thus, the Black Swan Center was born. The vital importance of a community planning and resource center such as this cannot be overestimated. Tf we wish to preserve and enhance the quality of life here in Kaniah, in ways thar nre ecologically and economically sound, we can no longer allow the haphazard and Shon-sighted type of growth and development that has predominated for decades. The key factor in reversing this trend and in finding truly workable solutions is to encourage local initiative, self-reliance, infonnalion exchange, and cooperative effort. This can be a very powerful grassroots movement, with far-reaching effects, but it demands susmined local commitment and involvement. This k:ind of sustained effon can best be supported JCQti&Qh Journot pc:M)e by citizens and businesspeople acting in concen with local academic institutions. After all, should we not make the mo.st of all of our available local resources, in order to assure the contin ued well-being of our communities? Only in this way can we intelligently deal with the tremendous forces of change that are confronting us. It is now critical !hat we re-learn and re-create the an of community - and projects such as the Black Swan Center arc beginning 10 lay the groundwork for !his crucial renaissance. In fact, this dynamic pilot project has already achieved tangible results. Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around lhe region and beyond. ... A key objective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and economic development projects" ... In its first year, the Black Swan Center has been focusing on three essential components: (I ) A community economic development class for Warren Wilson students to prepare them to work in the Center; (2) development of a college work crew made up of faculty and students which operates and coordin:ncs Black Swan ruitivitics; and (3) a community-based education course for Valley residents designed to promote new business ventures, develop rural leadership Skills and teach community economic development concepts. AU three components are in place, with the community-based education course starting in March. Organalcd by Lisa Waners, a Sociology mnJOr, the course, "Community Development and the Economy in the Swannanoa Valley,''. is ~imed at .~elpmg Valley residents (l) "gain the leadership skills and ab1hoes that can make positive changes in the lives of the people that live in the Valley; (2) explore the Swunnanoa Valley community and its resources; (3) understand the problems facing the local economy; (4) seek: solutions. and; (5) determine what small businesses might succeed in the Valley." 16 Sprl.n.g, 1989 12 �As Lisa points out. this type of course was designed by the Highlander Center in Tennessee and has been used in such co~uniri~s. as Jellico,_Tennessee, and Dungannon, Virginia. Unlike tradiuonaJ educauon, the course doesn't separate learning from doing, theory from practice and education from work. "When Y?U put 'community' in front of 'economic development'," says Lisa, "it means ordinary citizens revitalizing their communities and stimulating quality economic development from within rather than waiting for the 'expens' to do it, or for outside industries 10 come in and provide jobs." In the long run, "community economic development doesn't only mean jobs. because ic can aJso make the difference in peoples' environments and quality of life." exploring options for municipal structures for the community of Swannanoa. He is also helping to draft a legal document that can be used as pan of an offical petition to the state to incorporate as a township. Christy Allred, an Environmental Studies major, and Katherine Crum, a Social Work major, are working with TV A 10 identify fanners in the Valley who are interested in growing specialty crops such as shiitake mushrooms and baby watennelons. Two workshops are planned, one in May, the other in the fall of 1989, that wiU bring Canners from Buncombe and Madison County together 10 discuss agricultural problems and trends facing the area and how to effectively market specialry crops. The 10.week course will be fnciJiiated by Louise Solomon and Laura Temple Haney, both faculty members at Warren Wilson, and Marilyn Bass, of the YMJ Cultural Center in Asheville. In the second part of this course, they will be joined by Tim Richnrds, of the Small Business Technology Development Center, and Dana Smith, of the Self-Help Credit Union, who will specifically instruct participants on how to work with a business idea. One of the more impn:ssive activities growing out of the Black Swan Center is a waste management center, directed by Melissa Gildersleeve, an lntercultural Studies major. Alrendy in operation on the College campus, the Center includes a processing pavilion for rccycleable items, including a baler for cardboard and specially designed "drop-off' bins for recycling glass, cans and newspapers. The waste management center grew out of a class exercise in an Environmental Policy cl:iss artd has resulted m the recycling of much of the 25,000 lbs/yr. of ttash generated by the collegc--trllSh that had been caned to the county landfill at a cost of up to Sl2,000/yr. Melissa bcheves that within a couple of years the college's waste management costs will be entirely covered by n:venucs from recycling. Her bu.~iness plan includes e~panding the College's program by establishing five more "drop·off' collection sues in the Swannaoa Valley, possibly as early as this spring. While important to carrying out the aims of the Center, the course in communicy economic development th.is spring is by no me~ns ~h~ center's sole: agenda_. A small ~usincss development project is in progress with the rum of "keeping more money in the Valley" by encouraging businesses in the area to buy from each other whenever possible, explained Brad Brock. another Sociology major and one of the Business Development coordinators for the Center. He added that the Black Swan Center and the Swannanoa Valley Ch:tmbcr of Commerce have almost completed a business directory of the Valley with one section made up of chamber members and the other. "the green pages". listing all valley-owned businesses. Brad and his partner. Rebel Bailey, an Environmental Studies 1113jor and owner of a flourishing backpack business. have a!so been working with Nonh Carolina REAL Enterprise (Rural &onomic Alternative Leaming, localed in Raleigh, North Carolina) 10 design a curriculum on developing student-owned enterprises for Wam:n Wilson College. Fffty people attended a five-pan series of workshops called "Business Basics''. Post-workshop follow-up has resulted in consulting sessions with four entrepreneurs with a "good strong prospect" for getting a business up and running in the Valley. Still another project for Brad and Rebel is the Stan-up of a breakfast club, modeled after the Briarpatch program on the west coast, that will provide networking opponunities for local entrepreneurs and owners of small businesses in the Valley. Another Black Swan project, headed by Heidi Erick.son. :in Environmental Studies and Education major, is a literacy program with a new twist-worlting directly with the business community to improve literacy. Heidi explains that those unable to read and write are often reluctant to tell their employers or their lack of reading skills. But one area employer, Charles D. Owen m, has agreed to have a literacy project operating at his plant site, with employees receiving half-pay for the time they spend on learning to read. Heidi's project has already trained 12 people at Warren Wilson College to teach such courses. Still another project of the Center involves working with the Alternative Energy Corporation. based 1n the Research Triangle area, in developing a "Community Energy Campaign~ for the Valley. This project plans to help weatherize non-profit buildings anc,1 to audit heat loss in college and community buildings-including the former Carver Alternative School property in Black Mountain which the county has just acquired from the town's Parks & Recreation DepanmenL Eventually, with this campaign, the Center hopes to help the community save much of the 40 miJlion dollars a year or so lhat leaks out in energy cosrs in the Swannanoa Valley. Dan Scbeuch, a Political Science major, has been working with Swannanoa Valley residents and the Nonh Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Co1TUI1un1ty Development in Sprt.nq. t989 Although all the ~tudents working at the Black Swan Center have different 'main' projects they are working on. they all have one thing in common. Each panicipates in one another's programs... wch as lending the experti~e the1y have gained in desktop publishing, to knocking on doors of local businesses. to picking up the College'!\ waste and recycleablcs from around campus once a week. For the future, chc Black Swan Ccnu;r hopes 10: organize n Swannanoa Valley community work day: perhaps relocate the Center more into the heart of the community: encourage other small colleges in Appalachia to explore setting up a similnr program. and, in general. coordinate the community development projects and courSCS and the starrup of at least one student-run entesprise. One of the most promising aspects of this entire project is for the Black Swan Center to serve as a working model for other insututions in the region. They. too. may want to embark on a similar cooperative program of community development that., in the words of the Center's grant application, "will overcome the 'LOwn-gown' barriers that separate so many colleges from their neighbors." To quote Gnscom Morgan, son of Arthur Morgan who founded the Cclo community in Yancey County. and who bjmself for the last four decades has inspired and assisted the cause of community through his association with Community Service. Inc.; "We need fol,k colleges-people's colleges...not jus1 for intellect.uals or whites, b11t to do what Highlander College (now Clllled Highlander Center) has done for Appalachia and the South. lf we had folk colleges 10 which the working class and rural people from across a region could come and htive association with the intellecruaJs--then rerum to their local communities with the strength and conviction of their own culture--tbese different groups of the common people could reinforce each other.• Morgan's dream is being rcallz.ed by a group of pioneers: so~ fifcecn students with very diverse background.<>, two faculty advisors, and an involved community•..... You are welcome 10 visit this dynamic center or call for more infonnation. The Black Swan Ctn1er, 701 Warren Wilson Road, Swanrwnoa, North Carolina 28778. (704) 299-9306 �wlld lovely days the wild lovely days come with a wind tossed violence they awaken a tantalizing bitterness of memory the spring morning of lilacs the wilting high noon of orange poppies the late afternoon sun of autumn marigolds and now the great wheel of night spins with dazzling circles of blue and gold light �dancer the tender talents of earth swelling with rapture birdsong and blue sky fluttering encore a thousand thousand leaves turning rich dark colors awaiting opulent carnage exalted limbs rising against dark skies crucible answer I who hurried thru lhe years running this way and that sometimes strangely knowing sometimes weeping beside the road spent at last, alone bereft of all I sought you came to me slowly without my knowing you touched me the stream carries me my face is wet I am submerged I will not let fear of drowning darken the bright water all that rs bright and clear filters thru the translucent waves of faith, the ineffable substance that fills the yearning crucible with timeless light endless peace Selections from the book Wifd Lovely Days. portraits of moments In time and nature expressed in complementary words and images. THE POET· THE PHOTOGRAPH:R; Ellmboth Griffin Is an artist, poet, and former lawyer residing in Highlands. Katuah Province. Gii Leebrick is an environmentally concerned falher, husband, mediator, photographer, and director of the Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in Highlands. �.:•····;••·.................................... .,.... .. .... .... .~~· ~ ~ i{ NATURAL \~. : wORLD : ~ ~ ~ ~ ·! i: \. .. :I .. NEWS .. .. ·~. .( .~ .. "!, ·:. .: ~~~~~.·~··· · · ~·.·.·.•.•.•.·.·· · · ....~::::::!: .!· ?· PANTHERTOWN RESTORED! Nllllnl World NCWJ Str-i= In one Inst expression of disdain for Congress and the Appalachian b1orcgion, the Reagan administration m the la.~L days of its reign took away money slated for the pun:hase of the Pa.nthenown tract high in the headwaters of the Tuckasegee River. Through an arrangement with Duke Power Company, which wants to run a high-voltage power line across pan of the Panthenown area, Congress hod appropriated $8 million to buy the remainder of the propeny for inclusion in National Forest Jnnds. Under a rechnicaliry the our-going administration stole away that money. plus $47 million for other land appropriations. to pay the costS of fighting the famous Yellowstone fire and other fires that occurred in the summer of 1988 in drought-soicken western states. On March 13. 1989, however, the Office of Management and Budget reversed the order, and put the money back into the special Land and Water Conservation Fund, where it is once available for land acquisition purposes. It is expected that the Panthcnown purchase will be able to be completed this summer. COLEY CREEK IS SAFE! Systems Research Group, to review the Coley Creelc plan. The study group pointed out that fuel prices would have to escalate considerably lO make the Coley Creek project economically viable. However, cbe consultants' review found that the most economical approach would be to emphasize "demand-side programs." These programs hcreate" extra energy by promoting conservation on the pan of utility customers through steps such as rewarding customers for efficient energy use pancrns and helping to cut down on energy consumption by wealherization programs, promoting energy-efficient appliances, etc. A more careful and judicious use of energy reduces the need for increased energy production. The report showed that through energy conservation Duke could make avnilable the same amount of energy that the Coley Creek pumped storage project would have provided. but at one-third the cost. The repon outlined five different demand-side programs and gave srep-by-srep directions for their implement.arlon. Bill Thomas, co-chair of rhe Jocassee Wate~hed Coalition, said, "h could be very imponant for a company like Duke to stan a series of pilot programs in energy conservation. Even if they weren't completely convinced that this was the best way to go, they should :u least experiment and find out for themselves what programs wo11ld work and what wouldn't." "In September the Nonh Carolina Utilities Commission will hold a series of six hearings at locations across the stare to gather public comment on a proposed least-cost planning rule that will include demand-side management items. A good tum-out by people s~ak.ing on behalf of these measures wouJCI show the COinmission where the public suppon lies." The Jocnssee Watershed has obtained a reprieve from funher depredations by Duke Power, but efforts continue to gain binding legislauve protection for the basin through designation of the Thompson and the \v'hitewater as Wild and Scenic Rivers. (The Horsepasturc River already has protected stntus.) Preliminnry studies have already been completed, and show very definttely that further srudy is justified. "We need to g~t legislacors to press the North Carolina Natural Resoun:es and Community Development Department to complete their sruclies so that the lcgislat.ion can proceed," said Thomas. "We arc asking people interested in the future of the Jocnssee Watershed to contact their state n:presentatives and ask them to get involved with this.'' ...AND NOW CHAITOOGA Duke Power Company has announced that it is postp<>ning indefinitely the Coley Creek Pump Storage Project, which would have done devastating environmental damage in the beautiful Jocassee Watershed area in the foothills of the Blue Ridge. Officially, the company said that a review of fuel prices and the economics of the pumped storage alternative convinced them that providing power by coal plants or combustion turbines was economically more advantageous. What the company did not mention was that they had met stiff resistance to the project every step of the way from the Jocassee Watershed Coalition, a broad-based organization of hikers, hunters. fishermen, and environmental groups. which may also have influenced their decision. With a grant from the Babcock Foundation. the coalition had hired an independent consulting firm, the Energy ~ )o"'nat P • 20 Officials of Rabun County, Georgia and the Associated Consulting Group are conspiring to build a jetpon on a mountaintop in the upper reaches of the Chattooga River, which is designated as a Wild and Scenic River. Preliminary design studies of the site illegally conducted by Associated Cousulting at the request of the Rabun County government have detennined that they would need t.o level the entire mountaintop to make room for the jet planes to land. The jets would take off and land directly over the river and roar over remote wild areas in their flighL The potential impacts on the Chattooga watershed would be devastating. They include massive sedimentation, wildlife habitat destruction, and noise pollution, as well as the fouling of the water and air. The remote and wild character of the Chattooga whitewater run would be severely degraded by the low-altitude overflighcs. The US Forest Service has refused ro talce a position to protect the "wild and scenic" status of the Chattooga despite their legislative mandate under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to do so. The agency has even backed down from an earlier comrninment to require an Environmental Impact Statement for actions affecting any Forest Service site. The American Rivers organization and a coalition of local citizens is working on behalf of the river. They say, ''Since t.be Forest Service has refused to direct the county away from the Chanooga site, citizen voices are essential to prevent the Chattooga site from bemg selected. The county and Associated Consulting are known to have a bias in favor of the Chattooga site, and only overwhelming public sentiment against lhe site can change their minds." Make yourfeelings known! Write: Associated Consulting Group 3 I5 W. Po111::e de Leon Ave. (Suite 125) Decatur, OA 30084 Kenneth Henderson, Forest Supen·i,s()r Cl111ual100d~e National Forest 508 Oak St. NW Gainesville. GA 30501 American Rivers 801 Pennsylvania Ave. SE (Suire 303) Washington. DC 20003 WHAT'S AN EIS? (or JUDGE HALTS VULCAN) There will be no rock quarry in Flat Creek nt least not anytime soon. Vulcan Matenals Company had planned to dig a 58-acre, open-pit quarry near Weaverville despite protests from local residents until Buncombe County Superior Coun Judge Roben D. Lewis voided Vulcan's state permit early this 'd year. Some 450 North Buncom be rest ents snowed up at the last public hearing in October of 1987. Most were against the quarry projecL The group fonned the North Buncombe Association of Concerned Citizens, which filed suit against VuJcan, a Fortune 500 company, and several state officials. Residents claimed in their suitS tha1 the mining permit was issued 10 the company despite evidence from expens that the quarry, which would have been sited about two miles nonh of the town of Weaverville, would deplete and pollute area groundwater. Spri-n9, 1989 �INCINERATORS THREATEN AIR QUALITY Jllmnl World News Service "Cloudy skies" would be the long-term weather forecast for meb'OpoliUUl Knoxville and all points downwind if four new waste incinerators were to come into operation in the area. Three proposed incinerators in the Knoxville area and one that is already constructed 1hrea1en 1he Great Smoky Mounrains National Park, only 40 miles downwind, and the already beleaguered mounrains of the Kan1ah province. Cum:n!ly, air in the Smokies ranks it among the ten most polluted of all the National Parks. It used to be that the Park was only "smokey" during the summer months when natural chemicals from the forest vegetation combined with panicles in the air. Now, even on a clear winter day, the view is noticeably hazy. An estimated 70% of the pall is due to air pollution. The Department of Energy (DOE) has built an incinerator at the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. According to engineer John Patton of the Division of Air Pollution Conttol for the State of Tennessee, it is licensed under the Toxic Substances Control Act to burn radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and other wastes which are generated at the DOE facilities at Oak Ridge, Paducah, and the Ponsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plants. The incinerator bums only propane gas now, but when it goes on line in the summer of 1989, it will burn 3000 pounds of r.idioactive waste every hour. A similar incinerator was defeated in Rocky Flats, Colorado through public opposition. A private company mis-named the Safe Ecology Group is proposing to build another incinerator on Bear Creek Road in Oak Ridge that will bum low-level radioactive waste for volume reduction. According to Lisa Finaldi of the Nonh Carolina Clean Water Fund, this incinerator will take low-level radioactive waste from states that are members of radioactive waste compact agreements, such as North Carolina and New York, reduce the volume of the waste, and then send it back to the states for disposal. The capacity of this incinerator will be 10,000 pounds of radioactive waste per hour. Also in the site selection stage is the East Knoxville mass burn incinerator that will be operated by Foster-Wheeler Power Systems of New Jersey. The proposed incinerator will bum 900 tons of municipal garbage a day. According to a Solid Waste Authority spokesperson in Knoxville, "The incinerator and recycling will be used to decrease landfill dependency.'' Opponents of the incinerator, however, declare that incineration will decrease the recycling incentive, since the operating company has a flat guarantee from the city and the county that it will receive a certain amount of waste to bum 10 produce electricity. Recyclers fear that quota will be filled by waste that would otherwise be potentially recoverable. . Electricity sales will not cover operation and maintenance costs for rhe incineraror facility. A group called CARE in Knoxville claims that the Solid Waste Authority did not compare the cost of incineration, which will come to $370 million over a 20-year period, with the coStS of alternative methods of reducing solid waste, i.e. commercial Sprl.ncj, l989 and household recycling, baling (compressing THE FATE OF THE ROSE garbage), and composting (brush, leaves, etc.). Even with an incinerator, about 40% of from• n;iort by N~ Blmhlrdl solid waste must be landfilled. A new landfill will Years ago the Agriculture Depanment be needed in Knox County whether there is an incincr.1tor or noL Incinerators actually raise the brought the multiflora rose into Virginia for soil cost of disposal, because incinerator a.sh is a conservation and to attTact wildlife. Now the state hazardous waste and must be sto1ed using encourages the eradication of this plant and may be expensive protective techniques in special making a mistake that will tum out to be far more serious than the spread of the shrubby muhiflora landfills. The CARE group also points out that, even bush. Montgomery and Grayson counties have with air pollution conttols, incinerators pose a passed, and Floyd county is considering, risk to public health that carries an incalculable legislation to force landowners to keep the plant cosL The most dangerous chemicals cannot be from scrting seed on their propeny. Farmers say that the roots of this plant arc seen or smelled. hard to lc:ill. Pulling multiflora roots out of the Finally, next door to the proposed site for ground usually causes tbero to start new plants. the Knoxville mass bum incinerator, the Dixie The multiflora grows in too many out-of-the-way Cement Company may bum bai.ardous waste in a places to keep it all cut. Therefore, the st.ate convened cement kiln. recommends herbicides to lcilltbe plant - herbicides that are particularly apt to contaminate groundwater. Dicamba and 2,4-D arc both on the list of pesticides which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers most lillely to leach into groundwater. Piclorfam, which is also on the EPA leaching list, is conrained in the pellets ofTordon, a restricted-use herbicide. SLUDGE ISSUE STILL STEAMING Though 2,4-D is not restricted and is classed only as a "possible carcinogen," it may soon be reclassified, because recent studies by the National Institute of Cancer have shown a link There is a new development in the bat!le between 2,4-D and cenain types of cancer. As over the fate of Buncombe County's sewage 2,4-D breaks down, it can form products of decomposition rhat are more toxic than the original sludge: Advanced Alkaline Stabilization. With encouragment from the Buncombe formulation. Like Tordon and Dicamba, 2,4-0 can County Commissioners, the Buncombe also be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are Metroplltan Sewerage District (MSD) has agreed cancer-causing. or more immediate concern is the stress which pesticides put on rhe kidneys and 10 hold a hearing on this waste treatment process, which mixes sludge with kilned lime dusr other pans of the human body. William (quicklime). ~ng pathogens and raising the pH agronomy at Wes1 Bryon, associate professor of Virginiu University Wiil> quolcd of the mixture, thus binding heavy metals and making the resulting material suitable for in the Roanoke TimtS of January 29, 1988 that herbicides cannot eradicate the multiflora rose and spreading on farm pastures. The hearing is are not wonh using. He also mentions a natural scheduled to be held in Asheville on March 21. rosette disease Foes of che sludge incinerator say that che control called Missouri. Thiswhich is spreading this way from disease, spread by outcome of that hearing will detennine their future a mite, can accomplish what the herbicides can't strategy. "If the MSD continues to favor the and kills the multiflora in a few years. incineration process," said Paul Gallimore of the (conlinucd on next .-ae} Long Branch Environmenral Education Center, "we will push for a review of the Environmental Protection Agency's health risk assessment that OK'd the incinerator proposal. "The EPA assessment is flawed. They looked at only one possible pathway for airbome pollution from the incineraror to enter the body by air inhalation - when actually there are four other possible parhways - through direct contamination of food, food grown in contaminated soils, dermal exposure, and inhalation of contaminared soil or dust. "After some method - any method - of sludge treatment is chosen, the next step is to put pressure on the MSD to righten up industrial pre-ueatrnent standards for wastes. Carcinogens and heavy metals should not be allowed to leave the point of origin regardless of the waste treatment technology selected." The MSD has agreed to institure a pilot operation to tesc the feasibility of composting sewage sludge no mauer what treatment process is used for the bulk of the county's wasre. "This is very positive," said GaJJimore. "Where an incinerator will give out in 20 or 30 years and have to be completely replaced at great expense, a composting operation just keeps turning out the humus. Biological microorganisms just don't quit." �(CQn.tinucd from pag$ 21) MOUNTAIN PEOPLE SAY "CUT THE CLEARCUITING" Nanni Wcxld News Savice The Western Nonh Carolina Alliance (WNCA) bas launched a public campaign to Fuade the US Forest Service (USFS) to change us primary timber management technique, even-aged management. Under that scheme patches of the National Forests up to 40 acres in size an: cut to the ground so that the resulting regrowth is of uniform size and easier 10 harvest. Alliance members held an anti-clearcuuing protest demonstration in front of the Forest Service headquarters in downtown Asheville. Banners and signs proclaiming "Cut the Clearcutting" were hoisted by the protesters who want the Forest Service to adopt a timber management strategy that relics heavily on uneven-aged management, which is based on careful examination of individual siteS and logging prescriptions that call for the thinning of undesirable trees as welJ as the removal of good sawtimbcr. so that future growcb is improved. Uneven-aged management requires greater expertise and auention to detail on the part of foresters, and the Forest Service claims it docs not have the budget to suppon these extra demands on its staff. Demonsttators lined the sidewalks in front of the USPS offices with tree stumps to ~give the flavor of what a forest of stumps looks like," said WNCA member Monroe Gilmour. Also displayed was a 90-foot long petition containing over 1,700 .names of Katuah residents opposed to clearcuning. The campaign was also carried into local ranger districts at several meetings held to give local community members a chance to speak about proposed clearcurs in their immediate areas. Over 100 Clay County residents auended a community meeting in Hayesville to protest planned clearcutting in their county. Retired fores1cr Walton Smith, chair of the WNCA Timber Management Taste Force, told the gathering that since the clcarcuuing method was iniri:ued the qualit) of the timber production had substanrially declined. Smith noted that the growth of sprouted limber, as found in clcarcuis. was substantially faster, but produced trees of poorer quality than trees grown from seed. Sprouts produced a cross-grain growth that created a weakness in the lumber, he said. Smith recently walked scveml clearcuts with USFS Regional Supervisor Bjorn Dahl. Smith said Dahl was "quite surprised'' to see a tract under uncven-:iged management thnt W3S full of young seedling trees. whereas the clearcut areas were full of sprouts. In another meeting with Forest Service personnel and a.ides to legis!Ative representatives, 150 Madison County residents met to protest proposed road construction and clcarcuning at the top of Bearpcn Ridge. The residenis complained that the road and the clearcutting operation would cause sedimentation in Hickey Fork Creek and would destr0y the trout hatchery there. The cold creek waters offer challenging fishing for rainbow and native brook trout The steep. remote forests in the Hickey Fork Creek watershed ~ovide excellent habiiat for bears and other wildlife, and the area is popular with bunters. Many in the assemblage were bear hunters who were concerned that the new roads and the clearcutting would cause bears to shy away &om the area. They were especially alarmed JGcitilah 'o~Ml P • 22 to learn that a stand of large white oalcs on top of Bearpen Ridge were t0 be included in the clearcut The hunters. who were all familiar with the woods and wildlife in the area. agreed that this .stand was one of the most imponant mast-eroducing areas in the region and that it was heavily used by bears. After hearing their concerns, Frank Roth of the USFS indicated that he would set aside an acre of so of the largest trees so that they could continue 10 provide wildlife food. The WNCA is plannning a "Cut the Clearcuuing" rally on April 15 at 11 :00 in the City-County Plaza with music, talks, and presenta1ion of a protest pe1itioo to USFS officials. For copies of the petirion in favor of uneven -aged forest management, or more informt111on on the "CUI the Clearct1tting" campaign, write or aJil: The Wesrern Nonlr Caro/iM Alliance P.O. Box 18087 Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 258- 8737 To win $50 in the "Ugliest Clearcut Photo Contest," send entries 10 tlU! Alliance by April I. Bjorn Dahl, Regional Forester US Porest Service Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 (704) 2574200 . ............. PEREGRINE FALCONS FLEDGE While the Natural World News often seems gloomy. here is a linle light: Scott Ball. a temporary eml'loyec of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission's Nongame Program, perched high up on Whiteside Mountain, observed lhe first confinned naturally-bred peregrine falcon to fledge in the Kal\fah province since 1957. With the help of volunteer falcon wa1chers, wildlife biologists found five pairs of peregrine falcons defending territories at mountain cliffs last ycor Three of these pairs made nesting attempts. Two pairs each raised a single chick to fledging age. Wildlife biologists seem cau11ously optimistic. While this level of reproduction will nol sustain 1he newly-established peregrine population, these successful auempts may augur well for the fuwre of this magnificent predator in Karuah. Biologisis will continue releases of young captive-bred peregrines for several more years. but will release a smaller number each year. ln 1988 18 young falcons were released along the Blue Ridge near Mt. Mitchell and on Grandfather Mountain. Biologists have released 63 young peregrine falcons in the mountains since the restoration effort began in 1984. If five breeding pairs can be csmblished in the Southern Appalachians, the program's emphasis will then switch to protection and management of the nesting peregrines. Excerptedfrom a report by John_ Alderman \..: CHEMTRONICS SPEWS POISONS Toe infamous Chemtronics plant in Swannahoa. North Carolina has dumped hundreds of thousands of potinds of a highly toxic industrial solvent into the air over the past several months, despite pleas of a company chemist to install equipment that would h.ave caught 90 percent of the chemical. . The plant has released 256 596 pounds of tetrachloroclhylcne, which is acutely or chronically toxic. according to \he US, Environmental Protection Agency '<EPA). The .solvent i~ also believed to destroy ozone in Jiu; high atmosphere, allowing increased pen~~at1on 9[, l;larmful ultra-viol~t radi;nio.o from ~he sun. Terrachloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen and contribwes 10 s111o,g and air poJtutfon close to the Eanh's.$urface. .J • , Cbemtronics senior sc1entiSt, John Tylldall. who charted the releases. said a11 9ne.poln1t 'The cnvfronmental . impac~ (<~f the (eleases) is enormous. and wt:. need \o act on this situation immediately." He has since beep laid off by Chemtronics. Plans were approved for the installation of a recovery system to capture the escaping solvent, but Chemtronics' parent company, Halibunon Corporation. never advanced the money to pay for the lnstaUa1ion, according to a ~ll_en;llronics official. rn other recent and' rel~ued news, negotiauons between the companies responsible for dumping toxic industrial wastes at the Chemtronics Supcrfund site in Swnnnanoa have broken down, delaying clean-up of the former military munitions plant there. according to the EPA. Chemtronics, along with former owners Northrop Corporation and Ce~nese Corporaiion cannot agree on who should pay how much. The breakdown in ncgotialions means a delay of months and possibly years in the clean-up operation if the disagreement 1s submiued to litigation. according to EPA official John Bomholm. Celanese Corp. bought the now-polluted propcny in 1959 and made explosive!\, solid propellants, shells, rocket motors, and chemical agents the.re. Northrop Corp. bought 1he facility in 1965 and continued the military contracts. Jn 1971 Ainronics. Inc. leased the site and continued the work through its Cbemtronics division. Chemtronics bought the plant from Northrop in 1978, about the same time the EPA discovered the presence of more than 50 organic chemicals which had leaked into the surrounding soil and groundwater. In another recent corporate shuffle, the Halibl.lrlon Co. has dissolved its Chemtronics branch. and has turned the Swannanoa plant over co its Je1 Research subsidiary "We'rl! going LO be a lot more responsible company environmentally," said Bob King, Jet Research vice-president. "Jct Research makes warheads and other explosives for the military, but the processes will not involve the release of dangerous substances into the air and groundwater, as was the practice at the plant for so long." -SprLnq, 19U �REVIEW: Sacred Land Sacred Sex RapIUTe ofthe Deep: Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life by Dolores LaOuipelle (Pinn Hill AIU; Silvcncn, CO; 1988) '7n this kind of learni11g, there is no knowledge, in the usual stnse, to process and convey; thert is instead a deepening of anenlion to the pattern ofall lift around you, so tltat you ~gin to /Jw 'JOllT life accordUtg to thal pattern.• - DoWu LaC•Ue "Biorcgion" is a word of power. It encompasses what scientists call an "ecosystem," but goes beyond the mechanistic limitations of scientific nomenclature. A bioregion is clearly a community, a land alive - plants, animals. soil, water, sunlight, all the elements of life womng tOJCther. each sustaining the others. "Bioregion" is a word with the nng of rightness to it. The word "biorcgional" follows. It is descriptive, "panalcing of the qualities of the lioregion," but it is a little longer and the truth that resonates in the original noun is just ever so slightly diminished. But "bioregionalism" is a word that cmies no force whatsoever. Whenever the odious "-ism" is added to an otherwise usefuJ root idea, it completely drains whatever value for powerful communication that original word may previously have possessed. That simple suffix, just three letters, hardens a worthwhile approach to life into a dogmatic school of institutionalized thought, limits flexibility, and rums a life-giving relationship with the natural world into a set of precepts to be debated pro and con in sterile classrooms. "Deep ecology" is an alternative phrase inspired by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess to define the auth of our individual and collective relationship to the natural world. The phrase has drawbacks. It is based in part on the Greek word meaning ''study," because ecology was developed as an interdisciplinary course of i:nstroction to explain the relationships between the different elements of a place and how they work together to sustain life. Now, however, the word "ecology" has grown beyond the idea of "a course of study" to mean an acrual life community and the web of relationships on which i1 depends. "Deep ecology" lacks the evocative sense of a phrase like "furure primitive," which describes people living in the world. "Future primitive" predicts a technology thar is sophisticated to the point of simplicity. It refers to a people whose culture is beautifully complex rather than needlessly complicated, because it is based on primal values as well as biologically accurate observation. Yet, while the actual choice of words may be somewhat stiff, the definition of "deep ecology" is eloquent. lt is ecology with a difference. The essential tenet of deep ecology is that there is intrinsic value to life in all its fonns. To fully understand deep ecology one must identify one's "self" as "all that lives." This in tum demands perceiving the world with more of our brain than the neo-conex, the seat of the intellect. Sensual and instinctual responses are as valuable for survival as intellectual analysis. It is also assumed that a full realization of the principles of deep ecology requires that one acts on them - it is necessary to defend the Earth and to work at changing our culture. This is what living is all about. This is "bioregionalism" as it should be. "Deep ecology" is useful as a t:ranSitional concept to describe our odysse.Y back into the world. It is not the perfect turn of phrase, but usage ts what lends definition, and those who are maJctng the strongest stance for the Eanh are doing so in the name of deep ecology. It is deep enough to suffice until we simply can say ~being," and other people undersmnd. ~ing, Because that is what it is all about, isn't i1? Being, simply here. Yet in these times that is such a complicated mauer. And it is the hardest of all things to express. The sages have always said, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao.• And that is where Dolores LaChapelle steps in. She has attempted the impossible - and done it valiantly. Her book Sacred Land Sacred Sex Raprure of ti~ Deep oies to communicate in words what can only be known through experience: the essence of deep ecology. Dolores LaChapelle herself is well aware of this paradox, which is faced by anyone who writes. And, like all writers, sbe feels compelled 10 wrestle with iL So in writing about deep ecology she takes another approach. Like a hawk, Dolores circles, circles. She first describes the essential mystery by describing the conditions of itS absence, and tells us the story of how we Lost touch with it. She then directs us 10 teachers who can demonstrate ic our animal relations in their rituals; authentic members of primitive cultures; scientists and psychologists who explore our deeper self And she introduces us to guides who can help us to find our own way: sage, the drum, the gourd rattle, Tai Chi, ritual, and, of course, the mounulins. Sacred land Sacred Sa Raprun of the Deep is a beautiful book - as deep in the telling as in the subject maner - created through a blend of hard scholarship, an unswerving dedication to the sacred, fierce passion, and the life experience of one of the true elders of our clan. (continued on next page) �(continued rrom page 4) (cantinuad fJom ~ 23) It is a difficult book, because I.he closer one approaches lO the essenr:ial truth, the more do ideas become unbound. ~e more do words betray their meanin&. But Doto~ La Chapelle is a_ woman of great intellectual stamma. Th~ stones and observatt.o ns we encounter along this convoluted JOume.Y arc ~th ~mg and wonderful. and each episode of the book is absorbing m itself. But, tnken together, the insights delineate an infonnational fiel~ that conveys a full sense (not mctely a pinned-to-the-board analysis) of what deep ecology is all about Impossible as it is to transmit an experiential stnte through linear type, the book Sacred land. Sacred ~G ROf~"e of tlu! Deep expertly i.rtfoans inclividuaJ cxpenence. It 1s a trauung manual that reaches the reader how to open up to the deepest elements of his or her own life joumey. After reading Dolores LaChapelle's book, we know the danger signals to watch for in our culture and in our own psyche. We know where io look and how to call for instruction. And we know what it feels like when we reach hannony, the center of the world We arc prepared to experience the sacred. Hopefully, the day will come when the concept "deep ecology" is obsolete, books will no longer be needed, and our minds won't be enmeshed in ideas. Then we won't have 10 sacrifice U'CCS to our earnest attempts IO explain the Mystery. Then a story, a night of love, a smile, or the wind moving a leafy branch will be communication enough. But until then we should be glad we have teachers such as Dolores LaChapelle. • reviewtd by David Whultr #' "AFFORDANCES" From Sacred land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep phase peoples cultivated most of their food, and supplemented their crops with native foods hunted and gathered from the forest. There was a ceremonial center with room coougb for large gatherings, built on raised earthen mounds. Ther~ wer~ semisubterranean eanh lodges. progenitors or those bwlt dunng the historic Qualia phase by the Cherokee. . . Pisgah phase peoples ma.de cane mats, the 1~prcssions of which were found in graves, even though the actual amcles no longer remained. Graves were dug in the floors or dwellings, and the dead were usually buried in a flexed posicion (lying on their sides in foetal position). They were accompanied by turtle shell rattles, bone neck.laces, tools of srone and bone, and pottery. Support Your Local Ar<:haeologist The Pisgah Village sue in McDowell County has been excavated primarily with volunteer labor, much of on the pan of local residents. Robinson is grateful for such suppon; in fact, it was local interest that made excavation possible in the first place. Archaeologists usually receive funding to conduct retrieval of information only when n site is threatened by development The rather comical image of the archaeologist busily sifting through the din in front of a moving bulldoi.eris all too real Robinson urges everyone who discovers artifacts or a possible archaeological site to contact him at Wam:n Wilson College, or get in touch with any archaeology laboratory. such as those located at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, or Appalachian State University io Boone. Archaeological sites are resources to be preserved, protected, and revered. It is only by careful recovery of the infonnatioo they contain, which often takes many years of study, that we will benefit from these historic resources. At a time when population saturation, disease, and decimation of our narura.I resources threatens our very survival, we cannot afford to desrroy the evidences of our region's past, which might perhaps offer answers for our fu1ure. Persons i111erested in leaniing f11()re abow archaeology can contact the Archaeological Society of Norrh Carolina; Research Laboratories of Archaeology; Universiry of Non/1 Carolina, and the Friends of North Carolina Archaeology, NC Depanmenc of Cu/rural Resources; 109 E. Jones St.; Raleigh, NC 27611. Archaeologist Ken Robinson may~ co111acted by writing him a1 Warren Wilson College, SwannallOQ, NC 28778 or calling (704) 298-3325. ~ "The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill." "Afford." as a verb, is found in the dictionary, but (James J.) Gibson (of c.ome11 University) made up I.he word ''ajforda.nce." He explains that this word refers to both the environment and the animal (including the human) "in a way that no existing tenn does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment." This is precisely why I think this word is so important In our culture, we tend lO think that humans have discovered all these amazing things; in some ways we believe that these things didn't even exist until humans found them. I've been trying 10 break down this laner presupposition throughout this work; first, by showing how the affordancc we call the gourd gave us agri.culture and later with other examples. Once you begin using this word, you will find that every day you will realize how nature provides affordances for us to use. It's all there before us - it's not dependent on humans to figure it out This is a giant step forward in overcoming our culturallr,-induced split from nature. These affordanccs 'arc the way specific regions of the environment directly address themselves to particular species or individuals. Thus, to a human, a maple tree may afford 'looking at' or 'sitting under,' while 10 a sparrow it affords 'perching,' and '? a squincl it affords 'climbing.' But these values are not found inside the minds of the animals. Rather I.hey are...a reciprocal interchan~e between the living intentions of any animal and the dynamic affordances of its world ...The psyche .. .is a property of the ccosysLCm as a whole." _, - Dolores LoChopelle ' FOR FURTI!ER READING: Dickens, Roy S .. and J(JJ'MS l. McKinley. Frontiers in the Soil: The Archaeology of Georgia (Chapel Hill; Fronriers Pub. Co.; 1979) Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians (Kn<>xville; University o/Tennessu Press: 1978) Keel, Bennie C .. Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the Appalachian Summit (Knoxville; University of Tennessee Press; 1976) Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J . Crow. The Prehistory of Nonh Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium (Raleigh, NC Div. of ArclUvesandHistory: 1983) McHargue, Georgena and Michael Ro~rrs. A Field Guide to Conservation Archaeology in North America (PhUadelphla: J.B . Uppincorr Co.; 1977) Wetmore. Rwh. First on the Land: The North Carolina Indians (Winston-Sa/em; l<>hn F. Blair, PublishQ; 1977) Wa.m:n Wilsoo College will offer an archaeologic:al f"icld 1thool 1his summer lhnt wdl focus on the Pisgah Village site. SllldclllS will lc4m survey and excavation leehniqucs mid will also be involved in lhe aruilysls of altifact and site da.13. Contact: Kt11 Robinson. Proj«t Dim<:t.or; Box 5277; Warren Wiison College; Swanannanoa. NC 28778 (704) 298-3325. s �Video Review: "Stopping the Coming Ice Age" Dirccled by l.JuTy Ephron Produced by the Institute for a Future (57 minules) Looking back, it ~eems tha1 1988 was ~ ye:ir for important, "new" environmental issues and concerns to surface. ln particular, ibis was the year in which the idc.i or lhe so-called "greenhouse effect" finally gained public acceptance. if not notoriety- a year lhat saw record-breaking drought. hurricanes, and forest fires. Suddenly, the idea of global warming was appearing everywhere in che media, and it seemed that concerned scienliSlS and poliricians were unanimous in their suppon for the global warming scenario. However, this unanimity is an illusion, media coverage to the contrary. ln fact, there is much contr0versy within the scientific community ns to the chmatic effects and socio-polilicctl nunificalions of the greenhouse effect. It is far from cenain that the climate changes we're seeing arc leading to/caused by global warming. In fact, there is ac1ually considerable evidence that points to a very different conclusion: lhn1 1he planet may be teetering on the brink of another Ice Age. One of the foremost proponents of this laner view is John Hamaker, a mechanical engineer who has cx1ensively analyzed clima1e and ecological paucms, and hn.<; developed a comprehensive and holistic approach to understanding global climate change. His lheories, expressed in h.is book The Survival of Civiliza1io11, arc now being supported and dissemina1ed by a foundation called "Institute For A Fu1urc", which re<.-ently created a remarkable video pr~ntation: "Stopping the Coming Jee Age". This video is inspiring, frightening, challenging, and very infonnative, as it takes us around the world in search of answers. While Hamaker agrees that the greenhouse effect is a very real Lhrea1, he believes - and backs this up with hard data and expert opinion - that it will [ll2l.warm ihe Eanh unifonnly, but instead will increase the temperarure differential between the equator and the poles, causing increased thermal convection, atmospheric turbulence, and rapidly shifting and biz:zare weather patterns.Jn this scenario, high winds moving from the equator tow111ds the poles will drop their abundan1 moisture in the h.ighcr latitudes in the form of snow and ice, often creating drought condicions in the temperate regions. He believes that lhe tropical and sub-tropical zones will indeed get hotter, but the tempenue zones arc likely to get cooler and drier. Hamakcr"s understanding of the greenhouse effect talces us far beyond the popularized, watered-down information available Lhrough the mass media because he explores deeper levels of cause and effec1, process and purpose. The mos1 profound information presented in this video concerns the connections beiween lhe greenhouse effect and the development of an ice age, and the importance of understanding long-tmn cycles (100,000 years!) of clima1e change. The video demonstrates the causal connections linking together all the different environmenuil/atmospheric phenomena that combine to bring on an ice age: 1) soil erosion and demineralizntion 2) the subscquem weakening and dying of the forestS 3) the resulting increase in insect inrestations, forest decay, and massive fortst fires 4) I.be dramatic increase in C02 released into the atmosphere by these na1ural causes, which induces the greenhouse effecL 5) and m the 20lh century - as opposed to 100,000 years ago man-made pollution and our destrUCtive tampering with the natural balance of life are intensifying and hastening the process. According 10 Hamaker. an ice age performs a vitally necessary natural function. As tbe glaciers advance and then retreat, they move and grind up immense quantities of roclc,thus spreading gravel and rock dust over much of lhe Lcmperate zones. This process, along with the winds that help distribute lhis rock dust even further, gradually l'Cllllneralizes the soil· which feeds the planis and forests, promoting rapid and healthy growth • during which lime the plants breathe in much of the excess C02 in the atmosphere • wh.ich gradually stops the greenhouse effect! The plants of the world breathe in C0 2, use the carbon, and release the o>cygen back into the air whlch we, and all other animals, breathe! SprLnq, 1989 Thus, n primary function of glaciation i~ to ttminerali1.e and help reforest the Eanh. The reason this video is called "S1oppfng the Coming Ice Age" is that Hamaker thinks we humans can indeed must. if we wanr our cwilization to survive • reminemlizc the Earth oursefres. We ourselves can fulfill the vital rolt pluyed by an ice age, rendering ~uch a geological event obsolete. This means, however. that the government~ and peoples of nil countric:; and regions would need to make it a top priority to remineralize our depleted ~ils, and also to engage in massive reforcs1ation projec1s, planting billions of trees worldwide. Without hc:aJthy forests, we have no chance at all of slowing the ttemendous C02 buildup which fuels the greenhouse effect. As the video pu1s it." The trees of the world are our best friends now. and only they can save us". Obviously, then, we also need 10 i;iop clear-cutting our foresis. both here and in the tropics, and to limit our fossil fuel burning, wh.ich has been accelerating the greenhouse process. Only by doing all these things, says Hamaker, can "e avoid horrific consequences for humani1y in the very near foture. The audacity of this theory and lhis proposal lies in its utter simplicity and common-sense quality. Yet many people may not heed H.ama.ker's message and information because we have become so enamored of "high- tech" solutions and shon-tenn planning, gratification, and profit. Hamaker's plan demands a clear understanding of our planetary dilemma. and a deep comminnent t0 creating a viable future, as well as some sacrifice or comfon and convenience. The video concludes with these questions: "Have we got the guts to do it? How much do we really want to be here?" Whether or not Hamaker's proposal is ever implemented on a large scale, we can all do things individually and collectively to help educate people and help heal the planet. The video pointS out 1hat even if these theories aren't totally "provable", or even completdy accurate, we should X1ill do the things Lhat Hamaker suggests, for 1he sake of ecological balance, conservation, and planetary sanity. rn addition to the ideas discussed in this review, this video explores JDl!.W! other aspects of our ecological and social dilemmas • many more than can be dealt with here. There is so much vital information presented, within such a comprehensive framework, that this video ranks as a definite "must see'· for anyone at all concerned about environmental issues and social change. • "Stopping The Coming Ice Age" is available for $20 from: lnstitue for a Future, 2000 Cenfer St. Berkeley, CA 94704. For info on other offerings of the lnstirutc call 1·800-441-77Cll • To arrange a showing or this video in the Asheville area, or for more information, call Richard Lowenthal ar(704) 251-2526. ~ LOCAL RESOURCE I ACTION INFORMATION • The December t988 issue or "American ForeSIS" m;igirant (published by the American Forcsuy Association) 11 cle110~ almo~1 ent.Ucl)' IO tropical defore.suuion, lhc gJCCnhou.sc effll(:I, and lhc prc.~ng n~ to ref~ the e:inb. II highlights the AlSOCiotion's nx:ently-formcd Olobal Ro-Leaf prognun, which aims to cducaLC Americans aboul Ille vil,DJ 1mpc:111.a11CO of rcfottsuulon. lllld to "cl'Cl!IC a new ruulon31 nctwort. (If c1ti~n aetiv1su· whU:h will, 11 i• hoped, plant at l~t 100,000.000 ll'Ce.$ nntiOCl·wiclc over the ne~1 sc~eral ycatt. For more informalion, wriie to: Amcriciln Forestry Association, PO Box 2000, Washinguin, DC 20013 (202) 667-3300 · WNC Alliance "Cut l.M ~Jng" c.imJiaign (st.o pege22 ! : P.O. Box 18087, A&be\'IUC. NC 28814 (704)2$8-8737 • Forest Voices - •an /;jormatlon netW'Ofk lhat assi.sls citiz.cm m pal'_llcipating in 1hc planning and managcmcmt or the Pisg:ih and Nant.ahala .h'!uional (919j.182-36'33 Fol'CSIS"· P.0 Box 1275. West. lcffttiOn. NC 28694 • Adopl a Tree· a muhi-faceted ~on which "works 10 make the vital connection between (IC(ll>lc 111d ttee•' and wcrts &c!;tly will\ rtfon:St3tion: P.O. Box 144, Supr Gnwc. NC 28679 • The Fctwwy 1989 publ~ "Mounuun ~Al Risk! the FulllTC of the Southern Appalachlari National ~13" )160+ pages, intludina 1ru1ny cxccllentchart$ and appendices). Available on rcqucst from: The Wilderness Society. 1819 Peaclusee Rood N.E. (Suite 714) Atlanlll , OA 30309 Drawing by rob mcJSlc:k (404) 3SS-178l. �What a wondetful journal! - a beanening combination of slwp-eycd icalism and full hearted poetry. I feel rve encountered a true compt111ion. Thanks IO D3ve Albert who passed iL on with your review of my book. J0311na Macy Bctb:ley, CA DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Friends in Kallia.h - "In the field or opponuni1y, it's plowing lime again.· Those or you working in the cnwonmenllll. public henlth, resource ma.nagcment fields may be questioning (tllllhority?). 1f your profe.~slOllal orienllllion is on the same path as your human development and land~lhie perogntivc. My Friends at Katliah Journal· Your publication is beautiful and 111Spirlng. I n:c:eived a complimentary copy {Auwmn, 1988) conceming the great chcsmul n:vival. and enjoyed lhe entire journal. I visil I.be Kaul.ah bioregion each year (feeling very Sll'Ongly lhat I was and am "born" lheic.) I am so cooccmcd about lhe negative human impact on this n:gion, and would be in~ed in anylh1ng I could do for l'CSIOnllion. rd<Xallll.ion. pl'CllCCUon, eu:.. Blessings. Nancy Llgnitt Olalhe, KS P. S. • Forgive my ignorance-.could you please lei me lmow the correct pronunciation of "Kanlah1" (Sure! Probably o lot of otltu ~pie have b4ie11 woNlerilog, IOO. bul Soy, "lea - TOO • ah.• jiut did11'1 d/Jre IO osk. Reody, fl/JW? Guruu!Mil! • eds.) Dear Kat.Udl • Many friends or mine propose pcrfeclioo (In lhe ronn or intcrpCtS0031 peace) as a .solution 10 Ille llul:aL or wincllOCl. I tell them, "Hey, I don't think we've got Ume.• l think I saw the snmc thing happening In Katli.ah JourMl 22 bul in an opposilC way. Thete the dhugence of individual, corpome. and govtmmcntal behavior from the ideal was plCSClllCd so forcdully as tO make any suggesuon of solutions ou1 or place. i wnnl tO argue lh41 in both lhcsc in.~ ideals malfunction when they an: mnde JWOX}mn1e goals rather !ban guiding beacons. One p;ndox of idealism is lhlli lhe greai.cr the con1ras1 bdWllCll lhc IC.Ill and ldCal behavior of people, the more wfficuh it Is to argue lhal Ille JdcaJ is naturul (to them). the mon: claboralC mast be the explanation as to how they got so aberrant. and lhe tw rusonablc it IS to hope Ibey will Ulkc the 1113Jly.111lUly steps from one to lhe other. Usually the conimst is sortened :wt hope ~by thc stnuch or cenlUries, millenia or aeons presumed 10 inluvcne between ~ and ideal But in the presclll crises the conuast and ~are ui=ased. Wh'fl Wlw I see happcnmg 11 thal lhe apocolyplic p0!>'iibili1y of our cnviroomcn141 and mililllrist trues is malung people shnnk the middle ground bctwcoo rc:il and ideal, mlllung them tlunk the ldeol m1m be nuained right away, u we are to survive. The resuh Is that the I~ ome lhctl) is left for clunge. the mocc of 11 is demanded. We use ideals to get at wlufs trul)' wrong bul then in a cnsis rrusiake lhcm Lo be a pracllcal progTI1111 for se1ung thmgsright. In conuas1. thc closer we appro:ich disaster 1he mote focused should be our analysis, the less suidcnt OU/ Judgcmcnl.s, the more specafte and llmillld our prcscripuons. Out ideals C:tll still gwdc 11$ bu! from a dl$UIJIOC. subonlloate to a goal of swvival as a ~ics w11l1 a 5uswnable OIOde or exislcnc:c. Once that is a,s_'>ll'Cd weC1111 resume lhc ncYCJ endulg wOlt or moving oursclvt$ and the world IOW8td the 1dc;al Respectfully yours. JlcltOwley M:idison County, NC I would like to begin gcncmting plans fora small compt111y of icsponsiblc people co promote land S?ewardsbip lllld conscrvlltion of natural resources. We11 provide professi01131 and 1.CChnico.I consulUttion and CSU!blish bioregi.oJllll criteria for environmerually sensitive site devclopmcnl silviculturc, archiiecturc. fanning. wau:r use. nnd small Cl\C.f&Y production. rm intcreSICd in communicating with others who an: ready with ide:is for lll!lking ~ TRANSmON to perpetual livelihood in a Clll'CCr lh;t1 will reward our f11111ilies as well as our PLANET. Sincetely. Steve Ovcndcn Box;JS Pntmcuo. Ft. 34220 Dear Katllah Friends · I saw the "Sheller" issue of your journal and especially love and use the Invocation (to WlnlU) - k's so beautiful to say. l was CMCCived and born 8lld also love those moun1auJS and tree$ tllld fresh air and flowing creeks. 1banlc you so much- .. the issue I saw wns bcauuful. iruly. Blessings, JUlllUI Forest Octr0it. Ml Docs my dog bite1 Lady. Lhat dog's so old lllat he'd only gum you If he caught you if he even hnd the gumption toehaseyou which he don'L Why do I keep him? Hah! Lady, that'~ the best watehdog ICYCJhad bar none. How do yau mean? Why, he don't chnsc chldtcn• or run hvestoek or keep me awake barking all night. Burgl:!n7 Lady, 1fyou see anylhing around here worlh r.i.cahng point ltOUI and l'll nulc:e )'OU a 11!31 good price on 1L 'Ccpl mlybe my dog. • RonJohnson Spn."9, 11109 �: .. equal "p:lttllCrSlup" with all Olher living entities. I dream of a world whcie long-sllllldmg cu1Lu!'111 tr3d11ions are honored and s upponcd, bolh in hCICIOgcncous groupings of oil kinds of people living 1.ogcthcr and in more isolntcd, sell-conlllined indigenous communities. h 1s being said · and even channeled · lhal we are entering o pcnod of 30 to 50 years of ca1BClysmic changes on the eanh. Some beings will pass on in this ume of purging, while othetS will come in to !like iheir place. Some or us wiU sUllld in the forefront of change and IJUllsmut.ation while others of us wiU follow close behind. Let us begin then LO create the v1s1ons that will ullimaiely provide the blueprints for our future on !his planci., and begin to eultiva1e the liUlc poclu:IS oC mmly and wholeness Lhal will evemually be the models from wrueh the rest of humanity cnn draw msp1r.11ion and duectioo. The time has come_ dear comrades, lei us dream ... together· Jay Joyce Asheville. NC ·. Dear Friends· c.ome. dream 11 liuJe dream with me. As we all sil~ inexornbly tnLO thc not-so-nif1y nmcties. its becoming clearer nnd c:ltlim dial life as we trow it mLISI be draWcally altered if we ait to reverse the lides or ecologic:il desuuction gaihcring fon:e nround the globe. h is clearly ume for us iocn:aie new visions for the rurure. lO look iownrd the 2 lst centW')' with a sense of hope and purpOSe and direction, and OOl just foreboding. And it i.~ in this spirit that I'd like to offer a few personal images far a new bcguming, an altcmru.ive futun: - and LO invite compatriots everywhere to color in these prclimm111Y skcu:hes fwther. Farst of all, I sec a plllce where boclc:ynrd fences have been lOOI down, and neighborhood gmdens, quiet ~cs, play SUUCUUCS. and gathering pl:ices sprawl acro&s the land insicad. Theo l see community ocntcJS blossoming :i.mong the dctri~ of ab:lndoncd school buildmgs nnd agmg warchow.es, where recycling proJCCU, compost dumps, and communru gardens repklce blllciclOp parking lots; and where weekend Ilea mnrkel.nnd bloclt panics. moon celebrotions, and ecology fairs fill those huge l<>nely spaces. where computer nctwolks and refemil scrvtCCS and gallery car~ keep people in touch Greetings Brochers and Sisu:ss of Ka111ah • r love you all and pray with you always, and alwoys my heart is so full wbeo I receive my copy of Ka1Uah JourMl. ll takes me back to the Appalachians and the memories flood m. r thought tha1 if your magazine came OUI be fan: Lbc equinox, you could pnn1 something from • Aoccwoo,• the Maori name f<W" New Zealo.nd. since ii seems 1hc chcslnut arucles (KOJiiah Journol #21 · ed.) cre:it.ed some communicauon. We rue organizing o gaihering on a friend's propeny 111 lhe end of o rood in a Nal.iOlllll Par1t, one or the mos1 beautiful places m lhe world. This is the only gruhcring this year as our annual "Towards 2000" workshop-oriented gathcrin~ wcrcn'1 held this yu.T. The annual nonh island "Tc WaiOU3" glllhcring hosn't happened foe lhc l3Sl two yClll'S or our "Hui Waiata." which is a musical glllhcring. Although there arc loL\ of open-minded folk and mony good things bnppcning here. we are going through a phase of fcwct gnthcrings ond feel the need for folk t0 gel tQgct.hcr to share their ideas and views and feel strong in their commitment to healing lhe Earth along with other brother! and !isters. Hopefully, our pthcring will provide llus opponuru ty, as it's mo progre$$ive area wilh communities. ocgaruc forms. and iCs a long way rrom any ctties or polllllion. so a lOt of naturul beauty along wilh a good growing climiue which has aurnc1ed 1'11311Y ovcneas follt. so we have an opponuouy to share Lbcir visions, as ITIOSl of them come from a vccy comamintued Northern Ht.maspbcrc. As USUllJ, alu:malive folk find 1t hard to deal with local authorities, but this is one of the few areas where people can make the effort ID be pin of local dc:cislon·makmg and help make folk fll01C aware of what is hnppcrung to our Mother and the roles W$ can play IO bcal Her and OUl1iClves. with each other. t look forward also LO a time when we all learn LO lhink about each thing we "tlvow away" long enough to decule how u can be recycled or properly disposed of. I imagine a place· ll Smithsonian of the mind. if you will • whc:re a few old TV's, microwaves, electric am-openers. wa1apiks, air-purifiers, etc. are kept in a museum lO remind us of whal we almost buried ourselves in . .• while the rest oC them ~ no longer nccdcd or wanted. I dlcll!n or a time when we no longer use tars, and freeways a.re no longer necessary eitcept roe skalcboordulg, sledding, skhng, bicycling, and wllldsurfing. I envision a scienlifx: communny thal seeks ou1 ways to gel rid or the nukes, cleanly, lO biodegradc the phlsuc. 10 trunsfOJ111 ihe 10X1e chemicals, IO clean up thc :ur and w.ucr, to cure the diseases, and IO develop stmplincd, life-nunuring ways Cot all ihe criUCIS still 3.m0f18 us LO reinhabil the pbneL I look forwllr<l to a lime when children learn IO love leaming, when they arc iniegmtcd into ihe life of their communities and when !hey Ill'!: openly adcoowlcdged and supponcd ror the grC&l comnbutions they mlllcc to our lives. 1 imagine a ume when people enj()y learning a> much ttbout lheir loctll ccosySlCITI as they now blow about the plol developments of the lalCSI soap opelilS and lhe lifcstyles or lhc rich and famous. I envision a time: when bUIDQll betn.gs 1cam LO QCCepl I.be Cllc:1 lha1 !hey tnhab11 one small niche m the pta& an:le of the eanh's ccosysicm end therefore leam IO uucmct m loving, Drllwmp by Sheli Lodge Love, Pc1ctOay 16 Jarrow Plac;c Christchurch 3 New 7.ea1ruld �Earliest February I begin searching along a neighbor's hedgerow for just a tendril of the coming miracle. Or gatlog as one stricken upon the si Us of morning when the fir'lt dreamy memories of daffodils return. l breathe a wisp of a vast movement stirring and alluring me. Deep in e veins of southern sloping woods. I know beside the coldest laughing waters bubbling and glittering in the soft. buucry sun some rich, mysterious. fragile awakenings unfold. Long before the geese come winding surely homeward, I discover and behold an anicle of r.ransfonnation that by narure disregards mere joy or faith or sorrow, to which uncr defeat or sheer victory remain the same. So even in this old hean of winter full of woes. the barrer1 season ofdui.t and frost is washed clean away. And this, I suppose. is why l wander seeking ccnitudc. ruming a 11one over by the path, or gazing above treetops. or gliding clflike lhfouJh the forest's solemn ~lonnadtli. for in this ~un-goW rime as the eaith starts siirring, c:ven the ~' n dcith of my brother is cased and gree the ve, delicaie, relentless mari:h of Spring. Alt. 1i\U.. ~ '"" 1'4Wah )ournal p«UJe 28 - Mitliattl Hockaday. Sp rlfMJ, l 989 �Planet Art conunucd rrom page 1 Christina then found Leigh Hollowell who had srudied Contact extensively on the West Coast and who was also very interested in seeing Contact happen in this area. Leigh enthusinstically agreed to co-teach a ContAct class with Christina. They knew that if they wanted to have people to do Contact with, they would have to help create a Contact community first. Leigh love:; Contact because "it's natural - it'~ not based on socialized preceptS but on an open exchange with other people in the reality of the present moment." She is aware that for many people dance classes and physical education have been emotionally painful and repressive, because they were not encouraged to learn their own natural movement but to imitate others. Her main goal is "to provide a positive movement experience for people so they can become friends with their bodies and learn to perceive it as a resource of creativity." I asked her how she felt that Contact would affect the larger community, and she said. "Because it is not based on any one culture's movement and is a form naruraJ to all human bodies, it is an effective way to trunscend barriers between people..• it would simply create a more trusting, and therefore more peaceful, community." l have been panicipating in this dance class since November and have been able to experience it "first hand". ln Contact dance, we maintain a ''point of contact" with another person, and it constantly shifts as both move. When we try to control where the movement goes with our minds, it becomes stiff and awkward. When we stop trying to control and simply focus on the point of contact, that point guides us in a flowing way towards movements that are easy and spontaneous. Our minds are shocked at how well we can do without their control. Imagine a society in which we allowed our interactions to come from our point of connection instead of our differences! For more information about Contact Improvisation, call Leigh Hollowell at (704) 252-4475. Art here in Karuah has begun to reflect the reality of our connection wilh the planet.... making art-all fonns of creative expression and ritual-a pan of our daily lives. By acknowledging the sacredness of our co-existence with the rest of ~Water Systems WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Membar NC Water O~lty AasoclaOon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY 107 RT 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 che universe, we are beginning 10 harmonize with it Many of us, though, have closed off our energies to the vision of a hnrmonit.ed planet because it seems so elusive and far away, and we don't like feeling disappointed. Others have refused to sec and accept the truth of the planet as it is because il is painful .. and think that if they "shut their eyes it will go away.• The tnJth 1s that the sooner we open our eyes and accept what is there, the more effectively we will be able to deal with iL In a book called The Path of Ltas1 Resistance, a simple and effective method for manifesting a choice is given. This method can apply lO planetary as well 3S personal mmsfonnation. lt is lO constantly hold in our minds two things ... exactly what our vision is and the full truth of our current reality. It is based on the idea that "in order 10 ge1 where you want to go, you need to know where you are." Since we are all planet anisrs, this technique needs to be widely understood. As we hold our vision firmly in mind and continue to acknowledge what's happening now, new nod unexpected ways of achieving our goals will come to us. Jn order 10 do this, we need co be aware of the deep, undercurrent regenerative processes that exist around and within us that we can tap into. As more and more of us choose to love and accept our planet and all her inhabitanlS no matter what is happening, the easier it will be. A lot is happening in our region, and J'm sure there are many more people here with ideas and enthusiasm to contribute towards a biorcgional program of Planet An. Some suggestions arc... a traveling multi-media show that would tour the region to network and share bioregional idens...communicy rituals for healing the la.ad... restoring our environment with "Clean-Up An" events... synchronizing with planetary peace and art events ... All Species Day with parades and festivals ...Joining in the preparations for Earth Day '90. There is no linu1 to what we can dol...there is no shonage of things to rcharmonizel It's time to find out who we all are as anists and get our networks in place. At the next K.atuah Gathering we can come together and bntinstonn. t can be contacted by wrirtng P.O. Boll: 278, Asheville, North Carolina, KatUah Province 28802 or _,, ~ calling (704) 253-4831. ~ DE.S IGNS by Rob Messick Illustration & Design In Pen & Ink and COiored Pencil Po eox 2eoi • Boone Nt. 28W7 • 171l41r...i 1>0117 WIU> OllU> DESIGNS T-SHIRTS. SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN Clothing, Fabric A.rt and Miracles ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS A DIVERSE COLLECTION OP WEARABLE ART Peac~ AIDbassador Garm~ats l\ta&icRob6 CALLor WRITE for 'Olousu and Pnothos _A,. ......,., tfubal Bdts THE ALTERNATIVE HEALING HOT-LINE l -800-544-4980 /\ lrtt 10 thl' public rel~rr.&1 servi~ •Ml N•llnn•I wrtlnt"<~ 5..;1chboml. •• J,. n1....1.•., P..,..1 /J., "ATIONAL DIRECTORY OF HOLISTIC PRACTmOSERS. HEALt::RS, SCHOOL<;, CENTERS & RETREATS l'bollt' I~ HOT-UN£ fo Rr>d Cltli how yo1it pr•cti«, s.chool, ~&Jina anter or tt1"'111 nn be Usitd in the N•tloMI Oirttto • Sprl.fMJ, 1989 .u Jler/Jg11J111 eti1tit 'lljaee, 'Ry~r 'Na@r~ FREE COLOR CATALOG e1ti1te1t At11p1Utct11re Drt~PillOW'I Appliqu&I &: Painted Deslgns Fur R/J1111I, ThtalT~, & S11f-&mpow1rmtt11 Send S 2 ror fuU-<:olor caulog/ Custom onlcrs llYlilablc t>en l.se New&oTJI. P.O. Box 178, Asheville, NC 28801 (70-4) 25).431 �POPLAR APPEAL Green City conunucd rrom p.9 cooler in the summer. and it wai. quieter - if you knock on steel and then knock on a soybean, you unders1and the sort of deadening chMIClerislics on the inside of lhat car. The dreams of Henry Ford and the rest of the chemurgy movement were postponed. but they seem to be resurfacing again. Russell Buchanan. a scientist in Maryland, envisions the rise of botano-chemical complexes, as he calls them, rather than pcrro-chemical complcitcs, as we learn to eittract from cellulose the same things that we extract from pcuoch~micals. One ts a hydrocarbon; the other is a carbohydrate. Compare these words and they're basically the same. One of the differences. however, between a botano·chcmical complex and a pcrro-<:hemical complex is that it's easy 10 transport oil over long distances, whereas it's not easy to transport plant mauer over long distances. So botnno·chemical complexes will tend to be locally based and rurally based near their sources of raw material~ and supplies. Local self-reliance can become an economic developmem strntegy, and cities ate the best place to try it out, for several J'C3.'\0llS. Mose of us live in cities. Cities tend to be large enough 10 have an internal market, and can in fact become laboratories. Cities are concentrations of science and technology. They have the ingeouil\', the expertise and the machine toolshops to build prototypes and try them out. Bur what is your nearest city's research and development budget? h's probably zero. The local self-reliance scenario is not inevil3ble nor is it even probable. It depends on political decisions. Economic development must be seen as a means to an end and not an end in itself. Alben Einstein once said that perfection of means and confusion or cods characterize our age. We're so mesmerized by technology and development that we forget to ask, "Technology for what?" and "Development for whom?" We have become consumers of change, bul we don't know the difference between change and ,erogress. To Bertrand Russell progiess is ethical and change ls scientific; change is inevitable, while progress is problematic. In other words. progress is valw:·laden and as we change, we need to ask ourselves, "Will we progress?" We can have a green city within a brown world by moving all or our production and disposal systems for away from our city. But 10 truly embrace the ecological motivation behind a green city, we must ~ome responsible for the wastes that are generated for our convemence. And the only way to do that is 10 begin 10 return that loop of production, use and disposal, b.'ICk to the community. Marcel Proust once said that the voyage of discovery consists nm In seeking new lands but in seeing with new eyes. It is in seeing O!Jf communities and our citi~s with new eyes, in pursuing a globe of Vlllag~s and not a global village, that we begin to create a new paradigm. @ lnsli1utc for Local Sclf·Rcli:incc. 2425 Ulm Sucet, t<W WllSbinguin. DC 2000!>. Also w1lh pcnnission fl'Ofll Raise IM Stt1lls. Planet Drum Foun<bLinn, P.O. Box 31251, San fran(isco, CA 94131. This anlclc appc:arcd 1n Winter 19118 issue. M.El>1.CtNE ALLtES 'J-SK1.1t'J tQllUnued from page 11 h wru; always a rare oy~rer mushrooms - that is. und special occasion when I found until I su1J1cd roaming the hills with my older mounuineer buddy Theron. Theron was rai~ed gathering roots and herbs at his grandmother's knee, and he knows the woods well, but he had ulw11ys been wisely hesitant about sampling unidentified wild mushrooms •tllc first few times in our wanderings when we found some oyster mushrooms. Theron would help me gather them and he would carefully examine them, but be always declined to share the harvest nnd rnke some home to em. However. after heming me talk so much about how good they were (and seeing that I was still thriving), he finally tried some. He and his wife enjoyed them immensely, and from then on it seemed that. with Theron's help, I was hardly ever without oyster mushrooms. From Theron I learned 10 visit areas 1ha1 had been logged a few years previosly and look on tulip poplar stumps after a spell of rainy weather. In the$C Meas we could find man)' pounds of the savory mushrooms in any season of the year. We often found enough to dry and store for times when the fresh ones were scarce. When Theron and I sn down together and share a meal of oyster mushrooms and other wild edibles, I think about what a strongc pair we make: me, a naturalist from the Oat land with a university education, and him, a tradjtional mountain wood~man and fanncr who barely finished eighth grade. Yet we both realize that if we hadn't met and been open and receptive 10 each other's knowledge. neither of us would be earing this delicious wild mushroom supper. Traditional knowledge and book learning can go well together. ©1989 by the tlJ.Uhor. Reprl111edfrom Wildlife in North Carolina Magazine. "Ranger Doug" EUiolt, as he is known to rite cltildren i11 the group, is an excellent naJuralist, but is also known as a lively~ storyteller and ''a real nice feller." p A Directory to North Carolina's Natural Areas (published by 1.he NC Natural Heritage Foundation) As pan of its important work in rare and endangered species identification and habitat preservation, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Foundation, a non-profit organization, has compiled the guidebook, A Directory to North Caroli11a's Namral Areas. The compact guidebook features dC!ieripcions of more than 100 natural areas open to the public in the state. The descriptions of each aro:i include infonnntion about natural history, geology. 1111d uuvcl information. To obtain copies of the book, send S5.00 10 the NC Natural Heritage Foundation; Box I I 105; Raleigh, NC 27604 Each is tl1c suongcst power 1n iis own domain. Together !hey lll'C allies: !heir C1111tgics complement each 01hcr m rorm an e\'et1 greater power. As medicine ollics, they rcpre«ent 1he hc;Uing powers of lbC Appalnahian In lhe tr.1d1uonal Cherokee Indian belief, lhe Moun1:11ns. TI111 medicine powers of Kl!uiah Juve been depicted crca!Ure\ in the world lOclay arc only d1minu11.ive forms or the mythic beings who once mlUlbucd the world, but who in o ~1r1l.;ing T-shin design by Ibby Kcn11:t. Printed in now fC$idc in Oal11na'IJ, lite 5pmt world. the highest 5-coloc silksi;irccn by Ridgerunncr Nnwr.ils on top qu:ility, he;ivcn. BuL • few of the ongmal powcr~ broke lhrough !he all-couoo shin.~. 1hcy arc avallnble now in all adul1 shes !!p1riLUAI barrier and exist yet m the world a~ we know il. from KALANU; Boit 282; SylYll, NC 28779. These beings arc called with rcv.:rcncc "grandfalhas" And or tl1cm. the suonges1 arc K.allilti, lhc ligh1mng. thc power Pl~ specify ~ir.t: Sm .• Med., Lg.. X·Lg. or the sky; utsa·nau, 1he r:mlcsn:tke, who pcrsoniries the Prke: S9.SO pOStf131d power of lhc cnnh pL'lllc: lllld Yunwi U!ldi, "I.he li1Llc !Mn". W.98 pns1pa1d for NC re.-i!knts as ginseng is called in I.he S!Crcd ceremonies. who draws up JlOYo er from lhc underwocld. "To .f/ww TU~l"lftx lhlS lll{lctflOllll'DI /Tinily of thl: Miura/ world iJ 10 111 111111 bcc0t1v t111 ally tn thl: con1i11w11g fll'OUS!. of niai111<Un111g harmony and bal1111Ct htrt 111 thl: moll/IJJJJJU of Ka1Uah" Spri.f19. 1969 �Emironmcntol Politics: 11Vlou.nttiln Ug'hl H!!:twork Lessons from the Gras.'>routs. Bob Hall. Editor Mountam Light Network is an eclec1ic, 1n1entionally group of people living in the Kaulah srea. Th<: tntercsts of the group include 3 deep commilnlCnl to 1nd1vidu:il llnd planct:u) peace. and to ecological hannony, with emphasis on coopera1ion between human, animal, plant and mineral kingdom~ . Other areas of interest include subtle energies, h~::iling, and techniques for utilizing new forms of power. Many w11hin t~c: g_oup n:lion::ite wi1h N?tive Indian philosophies and r ;;eek to h~c in ~~c1ous balanl'c ~nh the land. The mu;ority are involved in hohsuc heallh, explonng new paths now developing. Some _ re invot:--ed in the Anciem Wisdom and spiritual a <li-•c1phnes. Survival and food 11toragc are also of interest to many individuals We meet 4 times a year at the Franklin Communitv Center on Sundays. at 2:00 PM near the Sol"iccs and Equino11tes. There iU'C tables for those who wish to 5ell products or promote ideas; many books arc available a!; welt. We feature a speaker at each meeting. We have a directory of names. skiUs and intrn-~1~ Our aim is to provide a time and place for communication and exchange of ideas to become neighbors in a loose-I.nit network of people in our area. Part1c1pauon in meetings is free and open to all people of Like mind. This year our meetings an: on March 19, June 18. September 17. and Dcccmbct 17, 1989. For more anform:uion, call (404} 746-2454. ~structured ln.'itltule for Soul hem Studies, P. 0. Bo>< SJl, Durham. f\C 17702. 1988. ~7.00. 12? pgs. Whal can you do when an our·of·slalc corporation an_nounc~ plans for a hazardouli was1c rrearment facility a few nulc:s from your home. or when stare officials ~ay 1hey wan1 to pave 11 highway through your neighborhood? Where can you mm for help if real esta1e developers wuh close ties 10 local politicians decide to build a condominium or shopping center in a sensitive water;hed are;i? _ How much energy should you devote 10 door-to-door organizing, or seeking auention from the media, or gelling involved in elecrorul pohtics? For rhe past three yc:.m;, lhe lns111u1e for Southern Studies has conducted an investigation of environmental and land·u>e controversies in one state, Nonh Carohna. rn a remarkable number of cases. locnl citizens groups · even lhosc in relatively !solatcd. rural areas • have won s1gnifican1 victories ag:unst 1mpress1ve odds. They h:ive beaten well-endowed corporations and forced state policym:ikcu to change regulations, enforce ex1snng standards, and enact new laws. _Th~y have built ad hoc coalitions and enduring orgamzauons, occas1onally across rucc lines, more often across class and cultural divisions within the white community. And they have moved from crisis-oriented, hit-and-miss organization to sophisticated political lobbying and effective electoral activi~m. The key ingredients of these successful citizen-led camprugns are described in dwlll in the first chapter. The next 10 chapters chronicle the episodic. fragmented, yet growing cnv1rorunental movcmenr in consc.rvwve North Carolirui. The focus h less on the grim threats to life as we know it than on why pe~p~e respond, whar they do to win, and how grassroots acuv1s_m and electoral politics (including lobbying and voter educanon) imersec.1 to produce i.nstitutionru change. The result 1s a storybook of grassroots experiences. a handbook that lets our own past teach us bow to wodc. for a bener future. And while the location may be Nonh Carolina, the common lessons running through these stOrics are plainly uc;cful to people throughout the Soulh Md beyond. - excerpted from tlie preface ,..0 &..ot4(;t" WA.) I " ' ..nw i-c.t t,_f ------ TPC.. two ~Kt H~O M&.L.01.0 AMO I loll', 1' C.111''1 HO!ISf..l SprL119. t 989 JUST RECEIVED' Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of lhe Soulh~rn Appala&llian Nalional Fonsts by Laura E. Jackson The N:uional Forests of the Southern App11lachian Mountains are the last remaining habitar area available for many species of pl3Ilts and wildlife. The book Mountain Treasuru ot Risk says that these valuable habitat areas should be managed from a regional viewpoint and offers valuable infonnation tQward rcaliting n new vision for forest management which emphasizes the values of life suppon and ~gional biodiversity. Handsomely bound, profusely documented with photos, tables, and charts. Copies free on requ~t from The Wilderness Society; 1819 Peachm:c Rd NE (Suite 714); Atlanta, GA 30309. ... Katuah Journal is not just lull of Information. It is also full of images, and we appeal to all visual artists interested in ennching lhe pages of this journal, plus some exposure for you, to send us copies of your work Many times we need graphic images that are specific 10 a given article, yet there Is often space to put Images that are not specific You would be surprised the kinds of synchronicities that can happen when you send wori< in• Drawings in Ink. prints, photographs, borders, symbols. and cartoons that you think have some relevance to the journal are all welcome Don't be shy. we need your talent and image·ination to help visual-eyes a clearer relation with Katuah ... �evencs 2-8 BRASSTOWN, NC Spring Music and Dance Week. Music. StOries, dance, nature. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 8 BLOWING ROCK, NC Ocan-up of the Glen Burnie Falls Trail . Blue Ridge Group. Sletra Club. Call (704) 264-3931. MARCH 8·9 HIGHLANDS, NC Chiefs from the Native American Elders Circle meet at the Mountain to discuss Ecology and An. ''TIJU care how you place your 17-19 moccasins upon tM Eanh,step with care,for the faces oftM I unve generarions are looking up from Earth waiting their turn for life." $137. The FARNER, TN Leam "Wild Foods and Earth Medicines" with Snow Bear at Pcppcrland Farm Camp: Sw Route: Farner, 37333. (70<!) 494-2353. ™ IJ.16 GATUNBURG, TN Womyn·s Weekend Rctn:at: Spccilll Gu= Grey Cal, Lucinda F1odin. Write 10 P.O. Box 936: Gatlinburg. TN 37738 for more info. Mountain; 841 Highway 106: Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526- 5838. NEW MARKET, TN sn> (Stop the Poisoning!) School a1 the Hishlander CcnlCf. Learn bow to figllt 1nduslrinl pollution For more info, call (615) 933-3443. 30 UNICOI, GA "Spring Earth Skills Workshop'' with Snow Bear, Darry Wood, Doug Elliott, and Yanna. Leaming the ways of the woods. $65. Comact Bob Slack at (404) 878-2201. 31·1 HENDEltSONVILLF., NC Workshop on Local and Regional Land Trusis. Kanug.a Episcopal Center. For more info call (704) 692-9136. WAYNESVILLE, NC Kanna m Daily Life-A Spiritual Rctrcal, with John Algeo. Stil·Light Tbcosopbieal RCllC41 Cent.er, Rt I, BOA 326: Wayncsy1lle, NC 28786 (70<!) 452-4569. Neighborh ood" confcronce sponsored by Asheville League of Women Votcts. Time and place TBA. Call (704) 258-8223. ASHEVILLE. NC A six-we.:k course. "Finding Your Path with HC3rt", begins a.t the Spiritual Growth Foundation. (sce4/l). The focus will be on finding our "lruC vmce• and expressing Lhc lifc-affinmng energy of l1W" Heart's desire. 17·18 ASHEV l LLE, NC Red Foll/Second ll.311gin', play prcscnltd by I.be Roadside ThcatTC. S)l3rU'lnburg. SC. For ume and location. call (606} 633-0108. nLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Robm Williamson. •a wl1.lltd of words and music:.· "'I h~ hunter ond the hu11ted howl 011e howl.• McDibbs'; S6 tdYanc~ door. 8pm, 119 Cherry Si., Black Mtn., NC 28711: (704)669-2456. ASREVlLLE, NC " Betw"n a Rock and a Hard Place: Westtrn No r th Carolina's Noclur 17 14-16 21-23 IS ASHEVCLLE, NC "Cut lhe Clearcutting!" says WNCA. From 1t am. Music, dancing, speakers. City/County Plaza, Asheville. Write Western North Carolina Alli:lncc; Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814, orcall 258-8737 15 ASHEVILLE, NC The Enrth First! Road Show wilh Roger Featherstone and Susan Grace Stoltz, audio·visuals, news on EF! issues and actions. Lipinsky Auditorium, UNCA. 7:30 p.m. Students $1. General admission $3. For more info, call (704) 251-6144. 18 31·2 APRD.. 1·30 CHEROKEE, NC William Holland Thomas. "little ASlll-:VlLLE, NC Hum.an Potential Education Foundation Spring 1989 Conference, "Healers and the Healing Proces:~." For regiwation and brochure conw:c Human Poumlial Educlllion Foundation, Inc.: R1. s. 89 Tt1nyrud Rd.: Greenville. SC 29609. white chicr or lhe ChclOkec. cxhibiL OicroJcoe H~14Sc MUNCwn and GaJlcsy. I&8 28-30 ASHEVILLE, NC 'Commumcation and Healing." a lWO·Jllll 28-30 NEW MARKF.1', TN STP (Stop I.he Poisoning!) School Bl the Highlander Ccntcr. Learn how to fight tndu.suial pollution. ~3/21-23. wotlcshop focusing on inner commumon and outer communicauon as Yilal tools for bcaling ourselves Md our rclalionsh1ps. 10-Spm each day. Led by Richard l.owenlhBI. M. A. Spiritual Growth Foundation: 891 Haywood .Rd. (704) 252-3508. 2-5 PISGAH FOREST, NC Rockclimbing clinic for beginners Tedmiques, safely, gear. S28S. Eagle's Nest Camp; 43 Hart Road: Pisgah °Fon:.'ll: NC 28768. (704) 877-4349. X.~.Jo~ pgqe 52 · 29-31 FARNER, TN KATUAH SPRING GATHERTNO. Come celebrate. dance, play, meet. and talk with the family from all over the region (see announcement next page). mustratlons by Jackie Taylor- �JUNE 29 MOUNT AIRY, NC 18th Annual Ml. Airy Fiddler~ Convention. A weekend of lrod1tion:il Appal3chian Music. Bring instruments. tenlS, food. Regiwruion SlO. 2-3 SWANNANOA, NC Environmental Summit '89: Ethics, Economics and the Environment. This 5th annual summit will focus on environmental problems of immediate interest in WNC. and on how environmental and economic realities affect each other. Keynote speaker: David Morris of the Inst. for Local Self-Reliance. Warren Wilson College. 9am-4 pm. $5. For more info or to preregister call (704) 298-3325, ext. 250. 9· 11 CLOUDLAND CANYON Caving weekend w11h Snow Bear as instruc1or and guide. Equipment provided. Call (704) 494-2353 for more info. 9-11 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Mythology - The Modem Search for the Holy Grail" with Joy Mills. Stil-L1ghL See 3/31-4/2. MAY llRASSTOWN, NC June Homecoming Music/Dance Weck. English counuy dancing wi1h Jim Morison. John C. Campbell Folk School, 28906. 11·17 5-7 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Music as Meditation" with Diana Dunningh:un. S20/day. Sul-Light Center: See 3{31-4/2. 21-25 HIGHLANDS, NC Nature Photography Workshop. Prc.rcgisicr. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center. Sec 5/12-14. 6 LINVILLE, NC. Grandfather Mountain Prorilc Trait wildflower hilce. Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. Call (704) 2974098. 6-10 PISGAH FOREST, NC Whi1ewa1cr Canoe Clinic for novices and m1crmedia1es. $455. Sec 4/2-5. 12-14 lllGllLANDS, NC Spring Landscape Retreat Photography Workshop. Pre-regisicr: Appalachian Environmental Arts Ccnicr; Drawer S1l0: Highlands. NC 2874 I (704) 526-4303. 19-21 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mouniain Spring Festival. Three days of traditional music and dnnce at Black Mountain College/Camp Rockmont. Brave Combo, The Horsenies, Grandmother, David Wilcox, Phil and Gaye Johnson. For advance tickets call Grey Eagle and friends, (704) , 669-4546 from 2pm- IOpm. o~ ~3. &q o.ncL 3o o± -p e.p~et' la.rd.. ~ t()J\ft'l 7f.n ~ u.a -to ~~N.b..ooY 19·21 flfGllLANDS, NC Wildflower Pho1ogruphy Workshop. Pre-rcg1s1er. Appalachi$ Env1Tonmcnt.al Arts C..:nicr. Sec qy'~ 5/12-14. u.ou.aL I~~ ~ o..cliN~ a.r0.wo¥k shO(:.>s ~ o...d.uJtto 19-21 MILLBORO, VA EARTH FlRST! Appabchian Rendezvous. Talk, drum. s.we au things wild. For more info, write: Box 2(>6; Millboro. VA 2.4460 or call (703) 997-9448. BRASSTOWN, NC May Crafl/l)ance week. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 27-29 WHITTIER, NC Cclebralion on lhe land al Union Acres Communuy. All friends of Kauiah welcome. For more Info., ca11: Cynthia and Roy Gallinger, (704) 293-9230. spil.NJ, 1989 µ~~. ~ u.;tl.L ~ -t:hL- NEW MARKET, TN STP (Siop the Poisoning!) School a1 lhe Highlander Ccnier. Leum how IO figh1 indu.~trial poll111Jon. Soc3nl-23. 19-21 21-27 ().rd_ a.rd. ch.U.dA.t.n ' Pre-registration, by April 15: $15.00 adult $10.00 child under 12 After April 15: $17.00 adult $12.00 child under 12 .For mon: infonnalion, write: Snow Bear and Khallsa; Pepperland Farm Camp; Siar Route: Farner. TN 37333 or call: (704) 494-2353 or (704) 586-3146 �vfEBWO~ SEEKING TO JOIN OTHERS m a mlllllally -.upponivc comml.INly. Singl.c mamn: womon. ll'lis1-1eac.htt can offer skills: early childhood education. llU, earth llb111:, wri!Jnl Wn1c Alwyn MosJ., 1007 Turner SL, Blacksburg, V/> 24060: ("10'3) SS2·6331 VAGABOND GUJBETR01TTNG Stale of tlw Art. Revised Edition., by M.L. Endicoll. One of lhc moll compRhensivc insuucticm manua!J ror <yro uavelcrt SUS; Enchlridlon lntemational, Cullowhcc, NC 28723 ASCENSION Beg1111ttr's Mon.uJJ. a self-help boo1t for auaining lhc touchable ruii1y of lhc ASCENDEO <taic. usually lhou&ht to be bt!yood Raeh. By Theodore A lluoody, Ir~ $13.SO pp; &lcctic: Pren, 205 Pigeon SI. Waynesville. NC 28786. WlNCS WAY bttbal products. For pnce list. wme: Box 1477; Old Fon. NC 2.876Z EUSTACE CONWAY- Ou.ide and !Udler of (ll1lnit1ve £arlh Skills wilh cmphasi.t on rue blll1dln,. hide tanning she.Iler. and fongilla. He ILachti at public schools, parks cnvimnmencal oont.en, .and cJuscs ol .all tinds. For tllOl'C informllion coniact lum II' 602 Deerwood Drive, Oastonii. NC 28084 or oall Allcln Sianlcy al (704) 872-7972 FUTONS by Simple Pte.uuru affordably priced. Send SASE for Info io: Sunplc PICU\lrtJ: RL I. Box 1426 Clayton. GA 30S2.S (404) 782·3920. APPAJ..ACHIAN GINSENG CO.• sua.tified seeds. PEPPERLAND ofrcn a variety of ouldoor cdu.eation po,grams for chl.Wdl, school. or cMc gn>Up& ycu· round. Wo will help you ~pl a pogrom for your group. Send for infonnwon J*1c.ct to: Pcppcrland Fum Camp; Sw RoUlA!; Farner, TN 37333. R£AllERS' REACTIONS AND INSIGHTS wanic.d i.ganling lhc "consum«" culun we five in, and lhc idea of "consumaism" u a lifestyle.. Plcue write to Richard Lowenthal, 53 Greely St.. Asheville, NC 28806 (or call seedlings. roots. Send for price li51 io: P.O. Box S47 Dillsboro, NC 28725. M. TR& DESIGNS: UlllSIJlliom and Der;gn • Beyond lhc p!l&CS of lhis journal, I work DI penal. colored ponril. ink. QI\ paper. md t.lik. F'mc and graphk an to cxircu and cnh...,., our livea. Logos, btochuru, boob. ponnl1ure, window and wall h&ng~. Concct Manha Tree (704) 7S-4-«l97. STit.·UGHTTHEOSOPHICAl..RETREATCENTER -a qu1c1 spaeo for JlC'nOnal medilali<m, aniup inc.cractioo lhrough study, and community .-011<. and spintual smiinU$, Contact Leon Frankel; Rt. I. Box 326; Wayncs•ilk. NC 28786 WANTED: LAND 111 WQt.cm NC. Famlly f«b Sor mon: ICtCS. prd"crobly near Cullowhee. IO pr<S<TVC and evcnlll.ally inhllbil. U}'OU have or kno..•of afford.&blc l111d, oonlll:t Bob llld Miry Davis; 213 Wcrunorcland Cc., Ccorgetown. KY 40324 (502) 8634167. MOON DANCE FARM HERBAl..S · herbal salvC$, tinc1111cs. & oil• for b1nh111g a: family health. For bcochure, pt.,,.e wrii.:: Moon Dance Farm; Re. I. Box 726; Harnpcon. TN 37658 FREE t..ABOR • I would like ID learn about beekeeping and building New Ag< Housing Willing to wo1'k for free during summer. All I ask b a pl- for my tcnl and .., occasional muL Con11e1 ClvU Irwin; 1712 Whhc /we.; Knoxville:. TN 37916 (6lS) 673-0653. BUCITT RESISTANT CHESUIUT ·hybrid AmcricanlCluncS 0wman c:hcstnut treea • blight rcsisW\I timl>C!r pc>wth form. productive orchard crop wilh luge. sweet CQily·pcc\ed nuu. Cbutnut Hill l'luncry; RL I, Bo>. 34 l·K: Aadiua, FL 3261.S (904) 462·2820 ORGANTC FERTIUZERS. belts, and arganically-groMI. local produce 11 the> WNC Pannen' Marked Look for the FaiJglcn Fanns slllll. units F and 0 in lhc wholesale 1tU of' lhc F.umcn' Matkrl; 570 BteVud Rd.; Asheville, NC ("104 252-4414 Trudeau Dr.; Mc.Wrc, LA 70003. CENTEJl FOR AWA.KENlNC scck:ing 2 full-time, live.in volunlccn w/ main1cnance and/or n11ural food prep eitpericnce. RmManl. Wri1e; Human Services Allianoc Bo• IS42; WinSIOn.Salcm. NC 27102 (919) 761-874S. APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR des1111. blueprints and full wor.king dnwings for homes, shopt. and sheds Cr.,•llve dr1fling .....yow- ideas or ours. Harmony Sunbuildets; P.O. Bo• 194; Suiv Grove. NC 28697 SONGS OF LOVE ANO NATURE by Ron Lambe fcawring the voice of Hearuingcr wilh Slcphen Klein, Pi&no. Lavaul<r Lieder Records; R1 I, Box I JS; Bakcnvillc, NC 28705. (704) 6884791. B~c I01J.r111!1 inlo o f«alm of Evolution.ary lodvt:llllD'e by Pauick Clerk. A inu: -=ounl of a bicycle tnp from NATURAL FOOD SlORF. for ulc in Brevard, NC. E•ccllcnt IOCllion. $80,000 CJOS1 sales. Growlh poienti&I Owncn n10ving. mus1 p•U ii on. Call IDiubcth (704) 293·9534 evcnin&J. ORCANlC FOOD PRODUCING CO-OP land. aqwprncnl, apcrienced fannen provided for members The Bioclomc Pannet~lup; Rt. 2. Sox 184; Waynesville.. NC 28786. (704) 926-935$. ECO HELP NEEDED Long 8r111Ch Envlfonmcn1al Education Ccrue:r D«dJ volwileetlN!ICnlS 10 help "'•lh orchards, gardens, farmworl. rainbow 1tou1. cmrgy-efficimc bllild1ng. cnvimnmmtal/wildlifc/pmn1· cul11m issues and organizing. Room and boatd negntiable. Paul Calllmoce; l.BF.EC; RL 2. Box 132; ~icc.icr, NC 28748 YOU CAN CO HOME AGAIN· A Down To &rth JOURNEY INTO THE SLICK.ROCK Wildcmcu Atca Boys. falhu-son. falher-daughter cxpcdttJoN. Learn ob<•rvttion and woodcraft in lhe deep woods. Bun ~gay, upericnced guide Slicktock ElpeditionJ; Box 1214; Cullowhec. NC .28723. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS · Comfrey. EucalyplUS Oii C.olclcn Seal salve. ~mon ar LA•cncler (ICIC ctam. Medo: wilh natural and c=nlial oih and love. Send for brochure Rt I. Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091. HAND.CARVED WOODSPIRITS. ln)"ucal hiking ital~ FINDING OUR "PATH WITH HEART" c.QI be v11al t0 O\lt health Ind ~•lfoxprasion. I offer guidcl<:e lhrou&h courueling, spimual 111uncmm1. ..1rolog1cal rcadings WOJbhops, common·llCJUC ftedbt.ell. For more info or an appoin1mcnl, call Richard Lowenthal , M.A . (704) 2Sl·2526. Sliding scale fcea. ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY on bcauuful land~ Cbualccc, NC sr<king r1milirs domring gi:c11tt c:oopenlicm and self·sufficlen<:y. Based on Jpiricual Ind ocological valuea. Pcoperty now av11f1ble. Call (404) 77S.S7S4 for info. Wuhinglon, D.C 10 Ille au1boc's native home of Cullowbcc, NC. following muah of lhc Bluc Ridge Parkway. Avai1oblc for $7.95 pose paid from Dandylion Publicatio111. 47 Pmola. Sc., Ashcvillc NC 28801. COMMUNION WITH NATifRA • Long proclauncd to be cclcsual •tan &fOllllding their radiance on Mot.bcr !!viii flowers ""' the rcvcl11ion of lhc plan!. Come •hllfe in NATURA'$ sacred play. moyonunUJe facililJtin&. 3931 Hwy 80 S. Toe River, Bunuvillc. NC 28714 ("104} 6~-4806 CARDE.NERS arc ..-UJated t0 v11u our Parad~ Gardens for insirucuon and inspirauon (!'reel and/or peicmial plan11 sale (cheap). Artisu .re 1nvncd IO c:omtt and c:ru1c 1n tile gllda> • painUng. drawing. and phDioanplty arc cnMunged We oho ba,·• • cabin avtJ.IAblc mcxcrumgc for warlcin& in lhc ganlcn. Mount.m Gardens; 3020 White Oak Creek; Bunuvillc, NC 28714 (704) 67S·S664. and wall hAAgmp by SICVc Dunc111 For broch1... plcuc write Whippoorwill Swctio; llt 4, ~ 981; Manon. NC 28752. MEDITATION CUSHIONS Crom Carolina M<>mUll Do.signs. Troditionll ancl mllwblo 1.afus For free bnx:hurc wrii.e; RL I. Boa 31·8: Hot Spnng1, NC 237<13. HANDMADE RATTI..ES fot the 'JMlual warrnor or hcal~r made wilh maic.rial• provadcd by !he animal ltin1dom. <;:oncact: Jc._ HltnS Bathrict.-; SW Cm.notill AttifilC~ 1307 lvcnon St.: Allmta. GA (404) 588-0296 • INDIAN VAUEY RETREAT· 140 acrci in Blue Ridge mountains wilh faeilitiea available to rent far group1 or individual ll!lra!S. dlha 3J.1ided or unstn1C;1Ul1>d. Send for infom111ion and seasonal c1lo.ndar of h.e aling, transfl>ITil&live evcnlJ lo: lndu111 Vllllcy Holislic Center RL 2. Box S8; Willis, VA 24:180 h.Alld TN! Earth Li•ci /lappity Ever After - .caries from folk lrlditioni all ltOWld the wtidd chosen to help prolt:Ct all living beings by bringing 111'1 world soc1ecy a few steps do5Ct to peace and ~l for 1111 fife. Edited by Floar.ing Eagle Femhcr. $7 .00 ppd. (All profits go IO Clrempacc IJ1A! !he Pcau Museum.) Order &om: Wages of Peace; 309 704.251 ·2526). • MOTHER'S BREATit HERBAL PRODUCTS high quali1y b"fbal c•"'""· oin1ments, and 011J, lov1n1ly aa1cd. Send for free brochure 10 Re . 2. Ro• 251. Vllas. NC2K692 EARTH REACH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1cae1Un1 pnmitivc skills 10 children md adulu.. Roben Manin. Jr and JC&1111C Moo!\!'. RL I, Box 178-A. Fcnum, VA 24088. BEAUTIFUL EUCIUOE MOCCASINS Custom aitcd to your f~• AO narural ma1erials. Sof!SOle $2.5/lw<holt SSO. Send tncm& of your fool to Na1ivc American FoQ1wcar, 47 Panola St., Alhevillc NC 2.8801; 7~ 2:Sl·22.SO WEBWORK!NO is &cc 5""J •ubmis.1u1cu to: K01"4Jt J<><1rnal P.O. Bo• 638 ui=ler.NC Kall!ah Pro"incc 28743 SprinlJ, 1999 • �The Kaulah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as leners. poems, stories. articles. drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your comnbutions to us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748. • The summer issue of lhc Ka11iah Jo11.rlllll will deal with the meaning of the word "Pence" as a dynamic process lhal can replace cxisung SU"Uctures of donunation with vibrant new relarionships. Please send us descriptions and contact infonnarion for individuals and groups in your pan of the province that are doing lhings that are helping co create peace Ill the world. We would also Hke to know what is your definition of pence. We would like to get a collection of the mo.~t interesting and accurate definitions of that elusive idea. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AV All.ABLE $1.50 -·· ISSUE FIFTEEN Sprin& 1987 Coverlets - Woman Porcsler - Susie McMdwl Midwife . Alternative Conlncqmon • Bio>CJtualily - 81orcgionalism ~ Women Good Mtdic:inc: MmWdlal Clll~ ,_, WWJ[fl~- ISSUE THREE SPRJN(l 1984 Sustain.thlc Agriculture . SunOowas Human lmpac1 on lhc: Forut - Childrcns' Ed11c111ion Vct0nlca Nicholu·Woman in Politics Llitlc tsSUESIXTE:EN-Summerl987 Helen Wauc: Poem: Visions 111 • O~ . Vision Que,r1 - Fim Flow - ln11ia1ion • 1.umina in lhc Wildemeu • Cherokee Cllallcngc "Valuing T,_. People. Mcdlrinc Allies • ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 198'1 W11c1 !>nun Water Quably Kudtu Solar Ecli~c Ctc:arcuttin& T1out • C.omg IO W111r1 Ram PllmP" • Mic:rohydro - Pocnu: Bennie l...ec Sinclair, Jim Wrync Mnlcr ISSUE EIGITTE.EN WUUO' 1987 88 VcmacuIIT Atchiittl\ITC - Dl'c;ams an Wood Q! Sione - Mount&Jll Home - E.Ulh l!ncrJi.. • Eanh-S!u:hcrcd Livmg • Mcmbr- Houses Brush Shchci - Poems· Ot:to«r Du.d • C'oOOd ModX:.nc: "Sheller" ISSLF. FIVE - FALL 191!4 llarv1:11 • Old Ways in Chc1ok"" GinKng Nuclear Waste: • Our Cchic Hcri1•ge Biorcgionalism: Put. Ptuc:nt. and Fu1ure Jahn Wilnol)' • Healing Dlltkness Politics or ISSUE NINETEe.N -Sll'Ulg. 19811 Pcrloandra Cltdtn Spring Tonics · Blueberries WUdOo11>cr O•rdcns Granny Hcrbalis1 • Flll"'l:r Es.cncea • lho Origin of lhe Animal : Stoty -Good Malicmo: "Po.. cr" • Be ATroe Paructp:iliDn ISSLIE SIX. WTNTER 1984-85 Wini.:r Soi.ti« Eanh Ceremony· H0<scpiu1u;i, ISSUE TWENTY · S11m1na. 19811 l'reM!rve App.alathilll WildcnlU.J • Hi,ghbnll of ltoan - Cel<1 Community - L.nd Trun • Arthur Miqan School • Zoning 'Wuc • ·'"The Ridgo" - Fanncrs Ind lhe Fann Bill • Cood Mcdir.:lnc! ''Lind" · Acid Rain · Duke"• Po..,cr Play Chaoic< Microhydro ProJCCI Rt\CT Com1111 ol lhc Llshl • Log Clbm Roo1a- MoUlll&in Apicullurc: Tho Righi Crop - W11l1am Tayl11< The Fuiun: of lhc: Forc.t ISSUE SEVEN SPRING 1985 Su.'ll&JA•blc Ec:onomic:J Hot Srrinp - Worlte; Ownership - The Great &onomy - Self Help Crccjj1 Union Wiid Turlt.cy - Rcsponslbl• lnvuting Workitlg in Ilic Web of Lite JSSUE EIGtrr - SUMMER 1985 Celebra11on: A Way of Life - Kat\Wl 18.000 Ye&l'J Ago • Sacred Sil.Cl - Follc Ans in lhc School& - Sun Cyc:l~oon Cycle • Powu: Hilda Downer Chcsolcu Heritage Caw:r • Who Owns Appaladlhl? ISSUENTNE- FALL 1985 The Wal~ Forest - Thi> Tfl'cS Spc:alt • Milf&llng Foruts • llcme Logging - Stanmg a Treci Crop Urb&n Trees · l\oom Btc«I - Mylh Tane ~- ISSUE Et.EVEN SPRINO 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the: Biotcgional Vision - Roc:yclmg Community Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Ouoliol Two Biottgional Views • Nuclear Suj)plema11 FoiU= Oarne.s. Good MtdldM: Visions Box - The Wake - TI1c Raven Moclcor Woodslorc and WildwoodJ Wildom Oood tsSUETWEHTY-ONE · Fall, 1988 Chc:stnu~ A 1~i.1ura.1 Hl11ory • Rostoring w Cheiulut. ·p~ orl'rcs<!rvation Uld Praise" Canunuing the Quesl Farella and Wildlife Chos1ru111 in Regional 011~1 Chcsuuu Ruoun:u - Hctb Noic - Good Mcdn:mc: "Changes 10 C<!me" • Rev~ Wkr# le&~Nls Medicine: The Sweat lodge ISSUETBN ·WINTER 19l!S-86 Ka1c Rogas • Circles of Slone • lnicmal Mylhmalcing - Holl•lic: Healing on Trial Poem$: Sieve Knaulh • My1Juc Pbc:c:s The Uklona's Talc: Cry11al Magic - Li~ ISSUE FOURTEEN - W-mi« 1986.t7 Uoyd Cul Owlc. Boogers and Mwnmcn - All !SSUETWENTY TWOWin1ct", l9S8-89 Cilobal Wmnaig and Kat4ah .irire This T~ • Thom.u Deny on "Biorcgsons" - Eanh E.xcrase Ko~ Loy McWluru:r • All Abundance oI l'..mplincSJ - LETS • Chninicl.. or Flo)'d - o.ry Wood lnlcrf!ICW The 9.,.., Clan ISSUE THIRTEEN · Fall 1986 Ccnlcr For Awakening - Elinbc:th Callari A Clc:n1lc Dca1h • Hosp>CA! Eincsl Morgan Dealing Crcalivcly with Dcalh Home Bunal Species Day - Cabin Fcve1 Uni•aaity • Homelcu !JI Kaiuah • Homcinadc Hos Wiler S1ovanJtkCf'5 Narrauvc • Good Meche.inc:: lntmpcci.. Conununication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ,, ~UA~ QURNAL 0 -- - - - - ~ -------- For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 Boie 638; Leicester, NC; KatUah Province 28748 Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Enc/Med is$ Address City Area COde Sprl.nq, 1989 ro give this ejforr an extra boost State Phone Number Zip l can be a local contact person for my area Back [ssues Issue#-_@$2.50= $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _@ $2.50 = S_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ S2.50 = $ _ _ Choose any 5 issues: SIO.OO=S_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-22) @ $35.00 = $_ _ XAwaf1 Jou~ncit Pt«J~ ~s � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 23, Spring 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-third issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on varied topics such as the ancient ways of the first people groups in Appalachia; "Planet Art;" tulip poplar trees; the Black Swan Center; and environmentally-friendly economics. Authors and artists in this issue include: Kim Sandland, Denise Newbourne, David Morris, Doug Elliott, James Rhea, Jerry Trivette, C.B. Squire, Elizabeth Griffin, Gil Leebrick, Michael Hockaday, Sheli Lodge, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Dolores LaChapelle, Martha Tree, Laura E. Jackson, and Jackie Taylor. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways by Kim Sandland.......1<br /><br />Planet Art in Katúah by Denise Newbourne.......5<br /><br />The Green City as Thriving City by David Morris.......8<br /><br />Poplar Appeal by Doug Elliott.......10<br /><br />Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait by James Rhea.......13<br /><br />"A New Earth" by Jerry Trivette.......14<br /><br />College as Community Resource by C. B. Squire.......16<br /><br />Wild Lovely Days: Poems by Elizabeth Griffin | Photographs by Gil Leebrick.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />Reviews: Sacred Land  Sacred Sex  Rapture of the Deep.......23   Stopping the Coming Ice Age.......25<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......26<br /><br />"Sudden Tendrils" a poem by Michael Hockaday.......28<br /><br />Events Calendar.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--History Excavations (Archaeology)--North Carolina, Western Mixed economy--Appalachian Region, Southern Poplar--North Carolina, Western Community development--North Carolina--Swannanoa River Valley Human ecology in art North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Cherokees Community Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Recycling Shelter Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/cbf32695fba405c0cff45e3e9c54db62.pdf 616631b2f61e4f3060a633a13326ea4d PDF Text Text $1.50 ISSUE 25 FALL 1989 . for all things wild I ,.. �October 27, 1989 "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" Owen Conference Center, University of ~orth Carolina Asheville A major conference bringing together scientists, educators, government land managers, and conservationists to speak about the condition of the Southern Appalachian habitat and the necessity to initiate new programs for habitat preservation and restoration to maintain the the southern diversity of life in mountains. For more information call (704) 251-6441 Registration: $20.00. October 28 October 28 "Wild in the Streets: The Feral Ball " "For All Things Wild" Warren Wilson College Swannanoa, NC Issues and strategy discussion among activists directed to arrive at means of restoring biological diversity in the Southern Appalachian region. Speakers: Reed Noss, Laura Jackson, Robert Zahner, Peter Kirby, Jamie Sayen, David Wheeler. Open discussion period. Registration: $5.00. For more info:, call (704) 298-3325 (Ext. 250). rock to the music of Grandmother and One Straw We call upon the spirits of the wild! Come costumed as one of our native mountain species - or to express your own wildest self! 8:00 pm. Location to be announced. Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �The Great Forcst ........................... 3 by Sam Gray Restoring the Old-Growth Forest........5 by Robert 'Zahner Regional Planning for Habitat Intcgrity................... 8 by Laura Jackson A Question o f Value ...................... 10 hy Dm·id Wheeler Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation ................ 12 by Anna Muir Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" ................. 13 by Julia NUlllllJJ/y Duncan A Place for Bears ......................... 15 An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" .. 16 by Annelinde Metzner Eastern Panther, Where Are You?...... 17 by Patrick Clarlr. Oak Decline ................................ 19 by Hetllher Blair People and Habitat ........................ 2 1 by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawart Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries ..............23 Natural World News..................... 24 Drumming ................................. 26 Living Green .............................. 29 Baner Fair................................. 30 (Natural) Resources ...................... 31 Events Calendar........................... 32 Webworking ............................... 34 1'"iirt. t 989 To sense what ls happening In the mountains, we begin by perceiving the Southern Appalachian region as an ongoing. functioning. organic euent. ..within the greater biosphere. We can then tdenUfy ourselves and our species In relation to It and sense our place within Its evolutionary history and cycles of renewal. From the perspective of the whole we are one species among many each \vith its own contribullon to make. each wilh its own demands for habitat. When there is a disturbance in the pattern of the whole. the effects even tu ally reach every inhabitant. Human beings have been here for very few of the millions of years the forest has been patiently growing within a dynamic balance. In recent times. our perception of these forests has often lacked wisdom and humility. resulting In actions destructive to our home. We can sense our relationship to the whole, but we will never be able to encompass It with our Intellect alone. We are in it and of it. This Is the Great Mystery of existence. Intuitively we can perceive this Mystery. We can revere It and celebrate lt. And by acting tn concert with the Life cycles, we can come to know It more fully. This knowing then leads us to respond. In thls issue of Katuah. we look at biodiversity and habitat ln the Southern Appalachian region and how they are being disrupted. Finding out about the current situation In Katuah prompts us to acuon--to speak out. protect. restore. Throughout the articles. it becomes apparent that to truly understand this region. we need to experience. acknowledge, and serve the region as a whole. -The Editors Biodiversity is defined by ecologist Recd Noss llS "a full complement of the native plant and animal species in their natural or normal patterns of abundance." Biodiversity is the foundation of evolution in any biorcgion. Habi tat is defined as an interdependent community of life that supports the various species that live within iL Habitat is the foundation of biodiversity. �STAFF THIS ISSUE: R.ichacd Lowenthal Christina Morrison James Rhea Manha Tree Rob Messick Mamie Muller Chip Smith David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scott Bird Jack Chaney David Red Kim Sandland Heather Blair Sam Gray Marsha Ring Morgan Swann Thanks as well to Joe and Rhea and the Mountain Garden. We offer special thanks for the influence of Grandfather Mountain. COVER by James Rhea PUBLISHED BY; Ka11"1h Journal PRINTED BY; The Waynesville Mountaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE IBJS ISSUE: Globe Valley W&ITEUS AT: TELEPHONE; (704) 683-1414 Katt1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both nmwaJ and social. In line with this principle. the KatU/Jh Journal lrics to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of lhe Ka1Uah Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatU/Jh a non-profit organization under section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to KatU/Jh arc deductible from personal income tax. 'LNVOCA.TWN Do you think you can take over the universe and improve it? I do not believe it can be done. The universe is sacred. You cannot improve it. If you try to change it, you will ruin it. If you try to hold it, you will lose it. -from imsage 29. Tao Te Ching attributed to Lao Tzu ™E SOUTHERN APPALACillAN BIOREGION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here in the southern-most heartland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turrie Island; a small bur growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of rhar geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of 1miversal systems and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Kaufoh" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the nonh; thefoorhills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley ro the west. The editorial priorities for us are to co/leer and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the awareness rhar the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is a way ro insure the sustainability of the biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a " do or die " situation in terms ofa quality standard of life/or all living beings on this planet. As a voice/or the caretakers ofthis sacred land, Kac-Uah, we advocate a centered approach to rhe concept ofdecentralization. It is our hope to become a support system/or those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation ofharmony and balance in a total sense, here in this place. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that Kac-Uah will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing members. -The Editors f"~U.. 1989 �It may be that s.ome little rcx:::>t of the sacred tree still lives. "-lou-ish it then, that it may leof and bloom and fill with singing birds. - Q,lock Elk Until recent time a great inland forest overlay the eastern ponion of Nonh America-a continuous biologic fabric extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama, west along the tributaries of the Mississippi, and boundaried in the east by the pine barrens and lowland marshes of the coastal plain. This forest had its origins in an ancient circumpolar forest system that dominated the temperate zones of Asia, Europe and Nonh America in the Eocene epoch of the Teniary Period (50 million years B.P. [Before Present]) when the continents were closer together. In spite of the intervening continental drift, successive ice ages and vast chasms of time, there remain, to this day, striking botanical linkages in the existing forest remnants of these continents. This is panicularly evident in genera such as Acer (maples), Panax (ginseng), Cory/us (hazels}, Populus (poplars), Cornus (dogwoods), and Rhododendron. (continued on ncxl page) f'ca!t. t 989 Ji:.ati&ah Jo\lrnQL p1i9e 3 �(continued &om page 3) The vast inland forest of Eastern America was geophysically dominated by the long spine of the Appalachian Mountains which determined the Forest's biological stTucture and diversity. Contemporary references to what remains of this forest employ terms such as "mixed mesophytic", "eastern hardwood" or "temperate deciduous" to describe it. For purposes of this essay, acknowledging its extent, its ancient origins, its astounding diversity and resilience, its immense productive capacity, and its profound effect on various human populations over the past 10,000 years, it will be telllled "The Great Forest". When ecologists first began attempting to describe temperate forest ecosystems, they developed the model of succession and climax growth. This model, describes a developing forest that is undergoing a series of stages in which pioneer plant communities and their associated fauna colonize the area and are then replaced by successor communities of larger trees until a forest of dominant trees, known as the "climax forest" establishes a stable equilibrium. This climax old gTOwth would cominue until some "disturbance" such as fire, disease, climate change or human impact takes out the climax community and the succession cycle begins again. The succession-climax model is a useful one for understanding the ecology of the Great Forest. It helps us to recognize the importance and relative stability of old growth forests and it describes how biotic communities in a forest maintain and transform themselves over time as they respond to discontinuities and disturbances, panicularly those caused by humans. The first humans in the Great Forest were nomadic gatherer/hunter groups who arrived after the last glaciation some 10,000 years B.P. These groups ranged over many thousands of acres of oak-chestnut climax growth as well as other forest biomes and while their impact on the forest was small by contemporary standards, it was nonetheless important. Fire was the principal instrument of ecologic change and was to remain so even into recent rimes. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - the Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades that too was gone. Seventeenth century Europeans observed and commented on the burnings. "The savages," wrote Thomas Morton, "are accustomed to set fire of the country in all places where they come and to burne it twize a year, viz: at the spring and the fall of the leafe." The purpose of the burnings was no less than ecosystem management: facilitation of travel, augmentation of browse area for game, encouragement of desirable herbage such as blackberry. raspberry, and cenain grasses. the increase of mast-producing trees Uke oak and chesmut on the drier, warmer soils of a burn area, and the destruction of vermin and pests such as fleas. Selective burning by the lndfans promoted a mosaic quality in the forest ecosystem and created areas in many different stages of succession wilh extensive boundary areas and a greater variety of game and plant habitats - a phenornonen ecologists refer to as the "edge effect". Thus the Indians practiced their own subtle kind of forest management and husbandry. So subtle in fact, as to be undetected in early European descriptions of the Great Forest. When 17th and l 8rh century promoters of North American real estate extolled the "natural" abundance of the land, they were unaware that they were describing an ecosystem that the natives had been shaping for thousands of years. Other imponant aspects of the complex relationship between the Great Forest and its native inhabitants escaped the notice of the Europeans. As William Cronon points out in his masterful ecological history of New England, Changes in the Land, a central fact of temperate forest ecosystems is their periodicity. The overlapping cycles of light, dark, long days, short days, waxing/waning of the moon, the flow of sap, the rurting of deer, spawning of fish, the matings of turkey, bear and frog, the fruiting of plants and the migration of birds... these and myriad other contrapuntal rhythms of the Great Forest's energy cycles were understood and celebrated by the natives. Their own life rhythms of seasonal nomadism, work, ritual and play were evolved from the greater cycles of the forest . The European immigrants' experience of natural cycles, on the other hand, had been filtered for over a millenium through a culture offixed abodes and a social hierarchy that discouraged nomadism as well as wilderness. It is in the context of the periodic cycles of the forest that Native American spirituality can best be understood. The Indians did not attempt to manipulate, through magic and ritual, these cycles to their own ends and were often confounded or amused by the imprecatory prayers of the whites seeking the blessings of good harvest and fortune from an awesome and distant god. Rather, their own spiritual practices were designed to attune and inform themselves to the subtleties of the forest's cycles. The anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski recognized this when he wrote in Myth and Primitive Psychology, "Magic never originated; it never was created or invented. All magic simply was from the beginning, as an essential adjunct to all those things and processes which virally interested man (sic)." The natives inhabited an animated forest world that was alive unto its fanhest recesses with seen and unseen powers. Their task - the task of mind - was to so organize themselves as to develop understanding of and consonance with these powers. When Europeans began to arrive at the Great Forest of North America in sufficient numbers by the mid-17th century, they were not disposed to recognize the animated universe that sustained the natives. They could not or would not see the forest that the natives knew, nor could they recognize the subtlety and intelligence behind the Indians usage of the forest as habitat, susraining process, and sacred ground. The European immigrants faced the Great Forest with a conflicting array of perceptions and attitudes. The forest was at once a threat and an opportunity. The dominant sentiment in regard to the forest was that it was an enormous commodity. Coming from lands long divested of forests held in common, the right to extract and expon timber almost at will was an overwhelming prospect 10 early entrepreneurs. Wood was the main raw material for residential and commercial building on both sides of the Atlantic, but it was even more in demand as an energy source. Seventeenth and eighteenth century industries in metallurgy, glass making and ceramics required enormous amounts of wood for firing furnaces and for charcoal. Individual household consumption was also extraordinary by european standards. Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist visiting colonial eastern America in 1749 wrote," an incredible amount of wood is really squandered in this country for fuel..." As early as 1640, Boston was experiencing wood fuel shortages and most major New England and mid-Atlantic settlements were soon to follow. foll, 1989 �The principal commodity that the Great Forest represented to the E.uropeans was the land itself. Their original concepts of real propeny were derived from the manorial system of feudal Europe and can be ascenained by reviewing the terms or the Royal Charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company: "To have to houlde possess and enjoy the aforesaid continent, lands, territories, islands, hereditaments and precincts, seas, waters, fishings, with all and all manner their commodities, royalties, libenies, prehemynences, and profitts that should thenceforth arise from chcncc, with all and singular their appunances and every pane and parccll thereof unto the said councell and their successors and assigns for ever." The comprehensive, medieval, abstract quality of these early claims underwent an evolution as they passed through the lexicon of 17th and 18th century New World institutions, but the focus on "commodities, royalties, liberues and profitts" never changed. What also wen1 unchanged, leading to countless misunderstandings and much bloodshed, was the European assumption of the sovereignty of propeny rights granted through 'legal' title 10 Land. To the natives, the notion that parcels of land could be considered commodities, bought and sold like cattle, boundaried, possessed, 'improved', divided and sold again or transferred to heirs was absurd. For them, land tenure was a function of usage and usage was linked 10 the mobility that was a central part of the strategy of resource management based on periodicity. The Indian villages moved from habitat to habitat to find maximum abundance with minimal work and reduced impact on the land while the Europeans, in fixed abodes on their titled propeny, worked long hard days 10 intensively farm or 'improve' land with the eventual result being ecological degradation. It was the concept of 'improvements' - replacing forest with fields and pasture and the building of sheds, barns and homes - that soon became the colonial justification for dispossessing the natives. A people who moved around on the land and worked it so lillle could have no justifiable claim to possess it. There were plenty of references in the bible and in Calvinist theology to back up such a sentimenL The unimproved forest with its native inhabitants was eventually seen as an affront to progress, and Christian community. r"u, t 989 With God's backing the righteous began to exterminate or conven the savages and 'improve' the Great Forest out of existence. The decimation of the Great Forest proceeded in two fairly distinct historical phases - the first, occurring in the colonial period and lasting until about 1850, can be termed pre-capitalist. It was characterized by the deforestation patterns of an agricultural economy. The best land was cleared for field crops and pasture. Commercial extrnction of timber for energy or wood products was confined to terrain accessible by human/animaJ power. The second phase was indusoial/capitalist and it continues to the present day. Utilizing machinery, organized capital, and cheap local labor, the forest was harvested to satisfy national and international timber demands. As habitat for the incredible diversity of wild plants and creawres was impoverished, fonunes were amassed by men far away who were never required to look upon the devastation. By 1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - 1he Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two decades 1ha1 too was gone. As humans, we have known the forest in many ways - as home, as sustenance, as sacred ground, as repose, as commodity, as teacher, as refuge. Our species is only now realizing the extent of its power 10 diminish the radiance of the Great Forest. We are beginning to understand a glimmer of what was... for we were once forest-dwellers. Today there is an archetype becoming known in the human spirit ...of regeneration. There is an embryonic recognition of what we have lost and of what we must restore. We cannot continue as we have done. The forest calls 10 us to come back, for our own sake and for the sake of all our relations dwelling therein. The quotation from Black Elk that begins this essay captures this hope for us when he speaks of the roots of the Sacred Tree the Tree of Life. The Sacred Tree, a universal symbol of regeneration of both the human spirit and of the Earth, nourishes our memory to recall that though the Great Forest has been felled, it cannot and will not ever leave us. wriuen by Sam Gray plU>co ofJoyce Kilmer Memorial Forest on page 3 by larry Tucker x.at.Uah JounuiL p!UJ• s �Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner A thing is right when it rends to preserve the inregriry, stabi/iry, and beauty of rlze biotic community. Ir is wrong when it tends otherwise. - AldD Leopold (I 949) We stand at the threshold of a great decision. We are on the verge of re-defining the importance of our mountain landscape, its natural habitats, and the Life forms they support. Science has shown tha1 such habitats are vi1al to planetary life support systems where natural communities of interdependent plants and animals can maintain reservoirs of biological diversity. When extensive logging destroyed the primeval fores1s of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, a critical factor for biodiversity, habitat continuity over large areas, was eradicated. During the century between 1830 and 1930 forest clearing and burning ravaged native bio1ic communities and terminated unknown numbers of plant and animal species. Habitats were fragmented, and many surviving endemic species were left in smaU, isolated communities. ln the first quaner of the twentieth century the Southern Appalachian National Forests were established as watershed preserves. Federal conservation policies permined many forest habitats to begin the natural process of restoring themselves. This regrowth ecosystem, or second generation forest, was similar to the original primeval forest only in that it still contained most of the original plant and animal species. Today, after 60 to 80 years of recovery, the new forest is still maturing, still unfolding its species composition as new niches are created in the complex progression toward what modem ecologists term an "old-growth forest." But it still has a long way to go to reach biological maturity. There is now the potential to restore a diversity of species that would resemble the old primeval forest. There is also the danger, because of present National Forest management plans, of losing much of the restoration already gained. The United States Forest Service (USFS), administered by foresters who are highly competent timber managers, interprets the Congressional Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 with a strong bias toward harvesting commercially mature timber. The Act states implicitly, however, that al/ resources of the Notional Forests ore to be managed for sustained yield. Other acts of Congress go on to define natural diversity as a vital resource of 1he public lands, and mandate that this resource shall be maintained through habitat preservation. This paper is written with the intent of furthering public knowledge of this important environmental issue. Three Levels of Diversity lo the despoilment and fragmentation of the original forest, three levels of diversity were either destroyed or placed in jeopardy: ( l) genetic diversity within species, (2) species diversity within habitats, and (3) habitat Xatium Jo~rrmt P"9e 6 diversity within landscapes. We have no record of how many species were irretrievably lost, but 1oday we are beginning co count the numbers that are presently endangered and threatened with extinction. Let us consider how lhese three types of diversity are essential for a healthy bioregion, and how all three can be restored as the new forest grows toward biological maturity. Genetic Diversity: A great many species counted as rare today could again become more abundant if we allow natural biotic processes to evolve unmolested. For example, in the forest of today the mountain gentian plant (Gentiana decora Pollard)_grows singly or in small colonies in damp, rich wooded habitats, generally isolated from other members of the species by unsuitable habitats. Gentians are pollinated by several rypes of inseclS who are able to cross-fertilize separate colonies of the plant. Thus, if undisturbed by human activity, pollen exchange will increase genetic diversity within the gentian species over an ever-increasing area of 1he mountain landscape. This renewed generic vitality is critical to the future well-being of the species, as human-caused environmental changes continue to force all forms of life to adapt to such stresses as aunospheric pollution and accelerated climatic warming. The same situation is true for literally thousands of species of plants and animals throughout the mountains. Each example f"~U.. t989 �requires its own special sening, but the common theme is natural balance. An endemic terresual mole salamander, Ple1ho<k>n1ordani, is a highly significant insectivore in the world beneath the leaf litter of a mature hardwood forest. This salamander requires large areas of ~ontinuous forest cover to afford geneuc n11gra11on among populations. Thus. when the cwopy overhead is fragmented or removed. breeding populat!ons of this animal disappear to reco.,,er only w11h the re-establishment or the mature hardwood fores t. Many species of reptiles. amphibians, and anhropods w11h limited mobi:ity have similar requirements for genetic exchange. Conditions that promote generic diversity arc essential so each species can adapt and evolve, panicularly in light of the accelerating environmental changes expected in the next century. Species Diversity: The next scale of diversity is that of species within habitats. This is often misinterpreted by federal land managers to mean "the greatest number of differe nt species for each given unit of land." It is well kno wn that the na tural succe ssio n of weed y species occupying disturbed sites provides a wealth of diversity in te rms of to tal numbe rs. The Southern Appalachian Mountains today abound w ith disturbed sites, the result of Jar.d clearings, road bui lding, comme rc ial and reside ntial development, forest c learcuuing, agricultural activity, and wildfires. Therefore. the weedy plants and small animal species that characterize early succession habitats are most commo n throughout lhe region. But what about species diversity in other habitats once prevalent in the primeval forest? Two hundred years ago a north-facing site at 3,SOO feet elevation in the Blue Ridge Mountains would likely have supported a mature oversrory of 20 or more tree species, with many large trees over 200 years old. The midstory would have been composed of perhaps 20 or more species of smaller trees of all ages, from reproduction saplings fillin1 canopy pps to very old species adapted to live out their lives in the shade. Many tree species, such as basswood (TUia ~rerophylla VcnL), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), buncmut (J1111lans cinera L.), mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.), mountain winterbcny (Ila mofllana T . and G.), ycllowwood (Cladrastis kentulcea Rudd), and, of course, American chestnut (Castanea delllQta Borich.). were more common in this ancient foresr lhan they are today. Shrub spec ies were numerous, and carpeting !he ground in many places were large colonies of painted trillium (Trillum undulatum Willd.), baneberry (Actaea pachypoda Ell.), do g-tooth violet (Eryrhronium americum Ker.), um brella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa Michaux). jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisema triphyllum Schott.), and many fem species. Rotting logs provided substrate and micro-habitats for many S1>ecies of fungi. mosses. splecnwons. and all the attendant invertebrate and small vertebrate animals that were essential to the health of the entire larger community. The large trees. living and dead. provided food, shelter, and breeding situations for many birds and other venebrate animals that require a biologically mature. undisturbed. mixed hardwood forest habitat. The mature forest was a dynamic biotic community that f'Q{L, t989 supported a large array of interdependent species. !'\one of the plants or animals mentioned above is exceptionally rare today. although a number of today's threatened or endangered species. such as the small whorled pogonia (lsotria medeoloides Rafinesque), could well have been present in such a habitat. The particular corn/Jination of these species. however, taken together as a functionmg ecosystem. is today a rare occurrence. What species m ight be present on such a site today'! Following the indiscriminate logging and burning at the the tum of the century, conditions were so severely altered that the second-grow t h forest now consists typically of a mixture of 60 to 80 year o ld oaks and hickones, with perhaps fewer than 10 other tree species. More prominent today are the m1d-successional species: yellow poplar (liriendendron tulip/era L.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobw L .), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L .). sourwood (Oxydendron a rboreum L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum Nee s.), and stump sprouts o f Americ an chestnut. Scauercd individuals of most of the original species are also present, but the species composition is so drastically altered that the highland forest is typically c lassified as ~oalc-hiclcory" ralher than "mixed hardwoods." Large cavity trees arc rare. The large decomposing logs that typify biologically mature habitat are largely absent from today's regrowth forests.The number of undcrstory and ground cover species are now reduced, retaining those that thrive on disturbance, such as species of berries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia) and rhododendron. Early succession habitat caused by human disturbance is the only habitat type that is well-represented on the second level of biodiversity, the diversity of species within habitats. But the forest communities are slowly maturing, and species enric hment is occurring gradually in those habitat s that arc left undisturbed. Biologically mature habitats, or old-growth mixed hardwood forests, are again a possibility within the next century. Just as genetic diversity within a species is e ssential for adaptation for survival in a changing enviro nme nt, so spec ies d iversity with in a habitat is essent ial for the whole community of interdependent plants and animals to meet the demands of evolution. The future of those species combinations best adapted to old, mature hardwood forest communities depends on the integrity of the entire habitat. Habitat Divers ity: Differentiation on the third level of biological d iversity, that of habitat diversity in the regional landscape, has also been gradually emerging in the Southern Appalachian Mountains throughout the second half of this century. The national forest-; provide large, contiguous blocks of forest area. which, if they continue to be left und1stur_bed. ha~e the potential to mature into a mosaic of diverse forest habitats, each accommodating its own composition of species, and all together making provision for the genetic diversity essential for species evolution. The key requirement for this regional diversity lies in maintaining a continuity of undisturbed habitats across the landscape. Disconnected habitats that are left to mature as isolated fragments cannot serve as more than small rcfugia for generic material. Such limitation confines ecnetic variation within the boundaries of each of these tiny habi1a1 areas and restricts the potential for evolution to respond to future changes in the cnvironmenL The current policy of national forest management is to accommodate landscape diversity by pwcscrving fragments of old growth stands dispersed throughout a landscape that is predominantly even-aged st~nds .of commercially valuable tree species wnh provisions for a few important species of game animals. This concept of diversity is analogous to the preservation of species in arboretu ms. bota nical gardens, and zoos. Cen ainl y a bead-lily (Clinronia borealis Raf.) in a cultivated garden has lost most of its wild "lily-ness," because a wildflower removed from its natural habitat is no longer serving its role as a strand in the web of life. In like manner, a fragment of old-growth forest preserved in a landscape of managed young forests has lost its essential nature, as it is no longer a pan of the web of biological e volution in the region its generic material serves. At the level of habitat diversity. just as at the two lower levels. the ability or an entire bioregion to adapt and survive environmental change depends on the diversity of its natural habitats. The greater the number of mature �REGIONAL PLANNING FOR HABITAT INTEGRITY by Laura E. Jackson Laura Jackson is the author of the study Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of the Southern Appalachian National Forests, a comprehensive overview and critique of the US Forest Service's Land and Resource Managemem Plans for the six national forest areas of the Southern Appalachians. Laura is completing graduate work at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Duke University. She wrote the sllldy in cooperation with Peter Kirby, regional director, and other staff members of the Southeast Regional Office of the Wilderness Society under a Stanley Fellowship grant The book is published and made available by the Wilderness Society. Mountain Treasures at Risk is an excellent resource for anyone who is concerned about habitat i11 the Sowhem Appalachians. The text is clear a11d to the point. The graphs and tables are pleasing to the eye and revealing in their content. Forest issues are de-mystified in a way that only someone with a clear comprehension of the dynamics involved could articula1e. 8111, most of all, Laura Jackso11's suuiy is invaluable because it is wriuen by someone with no ves1ed economic or poli1ical in1eres1 in 1he Appalachian public lands b111 rather by someone with 011ly the interests of 1hefores1 01 liean. The book talks in a straigluforward way about tlie effects 011 the forest of below-cost timber sales, over-roading, and the i11equities i11 budget and emphasis show11 i11 Forest Service management programs. The swdy co11clt1des with guidelines/or managing the Sowhern Appalachian 11a1ional fores ts 10 protect wild la11ds a11d the biological diversity they harbor, meet recreatio11al and aesthetic demands, and restore the forest 1wilo1. 011 page one of Mountain Treasures at Risk the report states that the two major flaws i11 the Forest Service ma11ageme111 approach is the agency's emphasis 011 commodity ex1ractio11from the mow11ai11forests Olld their failure to recog11ize the Somhern Appalachia11s as a regional habitat system (in other words, a bioregio11). /1 says, 'This report is the only ctunulative analysis to dote to examine the Forest Service's plaru for thil unique nwumuin environment." This is true. Many t/1a11ks. In the following article Laura Jackso11 explains further the differences in understanding that result from viewing the Ka11'iah provi11ce a11d its disti11ctive habitats as a whole, rather than breaking it into administrative pieces.... ·DW Mountain Treasures at Risk is available at M charge by writing to tht Wilderness Society Southeast Regional Office at 1819 Peachtru St. NE; Atlanta, GA 30309. (Jlowevtr, consider making a volU11tary donation. Tht reference is wt// worth It.) >C.at i'.&ah Journat paqe 8 T he fragmentation of Souther n Appalachian habitat is the familiar result of a utilitarian value system that prizes goods production and consumption over a healthy relationship with our land. Forest managers ask how their stands can fulfill national timber quotas. State governments ask if thei r wilderness fragments arc sufficient to satisfy recreational demand. But their questions are framed within self-imposed limits of vision that reach only to the orderly edges of administrative boundaries. Consequently, they are too narrow in scope to address what arc now the most critical issues. In this age of dwindling native populations, dying mountaintops, and other large-scale ecological catastrophes, we must adopt a broad regional perspective in order to evaluate and implement essential environmental solutions. The regional framework provides a logical context by which to approach land management decisions. The natural expanse of an ecosystem (like a prairie, desert, or mountain range) with its local resources, indigenous populations. and traditional activities, can suggest environmentally appropriate patterns of growth and development. Requiring collaboration among public agencies and private owners, the regional perspective is gaining support around the world as the solution to maintain ecological systems and the integrity of the human/environment relationship. As the dominant land manager in the Southern Appalachians, the US Forest Service is in a position to best exemplify the philosophy of regional stewardship. Currently, however, the agency is under extensive criticism for its unimaginative, homocentric planning and management techniques. The Forest Service conuols approx:imatcly three million acres in six Southern Appalachian national forests. Despite the contiguity of these lands, each national forest is administered as a separate unit. Staff vision and authority stop at the legal boundaries. As a result, individual forest planners have set inconsistent standards for managing shared animal populations, lost opportunities to protect roadlcss areas that straddle state lines, and purposefully altered rare habitat in order to incroduce elements already common on adjacent private lands. In the Katuah province, towns and private inholdings comprise about half of the acreage within official national forest boundaries. These lands support agriculture, industrial forests, developed and roaded recreation, and other human-altered environments. Consequently they have attracted hardy, invasive wildlife that thrives in modified senings and displaces native mountain species. A crucial role of federal stewardship, therefore, is to promote natural habitat continuity as a public investment in biological diversity, clean air and water, and the Southern Appalachian wild native heritage. A satellite's-eye view of the Southern Appalachian Mountains shows the Appalachian public lands as a green island standing alone above lowlands crowded with human beings and the products of their ac1ivi1ies. This mountainous ecosystem of tremendous natural beauty and scientific importance is also in increasing demand as a source for consumptive supplies. A closer look would show public forests fragmented by private inholdings, development spreading across newly-cleared hillsides, and wildlands straining under increased resource use. Yet, to date, the core of the Southern Appalachian habitat survives relatively intact. Invisible from overhead, yet just as real in its effects on the highland forests, is the administrative fragmentation that further stresses the region's habitats. Southern Appalachian forests fall under the jurisdictions of five state governments, as many federal agencies, and dozens of counties with differing objectives for the use of their mountain commodities. Countless private corporations also make decisions based on their own perceived interests in the resources of the Ka1uah province. The accumulated effects of numerous land-use decisions made in the isolation of corporate boardrooms, federal office buildings, and the offices of county or state agencies threaten 10 mortally fragment Katuah's natural systems and desuoy their ecologi.cal functions. If the administering agencies could view the mountain region from the viewpoint of our imaginary satellite hovering above, their perspective and consequently their management priorities might be changed: • From overhead, it is clear that the Southern Appalachians are a biological island, the last remaining large block of forest habitat in the southeast. Many areas can contribute to the regional and national timber supply, most of them better than these steep mountain forests. But where better can we look for wilderness, and the shady, moist storehouses of undiscovered ecological value? • The region's remote ridgelines and pristine streams constitute rare wildland linkage opponunities for migration, genetic exchange, and the daily roamiogs of wide-ranging mammals. These travelways could also extend to wildlands in the Central Appalachians to the north, and perhaps south into the Florida peninsula as well, to ensure strong, adaptable populations of black bear, mountain lion, and other large predators. Broad corridors connecting natural habitat areas along the length of 1hc Appalachian range would serve as ecological escape routes in cases of severe environmental stress, whether of human or natural origin. rau. 19e9 �•The Appalachians are the headwaters of all the great rivers east of the Mississippi. If streams and rivers are not pure at their origins, they can never be clean anywhere along their length. The expanses of forest that cover the green mountains are also a fountainhead of valuable oxygen in an increasingly polluted armospherc. • A regional perspective would correct the misconception that each national forest should provide the public with equivalent proportions of all resources. The southeast supports an abundance of cleared fields, thickets or young "pioneer" trees, and the understory plants and animals associated with early successional habitats. However, areas of contiguous, remote forest and old-growth comrrunities are precious and rare. Species plentiful in one nationaJ forest might be uncommon everywhere else; therefore these should be preserved at the expense of more ordinary forest uses. • Research priorities and resource inventories also attain broader significance when framed in a regional perspective. State wildlife officials and federal land managers currently repon environmental characteristics in terms of acres, head counts, and dollars. Such data arc easily tabulated and readily available by state and ownership category. Yet these quantitative measures fail to capture the more comprehensive information that is critical 10 effective habitat management Ta!L, 1989 • To ensure that resource u1ili7.ation docs not deplete an ecosystem's natural variety, managers must monitor across the landscape. They must mitigate the encroachment or common edge habitat into the diminishing forest interior. They must delineate and protect multi-state blocks of continuous forest and migration pathways. Responsible stewardship also requires improved biodiversity measurements, the promotion of ecologically rich old-growth stands, and the restoration of degraded lands. These and other research objectives necessitate inter-agency cooperation. working relationships with private landowners, and a more holistic view of the natural environment and our relationship to it. The responsibility for regional planning docs not lie solely with public agencies. Farmers, industrial foresters. university administrators, even individual homeowners must ask how their lands contribute to the environmental landscape. Particularly those who profit financially from Katuah's natural features - the outfitters, resort managers. and members of the entertainment and service sectors that surround public lands - should suive to maintain the integrity of the regional environment both as a business investment and as a means to compensate the land for its free use. Private landowners can do a great deal to strengthen the vitality of the region by managing their land to help reconnect the broken pieces. The time has come for landowners and managers to acknowledge their shared responsibility for environmental stewardship. We can no longer afford to view properties as discrete units unto themselves. to be modified, unadvised, by their current legal authorities. Businesses, families, and public agencies arc but temporary guardians of many tiny pieces of the Eanh. Yet the natural processes that permit our physical survival, as well as foster creative imagery and inspiration, besr operate unconstrained by anificaJ divisions. In order to maintain for the future the fundamental life-support systems of humans and other species, we must begin to counter the legacy of fragmentation with a commitment to environmental unity. We must explore land uses that do not deplete the Eanh's suitability for the other life forms with whom we exist. We must instill a deep appreciation for nature and natural processes in our schoolchildren. We must not insist on using. viewing, or populating every available surface, so that truly wild expanses may sustain the large animals who suffer in our presence. Much to their credit, federal agencies in the Southern Appalachians arc now experimenting with cooperative management programs. These require our encouragment and participation. Ccnainly sacrifices of power, pride, and privacy will be necessary to restore our suffering environment Yet their significance wanes beside the tangible and spiritual rewards of a cooperative survival mission never before attempted and never more important. x.atfulh Journm pCUJe 9 �A Question of Value by David Wheeler The decades between 1880 and 1920 were the years of the timber barons in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. This was the great "logging boom," in which virtually all the first-growth, "virgin" forest was cut off the Appalachian slopes. Fortunes were made during those years, but the money did not stay in the mountains. The wealth went to the corporate magnates and investors in the eastern cities and in Europe. When the ravishing of the Appalachian forests was completed, the big companies headed for greener forests to the west, and the local people were left with a strong dependency on the wage-earning system and without the means to support it. Today the old-growth forest, the first forest, is gone, but the view that the forest is a collection of resources, there for the use and benefit of human beings still underpins our basic attitudes and policies toward the Appalachian woodlands. The US Forest Service exemplifies that attitude. Their policies and priorities suue plainly that they consider the growing of hardwood timber to be the fir.a purpose of the Southern Appalachian national forest land. In the Jefferson National Forest in Virginia, two-thirds of the Forest Service budget goes into timber-cutting and road-building, which is directly tied to logging operations. In the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forest, 40% of the budget is allocated to timber and roads. Beyond that, a good portion of the adminis1rative budget (which comprises 25% of the overall budget and is tallied separately) also goes to overseeing timbering and road-building operations. Only 3.4% of the NantahalaPisgah's annual budget goes to monitoring and providing for the needs of wildlife. The road-building that logging operations demand is the most expensive and damaging of all the activities carried on by the Forest Service. This is particularly true in the southern mountains where the slopes are steep and highly erosive (see page 12). The justification for this continued environmental destruction and human intrusion into remote habitat areas is the familiar "jobs and money" refrain. Much ado is made of the timber shortage that would result if unconstrained logging in the national forests were to be stopped. Timber industry lobbyists declare 1ha1 old-growth forest is wasteful, that there is already more than enough land set aside for habitat, and argue against evidence that shows a forest diminishing in native diversity and threatened in its ability to provide the clean water and air that help to nourish life on the planet. Unhappy over the timber quotas set in the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the National Forests in the Southern Appalachians, the timber interests demanded, and won, an agreement from the Forest Service to sponsor a timber demand study, thinking that would give them leverage to XQt\mh Journc:i! pa9e 10 Phoro by Roo Musick/Profea Ligltthawt further increase the Forest Service's emphasis on timber cutting. The result was the "Southern Appalachian Timber St udy" prepared by a team of researchers headed by J. Edward de Steiguer of the Forest Service's Southeastern Experiment Station. The repon exploded like a bombshell onto the environmental scene. First, rather than verifying a strong demand for hardwood lumber from the National Forests, che repon found that the prices offered had actually been decreasing over the last decade! . And, rather 1han showing that the Nauonal Forests were making an important contributi?n co the region's timber output, che report pointed out that che National Forests contribute only 10 percem of the regional timber supply. And this 10 percent is largely wood of poor quality, used mostly for making pallets and boxes, but also for railroad ties, mine props plywood, chipboard, and finally paper pulp. A portion of the better-quality hardwoods are used as veneer woods and in the manufacturing of furniture, decorative trim, and hardwood floorin~, but the study mentioned in passing that a growing percentage of best hardwoods were being exported out of che country 10 buyers overseas! The Forest Supervisor's office in Asheville, NC stated that only 700 jobs throughout the North Carolina mountains were directly relating to timber harvesting in the national forests. In rhe Ka111ah province only rwo counties, Graham and Swain, are dependent on logging in the national forest as an important pan of their overal I economies. But the forest, like anything that lives, is much greater than the sum of its parts. The cash price of the standing timber is a paltry amount compared to the true worth of the forest. How could one appraise the rich diversity of life in Karuah, unequalled in the temperate zones of the world? We can on.ly be grateful for the priceless blessings of dark soil, pure water, and clean air. We cannot calculate the inestimable value of the fragile quality of wholeness. There has been much controversy lately about clearcutting and the methods by which timber is cut in the National Forests. However, as biologist Glenda Zahner has said, in the face of the perceived dangers to the survival of the whole Appalachian habitat it appears that the question is not how timber is taken, but whether timber should be cut at all in the Southern Appalachian narional forests. Well-known are the infamous national forest "below-cost timber sales" that have come to light in the past few years. These are sales in which the expense of the wood, site access and preparation, and the administrative management of rhe sale are not covered by the price received in the sale con1rac1. Thus, the Forest Service has actually lost money selling timber in many pans of the country, including the Southern Appalachians. Figures collected for 1987 from the six National Forests in the Southern Appalachians (including the Pickens Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest in South Carolina) show that the Forest Service lost $5.5 million dollars in that one year alone from their disastrous timber policies. Below-cost timber sales constitute an unauthorized hand-out 10 the lumber interests from the agency • and thus from the US taxpayers. The $5.5 million deficit from one year of clearcutting the forest could pay 275 of those 800 working timber-related jobs in the North Carolina national forests one year's salary of $20,000 to leave the forests uncut and to protect them as viable and living habicats. The succeeding generation of trees that replaced those carried away during the great Appalachian lumber rush are now reaching 60 to 80 years of age. The trees are approaching sawlog girth and soon their growth rate will begin to slow. This is the age of economic maturity (not to be confused with biological YaU.1989 �• maturity, which is anywhere between 200 and 500 years of age). This is a critical decision point in our policy-making: is the forest to be set back to the staning point again, or is it to be allowed to continue on toward the old-~wth stage to provide optimal habitat for the native foresr species? The Forest Service has made its position clear. On page 33, de Steiguer's "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" said, "From 1977 to 1986, the National Forests progressively increased the harvest volume of all stumpage products except softwood pulpwood. Real prices fell during the same period. In fact, the price lines are pracrically a mirror image of the volw11e lines." The report showed that the rate of timber cutting in the Southern Appalachian National Forests doubled from 63 million board feet in 1977 to 126 million board feet in 1986, even as prices were declining. Wise business practice would suggest witholding supplies when t.he price is low. The Forest Service has done e1tactly the opposite during the last decade, selling more and more timber for less and less money. Because timber quotas have been determined on the basis of political considerations rather than a response to the real market, taxpayers have been paying for the privilege of having the National Forests clearcut by the timber industry. At the time of this writing, the Forest Service is planning to again double timber cutting levels in the Southern Appalachians between 1986 and 1996. If timber sales continue 10 lose money at the same rate that they are now, then the money lost on below-cost timber sales wiU also double during that time. Under the current versions of the Forest Service's Land and Resource Management Plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests, almost 2/3 of the national forests are deemed suitable for logging, and all of that area is scheduled 10 be cut within the next 50 years. The narural cycle of succession leading to an old-growth, climax forest habitat will be cut short throughout two million acres of the national forest lands. Oak trees, many of which will be just beginning to produce the acorn mast so important to black bears and many other forest inhabitants, will be toppled in clearcuts, and a portion of the cut-over areas will be burned or sprayed with poisonous herbicides and planted in straight lines of white pine trees, which create inferior habitat for most forest species. The large, open clearcut areas left to regenerate naturaUy wiU invite yellow poplar trees to invade and take over land that may have been dominated by oaks and other tree species that prefer some degree of shade. Clearcuts do encourage diversity - a diversity of weedy plant and animal species at the expense of increasingly rare old-growth habitats. Today the old pattern of lumber extraction is being renewed as "the international timber commodities market." Once again, Appalachia is being relegated to the position of a t:olonized economy from which raw materials leave the region for processing elsewhere, along with the power and the profits. The United States is vinually the only country in the world with the capability to produce temperate hardwoods for expon. Most of the American hardwoods, particularly the oak lumber that is most in demand, come from the ratt. 1989 Appalachian Range. Canada is supplied almost enurely from the nearby Nonhem Appalachians. Because they are of higher quality, the northern hardwoods are also preferred in the discriminating European market. Buyers in the Far East, however, are more price-conscious, and increasing amounts of Southern Appalachian wood has been sold in Asia. It is difficult to determine how dependent on foreign sales the mountain timber industry has become, because lumber to be shipped overseas is shunted from logger to wholesaler and perhaps to several brokers before it finally reaches its port of embarkation. The US Depanmenr of Commerce conveniently requires no records of the point of origin of exported lumber. Industry representatives and Forest Service analysts say that of the total amount of hardwood cut each year, only 40-50% is large enough and of a quality that could be considered for export. They estimate that approximately 20-25% of that export-grade wood is sent overseas. However, because this is the highest-quality material of the wood species that are most in demand, the economic value of the exponed hardwoods is much greater than their percentage in volume and is very important to the hardwood market as a whole. Distribution of Annual Timber Removals in the Southern Appalachians. 1980-1986 Fnrms 25.5% Miscclb ncous Owner.> l1riV"J tC 52.8% Nauona I Forests 10.0% Oz hcr l'uhlic Aboencics 1.9% S~ Moun1ain Treasun.sOI Rislc Much of the expon trade in hardwood is in kiln-dried, rough-sawn lumber. which is processed in foreign plants and used for cabinetry and furniture manufacturing. The country of Taiwan is among the largest buyers today. UnHke Japan and West Germany, which produce furniture largely for their own internal consumer markets, Taiwan manufactures furniture for export, mostly to the United States. The Taiwanese furniture industry is modern and efficient, and labor in that coumry is so cheap that they can pay to import lumber from the United States and then ship finished products back 10 sell at competitive prices in this country. John Syme, forest economist at Clemson University says, "Quite a lot of the furniture manufacmrers, panicularly in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, are buying fumimre or components produced in Taiwan and other Pacific Rim countries and then selling them along with what they manufacture domestically. This is typical of chairs in particular, and other items that have a high labor content." It is possible that consumers in the town of Sylva, Nonh Carolina could buy furniture that was made in Taiwan of wood that was cut within 25 miles of their own home. While they might notice that a piece is stamped "Made in Taiwan," they probably would not notice that the price tag includes fees for shipping the materials halfway around the world and then shipping the finished product aU the way back again. To stimulate a market that is not fast-paced enough for their liking, timber industry profiteers are supplying materials to keep alive wood-based industries in countries that, due to misuse and overpopulation, have already displaced their native forests. On paper, the hardwood timber industry generates great profits at the export game, but little of the money made ever returns to the region where the wood was originally grown. The materials are sold from the mountains with a minimum of processing - jobs are being shipped away along with the wood. II is the brokers and traders in the large eastern cities who benefit from timber exporting. They are few, bur they benefit greatly. Sending raw materials to have value added elsewhere is not advantageous for the regional economy, but ultimately it is the forest that pays the greatest price. Ir is the Southern Appalachian lwbicat that is being cut and shipped away overseas. It is the black bear's food supply, the shady canopy protecting the ginseng plant and the delicate ladyslipper. It is the cover that hides the thrush, rhe tall guardians who draw down and measure out the pure running water. It is the integrity of the biological system, that subtle sense of balance that is intangible, yet so important. Here again is that persistent question of value: for what we are losing, what do we gain? The approach that sees the forest trees as materials for human use requires chat the trees be cut down and carried away - extracted - before they are of value. But the other approach that sees value in the wholeness of living communities requires that humans keep their hands (feet, and wheels) off large areas of the foresL The Southern Appalachian national forests are a significant land area in the Southeast. They could be a magnificent habitat area. Timber cutting, which supposedly is providing the greatest economic benefits, is proving to be a public liability instead. The national forests in the Kan1ah province are providing very litcle timber, very few jobs, and very litlle money to the local people. Yet for those scanty benefits the mountain forestlands are suffering inestimable damage to the natural habitat chat will take centuries to repair where it is reparable at all. It is time 10 bring our forest policies back into balance with the forest. The "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" by de Steiguer. ct al., is available from tlze USDA Forest Service; Box 2750: Asheville, NC: Katuah Province 28802. This anicle also drew heavily on the excellent resource Moumain Treasures at Risk by Laura E. Jackson (see page 8). �Let's Close The Gate To Forest Devastation by Anna Muir "Our forests are national rreasures nor national rreefanns." - St1u11or Wye/le Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) As far as land use is concerned, the key to protecting the Southern Appalachian forest habitat is to deny human access. Access means roads. "In 1985, narionalforesrs in the sowliern Appalachians contained 4 ,95 J miles of permanent Forest Service roads. The agency plans ro add 3,263 miles of new road ro this transportation sysrem by the year 2030 in order to meet increased timber sale levels. The resulting 8,2 14 miles will surpass rlie distance from Denver, Colorado, to New Zealand. In less than 50 years, these national forests will support alrrwsr two miles of road per square mile of land, nor including state, county, or private roads." budgeted $13,600 per mile c road gentle slopes o and $22,700 per mile/or sreep slopes." - Laura E. Jackson, Mountain Treasures at Risk Timber sales add up to a net liability for the Forest Service and thus for the US taxpayers. In the Southern Appalachians alone logging cost taxpayers $5.5 million in 1987. It is a vicious paradox, because preliminary road building doom;; any chance that a timber sale might clear a profit before cu1ting even starts. Present policy states that the only viable method of timber cutting is clearcutting. Under repeated clcarcuning the original forest is never given a chance to grow back, thus clearcuuing represents forest fragmentation and species discontinuity on the grossest scale. But loggmg depends on the expensive permanent roads installed at the taXpaycr's expense. No roads, no clearcuts. - Laura£. Jackson. Moumain T~ at Risk R oad const ruc ti on c reates severe disruption throughou t many square miles of national forest habitat. The soil erosion and stream siltation associated with logging operattons arc predominately the result of the roading necessary to remove the timber. Great amounts of topsoil, D"CCS, and native herbaceous plants arc displaced all along the many miles of roads pushed into the forest habitat. Roading in steep areas undercuts soil and rock structures, maximizing erosion, often res ultin g in rockslides and soil slumping. "Access is rhe demise of bear habirar, and anybody with comrrwn sense will tell you that. The bear in the Piedmont has been wiped out and replaced wirh people. For every mile of road you punch imo these rrwuntains and leave open, you're jusr pulling anorher nail in the bear's coffin." - John Collins, wildlife blologw and big gamt program coordinawr, NC Wildlife Resources Commission. quoted 111 Wildlife in Nonh Carolina rrrJg<UIJIL In an inter-depanmental memo released to the public, US ForeSt Service Regional Forester Jnck Alcock stated that, "Approximately 98 percent of all recreation (in the national forests) takes place within three-fourths mile of a road." Oisregardfog the obvious question of where is one to find a patch of national forest that 1s nor three-fourths mile from a road, the regional forester's statement gives some idea of the tremendous negative impact of forest roads on the natural habitat and how tremendously helpful closing roads would be to the rejuvenation of that habitat. 'This is a wasteful program that continues a Jcind offar red calf existence even in these days of tremendous budget dejicirs ....ln the last si.:c [!Seal years alone the Forest Service constructed 3,725 more miles of road than needed, by its own projec1ions, for rimber harves1ing. Such unnecessary roadbuilding was1es the taxpayers' money, while valuable fish and wildlife habirar is destroyed." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr (D-CA) on the floor of the US Stnate. July 29. 1989 The primary purpose of the forest roads in the Southern Appalachian national forests is to bring in logging trucks. The Forest Service has claimed that the mosaic of roads interlacing the national forests is necessary to support the jobs and money generated by timber cutting. However, this claim has been proven false. Timber sales on the national forests have actually been losing money in recent years (sec p. 10 ), and a primary reason is the cost of road building in the steep mountain terrain. "Across rhe nation, approximately one-half of all Forest service rimber expenses are artribwable to road costs. Road construction is expensive, particularly in mountainous regions where many national fores rs are located. Planners for 1Jie Jefferson (Na1ional Foresr) Jc:.citUah Journm p ~ 12 197S 11l6S 19115 2030 T OTAL REGION. • Past, Current, and Projected Forest Service Permanent Road Milage on the Southern Appalachian National Forests, 1974-2030. Soun:.. flfowitam Trtasuru ill Risk "The excessive logging scheduled for remore and sreep terrain requires a degree of roading that will severely degrade rhe moumain environment. Within 50 years. 3,263 miles of new, permanent roads are pro;ecred for rhe Sowhern Appalachian national foreslS. Road consrrucrion is rhe most damaging activity conducted in norional fores1 management. Even miligalion ml!asures cannor prevent erosion, soil compaction, and habiratfragmentarion - ongoing results of road consrruction and subsequent use." - Laura E. Jackson. Mounu11n Treasures at Risk The greatest damage by forest roads 1s to habitat values as they occur in remote areas of the national forests. And the most damaging aspects of the forest roads are those caused by "cumulative cffectS" - those incremental changes that considered together add up to debilitating qualitative changes in the overall environment. Here is an example of "cumulat ive effects:' A road was bulldozed to a clearcut site. The logging trucks and heavy equipment went in, did their job and, after some months, came out, leaving a treeless forest area compacted and criss-crossed by caterpillar tracks. Some of the loggers were bear hu nters, and they noticed bear sign while they were doing their work. So, that fall, trucks with kennel boxes mounted on the back raised dust up and dow n the road, until the bear s were hunted out, and the hunters moved elsewhere to finish off the season. Now familiar with the area, some of the hunters brought a picnicking party to a pleasant pool they found in the creek flowing beyond the logged-over area. The following year some of the families rerurned to the clearcut to pick blackberries. And o ne of the teenagers remembered the picnicking party when he and his friends needed an isolated place to park and drink beer, so four-wheel-drive vehicles careened up into the forest several weekends in succession. The Forest Service, noticing all the use their small, rough forest road was attracting, upgraded the road to "meet the traffic demand" with the result that tourists in their large cars could ride all the way to the top of the ridge to enjoy the view .... And so it goes. Each of these uses is not significant in itself. Each is legitimate in its own way. But. compounded together, the overall effect is devastating to the natural habitat that once existed on that ridgetop, protected by several square miles of impenetrable forest. Cumulative effects all too often add up to a habitat destroyed. f"l:ltt, t 989 �"Anyone who can't see that open roads hurt bear habitat has got to be blind."- John Collins, wildlife biologist and big game program coordilliltor, NC Wildlife ReS(Jurces Commission Besides the direct monality due to road kills and increased hunter ingress, roads are a primary cause of the forest fragmentation that is one of the greatest threats to habitat in the Karuah Province. Roads mean people, and black bears and other large forest-dwelling animals shy away from traffic-bearing roads, so that large areas of previously umouched habitat, far wider than the actual area of the roadbed itself, are eliminated with the construction and subsequent use of new roads. Thus, the creatures native to the old forest are pushed into smaller and smaller range areas that are less and less desirable as living spaces as roads are constructed in areas that were once prime habitat. New roads also mean wide strips of cleared land and carry "edge effects,'' one of which is rapid invasion by early-succession ("weed") species of plants and animals, deep into the once-unbroken foresL Multiple Use M o dule (MUM) Rud NDM ill NaJural Areas JoMrnol "Mr. President, we already have an excess of Forest Service roads through our national forests ...." - Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr. (D-GA) on the floor of the US Senate.July 29, 1989 In the interest of habitat preservation, not only should the US Forest Service halt its road-building program in Katuah completely, but in key habitat areas existing roads should be closed, erased, and planted with fast-growing, hardwood, pioneer tree species to restore the natural character of the once-roaded areas as quickly as possible. Closing forest roads completely and permanently would open large expanses of forest in which the black bear and other old-growth dependent species could roam freely, strengthening the gene pool, and rejuvenating and expanding the present populations. Closing roads is a necessary prerequisite for any programs to reintroduce large carnivorous animals, such as the mountain lion, to restore proper predator/prey balances in the forest. Closing roads is a key pan of any program to restore old-growth habitat in the , Southern Appalachian Mountains. SparrowHawk The sparrow hawk became his friend, though distrusting him at first, not seeing that when the man found it entangled in fishing line at the junkyard, he meant anything but harm. But it softened as he sat in the dark room beside it silent, his eyes averted, letting it discover that he held it captive only because he cared and would offer freedom when the May hills were green and the air sweetened and warm. Trust came when he fed it chicken and trained it to fly from his fist at field mice and grasshoppers, nurturing its strength and confidence to face the world again. Yet he was reluctant to give it back to the endless sky and distant Blue Ridge, saddened not to hear its chirp or feel the light talons as it lit on his head or see the solemn brown gaze; but his time with the hawk was borrowed, and as it flew beyond the pines vanished with the stirring breeze he was glad to have known 1t at all. - Julia Nunnally Duncan T11Ct, 1989 D1awU1g by RobM~sick. �TA by Heather Blair fg[(, 1989 �A PLACE FOR BEARS An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton (This 1nttr11itw 1s a continuation of a conlll!rsation btg"" ill issut 17 of the Ka!Uah Journal.) Katuah Journal: What are the basic clements for good bear habitat? Pt/ton: In 1970 we questioned southeastern state fish and wildlife agencies about bear habitat Respondents indicated across the board that black bears need good food sources (acorns and berries) and thick understory cover of some type There seemed to be common agrccmcnt that these were necessary clements for good bear habitat. 1bc third element is privacy - some degree of seclusion and remoteness. Of these three clements there is no doubt that the privacy/protection element is the most irnponant. Black bears are omnivores and have a broad food habit. Throughout their range in North America nuts and berries are always present. Where these arc present the species will survive, but only if there is some degree of privacy. Kattlah Journal: Then how about the effect of roads? Ptll()n: Road density and rramc volume arc the two factors that interact to determine the degree to which a bear will avoid crossing or even coming close to a road. The animals can be affected in two major ways. First, the road may make the habitat less desirable. Therefore they shift their home range, usually to a less desirable habitation. Thus they would be more vulnerable to monality, as they would have to move around more to find adequate food, denning sites, or cover. Secondly, a road may result in direct monality. Besides obvious factors like road kills, the mere presence of a rood invites people to use ii. The more it is used, the greater the possibility that hunting will be one of those uses. Katuah Journal: Are there other cumulative effects of roads? Pelton: Certainly. Once a road is in place and opened, it attracts all kinds of human intrusion, whether it's logging or hunting. The Twelve Mile Strip (an area between the east border of the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle and the Pisgah 1"ational Forest) is an imponant dispersal area from the Park. It is also a major hunting area. However, the Twelve Mile Strip is essentially devoid of a resident bear population. There is a high degree of road access, which means heavy hunting pressure, and the 1-40 freeway separates the Twelve Mile Strip from the national forest, which is ccnainly a barrier to bear migration. A recent ttaffic surve)' we did on l-40 found that during the daytime a vehicle passed the counting point every three seconds. At night the traffic slowed to one vehicle every seven seconds. The only real land bridge is the steep ridge that runs over one tunnel. We also know that there arc 13 or 14 culvcrtS in that area which could be used to cross under 1-40, but we don't f'11U, t 989 ~ "11-Rltea know if they arc being used. From road kills we've found, we do know that bears do occasionally tty to cross the highway. When traveling the coastal area of Europe last year, l found it very interesting to see their road construction techniques. At locations where we would "cut and fill" in this mountainous countty, they "bridge and tunnel." It struck me immediately that the "bridge and tunnel" concept, for whatever reason they used it, is ideal for animals in that it leaves large corridors for dispersal movements, in contrast to the "cut and fill" method that we use at present The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Katuah Journal: That's interesting, especially since another major freeway is being proposed up the 1-26 corridor into Tennessee. It seems like it would be time to bring up something like that. You have also talked about acorns and their imponance to the black bear population. Pelton: The availability of acorns drives the dynamics of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Black bears react to this concentrated energy source in amazing ways. Ecologically, physiologically, and behaviorally they go through a ttemendous change each fall. Bears tty to incorporate prime acorn sites into their home ranges. But acorns produce sporadically, and in any given year black bears will leave their traditional home range areas and travel for miles to congregate at oak stands that have abundant acorns. During this "feeding frenzy," as we call it, they sometimes seem to ignore a human presence in situations in which at any other time they would have jumped into the bushes and run away. They also show much more tolerance for one another at these focal eating areas. There seems to be larger numbers of animals in smaller areas than at any other rime of the year. It also appears that bears can shift their ability to digest various foods, particularly to assimilate the fall mast more efficiently. Acorns account for their ttemcndous fall weight gains, which arc all put on as fat Considered together, all these changes point to the importance of acorns as a source of food for the black bear. During the fall months they put on their most significant weight gains. This fat accumulation must carry them through the winter denning and into the cub-bearing season. We have been able to correlate the availability of white oak mast and the percentage of females lactating, and we found a direct and significant relation to acorn production. More dramatically, in the event of a failure of the acorn crop, there is an almost complete faillll'C of black bear reproduction. If alternative mast c rops fail as well, it could mean w inter starvation for the animal The size of the acorn crop also directly affects black bear mortality. A scarcity of mast necessitates greater movements on the part of the bear population. This makes them much more vulnerable to all the factors of monality. It affects them coming and going: natality (reproduction) and mortality. For example, in Tennessee this year the state fish and wildlife agency is having to deal with a lot of three year old male bears moving out of the Great Smoky Mountains Narional Park and ending up in Gatlinburg and Sevierville. There is a dominance hierarchy among black bears, and the subadult males of two or three years of age tend to be the ones who get kicked out and have to disperse to new ranges. This example fits in with events that happened in 1984 when there was a tremendous mast faillll'C. No cubs were born that year in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. That meant that all the females were available to be bred in 1985. Therefore, they all had cubs in 1986. These are the young bears that are now (conlinuod on peg~ 16) XAtUAh Journot Pll98 t 5 �bein& forced to look for new homes. It's interesting how this situation today was precipitated by the events of five years ago. Katllah Journal: How docs clcarcuuing affect black bears? Pelton: My main concern is that clearcutting may be subtracting from the "principal," 10 put it in economic terms, of mast producuon. There is a trade-off between the summer mast that is produced for a few years and the years of hard mast production that are lost when oaks arc cut down. But my main concern is that it appears that foresters still don't have a full understanding of how 10 carry out a clearcut and have predictable results in terms of good, strong oak regeneration. We have made numerous observations on the Pisgah National Forest. In those instances it seemed that they were not getting the regeneration they should have. Thus this becomes a major concern. Once a srand is cut, it may be lost to acorn production for many, many years. Another concern is denning. Bears do sometimes den in the areas of thick undergrowth created by a clearcut, and that's fine, but where dogs are used for hunting, there is greatly increased hunting pressure. The bears seem to sense their vulnerability. The more exposed they are, the more apt they arc 10 leave and abandon their cubs. Female bears in particular need secwe sites, such as large cavities in old, hollow trees or rock crevices, in which to den. The more secure the denning site, the more likely they are to stay put. Twenty-five or 30 years ago clearcuts were hundreds of acres in size. Over the years they have been shrunken in size until now they are down to less than 40 acres in the Southern Appalachians. These are beuer for most forest species. It means more unbroken. contiguous areas. Smaller cuts spaced apart seem 10 be a more logical cuuing regime. Adjacent stands should be allowed 10 mature to mast-producing age. Katllah Journal· What specifically could we do to help improve habi1a1 for 1he black bears? Pelton: I think we need longer timber rotations. I still contend that we need 10 examine rotation times in light of the importance of acorns 10 bears and other species. I have a feeling that the rotation times need 10 be lengthened to give the forest as a whole a chance to be as it productive as it can be 10 produce the food that is necessary. That production time varies a lot from one variety of oak 10 another, but I think that the rotations are probably still too short The other need is, as I mentioned before, that foresters pay a 101 more attention to oak regeneration when they cut. They need 10 make ha1 sure that regeneration is advanced enough, 1 there are enough young oak seedlings and saplings on the ground, so that maple or tulip poplar or any other species don't overwhelm the oaks and take over the site. Clcarcuts should also be spaced so that acorn-producing stands are adjacent. roads. We have had a history of roads being opened and closed, opened and closed, re-opened and closed again in response 10 various political pressures.There needs 10 be a consistent and Slandard policy throughout lhe region regarding roads. Without it, there's no doubt that roads are going to be quite detrimental to black bears. Even gated roads arc being used for illegal hunting. Total closwe may have to be undenakcn. The state agencies in North Carolina and Tennessee are bolh putting a lot of thought into their bear sanctuaries. It migh1 be timely 10 examine the sanctuary boundaries in relation to where timber management activities and roads will or won't be, so that lhe efficiency of the system can be enhanced. They could make sure I.hat the boundaries of a sanctuary take advantage of a cenain prime white oak stand, for instance. I think we need to learn more about designing sanctuaries, but with a liule bit of thought and planning, perhaps the system could be improved considerably. Dr. Michael Pelton has studied the black bears in the Sowhern Appalachians/or the last twenty years. He is recognized world-wide for his knowledge and experience with bears and has advised bear research and restoration projectS in Norrh America and Europe. Rtcortkd by David Whukr Transcribtd by Marsha R111g Edictd by Kim Sandland and Dovid \Vhttltr About roads .. .ln a report I presented in 1985, I said that under present conditions black bears needed 10 have wilderness or quasi-wilderness, because of the indeterminate policies of the Forest Service about closing 'Jfu:rc fell tl1e min liealin9 forty rlays am! w e were fwatl ng, we w ere spfushi"'J am! Caugfi£119 boos wUh our rwses in f wwers aml throu9h tlui trus, nug9ets of s unlU)ht and •v•rywhcr• 9run reachL"'] to fwld us bark to touch am! 9run sprou ts, forgotten in corners wfu:r• 9run had com. rw more. C£u 7Mr• /eJ1. tlu& rain fu:ali"'], mil£"'] am! f a!l£119, remLmli"'J us of paths. rivulet.s /or9otten, paths unilwtujit of, ways too new to Lrn<UJi.ne, the joy of clesctmt unforesun, abandoned to tlu& twists of mud am! stone, un.ltwwn, new, quid.Ly. abrupt, steep. rai,n remlndL"'J to fall w'tlwui ceasi"'], fall 9Uully, /all gratefully, fafl, lo119Cr and try f or tlu& bottom, Ln mud, Ln stornJ, Ln green, Ln greetJ$St magnif£ceru;e of rain, the rain that falls ~lL119. f"aCL, 1989 �ArlWOl'.I: l¥y JamM Rhea If you ever talk to an old-timer, and you mention the word "panther," be prepared for some emotion-laden and perhaps superstitious stories. Human fear of the unknown has influenced and shaped the Eastern panther's destiny. Because of this fear the Eastern panther has been almost completely wiped out in eastern Nonh America. This article is an.anempt to decipher myth from reality and to present evidence for or against the existence of the Eastern panther today. TI1e following is an example of the typical panther story told to an old-timer of today by his or her parents: 'The night was dark and still. Daddy put a log in the fireplace and then tricked us liule'uns in bed. The only sounds were the hoot of a screech owl and inseccs serenading. And then, all of a sudden - a clt1unp, on the roof! Wha1's that, daddy?'we asked in fright. They got us children down and we gathered around the fire. We could hear the creature pacing back andforch above our heads. It was rryinR ro claw up some shinRles! 'Don't be afraid,' Mommy cold us, 'it'll be alright.' Daddy grabbed his gun from the wall. We knew it wasn't a/rig Ju. Then there was a loud, piercing scream! We knew it was the call of the painter." Is this scenario accurate - or is it just exaggerated mountain folklore? Was the Eastern cougar, or "painter," as it was called by the mountaineers, so bold as to come up to a human home and threaten to attack and kill humans? Do panthers still exist in the Southern Appalachians? What were, or are, they really like? Cougars were almost completely eliminated in eastern Nonh America soon after it was seuled by European immigrants. The attitude toward the great cat was the same auitude which caused the "taming" and destrucrion of the wilderness. The settlers anacked the animal, fearing it would prey on livestock and humans. Also, the destruction of the deer population through over-hunting and land-clearing, and direct hunting of the Eastern cougar saw this subspecies to its demise. 1"aCC.. l989 According to Robert Downing, former Forest Service officer in Clemson, South Carolina, the Eastern cougar (a subspecies which differs from the Florida panther, western panther, and twenty-seven other subspecies of Nonh American panthers), is as elusive as the answer to the questions asked about it. Many factors complicate the picture. First we must understand the habits and peculiarities of the panther. A cougar (Fe/is concolor) will live almost anywhere there are deer, or enough of the other animals of its prey base, such as racoon, opossum, rabbit, skunk, and fox. Deer, however, are by far the preferred prey of the cougar. All predators are best adapted for a specific prey animal. The deer is the right size and speed for the cougar and has come to be almost the cougar's only food source. ln Mexico where deer are few or non-existent, panthers prey on smaller rodents solely. This means that the panthers must spend more time and energy to kill more animals, but also shows their exrreme adapuibility. Unlike bears. panthers will not eat the meat of an animal they have not killed themselves. Occasionally an individual panther will acquire the habit of preying on livestock, although that occurrence is rare. Cougar are not and have never been a real threat to livestock. Wild boar, however, are definitely a possible prey animal for the cougar (which has implications for restoring balanced ecosystems in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park). Panthers feed only once every week or two. They kill only when hungry, usually eating pan of the deer and caching or hiding the rest to finish later. Robert Downing is called at least once, and sometimes several times, a month to investigate reponed sightings of the Eastern panther. He is presently rraining other Fish and Wildlife officials how to identify and verify rracks and scats. Only a rrained expen can tell the difference between a panther track and that of a large dog. Cats walk with their nails retracted (to keep them sharp). except on rare occasions when they are in a hurry. Panther scats average one and onequaner inches in diameter, and are smooth like those of a bobcaL Another panther habit is to kick up a pile of din and leaves on the edge of its territory and urinate on it. This habit is also shared by bobcats and foxes, so it takes a trained eye to determine the difference. Tracks are difficult 10 find in the mountains because the ground is either hard clay or the (continued on p:ige t8) JC.at ®h Jo1mmC. pa9e t 7 �FRONT COUGAR "'"~ (continued from page 17) constant rain washes the tracks away. Snowfall helps to locate tracks, but high mountain winds, subsequent snow storms, and melting make tracking in winter as challenging as any of the seasons. With so many sightings reported, Robert Downing finds it hard to believe they can all be wrong. But it is also hard to understand why there has never been an Eastern panther hit on the highways, when 5-15% of the Florida panthers (another subspecies) arc killed each year on the road. Perhaps the Florida panthers find roads more desirable to navigate than low, rugged wetlands. a problem the Eastern cougar would not have. Cougars were formerly common throughout North and South America. where they existed mostly on deer, bison, and elk. Today only small pocket populations survive, mostly in the western United States. Panthers are loners, rarely traveling in groups or packs. An individual cougar in the west occupies a 10-20 square mile territory. In Florida each panther uses 50-60 square miles because the population pressure 1s not as great There is no regular mating season for panthers. They will breed any time of the year once they come to maturity at three years of age. However, breeding for any one panther occurs only once every two tO three years. The two or three kittens in each litter are raised by the female. After weaning at two to three months of age, they accompany the mother on hunts. The panther ranges in length from five to eight feet, including the tail, and weighs from eighty to two hundred pounds. Their call varies. It can be soft like the cooing of a dove, a rattling growl, or an eerie shriek -- sometimes described as resembling the scream of an old woman. The panther does not scream when it is about to attack, as myth would lead us to believe. The bark of the grey fox is sometimes mistaken for a cougar call, although there is no resemblance. Some owl calls have even been mistaken for panther howls. In Florida, and many eastern states, panthers are protected as an endangered species. In western states cougar are managed by state fish and wildlife departments as a game animal. In Texas, there i s no protective legislation for the cougar whatsoever. A known population of panthers exists in Manitoba which has spread west into Ontario, and south into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Maine is an ideal habitat for the panther, as there are large areas with no public roads and large deer populations. But so far no panthers have been officially sighted there. Before there can be any action taken to protect the Eastern cougar and its habitat, the presence of the Eastern cougar must be confirmed. Roben Downing has written a report fol' the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service entitled: "The Current Starus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians." In it he describes recent reports, historical aspects, searches for sign, and research needs. The Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service pooled their resources and sponsored Roben Downing's study when the controversy came to a head in 1977. At that time several groups threatened to bring suit against the Forest Service unless it hailed timber harvests in an area where several cougars had reportedly been seen. If you think you have seen a cougar or its sign, this repon may help you to determine a true sighting. The conclusion of Robert Downing's study is basically that there is yet no conclusion as to the status of the Eastern cougar. Although it seems fitting and right for panthers to be inhabiting the southern mountains, not one official sighting has been made. Until then, panther advocates have no basis for demandfog protection for cougar habitat The best thing one can do at this point is to get a copy of "The Current Status of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," learn all one can about tracks and panther habits, and keep one's eyes and ears open when roaming the hills. The true spirit of native Appalachia will shine forth when species such as the panther (along with the American chestnut, gray wolf, and black bear) are existing together in stable and self-sustaining populations. Roberr Downing's reporr, "The Current Sratus of the Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," is available from rhe Denver Wildlife Research Center; Department of Forestry; Clemson Universiry; Clemson, SC 29631. The Earth First! Biodiversity Project is collecting data for an Eastern Cougar Study. Your help is needed to document cougar sightings and habitat use in the eastern states. If you see a cougar, remember as accurately as possible the location; a description of the animal including height, length, approximate weight, length of the tail, and distinguishing marks; a description of the terrain; and an account of the event Send information to: Eanh First! Biodiversity Project 2365 Willard Road Parkersburg, WV 26101 Cougar tracks have four toe pad marks in a semi-circle ahead of the larger metacarpal pad. There are usually three lobes on the back of the metacarpal pad. The tracks of adult cougars measure 2 3/4 inches or more in width. Cougars have a central lead toe on each foot, and the two middle toes are not symmetrical, but one is normally farther forward than the other. Dog tracks appear similar to cougar tracks, but the toes arc almost directly opposite each other, and claw marks arc always visible ahead of the toe marks. Bobcat tracks are similar in appearance to cougar tracks, but smaller. The tracks of a young cougar will appear the same as those of a bobcat. If you see a cougar track, make a plaster cast. Here is how: I) Prepare the ground surrounding the track by removing any debris. Carefully remove any loose objects in the track itself. 2) Take a strip of light cardboard or plastic long enough to surround the track, fold it into a circle and fasten lhe ends togelher. Set it around lhe track. 3) Mix Plaster of Paris according to directions on package. Once mixed, plaster sets quickly, so be prepared to pour immediately. 4) Pour the plaster slowly over the track, taking care to fill all the recesses, especially the toe marks, to avoid air bubbles. Pouring too quickly will disturb the track. Pour plaster one inch over the track. 5) Allow the plaster to harden. Then lift the cast and carefully wipe away excess din and debris. / raet,1989 �Last fall, when the mornings turned c turned to gathering firewood, we didn't hav south-facing slope behind rhe cabin was doned oaks. We discovered enough snags just along the wood stove stoked all winter, and without I summer I've found enough dead and dying oak house next wioter, too. Oaks are treasured trees -- valuabl~ fo~~r. !f!l~per provide, valuable for their shady canopy and wood and their sturdy beauty. But something is oak forests of sourbcrn Appalachia. Since the ll980's, we've seen an increase in the mortality of oaks la ~land h3nlwood fcxests throughout the eastern United ~ This phenomenon, called• decline, has been o b s e r v e - y since the early 1900's, bat foresucs~.ud 1 are just beginning to tmensi.v~ it! Ciiiil'di k is having on the forest ecosystem. Oak decline is not caused by a single discaa odDlilllPa. bot a series of interactions between environmenw strelles, diseases, and insectS. A healthy oak ~ will begin to dec:Uae when it is subjected to unusual stress, such u drought; fiosl iniury or spring defoliation by insects. This causes physiological changes in the tree and its root n~omes vllJn~ IO lltlCk by the annillaria root'l'Offungus (Ari1tiJJaria metled), wllil:b aormally lives on roOlS of dead trees. This runaus killS put oflhe mot sySl!Cm, further weakening the tree and making it sa~ above ground auaclc by other diseases and iosects. The two-lined chestnut borer (Argilus bilineatus) is often fond in uees at this stage, its larvae making meandering galleries dna&b the inner bark and eventually girdling the tree. As the aee declines, ns growth slows down and the crown dies bact. Tbe dead branches exposed as the leaves die are the most obvious signs that a tree is being seriously stressed. If good condieiom return, a young, vigorous tree may be able 10 recover, bat an older tree will continue to decline and eveniually die, UiUll1y iwo to five years after the stress first occured. The U.S. Forest Service has been conducting surveys throughout Karuah to determine how widespread oak decline ~ and which areas arc affected most severely. By combining aerial surveys and data collec1ed on 1hc ground, resarchcn have de1crmincd that oaks are declining in all southern upland hardwood forests, but the damage varies greatly in different areas. Oak species in the red oak group (including bhd. scarlet and nonhcrn red oaks) are much more likely to decline lhan !hose in the white oak group (white and chestnut oaks). Oak decline 1ends 10 be grca1cs1 in areas where trees naturally grow most slowly -- on ridgc1ops, on shallow, rocky soils and on southand wes1-facing slopes. Age is a fac1or, too. "Declines arc, by and large, diseases of ma1ure trees." according to Sieve Oak, forest pathologist with the Forest Service. "However, chronological age may not f>e the best measure of tree maturity. On a high quali1y site, an 80-year-old black oak might be considered middle-aged, but on a poor site the same ttcc would be a senior citizen, and probably more prone to decline". Oak seedlings arc relatively intolerant of shade so they ••id br '° have a hard time establishing themselves under a forest caoopy. Once a dominant tree dies and more fight reaches the g10lllld. 1hey tend 10 be out-competed by fas1cr growing seedling -yellow poplar, maple, sourwood, black locust In order 10 be sure !hat oaks will be present in the next stand, it's generally agreed tha1 there must be a substantial number of oak seedlings and saplings already growing in tbc undcrstory before lhe dominant trees die. "If it doesn't maucr what kind of trees replace declined oaks, then decline is of no consequence because some regeneration will happen", Sieve Oak says. "But given the problems of oak regeneration, it's not at all clear !hat oaks wilt replace themselves after decline". Understanding the biological causes of oak decline and where it tends to occur gives some clues as to why we are seeing ao increasing number of dead oaks in the green mountains of our bioregion. Kan1ah forests were almost decimated by the "cut ou1 and get otlt" logging practices which prevailed around the tum of !he century. As a result, the majority of these next-generation forats are now in the 60 10 90 year range -- the age al which oaks become more vulnerable to the stresses that cause decline. 1llc long-1erm drough1 we arc experiencing is surely a contributing fac1or. Overall, the raie of global wanning since 1970 is higher than a1 any earlier recorded rime. If our heedless consumption of fossil fuels continues to blanket the earth with increasingly heavier layers of carbon dioxide, the drought stress caused by higher tcmpcra1ures will have dire consequences for the whole ccosys1em, and oaks may be among the firs! obvious casualties. Oak decline is also predicted 10 increase with the steady advent of the leaf-hungry gypsy moth as It chews its way south into these foresis. The gypsy moth, an insect pcs1 introduced 10 Nonh America in the ninc1eenth cen1ury, is expected 10 cause significant amounts of defoliation in the near future. One of the major current concerns about oak decline is the impact it has on wildlife. As their crowns die back, declining oaks produce less hard mast (acorns) and the nutritional value of the mast may not be as high. In one declining stand surveyed, the acorn yield was predicted to be 58% lower over five years than would be cxpcacd in a hcahhy stand. "Acorns arc very high in fa1 and carbohydrates", explains Lauren Hi1hmn. Forest Service wildlife biologist. "They arc one of 1he highest energy foods in !he forest". This shortage creates a grave situation for all animals which depend on acorns for fall and winter food -- black bear, deer, eastern wild turkey, racoon, squirrel and other small mammals. The populations of preda1ors such as bobca1, cougar and raptors a.re also adversely affec1cd by decline, since much of their prey consists of small mammals dependant on acorns. According 10 Hillman, decline also decreases the diversity of acorn species. Having a variety of mast in the forest, she says, "cushions failure in one crop which may have a poor production year. Given periodic hard mas(shonages, this could be a critical fac1or for wildlife survival". And !he impact of oak decline on wildJife wilJ be even grca1er in the future because many dying oaks will be replaced by (continued oo page 20) foU, 1989 JC.atimn Journa! p1i9e 19 �olher species of trees which won't produce any hard mast. "Black bear reproduction is directly dependent on. hard mast availability", continues Hillman, and she asscns that 1f oa1c decline continues to jcapardizc this food source, "the black bear . . might not stnive". If we consider long term trends m climate, the s1e~dy advance of the gypsy moth and the current age of our .f?"=sts, 1.t is reasonably safe to predict that oak decline is.a cond1uon wh~ch will not be disappearing in the near future. Is 11 a problem which needs to be addressed by forest management practices. or should oa1c decline be viewed as one factor among many in the evolution of a continuously changing ccosyst~m 7 . The oak-dominated forests m the mountains of southern Appalachia arc a result of land use history ov~r the last 200 years. Past agricultural use of the land, woods _grazing, fire control and the chestnut blight have all contributed to the present predominance of oaks. But given ~hat we know a.bout ~ak regeneration, it's a fair bet that there will fewer oaks an K~u3!1 forests in the future if some oak decline management 1s!11 undenaken. If the resultant changes in wildlife habitat, species diversity, wood supply and aesthetic valu~s are acceptable, t~en there isn't any reason to try 10 reduce the impact of oak decline. In areas where there is liule or no interference by humans, such as in designated wilderness areas, oak decline and other n~tural events are allowed 10 run their course. Then the ?Utc.ome 1s not influenced by the imposition of management ObJecuves which determine which resources to promote, oflen a1 the expense of other resources. However oak decline is increasingly being perceived as a problem of fo~st health in forests which are being managed to maximize one or more of these resources. The recently released Draft Environmental Impact Statement co".ering the Grassy Gap and Wesser timber sales in Nantahala Nauonal Forest. is one of 1he first public documents to address oak decline as a consideration in the action alternatives. The environmental and topographic factors which inc~ the incidence of decline cannot be altered by forestry pracuccs. However there arc silvicultural treatments which can reduce the effects of decline if the objective is to maintain a vigorous oalc forest. be One such treatment is thinning. Reducing the density of trees by thinning, especially when the trees arc ~l~tivcly young, should help alleviate water stress. However, 1h1~mg can cause an increase in armillaria root rot fungus, and u may actually increase moisture stress if decline is already in progress by exposing more of the soil surface to the drying effects of the sun. Another management strategy involves encouraging oa1c seedlings and saplings to grow in the understory of o~ stands which arc declining, or which arc at high risk for dechne. As noted earlier, oa1c seedlings under the shade of mature trees tend to be out-competed by more shade tolerant species. If the growth of these competing seedlings, saplings and shrubs is controlled, the young oalcs will be in a position to talce advantage of increased light when the mature trees arc gone. The method chosen to control competing understory vegetation is likely to cause some. controversy, si.nce .using herbicides appears 10 be more effecuve and economical m the shon tenn than cutting down the competing plants by hand. Hopefully, this decision will be carefully considered in view of its potential long term costs.. Much more needs t~ be ~nown about the complex interacuons of these che1D1cals rn the ecosystem before herbicides arc given a seal of appi:oval. . Some silviculturists advocate a second phase m the crcanon of a vigorous stand: cuning down the declining mature trees. From a silvicullural point of view, harvesting the big trees allows enough strong light to reach the ground for the oak seedlings to begin growing rapidly. Forest manag~rs "!BY .also .choose to harvest declining trees based on economic obJCCUves, 1f the trees can be sold as timber. Harvest methods have been at the center of a great deal of debate recently, with clearcutting generating most of the opposition. And the controversy is likel>: to become eycn ~ore intense with this issue, because clearcutung has been identified by many silviculturalists as the most effective way to manage.oalc decline. They affirm that if ~equate numbers of oak Sec<!lmgs and saplings arc present rn the understory, clearcumng a declining oalc stand is the most reliable way to ensure that ~e following stand will be less susceptible to the stresses which initiate decline. The major harvest alternative to clcarcutting is managing an uneven-aged forest by selectively cutting small groups of trees. This harvesting is done periodically, usually every 10-20 .Y~· and the trees arc selected in such a way that at least three d1sunc1 age classes will remain in the forest Uneven-aged stands are valued for containing a diversity of ages and species of trees and for their basically intact forest canopy. However, oak decline is more likely to increase in stands which arc managed this way than they arc in clearcut stands, because uneven-aged harvest requires more logging road construction, as well as more entries into the stand. This means there is increased potcmial for soil compaction, i:oot system damage and mechanical damage to the trees which arc not harvested. These injuries decrease a tree 's resistance to the stresses which cause decHne. Skillful horse logging would subs1amially decrease lh~se risks and would make uneven-aged management a beuer option for declining stands. Unfonunatcly, neither the timber industry nor the Forest Service consider logging with horses an economically viable practice. Small woodland owners, without the market pressures of big business, may find that using horses to log decline-prone areas, thereby creating space_ for youn.g vigorous trtts 10 grow, is a good way 10 m:in11ge de.chn .. on 1he1r land and encourage biodiversity. . Oak decline is a biological fact in the forests of Katuah. Watching robust, bountiful oak trees slowly lo.se th~1r stren~th and die is an emotional experience. Oak decline is an issue which gives us a chance 10 discuss what we value most about our . forests, and how we want 10 influence future forests by the decisions we make now. Photo abow, armillaria root rot fungus, courtrsy c{Strp~tt W. Oak f"llU,1989 �PEOPLE & HABITAT While many view the pastoral scenes and remote majesty of the Southern Appalachians as all-enduring, trends in human population l migration and unrelenting resource extraction have had monumental effects upon wildlife and the diverse flora of their native habitat. Today litlle remains unaltered by the effects of human activity. The landscape we view today is a threatened glimmer of what was once, but it still exists as one of the most diverse ecosystems on the North American continent. A universal tenet that holds true for every form of life is the ecological principle of carrying capacity: a given habitat can only suppon so many individuals of any given species. Beyond that threshold the numbers of the given species begin to decline or that species begins to impinge on the ability of the habitat to function and support other forms of life. The principle of carrying capacity holds as true for human beings as for any other life form. The difference is that we are so insulated from the greater environment by the barriers of civilization, that we often do not realize the impact we are having on local, to say nothing of distant, habitats. In the case of homo sapiens the situation is funher complicated by the effects of a highly-developed technology, which adds an additional element to the equation by magnifying the impact of a given number of individual humans. Bioregional awareness leads us to become as regionally self-sufficient as possible, so that we restrict the impact of our presence to our own bioregion. We also realize our responsibility to accurately determine the region's carrying capacity for human beings and to limit our numbers accordingly. A historical perspective of human manipulation of the Katt.lab province will help raise the question of the proper carrying capacity for human beings in our bioregion - the level that allows for the preservation of wild habitat. land already subject to conditions of dire overpopulation. The Old World represented a virtually inexhaustible well of humanity that flooded over the new frontier. After the mountain highlands were first penetrated by DeSoto in 1540, the question of access was of paramoum importance in the development of the Southern Appalachians. The Indian culture tied to the land and her offerings was rapidly overrun by the streams of white-skinned settlers that moved in along the major Indian trails 'through the Shenandoah Valley and from the Atlantic Tidewater area, widening the trails into roads as they went so that others could more easily follow. The first small communities sprang up along the river valleys and larger coves of the Watauga, French Broad, Little Tennessee, and Hiwassee watersheds. Although few and far between, their presence was marked by the agrarian need for cleared land. The bottomlands and wellands were cleared or drained firs1, and !hen trees were felled on the side slopes to make room for more fields and pastures. As the first sertlemen1s became towns, the clearings spread deeper into the mountains following small and muddy roads that wound along the river and stream tributaries. Early In habitants and First Immigrants The Cherokee Indians and the indigenous people before lived in balance with their world, utilizing the offerings of their Eden. Sources estimate the native population co be about 22,000 individuals throughout the entire region in the early 17th century. This number is somewhat lower than pre-Columbian levels because of war and disease brought by white settlers. (Today, that number would be considered only mediocre actendance at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta.) The native people manipulated their environment with a technology based on fire and scone tools. Even though they had developed a sophisticated system of agriculture before the arrival of the first white people, it is clear they never exceeded the ability of the region to support them. They did not interfere with the capability of the habitat to provide for other forms of life; quite to the contrary, the native people relied on that capability for their continued existence. The arrival of the first Europeans, however, changed conditions drastically. The first immigrants represented the overflow from a 1'a!L, 1989 Plwlo by Rob MusidJProject Ug/llhawlc These first settlers lived largely off the land, much in the manner of their native predecessors. Like the Indians before them, the white settlers annually burned off the forest floor. However, because of their greater numbers, this had a much greater effect on the forest than it ever had before. Even so, until the end of the 19th century most of the mountain highlands remained an impenetrable wilderness. Daunted by the richness of the New by CHIP SMITH and LEEK. FAWCETT World, the Europeans regarded the productive capacity of the land as limilless, leading them to farm and hunt carelessly and without regard for the future. Because they were completely ignorant of ecological balances, they exterminated game species of animals and birds and slaughtered the native predators so that their domestic livestock could free-range in the woodlands. Hogs and turkeys were particularly well-adapted to the forest environment and thrived on 1he fall mas1 provided each year. Once fattened, these were gathered into large "droves" and walked along the "drovers' roads" to markets in the piedmont Mountaineers also traditionally foraged for medicinal roots in the forest. As commercial demand for these natural remedies began to grow, medicinal roots became a prime baner item in town and at the crossroad country stores. As wagonloads of ginseng and other potent roots and herbs began to roll down the twisting mountain roads to the eastern cities, the rate of trade began to threaten the survival of ginseng and other herbaceous forest plants. The Industrial Era Grinding mills and small saw mills were the height of industrial production in the highlands until the mid-I 800's. The barter system was the usual means of exchange. The US Census estimated the population in the 18 western counties of North Carolina ac 200,000 in 1890. The lifestyle was still based primarily o n subsistence agriculture, hunting, and foraging. However, in 1880. the first train into the mountains pulled inco Asheville, and the Southern Appalachians were changed forever. The railroads represented a new degree of access, and they brought exponential population growth, absentee land ownership, and industrial commerce. The population of the city of Asheville (which today is only somewhat greater than 65,000 people) mushroomed from 2,000 in 1880 to more than 10,000 by 1890. Tourism also arrived on the rails, and sanitariums and luxury hotels offered all the comfons a tired and ailing flatlander could desire. Commerce was the primary reason for pushing through the railroads, and in the Southern Appalachian region, commerce meant timber. Large traces of land, often 30,000-200,000 acres in size, were opened up to exploitation and soon surrendered their bounty. Temporary company towns were built at the base of major watersheds and railroad lines extended into the highest coves. The early timber barons were industrialists, not foresters, and they neither knew nor cared about the ideals of sustained timber )'ields and forest regeneration. Their mastery of the new steam technology gave them access to the most remote reaches of the mountain forest, and the destruction they wrought there was unprecedented. The damage to the species composition of the forest was irrevocable, as was the damage to the soil. By the early 1930's 80 percent of the mountain (continued on page 22) JC.awc:ih Jo'4rnat plMJe 21 �(continued from pqc 2 1) landscape had been burned over. Little was left to shield the soil from the area's high levels of rainfall , and severe flooding occurred in 1896, 1901, and 1909, and periodically into the 1940's. A mountain native, the Reverend A.E. Brown provided first-hand insight in an interview in the Manufacturer's Record ip 1910: " ... these mountains were full of sparkling brooks and creeks which required a two or three week rain to make them muddy; today a few hours of rain will muddy them .... Many of the mountain streams are dry throughout the summer and fall, while in winter, the waters descend in torrents and do vast damage rendering wonhless the bouom lands... The sides of mountains have been denuded of their topsoil and bouom lands have been overflowed and swept away... " Shortly after the end of World War I most of the timber barons had tom up their tracks and moved on to the Pacific Northwest. By 1930 only a few companies, such as Champion Corporation, were left In the wake of the timber rush, and at the onset of the nation's worst drought and the chestnut blight, little was left for human or beast. The Present-day Forest (or Wha t You See Is What Is Lefi) Between the I 940's and the I 960's the population of the Ka1uah province remained static or even dropped The mountai n binhrate remained high, as it had in the past, but many young folks left the mountains to find wage work in the cities of the east and the midwes1. The bumpy roads offered a way out of the mountains tO seek the American Dream. During the 1960's and the I 970's, however, a change took place. The isolation of the "backward" Appalachians began 10 look appealing to flatlanders sick of noise, crowds, and pollution, and perhaps sick at heart at the manner in which they earned their wealth. The very isolation that had protected the mountains from industrialization for so long now proved their strongest attraccion. City-dwellers realized that they could "have" that isolation - all they lacked was a way 10 get there. Thus began the era of the four-lane. The Appalachian Regional Council brought in federal money 10 help state governments upgrade old roads and build modem expressways. During this same period agriculture declined sharply in the mountains - and with it declined the traditionally high binhrate that had always characterized Appalachia in the minds of outsiders. With the construction of new roads, in-migration became the driving force in the population growth of the Ka1uah province. Today the rate of biological growth (che ratio of the binh rate 10 the death rate) remains at flat zero or in fractions of a percentage point (0.07 percent in 1984), while the rate of in-migration continues 10 rise dramatically, putting the overall population growth of the Southern Appalachians well above the national average. The number of retirees translcx:ating to the mountains raises the percentage of monality, but a look at the figures shows the dominant influence of migration on the regional population. Lack of access has always been the limiting factor on growth • the growth of human populations, economic development, and Xat®h Journal pa9e 22 industrialization - in Appalachia. Lack of access protected the wild nature o f the mountain habitat. Now the cork is out of the bottle. The sporadic stream of in-migration has turned into a flood. As over-populated Europe once offered an inexhaustible supply of humanity to fill up the New World, the large eastern cities now do the same for the mountains, as the in1ersu1te highway system offers an easy means of travel. Along with the increaSe in new residents, there has been a tremendous increase in demand for recreational opponunities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the national forests. Today, human management and human use penetrates 10 the deepest reaches of the forest on 4,900 miles of forest roads and touches every aspect of life on virtually every acre of the mountain forest habitat. Meanwhile, wildlife has been pushed back to the most remote areas of the forest in search of food and safety due 10 the clearing necessary for roads and development and the associated noise. Environment Committee assures us that al l this developmen t can proceed with no impact whatsoever on the "beautiful mountain scenery that is so imponant to all of us" - in fact, it'll be even beuer, because there will be more people here to enjoy it wilh us. Typical of this approach is the l-26 Corridor Association, a coalition of Western Nonh Carolina industrialists, developers, and their followers, who believe it is imperative 10 immediately upgrade the present Route 23 to interstate proportions through Madison County 10 the Tennessee state line providing a d1rec1 connection between Asheville, Johnson City, TN, and the large industrial cities of the mid west. Jerry Grant, the biggest developer in the Katuah mountains, provides the following insight via the /-26 Corridor Association Newsletter: "We would be on the way to somewhere - not the end of the line. We think Asheville and this region are extremely fortunate 10 have an excellent liveability factor. We are able to attract the right kinds of industry." Those who still espouse this approach have not yet realized that whenever we perceive something as a resource, then it is automatically for sale. And once sold, it is no longer ours. It is gone. In another public relations publication of the l-26 Association, WNC at the Crossroads: Crisis or Opportunity?, this theme of development continues: "Improving the US 23 gateway to interstate standards opens the entire Ohio Valley and Nonheastem US to the WNC mountain expenence....Imagine how many more travelers would discover WN~ if traffic now using I-77 and 1-75 could re-route via 1-26 through the scenic Southern Highlands.... An interstate would produce many business opportunities away from its interchanges. Well-designed and The North Carolina Highway Bill (or Come One, Come All!) This summer in Nonh Carolina the state legislature passed a $9.1 billion Highway Bill. Governor Ji m Manin's plan is 10 place "every resident in the state within 10 miles o f a four-lane road," build by-passes around seven urban centers (includi ng Asheville), pave 10,000 miles of secondary gravel roads by 1999, and the remaining gravel roads in the state by 2006 (see page 25). To hear the road boosters talk, the new roads are going 10 bring in all the good aspects of industrial culture and none of the bad. There's big bucks in it for everyone, we are told, and, because we live in the mountains, things will be as nice as they always were. The ; N PR(S(NT 4 LA~ES -- fV\Ul'l.E CONNfClORS - - - W / 'll:/~E v"' . r •~ I I \I \ I '\ \ I \I \ \ '\ f'aU:, 1989 �perpetual wild sanctuaries It ts both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this time to intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. At this lime In Earth history. our human species Is severely and Irreversibly tmpacttng the ecosystems of the planet. As an acknowledgement of our reverence for Life and for the sake of our planet's biological heritage. ll Is Important that we lntenllonally leave perpetual wild sanctuaries where humans do not enter....places where the non· human life fonns tnd1genous to a pan.tcular area arc able lo proceed lndeflnltely. undisturbed by human presence. judgement. or Intentions. This Idea Is not wtlhout precrdrnt. In New Guinea there arc small areas of natural vegetation left amid lands that have been ovcr·grazed and ovcr·cut for cooking fuel. These small fragments of natural diversity are the burial grounds. rabu areas. sacred to the spirits of the ancestors. where It Is blaspht>my to tread. In old English estates. amid the Impeccably kept lawns and gardens. there Is one comer kept wild "for the fairies • that Is never entered These are probably areas that would difficult lo matntaln anyway. and these days the tradition Is most likely kept with tongue tn cheek. but ll Is slill kept, as ll has been for generations. In the small country of Costa Rica the newly-established tropical dryland forest national park Is divided Into three pans: one pan ts open to appropriate commercial use. one pan Is only open to tradltlonal native use. and the remainder Is not open to human use at all. Here In Katuah. there have always been energy centers and sacred sites endowed with spiritual power that were never entered except by lndlvlduals or small groups of people who felt compelled to venture there to fulfill a specific spiritual mission. ThJs idea could be easily translated lnlo our own lime. lf people took ll to heart. Small areas could be set aside on small tracts of land. but setting aside a mountain range or large areas of the forest to be forever undisturbed by human presence would make a significant difference tn the conditions of habitat and. no less Importantly. would transform our relationship to the land. It Is both a form of reverence and a human need that we learn at this lime to Intentionally leave some wild places alone forever. All who feel so tncllned are Invited to set off an area of land - however large an area for whJch the tndlvldual or group feels ll can accept responsibility - as a perpetual wild sanctuary. This could be done by purchase. decree. or by personal witness. The areas could be regarded as sacred shrines. devlc dwclllng-places. burial grounds. or liberated 1.ones. In whatever manner It Is undertaken. this commitment tnvolvcs a responstbtllty lo respect the boundaries and lo urge others who might come tn contact with the area to do the same. It also Involves educallfllt the young about the nature of this area and the purpose for selllfllt ll aside. that they might be willing to continue the practice. ll Is time lhts Is brought forward as a serious suggestion. May all beings live wUd and free! Plca.\C !lend any commcnis expressing your rcacuons, dreams, or visions about a perpetual wild sanctuary lO KatiUih Journal: Box 638: Leicester, NC 28748. (conlJnUOd from Pl&C 22) developed interchanges therefore not only enhance the corridor's immediate environs, but also seive as gateways which entice additional development into surrounding counties. "Regionally, the 1-26 gateway will increase traffic throughout WNC. Thus, thousands of businesses - both established and yet-to-be stand to benefit...The US Chamber of Commerce has determined that each additional 100 manufacturing jobs have the following positive (sic) benefits on a given locale: Non-manufacturing jobs .. ...............&! Population increase...................... 202 Family units .............................. I 02 Increased school enrollments............ 61 (t ndguote) The effects would certainly be positive for the developers and real estate speculators who stand to make a lot of money selling off the mountain habitat. For current residents, however, land booms do not necessarily mean more jobs. They do mean higher taxes as the local people absorb the costs of expanded water supply and waste disposal services to provide an infrastructure for the new industries. They do without fail mean over-crowded schools, higher crime rates, increased noise. congestion, sedimentation. air and water pollution. Richard Stiles. an economist for the Western Nonh Carolina Tomorrow group, a primary motivator behind the push for an 1-26 corridor, actually maintains that an interstate- level highway would be less ecologically damaging than expansion of the present Rt. 23. He says that this is because an interstate would have only limited access, rather than being lined with development. Such an analysis shows a complete ignorance or disregard for the idea that there is any limit to the regional canying capacity for human beings. T11U, 1989 Ptn:cmage Change in !>()pulation Size. Ra1c of Na1ural lncrcase. and Net Mignuion Rate for lhc Average of !he Eighteen Wt"stcm Counlle• of We.tern Nonh Carolina, 1940-1980 LEGEND: - - Rate of PopulallOD Change -""" ··· · Net Migrabon Rate: · • • - - Ra1e of Natural ln~ase 25 20 - 15 10 5- 0-5 ·IO· . :?Q - 1940-50 1950-60 1960-70 1970-80 (1971 l'"'JOC- ) Source: S«io-£c()namlc OverviLW of W~s1u11 Vorrli. Carol1NJ fo r ti!, Vtu11aMla PusaJi VaiwNd Fou compilttl by the .•t Sou1hnn Appalachian Ccnlef, Man Hall College, Mars Halt, NC Direct displacement by the interstate construction and resulting commercial development will remove thousands of acres of relatively undeveloped habitat. Migration routes and range areas of different animals will be disrupted by the cut-out, paved-over, and fenced-in interstate route. A new interstate route will greatly increase fragmentation of habitaL The forest north of Asheville will be severed by a route comparable in size and volume to the 1-40 interstate. Instead of one habitat area • however patchy and ragged it is at present - there will be 1wo smaller areas. The local gene pool, already in disucss, will be divided in half once again. However. the most damaging effect will be the ucmcndously increased volume of traffic that will pass over the new highway. A new superhighway will mean more use. more commerce, more in-migration, more human demands on the already over-stressed habitat. We long ago overshot the capacity of this region to suppon the weight of our population. As access opened the mountains to the ravages of unrestrained technology at the turn of the century, so now is it bringing in unrestrained numbers of human beings. We arc the greatest threat to habitat in the Southern Appalachians. Rather than manage the forest to meet our unending demands, we need to manage ourselves. our numbers and our way of life. that the forest may continue. In the long run, this would be the best for all the inhabitants of the mountain forestlands. ourselves included. This process requires values that are at once new and at the same time very, very old. These values arc the substance of the biorcgional vision. We need to learn/remember them and pass them on. Only then will we be able to approach a reasonable carrying capacity of human beings in the Katuah province of the Appalachian biorcgion. ~ Xot.Uah Journot p119e 23 �J CAPTIVE BEARS FREED! "ROAD MANIA" SLOWED NabJral World News Service Senator Wyche Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) led the US Senate lo adopt an amendment to the interior appropriations bill that cut the road-building budget of the US Forest Service by $65 million. Vowing lO curb "road-building mania" in the Forest Service, Fowler called on his Senate colleagues to pass the amendmenL They responded 55-44 in favor of the measure. Twenty-rive million of the recovered money would be returned to the federal treasury. The balance would be used for stewardship programs, habitat improvement, and land acquisition. In calling for support of the amendment, Fowler cited a Congressional Research Service study that found that road construction was the most environmentally damaging aspect of the Forest Service timber program. OTTERS MAKE A COMEBACK ... AND A GETAWAY Natunil World News Service CARNIVOROUS PLANT LISTED Norural Wbrld News Service NllUnl) World News Service Recent events in Cherokee drew attention to the plight of caged and exploited black bears. One evening this summer, several bears were "liberated" from Saunooke's Bear Den show by unknown individual(s). A large hole was cut in the outer wall of the enclosure, through which the bears escaped along the creek into the surrounding woods, and hopefully into the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle. The outcome for the escapees is unknown: Saunooke has made no comment as to whether or not the bears were quickly recaptured or escaped into the wild. In any case, this evem effectively brought the bear's situation to the attention of local media. People for the Ethical TreaUTient of Animals have annouoced plans to protest in Cherokee on September 9, 1989. They have been warned off by the Chief of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation, Jonathan L. Taylor. A clear message appeared on August 15, 1989 in the Asheville Ci1iz11n-Times that any animal rights protesters would be arrested and prosecuted for "interfering• with the reservati.on practice of exploiting bears. lo a pointed way. it is clear that on the reservation, as in many areas or Katuab. the rights or humans to exploit the bears supercedes any rights of the animal species. Loss of freshwater wetland habitat has eliminated or threatened many plant and animal species throughout the country. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has recently proposed to add to the Endangered Species List the mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sorrounio rubro ssp. jonesii). Native only to a few motmtaln bogs and streamsides in southwestern North Carolina and northwestern South Csrolina along the Blue Ridge Divide, the mounuiin sweet pitcher plant has been reduced from 26 known historical populations to only 10. The pitcher plant has been the victim of drainage of bogs. flooding. convctsion or the land for agriculture and grazing, various other forms of land development, and collection. Eight of the remaining 10 populations survive on private land where they may be subject to habitat alteration and collection by fanciers or carnivorous plants; the other two are situaicd on State or South Carolina lands. but are also vulnerable to recreation and illegal collection. The mountain sweet pitcher plant, like other carnivorous plants, traps and digests insects for food. 11 grows up to 29 inches in height, producing showy. typically maroon flowers gracefully suspended on single tall stems, each covered with a hood. Insects. attracted to the mouth of the pitcher by sweet secreted nectar, crawl or fall into the pitcher. Their escape is prevented by a smooth slippery surface just inside the mouth of the pitcher. and by stiff hairs lining the interior or the pi!Cher tubes, pointing downward. The insects are digested in the enzyme.filled fluid secreted int the pitchers. The mountain sweet pitcher plant and its related species have long inspired curiosity and wonder. Unless they are protected and s:ived they will soon inspire only memories. Your comments can be addressed to the Asheville Field Office: US Fish and Wildlife Service; 100 Otis Street (Room 224); Asheville, NC 28801. ACID RAIN A PROVEN KILLER NabJral World News Service A link between acid precipitation and a wsease which bas killed thousands of dogwood trees may have been proven by US Forest Service plant pathologist Robert Anderson and colleagues. Dogwood anthracnose, or dogwood blight, caused by Disculo fungus species, was first found to be infecting trees in the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest about 10 years ago (see Kotuoli Journal #21). Since then, it has spread lO many of the Southeastern states and caused high mortality among both woodland and ornamental dogwoods. More than one quarter million acres in Kllttiah have been affected by the disease. Otters, absent from the Smoky Mountains following excessive trapping and logging activities during the 1930's, are making a comeback. Not only are they successfully surviving in several reintroduction sites, they arc claiming ierritoric:; across mountain ronges from their points of rcintr0duction. Nine nvcr otters were rclea.~ into thc Little River on the Tennessee side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and at least two have crossed into Nonh Carolina drainages. The ouers arc eluding the tracking efforts of researchers. even though fitted with surgically-implanted radio transmitters. Kim Dcl..o'1ier, wildlife biologist for the Park. says, "Most of them have moved extensive disuinces from the release site to other drainages. We really don't know why they are moving so much." Recently, biologists have been able to track the otters only by air. A few oucrs from a 1986 release project an the Cades Cove area of the Parle also were sighted later in Nonh Carolina waters. FtShermcn have expressed concern that ottcrs will destroy game fish, but analysis or oner scat from river banks bv University of Tennessee researchers revealed that scat piles contain no trout bones. "Trout are fast and much harder to catch," says DeLozier. Instead. the otters prefer slow-moving fish like white suckers. daces, sculpins, and hogsuckers, says DeLo1Jer. For the ouers, •...these slow-moving fish ate like picking sweets from a candy store." The next proposed release of river ouers will Ulke place as early as this winter in a watershed on the Nonh Carolina side of the Park...but don't expect them to stay there for long. Xai.imh Journal pmJe 24 The disease is chanictcrized by putple-rimmcd leaf spots. followed by twig, brunch. and stem cankers. Trees ID the forest • parucularly trees growing ID moist environments at high elevations - suffer more from anthracnose than omrunental dogwoods located where the disease can be controlled by cultural practices. Among wild dogwoods, the disease is expected to continue 10 spread throughout the South. In the past researchers had not been successful m producing anthracnose symptoms on trees which had been inoculated with lhe Disculo fungus in the laboratory. In the recently reported experiments. one year old dogwood seedlings were exposed to various levels of simulated acid rain at a Forest Service lab. The seedlings were then exposed to Disculo inoculum and the subscquem rate of infection was noted. Exposed to the fungus alone, the trees showed no sign or the blight. but as the rain acidity levels were increased there appeared a corresponding increase in infection. Research is continuing to determine if the acid rain/anthracnose connectio~an be observed in dogwoods growing under field cond111ons. Anderson's work will be helpful in effons to s:ive the tree that bears the North Carolina state nowcr. Perhaps more importantly. however, his experiments have proven a link bclwecn acid rain and plant disease and decline. It is commonly accepted that airborne pollution is contributing 10 the deaths or red spruce and Fraser fir treeS at high altitudes in the mountruns, but Anderson's experiments offer the first scientifically accepted proof that acid min is a major culprit in any instance or forcs1 degradation. The logo above symbolizes the commitment of the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League to protect the integrity of the New River. The group is demanding that the State of North Carolina carry ou1 its rc.~nsibility to protect the river as a fcder:illy-dc.~ign:ncd Wild and Scenic River area. The New is presently designated a Wild and Scenic River for 26.5 miles or its length, but this designation is threatened by an alarming rate of de,•clopmcnt along its banks and a proposed water treaUTient plan! upstream of the fcderally-pro1cc1cd zone (sec Ka1t1aliJourna/ If 24). Join the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League's efforts on behalf of the New River. Contact BREDL: Box 1308; W. Jefferson, NC 28694. raC!., 1989 �. SAHC TO REVISE PROPOSAL Nmural World News Strnce The Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) has announced !hot il will drop o proposed National Scenic Area Proposal thllt the group hnd drafted as potential leg1slauon 10 define m:inagemcnt policy for the 24,000 acres of spcc18Cular landscape known as the Highl:inds of R0311. The ongin:ll propos:>I met w11h protest from local l:indowncrs and building conl13Ctors who felt thllt lhcii propcny rights would be violated by the plan. The SAHC sud m a prepared sl3tcmcm, "Since u has been our hope from the beginning !hot a proposal could be drafted which met with the approval of all part1e~ •... SAHC has withdrawn 1ts proposal for lhe present and 1ntcods IO revise the same <;<>as IO hopefully '™=Ct the conocms of local l'CSldcnts md landowners.• The conservauon group pbns to hold both formal and informal mceungs with all CO'ICcmcd to come up wilh a new and belier proposal for keeping inl.3Cl the beauty of the Roon Highlllnds. NC ROAD BINGE Nonnl World News Service The North Carolina state legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill o~ July 26 that will contnbute greatly to mushrooming development in the Klllliall province. By a House vote of 95-19 and a Senate vote of 39-11, lhe legislature raufied a highway package rood bill calling for S9. I billion for road construction throughout the Slate. In campaigning for the bill carher, Republican GovClllOI" J1m Martin vowed IO bnng every resident of the state within 10 miles of a fow--lanc highway. The bill would fund major road-building and road-widening projects and pave thousands of miles of ara,-cl roads. Pnrndox1cally, the governor turned against his own bill when Senate Democrats added a provision to use incrca~ vehicle sales taxes for 11110 years to fund pay raises for 1eaehcrs and swc employc:cs. But legislators did not respond to the governor's last-minute call to tum down lhe revised bill. Among the projects IO be funded by the massive highway constrUCtion act are widening of US 23 in Madison County 10 cn::ue a four-lane roadway between Asheville, NC and Johnson City. TN: widening of US 19-19E between Mars Hill and Ingalls m Avery County: expansion of US 19 between Bryson City and Andrews: widening of US 441 soulh of Franklin: and construction of a loop IO circle west of Asheville between 1-26 and US 23. 1"c:i[(, I 989 FRIENDS OF GRANDFATHER temperawrc in the river, which would cause populations of fish and olha- life to decline. Geologically, the Grandfather Mountain Window, where some of the oldest rock exposed on earth juus out of the gl'OWld, provides a unique glimpse into the past. 11 is estimated lhat Grandflllher Mountain is between 625 to 680 million years old, placing its formation during the Precambrian era, a time when life still existed primarily in the seti. and microorganisms were prom111CnL Fncnd~ of Grandfather is c , rently securing 501(c)3 non-profit status with the Elisha Mitchell Audubon Soc1c1y. It has also received suppon from the Blue Ridge Group of the Sierra Club and is worlcing with the Trust for Public Lands. To become involved or 10 send a donation to the Friends of Grandfather Mountain Fund please write to them at: P.O. Box 239: Sugar Grove, NC 28679. Nonnl World Ne"°' Service On !he northwest slope of Grandfather Mountain hes 1,200 acres for sale. 900 acres of lhis is owned by lhc Wilmore Corporation, headed by John Williams and Hugh Monon. A master pion has been drawn up which any developer interested in buying the property must agn:c to. Tiie sellers see this master plan. which includes a ski slope, shopping mall. convention center, golf course, and 200 or more homesiteS as being earned out m an envll"Ol\mentally conscious way. Friends of Grandfather Mountain is a group of concerned local citir.ens working to keep these envuonmentally sensiuve areas mtact by initiaung a media cnmpaign and an effort to purchase the land. By purchasing the land and placing it in the care of a conservation organi1.auon, perhaps future generations can enJOY at least one moun1:1m whose i.rrcplacable beauty lives unscathed. In protceting the land, douns of species of plants and animals would also be protccted. Many vnriwes of irces, and several rare nnd threatened plants and animals eiust on and near the 900 acre tract up for sale. Of pnme botanical concern are the Blue Ridge goldenrod and the Hclleri bla7jng star, both growing on the Profile Cliffs directly above the endangered land. These species are listed as critically globally imperiled by the Natural Heritage Program. The Blue Ridge goldenrod is also CODSJdered endangered by the State of North Carolina. DU"CClly off the Shanty Springs Trail arc bent avcns and lnuhng wolfsbane. These bcauuful plants arc also globally imperiled. Their ap(>C3rllllce is considered rare nnd highly localized. The proposed development would also displace hundreds of animal species mcludmg: deer. racoon, opposum. red and grey fox, bobcats and an occasional bear. Newly discovered is the presence of the northern Oying sqwrrcl, a "Jlt'CiCS endangered in the Sl&IC of North Carolina, just above the glade on the Shanty Springs trail. These small, nocturnal creatures seem 10 be declirung because of changes in vegetation and habitat disturbance. The population of these rare squirrels at Grandfather Mountain is the farthest north the species has been discovered in the state. Also, disturbing the territory below the hacking site for young endangered pe.rigrine falcons may reduce the chance of the mature birds renuning lO breed in lhal area. From the westtm slope of Calloway Peak, the highest peak in the Blue Ridge Range, spring three pristme streams which form the headwaters of the Linville and Watauga Rivers. Both rivers are currently being proposed for designation as Outstanding Resource Waters. The Watauga River may be unable to support additional treated wastewat.Ct, awaillng further LCSts by the NC Division of Environmental Management. Wastewater treallllent standards for the nver have already been made motC Stringent, and in some 111.S1allCC$ new pcnmts have been denied. Any silt or 1dditional emuent into lhcsc headwaters may ruin the nver"s quality. Of critical imponance is the potentinl increase of average water ACID VEINS Narunl World Ne"°' Sen-a The final mslallment of a ten year study on acid rain for the Kau1ah biorcgion has recently been released by Lhe Environmental Prolec:tion Agency. The final rcpon states th:11. 1f current sulfur emissions continue et the present rate, 129 streams in the region will become acidic within SO )'ClltS, and 203 additional sueams will be occasionally acidic. Researchers also projected the possibility of increases in sulfur emission during the same 50 year period. Starling with a steady inc= of 20% in the first 10 years and continuing for 15 years, then leveling offin the next 2S years. At lhis level 159 streams would become acidic:, and 340 would be potcntJally vulnerable IO periodic acidification. Presently there are no S11C811lS in KatWlh that are considered aciC:ic, and jUSt lhree are eswnated IO have an ac1d-ncutrali21ng capacity or lower than 50 m1cro-equ1valcnts per liter • the estimated vulnerability threshold or streams becoming temporarily acidic during heavy snow melts and rainstorms. Sulfur dioxide, wh.icb is convened in the atmosphere into acid, 1s primarily produced by C031-buming power plants and other industries. Oxides or n11.rogcn arc released in approxim3tely similar amounts by automobiles and industry. Even though the CIU"Tcm presidential admlnlscraUon has proposed a 10 million ton reduction in sulfur diollidc emissions and a two million ton reduction in nitrogen oxide releases over the next decade. one of lhe best means to reduce poisonous emissions is energy conservation, which lessens lhc need for both existing and proposed power plants. Here are some organizations that offer catalogs contammg energy-effiCIClll products: Tiie Renew America Prop:t: 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW (Sutte 63&): Washington, DC 20036 (&02) 862-2999 and The Rocky Mountain Institute: 1739 Snowmass Creek Road: Old Snowmass. CO 81654. �Gathering I dream the spirits gather, Gather in a space outside my Room. They call my name over DRUMMING And over, I stand Before them and their voices are The howling of wolves, lhe cooing of doves, LETIERS TO KATUAH We are in another place, They are touching me, I feel like a candle With a tall flame, They give me messages, When I wake I can only remember The voices of doves, Of Wolves, and the way We wavered over this world, Dear KatUah. I'm writing to thank you for sending the Katilah Journal all the way over to Swil.l.erlandl h's very important lhat people sian to think and care more and more about our environmental problems ALL OVER the world! I'm looking forward to your next issue! The seem of sandalwood. - Palricia Claire Peters YourS sincerely. Christine Moser ~t:.~S· p$. o-t$S ~ ri..~ \)~ tjl{C\;1!1 ~G·s~~s .~'.tS ....o~ ,.c9v~st:.•S v J\}t>G1!i :iS ~~ Dear Friends at Katrlal1 Journ(l/:, Dear Katilah Journal People, Your summer '89 issue on Ptau in the Mowttains was a moment of serendipity for me as well as good energy and inspiration. It connected with my moment of comple{ing a silk screened print inspired by and incorporating the Cherokee words for Water and S~ 7~(~:t;;)are:\JA 0' (pUJL'-) Phone~ally pronounced: ~ - q Ma. Justice prevails - this time - in S.E. Georgia. If here, anywhere! Your publication is excellent, keep it running. Can we do an exchange with you? At this time, it's a little out of balance, but the best we can do. h's all part of the same problem greed and power. Pax, Martina. John and Donna St. Mary's, GA ~ L/A1.,;1 -tho 1t1 :JU.. Several Cherokee people (Laura King, Pheasant Driver, Mary and G.B. (Going Back) Chiltosky) helped me with this identification and pronunciation. ~ 1hi1 G: spoken with urgency because water is critically essential to life. yours, delighted and connected, Margaret Gregg Jonesborough. TN love Story ! lie wirh the Eanlt Ukea lover. Embracing Her Enfolded in Her fragrance In the heat of Her body Through langucrous swooning afternoons And rhythmic pulsing nights. She is With me Dear KatW!h folks. A new book is out. that all serious gardeners and fanncrs should have. h's called Secrets of the Soil by Peter Tomkins and Christopher Bird (Harper & Row, 1989). Please try to get a copy! - from Knotts Island, NC Arowuim£ Inside me. Oneness. Greenness. Wilderness. Wildness. Swirling in the spiral Lost in Mystery. Knowing the Unknowable. -Mary dt La Va/ttte Xatiulh Jou.rnal p1i9e 26 f'aU., 1989 �Dear Friends. Greiuly enjoyed your spring issue. ns usual. need to call your attention, however, to what I consider the Planet Art article's wholely uncritical appr~~al of the current 'crystal craf.e'. So I thought I would send along Earth F1rster. Karen DcBraaJ's brillnnt linlc piece on crystals as an 31ltcdote. from 'Live Wild or Die', n recent Eanh First! dcnvauve. Please consider pnnting 1L Sincerely. Bill McCormick Crozet. VA Enclosed anic:lc {b) Karen OcBf.131): Crystals. Their shimmering beauty vibrates deep into your being, helping your being, helping you setf-actuahzc wuh healing powers und guided imageries. Cool and hip, right? New age and stylin', yes? But at what price? Well. hell, can a price be put on spirituality? Can a price be put on how the earth feels when her powerful energy trnnsm1uers and hc:llers arc ripped from her bowels for a profit, be u monetary orspmtual? The ripping (np off) of crysuils from the earth is causing her to ulcerate. Great eroding <;ear; rc,ult from the hungry hordes scouring the U.S.N:uional Forcsts (mainly in Arkansas) and areas in other counties, such as Mexico and Brazil. Armed to the teeth wuh screwdrivers, shovels and bulldozers, new-age hucksters and spiritual profiteers. well-meaning heaters and seelcers of the sacred arc mining and tearing at the earth with no thought of the cost to her. The environmental impact of our spiritually starved, buclc-hungry droves is not a consideration. Think about it. The next time you stroll by Toots for Fools (no kidding) or any other nashy crystal store in Santa Crut or elsewhere, and sec those t.v. si1~ cryslJlls glimmering in the display window, think about the hole it left when it was wrenched out by its roots. like a bloody wisdom t00th from a gum. And all those smaller oncs... thcy aren't laying around the forest noor like pine cones. "It resembles Gold Rush Days." said Montgomery County Sheriff James Carmack in Spectrum (Dee. 23, 1987). when asked about crysllll seekers in the Oucitn National Forest and surrounding areas in Arkansas. According to Carmack, people vandalve the area by stealing crystals from legal mines and digging illegal muics. These all cause erosion. The Forest Service liberally grants crystal mining permit,, 3Ccording to Spectrum. but the fees generated don't begin to cover the cost of m:>nitoring the mines or contr0lhng 1llcgnl hunters. Sure. crystals are poweiful. But maybe they are where they are for a reason. Leave them there, where the earth c11n use them as she sees fiL It is mter.:sung thnt newagc folks, who profess to care for the earth are so blinded by the crystal light that they are dcstr0ymg whnt they profess LO love. Their cryswls are bloody. Docs our endlessly raped earth need more of this? The NFS and the crystal-hungry massc.~ need to hear from environmentalists: crystal mining 1s yet another massive wounding that our earth doesn't need. We need to heal ourselves by healing the earth. Boycou crystals! If you own them, don't O:iunt them, which encourages others to get them. Let the NFS know th3t you don't want them to grant any more crystal mining permits. Let people know that crysrols belong to the earth! '' • J '· I .' Draw111g by Sw Adams Dear KatUah, I picked up the wonderful winter issue of your excellent and much needed publication at the Tremont Center in the Smokies. This issue has changed my perception and my life. I hope to live in the area some day. although I mny Opl to have a cabin in the woods of Kentucky or Indiana. It has been a dream LO live m the forest for a long time • by a stream. I wish to support and join the struggle for unity with the planet we inhabit. for stopping heedless exploiUltion and destruction, for nurturing life. I am in the process of nunuring my own life (much damaged in childhood). This nunurmg is most harmonious with the healing of the planet. Thanks for your work, Starfire Forest Voices I Sleeping on the wall of the world arching over the sun with the c11n•e off est trees or wlwse tips are rwe11ry leagues high i11 the morni11g light casting golde11 leaf shadows in this green place. The high wind orchestrates irs wisdom with the forest: Be at peace with the fly and pain of bursitis Let the heali11g ofthe pla11et be pan ofyou. Be one with me 2. Hush, the gods of the forest are speaking. They toss the sun with their fingers. The liale gods rising from the growui are staffs oftruth, each blade ofgrass a word of wisdom. 3. listen, the voice ofthe wmer sings, the naiad ofthe stream whispers 10 the silent one who rests by her way. The butterflies above are mating and the weefolk are white water rafting dow11 her tiny rapids in small spherical crafts. She says thar happiness is here with the jwnpingjish alld the drops of rain quietly sampling the edge of1he storm. Here hidden and safe I would wish to stay. 4. W01erfa/ls in nLrlung laugluer as white fire ascends in balance ofcoll/I/er energies providing one another's needs in mandala of reality, body alld spirit. -S111rfire Soledad f'p(t, 1989 �(conlinucd from page 7) habitat types represented in the landscape, the belier the possibilities for rhc survival of rhc whole. Older, more mature forests musr extend over many contiguous sites, not just on ridges and in coves, for successful migration of species. For life to adapt 10 changing conditions, reproduction of all but the most highly .inobile, weedy species must occur on adjacent sites. Following the mosr recent ice age, forest communities migrated at a rare of only a few miles per century as the climate v.'nmled over rhe course of thou,ands of years In the coming century, species tha• cnmnnsc marurc fore t communities musr migrate ar a rate perhaps I0 times faster, an impossible feat from isolated. fragmented habiratS. Optimum regional biodiversity, therefore, requires a continuity of habitats across the landscape in a mosaic of mature communities that includes all topographic conditions: ridges, nonh and south slopes, coves, streams and gorges, balds, and bogs. FederaJ protection has recently been extended 10 many of rhc latter communities (at least those thar are not commercially imponant) as Congressionally designated Wilderness Areas. But nearly all of the remainder - the large areas of contiguous second-growth forests that arc now cconomicaJly mature - is destined for violent disturbance before the tum of rhc cenmry. Defining Old-Growth Forests Forests managed for commercial timber and wild game species provide a great diver:;ity of plant and animal species through logging and other planned disturbances. Therefore, it is the conclusion of Forest Service policy makers that timber and game management activities meet the legal requirement for biodiversity. The one condition that managed forests do not meet is that of providing for the types of natural diversity in critically short supply: those associated with mature old-growth forests. The condition "old-growth" is defined by the Southern Region of the US Forest Service as any forest stand over 100 years of age. This completely arbitrary definition fails to meet the biological requisites for a mature forest, because it simply means that any forest stand older than an economic rotation for commercial timber harvest is classed as "old-growth." From the biological standpoint, an old-growth forest contains trees in all age classes, including dying, standing dead, and fallen dead trees. Because most of the trce species that comprise old-growth stands in the Southern Appalachian forests do not reach biological maturity for 200-400 years (and pcrhnps longer 10 be wcll-rcpresenied in t11e dying and dead tree categories), the present-day second-growth hardwood forests must be left free of disturbance for at least another 150 years. Even then, many micro-habitat niches provided by old windthrown trees, standing dead snags, and rotting logs will not become available until yet another century has passed. More imponantly, most of the plants and animals of our second-growth forests represent mid-successional species, which are not those that will eventually be present in the climax communities. The maturing forests of today will undergo dynamic changes in species composition when left undisturbed until they reach a condition of biological old-growrh. JCGtwm )o"rnaL paq~ 28 Artwork by Joma RN!a Herc we should dispel several common misconceptions regarding old-growth forests. First, old-growth srands arc not decadent. On the contrary, they arc dynamic and teeming with life. As old crees fall. many new niches are created for other plants and animals, both in the canopy overhead and in the rotting wood on the forest floor. Many microhabitats undergo constant micro-successions of plants and animals, as new niches arc created and old ones disappear. A second myth is that "old-growth" is synonymous with "wilderness." This is cenainly not true in eastern Nonh America, where we have very liulc true old-growth in areas that have been Congressionally designated as "Wilderness." There is one important difference between the two. Legal Wilderness is by definition for hwnon beings. a commodity for people to enjoy as a recreational experience, and it is managed as such by the public agencies. Old-growth forest is for bioro, preserved for the intrinsic value of all the various forms of biological diversity therein. Managing for old-growth, however, does not exclude use by people. rn fact, old-growth forests enhance benefits such as recreation, wildlife habitat, visual quality, and stream quality, as well as providing for essential biological diversity. Restoring Old-Growth Diversity We return full circle to the opening paragraph of this paper. "Today we stand at the threshold of a great decision" - one of the most imponant for public land use since the creation of the national forests. Current management plans for the Southern Appalachian national forests call for widespread timber harvest, largely by clearcurting, for most of the 60 to 80 year old second-growth stands that have reached economic maturity. There arc provisions in some forest management plans to temporarily preserve five percent of each harvested component (approximately 50 acres for each 1000 acres harvested) for old-growth . However, these temporary reserves are only fragments surrounded by young managed stands, and even these may also be harvested in the future. Tree species in the young stands created by harvesting will be heavily biased toward those with known commercial value, such as eastern white pine, yellow poplar, and the red and white oaks. This would reduce natural diversity ai.d would also reduce the potential for genetically stable communities in the future. An orientation toward timber management is not going to maintain regional biological diversity in its broadest sense. The United States IOOth Congress stated, "The Eanh's biological diversiry is being rapidly depleted at a rate without precedent in human history....Mosr losses of biological diversity are largely avoidable consequences of human activity ....Mointoining biological diversity through habitat preserv01ion is often less costly and more effective than ejforrs ro save species once tltey become endangered." (Quoted from H.R. 4335. 1988, emphasis added). We frequently hear reports of distinguished biological scientists warning that human-caused destruction of naturaJ habnats is the single most serious threat to survival of life as we know it on our planet. The loss of genetic diversity and the loss of entire ecosystems arc occurring at an accelerating pace around the world. The Southern Appalachian Mountains arc a pan of this grim picture. But the existing public lands have the potential to restore the natural diversity provided by the old-growth forests currently missing from the Appalachian biorcgion. Unbroken, naturally-functioning habitats must be restored here to provide the basic life suppon systems necessary to carry all forms of life through rhe unfolding ecological catastrophe of our times. We can overcome rhc mental blindness that would have us believe that providing commodities for people is the uhimote use for the Appalachian national forests. We can expand our vision to keep in mind the value of habitat, the foundation for all life. Whole and healthy habitats provide the necessary elements for the continued survival of the entire global ecosystem. Robert Zollner was a professor of forestry at Clemson Universiry specializing in the ecology of Sowhern Appalachian hardwoods until lus retirement in 1988. f'~U.. 1989 �LIVING GREEN <O Christoph and Mary-Clayton Endcrlein The Oreen Movement is more than 1 political ideology because Green vallltS also involv~ how we live every day. This list is for thl>se who have lhe "Green Spirit" and would like IO i~rponlle II further tnlO _daily living...Only by activating the ilel1IS on lhis list, can our grea1-grea1-grea1 gra~c~1ldren have an opponunuy. interacl directly wilh lhe grea1 whales, lhe elephanlS. the ravens, lhe wolves. This hs1 was created by Interspecies Communication board member ChrisU>ph Enderlein and his wife Mary-ClaylOll. Feel free IO copy. bul do llOl change i1 wilhoul permission. '° Recycle paper, glass, and metals . Recycle motor oil, dispose of hazardous waste responsibly Use cloth diapers Reuse egg cartons and paper bags Avoid using styrofoam . Avoid disposable plates, cups, utensils Use rags instead of paper towels . Use paper bags, not pa~r towels to drain ~se Give away rather than dispose of unneeded nems IO. Use the back of discardable paper for scratch paper 11. Be responsible and creative with leftover food 12. Use the water from cooking vegetables to make soup 13. Mend and repair rather than discard !llld replace 14. Invest in well-made functional clothing 15. Buy bulk and unpackaged rather than packaged ~oods 16. Purchase goods in reusable and recyclable containers 17. Buy organic, pesticide-free foods 18. Avoid highly processed foods 19. Eat foods from low on the food chain 20. Compost your food scraps 21. Grow your own food (even small kitchen gardens) 22. Volunteer to start or help with a community garden 23. Suppon your local food co-ops 24. Discover where the foods and goods you buy come from 25. Buy locally grown produce and other foods . 26. Use glass and steel cookware rather~ alu1TU11um 27. Volunteer to maintain local parlts and wilderness 28. Buy living Christmas trees 29. Plant trees in your community 30. Learn about the plants and animals in your re~on 31. Discover your watershed and work to protect II 32. Oppose the use of roadside defoliants in your area 33. Use non-toxic, biodegradable soaps and cleansers 34. Use non-toxic pest control 35. Don't buy products tested on animals 36. Keep hazardous chemicals in spillproof containers 37. Put m a water conserving shower head 38. Take shoner showers 39. Tum off the water while you brush your te~th 40. Put a water conservation device on your toilet 41. Learn where your waste and sewage goes 42. Learn where the energy for your home comes from 43. Suppon your local utility's conservation programs 44. Hang your clothes out to dry 45. Be sure your home is appropriately insulated 46. Weather-seal your home thoroughly 47. Heat your home responsibly, with renewable energy 48. Don't bum green wood 49. Choose the longterm investment of solar energy 50. Tum off lights when not in use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ta!!.1989 Drawing by Rob Messi<:lr. 51. Tum down your hot water heater 52. Lower your thcnnostat and wear warmer clothes 53. Buy energy efficient elccuical appliances 54. Keep your car engine well tuned 55. Drive a fuel-efficient car that uses unleaded gas 56. Walk, bicycle, carpool, and use public transponation 57. Shop by phone first, then pick up your purchases 58. Use rechargable batteries 59. Research socially-responsible investments 60. Suppon local credit unions . 61. Suppon local shops and restaurants. not chruns 62. "Adopt a grandparent" from the local senior center 63. Volunteer to cook for senior citizens 64. Provide for children in need 65. Hold a community potluck to meet your neighbors 66. Pick up liner along highways and near your home 67. Sponsor a clothes swap 68. Become involved with community projects and events 69. Organize or panicipate in community spons 70. Be responsible for the values you express 71. Educate yourself on global and "Third World" issues 72. Participate in sister city and cultural exchanges 73. Learn about the cultural diversity in your region 74. Work for global peace 75. Learn how your legislators vote, let them know your views 76. Be an active voter and anend town meetings 77. Vote for candidates who support green values 78. Become involved with your child's school 79. Encourage your child's natural talents and interests 80. Organize or join a toy co-op 81. Put toxic substances out of reach of children 82. Teach your children ecological wisdom 83. Listen to your children's needs and suppon their dreams 84. Discourage the use of violent toys in your household 85. Communicate openly with your co-workers and friends 86. Acknowledge someone who provides quality service 87. Work to understand people with different values 88. Be conscious of the struggles of oppressed people 89. Unlearn cultural sexism and racism 90. Acknowledge individual spirituality in yourself and others 91. Donate blood if your health permits 92. Explore ways to reduce the stress in your life 93. Practice preventive health care 94. Exercise regularly and eat wisely 95. Bring music and laughterinto your life 96. Learn about the medications you put in your body 97. Practice responsible family planning 98. Learn First Aid and emergency procedures 99. Take time to play, relax and go into nature JOO.Decrease TV watching and increase creative learning IOI.Have fun and be joyful! JC.atiuah JournGt p!MJB 29 �Whether you are a New Age prosperity afti m1a11onist or an idealistic pauper avoiding guilt by association with money, either way you look at it, inflation has deemed our dollars paper symobls of wealth that does not exist. A practical person cannot help but wonder how long before the big balloon pops and blows all our preny greenbacks away. There is a low-level anxiety present concerning our inflated economy which has prompted many people 10 s1ockpile food. move back to the land, and in many other ways be as self-sufficient as possible. This awareness is helpful in keepi ng us on our 1oes and ready for change, which is inevitable, even if it is unpredictable. However, survivalist consciousness can be devastating if you spend all your energy preparing for the fall of the existing order and deny yourself the bounty of the present, which is all we have really got. It seems important to balance respect for the preseni solu1ion of problems within 1 he world in which we live, however imperfect, with a vision and steps LOward an economics rooted in life. Barter Fairs offer a deeply satisfyin g eicperience for those who long to participate in a tangible, life-oriented exchange system, where true value is considered. As an example, here is a trade I witnessed at a Saner Fair in Idaho a few years ago: George had an anvil that Dennis wanted, but all Dennis had brought to trade were moccasins, which George did not need. Dennis kept coming back to George longing for that anvil, which George could not find anybody else to take. Meanwhile, George had found some gorgeous jewelry he could not live without, and in talking to the crafter he discovered that she was looking for some footwear. George told her about Dennis. They did a threesome, and the goods shifted hands. All three lightened !heir loads and left richer. Ideally the three people involved in the trade did not translate their goods into money value and compare their worth that way. They each il~d a.a abundance of something of which they no longer had a need and convened it into something they preferred to carry around with them. The anvil may have been worth $150 new, but to George it was just unused heavy baggage. Those jewels might have carried a hefty price tag at a craft fair. but since George had such a yearning gaze and such an open smile, the artist easily chose to exchange them for Dennis' moccasins, which could never have been sold for so much money, but fit her feet like her own skin, to her infinite comfort and delight. BARTER FAIR All judgement on money ethics aside, bartering goods and services without the value translation of money is a stimulating, heart-warming, and enlightening activity. The true value of things is discovered to be subjective. The shifting of a fair full of items to their most valuing recipients is wondrous in its unfoldment; the grounds for transfer are infinitely variable. The phenomenon of the modem American Bane. Fair originated in the Pacific Northwest, a r region with a well-developed bioregional awareness and a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency . The fairs are held semi-annually. The autumn fairs, coinciding with harvest season, are heavier on agricultural produce. In the spring, people bring more handmade items produced during the long winter. Both fairs are rich in reunions of friends, music-malting. sitting around campfires late into the night, and all the peripheral activitiCl> of the time and place. Barter Fairs are different than flea markets, although many people do bring used clothes, tools, and other goods to trade. They are more akin to the county fairs in the country. There is a spirit of festivity and pride in personal accomplishment and a sense of the bounty that comes of humanity working with nature. They are a celebration of the fruits of this union within a region of Earth. There is no reason I can see that Saner Fairs need to remain unique to the Northwest. Our southern highlands, historically short on money and high on resourcefulness, seem naturally suited to generate and support this kjnd of community celebration and self-sufficiency. Barter Fairs carry on a spirit with ancient roots in prehistoric times, when wandering tribes periodically gathered together in great council circles to define and experience their cultural autonomy. During later agric ultural periods fairs continued to stir human souls. Now in the age of K-Mart when you can hardly find a service station for your car, and pliers fall apart after one use, it is especially good to come together to celebrate our connectedness and support each other in our skills. Barter Fairs in Katuah will breed a healthy blend of personal pride and community empowennent. (Anyone with ideas on a good location to hold a Baner Fair in Kat1'ui11, please contact me. The main considerations are a flat place large enough to accommodate camping, parking, and trading for l ()() or so barterers and some daytime visitors; a good water source; and reasonable access by larger vehicles.) - Morgan Swann wrire clo KatUahJournal, orcaU (704)298-1770 '1\iaee, '1Wll~l 'Nat\Jri\ls KRLRNU T-SHIRTS. S WEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN BIOREG ION AL BOOKS AND TO OLS FOR LIUI NG IN APPALACHIA ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS CALL or WRITE for FREE COLOR CATALOG Natural Food Store The besl text on Deep Ecology, Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep &Deli 160 Broadway Ashevllle, NC 28801 Where Broactw.y ~ Merrlmon Ave 6 ~240 by Dolores LaChapclle "...we should be glad 1/ia1 we have teaclws such as Dolores LaC/iapelle." - Katu:ih Joumnl 1123 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday-Satu rday: 9am·8pm Sunday: lpm·Spm $23.00 (Price Ulcludes postage) NC resikrus plt!4Se add S'k sales tax. Orderfrom: KALRNU (704) 253-7656 JGQtiwh Jo~rnat pl:ll)e 3 0 P 0 Box 282, Sy/yo, NC; K01aoh ProYinu 28789 f'at!, !989 �The dates are set. The location is chosen. The Fourth Norch American Bioregional Congress (NABC IV) will be held August 19-26, 1990 in the Gulf of Maine Bioregion on the shores of Lake Cobboosseecontee ("where the sturgeon leap" in the Penobscot language) just west of Augusta, Maine and the Kennebec River. This Congress finds the bioregional movement at a critical juncture. The burgeoning ecological crisis is going to test the depth of the movement's commilment. The stakes are high, and while Third World countries are currently taking the brunt of the ecologicar impact, we 100 feel the pressur~ here in North America a.~ the fortes maintaining industrial society struggle 10 keep their power. But times of crisis are also times of change. What we are witnessing could possibly be the last days of induscriaJ civilization. A great deal depends on what we do in the decade ahead. The bioregional movement could be at the pivot point of a great change, or it could end up as just another bit of flotsam sucked down the tubes. The values we hold to and the actions we take are what will decide. At NABC IV we will have an opportunity to clearly state those values and decide how we will put those values into action. Excerpt from World Charter for Nature NABC IV The Eanh is calling to us. Are we ready to listen? A delegation of bioregional folks from ·the Kaulah province will crave! to the Gulf of Maine for the NABC IV. We would like to see the Southern Appalachians well-represented at the Congress. Make plans now if you are interested in attending. For information on the forming Katuah delegation, contact: K011"1h Journlll Box 638 Leicester, NC Kanlah Province 28748 (704) 683-1414 For information on the Congress, contact: Gulf of Maine Biorcgional Network 61 Maine St. Brunswick, ME Gulf of Maine Bioregion 04011 • Leopold, Aldo; A Sund Country Almanac; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1949 • Lovelock, J.E.; Goio: A New look at Life on Earth; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979 A Shon List of Sources and References on Biodiversity and Habirat Relevant to the Southern Appalachian Forest • Margolin, Malcolm; The Earth Manual: I/ow to Work on Wild Land Wi1hou1 Taming /1, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1985 • Berger, John J.: Restoring the Earth: /low Americans An Working to Renew our Damaged Environment; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986 • Maser, Chris; Tht Redesigned Forest: San Pedro, CA; R. & E. Miles, 1988 • Berry, Thomas. Tile Dream of 1h11 Ear1h; San Francisco; Sierra Club Books, 1988 • lfuxton, Barry and Melinda Crutchfield, eds.: Tiie Great Fores/: An Appalachian Story: Boone, NC; Appalachian Consortium Press, 1985 • Cooley, James L, and Jane H. Cooley, eds.; Natural Divtrsi1y in Fores/ Ecosystems: Proceedings of tht Workshop: Alhens; Institute of Ecology, University of GA. 1984 • Frome, Michael: Strangers in lligh Places; Knoxville, TN: University or Tennessee Press, 1966 • Gordon. Lorimer C.: S1and flis1ory and Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Virgin Forts/; Ph. D. dissenation, Duke University DepL of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 1977 • Harris, Larry D.; Tht Frogmenltd Forest: Island Biogeogrophy Theory and 1he Prtstrvo1ion of Bio1ic Diversi1y; Chicago, IL: University or Chicago Press, 1984 • Jackson, Laura; Moun1oin Treasures al Risk; Washingion, DC; The Wilderness Society, 1989 • Kulhavy, D. L., and R. N. Conner, eds.;Wi/derntss and Natural Artas in Eas1ern United States: A Monogtmenl Chai/tinge; Nacogdoches, TX; Stephen F. Austin State University, 1986 1"titL, I 989 • Ma.stran, Shelley Smith and Nan Lowerre; Mountaineers and Rangers: A flis1ory of Federal Fores1 Monagemenl in 1he Sowhern Appalachians. 1900-1981: Washingion, DC; US Dcpan.mcnt of Agriculture, 1983 • Michaux, F.A.; Travels 10 tht Westward of 1he Alleghany Moun1oins in the States of Oliio. Kentucky, and Tennessee in 1he Year 1802; London; Barnard and Sulizer, 1805 • Myers, Normnn Or., gen. ed.; Goia: An Atlas of PIOlll!tory Monagtmem: New York; Anchor Books, 1984 • Nash, Roderick F.; The Righ1s of Nature: A History of Environmental E11iics: Madison; University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 • Norse, Elliot A.; Conserving Biological Diversiry in Our National Fortsis; Washington. DC; The Wilderness Society, 1986 • Norton, Bryon G., ed.; Tht Preservation of Species: Tht Value of Biological Diversity; Princeton, NJ; Princeion University Press. 1986 • Pringle, Laurence and Jan Adkins; Chains, Webs, & Pyramids: Tht Flow of Energy in Na1ure; New York; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975 • Raven, Pete.r H.; The Global Ecosys1em in Crisis; Olicago:The MacAnhur Foundation, 1987 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (9 Nov 1982) ".... I. Nature shaU be respected and iis essential processes shall not be impaired. 2. The genetic vinbility on the earth shnll not be compromised; lhe population levels or all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitaL~ shall be safcguan:lcd. 3. All areas or the canh. both land and sen, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areaS, to representative samples of nil the different types or ecosystems and to lhe habitats or rare or endangered species. 4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by humans. shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species wilh which they coexist. 5. Nature shall be secure.<! against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities. 6. In lhe decision-making process it shall be recognized lhat humans' needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning or natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Chnner...." This UN Charter can serve as a starting point for local areas and regions to draft their own Charter for Nature. Legally recognizing the rights of other species is a critical step in bringing our species' syslem more in balance with the Life systems in which we pa rt id pate. If you would like a copy of the entire UN Charter, send a SASE to: Mamie Muller, Katuah Journal, P.O. Box 638, Leicester, NC 28748 Katuah Province. Please keep us in touch with your efforts. Ho! • Seed. John, Joanna Macy, et al.; Thinking Wee A Moun1oin: Towards A Council Of All Beings: Philadelphia; New Society Publishers, 1988. • Shands. William E. and Robert G. Healy; Thti Lands Nobody Won1ed: Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1977 • Shands, William E., and John S. Hoffmnn, eds.: The Greenhouse Ef!u1. Climate Change, and U.S. Fores1s; Washington, DC; The Conservation Foundation, 1987 • Spurr, Stephen H., and Bunon V. Barnes; Forts/ Ecology {3rd edition); New York; Wiley and Sons, 1980 • United States Congress: Technologies to Main1ain Biological Diversity; Washingum, DC; Office ofTechnology Assessment, 1988 • United States Department of Agricult.ure, Forest Service, Southern Region; Atlanta, GA; Land and Resource Monagtmenl Plans and Final Environmenlal Impact S101emen1s: C!Jauaboochee-Oconec National Forests (Georgia), 1985 Cherokee National Forests (Tennessee), 1986 Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests (North . Carolina), 1987 • Wharton, Charles H., and Harvey L. Ragsdale; The Values of Unmanaged Notional Fores1s in 1he Sou1hern Appalachians; Atlanta, GA; The Georgia Conservancy. 1983 �evenrs SEPTEMBER 19-22 ASHEVILLE, NC "Parkways, Greenways, Riverways: The Way More Beautiful" linear parks conference. lnt.crdisciplinary discussion of al1ematives to preserve the scenic landscape againsl development, pollution, billboards, and commercialism. Sponsored by the Appalachian Consonium. Great Smokies Hilton. Regis1rotion: $~25. For more info., call (704) 262-2064. ,, 22-2' . rt' ~J/\( ~- / ,,r / "\' ~ . . ) -J V\J <:--.._// Ii= ::J ~ r HOT SPRINGS, NC "Walking Gently on the EartW' ~ with John and Penelope Youngb L J ynam1cs o evo UJ1on a t. e I ig so~ 't,.;p " psych_ology ...a new evolutionary mysn.~sm. Reading: The Dream of the Ewth b~ Tf":mas Berry. SI 10. Sou~ern Dharma RylrQal C\\J'te~ RL ). °· / ( OCTOBER , ~ · C,f{EROKEE, NC Cherpkee Indian Fall Festival. Crafts, dance,_ stickball, archery, blowguns. exhibi~. midway. o..ilyadm~n: $3. A,! lhe Indian Ccremon,il\l Grounps. 3_7 Box 34-H; Hol Spnngs, NC 28743 t~ ¥"' \ ) ,/ V--V \~ ASHEVILE NC P Child ~musical fantaS al>oul children . • . . eace th • \, Y1 bnngmg peace to c world. Thomas ,vohe Audiionum. Advance: S6 aaulls, $4 children and sr. citizens. Door: $7 d SS ~ . (704) _ 684 5530 an ·1 n "I~ ~his r_etreat we will explore togetJ1er n spmtual1ty of the Earth 1n harmony_w1 · if J · nd h ·nS· hff ,, ~th d 22-24 r ~ ) MORGANTON, WV " John Henry Blues feStiv#. ~usic, workshops, theaLCr, more. Greer P•vill~. W~ver ( Park. Contact: Ed Cabbell; John HeorWl SQl\iety; Box 1172; Morgantown, WV 26507. 0fl4)~9 60?. ASHEVILLE, NC '11ie 'Dream of the 'Eartli. 'I1iomas 'Berry, autlwr of '11U '1>rtam 'Eart/i, 'flli{! sfum with us his concerns a6out mu pfanet anti What fu means 6y "reinventin9 tk fuiman at tk species kveC. 9:00 AM Iii Noon. Al the Jubilee! Community Ccmer, 46 Wall StrccL For more info, caJJ Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414. 23 ASHEVILLE, NC African Drumming Workshop with Darrell Rose. Noon 'ti! 3 pm. S20. At Troy Set7.ler's For directions and info.: (704) 683·3405. Evening African Drum performance with Darrell Rose and Michael Saleen. Al Stone Soup, 9 pm. FINCASTLE, VA Firsl Annual Southeastern Men's Conference, "Male Initiation and Isolation· wilh poet Rohen Bly, James Hillman, Michale Meade (storyteller and musician in the Ccllic tradition). and John Stokes, tracker. Jn the post the "emotional bodies" of men were directly ae1iva1ed by the interaction with elders, grand/others, and mentors...What happens when the grandfathers are aistant? ...How to hold to the duryofa father and not lose the passion of a son? ...How to explore the rage, grief. s'lro.me, anger, and joy inherent in the male psyche? Registration: $450. For more info, wriie Fred Stephens; 'Box ~2; Raleigh, NC. or call Doug Lcaster(919) 782-2900. ·FILLED· Write to bll put on mailing Ii.st for next year. 1 5-JS MADISON, VA "Wilddmcss Leaming Quest" - exploring lhe viild, exploring ~e self. Sl60. Sevenoaks Pathwork Center; Rt. I, BOX'~; Madison, VA 22n1. 17-20 '°6-8 JONESJWROUGl:f, TN NAP~S Na~al Sl~rytelling Pe$,tival fcaturirig mllJly famous nam~ in story·tellirjg. S5°'adull »<>j·membets, S2S chi\dtt.n, $125 f~milie$. For ~re inp>.• write f4ation3J AssQciailon for th~ Pn:se._rvalion &l\d pcrpc1uati6o of Storytelll{lg: Box.__309; Joni;s,boroug~ . 37659foc call ~l~ 75~·2171. - ) ™ 23 14-19 !p'tOXVl,LLE, TN ~nnual mecling of the Natural Areas Assoc!lidon, \lllldentlal land conservation and restoration organization. The fust day of the meeting will be devOLCd 1o th~lJibila.t of'lhe Soulhem Appalachian Mountains. PulilcffiiViteb.. Hrau Regency Hotel. Contact J. Ralph JordaJ;\TV ~; Norris, TN 37S2S (615) 494-9800. .,_) I 20.22 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mountain Fall Festival wilh ,.s lRASSTow ll, NC ~ / ,..... Vassar Clements, Allen Fontenot and the Country Fall Festival al the JobD C. Campbj)ll Folk dljuns. Roy Bookbinder, Rhythm in Shoes (step dance), SchooL-'Mus)c. craftS, country danci1,1g. · )ohn._C. • and more. Grey Eagle and Friends; Box 216; Black Campbell Follc Sch09l; Brasstown, ~c· 28906, Mountafo, NC 28711. 11·15 H.IGHLANDS, NC 20-22 HOT SPRINGS, NC "Visual EnvironmentaHsm· photography "The Song of Creation al Harvest Time• workshop in the field and in lhe dnrkroom wilh Robert harvest celebration in the Jewish tradition with Lynn Glenn Kelchum and Michael Wilder. $250 includes Goulieb, storyteller and rabbi of the Nahalat Shalom lodging. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center: Box Community, Albuquerque, NM. SI LS. Sou.them Dharmn 5SO; Highlands, NC 28741. (704) 526-4303. Relreal Center. See 9/22·24. 12 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC WomnnSong at McDibbs. "Socilll concern through harmony." S3. 119 Cherry St. (704) 669-24S6. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Thomas Berry will give the sermon at the Equinox service of the Jubilee! Community. Service begins at llAM 46 Wall S1rcc1. {704) 252-5335 ASHEVILLE, NC "Mountain Sweet Talk" - a lwo-acl play with the Folktellcrs, Barbara Freeman and Connie Rcgan-B lake. The Folk Art Center Theater. Thursdays lhru Saturdays - S pm: Sundays - 3 pm. TickctS: SS advance from Malaprop's; SIO dooc. Reservations, cnll (704) 25S-l l 13. 29- LO/I ASHEVILLE, NC "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for Survival" conference on mountain habitat 13-19 24 NEW MARKET, TN STP (Slop the Poisoning) School al the Highlander Center. Tactics, strategy, and networking for those working to stop industrial pollulion. Pre-register. Call Highlander at (615) 933-3443. 30 CULLOWREE, NC Moumain Heritage Day at WCU campus. Clogging, shape-note singing, exhibils, crafts, food, musical events, kids' shows. For more info, call (704) 227-72ll. 30-10/l SWANNANOA, NC Women's class on Jamaican culwral ceremony with Rev. Queen Mother Azula. For more info, call: (704) 29S-3935. The Eanh Center; 302 Old Fellowship Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28776 12-29 HI GHLANDS, NC "Praying Feel and Dirty Hands" Intergenerational Peace Conference led by Stepanie Nichols. Carol Powers (The Peace Network) and Bob Alpern. Programs on US/USSR cooperation, connict resolution and non-violence, overcoming slrCeotypcs, more - "leading people into action." SSS includes meals and lodging. The Mountain Camp and Conference CenLCr; 841 Highway 106; Highlands. NC 2S741. (704) 526-5S3S. 14 AS HEVILLE, NC "Danger Down Under" groundwnter pro1CCli011 workshop. Health risks, citizen action, simulations. Keynote: Larry and Sheila Wilson of Highlander Center. S:30-4:00. Owen Conference Center, UNCA. Pre-register: S15 to Clean Water Fund of North Carolina: l lS Person St.; Raleigh, NC 27602. For more info, call: (704)251-0518. (Sec ad on back cover.) Pre-registration: S20 to "Resloring Biodiversity..." c/o Box 233; Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info, call: (704) 251-6441. 27 ASHEVILLE, NC Earth First! Road Show with Dakou Sid nnd Roger Featherstone. Music and rabble-rousing. Stone Soup, Broadway and Walnut. al S:OO pm. $4. 28 ASHEVILLE, NC "For All Things Wild" Forest Rescue Action Workshop. Strategy meeting for activists wishing to help defend and restore Appalachian habitat. (See ad on back cover.) Pre-regiStration: SS to "For All Things Wild" c/o Elmer Hall; Box 233: Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info.. call: (704) 29S-3325 (ExL 250). Drawing by Rob Messick f"aCC., l 989 �10-12 28 4 ASHEVILLE, NC ·wt1d In the Str••h: The Feral Q.all· Do.-..:• with Grondmother o"d Strow Com• c::o&-tutT\ed o.s your Q,... BLACK MOUNTAIN , NC David Wilcox, vinuoso local songwriter, at McDibbs. S4. See 10/12. fovortt• ~"·"'• onlmal or bird ... or .som•tN""S 10-12 MADISON, VA "Living the Sacred Round: Lessons from the Medicine Wheel.• Sevenoaks Pa!hwork Center, see 1W15-18. wlldl B 00 """" Loccrtlon to be c:>l'V'C>unc:.ed 10-12 CAMP NEW HOPE, NC Celebrating the Dream ofthe Eanh Earth, isn't this whaJ you want 28-29 WA YNESVlLLE, NC "Chi Kung: An Ancient Taoist Mysiery" with Ellen Hines of the Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic, Asheville, NC. S50 includes room and board. Contact S1il-Light Retreat Center; Rt. I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569 NOVEMBER 4 FLETCHER, NC "Improving and Maintaining Soil Fertility," a conference sponsored by the Carolina Farm Stewardship Assocuiuon. $15 includes lunch. For more info., call Fairglen Farms (704)252-4414. invisibly to arise in us? 11 (Rilke) Reflecting the key Lhemes of Thomas Berry. the conference will focus on the cerebral as well as ki11esthetic interpretations of the Dream of the Earth. With Miriam Therese MacGillis, Amy Hannon, Marnie Muller, and others. Workshops include: "Evolutionary Remembering," "Exploring the Dream through Movement and Sound." Annual Conference of the Center for Reflection on the Second Law. Info: CFRSL; 8420 Camellia Dr.; Raleigh, NC 27612 Cost: $9.50, includes postage (NC residents please add S~ sales tax.) raU,1989 CELlNA, TN TN Alternative Growers Assoc. Fall Conference. Includes soil improvement and backyard fruit production. At Sta.nding Stone State Park. info: (615) 232-7777. DECEMBER BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Mike Cross at McDibbs. Shows at 8 and 10 pm Tickets SIO in advance. See 10/12. .. ... Please specify size: Sm.. Med., Lg., X-Lg. 11·19 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Livingston Taylor at McDibbs. Shows at 8 an 10 pm. Tickets SS in advance. Sec 10/12. 15-17 Beer & Wine Making Supplies •: Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains :. In the traditional Cherokee Indian belier. the creatures in the world LOday are only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited lhe world, but who now reside in Galuna'li, the spirit world, lhe highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it These beings arc called with reverence "grandfathers". And of !hem, the sirongest are Kanali, the lightning, lhe power or the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the eanh plane; and Yunwi Usdi, "lhe little man•, as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from lhe underworld. Each is lhe sirongest power in its own domain. Together !hey arc aJJies: tJ1cir energies complement each other 10 form an even grcatct power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katuah have been depicted in a striking T-shin design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 4-color silkscreen by Ridgerunncr Naturals on top quality, aU-couon shins, they are available now in all adult sizes tllrough the Kal:mu bioregional mail-order supplier. Order shirts from: KRLANU Box 282; Sylva, NC KatW!h Province 28779 SWANNANOA, NC Marketing Alternative Crops seminar at Warren Wilson College. Call Fairglen Farms (704) 252-44 14 for more info. 2 Natural Foods rt'.ED'LC'LN'.E A.LL'L'.ES WAYNESVILLE, NC Weekend Meditation Retreat with Dorothy Abbenhouse, president of the Theosophical Society in America. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt, & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes •: Hair & Skin Care Products 111 200 West Kina Street. Boone NC 28607 \.• '\..,_ 704-264-5220 ~~':"' WAYNESVILLE, NC Discussion and practice of "The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" wilh Leon Frankel. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29. 224'. broadway ashcvi.lle. n.c 288o1 704-252-8404 =• Ill .. carolina costume compaey _J~ .._________________, 1 =-~ MOON Gilts of Celebration (EARTHWAY BOOKSTORE) Books • New Age Music Wildcrafted Herbal Producu Gemstones • Unique Cards Magazines • & More WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Member NC Water Ouallly Assoeiallon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY. 107 RT . 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 (704) 264-7242 315 E. King Street, Boone NC 28607 e1ti11ese .,4(11p1111(/11re DESIGNS 111tli Jler/Jp/gl/I e/iHi( by Rob Messick lllustralion & Design in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil P O Box 2601 • soone. NC 28607 • 1704)754-0097 78 EMT CMESTNUT STREET AS>il:VIU.E. NC 28801 704 2S8-llOl6 M.C. M.VEBE. M.S., Ao.0. UC. ACUPl.INCT\JRIST EU.£H Hll<ES M.Ac.. ¥ M. UC. ACUPUNCTIJRIST �LEAD TESTS • Is your plumbing leaching poi.~onous lead into your drinkingwatcr? Find out for sure • lead-testing kit from the non-profit Clean Water Fund of NC. All you need for Sl2. Send a check w/ name and address to CWF: 138 E. Chestnut St.; Asheville, NC 28801 MOCCASINS, handcrafted of elkhide in the traditional Plains Indian style. Water-resistant, rcsolable, and rugged - great for hiking! Children's and infant sizes available. Write: Blue Feather Moccasins; Box 931; Asheville. NC 28802. or caU Patrick Clark at (704) 253-5047. BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid American/Chinese Dunstan chestnut lJ'CCS - blight resistant, limber growth form, productive orchard crop with large, sweet easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut Hill Nursery: Rt. I, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL 32615 (904) 462-2820 APPLE TREES - old-timey and popular contemporary varieties on standard, semi-, or dwarf stock. Send SASE for prices: Jeff Poppen: Long Hungry Creek Nursery; Red Boiling Springs. TN 37150. UNION ACRES, an alternative community for 20 families based on principles of stewardship, equality, consensus, and simplicity. Spaces available. Apply to Caroline Grant: Rt. I, Box 61-J; Whittier, NC 28789 or call (704) 497-4964. ADOPT-A-TREE. Trees are the great conservators of the planeL The Adopt-A-'Ire.e program will help malce the vital connection between individual people and individual trees. Donations accepted. For more info. write to Box 144, Sugnr Grove, NC 28679 CHRISTIAN MA TCH-A-FRlEND seeks to bring together Christian men & women. Interested persons, advenisc free. We arc non-profit. For information please send a self-addressed envelope io: Gospel Ministry. P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. RENEWAL PROGRAMS- I provide individual and corporate renewal programs for businesses & organizations interested in healing themselves and providing empowerment 10 others. Write: Kathie Pieper c/o Pieper Associates, Rt. I, Box 238 Waynesville, NC 28786. NEEDED: CHJLD-LOVING PERSON who loves Lo be a nanny and housekeeper for my four children. Hours, wages negotiable. Rm. and bd. available. Asheville area. Call Morgan (704) 689-5382. NEW AGE - group forming. All interested in shnring about spirit to spirit communication, channeling, visualization, healing, chakras, tarot, etc. Emphasis on spiril and our connecLion lo Mother Earth, visualizing positive growth and nunuring. ConUICt Theresa C&rlson, 7501 Ruic Rd., Knoxville, TN 37920. PEPPERLAND offers a variety of outdoor education programs for church, school, or civic groups year-round. We will help you design a program for your group. Send for information packet to: Pepperland Farm camp: Star Route; Farner, TN 37333. "THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT' - a complete rcpon on our changing environment for the next 60 years. $17.00 poslpaid, or write for more information. Lorien House, POB 1112, Black Mountain, NC 28711-1112. APPALACHJAN GINSENG CO. ·stratified seeds, seedlings, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro, NC 28725. DRUMS ·Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbecks & wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704) 258-1038 or write 10: 738 Town Mountain Rd.: Asheville, NC 28804. THE PEOPLE OF THE ONE SONG - booklet of stories and poems that tell of the people's dreams, rituals, roles, and relationships from the arthetypal memory of the past, present, and future. S3 to Colleen Redman: One Song Scribe; Box 634; Floyd. VA 24091. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658 WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming. Songs of beauty, meaning spirit, fun, peace, cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon. evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068. X-citUah Jo1mmL pci9e 34 SEA KAY AKlNG - Come enjoy peace and solitude traveling with the rhythms of the sea. Classes. day trips, overnight tours, custom charters. Kayak/Sail boat tours to the Bahamas. Kayak tours to Costa Rica. For more information contact: Chnrlie Reeves, Sea Level Inc. POB 478 Tybee Island, GA 31328 (912)786-5853 ORGANIC HONEY - Tulip Poplnr, Sourwood and WildOowcr. From Patrick County, Virginia. No chemicals. no white sugar, no heat, ever Strained through cheesecloth and packed in heavy glass canning jars. For a 4-oz. sample of our premium sourwood and our catalog, send $4 to: Wade Buckholts & Megan Phillips; Route 2. Box 248: Stuart, VA 24171. (703) 694-4571 LO cook NAMASTE FAMILY needs brothers and sisters to join us in Lovi~g. Giving, Growing. Send Sl2 donation for writings and videotape to Namast~ Family; RR2, Box 578: Barnstead, NH 03225. THE WATAUGA LAND AND WATER CONSERVANCY • is a not-for-profit charitable trust set up to protect the values and ecological settings which sustain us both spiritually and economically. If you are concerned about the purity of the headwaters and watercourses, and the preservation of wild and agricultural lands GET INVOLVED. Write to Quality Living Publications, POB I, Valle Crucis, NC 28691 "MAGIC AFTERNOONS" - for children at the Unitarian Church of Asheville. An an program with Linda Metzner in music, Norma Bradly in visual arts, and Barrie Barton in creative movemenL It begins Sept.ember 18th. Call 254-7068 for details. NATURE LOVERS' COMMUNITY· Christians only. SIOOO gives you life time ownership rights on .5 acres. Whole prope.n y consists of 45 acres of wooded calm and privacy. Write: Gospel Ministry, P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717. ITS THE ACHOO! SERVICE - Patch the clown brings laughter and fun to the hospital. Join him and the Gesundheit Institute at 2630 Roben Walwer Place, Arlington, VA 22207 or (703) 525-8169. PURE SORGHUM - and sorghum based desserts toppings and chocolates. Handmade in the Appalachian foothills. Free sorghum recipe brochure send SASE. Candy sampler (2-KY Buckeyes & 2-Bourbon Balls) $2.00 postpaid. Golden Kentucky Products, POB 246, Livingston, KY. 40445. (606) 453-9800. MOUNTAIN DULCIMERS • made of black walnut, red cherry, or maple. Tops available in wormy chestnut, butlernut, sweetgum, sassafras, western cedar and other woods. Contact: Mize Dulcimer Company Rt. 2, Box 288, Bloumville, TN. 37617 (615) 323-8489. WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions to: RHYTHM ALIVE • Handcrafted African- Style Drums, workshops, learning tapes. drumbags. and accessories. Please send SASE to Rhythm Alive! 85 Phenix Cove Rd. Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 645-3911. Drawing by Rob Messick Kat1'ah Journal P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 :r~u;.1999 �The Karuah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, anicles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kattiah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan1ah Province 28748. The Winter 1989-90 issue of the Katuall Journal will be concerned with the challenges and opponunities involved in "Raising Children into a New Consciousness." We are interested in hearing first-person stories, alternative schooling information, children's resources (books, places to go. etc.), and any other creative or pertinant ideas. Don't forget the canoons (kids love canoons!). BACK ISSUES OF KATUA H JOURNAL AVAILABLE ' ,!,!';;.., ~ ~- - The Spring 1990 issue of the K atuah Journal will be focusing o n "Wellness in the Mountains." We are looking for information and articles on those who contribute to the healthful quality of life in our southern mountains; especially through accivities which promote self-responsibilicy and a high level of wellness as the nonnal living state. A broad look at wellness might include topics like stress management, spirirualfry, retreats and adventures, service to others, Earth stewardship, having fun, education, family and other relationships, fitness and nutrition, or other areas of a satisfying lifestyle. lncluded in the "Wellness" issue will be a directory of goods and services related to wellness. There is no cost for a listing in this directory. Please send in your name, practice, and a shon explanation of your work or product, if you wish to be listed. ISSUE EIGHT · SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life · K.uuah 18,000 Ycan Ago • Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in lhe Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Cenaer Who Owns Appalachia? . ISSUETHREE SPRING 1984 SUSllllJUlble Agricuhure - Sunflowcn - Human lmpac1 on lhe ForcSI - Childtcns' Education Veronica Nicholu:Woman in Polilics - Uule People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR ·SUMMER 1984 Water Drum Water Quality • Kudzu • Solu "i Eclipse · Clurcu1ung · Trout • Ooing IO Weier ~I Ram Pllmps . Microhydto - Poems: Bennie Lee Sincl&ir, J1m Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE · FALL 1984 Harves1 • Old Ways m Chcrolt~ • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste - Our Cehic Heritage Bioregionahsm: Put, Prucnt. and Future John Wilnoty Healing Oatkness • Politics of Partlcipation ISSUESIX - Wl.NTER 1984.SS Winter SolsticG EAl'lh Ceremony - Horsepasturr River - Coming of lhe Ligh1 - Log Cabin Root• • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Williun Taylor . The Future of lhe Forw ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985 Sust1111able &:onomM:s • Hot Springs • Wortcr Owncnhip - The Gru1 Economy • Seit Help Credit Union • Wild Turltcy - Responsible lnvCS1m1 • Working in lhc Web of Life ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985 The Waldce Fo re11 - The Trees Speak Migrating Forats - Horse Logging - S1ar11ng a Tree Crop · Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987 Coverlets • Woman Forester • Susie McMahan Midwife - Ahcmativc Contraception • Bioscxuolity - Biorcgionalism and Women Oood Medicine: Mairi.=hal Culture . P1t1Jrl LSSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987 Helen Waiae • Poem: Visions m a Garden Vi11on Ques1 • First Flow • ln1llllllon Learning in lhc Wilderness • Cherokee Olallcngc - "Valuing Trees" Time ISSUE TEN · WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers • Circles of Stone - lntemal Mylhmalting • Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places - The Ulttcna's Tale - Crystal Magic • ISSUE EIGHTEEN · Winier 1987-88 Vernacular Archiaecrure . Drcanu in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Earth Energies • Earth-Shchcied Living - Membrane Houses • Brush Sheller • Poems: October DMsk. • Oood Mcdic111C: "Shclaer" ~g· ISSUE ELEVEN SPRING 1986 Community Planning • Cities and the Bioregional Vision • Recycling · Community GIJdenin&. Floyd CoWll}', VA - Guohol Two Bt0rcgional Views - Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Gatnes • Oood Medicine: Visions ISSUE THlRTEEN · Fall 1986 Cenaer For Awakening · Eliu.bclh Callari · A Gentle Death • Hospice - Ernest Morgan Dealing Creatively wilh Oealh • Home Burial Box • The Wake • The Raven Mocker • Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom · Oood Medicine: The Sweat Lodge LSSUE FOURTEEN . Winier 1986-87 Uoyd Carl Owle • Boogcn and Mummers - All Species Day • Cabin Fever University • Homclca in Katuah - Homemade Hot Watu Saovernalter's Narrative • Good Medicine: lnaerspccics Communication ~UAt;)OURNAL ISSUE NINETEEN - Spring, 1988 Perlcandra Gorden - Spring Tonics • Bluebarics Wildnower Gardens - Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences • '"The Origin of lhe Arumals · Saory • Oood Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree ISSUE TWEJIITY - Summer, 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Hig)ilands of Roan - Celo Community - Land Trust • Arlhur Morgan School - Zoning hsuc • "The Ridge" • Farmers l1ld lhe Farm Bill - Oood Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain - Duke's PowcT Play • Cherok~ Microhydro Project uve Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor .....................$50/yr. Address Enclosed is $ 10 give this ejforr an extra bOost Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code "'"'· 1989 Phone Number ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR · Summer, '89 Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Di.reel Action! · Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers • Ethnic Survival • Pairing Projcc1 - "Baulesong· • Growing Peace in Cultures - Review: The Chalice and the B/Dde P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Name State ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - Spring, t 989 Pisgah Village - Planet An • Green City • Poplar Appeal - "Cl- Sky" • "A New Eanh" Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days • Reviews: Sacr('Jf land Sacred Sa, / cc A1e • Poem: "Sudden TaOils" lSSUETWENTY-ONE - FaU, 1988 Chestnuts: A Natunl History - Restoring lhc Chestnut - "Poem of Preservation and PnUc" Continuing lhe Quest - Forests and Wildlife Chestnuts in Regional Diet • Chestnut Resources • Herb Noie • Oood Medicine: "Changes to Came" - Review: Wliue u1ends For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 City -·- ISSUE TWENTY-TWO - Wintu, •gg.g9 Global Wanning - Fire This Time • Thomu Berry on "Biorcgions" • Eanh Exercise • Kor~ Loy McWhirtcr - An Abundance of Emp1iness LETS - Chronicles of Floyd • Derry Wood The Bear Clan Back Issues Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Issue# _ _ @ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-23) @ $35.00 = $_ _ = = � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 25, Fall 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-fifth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on biodiversity and habitat: forest ecosystem, old-growth forest, regional planning, forest devastation, black bears and Eastern panthers, and living green. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robert Zahner, Laura E. Jackson, David Wheeler, Anna Muir, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Annelinde Metzner, Patrick Clark, Heather Blair, Chip Smith, Lee Kinnaird Fawcett, James Rhea, Rob Messick, Marnie Mikell, Patricia Claire Peters, Mary de La Valette, Sue Adams, Starfire Soledad, Christoph and Mary-Clayton Enderlein, and Morgan Swann, <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Great Forest by Sam Gray.......3<br /><br />Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner.......5<br /><br />Regional Planning for Habitat Integrity by Laura Jackson.......8<br /><br />A Question of Value by David Wheeler.......10<br /><br />Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation by Ann Muir.......12<br /><br />Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" by Julia Nunnally Duncan.......13<br /><br />A Place for Bears: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton.......15<br /><br />Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" by Annelinde Metzner.......16<br /><br />Eastern Panther, Where Are You? by Patrick Clark.......17<br /><br />Oak Decline by Heather Blair.......19<br /><br />People and Habitat by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett.......21<br /><br />Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries.......23<br /><br />Natural World News.......24<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Living Green.......29<br /><br />Barter Fair.......30<br /><br />(Natural) Resources.......31<br /><br />Events Calendar.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional planning--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives European Immigration Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Transportation Issues Turtle Island Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/9f2387ce382112b7b0a8bda018a48500.pdf 09fa3efa31f6a47dc90c3efbe5b45134 PDF Text Text ISSUE 28 SUMMER 1990 $1.50 �~UAH JOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Kaluah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 �Carrying Capacity ....................... 3 by David Wheeler Setting Limits to Growth: Interview with Dr. Gary Miller.......•.•.•. 5 Recorded by David Wheeler What Is Overpopulation?................... 7 by Stephe11 Bartlett The Road Gang ......................... 8 by Rob Barro11 The Highway to Nowhere ............ 9 Opening Pandora's Box: The 1-26 Projec1 ......................... 10 by Rob Barron "Caring Capacity" .................... 11 by Will Ashe Bason People and Habitat. .................. 12 by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett Designing the Whole Life Communicy.............. 14 by Marnie Muller Steady State ................... ........ 15 by .Tim llouser Poems by Will Ashe Bason ............. 17 Good ~lcdicine........................ 20 Transportcrnativcs .................... 22 by Pmrick Clark Imagining the End of Real Estate ................ 23 hy Jlecrdire P. CotUic'Cllt Naturnl World Ncws .................24 !\Jan and the Biosphcrc ...............27 Drumming ............................. 28 l.e11crs to Katuah Joum31 Review: Cohousing .................. 30 by Will Ashe Bason Events .................................. 33 Wcbworking ...................... .... 34 ---- , A f': are blesL The Katuah Province V V~f the bioregion of Appalachia is a place of beauty with abundant rainfall, verdant forests, rich bottomland soils developed from the old rocks of the hills, and a wide diversity of plant and animal species. The highland forests have provided well for a human population for 14,000 years. They have maintained sttong populations of other animal species for eons longer than 1hat. And they consistently perform important life suppon services for the entire planet. Yet today the growth and development of human culture in the Southern Appalachians is threatening the viability of the system as a whole. And we do not seem 10 know how to conttol ii. We cannot control it because the idea of physical "growth" is enshrined on a cultural pedestal and is considered to be among the ranks of the holy - beyond question. Physica1 "growth" is the economic watchword of our society, the one tactic that has never failed us. It is the measure of our economic success in the concept of our Gross National ProducL It is seen as the panacea for all our economic ills, local or national. But now our concept of infinite growth has collided headlong with the physical Limits of our biosphere. We have passed the point of diminishing returns, and our response is to squeeze our environment all the tighter, even as it becomes increasingly apparent that our world can no longer stand the strain. But we still seem unable to give up our addiction to the: concept of infinite increase. We mochfy the word "growth" with the limiting adjectives "quality" and "responsible," but vinu~lly no one is willing to publicly bring up the idea that here in the Katiiah Province we have alreotly surpassed the ability of the l3nd to suppon our great numbers and our grea1 enterprise. This is because the idea of carrying capacity is not widely known. Carrying capadty means the extent of a habitat'~ ability to suppon a conunuously sustainable population of a particular species. Any aspect ofhabita1 can be the critical clement that limits carrying capacity for a given species, although food or water are usually the determining factors. Even 1hose human beings familiar with the notion of carrying capacity are reluctant to apply it to our own species, feeling that it violates some unspoken human ttusl to admit that we, too, are bound by the inevitable laws of Oeation. The truth be known, in the Karuah bioregional province we need to work to lessen our species' impact on the ecosystem that sustains us. But instead our numbers and impact continue to rise. The two-headed bogey of growth and development is going to be one of the most crucial issues facing all of us in the Karuah Province in the decade 10 come. In the mountains, developmem is synonymous with access. Access today means roads. Where the roads go, habitat destruction follows. In some ways, the futare of our . region is as simple as that "'for Cife. in t~ mountains is fi'Tling in tfanger Of too many people., too many macftine.s... • S""8 {yriu 6y Jolin 'Dentler To understand whaL is happening to us and to our region we need to understand the idea of carrying capacity. We need to be able to wield that idea incisively in order to communicate to others about what is happening and to bring about change. The solution is for us to redefine the relationship between our species and our mountain habitat We need to see that we are the mountains, that we are the forest Our model is the old-growth forest itself. When a forest is in the early stages of succession, i1 grows aggressively. using up great amounl.'i of energy, producing great amounts of biomass. This is known as a young forest. In the study of anthropology, a society such as ours that expands aggressively into the world is also known as a young culture. A young forest is constantly growing toward whaL is known as the climax condilion. In the climax, or old-growth. forest, the processes of growth and decay are maintained in a precise balance Lhat is sustainable indefinitely. A forest in the climax stage is considered 10 be a ma111re forest. Like a mature forest, a mmure culture emphasizes conservation of energy, makes less demands on the world around it, and is capable of continuing 1ndefini1ely in a condition of sustained equilibrium with its surrounding habitat. We, at the height of our destructive cultural adolescence. need to decide: are we going to add yet another ecosy_stem to our list of conquests, or are we going to grow into maturity as a culture ~d come once . again into balance with this beautiful land m which we are blest to live? Drawing by Rob Messick -The Editors �~LJAH JOURNAL STAFF TI IJS ISSUE: Susan Adam Patrick CJark Karen Lohr Stephen Banlett Jim llouser Mamie Muller James Rhea Chip Smith Tersh Palmer David Wheeler Manha Tree Rob Messick EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Will Ashe Bason Jack Chaney Michael Havelin Scott Bird John Creech COVER: by Rob Messick © 1990 BACK COVER illus1ra1ion by Joaquin Wlu1e Oak. a na1fre o/1he Chumash tribe of the west coast. The Chuma.sh cul/lue has all but bun destroyed- there are fl() full-blooded tribal memben, and 1he language and sp1ri1ua/ traditions hU\/t1 been lost. All 1Jra1 remains is o/ 1he old ways of the uibe is in tlu! art tradilion, which Joaquin and a few others carry on. Joaquin and his family are currently li1•ing ln Black /.fountain. NC. PUBLISHED BY: Katt'talr Jo11ntal PRTI\'TED BY: The WayneSVtlle Mo11nrai11eer Press ED!ffiRIAl. OffJCE THIS ISSUE: The Globe Valley WRITF US AT: Kattial: Joumal Box 638; Lcices1er, NC; Kaiuah l'rovincc 28748 TEI EPllOl'l:E: (70-i) 754-6097 Kaniah Jaurnal is on Skyland BBS, Asheville, NC. For infonnation, call (70-i) 254-6700. THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIORECION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE /Jere 1n the southern-most hear1/and of the Appalachian mou11tains, the oldest mounUJin range on our continent, Turtle Island· a small but growing group has begun to 1alte on a sense of responsibility for the implications of tha1 geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of rcsp0nsibility centers on the concept of living wit/Jin the natural scale and balance of univer.ral systems and principks. Within this circle we begin by invoking tht Cherokee name " Ka11lah" as the old/new name for this area of the mountain.fund for us journal a.swell. Thr. pro»ince is indica1ed by 11s natural boundaries: the Roanolc.e Rn·u Valley to the nnrtl1; tl1e foothills of thr pit'dmont area ro the east: Yona MouMain and thr Georgia liill.t to the south; and the Tennessee Riw~r \'alley 10 the wcs1 Thc cthtoria/ priori tie.< for us are to colleet and dinemina1e informn11on and cnerJ!Y wliich J'(rtain.1 ,Tpecifica/ly /fl this region. and to foster tltr.11...,wenr.ss tlt111 the land is a living bdng dcsl'rving of our lo»c and respect. LMng in this manner is a way 10 ins1ue the .mstainabiliry of the bio.fpht:re and a /a.wns: p/au for aurstfrc.f in its continuing tva/111t0nary proctss. We sum to luwe reached thi: fulcrum {'<Jint ofa· do or die si111at1on in terms of a quality .ttandard of life for all living beings on this planet. As a \'CJ/CC for the rautllUrs o/ tht1 sacred land, K111"'1h, we advocate a rrnttrcd approach 10 th.: conupt of dccen1raliza11on. !1 i.f our hope to become a suppc•rt sy.flem for thou accepting the challenge o/ .fu.flainab1/iry and 1he crca11on <if lwrmony and balance in a total scMe, hetc in this place. \l'e we/rotrU! all correspondence, criticism. pertinent information, a.rticlcs. artwork, tic. w11h hopes tlrat Kattlah will grow to scr1•e the best 111urem of this rtgion and all ils li\•ing. breathing trU!mhers. .~ • The Edi1ors p-' H D1vcrs1l) 1s an tm(IOl'l:lnl dcmcnl of l:>1oreg1onul ecology, both natural and social. In line w11h lh1s prmcipk. tho: J.'atWih Journal tries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regioml JSsucs. Signed nttic k~ ~xprc!>.~ only the ormion of the authors and arc no1 ncccssar1ly the opinions or the KatWih Journal tditors or staft . The Internal Revenue Service ha~ declared Kattlnh a non·prolit organizauon under sccuon 501(<:)(3) of the Internal Revenue Cod.:. All contributions to Kat"'1h are dedoc11blc from personal income uu. 'LNVOCA.T'LON The Wonder of lhc World Nature's Beauty and Power. The shape of things Their colors. lights. and shades. 111esc r saw. Look ye also while life lasts. - InscrlpUon on an old English gravestone ~ KATU~RlN·1Ht·YEf\~- 2022.? Cart.oon b) Rob Messick .. . Summrr, 1990 �CARRYING CAPACITY by David Wheeler ln 1944 a small island in Alaska was stocked with 24 reindeer. There had been no reindeer previously on the island, and 1hc animals had no natural predators. Lichens and other na1ural foods were plentiful and 1he reindeer prospered. They prospered ro the extent that by r963 there were 6,000 of the animals inhabi1ing the island. By then the island was badly overgrazed, and the severe snowstonns tha1 s1ruck the area that winier decimated the herd. By the winter's end there were only 42 reindeer left, only one of them a male. all of 1hem probably sterile from nu1ri1ion deficiency, living in a badly degraded environment. This small tragedy was recorded by David R. Klein in the Journal of Wildlife Managemem. It is known today as a classic case of the consequences of violating 1he carrying capacity of a defined habitat area. The moral for 1he wildlife managers reading the story was that the reindeer herd should have been managed to stay below a maximum density of five reindeer per square kilometer, a level that 1he island could have supported indefinitely. In the natural world, when a species exceeds the carrying capacity of 11s given habitat, if it canno1 expand its niche, then 1ha1 species sufferi; a dicback, usually from starvation, until its numbers once again drop back wi1hin the limits or its habitat's carrying capacity. Although we recognize the idea of carrying capacity, we are reluctant to admit its relevance to our own species. The concep1 arose from the observations of ecologists. who apply i1 as a mauer of course to any popula1ion being "managed" to fit into a particular human-dcfmed habitaL But even though we have reached the geographic and resource limits of the globe and human habitat is now limhed as well, we still hcsi1ate 10 apply the concept of carrying capacity 10 our own kind. There is a myopic assump1ion that somehow our own selves are exemp1 from this natural law 1hat applies to every species in Creation. The na1ural area in which to calculate carrying capacity is the bioregion, as the bioregion is the basic uni1 of habitation, for the human as well as 01her species. It is relatively uncomplicated to estimate the carrying capacity for plant and animal species once their habiiat needs are known. In nature all creatures are closely linked 10 their habitat and when one crucial clement of 1heir life support system is ovenaxed, usually food or water, the species begins to experience dicback. It is Summer, 1990 characteris1ic tha1 overpopulated animal species, like the unfortuna1e reindeer herd on St. Mauhcw Island, usually degrade 1heir local environment 10 some extent, sometimes irreversibly, as they anempt to scrape out the last shreds of sustenance before the population is pruned back 10 sustainable levels. The role of a predator species is co srrenglhen lhe gene pool of their prey and 10 keep the population of 1he prey species within the limi1s of carrying capacity, preventing this environmental degradation. The classic equation for figuring the impact of a human socie1y is: population size x 1mpac1 of technology =effect on the habitat. These factors are modified by the spiritual and ecological altitudes of 1he socie1y. This equa1ion is no1 useful in arriving at specific number values, but rather it illustrates relationships. II tells us, for example, that a slight rise in population among the people of Turtle Island has a much greater impact on the planetary environment than a large rise in population in most Third World counties because of the garganiuan appe1ite of our energy-iniensivc technology. Human industrial technology has complica1ed the idea of carrying capacily as it applies to our own species. A habi1a1's carrying capaci1y can be s1ressed either by over-occupation, by excessive resource extraction, or by waste disposal overload. Modem society, supported by our high-intensity technology, can stress a regional habitat by the sheer volume of resources i1 consumes, by simply monopolizing much of the available space, by turning out more waste than natural systems can process, or by 1uming out wastes so exo1ic or so toxic 1ha1 digesting organisms cannot assimifate them. Mos1 imponamly, however, we humans have learned how to reach beyond our own bioregions to import resources necessary for life. Early human beings were dependent on their immediate bioregion and the well-being of the other species with which they shared iL Today we can exhaust the resources of one region and then put off the ecological consequences of our ill-use by en1ering another region and ex1racting from there the resources to maintain, or even to expand, our bloa1ed levels of consumption. Each time we reach beyond the bounds of our own bioregions to find 1he materials to suppon life or to dispose of our waste products, we drain the vitality of the victimized region and bring hardship 10 all its inhabitants - plant, animal, nnd human. We also are able 10 extend our reach through rime. By drawing off fossil fuels deposited in pas1 millennia, we have boosted our numbers and our rares of resource consumption to extravagant levels, c~ting an ecological debit that will be lef1 for coming generations 10 pay. For example, energy-intensive industrial agricuhurc is "mining" soils, causing severe long-tenn degradation by forcing them to feed much greater numbers of people and animals than their capabilities allow. Another example is our fossil fuel wastes, which for centuries will remain toxic momenioes of the brief flowering of industrialism. While we have all the fun, our dcscendents will have to resolve all the long-term problems crea1ed by our energy bonanza. It lends a sense of urgency to 1he ques1ion of carrying capacit)' when we realize that we are driving 100 species per day into extinction and habitats world-wide are constantly being degraded by our Himprovcments." We seem quite willing to sacrifice the existence of any other species, even the greatest and grandes1, rather than relinquish even 1he slightest aspect of our prodigal lifestyle. When we drive other life forms to extinction, clearly we have gone too far. ln doing this we not only diminish the present world; we threaten the planet's evolutionary future. Carrying capacity is not the only balance to which we have to pay attention in this world, but for the purposes of evaluating our success as a species, it is a most useful one. Predator species have (continued on next page) JGQtimh ) 01unm p1a9e 3 �Photo by Doug Woodward CARRYING CAPACITY (conunucd from p. 3) instinct~al popul~tion. controls that help them keep t~e1r.~pulauons m ~ance ':""ith their prey • temtonahty, no maung during lactation periods, long gestarion times. In some cases infant monality rates are helped by adult males wh? will kill and eat young cubs in their temtory. Predators "know" somewhere in their make-up that il is to their advantage to keep their populations Jean and spare. Humans seem to have retained this sense of survival while living as nomadic and semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers. Tribal people had a variety of contraceptive melhods: herbal magical, and ritual. ln some tribes wome~ would nurse their children into their founh and fifth year, thus decreasing fertility. In some hunting societies when times were hard, mothers would sometimes bury a child rather than let it live to face possible slow starvation. Even nomadic hunting societies had unspoken, but clearly defined, boundaries to their wandering. Primitive people bowed to the nece~ities imposed by their role as a predator species. The development of agriculture is marked as a turning point in our conception of ourselves. Agriculture allowed much denser le~els of population, and a large number of children per family became a desirable goal in most agricultural societies, as it meant help in I.he fields and a buffer against the high infant monality engendered in the more densely populated, unsanitary agricultural villages. It is accepted as a general rule that when peoples tum to agriculture, their populations shoot up. However, on Turtle Island agricultural/hunting societies contradicted that rule. ~ere in the Southern Appalachian Mountams che Cherokee Indians maintained balanced numbers in chis region of abundant resources for many generations. The Hopi, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) tribes, and the Man~an repf7sented other native people:> who pracuc:ed agnculture yet kept their population levels in tune with the ability of their regions to provi~e. It ~s t><?ssible to have resources enough and soll ma.mlalll a balance with the land. Recent archaeological finds show that Neolithic agricultural societies in Europe also JGcitUah Jourt;'QL ~Cl~, 4 had achieved that balance. However, the Inda-European nomads who conquered the continent never learned that an. Europe was already filled to overcrowding when Columbus opened up the New World for exploration at the end of the fifteenth century. The Black Plague had diminished the population somewhat, but it had quickly recovered. There was not land enough for all, so under the primogeniture system fathers gave their holdings to their oldest son and the younger sons went viking , to the Crusades, or to the monastery. They saw I.he world as theirs to plunder. Immigration to the New World vented the building population pressure in Old Europe and postponed the dire predictions of Malthus in the late eighteenth century concerning the miseries of a land overcrowded beyond its carrying capacity. Conditioned by life in the Old World, the white immigrants coming to Tunic lsland saw the. cont~ent in terms of opponunity: economic capual, untouched resources, and productive land - opponunity, in other words ' for exploitation. Today, with world population at five and one-quaner billion and the population on this contin_ent.at 420.100.000, returning to Carrying capac11y 1s, more than ever, a necessary goal. Yet the etruc of today is "growth." Growth is seen as being synonymous wilh prosperity. But when cells grow without heed to the needs of the greater organism, this is called "cancer." And this is precisely the nature of industrial society in the world today. We need to regain the predator's sense. As a species, panicularly here in I.he Southern Appalachians. we need to reverse the growth et~1c. and restore the balance. If we are not living wnhin the bounds of sustainability for our own bioregion. then we are leeching energy from other people and other species in other bioregions or from the non-human species of our own reJ?;ion. For 500 years on this continent the dominant influence has been to direct our energy outward. to change the world to meet our perceived wants and needs. We are now realizing that we are not greater than the world, that we are part of the world. With that realization comes responsibility. Now the wsk is to change ourselves and our society to fit the demands of the Greater Life, specifically life as we find it in our respective bioregions. For the sake of the Greater Life, we need to set aside large areas where native species can find a home and the narural processes prevail. For the sake of the Greater Life, we need to curb our appetites ("Live simply that others may simply live."). It is imperative that we use all appropriate methods to limit our numbers. For the sake of the Greater Life, we need to c:ease. the productio~ of all slowly-degrading rad1oacuve and 01herw1se toxic materials. Once pr<>?uced, they inevitably end up in the life chain, and the destructive influence of their poisons accumulates in the body of the Eanh. For the sake of the Greater Life, we need to honor and show respect for the process of death as well as for 1he process of birth. Although the fact is masked by the of latter day civilization, we are JUSt as dependent on our regions as our earliest forebears. As stated above, bioregions are the basic unitS of habitation. They are our sphere of influence, o~r gift and our challenge. We may venture out mto the world, but our bioregion is always "home." When we are willing to recognize our limits, we wilJ find them clearly stated in the life offered by our biorcgion~ ~omogeneity ~ JAJI. ADDITIOS A EASURE OF PROGRESS ~~ Phow counesy or lhe N&1 Ri- Fru Prus Su.m,mer, 1990 �SETTING LIMITS TO GROWTH: ANINTERVIEWWITHDR.GARYMILLER KaJ(talz Journal: How does carrying capacity work in nature? Gary Miller: The limits of a habitat's carrying capacity for any given species come into play during what 1 call the "pinch period," when one of the basic factors of that species' life support - available food, proper conditions for reproduction, growth space, water, etc. - becomes a limiting factor. A species will reach carrying capacity when one of these limiung factors stops population growth or causes population decline. To carry that over to the human population, we are now seeing clearly that certain areas - like Central Africa - are having a very difficult time feeding themselves. Many pans of the United States are now running out of water, so water availability is becoming a critical limiting factor. There is no doubt that there is a whole series of limiting factors that are going to affect human carrying capacity, whether in terms of a region or in cenns of the planet. We don't know what the planet's ultimate carrying capacity for human beings is. It's highly variable according to the different parameters at work in different regions of the world. Some ecologists are saying that the human population is double the planet's long-tellll carrying capacity for our species. In other words, the true biological, long-term, sustainable carrying capacity for the people this planet can support is presumably somewhere in the 2 1/2 billion range. We arc now approaching five and one-quaner billion people. KJ: Having fossil fuels available really complicates it. GM: The fossil fuels that we are now extracting allow us to exceed carrying capacity, because they offer an artificial way to support great numbers of humans. However, that energy supply is finite. Natural gas and oil will run out in the near future. Coal will probably last some 200-400 years in the United States. If we were 10 lose these fuel sources immediately, it \\'OU Id cause all sorts of misery for the human population, because vinually all the methods we in the West use to grow our food and create our extrnvagant creature comfons arc based on fossil fuels. Food production, one of the most important issues defining carrying capacily for humans, is clearly now a function of fossil fuel subsidies in the developed countries. We live in a world agricultural economy based entirely upon readily available and relatively cheap sources of fossil fuels. The orange juice produced in Brazil, the apricots and strawbemes produced in Spain. or the couon products grown in Egypt can be shipped any place around the globe in a very shon period of time. Water from the mountains of Nevada irrigates produce grown in the San Joaquin VaUey of California. But try to accomplish that when fossil fuel supplies are exhausted! That's when the real issue of carrying capacity will be felt and understood by our species. KJ. Also for human beings. the qucsuons of values comes into it, too. Right now we are continuing our own support at the standard to which we are accustomed by sacrificing other species' life suppon systems, thereby driving them to extinction. GM: Based on our present population numbers and level of resource consumption, we are basically incompatible. We have a tendency to monoculture virtually everything, and once we take out the native grasslands, the native upland forests, and wetlands and replace them with monocultures, about the only thing that can survive are the plants and the animals that are broad generalists and a few parasites and predators that thrive off of those monoculture species. KJ: How about in the mountains? Arc there ways in which it is evident that we are violating our region's carrying capacity? GM: One thing 1 think of right away i~ the _rapi.d rat~ of loss of flatlands the mosc suitable farmland 10 this b1oregton. Those bouoml~nds are also prime areas for industrial and Summe~, t 990 • Phoio by Rodney Webb commercial s11e development, which means shopping malls and all the things associated with malls and strip development. Concentrated housing is also going up on relatively flat land. The best farm lands available should be set aside for farming so that we can support ourselves if and when we find ourselves in a pinch period. If our supply lines are ever cut, whether because of a war. or because we run out of fossil fuel energy, or because of a natural disaster, we will have to rely on our ability to produce food locally. But much of our prime farm land is going under pavement and building structures, never to be reclaimed. For all intents and purposes, that land is lost forever, and with that land we have lost our ability lO cope should any of these hypothetical disasters actually occur. Mu~h of the bouomland habitat has disappeared, and as a result na11vc plant and animal populations have declined. Very few mountain wetlands exiSt today. I question the quality of our present political leadership. It seems like we need to call a moratorium on growth. There needs to be time set aside to plan for the future. We need to plan now how we are going to accommodate all species' survival. How many people can we accommodate here before we do irreparable harm t0 our support ecosystems and to the natural biota? KJ What would be the most effective way to put a moratorium on growth? GM: One of lhe ways is for the citizenry to demand it. That isn't likely to happen. Another way would be for the lcad~hip of the community to call for it, realizing, in their wisdom, that we live within finite systems. Another way is simply to not extend the ~ecessary infrastructure services - such things as roads, electnc power, water, and sewer. KJ: Those items are presently thought of as services, but they act in a much more aggressive way. Simply having those layers of infrastructure in place guarantees growth. GM: Absolutely. If you want an area to grow and dev~lop. extend water lines, streets, power, and sewer. and ll 1s guaranteed to develop. There was an article in the Asheville Citizen on March 7, 1990 that told how the Asheville City Council approved a subdivision by a 4-3 vote despite testimony from the fire department stating that they would not be able to ~uarantee fire protection to that development, be<:ause the slope 1s too steep to get the fire trucks up under icy conditions. What the city council said was. "We want to keep growing." �What the leadership should be saying is, "If we can't protect the people who would be living there, then the developers shouldn't be building there." I think that in this case our leaders were shirking their responsibility and cenainly not looking out for the general public's best interestS. KJ: But on the other hand, not having the infrastructure in place effectively prohibits growth ... GM: ...Or at least keeps it at a very low density, because most developers are going to be wary of developing a large project where they can't be guaranteed infrastructure. Kl: So the infrastructure has a pivotal role as far as the extent of development. GM: Yes. One of the biggest problems we now have in Asheville, NC where I hve, is is the controversy around extending the water supply infrastructure. The first choice of the city leadership was tapping the French Broad River. For various reasons the public said no. If the voters were to say forcefully, ''No, we don't want a new water supply, let's make do with what we have," saying in other words that conservation should be a first priority, that would put a crimp in long-term growth here. The same thing is true for the sewer system. The sewer lines are continually being extended. We have hundreds of miles of pipeline that arc in critical disrepair, with leaks showing in different locations throughout the city and the county, and still the only time the administration ever hesitates to extend the sewer lines is when the state threatens them with a lawsuit saying, "You already have too many leaks in that area and the manhole covers are popping out whenever it rains. You can't possibly extend." So the city calls an emergency meeting, and they give a million-dollar contract, rush in and repair the immediate problems, and then they can extend the line and add more houses in that area. They repair the sewer system just enough so that they can go further out, which stresses it all over again. Kl: Then the new power lines that Duke Power Co. is going to put through the counties south of here is not just a neutral kind of thing. GM: Any time you extend any major form of infrastructure, it cannot be defined as neutral. Any time those services are punched through, they definitely tend to promote growth. KJ: In the mountains one of the most imponant types of infrastructure is roads, because in the mountains access is always one of the major limiting factors. When access is gained to an area, that means that the people come, and as the access improves and becomes easier, that brings more people. It happens very consistently Wt as soon as there is access, the maximum number of people come in. GM: Absolurely. It's creeping incrementalism. Everyone assumes that this linle road here or that little activity there really doesn't make any difference. But this occurs hundreds or thousands of times every single day in any given region, and when one translates it to a world-wide scale, one can see that we are forcing lms of organisms and the habitats that are required to suppon them into siruations that are life-threatening. There are 5 1/4 billion humans out there; each of them, every day, has some son of effect on the environment.We all make decisions that are in our own best interests. We rarely think in terms of the best in1eres1s of the woodpecker, the salamander, 1he migrating songbird, or the oak tree; yet all the creatures of the forests and of the waterways perform critical activities that benefit us both directly and indirectly. Kl: In this region the major effects of roads would be to ei1her increase the density of human beings in certain areas or to bring human beings into areas that were previously uninhabited. GM: An example is the proposed Route I-26, which is to link Asheville with a Tennessee state highway to Johnson City. AU of the areas through which this new route will pass are going to experience a period of extremely rapid expansion, simply because they are going to be accessible to an estimated 12,000 vehicles a day. Any time a major interstate is put through a rural area where there is relatively low-priced land available, there is a likelihood that someone is going to buy up land for industrial and commercial development. There will be a lot of strip development and probably small mini-industrial parks will sprout up along the route. As a result, an increase in air pollution will occur as nicrogen oxide, a precursor for tropospheric (low altitude) ozone formation, is formed by all the passing vehicles. We now know that low-level ozone is a major toxicant to plant Life in the Southern Appalachians. But of course that is what the growth and development people m this area are willing to settle for. They are willing to sacrifice a high quality environment for a middle quality environment The wisdom of that approach is highly debatable. Someone looking at the long-term sustainability of all species, not just the human species, quickly comes to the conclusion wt we just can't keep growing indefinitely in an area that has such very special features. To my mind the Southern Appalachian Mountains need to be recognized as the highest kind of bio-rescrve, as opposed to just another location for industrial and commercial development. The mountains have exceptional physical and biological traits. Large sections of the moumain habitat should be set aside as a major genetic reserve area. There should be guarantees that this special bioregion is not subdivided into a thousand small biological islands surrounded by human developments and the resulting pollutants. (continued on page 21) GM: A big boom occurred here as a result of the opening of the 1-40 interstate. It was a coast-to·coast route that brought thousands of new people through this area each week. many of whom found the Southern Appalachians to be delightful and decided that in some form or other they were going to come back here and spend more time. Many of them have returned to visit, and many of them have in fact moved here as permanent residents. KJ: That principle works on all levels. l-40 meant that more people came into the region. a road going up into a new cove or hollow means that there will be an innux of people into that hollow, and a road going out into 1he national forest, means that more people use that pan of the forest. G.\f: Any rime we humans can open up access, sooner or later people are going to use it. and that leads to increased use of the area where that road has been added. KJ· So stopping roads and roadbuilding would be an imponant pan of limiting human territorial expansion. JGal.Uah JourrmL PR9& 6 Su.f!\ma-, 1990 �WHAT IS OVERPOPULATION? Reflections on China and Karuah by Stephen Bartlett My Chinese friend had jus1 arrived m Madison, Wisconsin in order to spend a year s1udying English. He was hom~ick and in culture shock. If I had no1 spent two years wilh him in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. the People's Republic of China, 1he commen1 he made 1hat warm July evening would have been completely incomprehensible 10 me. We were sitting on a lakeside pier when a family of ducks came circling around overhead in the pink dusk and splashed down into the wa1er nearby, a stone's throw from the towering University waterfront Chen broke the silence with this innocent question: "Whose ducks are those?'' After a stunned silence, I managed to reply "Nobody owns them. They are wild ducks." My words plunged Chen into a deep contemplation. Finally, be said, "How marvelous! Bui who will eat them?" Behind this cross-culmral schism there lies both tragedy and hope. For China is not only a land where humans have devastated Nature, but also a place where people have learned some profound ecological lessons ~nd p_u_t them int? practice.. Ah.hough the 240 million human beings mhabmn~ ~e United States 1s su_ll a s~all number compared to China's 1,080 m1 lhon, we have a per capita environmental impac1 somewhere in the range of 40-60 times 1hat of a common Chinese person due to our s1unningly "afnuent" culture. We have been on 1his inherently rich conuncnt only a very short time in Chinese tenns, yet we have already managed to lay waste ro a vast area of our land and deplete resources at astonishing speed. What then can the Chinese teach us to allow us to avoid the terrible des01Jcoon they have experienced over the centuries? Can we live beuer wii~ less, live more fully on a smaller scale, live more humbly in our bodies and on our lands? Jiangsu Provin~e is a sophisticated humanized landscape. There where deer ~nc~ frohcked perhaps two thousand years ago, 77 million people_ now live 1n a well-watered'. canal-irrigated alluvial plain the size of Georgia, on the ba~ks of che Hum and Yangtse Rivers. Seventy-five per cem of th~ pe~ple live on uny rural plots of less than one acre per family: the rest hve m crowded, bicycle and coal-powered cities encircled by dense seulcmentS of truck gardeners who supply nil lhe produce the city will consume. Despite a dense population, the rural landscape is relatively diverse ecologically, and almost entirely edible. Rice grown by hand in paddies is irrigated by canals and ditches swarming wich fish which in tum feed Oocks of domesticated ducks and geese who supplement Lhe rice/tofu diet of the humans whose wastes arc returned to the fields, which yield bountiful harvests of grains. beans, oils and vegetables, whose leftovers go 10 the family pigs. Travelling bee keepers migrate northward in spring as the flowering trees blossom. reaping honey harvests and cross-fcnilizing the crops and fruits along the way. Water buffalo wallow in canals in summer and huddle behind hay stacks in winter and resolutely turn the soil the rest of the time. They endure extremes of temperature and live on both water plants and dry land foods, making their upkeep easier. Wild birds are sometimes trapped, and the bountiful rivers are fished for the protein foods they can provide. Sunflower seeds arc munched by the ton in movie theaters and the husks arc used as mulch the next day. Occasional woodlots and windbreak trees between fields and along roads improve the microclimate, reduce erosion, and supply wood produc1s for tools and other uses. Almost nothing is wasted, but almost everything is put to human use. Where we lived in Yangzhou--a small city by Chinese standards wi1h its 350,000 odd mhab11ants, life was made bearable and even frutiful due to these charac1eristics of the Chinese lifes1yle: 1) Bicycles arc the main source of transport and local shipping. Air pollurion and noise from vehicles is minimized. People are fit. Stephen Ban.km in a field in China 2) All. of the myriad vcgetnbles. fish, eggs. tofu and meat arc purchased directly from the farmers themselves who, hv10g within a 2 mile radius of street markets, make their way by pedal power. Thus, Lhc food distribution system is extremely efficient and avoids Lhc use of fossil-fuels. 3) Farmers rely mainly on human wastes for fertilizing (ir being the most abundant source!). They double as sanitation workers by collecting all the "night soil" in "honey buckets", caning it to their fields to sit in holding pits, and using 11 on their crops, most of which will in tum be consumed by the city folk. The quality and tas1e of the food was cxcelleni, as was the variety. The only drawback is the danger of the spread of diseases such as hepatitis, a danger avoided mainly with the technique of quick and hot stir frying of foods in fuel-efficient woks. 4) Shoppers go out daily carrying their purchases in straw baskets. There is very little plastic or paper waste generated. Produce sellers appear at dawn at almost every street comer in the ci1y where staples such as cabbage, noodles and tofu can be boughL 5) People maintain healthful routines. They ride or walk to their jobs which arc invariably near their homes. They arise early and enjoy afternoon naps during most of the year. 6) A sophisticated, human·shaped ecosystem has been evolved lhroughouc the countryside where many ecological niches are filled with edible creatures. Frogs and other beneficial creatures nre protected. Female fish at binhing age are thrown back. Fanners use land intensively. double cropping rice in summer and reaping a winter harvest of wheat or barley as well. Yields are on Lhe average of 2 to 3 times those of American farme~. per acre. Humans rely mainly on vegetable protein, thus enabling every acre of land to suppon at least JO people with basic grains and soybean products. Sophisticated crop rotations are standard practise. 7) People do not bum fuels to keep warm in winter but tum to high energy foods such as pork fat. and many layers of flannel underwe:ir. Even goose down stuffed co:tts and pants are common in rur.il as well as urban areas. Air pollution from burning diny coal is thus minimi~d. (Note: in the bitter cold of nonh China, coal burning is common and is cause for terrible air pollution.) Lest we anempt to idealize the Chinese way of life, we must be awttre that they have arrived at such an ecological and egalitarian lifestyle only after laying waste to much of their land, especially in the vast Yellow River Valley in nonhem China, the cradle of early Chinese civilization. So ~at has the destruction been that the majestic Yellow River 1hreatcns to change course yet again and is perched prccariouslv behind dikes at a height of 9 meters above the arable plain of Shandong Province. It is kept m check only through the continual effom of millions of man-days work to constantly reinforce the dikes with soil dredged from the mouth of the River! (conunucd oo pace 30) Summ£T, t9!JO Xlituah Journal pa!JC 7 �THE ROAD GANG: PORT RAIT OF A STATE TRANSPORT AT ION DEPARTMENT by Rob Barron During the Depression years, when local governments were going bankrupt, and the economic fabric of the state was coming unravelled. the s1a1e government of North Carolina, in order to keep the road system solvent and functioning, took over all the counry roads and all the major city roads in the state. Since that time, vinually every major road in the state has been under the domain of the Nonh Carolina Depanment of Transportation (DOT), a proud and arrogant bureaucracy that wields great political and economic power. The DOT is responsible for maintaining, and expanding when necessary, North Carolina's 76,000 mile road system. The DOT executes the will of the state Board of Transponation. The Board numbers 25 of the most powerful people in the state. Board member~ include pre~idems of trucking companies, an execuuve of a billboard company, construction executives, and one woma~, the daughter of a family that develops shopp10g centers. They are all politically prominent and won their appointments to the Board through their valuable contributions of money. and influence to the governor's political campaigns. These are the people who make the transponation decisions for Nonh Carolina. To have control over roads is to have political leverage within the state government. The DOT has an enormous budget. It has a dedicated source of revenue and does not have to come back to the legislature every year to plead for a budget and submit its workings to legislative scrutiny. And DOT funds are discretionary, meaning that the Board has complete control over how they arc spent. Thus road funds also act as political capital. Lobbyist Bill Holman, who works in Raleigh on behalf o f the Nonh Carolina Chapter of the Sierra Club and the Conservation Council of North Carolina, says that, "Paving somebody"s road, or widening somebody's road, or opening up somebody's propeny with a road ~s one of the wa>'.s tha_t a governor can help out h1s supponers. It is a rune-honored practice in North. Carolina politics, spanning both Democrauc and Republican administrations. The building of highways is the single biggest pot of discretionary pork barrel in the state budget and it is almost tota ll y under the control of the governor and his appoin tees. .. 'They are into more Political wheeling and dealing than any other agency J know. The amount of money and the amount of discretion they wield is truly incredible. It's an unbelievable hassle for the Division of Parks and Recreation to spend several hundred thousand dollars renovating a park - and it probably should be that way, so that there is some accountability for how public funds are spenL But go over to the Highway Dcparunent. and there is an enormous amount of wheelin" and dealing going on involving projects i~ which millions of dollars are at stake. "I don't think that there is much out-and-out, undcr·the-table, illegal corruption involved. There is a 101 of what I call "legal corrup1ion," which is not illegal, but ii sure Xatunn Jotnnal'. pnlJi: 8 does stink. There is a lot of politics in the paving of roads. The location of a road determines that some people make moot. on land use speculation and others don't. Paving contractors, the people that mine 1he rock, consulting engineers, all those people wire themse.lves into the political process with campaign contributions. There's a lot of patronage in the DOT. So, although it's not illegal, let me just say that I'm not convinced that it's public money well spent." "I've worked wi th the Forest Service before. and the DOT makes the Forest Service look like warm, fuzzy teddy bears." - Bill Holman, Sierra Club lobbyist The Board of Transportation's greatest power is control over the future of development m the state. In Nonh CnroJina, it is fairly easy to get a septic tank permit, a well permit, and a building pennit. The state is notorious for its lack of zoning regulations. Thai means lha1 the only barrier to development is siting a road. Since the counties lost control of their local road systems, virtually all road decisions go through the B~ai:d of Transportation. Local county comm1ss1oners may, however, request changes in their county's priority roads list, and the DOT almost always accepts their amendments. It is easy 10 see why roads are almost the exclusive focus of the Board of Transponation. Roads are power. Roads are money. Roads are influence. Rai I roads, public transportation programs, and energy conservation programs do not offer such personal enhancement and charisma. The DOT believes in roads. Roads make changes happen. Roads produce results. The agency takes pride in doing itS job, laying the pavement so that people can drive their cars and trucks to get there faster, wherever they want to go. They are engineers. Their task is to find the shonest distance between two points. But the agency also sees itself as the the facilitator of economic development. 11 is a strongly-held myth that highways bring prosperity. Around the State House m Raleigh it is almost axiomatic that, "~o~ds mean jobs." This is a corollary of the prm?1ple .that, 'Gro~tb is good" - growth almost mvanably meanmg the conventional model of industrial factories and shoppmg malls. Since "growth is good," the DOT sees no" reason why local governments should have plans m place before new highways are laid ~own. :ro the _DOT, urban sprawl isn't ugly and inefficient, tt s growth. And if developers are geui.n~ rich because the people's tax money subs1d1zes the sewers. w:1ter, and roads for their projects, why. the people should be grateful. llley arc gettmg growth. As an agency. the DOT seems to think of the environment as something that has to be moved aside to get a road through. The National Environmental Policy Act and the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act now require environmental assessments and in some cases more thorough environmental impact statements for highway projects. ll still is a :;truggle, however, to get the DOT to follow environmental regulations. Road construction has massive direct ~ffec1s on the land. ~t best,. a new highway involve~ eart~·mo.v1ng, soil turning and compacuon, obbterauon of trees and other native vegetation, fragmentation of forest habitat, and of course habitat displacement in favor of the usual pavement and grass highway landscape. At worst, rondbuilding involves all this plus stream siltation, filling of wetlands, and destruction of rare and endangered habitats. But unquestionably the most destructive aspect of highway construction is the increased human use and inevitable permanent devel.oement that moves in along every road once 11 IS in place. An interesting dichotomy occurs here. Jn selling their road plans, politicians and DOT of!icials trumpet the amount of development that will follow once road construction is completed. They wax eloquent about the new factories. malls, homes, and additional people the new road will bring. Once the road plan is adopted, however, and it is time to prepare the environmental assessments and impact statements, that same development becomes completely insignificant. It is a "secondary impact," implying that it is not at all of primary imponance, and the public is assured that this project (whichever project is under discussion) has been carefully planned to have little effect on the local environment. Jn the language of the DOT, that same developmen t that will have such a tremendous ecomomic impact on the community wiJl be only a speck on t~e local landscape, hardly enough to menuon. Up Aga inst a D·9 'Dozer Environmentally-concerned citizens have found the DOT to be an obstinate agency to deal with, especially as the Depanment considers real estate developers and contractors to be their special constituency. Holman says, "I've worked with the Forest Service before, and the DOT makes the Forest Service look like warm, fuzzy teddy bears. The DOT is a relatively arrogant agency. It is an agency that is used to getting its way. It is an agency that is convinced that it is right, and it doesn't take kindly to environmentalists or anyone else proposing alternatives or criticizing a particular route. So far, we have had very little success in working with the DOT. They have had so much clout, they haven't needed to negotiate." I low the DOT comes to have such clout is apparent in the story of the Highway Trust Fund, the $8.8 billion highway construction bill that the Nonh Carolina legislature passed nearly unanimously in 1989. Eugene Brown. a political activist from (contmucd on ncit p>.gl') Summer, I 990 �THE HIGHWAY TO NOWHERF. 1he Durham area, tells 1he s1ory of the Highway Trust Fund legislation: "Jt was an example of the old saying I.hat there are two things thar you should not watch being made: sausage and state laws. It epitomized the pork-barrel approach to enacting legislation. "When the legislators arrived in Raleigh last year, most of them knew I.hat there would be some type of a highway bill. Governor Manin h~d promised that there would be a highway bill. (Speaker of the House} Mavretic wanted it, along.with some other key legislators. So they esrablished a Highway Study Commission. This commission traveled throughout the state and held a long series of public meetings, basically with the Chamber of Commerce people, elected officials, developers, and bankers. The commission came and basically said, "Well, do you need any new roads here?" "What do you think the response is going to be from folks who fi1 into any of those categories? h's going to be, 'Sure, we need some new roads!' The Highway Study Commission turned into a "gimme" session. h was almost like asking fraternities if they wanted free beer or asking the Pentagon if it needed any new weapons. ."During the course of this study, very few questJons arose about economic priorities, cost/benefit ratios, alternatives to automobiles, or mass transit. The politicians wanted new roads, and they used the Highway Study Commission to instigate what they called "grassroots suppon" - but basically it was big money support. "Once the Highway Study Commission report was in, the leading politicians came back 10 their colleagues in the I louse and the Senate and said, "We need this road bill." So someone from Charlotte said. 'Well. 1 know that you need a few roads down east. but what can you do for me?' and someone else said, 'What can you do for me up in Winston-Salem?' "It was a mushroom effect. ft blossomed, not like nowers, like weeds. The strategy that ""'.as used to pass this bill was a very simple one: give everyone what they want. And that's exactly what happened - everyone got promised everything they wanted." . Almost all of North Carolina's legisla1ors capitulated to the power of the growth ethic, and the $8.8 billion Highway Trus1 Fund was adop1ed wi1hou1 any serious opposition on the noor. Stalling the Machine Bill Holman secs some hope in legislative slrategies 1hat can chip away at the roads package. "Remember," he says, "that one legislature cannot bind another, and legislators often change their minds, especially when they hear from their constituents." Even if the DOT received all the $8.8 billion allotted for roads, it would still be impossible LO build all the roads listed in the bill. And getting all $8.8 billion may be a problem. The state government is already $419 million overdrawn on its budget. All the other depanmcnts of the state government arc feeling the pinch and may begin to hover around the smell of pork fat coming from the Highway Buildinl? in Raleigh. ln i1s eagerness 10 build roads, the DOT is itself falling behind in its own maintenance program and may have 10 divert construction funds to care for roods already built. Ed Harrison. Transponation Chair for the NC Conservation Council and the NC Sierra Club chapter. says that one lesson 10 be learned i~ vigilance. He emphasizes that transponation planning is a long·term process, going in seven steps from conccpl, to proposal, 10 planning, to Traveling slowly along a winding secondary road I 0 miles from the town of Robbinsville, North Carolina, drivers are often surprised when they come upon a major highway development that leaves the small county route and strikes off into the far mountains. They have stumbled onto the entrance to The Highway to Nowhere. h is also known as the Tellico Plains-Robbinsville Road. It extends '>i7 mil"S through the Nant;ihala l'\ational forest bet\\ ccn the two towns, one in Monroe County, Tennessee and the other in Graham Count\', Nonh Carolina. The tWO•l:tnc highway runs on a wide, graded ro:idbed that cuts through terrain that is steep, wild, and dangerous, disruptini: n remote habitat area I.hat was once a sanc:tuary-for the most reclusive of native wildlife. It is a road that should never have happened. From its very beginning the project "as ill-advbt:d, and its history is one of destruction that has become more Wld more expensive each s1ep along its route. The road was begun in the nurry of public works spending during the War on Poveny years. Residents of the two towns requested the road, dramatizing their appeal with a wagon train from Tellico Plains 10 Murphy, Nonh Carolina 10 show the distance they had to travel. The projec1 was authorized in 1962 to be cons.tr~cted by the F~der~I Highway Adm1n1strauon (FHA) as n 'scenic highway to spur economic development in the two towns." Construction began on both ends of the road in 1965. On the Nonh Carolina side 4.6 miles of pavement were laid up Santeetlah Gap along what is now the boundary between the Joree Kilmer.Memorial Forest and the adjoining Shckrock Wilderness Area. Work s1opped in 1969, however, wilh the passage of the National Environmental Policy Acr (NEPA), which required environmental impact SU1temen1s for major projects throu~h sensitive areas. Environmental groups successfully protested the route through an ar~a soon 10 be designated "ildemess, and a new alignment was chosen. The roadway already buih was abandoned and still can be seen. a monument to the folly of The Highway to Nowhere. Construction was resumed until 1977 when excavation in I.he Hemlock Creek-McNabb Creek drainage on the Tennessee side uncovered a deposit of pyriric rock material, which releases a highly acidic leachate that kills stream life. The short-term response was to release a 20% solution of sodium hydroxide, a highly caustic but shon-lived chemical, that raised the pH at the mouth of the creeks to 5.8. Then the pyritic rock deposits were buried under topsoil which wa~ limed and reseeded as a permaneni control measure. . li?wevcr, continued wa1er quality mon11onng revealed that, although the addition of the sodium hydroxide solution had temporarily raised pH to levels tolerable to fish nnd other stream life, as soon as these ll1:atments were stopped the rneams had become acidic again. The permanent mitigation measures had failed. (ccntilwcd on page 27) (continu<d on page 11) S\lmmn, t 990 ,........ ... �It is 3!' innocu~us-seeming Listing among the many in the thick TIP (Transportation lmproveme~t Plans) book published by the Nonh Carolina D~P!1f_tment of Transportarion (DOT): NC D1111s1on 13 .. ID number A-10..•. .30.4 miles from 1-240 in Asheville, NC to rite Ten11essee state line a1 Sam's Gap fo11r-la11e freeway, part on new /ocation ... $136,700,000 .... But these few simple_ phra~es spell more change for the mountain region. A1 present Route 19-23 leaves Asheville North Carolina as a four-lane highway on th~ way to the Tn-City area of Johnson Ci1y Kingsport, and Bristol. Tennessee. Just north of \1ars I lill the route divides. with Route 19 veering east to Burnsville, and Route 23 continuing as a two-lane road, improved with a passing_ lane on some grades, over Murray Mountain and up 10 the Tennessee state line at Sam's Gap on the Appalachian crest. On the 01her side of the mountains, 1he road winds dow!l through the Cherokee National Forest, passing t~rough massive earth-moving and road construcuon before reaching Erwin, Tennessee and 1hen continui~g <?n 10 Johnson City, Interstate 8 1, the Ohio River Valley, and points north and west. T~e 15 miles of road construction proceeding on the Tennessee side will widen the route to a four-lane all t11e way to the state line at Sam's _Gap. The Sme of North Carolina is prepanng to do the same, either by improving Route 23 along its present route (Alternative A) or by creatin g Route 1-26, a contr0lled-acces~ freeway that would rake a srraigh1ercourse from Mars Hill 10 the state line (Alternative D). Just for the sake of discussion the DOT also offers a "n<? ~uild" alternative 1ha; would leave the route as It IS. . . "Alternative A" would cos1 the state $48 null_1<?n and would cause the relocation of 77 faauhes and five businesses. "Alternative D" would _cost $64,850,000 and would require the relocanon of 52 families and six businesses. The DOT, lhe "Chambers." lhe bankers, ~e truc.kers, .. and the developers favor Al~emauve D, of C?u~. They promise 5,400 vehicles per day bnng10g money, Jobs. and goods for the backward and impoverished people of th~ moumain region. They say that Route 1-26 will open the door of opportunity for the So~thern Appalachians, connccling them more directly to the eastern population centers and the midwestem industrial centers. However, I-26 is more likely 10 open Pand~ra's mythical box of troubles. H1stor:call}'._. new roads bring increased auto polluuon, increased land prices. increased mfrns~cture taxes, and increased crime and congestion wherever they go. Most of all. however, they ~ring more people. "ow quiet rural areas. Madison and Yancey Counties will never be t~e same after the opening of 1-26 channels inter-state traffic throug h their m?untains and the side roads are upgraded and "'1dcned to ex1cnd !he development. As Ed Harrison, Transponation Chair for the NC Conservation Council and ~C Sierra Club Chapter, tells us. highway projec1s are a OPENING PANDORA'S BOX: THE I-26 PROJECT TO COLUMBUS TO CHARLESTON long time in the making. The idea of upgrading Route 23 was first proposed in 1973 in the Appalachian !-lighway Development Program. Study began m 1977 and the alternative route now touted as the 1-26 corridor was ~ecommended in 1978. The concept was stalled m the early 1980's, but interest was renewed wh~n T~nnessee began widening the corridor on ~heir. s1d~ of the state line.. Preliminary 1den11ficauon of the alternative routes now being c?mpleted. 1he .DOT is now analyzing the different a!1em~11ves. An environmental impact statement 1~ bemg prepared by the J.E. Greiner Co. of Raleigh. The final environmental impac1 statement is schedule~ 10 be completed by August, 1991. The design phase will continue until the spring of 1994, when the DOT will begin 10 acquire right of ways. Consrruction is scheduled to begin in the spring of 1996. The environmental impact of the new highway corridor would be immense. Thc:re is no such thing ru. an environmentally-sensitive four-lane highway project, and the DOT is notorious for causing sedimen1a1ion problems. The proposed 1·26 route parallels or crosse:; 15 stream~. The road plan calls for an interchange on Big Laurel Creek, known as one of the 1en best trout streams on the the French Broad river watershed. The four-lane ..., ill make a wide break i~ the Appalachian Trail at S:im's Gap. There 1s talk of a welcome center on the ridgeline of the Appalachian crest. But Appalachian Trail hikers are nor the only ones walking the mountains. The widt:ned 1-26 highway clearing will be a significant b~rrier l? migration, particularly for wide-roaming black bears. It will eliminate native forest habitat for one-half mile on either side of 1he roadway and cause further opening an~ frn~mentation of the Pisgah National Forest. which is already patchy, ragged. and poorly conncc1ed. ~Vhcn a forest is broken open by n road or other 1mrusion, interior-dwelling species 1ha1 pr.:fcr shade and larger trees lose their habitat and rerrem 10 poorer habi1at areas. They become more vu!nerable 10 more aggressive edge-dwelling creatures that take their territory and .raid th.cir food s~pplics: The gene pool declines as II becomes increasingly difficulr for shy, backcountry species to find breeding partners, because the once-extensive habital has been cut into smaller and smaller islands from which individuals find it harder and harder 10 escape. Biolo~is'ts propose various mitigation sch~mes:_ using European "bridge and tunnel" engineenng, as opposed to the traditional American "cut and fill" method. Bridges and tunnels leave natural wildlife crossings 1ha1 are safe fro~ l~e highway traffic. However, they funn~I w1ldl. fe traffic_ into lhesc few designated 1 cro.s~mg pomts, making them easy targets for wa1ung hunters. To avoid this unfair advantage hunting would have to be banned for one-half mile on either side of the roadway. Leaving c~ver and thick underbrush 10 the edge of the n!lht of way would help protect crossing am ma ls. Th~ primary problem in highwa>· c?nstrucuon, however, is what is termed by the h1ghw~y department as "secondary effects.'' Essenually, these are lhe results of human access. Because of the highway, there will be more people traveling through. More of these p~ople will stop and stay. Because of the highway, more people will move funher into !he ru:al areas of t~e counry - it will be easier to drive 1.nto the cuy 10 w~rk. Land prices will go up. srnctly because of highway access. Those who live along the 1-26 corridor now may not be able to afford to do so ten years in the future. The area may not look the same, and they may not want to live there ten years in the futu!.~· The proponents of the 1-26 plan talk of 1hc 101crchange developments" that will se.rve as_centers from which economic growth w~ll radtate ~ut 1n10 the county. They will do this; there will be convenience stores. used car lots, fa~t food restaurants, and shopping centers extending along the roads away from the 1~1erchanges in every direction. The "mterch~nge developme!1ts" will sci the pace for growth in the 1-26 comdor, and they will also set the style for growth : fast. cheap. and dependent on automotive transportation. F~land will be traded in for parking lots. and Madison and Yancey Counties will begin 10 look like every other area "along the slab." -RB~ NO BUILD® XatUah Journaf '>IMJe lO S\&mmer, 1990 �THE ROAD GANG continued rrom ~c 9 program, to final planning and design, followed by land acquisition. and then cons1ruction. He emphasizes that the first stages, concept and proposal. are where it is easiest 10 block road cons1ruc1ion: 'The planning process gets voted on by local officials, and having liason with local elected officials is really the best way to keep IJ'ack of what's going on. I find that what works is to keep them in office and tell them, 'Anything that ever happens with a road, tell us .. .' "Catch a new road early when it's just a sketch line on a map." The $8.8 billion road bill may be an expensive lesson for environmental activists and taxpayers as well. Bill Holman renects on the lesson that hopefully has been learned: "The highway bill has served 10 wake up Lhe environmentalists about the imponance of these transportation plans. We have played a very small role in the transportation debate, but trnnsponation is behind the sprawling kind of gTowth we have in North Carolina. Now the DOT has woken us up." Because the behavior patterns of deer or bear arc not likely to change greatly. it is possible 10 come up with a number which represents the carrying capacicy of of a panicular IJ'aCt of land for these and other animal species. People have much more complicated behavior and their numbers matter much less than how they choose to live. What do they eat and where does it come from? What do they wear and where does it come from? What type of buildings do they live in? What type of fuel, if any. do they bum, and what do they burn it in? Are they spread out or focalizcd in their habitation pauem? Where do they shit? What are their recreational activities? What kind of shoes do they wear? What kind of pets. if any, do they keep? Where, how, and how much do they travel? What is their water usage? What is their attitude towards wildlife? The number of people in any given area is only one ~f many variables in a carrying capacity equation. We can imagine a community of people who ride to work on bulldozers, cut trees all day, and keep a gun with them at all umes for shooting anything that moves. At night they retreat to a nuclear-powered castle and cat several pounds of songbird tongueburgers. What 1s Katuah's carrying capacity for this type of rugged individual? It is also easy to imagine tribes of people wirh a religious reverence for nature and their own place in it. Their homes and clothes are modest. Their villages are powered by the Sun and by the people themselves. Bicycles are the means of transportation. Amaranth and com Summer. 1990 "CARING CAPACITY" grown in river bottoms are the main foods. They tend huge oak and chestnut groves and share their bounty with all creatures. Their waste is recycled so that there is really no waste. What is Katuah's carrying capacity for these people? What right do we have to say?! "What is our carrying capacity for love?" is a much more relevant question. There will be n srrong tendancy to rry 10 form some simple equation such a~ "number of people x level of technology = carrying capaciry." ff rhis could be divided by level of conciousness. ic would be closer to the truth, but it leaves out the factor of land suitability, and leaves me wondering what we arc trying to prove with this son of argument anyway? Anyone we talked into leaving with this line of reasomng would be the very person we wanted 10 stay• Overdevelopment and the degradation of our natural environment is a terrifying disaster and we are so frustrated in coming up with solutions that it is very tempting to point to human numbers as the root of the problem. This is a dangerous oversimplification. It takes away our own culpability, which i~ a considerable factor in the case of everyone I know. With very few exceptions we still use cars and/or plug into the main electrical network. Few of us recycle everything possible or use recycled products in all the places which we could. Few of us, at present. use composting toilet~. Few of us grow more than a symbolic amount of our own food. Our clothes f114ly be made of cotton and wool. bur where did these fibers come from? What is sprayed on the couon? What happens to the lambs? What mills knit the fibers into cloth? We are a culture in transition. It is, in some respects. a forced march into the future in which we are panicipating. A trail of tears where our own sorrow at the plighr of our people and our planet moves us ever onward toward simpler and belier ways of living. To sit down now and cast blame on others is not a very honorable thing to do. Most of the people who are most vocally concerned with the environmental quaJity of Kauiah arc themselves transplants 10 this region. This makes it especially hypocritical for us to blame newcomers or the simple gro~th of numbers for the area's problems. We should concenlnlte instead on developing a satisfying, low impact life-style which is so atlnlCtive that it is irresistible. There is no percentage for us in ma.king people feel guilty for their existence. There is everything for us to gain in maintaining and spreading a positive vision of humans living in harmony with Earth and Spirit. As we work to raise our level of conciousness. our lifestyle becomes sustainable and our population growth stabilizes, not as a burdensome discipline, but as willing and joyous obedience to our own besr interests. , • Will Asht! Bason X.Otulih Jou~n4' pa9c l t -- �PEOPLE AND HABITAT: An Historical Overview the entire region before white comacL The native people manipulated their environment with a technology based on fire and stone tools. Even though they had developed a sophisticated system of agriculture before the arrival of the first white people, it is clear they never exceeded the ability of the region to support them. They did not interfere with the capability of the habitat ro provide for other fonns of life; quite to the contrary, the native by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawccu This is a first. The Kan1ah Journal is reprinting one of its own articles. This article first appeared in a longer fom1 in Issue 25 (Fall, 1989) and was the seed rhar developed into the current issue on carrying capaciry. lss11e 25 is sold 0111 and no longer ll\lailable, and this article provides valuable links in denumstrating how carrying capacity works in our region, so we are running this shortened and revised version of the original piece to give a complete treatment ofthe topic. While many view the pastoral scenes and remote majesty of the Southern Appalachians as all-enduring, trends in human population migration and unrelenting resource extraction have had monumental effects upon wildlife and the diverse flora of their native habitat. Today little remains unaltered by the effects of human activity. The landscape we view today is a threatened glimmer of what was once, but it srill exists as one of the most diverse ecosystems on the North American continent. A historical perspective of human manipulation of the Kauiah province will help raise the question of the proper carrying capacity for human beings in our bioregion - the level that allows for the preservation of wild habitat. people relied on that capability for their continued existence. The arrival of the first Europeans, however, changed conditions drastically. The first immigrants represented the overflow from a land already subject to conditions of dire overpopulation. The Old World represented a vinually inexhaustible well of humanity that flooded over the new frontier. After the Early Inhabitants and First lmmigrants The Cherokee lndians and the indigenous people before them lived in balance with their world, utilizing the offerings of their Eden. Best estimntes give the native population as anywhere from 22,000 to 50,000 individuals throughout mountain highlands were first penerrated by DeSoto in 1540, the question of access was of paramount importance in the development of the Southern Appalachians. The native culture, tied to the land and her offerings, was rapidly overrun by the streams of white-skinned senlers that moved m along the major Indian trails through the Shenandoah Valley and from the Atlantic Tidewater area, widening the trails into roads as they went so that others could more easily follow. The first small communities sprang up along the river valleys and larger coves of the Watauga, French Broad, Little Tennessee, and Hiwassee watersheds. Although few and far between, their presence was marki:d by the agrarian need for cleared land. The bottomlands and wetlands were cleared or drained first, and then trees were felled on the side slopes to make room for more fields and pastures. As the first settlements became towns, the clearings spread deeper into the mountains following small and muddy roads that wound along the river and stream tributaries. These first settlers lived largely off the land, much in the manner of their native predecessors. Like the Indians '" before them, the white settlers annually burned off the forest floor. However, because of their greater numbers, this had a much greater effect on the forest than it ever had before. Even so, until the end of the 19th century most of the mountain highlands remained an impenetrable wilderness. Daunted by the richness of the New World, the Europeans regarded the productive capacity of the land as limitless, leading them to farm ard hunt carelessly and without regard for (/) 0 Q) (/) c: £ (II :c £ c: u c: 0 ~ (/) c .~ .D llS llS ·- .c: £ c: llS ns- E ig_ :E ~ OE Q) Q) u..S c: !:I Q) 0 ~CJ) as .!!! 'O ig_ .E a. Q) <( ~E 0 Q) .... .c: ~ 15 -·0 0 0 (/) c: (/) ~ c: e .a ~::; ·- 0 > Q) Q) ~ c: 0 (/) "(ij c: ::> CD "O 0 "O 0 E c: c: CD E (/) <II ~ ·c: I tl ::> E E (II c: 8 0 (.) c: c: llS QI QI ·o :e !:I a. e ::> w (/) ~ u: 0 m 0 0 0 N" .- ::> c: 0 .... M ID oo oo oo N"o C\I 1540 '° - 1650 .- HUMAN POPULATION OF KATUAH PROVINCE~ 1700 1725 1750 1760 (') ..... 1790 1800 1810 CD "'E • a. co .Q Ma> ~~ --o ~g llS c: CV QI I- a. c;o ..!- -~ I- iii 0 ID .,; .c: (/) u: 0 0 0 -'- llS en .0 C\I CD .... 1820 1830 1840 Summer, 1990 �also arrived on the rails, and sanitariums and luxury hotels offered all !he comfons a ~ and ailing flaLlandcr could desire. Commerce was the primary reason for pushing through the railroads, and in the Soulhem Appalachian region, commcrce meant timber. Large tracts of land, often 30,000-200,000 acres in size, were opened up to exploitation and soon surrendered their bounty. Temporary company towns were built at the base of major watersheds and railroad lines extended into the highest coves. The early timber barons were industrialists, not foresters, and !hey neither knew nor cared about the ideals of sustained timber yields and forest regeneration. Their the future. Because they were completely ignorant of ecological balances, they exterminated game species of animals and birds and slaughtered the native predators so that their domestic livestock could free-range in the woodlands. Hogs and turkeys were particularly well-adapted to the forest environment and thrived on the fall mast provided each yea.r. Once fattened, these were gathered into large "droves" and walked along the "drovers' roads" to markets in the piedmont. Mountaineers also traditionally foraged for medicinal roots in the forest. As commercial demand for these natural remedies began to grow, medicinal roots became a prime baner item in town and at the crossroad country stores. As wagonloads of ginseng and other potent roots and herbs began to roll down the twisting mountain roads to the eastern ciries, the rate of trade began to threaten the survival of ginseng and other herbaceous forest plants. The Industrial Era Grinding mills and small saw mills were the height of industrial production in the highlands until the mid-1800's. The baner system was the usual means of exchange. The US Census estimated the population in the 18 western counties of North Carolina at 200,000 in 1890. The lifestyle was still based primarily on subsistence agriculture, hunting, and foraging. However. in 1880. the first train into the mountains pulled into Asheville, and the Southern Appalachians were changed forever. The railroads represented a new degree of access. and they brought exponential population growth, absentee land ownership, and industrial commerce. The population of the city of Asheville (which today is only somewhat greater than 65,000 people) mushroomed from 2,000 in 1880 to more than 10,000 by 1890. Tourism rainfall. and severe flooding occum:d in J896. 1901, and 1909, and periodically into cbe 1940's. A mountain native, the Reverend A.E. Brown provided first-hand insight in an interview in lheManufacruru's Record in 1910: "•.. these mountains were full of sparkling brooks and creeks which required a rwo or three week rain to make them muddy; today a few hours of rain will muddy them.... Many of the mountain streams are dry throughout the summer and fall, while in winter. the waters descend in torrents and do vast damage rendering wonhless the bottom lands... The sides of mountains have been denuded of their topsoil and bottom lands h~ve been overflowed and swept away ... Shonly after the end of World War 1, most of the timber barons had rom up their tracks and moved on to the Pacific Northwest. By 1930 only a few companies, such as Champion Corporation, were left. In the wake of the timber rush, and at the onset of the nation's worst drought and the chestnut blight, litLle was left for human or beast: T he Present-day Forest or (What You See Is W hat ls Leh ) mastery of the new steam technology gave them access to the most remote reaches of the mountain forest, and the destruction they wrought there was unprecedented. The damage to the species composition of the forest was irrevocable, as was the damage to the soil. By the early I930's 80 percent of the mountain landscape had been burned over. Lmle was left to shield the soil from the area's high levels of Between the 1940's and the 1960's the population growth of the Kaufah province slowed. The mountain binhrate remained high. as it had in the past, but many young folks left the mountains to find wage work in the cities of the cast and the midwest. The bumpy roads offered a way out of the mountains to seek the American Dream. During the l 960's and the l 970's, however, a change took place. The isolation of the "backward" Appalachians began to look appealing to flatlanders sick of noise, crowds, and pollution. and perhaps sick at hean at the (conanuod on page 32) iii E Q) ::: 0 I'll 0. E I'll (J c oE -;:; 0 0. c (/) c ' iij c ::J 28(ii .!Q Q) 0 0 '0-o (J c c E ·- I'll Cl> li Q) e := u; ~ <ti.":!' Q) E 5 OI .!: c 5 ~ .,,. .,,. !::. I- :.: 'O >U Q) ;C :l - (il c: E E 0 0 Ci> D (/) I'll al _g 'iij a: C3 -c <D 0 )( 'E (J 0 ,g (/) CX) > Q) ~ N <O R CX) Ill ~ § >• E ~ '" E m l'lloE 0 'O Q) > 0 ~~ Ci> u CD a.!~ I.I) (/) 0 N N 0 ~ (!) ,... It) C') O> CT> 0 N <O N N - M ~ O> N CT> M a> C') It) <O 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 Summer, 1990 t: "O 0 r.l <D:: "O '- · .£) c ~ >- 0 " I'll ~~~ a. .... .c ~ - Cl "0(5 - E 0 .c 00 .,,. . N '8 25 >- Q) .... (Jc Cl> Q) ..... O> u 00 0 N O> N ,__ 1900 .,,. <O <O O> ..... a> co ..... It) It) N C') .,,. .,,. en M M It) Cl) Cl) co O> ..... ..... 1910 1920 1930 1940 0 00 It) C') M c - CX) ff) ..... . <O ..... N ~ ... 1950 1960 ,... 1970 1980 �When we design our human systems, we need to assure that we are not disrupting this flow of life, which is integral to our own llie. .. .: ..... . ....... '' ,··..... ,,._., .. • . . ··. . • "' • ~ =:::. ·~ • ~ ~ • . . .. . ,,,· .. ,... ~···.· . ·· ~./. . ·.. ....~•..~,{...:....: ·,;. ,,,,,-··:··.....---··-,·. :: • • .i• •• ·~: :,, _./ .;.:. , /, , , ... , -.... ,.,,,,,,., , _,,.,,,.-. - . ,. ••• • / , Designing with the Whole Life Community in Mind by Mamie Muller The solely human<cntercd approach to design in which the environment acts as in.1mmate baclcdrop lo human activity is n9 longcr possible. It has resulted in disruption of the wider life community of the planet and has begun threatening our entire biological life support systt>m. We in this Euro-culture .ire finally beginning to realize that we al"t' of the Earth. Advances in tht' scit'nccs are bringing to us the information th;it we arc literally in the planet not on it and that our human activities are intimately interwoven with the water cycle, tht' air cycle. the carbon cycle. We al"t' beginning to rcahz.c that the way we form our :.culcmcnts, our transportation routes, our commt'l're, and other hum.in functions not only affect hu1rJ1n culture, but the whole ecological community of which we arc a part. At present. our contemporary capacity for accclerallon and cxpont•ntiali1..:ition has brought the question of human impact on the natural world out ol the rc:ilm of "a ni<e thing tu consid(·r· in dl'Slgn and placed it squarely in front of u~. asa qul'Stlon 0f sur11h•al. Yet, our ability to rL'-<.'Onstcllate our human systems m response to dirL'Ct fceclti.1ck falls short o{ what is required. One consideration In understanding this dih:mma ts to rcJlize that wens n culture may not be fu/111 ugzstering the fccdb:lck wc arc n.'« 1vmg as to the dcllllstation of the planC't. The mformatton coming in m.1y be octually outpaang our oomprchtns1.0n of 11. It may also be th.it our perimeter& of rcahty have become so limited that we arc not fully "hearing" the natural world ~peak to us about this cruoal information. Our insular patterning of urbamzat1on. including concrete pathways, processed nutrihon, and televised m1lity m;iy bi! blocking us from this information. We may simply be recording ~·hatcver is coming in a5 "noise" or "static" and may not, in fact, be fully not1dng the drasllc d1m1rushmcnt in quality of life. What now-Those of us who arc catching ghmmcrs of the vibrant, !unctioofng life communuy that surrounds us and co-exists with us need to revive our capacities to sec, hear, taste, fccl ...beyond the "broadcast1xr Kati'mh Jou!nnL PC19C 11 boundaries of the rontcmporary world. We need to discern what is supcrfioal to our hfe support system and what is elemental We ncecl to Ix-gin insisting on design models that describe to us the full reality of our situation-both human as well as IX'Ological. In our modclhng, we nl'cd to ac:knowlcdge natural boundarit'S, not ju5t human-m.1dc boundancs, and to lillc.c into full account ecological systems suc:h as watersheds, wind patterns, gcologiCll formations, etc. Our models ncecl to incorporate ecological prindpf('!; such as entropy, renewal, biological exch.1nge, canying cap.1dty, and appropriate scale in an integral way We ncecl 10 be factonng m rra/ costs o( projects not just the "set prices-. Rc.11 costs include environmental considerations, hc.ilth considerations, as well as cumulahw affects and long·tenn conscqut'n<X?S. A primary asp<>Ct of th<.> ecological modd is oni:? of orculatio11. The cll'$1gn of hum11n routes needs to be done in the context of other kinds of routes and patterns of orculation. The water cycle, the air currents. (even the Eiirth m ll5 orbit, and the moon in us orb1t)".all circulate and h.wc a tX'aring on each othl.'r. /II ignition routes or animals; routes of :5(.'(.<ds m the wind, pathways or the sand-sharing dune s~k'ltl; animal route:, for Bl"CCSS to water, tocxl, and for returrung to br<"Cdmg grounds; routes of bees p(lllin.-iung flowers, etc. arc all ilspc<"ts of the ctmil:itory p.ittcm of thl' \\id~ Life community. Human route~ arc ill tht context of thb symphony of movement. In this culture we tend to think ufthc farth nsa "noun·, but in act1L1hty, a grt'at deal of Earth functions as "verb" And our models need to reflect that. \\'hen we clcsign our human systtms, we need to as~mrc that we arc not disrupting this flow oi hfe, v;hich is mtt'gt'al to our own life. lntercstmgly, with our culture's sencral overall design promoting cxcc:;sivc mobility. our chihzatlon is bl'\."Omlng "verb" as well, whether we like 11 or not. Our nc:ccss to work, school, social ach\~tics, and so forth requires th.it we "circubtc". The fact is that many of us arc conung to "dwdl" m our automobiles as well as our homes. Poor or non-existent urban planning as Summitr, t 99!1 �well as other physical and psychological factors have created forced mobility and diminished the quality of life not only of humans but also the rest of the Ufe community. When conditions reach such proportlons as they have now, in tenns of the welfare of the planet as well as that of humans and its other inhabitants, what is required in our modelling and our problem-solving? In order to develop comprehensive models, we need to be in touch with what values we want to nurture as a culture. No culture is value-free. Form informs. The forms that we craft to encompass and facilitate our human activities inform and shape us at every tum. Form reflects values whether we itttenlionally ascribe to them or nol IL is important that we bring into consciousness the values we want to nurture and let them become an integral aspect of our d1?Sign of human systems. It is essential to understand what is elemental to the life support system and what is superficial. We need in a public way to acknowledge our community priorities and encourage policy-making and incentives to support these priorities. We also need to develop comprehensive indicators for ecological health. In this culture we tend to think of the Earth as a "noun"... but in actuality, a great deal of Earth functions as "verb". Also in our modelling. it is essential that we employ more than 1ust linear logic. Linear logic gives us solutions such as "add a lane"' to deal with population increase and the rise in motor vehicles on the highways. Relying on this kind of logic, we end up with the solution of "44 lanes of interstate traffic". Multi-dimensional logic is required. logic which encompasses questions of scale, cumulative effects, appropriate use, multi-level interplay of factors, etc. And logic is only D7U! facet of our neurophysiological capacity for perception and problem-solving. We have available to us whole ranges of perception and creative interplay for interacting with the Life community in which we live. We have the capacity for in-depth perception and imaginative reflection as to how our human designs would interact with and affect the whole...both spatiallyI physically, developmentally, and psychically. We have the capacity to kinesthetically perceive rhythms as well as the disruption of rhythms, and we have the imagination to envision restoration. Design can serve to obfuscate or reveal the natural world to us. It can heighten or reduce our capacity to synchronize with other life rhythms besides our own. A culture can actually design for symbiosis, CXH>peration, mtegratton, and inclusion with the wider ecological Ufe community. What is important in design is the reliance on fresh, attentive perception regarding the nature of our multi-dimensional reality rooted in the natural world. This is a pivotal time in our planers history. We have the capacity to witness whole ecological systems at work and to design our human systems to comprehensively interlace with these wider processes. It is up to us to renew our inherent capacity to "'listen" to the natural world...and to act in concert with it. Only when we let its full reality be present to every aspect of our senses are we capable of designing for our own well-being in' relation to the rest of the Life community. This paper was part of a presentation by Thomas Berry and Marnie Muller at the Third Biennial International Linear P11rks Conference held in Asheville, North Carolina, Katuah Prouinct, ~ ~t~ ~ Steady State The Economics of 'Biophysical Equilibrium and Moral Growth by Jim Houser "Ecology means the study (-logy) of the home (eco-), while economics means the management (-nomy) of the home. Accordingly, economics is merely a branch, or discipline, of the larger study of ecology." The coming of Spring makes me realize the KatUah region is quite probably one of the last few paradises left on Earth. Perhaps, it is one of the few places on Earth that have ever been paradise (or as close as we on an earthly plane can get). Whatever the case may be, it is undoubtedly a paradise now. The air feels clean to the lungs. It is crisp and soothing. and fills one with a strength and a sen~ of well being. The wat<.'r Is abundant and clean, making the soil rich and fruitful. The flowers bloom everywhere in the Spring; a wild panorama of colors and sublime beauty which I don"t quite understand why we deserve. But then 1 realize that we don't "deserve" it. It is just here, and so arc we. It ts part of us, and we are part of ll There is no question of whether or not we deserve it, we are simply here. The question 1s whether we can hve on this land "'lthout ncccssanly destroying it. As Wendell Berry says in the Gift of Co()J Land, To live we must daily break the body and shed th!! blood of creation. When we do this loVlngly, skillfully, reverently, it is a sacrament. When we do it ignorantly, grccd.ily, clumsily, destructively, ii is a desecrallon. ln such dcsccration we condemn ourselv1:s to spintual and moral lon<?hness, and others to want. There is a new group of C<"onomists who decry the lack of moral and c!thical judgements in modem economics and cite this ddicicncy as one of the reasons for our current economic: and ecological d~tenoration. They arc led by Herman E. Daly, an economics professor presently employed in the envtronmcntaJ section of the World &nk. S"'mmcr, 1990 Daly maintains that modem economic thoory docs not concern itself with ultimate endS- The standard textbook definition of economics states that it is "the study of the allocation of scarce means among competing ends, where the object of the allocation 1s the maximization of those ends." But modem economic scsence has taken on the guise of an exact science, like physics, and has, accordingly, made itself devoid of ethical questions, focusing all of their attention on what Daly refers to as Intermediate Ends, hke food, warmth, and education. Jn current economic thinking, success is attained by achieving these goats, regardless of the means employed, whether they be a tolilhtarian state, environmental degradation, or destruction of life. Daly likes to point out, however, that economitS began as a branch of moral philosophy. T.R. Malthus m htS classic work the Pnnriples of Politiazl Economy wrote, "Political Economy bears a nearer resemblance to the soence of morals and politics than to that of mathematics." For the early economists like Adam Smith, who wrote Tht Thtory of Moml Sentiments, the most important test of economic institutions was thcir effect on moral character. For economists to cut themselves off from knowlcdgt' obtainC'd through introspc-chon 1s a perversion of their dlidpline. What has happened as a result is that economists have li\'ed up to the observation of Oscar Wilde who pointed out that "an economist i5 a man <sic> who knows the pnce of everything and the value of nothing". In h1> three books, Strady-State Economics; Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essnys on iz Sltady State Economy (which he edited); and For tht Common Good, wnttcn with theologian John Cobb, Daty attempts to bring economists, and everyone else, back to a realm where they can (ClOllllnll<d on ncitt pegc) Ju.u.\+nh Journ~ ptUJC IS �(oonlinued &om page IS) discern the true value of things. He calls this realm the "steady-state economy;" an economy consciously directed according to the laws of ecology, as all economies should be, since ecology 1s the basis for understanding the conditions under which economics and humanity must function. Ecology means the study (-logy) of the home Ceco-), while economics means the management (-nomy) of the home. Accordingly, economics is merely a branch, or discipline, of the h1rger study of ecology. Orthodox economists do not realize this, says Daly. He cites the futility of considering a rise in the Gross National Product (GNP) as an indicator of a healthy society. Obviously, any theory which espouses unlimited growth in a finite biosphere 1s absurd. Modem economists get around this by claiming that GNP is a measure of value. while ignoring the physical aspects of this value. As Daly points out, the fact that wealth is measured in value units (dollars) docs not negate its physical dimensions. We could place a higher and higher value on anything for an infinite length of time, but the actual supply of any material is clearly finite. To give raw materials "value" we must use energy, and, according to the second law of thermodynamics, that total pool of energy 1s always decreasing. As Daly points out in Stcady-Stalt Eco1wmics, Daly calls the flow of production and consumption "throughput." "Steady-state" implies equilibrium, in which the rate of inflow is equal to the rate of outflow. A balanced rate of throughput is the key to maintaining the equilibrium or the "constant stock," (the life support capability of the natural world). Daly uses the analogy of a lake to make this point clear. In order to maintain the level of a lake, the amount of water flowing into the lake must be the same as the amount flowing out. Ir more water flows out than nows in, the lake would eventually dry up. A constant water level can be maintained with either a high or low rate of flow. However, a high rate of flow runs a great amount of water through very quickly. Daly points that at the present time our rate or throughput should be as low as possible, so we at the same time conserve our resoun:es and minimize the amount of refuse. M<?asuring our economy by GNP encourages mmumization of the throughput flow. 'A'hile the human household has been rapidly grow;ng. the environment of which it is a part has steadfastly remained constant in its quantitative dimensions. Its size has not increased, nor have the natural rates of circulation of the basic biog<.'<X:hcmic;il cycles that man e>.ploits. As more people transform more raw materials per person into rommodihcs, we experience higher rates of depletion; as more people transform more commodities into waste, we experience higher rates of pollution. We devote more effort and resources to mining poorer mineral deposits and to deaning up increased pollution, and then we count many of these extra expenses as an increase in GNP and congratulate ourselves on the exlTa growth! Thus GNP can increase every year without ever indicating a decay of the ecological u nderpinning of the production system. That ultima tely, is the main point: by overproducing we destroy our production capability. Daly likens the steady-state economy to a mature ecosystem. A young ecosystem, like a newly growing forest, emphasizes production, growth, and quantity (high production efficiency). A mature ecosystem, such as a climax rorest, emphasizes protection, stability, and quahty (high maintenance efficiency). Daly claims that we have reached the mature stage of our system and we need to emphasize quality over quantity, maintenance over production, or otherwise, as we see happening today, we will bury our life-sustaining ecosystem under a pile or our own garbage. He insists that the flows of production and consumption must be minimized instead of maximized as they are in the infinite growth economy. This docs not imply, however, that Daly is advocating stagnation or regression of human society. It 1s a grave mistake to consider a constantly rising GNP as the mark of an advancing culture. As John Stuart Mill said, It is scarcely necessary to remark that a stationary condition of capital and population imphcs no stationary state o f human improvement, there would be as much scope as ever for all kinds of mental, cultural and moral and social progress, as much room for improving the art or living and much more likelihood of it being improved when minds cease to be engrossed by the art of getting on. ln the steady-state economy the central concept must be the stock of wealth (people and capital, in its widest definition which includes natural resources and processes), rather than the flow of income and consumption, as wealth is defined at present. rn reality, the entire concept of generating income is an illusion. Humans cannot "generate income", we can only take what is here. The key is to not use up the life energy a t a rate raster than nature can regenerate it. Obviously, we are not following that principle. In the case of fossil fo<?ls, as E.F. Schumacher points out in Small Is Beautiful, we continue to treat an ever-scarcer resource as income rather than capital. Ecologically, we a re burning our "business capital" even as we proclaim the health or our "business." I. One of the bases of a low throughput economy is a greater durability or goods, which applies not only to how long they last, but also to how easy it is to put them to another use (recycle). Our current economic system encourages planned obsolcsccnC!!, since we have to maintain a constant market for our ever-increasing production (which led to the downfall of Detroit). A low rat<l of capital throughput also means that we would spend less time on production and create more leisure time. Under our current economic system, we rear decreased production and leisure lime, because that would mean people are out or work. Timc-int<?nsive activities like rricndship, care of the elderly and children, meditation and reO<?ction, are sacrificed in favor of commodity-intensive activities. Hence, we ha,•c the Shopping Mall as the social center of the 90's (have run, meet people, L.lkc the kids, and CONSUME), rather than social centers which promote and help strengthen community and family values. The steady stat(! economy also implies a low throughput rate for population (the other component of the total stock), which would me>an a balanced birth and death rate, and a long life expectancy. Our society docs not seem to recognize that an ever-growing rote> of per capita consumption for an ever-growing population is impossible. A steady population depleting resources and creating pollution at a slow rate is the ideal. The limits regarding what rates of depiction and pollution are tolerable would be derived from our understanding of ecology. These limits address the question of how many people can live in an area and still maintain paradise. The question is: at which point or human population does the desecration of creation become unavoidable? This limit is the "carrying capacity" of an ecosystem. It has been demonstrated that when a population significantly exceeds the carrying potential or its ecosystem, there then results a sudden die-off within that population. So we need to reach an optimum population based on the carrying capacity of our biosphere. My suggestion Is to do away with the GNP and substitute a CNP {Qlrryi~ fotcntial) as the true measure of our economies success. CNP reflects the needs which Daly says our economic indicators need to monitor. Rather than measuring growth Ilk<! the GNP, the goal for the CNP would would be to maintain the population;CNP ratio at one. In other words, H the goal is to maximize our population while preserving ecological integrity, t he ideal would be to keep the population as close to the determined carrying potential as possible. (connnucd on page 29) .. . )(.Qtuah Jourrml. J>"ge 16 .. \' ... ~ -- Summer, 1990 �Hoedad I throw my hoedad into sandy loam, thinking of my children's children as I bend to plant a tree. I throw my hoedad into a rock and experience more fully the pain in the swollen joints of my right hand. I throw my hoedad again and again and again and again and again in the strange and savage dancing of the mad treeplanter leaving lines of pines across the hills of Tennessee Eagerly i press my taproot firm into dark moist slit gumbo, sand, rock, and churt duff or dust or just plain dirt Slam Barn Cram and jam I throw my hoedad, stomp and scram. I grit my teeth and throw my hoedad and place a wimpy little pine tree in what was recently a hardwood forest. Covering a little piece of grid and a bureaucrats ass for him. Making sure there will be cellulose for adult pampers for aging baby boomers. I throw my hoedad, pull back on the handle and am brought to my senses by the powerful brown smell of wild ginger and Here i am on this Sunlit mountain in the early Spring I throw my hoedad and pray the people will re member Earth I plant a tree and p ray that We will all remember. Will Ashe Bason Slimmer-, 1990 Compost I'm composting my past empty rinds of just deserts broken shells of old barriers the coffee grind I'm composting my passed bullshit raps and chickenshit fears 111 throw them to the microbes let lhem bum a little quicker and hotter in the flame of living and dying. Fork it all, i'm chunking funky pumpkin headed notions on the pile and turning over a new leaf mold. Leaving my leftovers. I'm composting my past. Free carbon now! break down all cellulose walls. I'm not for getting it i 'm just for letting it rot and when it's cool and dark and doesn't even stink, i'll shovel it up and use it in my garden. I'll grow roses and rootabagas in re memberance that Here i come, back again. Will Ashe Bason �I 1).)1 I D~gn IJltd calligraphy l1y Marnie Muller �• l ' I �(l'bcseare !he words ofa traditional Olerolcco medicine person.) Archaeologists estimate that the Cherokees first migrared into the Southern Appalachians 6,000 years ago. They figured this by carbon-dating potrcry that they found at the Old Echota village. The poucry was tempered in the southern way, but it was lroquoian in design. That showed that it was Cherokee. The Cherokee have lived here for a very long time. Our population was always expanding. but very slowly. It was told to me that there were about 50,000 Cherokee when de Soto came through. If the white people had waited 200 years to make it over here, they would have had to deal with just two lribcs in the east, the Cherokee and the Iroquois. I think the people's effons to limit their population were quite conscious. We weren't troubled by plagues, and life expectancy was better than that of the white people when they fLCSt came here. The Cherokee chief Junaluska, for example, was way up in his nineties when he died. We were a healthier people than we are now. If children got past their first three or four years, they generally lived to an old age. There were several methods of birth control. Dodder is a commonly-seen fungus. It grows in long, yellow strings and wraps itself around other plants, because it's parasitic. As a contraceptive, it was given to men. When it worked. it worked; but it wasn't that dependable. I wouldn't trust it. But they probably had more faith than I do. There was another method. When a woman had .a baby and the man took away the afterbinh, he would cross one ridge for every year he didn't want to have another child before he buried it But l wouldn't trust that either. Thar's why it wouldn't work for me. Magic comes when all doubt is cleared from the mind. They had no sex when the women were in the moon lodge (during their menstrual period), and a man would always fast from sex before hunting and war. Those things helped. Every time people were involved in a spirirual ceremony, they would fast from sex for three days before. Young people got married any time after puberty. Girls could get married after their first menstrual period. And they didn't wait long. But I think that attirude made a difference. The native people didn't have all the sexual taboos that arc a part of the white culture: that sex is wrong, diny, evil and bad, and that a person has to have a piece of paper and a preacher to do it. The native people had a different attitude about sex. And I think that made a difference in child-bearing as well It seems that people who were closer to the Eanh had natural population contr0ls. Their populations always seemed to hold steady. That usually hinged on food availability, but a.round here food wasn't a very good control. The people grew crops, and there was a lot of game and wild foods in the woods, like berries and chestnuts. OC course they still encountered hard times when their crops were short and there was no game. There could be late floods lhat would wash out the com, or a late frost would kill a lot of the acorns, or it would be dry when the chestnuts were supposed to blossom. Such things would happen. Times like that would trim off some of the marginal people, some of the old people and some of the babies. The people had a different attitude about death back then, too. They accepted it when it came. They didn't cry to hang on to life or to people they were close to. When it was your time to go, it was your time to go. In our tradition it was said that the spirit wasn't fixed in a child until it was three or four years old, and no one was surprised when a young child died or an old person died. The clan system was an important pan of our culture. There were seven clans in the tribe, and there were strict sexual taboos about marrying within the clan. I was told by my grandfather that the tribe had capital punishment for two. n:asons, and incest was one of them. 1!1cest meant marrying anybody within your clan. Clan members were your kin. You could travel to a small village 300 miles away, and even if you'd never been there and none of your people had ever been there, if there was one family of your clan there, you would be taken care of. Tho~c peopl.e would not be biologically related to you, but they would take you m ~ thell" family and treat you like family. But you sure couldn't mess around with one of the girls. That would be like fooling aroun~ with your cousin. ~d ~ou had no desire to ... well, maybe you had a passing moment, bur you d think about that capital punishment and said, "Naaah." The clan system didn't slow anybody down from getting married, but it did keep everybody's genes spread our, so thar people could live in small groups without becoming inbred. It made possible a smaller gene pool. The people had different ideas about technology, too. It's like my grandfather said, "We knew about the wheel, but if you make a wheel, the n you have to make a road. If you make a road, then you have to build bridges and keep it all up. So why bother to put yourself to all that trouble?" He would always make that remark to me when I would tell him Lha t one of the white people's justifications was that "we never used the land." He was amazed by that. He was always quite upset about that, because the native people used the land as much as the white people did, but they used it in a different way. They left much less of a mark on it. But the white people thought that the land was not being used unless it was used with the attitude that it was for the humans, instead of seeing the humans as being a part of it. We did slash and burn agriculture. We would use a stretch of bottomland until it was poor, and the com wouldn't grow big anymore, then we would move down the river to another patch of river cane, bum it, and live there. Meanwhile, the first cane patch would grow up, and in a few years we'd move back to that fLCSt cane patch. This is how we used iL Passenger pigeons were part of our diet, and we'd eat as many as we wanted. Even so, when the white people came here flocks of passenge r pigeons still blackened the sky. We had bufffalo and elk and large animals like that in the mountains and they were plentiful, and we had what we needed. But we don't have any of those now. Today, if your com patch gives out, you can't just move dow_n the s river, because somebody else owns the land downstream. Now there 1 the concept of private property and so many more people. It's hard to explain about a culture with a "non-propeny attitude" toward the world. Trying to explain our attitudes toward dying, birth control, and population control is like crying to explain the fourth dimension in a three dimensional language. It's the same with the attitudes behind the taboos about not pissing, vomiting, shitting, or throwing your trash in the river. When I was a kid, going down the mountain roads I could sec outhouses on logs out over the branch. I'm pessimistic about the fate of the human race. It's hard to be an optimist when I sec that no one is willing to give up anything. Our future is going to require sacrifice. It used to be that people didn't sec themselves as creatures that were superior to narurc; they saw themselves as part of nature. To move evenly with everything was the ultimate goal of the Indian's personal growth spiritual and physical, and to be out of harmony meant that you weren't moving with everything. If you killed a deer, you said prayers and apologized. There was no hostility. It was no personal thing. If a bear killed you, it was the same way. The idea was to move in hannony with the planet instead of seeing it only as your personal resource or as an enemy that you had to conquer. Keeping the ceremonies was important to maintaining that relationship The ceremonies were a way to pull the community together, and they wer~ also a means of seeking hannony with the environment Summer, 1990 �{continued from page 6) KJ: Do you think zoning could be significant? GM: I! seems 10 have worked everywhere else it's been tried. Unfortunately the people here are notorious for opposing zoning as an option for limiting grow1h. Their general reaction is, "Don't tell me whal 10 do with my land," and that's where the argument ends. There is generally never any extended debate, and there is generally never any opponuni1y 10 consider voling in something like this. In areas of the country severely impacted by growth and development, people now recognize that ins1i1u1ing zoning is the only way that they are going 10 reduce growth to sane levels. Without zoning, everything is done in a hnphazard way, and industrial and commercial sites grow up next 10 housing. and so fonh. Florida is now making zoning mandatory in almost every community. Other states that have experienced large increases in population in the past now use zoning as an effective way to control development and to protect cnvironmencally sensitive areas. KJ: Another factor in 1he whole equation is loco! transportation. Being an essentially rural area, the mountains lead to a lot of vehicle traffic. GM: Yes, that is correct. This terrain does not lend itself to car-pooling or mass transit. because 1he population 1ends 10 be somewhat dispersed. There are rew easy-access, straight-line transpona1ion corridors, which means that mass tronsit is difficult tO SCI Up. KJ: On the other hand, 1hough, the s1eep terrain has made it difficult for industrial developmen1. GM: There is always going 10 be limited industrial development here, because the region just isn't favorable for thn1. In that sense our steep terrain is a saving grace. We might be ove~m by shopping malls or hamburger stands - we might be "Pigeon Forged" · but I don't think that we will be over-industrialized. KJ: But in 1erms of habitat destruction ... GM: ...Having second homes and malls is 1he same as having an industry. There will be continually more strip development, de-centralized shopping in all directions. KJ: As far as reacting to out-of-control growth and supporting maximum habitat in the mountains, what do you think people can do? GM: It is going 10 be dirticull to do anything abou1 it, because usually all the people in power arc growth boosters. My suggestion is, if people want 10 understand the dynamics of 1he politics in their area, they should look into the backgrounds of 1he Jl'Ople who hold public office. Check out the people on the water boards, on the sewer boards, and see if there are corporate or real es1a1e affiliations. Voters should look at the people on the town councils, on the county board of commissioners, see who lhey are, and ask about their environmental agendas before returning 14em to office. Summer, 1990 a The next thing people should do is to encourage people with views similar 10 their own 10 run for public office and then work hard to have them elected. lf people want to decrease the rate at which growth is tal<lng place in their area, they need to seat candidates representing lha1 viewpoint on the governing boards of the sewer districts or the water authorities {or the transportation depanment at the state level), so that biodiversity is a priority for those key agencies. At present virtually all the infrastruc1ure boards arc controlled by pro-growth people. Those people who want to expand this area's role as a sanctuary for biodiversity need 10 ge1 cracking politically a1 all levels, because right now their message isn't getting through. KJ: One of the reasons the message isn't gelling through politically is because people are thoroughly convinced that our economy is based on growth, and 1ha1 the success of our sylilem is Phoio by Rodney Webb measured by the amount of growth, rather than by water quality, clean air, and ample habitat for all species. What kind of opnons do we have in a situation like that? How can we change people's consciousness about ii? GM: In this coun1ry we do not have mnny good models of communities or regions that have a long history of no-growth development. So l guess 1he thing to do is to point out examples where communities - even entire regions - have ta.ken the "grow at all costs" direction and have ruined what were fonnerly nice places to live. Florida and Sou1hem Calirornia are examples of large regions lha1 once had exceptional qualities which were lost in a very short period of time. That is why Floriclians are now moving here, and Californians arc moving to Oregon and Washington. Tl all goes back to 1he whole mind-set tha1 says we have 10 keep growing, growing, and growing. Somehow people believe that growth is for everybody's good. Yet in thiny years people look back and ask, "What did T loser' The answer is, "You lost everything." "What did I gain?" "You gained one problem arteranother." Dr. Gary Miller has been director of the Environmental Smdies Program at U11iversil)' of North Carolina Asheville since the fall of 1983 Ar that rime the program had one majoring smdent; now it has almost 100. Miller holds a BS in biology. a masters degree in botany/zoology, and he received a doctorate in plant ecology from the Uni\'ersit)' ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill. For 15 years he lfred in New York State where he was primarily interested in research on vegetation in freshwater bodies. lie still spends his summer months exploring rlwtfield of research. lie and Ids wife have a daughter, who gradumed with a BS in biology from UNC-CJiapel Hill, and a son. who is majoring in biology and chemisrry in his last year at Chapel Hill. • lnttrvlew rtcordtd by Doi# \Vhttltr I \ �TRANSPORTERNATIVES By Patrick Clark NaturaJists Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John Muir all knew the secre1 long ago. They saw the senselessness of going around in motorized vehicles, when the feet do just fine, thank you. Why spend time cooped up in a box on wheels when you could be our 1hcre gcuing around by foot, with the birds and fresh air, and getting good exercise? These words of Thoreau from Walden arc as true today as they ever have been: "We do not ride on the railroad, the railroad rides on us ....If we stay at home and mind our business who will want railroads....Why should we live with such hurry and wns1c in our life?" Automobiles give the illusion of being a fas1 means of cransporration, allowing users more free time. Yet after considering the time spent to finance, operate, and maintain an aiu?m~b~e (nor to mention time for building and mamtammg roads and traffic regulations), rhe automobile doesn't seem to get us anywhere any faster than our own two feet. The auto has been and is a needless waste of the environment and rhe human spirit, bur we've gouen ourselves into a fix. Our entire economical system is built upon fossil-powered transponation. Roads have desecrated the "land of the free". Noise. pollution. accidents, and vi~ual decadence (i.e. America's transponarion system) are woven into the fabric of American society. The need to get around will always exist, but perhaps our society travels more 1han is necessary. There arc ways to i;1ruc1ure our communities and lifestyles to eliminate much of the traveling we do. Where do we go? Work, s~hool, rhe sto~. library, movie. pany, dance, fnends house, Sierra Club meeting, conference. the beach. What 1f mosc of these destinations were closer in--lct's say biking di~tance. (The conferences and the beach would require either carpooling, public transponarion, or extended time off for bicycle touring). Roads would be narrow soips of concrete or gravel with flowers JC.awQ(~ Journa( pca«Je 22 and 1rces on either side, raking us through pleasant countryside and neighborhoods. No cars or ttucks roaring by with fumes and smoke. By slowing us down 10 a human-powered speed, self-propelled uansponation connects us to the Earth and 10 ourselves. It is a link to our past and could be an integral pan of our present. Grecnways (linear parks with hike/bike paths) are catching on all over the country. Hiking and biking paths arc being constructed to ger us all around the continent Today a person can walk the length of the Appalachian Mountains and beyond on the legendary Appalachian Trail. Throughout Karoah arc numerous n:crc.ational trails built and maintained by groups such as the Carolina Mountain Club, including the new Mountains to I.he Sea Trail (which has 260 continuous miles already completed). While the tourism industry is promoting aesthetic and recreational values in this area, roads arc still more numerous than is compatible with the forest Recreational walking is fine, but it is not going to stop the acid rain, noise poUution. and the habitat disruption/ destruction caused by the millions of vehicles driving through the Kanlah province each day, some of them 10 get to the hiking rrails. The bicycle is Jess impacting than most other forms of transportation on the environment. With it, one can get to places mostly unreachable without a car or a lot of rime. And yet bicycling is still slow enough for face to face human contact and cnjovmenr of birds, flowers, and sky. Costs· to the environment arc minimal and monetary expenses are a fraction of those needed to own and operate a car. So stress is lessened in more ways than one. Enlightened engineers are working on solar-powered vehicles. These will be great, and J'll be the first to invest in one, but the need will still exist for walking and biking. What can a person do 10 adopt a more self-propelled lifestyle right now while in transition to our bikeways/walkways society? Getting to work is one of rhe most imponant aspects of self-propelled rranspon· 0raWll1g by Rob Mcuick ation, because this is a trip most people take almost every day. There arc tricks to doing it right such as dressing for the weather, carrying items needed at work, and being presentable once you get there. But once in the habit, this commute is quite satisfying and relatively stress-free. I know bicycling works. ln metropolitan areas. people commute many miles by bicycle, contributing to clean air by reducing oil consumption and lessening traffic congestion. I joined them for awhile when t lived in Washington, DC, and biked eighteen miles round-trip through the Rock Creek Park Greenway. There I met people who decided cars were not for them. With sidebags and trailers, even families were getting around without difficulty. Some third world countries have never had auto-caused problems because bicycles have always been a necessity. Herc, bicycling can be more challenging. Bike paths haven't caught on much ye4 distances arc greater, roads arc narrower, the terrain is rugged. and !here are blind comers. Still, it can be done. We need to keep pushing for bicycle facilities and educate city planners and motorists. (Join your local bicycle club.) Recycling and organic vegetables and solar energy arc fine, but wi1hou1 sustainable transponation they will remain futile anempts a1 environmental restoration. Resources: Worldwatch Institute P.O.Box 6991 Syracuse, NY 13217 For information on the Bikcways Task Force. contaet Mary Helen Duke (Transponation Coordinator) Land of Sky Regional Council 25 Hentagc Drive k;heville, NC 28806 (704) 254-8131 The Bikcways Task Force needs volunteer help for a bike route mapping project and bikeways legislation. Summer, 1990 �IMAGINING THE END OF REAL ESTATE by Hectfilre P. Condeau There arc munncrs about, for those intuitive and sensitive enough to hear them, that our relationship with Biosphere as in need or profound reconsideration and even rc--invention. Many of our current attitudes about the Earth and its capacity to sustain life arc reflected in the continuing musty precepts or Feudal "tenants" and practices. By such methods land is to be held as property by those in power. It can be bought only at a price by those who h.:ive the means to pay olf others in power for the right to "own" the land. Military service is required by the "lords" of thl:' kingdom in order to protect its sovcreignty and to maintain obedience to the kingdom. If Feudalism ended with the creation or a declaration that stated "all people are created equal" why arc there still Landlords that relish in raising prices, Corporate Castles in far-off lands, and Kings of Business that wear crowns of excess profits on their heads while "vassals" must suffer through the best they can· with little opportunity to get past class structures designed and maintained by those unable 10 relinquish their grip or economic power over other people in human society? What is called for is the crcation of different value systems m mediating the relations within human societies, and particularly in how human societies rclate to the Biosphere. By maintaining systems of lnduslrial Oass (ie; capitalist or socialist) where money and resources are "bottlenecked" by the State, Corporations, or privileged classes, those who arc not involved with such 'elites· are often lert out of the primary decision-making or the society. Then a dangerous situation can develop in which there is a lack of communication in the society, and it becomes fragmented This fragmentation is easily transferred onto our relations with H~hit"'" •·thcr than our own, and the many forms or life that inhabit them; from bears to bugs to bacteria. What would be the consequences or human beings regarding the health or ecosystems other than their own as crucial to the viability of all life including its own? I think ii would mean th.it individual ownership of the land would come under intl'OSC scrutiny, and that for human beings to be able to "settle·· or live in a particular area they would have to be able to prove their worth as caretakers or 'friends' of the land. This would have to be done in the context of the inhabited region, and also in light of current awareness or lhe complex inter-relationships among many fonns or biota that make a region of the Earth what it is. Ultimately, It would mean that our basic models for economics, business, industry, and even our own day-to-dny existence would change from that of a rigid dominancc-<!ulogi%ing system of Real Estate, Development for the? sake of bloating growth, and Factories dispersing contaminants into vital air, water, soil, and biota or the planet. The models would change into Ecosystems· With multiply mixing long, medium, and short duration circulation patterns, or feedback luop~. 'These cycles moving through the Biosphere int~atc the ingestion, absorbtion, and excretion or various forms of chemical and radinnt energy from multiple Types or organisms and the solar wind. We exist in a complex array of feedback loops, within the region we co-mhab1t. The C5SCntlal inter-rclahonsh1p between organisms and l'nvironmcnts at various SCOJ'L'S of the Earth is the basis for a difforcnt kind ot undcrst.lncling than thl! prevailing ''bch.lve as though machines arc the only model of reality that matters" kind of athtude that we h.:ive been fed by the bulk of modem science. The emphasis now shifts from co~ntrating on lnch\;dual kinds or ~y~tcms thcmsch-~ to the energy or mrormatlon that is moving between many kinds of s~tcms. In this spirit let's focus on the relationship between human communities, institutions. neighborhood,, hou~holds, ramih(.'S, and indh'lduals in the context of the broader and more ecologically diwrsc Bion.'t;10ns they inhabit. In this century our emph.1sis ha~ been on the mtel\Slve "h.1rVC$ting" of energy in the forms of ruel, building materi.ils. rrunc-rals, foods, water, and other n.'-sourccs from the greah'r hfc community or the region. Our paras1uc tendencies as a spccics have ortC'n been ewer· looked because of ingr.11ncd habits through which "profit" ramcd m this way from ecological .1nd geological sources became 1 HE way to <'nsure that our families or communiues would survive. This was p.uUally due to a past of scarcity and harsh~s, and our relative 1Mbility to undcr:>tand and change the basic patterns of susta1n.1bihty in the planet. Now thb has changed, and so h.1s our rclallon with all other living beings. The lndustnal era with all its far reaching efrccb or cont.lminahon and 1labitat d~lruclion has paradoxically come around to face us with a ~ery mto our own values as a 'body" or humanity. The "power" put into mdu~~ 1s now showing a potential or rar Jess scarcity than previously c;xtsted m the ~lk'Cllve h_uman endeavor. Yet the "price" for being able to bve m some kmd or rdnllvc harmony with non· human Pabilats and have a Summer, 1990 ''THE IMPACT OF liUMANS IS NOW MATC\llMG 'fHAT Of ME.TEORS'' technology th.it is able to be efficient and does not drastically interfure with the basic morphology or health or a given rcg:on 1s this... We need to regulate our numbers because our impact is proving unsust.lmable not only for ourselves, but also in regard to the diversity of habitats around us which are the source or potential well bcmg for such complex creatures as mammals. The main predators we now have to worry about are Ourselves, colliding asteroids, volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, some micro-organisms and viruses, and our own industtatcd excreta such as bombs, plutonium, dioxin, and a plethora of other toxic chemistries cookcd from petroleum. Thus we ne«! to create ways of internalizing, with our minds and hearts, some fonn of species population limits. One question that comes to mind when thinking about the potential 'carrying capacity' or human beings in this Mountain Bioregion of l<atUah is: What arc we to do with thl! Feudal Legacy of economically unjust and environmentally unsound concepts and pmcticcs that have bcC'n accepted as the only way or "doing business" in the region? What if the "upper classes" can afford to buy land or houses and arc unable to make sound decii;ions about its destiny and the destiny of the people living there? Is there any real Sense to be found In a rash of second homes being built in an area where wages are low and there is homclcssne!.57 There will need to be some 50rt of sy~tcm of mediation and justice m working through the relations within the hum.1n community and th.lt o( the many communilic:. or lifo that su~tain the human community. This appears 10 be one of the great challengl'S to the pol(!ntial maturity of human beings Into a non-scl£ish role within the Biosphere. To ch.:inge our attitudes about the land around us from treating ii as a machine, deshned to be both our "raw fuel" and our scwl!r, to that of <'ClllogiC'al or inter-recycling modes, would change both our thinking and our everyday experience of how our hvcs can be organized. Ry slowing the overall flow of energy through our community systems~ maybe nblc to reduce some or the conlusro ambitiousness and ch.1os that 15 b«oming the norm for many people on the North American continent. We exert stress on biogrogr.:iph1cal cnvironmcntS around us by extracting too much from th('m and sluughing off too much of the energy we can't recycle onto them. This energy takc:; th•" forrn or i;asrous compounds :.uch as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and sul(cr dioxide exhau,;tmg from po\';L'f "plants" and automobiles. It ~1kcs the torrn of finite '\lrcams of once-US(' packaging around many "products" from foods to motor oil. It also takes the forrn of fluids such ns solvents. rCB's, dyes, and pcst1C1dcs.. Our 'work' now seems to be that of re-Inventing our technologies and the effect~ of our tcchnologi~ on the greater ecologies or the Earth, so that the rollccttve and personal force of our Impact can be reduced without continuing lo use "props" as ever more l'fl\1l'Onmcntally expensive energy slaves such n~ automobiles and coal burning power 'plants'. Who dcadcs what is environmentally appropriate and what ls not? Would it go to a Global type consensus, or would the people of each Biorcg1on be nblc to fine tune their practices in .1 :>pcctrum of specific areas from Humanlcss Preserves to concentrated human actil.-ity? (continued on ~ell) Cazto0n by Rob Messick JGntimh )ournci( pcuJe 23 l �REQUIEM FOR OAK RIDGE Nanni World News Service HOW BIG IS A LEGAL BEAR? Nanni WC>rld News Service More than 350 people jammed the bleachers 111 the Smoky Moun1111n High School in Sylva, NC in one of two bC<lliogs called by the NC Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) io hear opinions on a proposal lO raise the legal hunting limil for black bears 10 a weight of 100 poun~. Many oC those m the gym wen: bunters who wanted 10 keep the present 50 pound weight limit. but approx11na1ely 50 people aucnded the hearing In support of the higher limiL Unifonncd wildlife offiCCIS were slBtiOllCd a1 the enlr.lllCcs lO the hcanng. hnodtng out a s1:11emcnt by the s1a1e chap1cr of lhe Wildlife Socic1y. a biologisis' organiui1ion, lhat staled tha1 group's opposition 10 a higher weight limit, and a program printed for the even1 by the NCWRC that also contained a statement saying that such a change was incffcc1ivc, Biid lha1 habit.al was Ille primary factor in block. bear survival Several of !he speakers vehcmcn1ly sugges1ed 1hnt 1h1s acuon compromised the impaniali1y of Ille NCWRC 111 the hearing. Discussion at. the hearing wa~ heated, fueled mostly by dwigrcemcnt about the si1,c and statu~ of the bbck bc3r population. Proponent<; of 1hc higher weight lunit argued 1ha1 at the prcscm 1ime 1he black bc:it population was reproducing cilher just a1 or below the minimum lc\•cl ncces"'1ty for continued viabili1y. They s:iid that an occurring o:ik dcxlinc, atmospheric polluuon, and the advcn1 of Ille gypsy moll! "'ouJd put further pr~sure.~ on the black bear popul:11ion, p~urc.s 111:11 the bears could not ~usl3in . Raising the weight limi1, they said, would ulklw female bears more years m which 10 breed nnd odd lO the populauon Humers defended 1hcar ethics and pracu~ ;,ind S3id, "Besides, there'~ hclb of~ ou1 lhcrc.• h wns no1 ~urpnsang to those who attended the llC:ltlng tha1 one momh later the NCWRC voted ll-0 10 !'Clain the pound we1gh1 l11ni1 ror Ille black bear. Paul Gallamore of the Sou1hcm Ap113lachian Bl.lck Bear Federation. wh"h lud been a major force behind lhc we1gh1 change proposal, said, "This as d1scouragmg, however. considering 1hc runount or mpu1 1he commission rccch·cd. We know 1ha1 they go1 more than 1,000 lcu.ers m favor of r.usmg Ille hm1L" so Xatuaf1 Journat pn~ 24 11 was a damp dawn 1uming slowly into a mis1 y Sunday morning - Earth Day, 1990. Seventy mourners gathered and held hands in a circle at the ga1es of the Y-12 N11Clcar Weapons Componem Plllnt in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The sad strains of Moian's "Requiem• played in Ille background. "We begin Earth Day with a time of mourning for the Enr1h in O:ik Ridge. Beyond this fence. in these buildings, the brightest of human minds have overlooked Ille most profound and obvious iruth • that our place in creation is 10 be p3t1 of it. in rclntion.~hip 10 the Earth and all crcatwcs, and to care for Iha! which susuins us." the Rev. Ralph Huichison told the black-robed circle of friends with foces p:ain1ed whiic. "This morning we acknowledge that the rclmionship be1wcen humankind and lhc Earth is broken. Jn this pbce we have abused the Enrth from which all life comes-· twisting the gift of life into forces of death. In what was once the gentle f:itming communi1y of Whe:lt. we have beaten ploughs.hares into swords. Md we have lost our priorities.• Following the brief ceremony, a young maple tree was planted in front of the Y -12 sign. Ney Pinedo, a Pcruvirul Indian in 1hc United SUllllS raising support for the Amazon rain fores1, spoke "in Ille nnmc of 2,000 tribes" and gave a blessing 10 the sapling. "This is a symbol of life away from death." Pinedo said. REPRIEVE FOR ALARKA Nanni World News Service The NOrth Carolina Dcpar1mcn1 of Environmenllll f\.13nagcment (DEM) made a political compromise :ind decreed that the waters of Alarkn Creek arc no1 "Ouisl31\ding Resource Waters." as biological tesis show. but •High Quality Waters." a sligh1ly inferior classification. However. that ruling was still enough to hold off developers inicrc.~tcd in turning the well-known na1urnl area inio a golr resorL The developers decided not to citercisc their option IO buy the propcny. and Alarka is safe· temporarily. Opinion in lhc three counties coniiguous lO Ille property was mixed. At a public hcnrmg in Swam County in November of 1989 the reaction was overwhelmingly m favor of the dcvelopmenL Of the lcuers received by the DEM, however, I IS were for prolccting lhc crcclc, while 25 s1ood opposed. Two hundred and eighty-seven people signed petitions supponang proLCCtion and 195 signed agains1 ii. Most of !he opposition was cenlCted an Swain Coun1y, •vherc Ille Citizens Against Wilderness group has organized voters io oppose any fedcrnl or suic land protecuon programs. WHAT WOULD THE TREES SAY? N11un.J World NcwJ 5.,....., Two hundred acuvists from the soulllcasl and 01hcr regions across the conuncnt came ioge1hcr f\.by 2S-27 10 131k aboul S3\ ing Ille 1hrcatencd l'orcsts or this land. Tiic fifth · Nnuon:il Reform lhc ForeM Service Pow-wow" mc1 a1 Camp Green Co,·e an Tuxedo on 1he Green River in North Carolina. A maJOnl)' of 1he group agreed on a statcmcm called "The Green Cove Pl;itform" lha1 outlined wa~s to return native d1vers11y 10 1he fore.\! and create mccntivcs for a more ecological rcla1ionsh1p wuh na1ural forc.<llanch. Ned Frit1. of Texas. 3 leading elder in the movcmcni to resist clearcu1ting, :<p<>ke to 1hc conference :ind led discus.<aons. Jeff DcBonis, a founder of the Association of Focesl Service Employees for Environmental Ethics, which agiuuc.s for ecological forest practices from wilhin the Forest Service ranks, spoke about the sllltus and program of the AFSEEE organization. Dr. Roben Zahner, professor emeritus or forestry at Clemson University, outlined the steps necessary 1 0 restore the eastern old-growth forest; Walton Smilh , a retired forester and membeT of the Western Norlh Caroli na Alliance, spoke abou1 lhe system of uneven-aged forest management he has developed al his Waldce Forest in Macon County; and David Wheeler urged auendccs to approach forest Issues from an ecologically realistic rather than a politically •reatistic" standpoinL Bun Kornegay, a wilderness expedition leader lllld president or the Bartram Trail Socie1y. offered valuoblc insighis as he considered what Henry David Thoreau would think aboul today's environmental movcmena. Bill Oliver and Glen Waldeck rocked the house with their songs of Ille movement that were al once inspiring and emcrtaining. FREE THE FOREST! FREE THE BEARS! NAnnt World New1 Service In a daring daylighl raid, six nmja commandocs from the Earth Liberation Front (ELF). lhe Kaulilb chapicr of the group Enr1h Firs1!. rescued and released Smokey the Bear from the Nantahala-Pisgab National Forest hcadquan.c:rs in Asheville on April 17 The rescuer$ approached lhc building and rc1umcd with the Conner hosuge, who, when asked about his condi1ion, said, ·rn be alrigh1 when l get ou1 of these damn panis. • before 1clling of the horrors of captivity and Ille brainwaslung techniques used in a vain effort to erase his innntc mcmoTics of hfe in Ille wild. Not to leave the Forest Service wilhout 11 mascot, I.he group inuoduced the prcn to Stumpy, lhe paper mach€ stump. their cllJ'ldidatc to more accur.iicly rcprcscm Forest Service policies 10 the public at latge. As black-su11cd commandocs esconed Ille bear to safety, Ran,gcr Fred and Rangercltc Fredericka came on the scene, evidently io pacify the crowd and 10 1um the unscttling event to the advanlllge or the govcrnmcnL Ranger Fred fim gave a discourse on silvicultural economics for those present: "We in the Farce Circus manage the nauonal forests in a muUiphtudc of uses 10 maximize profiL Got a question? Keep 11 '1il Inter.· He then regaled the nudiem:e with folksy, friendly siones m the warm, caring manner of a Ir.lined publicisL "Some day you here arc gomg to take your young ones out inio the fonner forest slump communi1y, and you will be able to impress lhcm wnh your knowledge of woodslore. 'Now that over there; you can tell them, 'is a popl:ir siump. And over !here is a hemlock s1ump.' And they will listen for hours to en1cr1nining and educauonal stories abou1 our r1:11ional stumpland.• Jeff Smllh then re;id the "Ecological Manifesto for th~ Katliah Province" (5CC Kt11UJth Journal #26). which "'as complcicly ignored by 1hc media, who focused !hear coverage on the more frivolous pans of Ille action and tttillatcd their public w11h occnsional mention.~ of "trcc·~p1king" in relation to 1he ELF group. One month la1cr, on May 21 , in ano1hcr vain a1tempt to focus media aucntton on the ecological needs of 1hc fores1 hab1ta1, 1he ELF group and members of n new group, Rescue Rangers, returned 10 the Forest Services. Two members of Rescue Rangers, Da,·id Wheeler and Rodney Webb. posted copies of 1he "f:eologacal M;imfc~IO for the Kaufah Province• and !hen ch3incd themselves 10 the orricc doors, complc1cly blocking them for onc·h:!lf hour unul taken into cus1ody by federal marsh;ils. Dcmonslr:ltors on the sidewalk sang 3nd charalcd. Swmmcr. l 990 �"Stop the logging! Close lhe roads! The hardwood f~t has to grow!" as lhc two resistors were lllken away. "The US Forest Service has lost 11S mandate." Wheeler told lhe press. "It has shown itself incap:ible of caring for lhe forest lands entrusted IO 1L The ngcncy sees iL~ mission as representing human interests in lhe forests, rather lhan serving the ecological nctds of lhc forest 11.SClf.• The "Ecological Manifesto for lhc Ka1uah Province" calls for lhe public lands in the Southern Appalachians 10 be cons1i1u1ed as an evoluuonary preserve IO keep nauvc species from exunclion as a result of the present ecological crisis. All further logging and roadbu1lding would be prohibited in the evolu11onary preserve, and human use would have 10 confonn to 1he nctds of habitaL The program also calls on the people of the province to stop atmospheric pollution. 10 adapt their lifc.~1yles to fit within the carrying capacity of the rci;ion, and 10 cultivate an ou11udc of respect for the natural world. For their act of civil disobedience, Wheeler and Webb face 30 days in jail and a S50 line, and an additional S5,000 fine under a special government law. Cont.1CIS: Rescue Rangers Box 282 Sylva, NC 28779 Earth Liberation Front (ELF) Boit 171 Alexander, NC 28701 For copies of the "Ecological Manifesto for the Katunh Province," write 10: KmUahJournoJ Box 638 Leicester. NC 28748 CLEAR CUTTING: WAY TO GO? OR GO A WAY? RETURN OF THE RED WOLF MIDDLE CREEK FALLS Nanni World Ncwl SCl'licc Natural World News Service In March, I990 three pai~ or red wolves wen: released on the Tennessee side or the Gre:u Smoky MountaiM National Park. If this rein1todueuon IS suecc.~sful. n permanent population of SO 10 100 woh·es will roam this pan or the red wolf native hab1U11. Just over ten years ago lhc red wolf 11.·as extinct in the wild. Forty wolves along the Gulf coast were captured by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and placed ll1 captive breeding programs. Originally the program was at Point Defiance Zoological Park m Tacoma Washington, but it wa~ later expanded IO include six1ccn other facilities. By 1989 the populauon had grown 10 105 animals. However, it is only through reintroduction 10 a free eitis1ence that they can regain the vigor as a specie.~ that millcnia of evolution hnvc given them. The Fish and Wildlife Service released a drnf1 Red Wolf Recovery Plan in 1989. which aims al establishing a tollll populauon of 550 animals, v.•ilh 200 animals living m wild rar"s and other protceted areas. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park 1s considered a pnme inuoduclion site. By reintroducing the wolves 10 the Smokies it is hoped that the smaller coyote. which has migrated 10 the Smokies since 1985. will be driven out. This logic is somcwruu skewed, however, since the coyote, through the process of interbreeding, was considered one or the major thrcais 10 the small surviving population of red wolves on the Gulf coast. Why this phenomenon would not occur again is not uplained. If the first release proves successful. a second stage will be implemented in which twenty wolves will be released in the more remote areas or the the s17.000 ocro part. The last wild wolves in the Smokies were killed m 1910. A shy animal, the loner red wolf, which docs not hunt in packs. is absolutely no thrcal IO humans. The Middle Creek Falls lie n0t far from lhc rood between Scaly Mountain and the town of Otto in Mlcon County, NC, but not many h:ivc seen them. However. they arc well·known :ind wclf.Joved by those who ha"e clambered down 10 visit them. Since 1916 they have been public propc.ny as pan of the N:intahala National ForesL Now Dudley M:inning. a resourceful developer who has acquired property around the falls, wants lhcm for the crowning jewel and main selling poml for a residential development he is planning for the site. The US Forest Service h;is a practice called land-swapping, in which they publish 11 list Of private lands that they f.:el are stra1cg1cally important 10 the completion of the national forest, and offer 10 swap for these parcels with other Forest Service land of equal value but less Slrotegic imponance. Manning has bought 1wo parcels of land on the Forest Service swap list, one a 1.252 tract along the French Brood River m Madison County, and 1he other a 157 acre traet along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Jackson County. He is offering IO trade both these properties for the 665 acre~ comuinmg the Middle Creek Falls. Local people are upset. Jonathan William~. a writer and publisher from Highland~. t\C, says, "There :ire sacred phlccs here and there on the Earth, where a person can develop depth of feelings . and this is one of lhcm ... I want ii left alons. Change around these pans too often mcansrumation.· And Keith Day. a member or the Bartram Trail Society, has begun an active grassroots campaign on behalf of the falls. These people and their neighbors arc asking others lo write to Gary Benneu; lligblnnds Ranger District; RL 2, Box 385; Highland~. NC 2874 1 asking that the US Forest Service raise additional funds IO acquire necessary lands and not uade off beautiful scenic places like Middle Creek Falls. NATURAL WORLD NEWS continued p.26 Nalllral World News Service Three recent announcements by the US Forest Service give a comment on lhe agency's forest management policies. On April 23. the day after Earth Day, Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl announced 1ha1 as a part of the revised forest management plan for the Nantahaln-Pi.~gnh National Forcsis clearcutting would be dc-empllllsizcd as the Forest Service method of choice for timber cutting. He cited public opposiuon 10 the prac tice and instructions from Forest Service Chief Dale RoberlSon in his remand of the Nanlahala-Pisgoh I S-ycar management plan. "We can change, and we are changing." Dahl said. There is good reason for skepticism. Less than one month after this dcclaralion, 1he Forest Service announced anol.her timber sale, called the Bee Tree Sale. in the Pisgah National ForcsL E:o:ccp1 for a ~moll area close 10 a creek, the entire sale tract is to be clearcut and hauled out by cable-logging equipment, which L~ rc-.crved for work on steep slopes. Envtt0nmcnt.11is1S arc up in arms about the sale, and the We.stem North Carolina Alliance, which has led 1hc oppos11ion 10 c:lcarcutung in the mountain province, plans lO appeal the sale. The Forest Service made ilS own comment on its ctearcutting policies when it revealed that clcarcuuing 111 the Nation:il Forests in Nonh Carolina had cost lallpaycrs S2.64 million in bclow-cos11imbcr sales in 1989. The losses in the N:uuahala·Pisgah National ForcsL~ were grc:ucr th:m that, bealuse the Uwharrie l\'a1ion:1l l"orc~t in the piedmont area milk.cs a profit on its timber sales. Summer, 1990 b ~Limh Journm Pa1J"- 25 �(ocmlinucd &om pege 25) on them the invisible stress and reductJon in lifcsp:in continue to be a plague and consequence of our excessive human over- depe:ndancc on fossil fuels. rubber, and mined metals from far away places. From this we structure our socicocs, from this they may also become dcsUucl~ IT MUST HA VE BEEN THE ROSES Narural World News Sc"'ice Orawmgs by James Rhea EASTMAN CO.: WORLD-CLASS POLLUTER Nanni World News Savicc The Tennessee Eastman plant, ~dqWlltcn; and the largest production plant of the Eastman Chemical Corporation has been r:mkcd as the l(>p air polluter in Tennessee and 14th in the Uni1ed Swtes in a study recently released by the Environment.al Protection Agency and the cnvll'Onmental group Citizen Action. The Eastman plant rtlC.'.lSCs 40 million pounds of 1oxic chemical~ into the air each ye.v. 1l1e chemical ace1one makes up 80% of the annual COilie release. Kodak reported tnfornuuon nbout its polluung ncliv1ues in accordance wuh lcgist::uion en11llcd 1he Emergency Planning and Communi1y Right 10 Know Act. The Kodak plane employs 11,000 people and makes fibers, chemicals, and plas1ics. II has been caJlcd co cask bcf<>tt by cnvironmenlal groups who documented tha1 plant emucn1.s were also polluting the Holston River. CAN WE SA VE THE DEVIL '? NllUral World New. s~.,., On Marth 14th 1990, the TruSI for Public Lands (fPL) decided to purchase 828 acre.~ in Macon Count)' known locally as the Devil's Courthou;;e. which is loca1ed on the upper wa~ed of the Chattooga River. The Devil's Courthouse as composed of sheer granite cliffs which drop from the height~ of Whiteside Mounlain to the cove below. Al~o an this upper watershed 3.l'Ca of the Chatcooga River are =kb und a wnter fall named Silver Slapper. This upper aru of the river (five miles west of Cashiers, NC) ha.~ been thrcaccned by developcmem for some ume. The lower pas..<:;iges of the ChaltOOjµ are well known and tm1·elcd by river raftc~. who paddle and slosh throug)I what is dc•ignaled by the federal government as a "Wild and Scenic River." The US Forest Service attempted 10 acquire the lands 111 the upper water \hcd or the Ch:mooga earlier this yenr for inclusion in the Nantahala NatJonal Forest. Fund.~ for protecung this enllle wa1crshcd have not bocn fonhcomrng from Congress. The area has now become the cop priori1y land acqui~ition of the USFS. The Tru.<t for Public Land~ is encouraging the public to support Congressional fondrng necessary lO conscrvc thi5 viwl 11.-:ucrshod. By 5paring u from the ravages of the l'C$0rt Xatiuih Journa( pll!JC 26 market. perhaps its bcau1y and integrity can still be enjoyed by ooming generations. LIFE IN THE OZONE (revisited) Nanni World Ne~ Scrv""' Most of us do it every day: get in the car and drive to the store, or to work, or to drop off the kid~ somewhere. The effects or doing this are generally not apparent to our senses, except for perhaps the smell of exhaust or a p:lUl in the wallet when the car needs rcpall'. Bui the foct is that every tJme we ignite those flaming engines of au1omotive "progress" we create a brew of gasoous cxhnust thm ha~ far more effcet on the current atmosphere than we at first rcali1e. One of the gases created in the "ake of the.~ comb1m1ve cauldrons is ozone • a deep blue, explosive, poisonous, and pungent gas th:l1 exists as three combined oxygen atoms (OJ). The existence of 01.one in the outer "1rnle>5phcrc is essenual 10 screening excessive ultraviolet radintaon from the surface or the Eanh. Yet iL~ cooccntmuon m the inner atmosphere causes rcsparruory problems an mammals, and mh1b1ts the growth or sortwood trees and flowering plants. For human bcmg.s 11 is the elderly and the young that are the mOlil adversely affcclCd by life in the 01.one. 1lydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, which are emitted from puttering cars and trucks. come into chemical rc~c:tion in the presence of sunlight and create these insidious tt1unc molecules. Cnrs and truck~ arc the primary source of o~one in these mountains. Summcmme can find us with levels of this molecule exceeding the 113tion.:il ~L:lndards of public health. A nauonal study mto the sources and effects of OlOne contam111a1ion wa.~ ordered ten year ago by the Congress or the United States. As the study nears completion, it has cost 5 million dollar~ and included over 1,000 sdcntJsts and engineers. Final rcpons on the 01one in the air of the inner atmosphere over western North Carolm3 are due later this year. What the rcpon found 1hus far 1s tha1 ozone 1s the worst form of air contammataon an the Katuah Province. Acid rain, a related problem, affects higher clevauons primanly, and according to James Mahoney 11 as the concentration of acid~ m wa1cr..hcd soils and forcsL~ at these elcvauon~ thJt i~ currcnuy causing the gn:.-ucst concern, The lower elevations have yet to show damage as seven:. Our strCCts and highways appear as s=t trac:ks of 1numstve chcm1cal conversion and d1Spcrsion. For the pcclesu'iln moving across them, or the passenger passmg A rcpon recently released by the Swte of Nonh Carolina showed that the Champion paper mill in Canton, NC is responsible for some of the dirtiest air in the enure swte. From January 10 June of 1988 the concentrations of particulate.'\ in the air of the area exceeded state standards five times. These cases account for all but one of the major violations of air QW1l11y in 1988. Suspended particul::ucs or this area were the hig)lest of 74 site.~ studied statewide. The state standard for these aerial molecules is 150 micrograms (mg) per cubic meter. The average at the Canton site was 78 mg, but it reached heights of 216 mg during that y<::Jr A spokesman for Champion International attributed the increase or partieulmcs to a new road built for carrying lime thnl was not watered down tO keep ll1e dust from nying off. A tack or rain that year also incn:a.o;cd the potential for moving dusL They claimed that the problem diminished when they increased effons to keep the lime powder down. Since then the ambient air conditions have cleared somewhat and the slate now consider,; Champion to be an compliance with the Stllte Slalldartl. The dan:ctor or the Western North Carolina Rcgioru:il Air Pollution Control Agency, which is an independun1 group that monitors air quality for State officiaJs, claims 1hat conunucd hii;h levcls of particulllte would be a "nuisance· anJ did not ncceS!>arily indicJtc o danger to anyone breathing it. However, the report they produced also claimed that extreme exposures to panaculate-fillcd rur c:ll1 cause aggmvation of heart and lung dascru;c, and e<m increase the likelihood of cancer and other respirn1ory problems. A broken filler ma ltme kiln at the Champion plant was also cited :is a concributing factor to the increased concentrations of particulate. As complaints "filtered' m from local residents the lime kiln was finally rep:ured in 1989. How muc:h airborne pollution is IOO much? Ask not for whom t.he smokestack fumes. n fumes for thee. TURNTI\G DOWN THE POWER Nanni World News Smlicc The board of directors or the NC Electrical Membership Corporation (NCEMC) voled on May 29 to drop all plans to construct a diesel-powered peak generating system a1 Deep Gap in Watauga County. The board also made it clear that it would not undertake any further plans for building diesel-generated power St:ltions. The board cited licensing delays, public opposauon to the project. and "respect for the wishes or the BREMCO (Blue Ridge Electrical Membership Cooperative) board." which in a face-saving gesture had requested an end IO the prOJCCL ln spite of a loud public outcry. NCEMC had been aggressively pressing ahead with plans for the generating stauon until the Rural Electrificauon Adm1nastra1ion. which had yet to approve the proposal, made a public announcement that it had questions as to the Stalion's effect on the local environment Oppo:;1llon to the Deep Gap swtion was led by the group Mounutan People for Clean Mountain Atr and the Blue Ridge Environmcnt.ll Dcfcno;e League. Summer, 1990 �SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN NlJl"f.7 Ai lD Tl..J:E B10SPFJEit.:E !PROGRJ11Vl The Man (sic) and the Biosphere Program is an international program started by the United Nations Educational, Cultural. and Scienrific Organization (UNESCO) in 1971 to work in particular habitat areas "to build a harmonious relationship between man (sic) and the environment on a scientific basis." The international MAB program has identified a network of biosphere reserves in characteristic biomes (natural regions) around the world. Each biosphere reserve is based around a core zone, a wild landscape which contains as much of the representative diversity of the region as possible. Outside the core zone are various special use areas to promote preservation and study of rraditional land use techniques of indigenous people, in-depth rcsean:h into the ecosystem, and demonsr.ration and study of habitat restoration methods. Surrounding these inner areas would be a multiple-use zone, or what is called an "area of cooperation," where sustainable human use would be practiced. The project is regional in scope. This is shown in the Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere (SAMAS) project, which has outlined an area almost identical to the Katuah Province as the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve. SAMAB was created by the agreement of ~even government agencies in 1988. Southern Appalachia was chosen by UNESCO as one of the first biosphere reserve areas because of "the region's unique and globally significant ecosystem" and because "the Southern Highlands, like many other regions of the world, have been subjected to largely uncontrolled growth in population and auendant development, particularly in the past two decades." UNESCO recognized the Southern Appalachians as "one of two areas in the United States which best exemplifies biosphere reserve concepts." The SAMAS organization already has several projects already underway. Among these are: - developing a computerized ecosystem data base for the region, ~ training specialists to inventory biological diver.;ity (planned are links with Latin America to monitor migratory bird populations). - detecting and chaning climatic changes and ecosystem responses, - developing environmental education programs for elementary schools, - encouraging an environmentally-compatible tourism industry, - and creating a coordinared resource managrnent plan that could be offered to developing countries. The basis of SAMAB is cooperative regional planning. While the regional model being promoted by the organization is excellent, and the project goals arc largely laudatory, the project now consists only of the regional divisions of six federal agencies - the National Park Service, the USDA Forest Service, the Southeastern Forest Experiment Srnrion. the US Fish and Wildlife Service. the Economic Development Administration, the Department or Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Tennessee Valley Authority - the same federal agencies now watching over the rapid degradation of Kattlah's natural habitat The SAMAS concept is still in its infancy. Optimistically, the organization could renect a new outlook and a new commitment on the pan of its member agencies and the organizations, public and private, who join subsequently. The possibility is there. But SAMAB could just as easily be "business as usual" under another guise, if operating policies and power relationships remain unchanged throughout the region. ~ The organization is also interested in beginning a program to tally the botanical and pharmaceutical values of Appalachian plant life. lndrdefeinr lte / " bo f I I I I I I I I I I I I / \. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "Multlple Use ArH (Alea of CooP41ratoon) Human senlements, forests and rangelands. and other us4s m11nagad lo ach•ove greillost possiblq hnrmony with tha porpose of th11 biosphere "' Rohabllllallon Ar11 Demonstration of m11tll0ds lo restore degraded landscapes \. 18591119 , ......,;.;;.:.;....:__ _ _ _ _~--_..,1 "Core Zone 1 "" Conservation or natural &eosyslams and biological drvars•ty, baseR111> , 9COlogical monrto11ng ,) , Tradlllonal Us. ArH Experimental Auearch Area Conservation Md study ol Manipulative rese;irch twmomous land uses, Ion managed ecosyslems . 1y.p.,ally by 1nd9nnous ~ ,) I I I I I I I I ~----~~~-----~---------J HIGHWAY TO NOWHEREwnunucd from p. 9 FHA planners returned to the drawing boards. After locating other deposits of pyrilic rock ulong the proposed route, they reloca11:<l the roadway 10 another alignment lhat avoided much of the acidic rock deposits. They then let ne'' construction contracts for the revised route plan. Smee the new contracts have been h:t, pyritic deposits have been encountered in one of the four segments built in Tennessee and three of the six segments in "ionh Carolina. Where pyritic deposits have been uncovered, they have been "encapsulated" in an effort to prevent :mv contact '' ith water. which brings the acidic con1ponents into solution. The rock is excavated, placed over constructed drains, covered with agricultural lime, and then capped with concrete. The success of this method is being evaluated by a research te.1m from the University of Tennessee. and .stream monitoring is being done on a regular basis in cooperation with the US Forest St:rvice. St4mmet, 1Q90 The highway project has also suffered slumps and slides that have added to the expense of the work. David Govus is a grading contractor in Ellijay, Georgia who goes frequently to the wild country below I looper's Bnld to hunt grouse. He says, "It's an unbuildable site...They arc hanging the road on a very steep ridge just above Santeetlah Creek. It's getting close to a 45% gradt: along in there. There are places you can hardly walk up. "They're having to gouge out the ''hole side of the mountain, and they've already had several major slides. Pan of the road coming from lhe Robbinsville side just slid off the mountain. It came 300.400 feet down and wiped out a Forest Service road that ran parallel below. "This was last December. even before \\.'C had the big rains in February." Repair work on lhe slides are currently in progress. and one more contract for the final eight miles of road is due to be let this year. The section 10 be completed passes over Wright's Creek, known locally as one or the finest native trout streams. The road plans call for the highway 10 cross over the creekbcd five times. This threatens the stream's survi\'al. as the headwaters area of Wright Creek contains some of the steepest slopes and some of the largt:st deposits of pyritic rock along the entire route of the new roadv. ay. Da\'id Govus says. ''If somebody could go up there and look at it, it would make them sick enough that they would understnnd how stupid it is. Somebody who appreciates the Southern Appalachian Mountains and who undernands the pressure that's on them can see that the Forest Service land is the last bit of the landscape that's not being totally developed. And here is a wild chunk of !:ind lhat ~hould be a wilderness area, which instead is having this useless highway pu1 through it." , )(.Qt~ )owncal pmJeo 27 �Dear Sirs. Your spring number is a bi1 difficuh to accept as good Ecology. I refer to Snowbird's illustration and write-up on edible wild flowers! We need to protect them - as they are disappearing as development and poor foresU')' practice ruin their habilllt and areas of growth - Why eat wild flowers? • Better way to conserve. • Yours truly. Miles L. Peelle Brevard, NC DRUMMING LETTERS TO KATUAH To Whom It Concerns: Howdy there! I mec1 David Wheeler at the Environmental Summit at UNC-A Saturday. He mentioned that Kat1u1h JC1urnal had a write-up in your last issue on the black bear in regards to the White Oak Communi1y and landfill. This community is my home. I've been working real hard to stop lhis siting. I gave David information regarding this. My concerns are grnve as r feel the noise will ~isrupt the nesting pil~at~d woodpecker and other birds ·the red-tailed hawks, etc. that reside m my mantre hardwood forest that will never be disrupted. I love the sounds of the birds. I really feel for the black bear, the ones 1hat will be poached and the young who will learn an un-natural way of being. The situation was o~e of politics. If th.e bear could vote instead of people, they would wm. My community 1s remote and small · only 90 households. The black bear will be severely affected and the damage permanent. We need help from all who love this wilderness species. I do know without help from the outside, our politicians will win. They're determined. We do have . . people allying with us now, ~ut we need ~verybody. . Enclosed is money, of which l would hke the last issue pertammg to my concerns with the siting of a landfill in White Oak. I'm very active in the light to stop it, your resource might should of sought me out. The rest is for the cause. Thanks. Editors' Note: People on th~ editorial staff had some questions abow this initially, bm after smne discussion we decided to go ahead and prillt tire article. Thank yo11. though.for voicing your concern. WIU7t Snow Bear tells us is: "\Ve certainly don't want to drive wildflowers to extinction. Tire particular plants I chose co write abolll grow in large numbers where. the\' occ1tr in this area. "I also ga~·e specific instr11ctions for gathering the plants ill a respectful ll'a)' The whole point about writing abo11t the wild plams and their 11ses is to com·ey a respect/or those beings. ~1 think that people lfring their lil'e.1· i11 harmony with rite mo11111ains. knowing rlre edible and medici11al uses ofthe native wild plants. would be more inspired 10 preserve the plants and their wild habirat. I don'1 tlii11k that the number of people who go inro wild areas and pick a salad are going 10 mean the end of the wild native plants. b1u if a species becomes rare, we certainly should not gather it. The major threat is in the wholesale destruction oflzabitac." ?lie Sinners "ITU sun gives tfie 'East a ji111J{ slupy norf am{ slips away 6eliina a rosy fii[f. 'IHiife I, at peace for once, suting on my [1".rcft, 'lfien, 'Listen,· a cric~t sfui{(y calfs. 'Listen!' .?l.na tfte evening gossips 6e9m. Sincerely, Carolyn Gann Rt. 4. Box 191 Waynesville, NC 28786 '?(aty tfU{, • a malicious tattfttak si119s out. ·x..a1y aU!n 'tr a wyalf nemt replies. '?(p.ty aitf.' '?(p.ty aitfn t.' '1(.aty tfit{.' ''])itf11't/' Cfiarges am{ counter ones tftstur6 my soul 'Ofi, Lori{,' I 9roa11, 'ls tfrere no e111f to si11?' Dear People. . I discovered your fine journal while staying at the Hot Spnngs Inn last weekend. T was so taken by your issue on "Children" that 1 intend. to incorporate some of the ideas into the environmental educau<?n curriculum of my school · The Montclair Coopcrauve School 1n Montclair, NJ. ... Also (please send) a back issue on "Forests". I became concerned with the clearcutting visible from our hike on the Appalachian Trail and would like to get your views. Thank you, Lora Cooper Berkeley Hts, NJ 'Stop it!" I sliout into tlie noisy crowtl '/won 't liave s(anaer in my own 6ac~arti.' Yet as I speak_! 6fusfi for ptrfuly Jts my tfissem6lin9 mina ~eps wontfering too · '!JUI s(u.? · Marie 'Woori Dear Kauiah Folk, I live in the New River Valley, which ha5 become grist for the DEVELOP • DEVELOP • DEVELOP mill, indiscriminate and insntiable. A green Conservancy has sprung up, but oh so tentatively. unfueled by the real estate busine$$. I hope for ideas from Ka11lalt, as well as good company. Many Thanks! Sally Spangler Rt. 2. Box 4 Christiansburg, VA 24073 Union Acres An Alternative Community -SrrwJr;y Mcnmtain living Ulilh a focus on spiritual and te0logiC11/ 1JOluts• Acreage for sale/ Beautiful lrnCIS of prh'lllC land available for homeSICllding. Approxim:ucly eigh1y :ic~. surveyed into 24 lots of ooe. two. or four acres each. ~vcn acres of common land including cn:dc, meadow. playground, and scenic views. Common property managed by communily conSCl\SllS. Eartb sttwardsbip/ consensus democracy( organic gardening! noopoUuling ttebnolocia/ atttrnalhe children's schoolf rttyclini: «Dier/ retrtalS and .. orkshops/ aod other rooptrali"t tndtu·or~ 5uch as food co-op, etc. For more infonnauon· C. Gmnt. RL I Box 61 J, \\'hittier. NC 18789 (704) 497-4964 • The editorial staff would like to extend a special thank you to Thomas "Breeze" Rums for his donation of a 10% lit11e lo Ka11ialz Jownal. P.Jd AdvcrtlSCmCDI JCnltmh Jatnnul P"9C 28 Summer. 1990 �STEADY STATEcon11nucd from p.9 CNP also satisfies the missing ethical component in modern economics which Daly foments. The CNP of an ecosystem can be increased depending on the amount of care, concern. and respect the indinduals within tt m;imfcst for their hfc community. Carelessness, dii.dain, and a lack of respect lower CNP. The Spirit of the Wild James Rhea's artwork that was the logo for the "Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians" conference and the cover of Issue 25 of the Kaulah Journal. is now available to all as conference posters and T-Shins. The posters are beautiful, four-color 11" x 1 renditions of the native species portrait with 7" conference information below and are available for $2.00. The T-shirts are heavy-duty, all-couon, silkscreened by Rldgerunncr Naturals. Only large and extra-large sizes remain. They are available for $10.50. Prices include postage. NC residents please add 5% sales tax. All proceeds fror;n the sale o_f these .itcn:is will support rescue acuons for nauve habitat in the Southern Appalachian forest. Order from: KfllflNU Box 282; Sylva, NC Ka111ah Province 28789 Ultimately. all of lids investigation and discussion has to do with choosing a quality or life in Katuilh. However, as Daly writes, "quality involves difficult judgements. and imposes self-definition and respons1b1ht;-•.. quantity (the CNP measuring stick I involves merely count mg and arithmetical operations that givt' everyone the s.Jme answer and impose no responsibility". It is easier, but not necessarily more accurate, to measure progress by the quantity of concrete, buildings, parking lots, people, and/or dollars in an area. But is this real progress? Cannot progress of society occur without physical growth of structurus and/or people? The building of a home, or of a community, is more than just the erection of structures. It is the creation of a living environment which will help meet, in a sustainable way, the needs of those people who live there. Arc not improvements in the quality of food, air, water, justice, and community relations, progress? Could not the successful maintenance of ecological diversity, and the support systems which are the foundation of this diversity, be considered progress? This is the supposition of the steady state economy "Progress" is the maintenance of the "best" conditions - in a word, quality. In the growth economy, "progress" is the ever-increasing growth in quantity of physical goods and services, leading to the destruction of production capability and life support potential. (cost) $24 milhon in state and students money, and promote the growth of the univer:>ily. An increase in the quantity of dollars to an areil is by ddinit1on .1 ~good" thing for that area. But would the present supporters of lhe construction project still be clamoring for the government money if the dollars were being offered to build a radioactive w.Jste storagc facility? Of course not. In th.JI instance they could easily see the difference between quantity and quality. John Stuart Mill put it \'cry simply and clearly over 100 hundred years ago when he spoke of a steady Stille economy: If the earth must lose a great portion of its pleas.1ntncss which 11 owes to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would extirpate from it for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger but not happier or better population, I sincerely hope for the s.ike of posterity that they will be content to the stationary long before necessity compclls them to it. , RESOURCES Berry, Wendell. 1987 Tht Gift of Good Lo11d. Nonh Poinl Press, San Fransisco Daly, Hcnnan E. 1977. Steady Stott Economics. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. Daly, Herman E., editor. 1980. Eco110mics, Ecology, Ethics· Essays on a Steady Stott Eco110my. W.H. Fn:cmnn, S::111 Francisco Daly, Hcnnan E.. nnd John B. Cobb. Jr. 1989. For the Common Good. Beacon Press, Bosion. Schulll3chcr, E.F. 1973. Small is Bca111iful: Economics os if Ptoplt /ltartertd. Perennial Library, New York. MOO N D ANC I NG The proposed regional activities center at Appalachian State University is a good example of this conflict between quantity and quality. In the minds of many, the proposed coliseum is "good" because it will increase seating capacity for events to 11,000 people, create a number of jobs (mostly temporary) for local workers, bring in Gift• of Cdebrauon (EARTll WA\1 bOOKSTORE) <! Books • New Age MU$ic Wildaafted Htrbal Product~ Gmutones • Unrqul' Card.i Maga~mcs • & Mort (704) 264-7242 1 IOB Wc..>!>t King Street, Boone, NC 28607 by Jomes Profitt Down in Sylva bear claws haunt the while clapboard town ~rung briefly between two mountains, and the breathing or wild Appalachia moves m and out of the mill's steam spirals up into the sky. A creek dribbles half-heartedly through the edge of this pince. Cherokee lies twenty miles west. There, a hundred Indians ride the bed or a red Chevy pickup with a cooler of beer, lawn chairs, and ancient, laded Levis. Al lhe trading post a small, stunted bl.Jck bear p.1ces his days evenly. Oh-God-am-l-immort.11-never-to·melt-my-bonesand-fur·a nd -hot-brca th-into-I he-stone-of· thisplacc? cries a wee; disgruntled bear soul into quiet hillsides. In the summds fading. men move into those hillside~ carrying nfll'S and trailing dogs lhJrsting for blood in the ho.trsc, secret l.mguilgc of hounds. S\&mmcr, 1990 e1ti11ae ,At11p111ttl11re WILDLIFE "' Jlerbp/gl/I e1i11it T-SHIRTS. SWEATSHIRTS 'l\iage, 'JWfl~I 'Nat!Jraj_s '''" ~~ ~o'~ ~ C/~~ 130 ILC IAAJEBE. I.I. S, Ac..O UC~T v•~ 0 , vo'f.t,·,;p'> ~~:C,o·" Dept. K N Main Street Waynesville. NC 28786 (704) 4~~3..Q03 ,.~ ........ ~·" �Review: Cohousint A Contemporary Approach I• Housing Ourselves This is a book about bringing tile small community back to modem society. The authors, Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durrett, are a husband and wife design team who visited 46 cohousing communities in Denmark. the Netherlands and Sweden before writing this book. They lived at many of these communities for days or months and this gives their book depth and autnenticity. This is a nuts and bolls guide to gathering a group of like-minded folks :ind building a community. The communities the authors studied in Europe were all quite different from each other, but they also shared important features. The groups were all democratic, and there was a refreshing absence of charismatic leaders. They all had various amounts of resident participa1ion in !he design process. AU of the communities provided private dwellings for families as well as common space for group activities. Some of the groups were cooperatives, some had owned units, some rented units, some had both owners and renters, and many had ownership similar to condominium arrangements. The communities varied in size from 6 to 80 households. There was a scrong consensus from both of these extremes as well as from the middle ground that groups in the range of 15 to 30 households is optimum. Some of the communities were buih entirely by hired help while in others the residents did various amounts of the cons1J'Uction work. Some of the communities were very poUlically-mindcd, some very ecologically-minded, some didn't seem to mind at all. lbe advantages of a small community are almost too numerous to mention, but lower cost of housing, children's playgroups, music ensembles, protection from crime, teenage music rooms (Most of the communities had them!), greater energy efficiency, laundry rooms, saunas, soccer fields (or baske1ball courtS), workshops, walk-in freezers, darkrooms, and any other resource one can imagine being shared profi1ably, make a good beginning of a list. My own favorite advamage is enelly efficiency. Through a cen1r.1l heating sys1em and co-generation, a small community can have wannth and power at a small percentage of the ecological and monetary cost 1hat a comparable number of independent houses would use! Small communities can take advanrage of the solar, wind, and water resources which would be beyond lhc reach of one family and beneath lhe notice of a 1own or city. Efficiently congregating humans in small communities leaves much of the land for other species. All of this makes basic good sense. The quesuon left is "how do we get there from here?". Colw1ising is a very good guide for this journey. It is a beautiful as well as a practical book with plenty of color photographs and thoughtful architectural drawings. It is published by Habitat/fen Speed Press and well wonh the $19.95 it costs. If you are interested in living in community, you ~ should read this book. ·reviewed by Will Ashe Bason Cl-ONA conlinucd !Jom p. 7 China's remaining 12% of forest cover is threatened by population pressures and by the demands for wood of the industrialized areas of the country. (One day I saw a 100 foot long log of Washing1on State Douglas Fir being caned down 1he street by straining peasants!) Modernization and rising expectations funher threaten this evolved system by polluting the supplementary sources of protein foods found in the waterways, by acid rain, and by the loss of prime arable lands to urban sprawl, rural industry and private house building in the countryside. The lure of modem lifestyle now projected on millions of TVs is a powerful destabilizing force throughout China. Dut the lessons of China seem unequivocal. If we are to avoid her terrible mistakes and if we are to find harmony with the Nature of our own continent, we can learn from intelligent observation what the Chinese have had to learn by dire desperation. We can avoid China's plight by applying the solutions the Chinese (far too late perhaps) have developed to deal with the ecological challenges they face. We can ignore China (or Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, etc...} nt our peril. Consider then for a moment what life in Kaniah would be like if we could emulate the present resourcefulness and humility of the Chinese. The intensively farmed prime lands of a few valleys around Asheville could feed the entire population without strain. Thousands of acres of pastures could be returned to forest/woodlot, since we would be eanng soybeans and grains instead of beef and pork. These could provide fuel for home heating and cooking (not to mention vigorous exercise for axe wielders). Since we would be a low energy society, we would have to be doing crafts, farming and domestic arts close to home. We could dispose of our automobiles. Noise, carbon emissions from fossil-fuel burning and the mental stress of the modem lifestyle would deminish. Our communities would, of necessity, be closer knit and less mobile and would thus be stronger sources of social solidarity, so lacking in our ultramobile, treadmill "American life". We would require less things to have as we begin to be farmers, craflSpcople, musicians, artists, woodsmen, poets. Our forest lands would become less accessible and therefore more wild. Old growth forests would come into their own again, since our economy would be one of sufficiency, not cancerous growth. Nature could move closer to us, even as we become more natural people at home. The artificial demarcation between the Wild and the Civilized would fade and the two would intermingle and fuse. An economy of small farms, sm.111 businesses, and mutual interdependence would blossom. People would look on their surroundmgs with a keener eye to the deeper rhythms, functions and mystery. Like the Chinese. we would 11lways know at a given moment which way is nonh and which way is south. We would be closer to the we;11her and be in tune with the seasons at a deeper level. XRtt".nh Journot pnl)G 30 Summer would last longer in our minds and be sweatier. Autumn would be more poignant and festive with community harvests. Winte1 would be leaner, more intimate and contemplative. And Spring would simply mean more. When Spring came to Jiangsu Province! It meant an end 10 the wet and cold with no cenrral heating. nn end to 9 layers of clothing, 1 0 jumping jacks and pushups at dawn, to sponge baths. to turnip soup, to grim faces. Spring meant new life, hope and comtort. The first cucumber never tasted so good as ii did in Jiangsu Province. Let's try to avoid the kind of situation where someone will have to ask this question, "Whose ducks are those?" Let the ducks remain wild in a healthy wilderness. Let a lone hiker ask permission to kill it and give thanks for eating it. Let the mystery of isolated bears return to our psyche, as we tend our gardens of plenty gazing at the distant mountai ns. The Way. the Tao, exists. Let us follow it. Stephen Barrleu c1urefllly lives on the campttS of Warren Wilson College in Swamwnoa, NC where Ire leaches and directs the International Smdent Program lie and his family plan to move w land they have purchased in the Dominican Republic, where they will farm and encourage rural development. ~ - .... · ~ :'litm 1r1 I .,,. ,, , ,,,JCf'IU 704·264·!)210 200W. KlngSt. Boone. NC 3 Blocks Crom Campus Sumn~cr. 1990 �END OF REAL ESTATE coru.inued l'rom p 23 CurTCntly, much human attention 1s put into designing ever more effective ways of killing each other. In many governments this approach has proven disastrous to the ecology o( their regions and to their own economies. By diverting even a fracbon of the now of human 'money', attention, and concern involved with 'destructo-tcchnol9gies' into those forms which work with the timing and material energy cycles of the sun and livmg bJO'Phere it is possible that we can d~1gn basic humAn scale systemS which fulfill the needs of housing. food, he•lth care, travel, tcachtng. and rommunicauon without thrusting our energy discard'! he; pollutants) onto the hfc sustaining environments around us. It means our new "job~ will be to monitor the flow of many fonns of energy •nd make sure 11 is ~cLlble or reusable "ithm the human community, and that what 1s released into the habitat of other animal, plant. and microbial communities is d1Scstabll' by thl'm. PCB's for instance are vl'ry difficult for bacteria and fungi to decompose, while some other chemicals such as organic 50aps are degradable. II would mc.1n adopting a similar kind of energy respos1bihty as we would find in a forest, a creek, pond, or meadow - not allowing a valuable form of energy "go to waste". It would mean de5igning stores and industries with systems and containers that are re-usable. Also worth considering arc food producers that work directly in a villagl' or town in which foods arc made fresh and the need for wrappers and containers would be minimized. Our "ncw~mploymcnt" would also mc.1n finding and using 11\dteri.als that arc more organically digestable by the rest of the biosphere, or at least digestablc in a more reasonable time range. The utterly ironic process of going away from the home or homestead to earn money from someone else to be able to purchase land and housing that some great day m the future you hope to live in and enjoy (perhaps with a family) is a sad •nd telling story of the lack of clear prionhes in modem life. ln a region where Real Estate was NOT long (or queen), there would be encouragement in finding a "house and land" for people who are, or are to become good stewards. One responsibility of the Village would be to keep track of lhe turnover (le; births and deaths) of lhe population of the vlllage and relay this informabon to young couples for example, who are awaiting ho~. Within local Village agn.'Cmcnl!i about the canymg capacity of a farm or pan:cl of land their payment would be in the eifort and skills they applied "on sight". It may abo be appropriate In such contexts to have LETS trading 5)'5tl'IT\S (sec Katllah Issue 22) far goods and services not e)!Changed through cuh or precious metals.. Banks charge "intCl't$1" to thO!>e who 'have not' now for the chinc:e that the)' may possibly 'h3ve' later. This *interest" has traditionally been coming from the workings of the Sun and 81o~here through pLtnts, animals, rung;, and bacteria Now we have replaced these renewing forms of Interest with numbers and the Earth's storage of fossil fuels- which were placed there inadvertantly by the death of living organisms - perhaps in order to keep carbon atoms from contnbuting to the over-concentTation of greenhouse gasses in lhe atmosphere. Could a system be created through which land or a house would be "worked" and taken are of by a person or a family and "paid for" by the work they actually do while living at the residence? It would certainly assist the effort in reducing the now of harmful and mundane molecules (such as automobiles spitting out their weight in carbon-dioxidl' m one year) which is creating an enVJronmcntal crisis for many of the larger multi-cellular organisms like ouselves. The overarching context of the present economy prescribes that there must be a middle person involved to retail, or scoop-off some extra money m the transaction between a human family and the land. Most of lhe "monitary profit" from someone actually living on the land they are trying to acquire goes off to someone else wllO is free to walk off with it, through the craft of law and Instituted customs. By giving value to what the source of wealth is; the know-how, plants and animlls, materials, tools, hulTWl and other than human relations, and the capacity of human bciilgs to be adequate stewards in this process - we could possibly find ways to g;ve back to the land the attenhon that is being taken away from ii l?.Y 'Working Jobs' that •re often meaningl~ (or ha\•c htllc to do with actual hfe support) and become nearly purpo$Clcss to the attempt of finding harmony in human relations. and within the relations of the region they inhabit. Mind you. there would h<l\'C to be some stnct prohibitlons to people that would abuse such a woy of "eamfog a living". No ultimate guarantee exists that ways of hum.ln fundamentalism. trickery, commcroahsm, and "nus-m.11"1gcment• that have been C\idcnt In our past will not find l~ wny into such a Re-'"ISiomng or the basic pnnciplcs of Real Estate. At the same time, how could we prevent such regulation from becoming too rigid and burcacratic7 One s11ggcs11on comes from Anthropological studies showing that groups, or etrclcs, of "primitive" people numbering only as many as 40, were able to communicall' about b.151c assumptions mtlsl clearly and clfoctivcly, e\-en though the ways they organizl'CI their affairs were not always linear or Summer, I 990 'rational'. Perhap; this kind of organizing in the context of non-lethal technologies would aid in decision making more than large, overly cumbersome 'bodies' of people haggling over agendas and policies for long periods of ttmc, •nd insi5ting on rigid heirarchical fonns of order. There would be hard work involved for those choosing to be a ~rt of such an ecologically minded approach to human hre support in the greater contCl<t of H•bitat rreservatlon. A justice syMem that involved inhabitants other than human, along with the repo0$ib1lity or human caretakers And the carrying capacity of the land would be one very different from the primanly urban and l'llCdlJlmainy mdustnal slate as it exists now. Such a system would involve biology as a cruelal aspect of such an intcr-spcoes JUStire. The main problem With this would perhaps be find mg Agreements about what such a fonn of justice v.ould ~n. and how offenders to it would be dealt with. Would we samply rccapttulatc our CWTent shamefully inadequate ways of "lmpnsoning" people an an Ecological State, or would there be community service penances? An l'COnomk system of accounting the direct work done on or from a "peace" Of i.nd for housing. or the ability to hve ma given plare and obtam life suppprt in a VJllage ronk'ltt, ls also quite foreign to our way of life now (though II has rc-ci.1~ted many tim..'5 through the human past). Instead of proving you are Worthy to an employer, perhaps you could prove 11 to a council within a community or village <or group of villages). Would such villages be patterned afkr collccllve socictil'S m which crucial lands, tools, and foods arc distributed more l'Venly among the populace? Or would it be fashioned after market l'COnom1cs 1n which what a person or fAmily is able to create and sell on a market dl!tcrm1~ their wealth and status in lhe community? The collective notion seems to prove too uniform in character with a sti!fiing of diversity and often of helpful innovations as well. Capitalistic notions appear to be too diverse - the markets fill with multiple products that require specialized means of repair and the pooling of capital becomc?S paramount to overall ecological health. I thtnk there will be some of both ol lhesc ways of cultural organizi!ll; involved 1n an ecological approach to human commumhcs, much as in th~ practice of Land Trusts (see Ka!Uah lsue 20). In a Land Trust the foundcn determine 'guidelines' whlcb pcrchascrs of land in the rommunity must agrre to in order to '1nJy" anto IL The land is removed from lhl' "frre market" of busmess. and IS open to the decisions of loCal residents who are in rlttd of maintaining the land's integrity ~or their own survival. Our current lnduslrial Chaos in ~l contributes to the stiffHng of human CMrgf cs and experiences in finding collective and perso~I ways of M<lture (or climactically stabalizing> ecological relauol\lhips with the many cycles of energy and form found in the ·nch" and rare environments of this Uving Planet. To find an order now, that is not a throwback to a supposed order of long ago, is our current challenge. An option for ecological in~ty, an which industries would perhaps become Tnl '"plants", is not an absolute proposition, however. An astcrlod rould collide with tliC Earth and throw the Earth's living systems into a chaos far more inteMe than what we are doing with our bombs and industries now. Can we retrieve from the self-Initiated chaos and fear from whicli we have been building Into "mlhtary industrial complexes" for hundreds of years? C..n we create a polity that does not seek to manipulate and scavenge the lives of the •common people" thay proport to support? The expericnct' of human corruption. greed • .and power struggle5 for social positiorung cannot be left out of consideration when. imagining ecological villages. Yet if the bulk of Non-roal estate societies revesred women, m1nontics, relative honesty and ea>logical health, apprenticeship. •nd non-partici~hon in militarism more than It does the previou!lf mcn11oncd "attributes", the chances or more JUSI social ~ems rould have a greater potent1<1I of cof!Ung Into existence. In ~· there ili now a.c1oler mutual ronsistcncy brtwecn our own ~II being .and that of the enVlronmcntal context of the Earth Unpredic;tabillty and tunnoU arc likely to percolate in human societies. Even (r we can design villages that are ecologically sound there arc no guaranl1?6 that OUT social and personal Ills "'ill be cured. Such secnunsly "fmrretenal" concerns as conflicts of assumpuons. violent behavior, drug addiction, croWding. lying and dcrual, romantic relatio~ gone sour, ~ge rebellion, disfunctlONll famihcs, ond other maladies of the human coru:huon are os mbmatcly ln\•ohro with these so called 'Green Technologies' as the design of the systems themsclvcs. It may be true that by Cl'l'attng a more healthy context between oursdn.-s and the blola uf 1hc rq;lon we Inhabit :;ome or ou~ current social malaise C'an find a plare to heal old wounds, yet it is too easy to think that there Is some •fix" that we can put on our soctelli.'S that will heal this once and for all. There must also be an nccompanying inner ab1hty of the personality to become 1nll'g1'.tll'CI into a group larger than Itself, v:·h1le . rcuunmg the self-assertiveness nl'Cl'SSlry for identity and protc<:non. , . JCatUah Journat pa9e 3l �PEOPLE ANO KABITAT ccnlinued &om p.13 manner in which they earned !heir wealth. The very isolation that bad protected the mountains fro!11 induslrializatio~ for ~ long now proved their strongest attracoon. City-dwellers realized that they could "have" that isolation - all they lacked was a way to get there. Thus began the era of the four-lane. The Appalachian Regional Council brought in federal money to help state governments upgrade old roads and build modem expressways. . During th!s same period agriculture dcclmed sharply m the mountains • and with it declined the traditionally high birthrate that had always characterized Appalachia in the minds of outsiders. With the construction of new roads in-migration became the driving force in th~ population growth of the Katuah province. Today the rate of biological growth (the ratio of the bmh rate to the death race) remains at flat zero or in fractions of a percentage point (0.07 percent in 1984), while the rate of in-migration continu~ to rise dramatically, putting the overall populauon growth of the Southern Appalachians we.11 above the national average. The number of reurces tr3nslocaling to the mountains raises the percentage of monality and skews the biological growth rate somewhat, but a look at the figures shows the dominant influence of migration on the regional population. Lack of access has always been the limiting factor on growth - the growth of human popul~tic:>ns'. ec<?nomic development, and mdusmahumon • m Appalachia. Lack of access protected the wild nature of the mountain habitat. Now the cork is out of the bottle. The sporadic stream of in-migration has turned into a flO<?d. As ov~r-populatcd Europe once offered an mexhausnble supply of humanity to fill up the New World, the large eastern cities now do the same for the mountains. as the interstate highway system offers an easy means of travel. Along with the increase in new residents, there has been a tremendous increase in demand for recreational opportunities in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the national forests. Today. human management and hullllln use penetrates to the deepest reaches of the forest on 4,900 miles of forest roads and touches every aspect of life on vinually every acre of the mountain forest habitat. Meanwhile, wildlife has been pushed back to the most remote areas of the forest in search of food and safety due to the clearing necessary for roads and development and the associated noise. The Norlh Carolina High~ay Bill (or Come One, Come All! ) . l n 1989 the North Carolina state legislature passed a $8.8 billion Highway Bill. Go~emor.Jim Martin's plan is to place "every resident m the state within 10 miles of a four-lane road," build by-passes around seven urban centers (including Asheville). pave 10,000 miles of ~e~ondary gravel roads by 1999, and the remaining gravel roads in the state by 2006. To hear the road boosters talk. the new roa?s are g?ing to bring in all 1he good aspects of 1 n~ust~al culture and none of the bad. There s big bucks in it for everyone, we are to!d, an~, because we live in 1he mountains, thm~s will be as nice as they always were. The Envaronment Committee assures us th:it all this development can proceed with no impact k:otMm ) 0 1.0 ·\iQL pJ9 e ~i whatsoever on the "beautiful mountain scenery that is so important to all of us" • in fact, it'll be even better, because there will be m()re people here to enjoy it with us. THE FOURTH TURTLE ISLAND BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS (NABCIV) In reality, the greatly increased volume of traffic that will pass over the new highways will h~ve a tremendously damaging effect. New highways mean more use, more commerce more in-migration, and more human demands on the already over-stressed habitat. Since the 1960's the word "access" has taken on a new and more sinister meaning with the widespread use of the television set. The TV has had a rapid and unprecedented effect on mountain culture. With a TV in almost every home, the cultural isolation of the mountains is at an end. The greater society comes right into the living room almost every night of the week. The cultural model is no longer local, but is broadcast from New York and Los Angeles. and the image now permeating the minds of the mountain people is the same as that being received by the rest of the population of the continent, wherever they live. There are no regional distinctions in this model, it is bland and homogeneous. It is also urban in nature. as most of the dominant culture is urban-based, and it causes dissatisfaction in the minds of rural viewers, who begin to feel that they are being left out of the American Dream when they see urban consumpuon patterns and urban lifestyles on the flickering screen. The TV has caused great changes and great contradicrions in the Appalachian way of life. With Lhe powerful weapons of the TV and the automobile, the cultural conquest of the mountains is nearly complete. will be held August 19·26 at Lake Cobbosseecontee, near Augusta, Gulf of Maine Bioregion As access opened the mountains to the ravages of unrestrained technology at the cum of the century, so now is it bringing in an outside culture and unrestrained numbers of human beings. We are the greatest threat to habitat in the Southern. Appalac hians. Rampaging development will be our greaiest local concern in the decade ahead. We long ago overshot the capacity of this region to support the weight of our population and our induslrial technology. Now, rather than manage the forest to meet our unending demands, we need to manage ourselves, our numbers and our way of life, that the forest may continue. In the long run, this would be the best for all the inhabitants of the mountain forestlands. ourselves included. This process requires values that arc at once new and at the same time very, very old. These values are the subsmnce of the bioregional vision. We need to learn/remember them and pass them on. Only then will we be able to approach a reasonable carrying capacity of human beings in the Katuah province of the ,, Appalachian b1oregion. S pecial thanks to Tersh Palmer a nd Karen Lo hr for their contribulion. The fourth continental Bioregional Congress is convening to plan strategies and share energy to meet the challenges of the coming decade, which is shaping up to be a crucial one in the development of the present world culture. The species of life on this planet are being hard hit by the weight of human numbers and human technology. The future of planetary evolution is at stake, and we cannot waver or hesitate in defending the other creatures of the world and their habitats. They are disappearing rapidly, and once gone, they are gone for good. But our actions would be in vain if we did not establish new and different cultural styles ways of living that are specific to the natural regi?nS that support them ... ways of being that tap m10 the deepest roots of their natural living plaee...these are what will endure. The potential of the next ten years is tremendous. Let us come together for the sake of the world and all that is wild. If you arc interested in at!Mdiog NABC lV from lhe Katuah Province, conl.3Ct the K a1uah Journal (Box 638: Leicester. NC; Kalu3h Province 28748) to coordina1e transponation and consider how we will represent our region at the Congress. Rcgis1rn1ion for NABC IV is SJ75 for odults, SIOO for children. Mrul Congress queries or rcglstrntions to: Turtle lsland Biorcgio113I Congress Gulf of Mnillc Books 61 Mainc SL New Brunswick, ME Gutr or Maine Bioregion 04011 .r!!J' ,te:.-' WNC ALLIANCE HIGHLANDS-CASHIERS CHAPTER A new chapter of the Western North Carolina Alliance has been formed in the Highlands-Cashiers dismct, the uplands of southern Jackson and southeastern Macon Counties on the Blue Ridge Divide. This area comprises the headwaters of some of the most important water sources in the southeastern quarter of Turtle Island. The Cullasaja, Cha11ooga, Tuckasegee, and Whitewater Rivers rise here, as well as Tessentee and Middle Creeks, important tributaries of the Little Tennessee River system. The new Alliance group states its purpose as being an effective grassroots organization promoting a sense of stewardship and caring for the mountain environment. Their goal is to protect and preserve the quality of the land, water, forests, and air through education and public participation in policy decisions at tll levels of business and government. For more information about the group, ca!J the WNC Alliance office at (704) 2588737. .,(4m'mU, 1990 j �27-29 JULY SWANNANOA, NC Vision Ques1 wi1h Morgan E:igle Bear. Offerings. Those wishing to paruc1pa1e, write Morgan C/o The Earth Ccn1cr Sec 6123-24. HOT SPRINGS, NC ~ Cherokee Law and Holy Land: Leaming About Row to Live in Nonh America..• Woricshop with Dr. Robert Thomas, raised in a traditional comunity m the Eas1em Ozarks. Storytelling. fasting, discussions, Sacrifice to the Fire, Salu1c to the Sun, Pipe Ceremony. $95. Pn:-regis1cr. Southern Dhanna Reuca1 Center. sec 7/13-15. 4-8 12-15 Asheville Anisis' Markel & Fes1 on Lexington Ave Downtown Asheville. NC. Thru 1he summer on Fri, Sal, & Sun, 10 am • Sunset Exhibi1or.; will include local anisL~. environmental, educational, & social concern groups, food. Local musicians pcrfonning and an open slllgc daily. For info. call (704) 251-2313. in Full Moon Sweat Lodge every Saturday closest to the foll moon at the Eanh Center, Swnnnanoa. NC. Call (704) 298-3935. JUNE 21 SUMMER SOLSTICE CELEURA T ION 23-24 SWANNANOA, NC Drum-Making Workshop with Pal Slark. Building a medicine drum. S150. supplies included. The Eanh Cemer; 302 Old Fellowship Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28776. Call (704) 298-3935. 24·30 TOWNSEND,TN "Teacher & Naturalist Weck.• "For classroom tcachen, nar.uralists, and anyone intercs1cd in learning 3boul the natural world." With Doug Elliou. Eustace Conway, music by Lfa and Lynn Shaw. Sl50. Contacl: Great Smoky Moun1nins Ins1itu1c al Tremont; Townsend, TN 37882 (615) 448-6709. U..27 KNOXVILLE, TN Economic Dcvelopmcn1 as ir Women Maucred Conference. Co-sponsored by Levi Strnuss Foundation, Tennessee Valley Authori1y, Episcopal Diocese of Eas1 1N. Info: Vicki Creed, Community Aff3ll'S; Levi Strnuss & Co.: P.O. Box 15906; Knoxville, TN 37901. 27-7/1 tu GH LANDS, NC "Landscape Photography in the Blue Ridge Mountains" with Gil Leebrick and Dan Rohn. Dcmonsuations, field trips, and darkroom session.~ S200 includes lodging. Appalachian Environmental Arts Ccn1er; P.O. Box 580; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 5264303. 30-July 8 CELO, NC Rural Soutticm Voice for Peace Office Building Workcamp. A specu1I week for volunteers. skilled and ull$lt1llcd, 10 come help build RSVP's new orrice building on the Celo Community Land Trusl Info: RSVP: (704) 675-4626. \I LI NVILLE, NC 35th Annual Grandfather Mountain Highland Games and Gathering of Sco1tish Clans. Pag3entry. pipe bands, Scottish athletics ceilidh. For more informa1ion, wruc Box 356: Banner Elk, l\C 28604 or call (704) 898-5286. HOT SPRI,GS, NC "Po1n1ing at the Sun; Holding Up the Moon: The Five Ammal Frolics" w1rh Jay Dunbll' and Kathleen Cusick. Workshop on ancient exercises from China used to prepare mind for both martial arts and meditation. $70. Pre-register: Southern Dharma Rctrea1 Center. RL I, Box 34-H; Ho1 Springs, NC 28743. 26-8/5 FOLKMOOT PERFORMANCES Folk Performers from Austria, Bulgaria, France, Greece. Hunmgary, Indonesia, Ireland, the Ukraine, Phillipines. and possibly Haiti. Performances in Haywood, Buncombe, Macon, Henderson, and Madison Counties. Call the Folkmoot office for schedule and prices: (704) 456- 3021. 13-15 14 15 SWANNANOA, NC "Women's Ceremonial Mask-making"with AniLD Maloney. teacher wuti the Bear Tribe. Free per.;onal power through the use of ceremonial masks. S 100. The Eanh Center, see 6123-24. AUGUST 2 SWAfliNANOA, NC Buck Ghost Horse at the Earth Center. Open talk. Love offering. See 6{23-24. 2-4 HELEN, GA "Mountains or Imagin:uion" Puppet Fesllval Helen Festc Halle Pavilion For info.. call Pat Minnaugh (305) 925-6833. 3-5 16-22 WILLIS, VA WOMEN'S WELLNESS WEEK · Nurture and Heal Your Body, Mind and Spirit. "Womerls Wellness Week gives us the time, energy, and gifts of our sisters and the E.anh to help us heal ourselves, our species, and our planet home". Pre-register: $350. For more information write or call: lndian Valley Retreat Center; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380 (703) 789-4295. WEAVERV ILLE, NC The Golden Rod Puppets perform! with friend Hobey Ford. Weaverville Library 11 am. SWANNANOA, NC "Sacred Teachings of the People." Buck Ghost Horse (uadluonal Sicangu-HunkpaJD Lakota). The Coming or the Sacred Pipe, Pipeways. Arrival of the Seven Sacred Ceremonies, HlstorY of the Sioux People. SI 00. The Eanh Center. Sec ~3-24. 19-26 LAKE COBBOSSEECONTEE, GULF OF MAINE The Founh Nonh American Bioregional Congress to be held this year in the Gulf of Maine Bioregion. (sec facing page) 19 22-27 HI GHLANDS, NC Workshop on "Sexism and Peacemaking" featured as pan of "Mountain Great Escape" wcck a1 the Mounlnin. Pre-rcg1stet in advance for wcrk.<hop or fer the whole week. See 7/1·6. 26 WVTHE\'JLLE, VA The Golden Rod Puppets pcrfonn! wilh friend Hob<.:y Ford Wylhc·Grnyson Libraries. 11 om. Drawings by Suwn ~ 24-26 LOUISA, VA "Celebrating Our Diversity• • Women's Gathering. At Twin Oaks Community. Sliding scale S35-S95. Info: Women's Gathering, Twin Oaks, Louisa. VA 23093. (703) 89-1-5126. SEPTEMBER 11-12 UlGHLANDS, NC "The Political Landscape" with Roben Dawson. An with a purpose - the photographic image in the environmental movement. $200 includes lodging. Appabchian Environmental An:; Cen1cr; sec 6127-7/1. �wwrac~~.~O~ unused can,·as. 6 fL wide. Enough ror a full· size TIPI or very large tenL Cost S380. Will sell for $220. 298-7639, Asheville. Living Wheel Herb Company.Ceremonial and culinary, wildcrafted and organically grown herbs. Send for a fn:c cat31og. P.O. Box 427 Tonasket. WA 98&55 WOODSCRAFT - Seeking to correspond with petSonS mterestcd in primitive woodscraft skills such as. bow/dlill fire-making, u-.ick.ing, snan:/dc:Utlfall uupp1ni;, etc. Have attended Tom Brown's basic class. J.T. Garrison, RL 4, Box 667. Spring Cuy, Tn 37381. Wicker Worker. Wicker fomilure restored. Cane. spht. and rush sealS woven, ba.~keL~ repaired Experienced SC3l weaver. "If you can't, we cane." Andrea Clll!kc: 27 MaJt SL, Asheville, NC 28801. (704)253-624 l. MOCCASINS, h311dcrafled of clkh1de in the tnld1tionsl Plains Indian Style. Waicr resiSlant, resalable, and rugged • great ror ltilcing! Children's and infant si7.C.~ available. Wntc: Earth Dance Moccasins; Bo-.. 931: Asheville. NC 28802, or call Patrick Clnrlc at 254-8116. The Infinite Light Fellowship is opening a Meditation Center which will offer mid-day medi11u.1ons, as well as evening and Sat. worlcshops on spiritual growth, dreams, healing. Open IO all. Ant Iron Bldg., 20 Bauery Parle Ave., Asheville, NC. Info: Al Bouchard, (704} 254-2080. CIRCLES RETURNING • a new cas~cttc by Bob Avery-Grubel! This 1s music to touch the soul and heal the hcalt. Lyrics included. To order send SIO per casseue to: Bob Avery-Grubel: Rt. I Box 735: Aoyd, VA 24091. Sl<lNFOODS • ftelih, hand-made hcrtxll skin prcpar.11.ion~ at n:a.o;onable pnces. Send for pncc hsc 106 E. Main St.; Johnson C1ty, 11'1 3760 RSVP is building an ofllcc home of our own and asking for your help. Half of the S25.000 cost already raised or pledged. Solar design and help wnh appropriaic tcch :iJso doll3tcd. Labor will be by Volunteers for Peace and regional voluntccrs. Please join us in making big ~tcp into future. CREATION SOAP· hand-crafted h~rbal soops from II~ Blue Ridge Mountains. Rose and lavender soap$. mob1ur1<.ing bat, •hampoo/condi1ioncr bar. Comact Anna; RL I, Box 278: Blowing Rock, NC 28605 (704) 262-2321 . Wanted: Home & Shop Space for Light Woodworking. (400 sq. fL+). For rent or exchange: would prerer within IS miles of A~hcv1llc. NC. Needed 9/90. We are responsible and caring. Md would love C3J'lhconscious neighbors. Brce1.c Bums, Janc1cc Ray &. Silas, Rte.l. llo1188-J. Quincy, Fla 32351, (904) 442-6474 I AM LOOKING FOR A POSITION with an cnvironmcnl.'ll awarcnc,s/acuon organi:i.alion m the Katfuh region located m A~hcv1llc or nearby. Prerer pan·llme, beginning 1n summer or fall 1990. A writer/ncwslencc editor by trade, I have cxpenence in lobbying, rccruttmg and tr.umng volunteers, leading and organi7.mg cvcnis. Please contaet Janc1ce Ray, Rt. I, Box 188-J, Quincy, FL 32351. (904)442-6474. J(.Qt®h Jo,muaf. pa<]& 34 SPIRITIJAL PERSONAL ADVICE. Concspond with your Nauvc Grandfather. All qucsuons addressed from Medicine Perspective. No clurge ever. SASE with letter to: Blue Sky, Box 5387, Largo. Fla. 34649. ADVENTURES FOR EVERYONE • Backpacking, canoeing, llama trekking m the NC mountains, SC barrier islands, Congaree Swamp. Families with young children and seniors welcome • llamas will airry your gear. uam MINIMUM IMPACT rr.chmque.~. r.cology, plant and animal identification, rockchmbmg, whitewater C311oemg. etc ... Emphasis on perlOllal growth. For more information write: Magik Trek~. P.O. Box 6876, Columbia, SC 29260. GRE.ENll'G CARDS • correspondence and advocacy cards for people who care. Onginal an reproduced in color. (I 091: of proceeds donated to proJCCIS for pc.ace wid justice.) Write IO Ginny Lco12. LovEarth Creations; Box 1445: Black Mountain, NC 28711. ENVTRONMEl\'TALLY SENSITIVE l..Ai"IDSCAPL'lG SERVICE- Lawn maintenance, trees. shrubs, Oowcrs &. edibles. Organic. Patrick Clark. 254-8116. WORK FOR PEACE. STOP PA YING FOR WAR! For informauon about conscientious resisl3occ to war Ulllcs, including resources. local contaCts, phllosophy, how-1o·s. and consequences, contact the National War Tax Resistance Co-ordinaung Commill.CC, P.O. Box 858 IO, Seattle, WA 98145. (206)522-4377. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS • herbal salves, unctures, & oils for birthing &. family health. For brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; Rt. I, Box 726; HWTlpLOn, TN 37658. Spiritual Knowledge shared. advice given 10 those who are seeking or m need. Always personal and strictly confidential. Contnbutions acccptod, but never required. Send SASE 10: Circle Communications, Boit 412, Dillard. GA 30537·0412 NATURAL CH1LDBTR1ll CLASES speciallLlng in the Bradley Method. Clas...cs are small and include nuDition physiology, consumerism, parenting skills, and rclaxauon and labor support techniques. For more informa11on call or write Maggie Sa.ch~: 808 Florida Ave.; Bristol, TN 37620. (615) 764-2374. NEW AGE COMMUNITY FOR~IJNG on 57 acr~ of land. Located on sacred Cherokee Stone Mountain. Visions or hc.:iling the c.:inh & our chi ldren. Parcel~ avadable. All Southern Exposure, strong creek runs through middle, with little creeks on either side. Many springs. gentle land. Contact Sue Ann Rmcr, Rt. 2. Box 314, Vila~ NC 28692. SKYLANO • log on 10 the computer bullcun board of the Smokies. Networking, plus news on the cnv1ronmcn1, nature photography, games, computer ullhtics, much mate. Contact M1ch.:Jel Ha,·chn, sysop. (704) 254-6700. ASTROLOGICAL CHART with a.~ct grid and key to astrological symbols. Send SIO, SASE, and btnhda1e (mo/day/yr), b1rthtirne (00:00 AM/PM), and birthplace (cny, Sl.3.te) 10 Star Charts. P.O. Box 18205, Ashev11le, NC 28814-0205. HAWKWrND EARTH RENEWAL CO-OPERA11VE is an 87 acre primitive retreat and working community farm.. Located in the Northern Alabama mountains, just 115 miles northwest of Atlanta. Classes on altcmauve tifcstyles and Nau"e American philosophies nre available on a regular basis. A schedule or events is 0\'311.lblc upon requCSL Healing Arts and Ean.h Renewal gatherings arc planned on a quarterly basis and facitilJCS are available for private organizational use. For infonnntion or catalog of Native crafts & products. call (205)635-6304. MOUNTAIN DULClMERS • made of black walnut, red cherry, or maple. To~ available in wormy ches1nu1. buttcmut, swcc1gum, sassafras, western cedar and olhcr woods. Contact: MU.e Dulcimer Company; Rt. 2, Box 288; Bloumvillc, TN 37617 (615) 323-8489. SPECTRE OF THE WITCH • Call for slides. Artists within a 200 mile radius of Asheville, NC arc invited 10 submit work exploring images of the Witch, from goddess power through feminism. Deadline for reception of slides is September 10th. Send to: "Spectre of the Wnch:" 37 Baltimore Avenue: Asheville, NC 2880 I. ORGANIC BONEY • Tulip Poplar, Sourwood and WildOower. From Patrick County, Virginia. No chemicals, no white sugar, no heat, ever. Strained through cheesecloth and p:ickcd in heavy glass ammng jars. For a 4-ol. sample of our premium sourwood and our catalog, send S4 10: Wade Buckholts & Meg311 Phillips; Rouie 2, Box 248: Stuan, VA 24171. (703) 69-i-4571 STIL·LIGllT THEOSOPlllCAL RETREAT CENTI:R • a quiet ~cc for personal mcchtallon, group interaction through study, and communuy work, and spintual seminar.. Contact Leon Frankel: R1. I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786. Let MEDICINE WIND blow through your mind! Exotic handmade Bomboo FlutcS. rare scales. fine tuned. Free hrocurcs. Wntc: Mcdicl!IC Wind Music: 86 NW 55 SL. Gainesville, FL 32607. RHYTHM ALIVE • Handcrafted African· Style Drums, workshops, learning tapes, drumbags. 311d accessoncs. PIC.1SC send SASE lo Rh)thm Ali\'c!: 85 Phenix Co\·c Rd.: Wcavcrv1lle. NC 28787 {704) 645 3911. V..'EBWORKl?l:G is frtt Send submL~sions to: Ora"'1ng by Rob Mu..ck Kat1illh Jour110/ P.O. Box 638 Lciccster, NC Kattlah Province 28748 S"mmu. 1990 • �Tire Katuah Journal wams ro comm1111icme your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional pro,•ince Send rlzem to us as /euers, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs. ere Please send your co11tribwio11s to 11S or: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Ka11iah Provillce 28748. "Water is life" is a priflciple with which we are al/familiar. Issue 29 of 11te Katuah Journal will concem i1self wil/1 wa1er and watersheds in 1/ie Sowhern Appalachians - the blessing of water, how it affects 1/ie lives of all of us who live here, and what we can do to protect it. Ariicles deadline - July 20: Edi1orial meeting August 4; i.A)•oUJ - September 8 until... "Jobs" IS a word tha1 is ust!d like a club to silt!nce dis.uni and beat dO\\n tht! impulse for creutivl! living. In tht! .~ense of "right l1velilwod," worJ; ho~ on important place in our lives, and we nud 10 acknowledge its role while questioning how it is used as an instrument of oppre.rsion by the dominant culture. The regional economy is the physicol /oundalion of the l:>ioregionol vision. /low is it being realized? BACK ISSUES OF KATVAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE- SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture • SunOowcrs Human Impact on the Fo!C$1 · Cltildrcns' Educa1ion Veronica N1cholas:Woman 1n Politics • Liulc People - Medicine Allies ISSUETEN-WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone • Internal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial Poems: Steve Knauth • Mythic Places · The Uktcna"s Talc - Crystal Magic · '1)rcomspcalUng" ISSUE FOUR SUMMER 1984 Water Drum • Water Qualily • Kudi.u • Sow Edipse - Cliwcuning · Troul • Going 10 Watet Ram PwnJll Microhydro Poentt: Bennie Lee Sinclair. Jim Wayne. Miller ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Way• in Cherokee Omscng Nuclear Waste Our Ce.Ilic Heritage Bioregionali1m: Past. Prescn1, and Future John Wilnoty - Hc.alutg Darkness - Poliuc:s of Paniclpation ISSUE SIX WINTER 1984·85 Wmtcr Sobticc Eanh Ceremony • Ilorsc!""'lutc River • Corning of the Light • Log Cabin R00te - Mountam AS""ul111"'; The R1i;ht Crop • Willi= Tl)llnr . The Furur< or th~ Fore.-i ISSUE SEVEN SPRING 198S Swtamable EconomK• Hot Spnng• Woikcr Owmmh1p • The Orcat Economy - Self llclp C"rcdn Union • Wild 1 urkcy • Respo1U1ble Investing • Working m the Web of life ISSUE EIOIIT · SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Katliah 18.000 Years Ago - Sacred S11A:S • Folk Alu. m the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poc1m: Hilda Downer ·Cherokee Hcntagc Ccrucr Who 0wm Appd111:hi11 ISSUE NINE· FALL. 1985 The Waldec Forut - The Treu Spe.ak Migr&11ng Forests - HO<$C Logging SWhng a Tree Crop - Urban Trees . Acom Brc.d • Myth ISSUE El.EVEN SPRlNC 1986 Community Planning • Cities and the Biorcgion.al Vision • Recycling - Community Gardening· Aoyd County. VA - Oasobol Two Bion:gional Views • Nuclear Supplement Foxfire Carnes - Oood Medicine: Visions ISSUE THJRTEEN Fall 1986 Cent.er For Awakcnmg Eliu~th Callan - A Oentlc Death - Hospice • Ernest Morgm Dealing Ctcauvcly with Death Home Burial Box • The Woke • The Raven Moeltu Woocblorc and Wildwoods W1..tom • Good Med1cmc: 'Ilic Swc:.it l..udgc ISSUE FOURTEEN · Wm1er 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owlc • Boog= and Mummers • All Species D•y • C•hm Fever Un1vcrS11y Homcleu in KatUAh - Homemade Hot Water Stovemakct's Narrahve • Cood Medicine: lntenpec;11!r. Communic:1tion ISSUE FIFTEEN Sprmg 1987 Co•crleu • Wom1111 Forester - Susie McM""4n Midwife Ahcmauvc Conuaccpllon • Bio..:xuali1y • Biorcg1onah•m and Women Good Medicine: Mattim-chal Culture · PCtJrl ISSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987 Helen Wlitc • Poem: Visions in 1 Carden • Vision Quut • First Flow - IJlitlalion • l..caming in the Wildemcss Cherokee.a Challenge "Valuing Trus" ISSUE EJCIITEEN Wintu 1987-88 Vernacular An:hitcc:ture Drums in Wood and Stone . Mountain Home Elll'1h Encrgiu Earth-Sheltered Living - Membrane Houses • 91U5h Shelter Poems: October Dw:s:k • Oood Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUETWENTY-TIIREE-Spnng, 1989 Pisgah Village • Planet Art Crccn City • Poplar Appeal • "CIClll" Sky" •A New Earth" Bio.ck Swm - Wild Lovely Day.t • Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Su. Ice /\g«' • Poem: "Suddai Tendrils" ISSUE NINETEEN - Spring, 1988 Perclandra Canlcn - Spnng TonK:S Bl114bcmcs WildOowcr Gardens - Ormny Httbllis1 • Flower Essences · "The Origin of the Animals: Siory. Good Medicine: "Puwcr" - Be A Tree ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· Summer, '89 Deep l..is1cning - Life in Alorruc City • Direct Action! Tree of Peace Communily Building Peacemakers • Ethnic Survivll - Pairing Project - "Baulcsong" • Orowing Pc111:c in Clllllll'Cll Review: TM Chaliee and IN 8/4de ISSUE TWENTY • Summer, 1988 Pr_..., Appabcli1.,., Wildcmcs:s Hight.nds of Roan Colo Community 1..and Trust • Arthur Morgan School · Zoning luue • 'The Ridge' - Farmcrs md lhc Farm 8111 - Oood Medie1nc: " l..md" • Acid Rain • Dukc"s Power Play · Cherokee Microhydro ProJl.-.:1 ISSUE TWENTY ONE - Fill. 1988 ChcsUluts: A Natural Hmory - Rcstorin& the Chestnut - .. Poem of Preservation and Pr.uc" Continuing t11c Qu.:.st • Forc•ts and Wildlife Chestnuts in Rcg1oruil Diet • Chestnut Resource' • Hctb Note - Oood Med1c1ne: "Ow>gc• to Corne" • Review: W}we vgpiJs Uw1 - - - - - - --- - -- --- - --- - -- - Box 638; Leicester, NC: KatUah Province For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097 Nrune Regular Membership ........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Address City Area Code Summer, 1990 State Phone Number Zip ISSUETWE.NTY.SEVEN • SPRIN0, 1990 Tr1U1Jformohon - llcahni; Po11.cr • rcxc to Their A•hes • Hcalins in K111uah P~m: ''When left to Crow" • Poems: Stcphrn W'm& Tl>< Belly • Food from the Ancient f'arcst ISSUE TWEJIITY-TWO • WintcT, '88419 Global Warming • Fi"' ThiS Time • Thomu Berry on "BiorcglOI\•" • EaJ1h Exctcuc • Kod Loy McWhiru:r - An Abundllncc oCEmpttness LETS Chronicles of Floyd - Oany Wood Th<> Bear Clan rune ~UAH JOURNAL ISSUETWENTY.SIX WINTE.R, 1989.'90 Coming of Age in the Ecoro1c Era • Kids Saving Rainforest · Kids Trcccycling Compau~ . ConOict Resolution - Dc•clnping tl1c Creative Spirit - Birlh Power • Binh Bonding The Magic or Pupp:uy H<>m< Sci-ling • NllllUllf Ceremony Mother Earth's aassroom • CardC'ning for Children Enclosed is$ to give this effort an extra boost I can be a local con1ac1 person for my area 28748 Back Issues Issue#_ .@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue # _.@ $2.50 = $_ _ rssue # _ @ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue# .@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# ~ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-26) @ $40.00 = s__ postage paid � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 28, Summer 1990 Description An account of the resource The twenty-eighth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on "carrying capacity:" growth, development, and population of human systems in relation to the environment. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Stephen Bartlett, Rob Barron, Will Ashe Bason, Chip Smith, Lee Kinnaird Faween, Marnie Muller, Jim Houser, Patrick Clark, Hectáire P. Condeau, D. Goode, James Rhea, Marie Wood, and Susan Adam. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Carrying Capacity by David Wheeler.......3<br /><br />Setting Limits to Growth: Interview with Dr. Gary Miller | Recorded by David Wheeler.......5<br /><br />What Is Overpopulation? by Stephen Bartlett........7<br /><br />The Road Gang by Rob Barron.......8<br /><br />The Highway to Nowhere.......9<br /><br />Opening Pandora's Box: The I-26 Project by Rob Barron.......10<br /><br />"Caring Capacity" by Will Ashe Bason.......11<br /><br />People and Habitat by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett.......12<br /><br />Designing the Whole Life Community by Marnie Muller.......14<br /><br />Steady State by Jim Houser.......15<br /><br />Poems by Will Ashe Bason.......17<br /><br />Good Medicine.......20<br /><br />Transporternatives by Patrick Clark.......22<br /><br />Imagining the End of Real Estate by Hectáire P. Condeau.......23<br /><br />Natural World News.......24<br /><br />Man and the Biosphere.......27<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah Journal.......28<br /><br />Review: Cohousing by Will Ashe Bason.......30<br /><br />Events.......33<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville</em> <em>Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern Appalachian Region--Population Regional planning--Appalachian Region, Southern Transportation--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Community Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Pigeon River Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Transportation Issues Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/e8b264ef4ec25f6e96204d3ae515c995.pdf da3b1c41e52d67bec48c8df227746edd PDF Text Text /-� �UAWURNAL P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Postage Paid Bulk Mall Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 �FromMountains to the Sea uy uafMyczack........................•....• 1 Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed: The Little Tennessee River (An Interview with Dr. William Md.amcy) rtcortkd by David Whttlu.....................3 Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub b y William Mclarney.........••.•.........•..5 Mudwatch and Fmoount: The Environmental Survey of the Little Tennessee 6 by William McLarnq.......................•• Headwaters Ecology and Blgh Quality Habitat by Mary Kelly.........................•.••....? "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" by Mitlit Buchanan............................8 Water Power: Ac.tion for Aquatic Habitats.... IO Dawn Watchers uySncw Bear ................................ 11 Adventures on the River uy uaf Myaack.............................12 Accessory toMurder: Watts Bar Lake and the Public Trust uy LeafMyczadr........•.........•......••...14 Poem: "Country S10re" by Witliam MU/u...••.......•........•......14 The Nonh Shore Road: Environment or Development in the Great Smokies by Pmrick Clark..............................15 The Long Branch Composting Toilet by Paul Gallimore ..•...............•.....•... 11 GoodMedicine: The Long Human Being....18 Katuah Sells Out!! by Bud Young and Rodney Webb............ 19 Watershed Map of the Kauiah Province......20 Namral World News. ...........................22 Green Spirits: Karuah Rains by Lte Barnts................................26 Off the Grid uy Jim lloustr ...............................21 Drumming (Letters (O Katuah) .................28 Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth ls Coming! uy Ed lytwack..•......•....•............•...30 Poem: "Unbound" by Gaston Siniard............•........••.....31 Events.............................................36 Webworking.....................................38 TaUMint.u, 1990 FROM MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA by LeafMyczack It begins as dense, moist clouds riding the prevailing winds 11p from the Gulf of Mex.ico. Meeting the Corest updrafts from the AppalachianMountains, the clouds release their wet cargo over the rich forest below. The rain drips to the ground through the leafy canopy, seeps into the dark soil, gathers, and begins to triclcJe down the mountain slopes. Ct is here where the River is born. SmaJJ riwlets become streams, splashing and tumbling down rock­ strewn beds. When enough of these feeder streams converge, creeks form, and Lhey in rum • receive additional aibutaries. From the slopes of the old mountains of Kanlah, the growing rivers bring their watery gifis 10 the valley lands. But rivers do not lend themselves to arbitrary beginnings. The health of a river is the culmination of an ongoing, cyclical process. The health of rivers depends on atmospheric as well as ground conditions. Sulfates, nitrates, and toxic gases are washed to eanh in the form of acid rain. Here the contaminated water combines with herbicide residues used by forest abusers and with din paniclcs from bulldozed land. The first stream f ormed is already poisoned. Add industrial chemicals, silt from road construction, salt fertilizers, utility company herbicides, raw sewage, and the result is a river much diminished in itS capacity 10 suppon life. Even before the rivers leave the Appalachian foothills, their health is often severely compromised. Most humans have forgouen that we arc dependent on the interplay of all life. We think we can clear the forest without harming the river, or that we can diny the atmosphere without harming the forest. Even when confronted with historical evidence of environmental impact, ecologically destructive patterns continue unabated, especially when there is money involved. Greed seems to be the engine of destruction. Cut, rape, slash - "How much money are we making?" Rivers, in order to be healthy, must have a healthy watershed. The atmosphere and the ground must be clean in order to maintain the aquatic environment. To protect the life of the river, steep slopes musr be closed to logging and development. The less roads, the better, for roads only promote the migration of ecologically abusive people and materials. Rivers are intended to be pathways for rich organic nutrients leached from the mountain slopes to feed the diverse aquatic communities living in the estuaries. Damming rivers inhibits this cycle. In place of nutrients, rivers now carry water-soluble toxins that are deposited in delta and estuarine habitats. This Katuah region, sacred in all its biodiversity, is in great danger. The forest ones and the river ones call out for help. The scream of pain is almost constant among them. But their voices are not going unheard. Joining these voices are human voices - Lhe voices of caretakers, poets, Earth defenders • aU advocaLing a respect for all of'life. Ycs, brothers and sisters, trees and rivers do have rights Lo life and good health. Let us sing and dance to life in aJJ its many forms. The dance of life must supersede the chant of death, for without our relatives we are diminished in spirit, mind, and body. It is not a political struggle we are engaged in, but a spiritual quest to find the wellsprings of our soul. Listen closely, and you will hear great wisdom from Karuah. Be creative with your work and your life. for these are your honor song. - illustration by Cielo (canlinucd p, 12) XAtuah Journot � t ��������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 29, Fall/Winter 1990 Description An account of the resource The twenty-ninth issue of the<em> Katúah Journal</em> focuses on water quality: the Little Tennessee River watershed; Watts Bar Lake; development in the Great Smokies; and solar composting toilets. Authors and artists in this issue include: Leaf Myczack, David Wheeler, William McLarney, Mary Kelly, Millie Buchanan, Snow Bear, William Miller, Patrick Clark, Paul Gallimore, Buck Young, Rodney Webb, Lee Barnes, Jim Houser, Ed Lytwack, Gaston Siniard, Rob Messick, Bob Clark, Marnie Muller, Marlene Mountain, and Susan Adam. <br /><br /><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. From Mountains to the Sea by Leaf Myczack.......1<br /><br />Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed: The Little Tennessee River (An Interview with Dr. William McLarney), recorded by David Wheeler.......3<br /><br />Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub by William McLarney.......5<br /><br />Mudwatch and Fincount: The Environmental Survey of the Little Tennessee by William McLarney.......6<br /><br />Headwaters Ecology and High Quality Habitat by Mary Kelly.......7<br /><br />"It All Comes Down to Water Quality" by Millie Buchanan.......8<br /><br />Water Power: Action for Aquatic Habitats.......10<br /><br />Dawn Watchers by Snow Bear.......11<br /><br />Adventures on the River by Leaf Myczack.......12<br /><br />Accessor to Murder: Watts Bar Lake and the Public Trust by Leaf Myczack.......14<br /><br />Poem: "Country Store" by William Miller.......14<br /><br />The North Shore Road: Environment or Development in the Great Smokies by Patrick Clark........15<br /><br />The Long Branch Composting Toilet by Paul Gallimore.......17<br /><br />Good Medicine: The Long Human Being.......18<br /><br />Katúah Sells Out!! by Buck Young and Rodney Webb........19<br /><br />Watershed Map of the Katúah Province.......20<br /><br />Natural World News........22<br /><br />Green Spirits: Katúah Rains by Lee Barnes.......26<br /><br />Off the Grid by Jim Houser.......27<br /><br />Drumming (Letters to Katúah).......28<br /><br />Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth is Coming! by Ed Lytwack.......30<br /><br />Poem: "Unbound" by Gaston Siniard.......31<br /><br />Events.......36<br /><br />Webworking.......38<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville</em>&nbsp;<em>Mountaineer</em>&nbsp;Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Watersheds--Tennessee, East Watersheds--North Carolina, Western Watersheds--Virginia, Southwest Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern Gypsy moth--Control--Environmental aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. https://www.geonames.org/4666185/watts-bar-lake.html Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Watts Bar Lake ||||osm Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Community Economic Alternatives Education Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Health Katúah Katúah Organization Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Water Quality Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/598a93ab849d56cc32fb22505a37f177.pdf 35ca04365bb9bc976cdc8ee253cc5a52 PDF Text Text ISSUE 30 SPRING 1991 $1.50 �=· - · = • Drawing by D.avid Opalccky ~UAt1 JOURNAL P.O. Box 638 Leicesler, NC Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED 28748 �lONTENT5 Econorny/Ecology...................... " .............. l by David Whulu Avoiding Lhe Passive/Helpless Approach to Economic Developmcnt.........................4 by TlwmllS Power Ways 10 a Regener:uive Economy.............5 by Rob Messick Sacred Oconomy........................................6 by Will ~c Bason "Money Is 1he Lowest Form of Wealth": lnt.crv1cw wilb lvo Bnllcn1ine Bnd Robin Capc.....7 by Rodm:y Webb and llcnry EcJJcr The Clarksville "Miracle".......... ........................................ ]O by Gri.rcom Morgan Self-Help Crt!dit Union............................ IO The Village......................................." ...... 11 by Snow Bear "1hrough dreams, through magic''............ 12 Poc,m by Gary l;awler.t Food \-1overs.............................." .. .......... 13 b) DU!lul II hul.-r Poems hy Jim CJark.. ..... " ........................14 Life\Vork .................................................. 15 by Ernr.rt Wom1c.l; and Mtlflt. Sundstrom Green Spirit,;: "Kntuah Pl:inting Calendor".................................................. 19 by I.Le Barnt.S Good Medicine: "Villogc Economy".......20 On Eco-cconomics...................................21 by David llaellke Thoughts on Work, Productivity, and Development.....................................22 by Richard Lowenthal Natural World News................................23 Shelton Laurel. .........................................25 byRodneyWeJx, Off The Grid: ''Regional Fuels"...............26 by Jim Houser LETS..........................................." ...........27 Rtsources................................................. 27 Drumming................................................28 Eanh Energies: 'The Great Lover"...................................................... 31 by Cha.rlo11e llomsMr Events.......................................................33 Webworking.............................................34 Sprtng, 1991 by David Wheeler "Economy" means the basic, natural processes lhaLsupport life in the world. This is where we begin. The wind in the trees rain dripping through the leaves, mounrain~ silen1and tal.11 the moon sailing 1hrough the sky - these are basic factors of life in Lhe mountains. These elemental powers are refined and individuali~ed int~ a~oms ~nd whirling poplor seeds, lwmnous cnlhums, insect larva crawling un?:r strea~ rocks, a .grouse thrumming in the twilight - beings 1hat live and die, eat and are eaten, closely bound to the web of existence. Thi~ is the living economy of lhe Soulhem Appalachian Mount.ains. The human "economy" is how we live in 1he W?rl~. It is simply an accounting of how we live within the greater economy and utilize itS energies to support our own existence. Tn conversation, human economy is of1en contraI?Osed to the natuml ecology, as if they were dtfferent and antagonistic 10 each other. But both words share a common root from the Greek word oikos, ·•household." This is not a coincidence; this is observation of a fundamenral ~ity. The two conceplS are simply clifferent views of lhe same system seen from diffcren1 perspectives and on a differem scale. The first principle of Lhe human economy is "preserve the system that gives life to all." The human economy. being a smaU er segment of the natural economy and working through the same laws, mirrors the health of the greater economy. Once human economies were dependen1 on the health of the regional ecosystems from which they grew. Then some humans learned to expand their sphere of infl_uence, so lhat by drawing energy from other regions they were able to maintain artificially healthy economies in the midst of failed environments. The Southern Appalachian Mountains know this process well. The human economy we know as the industrial growth system has not been good ro the mountains. The relatlonship of the ~ rull? Province lo the central economy has histo~cally been tha1of a colonized territory, exploucd for raw materials and cheap labor; always for the benefit of the same urban elites who rule the economies of Uruguay and Indonesia, Nigeria and the Philippines - and all the other miliLarily weaker and technologically less-developed countries. 1n the Soulhem Appalachians, the timber boom of the early pan of the nineteeolh century is the clearcs1example of the "rape and run" mentality of resource extraction. And though lbe tech niques nave been refined, there is little difference between the mentali1 of the old-time y timber barons and the current-day land developer. But the industrial growth society has reached rhe end of ils rope - or, more aptly, the bollom of the barrel. There are no new bioregions to conquer, and any funher expansion and growth only weakens lhe condition of the already-stressed global ecology. The industrial growth sysLem has taken a terrible toll on !he world - !he ecologicnl collopse is underway, the economic collapse follows. The planetary economy of human hobitation i~ once again a retlection of Lhe planet's natural ll.fe suppon system. We are now going lO have to give attention 10 the first principle of human economy and make a rcaJ commitment 10 "preserve the system that gives life to all." Change is happening. Ahhough waning govemmenrs srill dominate the headline news their struggles over the dregs of ao obsolete ' energy source are only the dea1h agonies of the industrial grow1h system. The recent war, recessions, and depressions are ~e symptoms of change. Like continenLS in moo?n, me forces actuaUy driving this change are moving slowly, ponderously, deep beneath the surface - jusl as powerful and jus1 as inexorable. The planetary life system is moving lo preserve iLSelf. While we can see the shadow of the approaching change, we cannot see i1s shape, and we know only that the future will be like nothing that has gone before. We need to prepare. That we are aware this transition is coming does noLmean that it will be easy or comfortable for us; in fact just !he opposile appears more likely to be the case. It will help to rell1CIIlber thai we are in the midst of a monumental transfonnacion, and although it will be diffi.cuJ1, it offers an opponuni1y for us to supplant the old ioduslrial growth system with one much more suilable - one that is ecologically viable and more spiritually fulfilling. During the throes of tra.nsi rion we need 10 remember that the second principle of eoonomy is "the survivaJ of species." This refers not only to the human species, although our kind is included as well, but the survival of all species - each constantly growing, changing, making its own conoibution to the continually creative process we call evolution. "Survival of the species•· also does not require the survival of every individual of a species, for that would in fact be counter-productive. It refers instead to the life (conlinucd on ~ 3) :l(.Qtuah Jotu"nm pa'}& �i<eLlAHjOURNAL EDITORIAL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Susan Adam Patrick Clark Oiarlotte Homsher Lorraine Kaliher Rob Messick Jeff Smith Rodney Webb Lee Barnes Andy Half-baker Jim Houser Richard Lowenthal Mamie Muller Manha Tree David Wheeler COVER: by Rob Messick © 1991 PUBLISHED BY: Ka1ualr Jo1unal STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PRINTRD BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE Il::0$ JSSUE: The Globe Valley WRITE US AT: Kat(I/Jh Journal Box 638; Leicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Katuah Joiu110I is on Skyland BBS, Asheville, NC. For information, call (704) 254-6700. Diversity is an important element or bioregional ecology, both natural and social. In line wilh this principle, lhe Katuah Journal tries 10 serve os a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of lhc authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Kat~Jaurnal edil0!'$ or ~taff. The lnlCmlll Revenue Serviu h:is declared Ka1dah Journal a non-profil organization under section 50l(cX3) of the tn1emal Revenue Code. All conliibutions 10 Katitah Journal are deductible from personal income tax. Articles appearing in Katuah Journal may be reprinted ill olher publications with permission from the Katuah Journal slaff. Contocl the journal in writing or call (704) 154-f:,(1}1 or (704) 683-1414. Here, in the Karuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between th.e Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Turtle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. 'LNVOCA.T LON In a house of bones we call down the spirits. and the plants grow. and the animals move freely. We light candles, calling for the return, and the flame of life burns through the buildings, nothing but ash, and the plants grow, and the animals move freely. The Katiwh Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. - Gary Lawless The Ka16ah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them 10 us as le11ers, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kattuih Province 28748. ,. ,i - The Editors The summer issue of 1he Katuah Journal will feature stories about the sub1le energies of the Appalachians and the Eanh - those invisible forces that, whether we choose 10 be aware of them or not, exert such a powerful influence on our lives. Please send in .your stories, drawings, or poems of dowsing, eanh changes, sacred sites and their legends, vonexes, and other accounts of encounters with the pulsing heartbeat of the world by April 30 to Ka11wh Jotunal; Box 638; Leicester, NC 28748. Spr tmJ, 1991 �(COminued &om pqe I) and health ot the species as an organism unto itself. Pictured as an individual organism, our own species, at this point in time, is in deplorable health. We an: gluuonous and grossly far, physically soft and out of shape, ridden with cancer and other degenerative diseases, subject 10 numerous natural resource addictions, beset by a severe attitude problem. and (among the more advanced sectors in panicular) badly neurotic. One of the side effects of the transition now underway appears to be that Mother Gain as drill sergeant is about to shape us up. In order to maintain its place in the world, the human species and the human economy of the future will necessarily be lighter, quicker on its feet, more alert, and more aware of its surroundings. Technology will not be able to effect this change for us. In fact an increased dependence on fancy technology would be n debilitating influence at this point. This change is going to be made inside our collective psyche - in our mental condition and our spiritual values. Because the third principle of economy is: ''Do it well." Consequent to redefining our idea of "economy" is redefining our criteria for the success of that economy in maintafoing its place in the biosphere. For one example: the phrase "quality of life" as used in these mountains at one rime referred to the health of the streams, the health and number of the animals, the health of the forest But today, even as the world about us is being degraded and destroyed, we are constantly told that our "quality of life" is improving For a second example: what is meant by "living well?" At one time "living wcll" meant the manner in which a person carried himself or herself in the world • what a person said, what a person did, in other words, the quality of their actions. In these days "living well" means what and how much a person eats, drinks, and owns • in other words, the quality of their consumption. ln order to correctly judge the success of our economy, we need to revise the standards by which we detennine our basic needs - not in terms of goods, services, and the medium of their exchange, but in terms of the purpose of our daily transactions: health, satisfaction, fulfillment, and happiness. Here m the Southern Appalachians we are lucky: we have a model for change. For as long as humans have inhabited these mountains, the removed from a time when people lived by hunting, gathering, and small-scale agriculture. One hundred yCtlrS ago the majority of the people here lived a pastoral, self-sufficient lifestyle. The Appalachian culture of that time gave rise to the image of the "independent mountaineer." That stereotype is still cherished today. but it is a joke in these rimes when we buy our food from supermnrketS, borrow money from urban banking canels 10 buy vehicles from Detroit or Yokohama, are dependent on job wages, send "It's a sad situation whe11 humans in a society like ours find thnt they can survive only by destroying the basis of existence. ''The basic goal of our economy is to take the greatest possible amount of natural materials as quickly as possible through the consumer economy to the junk heap. The main idea is to mnke junk. All our jobs are keyed to making junk... ''I'd like to say just a word about jobs: we don't need jobs! We need food, we need clothing, we need housing, we need education, we need health care, we need all these things. Now my proposal for the Southern A7JPD.laclriat1s is to get out of the whole consumer economy and establish 014r own internal economy based in bioregion. "There's no reason why we can't build an economy here and a culture here independent of bringing all this extravagant consumer economy and technology and productivity into this region. We don't need those! All we need are food and clothing and fun and celebration and necessities like that. That's wl1at we need, and there's no reasorr why Katuah Province can't provide it." - Thomas Berry, tu the 1990 "Em·ironmtntal Summit Confertntt," UNC Ashtvilfe monthly insurance premiums to Hanford, power our commerce on fuel that is carried halfway around the world, and absorb our culture from TV programs that come to us from big-city broadcasting stations through giant satellite receivers. Our regional economy presently is flaccid, lame, and unsmble. To be independent means t0 take responsibility for one's self. We need to re-examine our situation literally "from the ground up." How are we going to provide the clean air we need every minute, the pure water and good food we need every day, shelter, healing, education, nns and entertainment that are enriching and fun, and a spirituality that recognize:. our place in the Creation? We will provide for these needs by getting together with friends and community, doing for ourselves, and trusting in the land. We will restructure our economy by methods that will be sustainable in the mountains for many generations to come in a variety of different living situations. And we will renegotiate our economic contract with the land, the foundation of all our existence. If our relations with the land are not in order, then we will not survive to see what the next era will bring. In the rimes to come, although conditions may seem hard and the shadow of oppression may loom large, it is important that we keep our spiritS up and do not give in to fear or depression. We cannot wait for someone else to give the orders or someone else to fund the budget We have to worlc together for our communities and for the life of our region. There will be a strong temptation tO "simply survive," "get by." or "muddle through." But we have a responsibility 10 the future and to those who will follow us to "do it well," for we are at a · cusp in the planet's history, and the techniques we use to bring ourselves through the maelstrom of transition will be the foundation for the regional economy to come. We need to keep compassion - that our knowledge might be used to better understand this world and find our place in it. We need to be guided by wisdom - that our technology more closely mimic the biological than the mechanical. We need 10 keep our spiritual center - that our vital drive be directed to care for our community (human and natural), rather than strive to place the individual above all. This is a rich land. lf we embody the real values of the natural ecology in the economy of today, Kauiah will provide well for the needs of a lean and healthy human population. r.8" fact of Appalachia as a region has dominated the local economy. We are not two hundred years Rob Messic~ Sprttig, 1991 Xat.i«ih Jouma( Pa«Je 3 �Avoiding the Passive/Helpless Approach to Economic Development Advocates of extractive uses of the national forests have defined an approach to economic development that has become widely accepted. In fact, advocates of preservation have largely accepted the developers' view of the mechanism of economic development. The approach I am concerned about might be called the "pass.ive-helpless" approach. According to lhis view, we and our fellow citizens follow passively and helplessly the geographic pattern of job creation provided by commercial businesses. The commercial business community, in tum, is seen as an outSide force over which we have linle control and of which we are not a pan except as passive employees or consumers. This should all sound familiar: In this widely held view of the economy, the business community creates jobs for us and we lhankfuUy, even gratefully, take them. Once this view is accepted. the primary economic question raised by the conflict between extractive development and the preservation of environmental quality on national forest lands is simply one of figuring out which businesses create the "most" and/or the "besl" jobs. The advocates of ongoing extraction tell us that it is the timber or mining industries, while advocates of preserving environmental quality insist !hat it is me tourisr/recreation industry. 1.r:11Howeven thit•oppmnclr.mi~\arleau .,,rr half of the economic reality. Moreover, it may miss more than half of the political and social reality that we ought to be trying 10 create. To explain lhis, let me present four basic principles or facts about the economies we live in. First, people care about where they live. The quality of the natural and social environment is a dominant force in determining where people locate. The evidence for this is all around us. Consider the move to the suburbs. to the deserts of the Southwest, to the Sunbelt, or to the hill country of the South. Initially these mass movements of millions of people represented movements away from both jobs and commert;ial centers. They also represented movements from high wage areas to relatively low wage ar~ People took significant risks and made :.ignificruit sacrifices to obtain the living environments they wanted. Second, most jobs involve "taking in each others' wash" or "scratching each others' backs". not scratching at the Earth to extract and make valuable lhings which are then exponed 10 the rest of the world. In recent years, 70 to 80 pen:ent of American jobs are in locally-oriented (as opposed to export-oriented) service jobi;, no1 manufacwring. There has been a long term, ongoing trend which constantly increases the dominance of this type of economic activity. The third principle is tha1 people can and do crea1e jobs for themselves and their neighbors by engaging in small-scale entrepreneurial activity. In fact, this has been one of the primary so~ of job creation in some of the states most heavily hit by the recessions of the 1980's. In Montana. for instance, during the first half of the l 980's wage and salary jobs shrank by tens of thousands Xotiulh )ournat pO<JC 4 by Thomas Power while total employment increased. All net new not be available. Passive communities of jobs were self-employment jobs. In North helpless people who do what large corporations Dakota. small new businesses were also the tell them to do don't survive the inevitable dominant source of job creation. decline that accompanies shifting business The final principle is that 40 10 50 percent winds. "Company towns" are never dynamic, prosperous places. of all personal income flowing into our Finally, it must be kept in mind that a communities doesn't come in the form of growing number of residents are "foot-loose" in wages, salaries, or profits. It comes from return the sense that a substantial source of income on past investments. including pension and follows them no matter where they choose to retirement plans, and from transfer payments live. Retirees are the most obvious group. Their from government programs such as social residential choices can be guided almost entirely ~urity. This flow of income into our local by their preferences for natural and social ~nomies is far larger than any single industry or combination of industries, but is NOT caused environments. They bring with them major 0ows of income that support the economic by current employment. activities of others. In dollar terms, a single This is a dramatically different picture of retiree who chooses a panicular community as the local economy than the one we are usually his or her new home is worth hundreds of given. People choose to live in places they like, tourists streaming lhrough the community. In where they support themselves through jobs addition, rather than disrupting the community they, themselves, create. These jobs primarily as tourists do, the new resident's productive serve the needs of their neighbors, much of activities are likely to make a contribution 10 the whose incomes are not tied to local jobs. Taken vitality of the community. together, these factS have imponant implications Based on these ideas. T would suggest a for how we view local economic development. few rules for those concerned about both For instance, maintaining and creating an attractive social and natural environment for preserving environmental quality and enhancing residents is critical to the future of our the economic well-being of their communities. "forest-dependent" communities. Butcher the narural environment, and we lose the qualities Firs1, don't give away the store to ~ that draw and hold people and economic activity outsiders, whether those outsiders be extractive here. This iuffltical poim: we-protect the u ' industry or tourists. That will only destroy lh~ natural environment nor for 1ouris1s and outside things we have going for us. r1• recrearionalists but for us. the people who live here. We do it so that we and others will find Second. siop talking about tourists. lhis an attractive place to live, work, and do Nobody loves a touris1, no1 even tourists, and business. The natural environmem created by no one looks forward to cleaning up after our forested mountains contributes to our 1ourists. We do 001 impress our fellow citizens ecomomic well-being first and foremost by \\ith talk about putting them to work making being available for us to enjoy directly. motel beds, cleaning toilets, and washing dishes. Talk instead about ourselves. why we If we are interested in attracting more are here, and what is imponant 10 us. people, we have to ask what we have to offer that sou them California or the eastern megalopoli do not. We clearly are not going to Finally, as we work co protect the nationaJ. compete by providing stripped and rdvaged forests, Ice's take back the economic argument from those who see our forested landscape only mountainsides. silted streams and polluted as a source of raw material for shipment to the rivers, and noisy, dirty plants belching res1 of the world. In taking back the economic foul-smelling gases into the air. It is the general argument. we must be careful not to buy into the ugliness and pollution of our largest population centers from which people are seeking to vision of ours~lves as passive. helpless folks completely ckpcndent upon outside forces. That escape. Our economic development stra1egy position is dangerous to 1he spec1acular beauty muse be built around asking what it is that we of our region, as well as destructive of the have that is special and attractive. Our forested political and social fabric of our states and our mountains and the environmental quality they comrnunjties. provide cenai.nly are central 10 answering that Instead we should view ourselves as question. creative entrepreneurs, contributing 10 the There are important implications here, economic resources and the well-being of our 100, for what a good "business climate'' is. communities. We all have co find a living, and Since we largely create our own jobs rather than forest protection rather 1han forest extraction wrutirig passively for gifts from benevolent outside corporations, the business climate that may be the best way for many. ~ counts is that faced by local, small Thomas Power is professor of eco11t>mics entrepreneurs. A productive business climate is and chaiml(lll of the Eco,wmics Department at not one tha1 gives outside businesses anything the Universiry ofMomona ill Missoulo. His they ask of the community! Rather. it is one that recent book, The Economic Pursujt of Quality encourages and supporlS residents as they create (ME. Sharpe,1988) develops ill more detail rlre economic opportunities for themselves and their ideas presented here. neighbors by pursuing opportunities 10 provide goods or services to their neighbors chat This artu:/e is reprintedfrom the Ottober 1989 otherwise would have to be imponed or would issUL of Forest Watch, which is available from Box 3479: Eugene, OR 97403. Spr L119, 1991 J ,i"'-'i �, ... WAYS TOA REGENERATIVE REGIONAL ECONOMY Nature does not require that any of its intercomplmrmting mmrbers ·ear-n a /it,ing·. R Buckmlnstcr FullC!I' We all eat from the Earth, brea th from the Earth, drink from the Earth, and exchange energy on the way to rclurning it in augmented molecular forms to the Earth. The movements of energy through the many organismic forms of the biosphere creates a kind of metabolism, a kind of economy, that is both ancient and alive as we participate in its elaborate ways of clean-burning combustion. Micro-organisms first found ways to perpetuate themselves on compounds like methane and sulfur. As different cellular forms engulfed and rejected each other the pattern of using solar energy emerged as a strong and usefu I means of tapping into the flows of energy coming to the Earth from the Sun. This photosynthesizing ability came about through millions of years of evolution, and the oxygen it produced eventuaUy led to the creation of a protective ozone layer· enabling life to lnhabil the continents. It also came as a great shock to the ancient anaerobic bacteria, who cannot exist in the A Region Regen • crativc Primer. Involved in each of these basic requirements are questions about Values and Ufostyles, which tend to tran,ccnd the mere fulfillment of material needs (•.. In nonlinear order). presence of gaseous oxygen. As dynamic plant forms began concentrating their energy in fruits from pollinating flowers, and edible (and inedible) seeds, along with developing cellulose to incre~ lhe strength of their cell walls, they began to take on more of an energy harvesting role on the continents. Converting radiant energy to chemical energy, they also began to aid In regulating the flows of water, the contents of air, and the distribution of some minerals. Animal cells which thrived on the energy flow created by the existence of plants also began to flourish and diversify into multicellular forms. Through millenia this ever renewing. turbulent, and resilient cycle of energy, being used and reused through the lives and deaths of uncountable organisms and whole species of organisms, has continued despite the catastrophic impacts of asteroids hurlllng in from the solar system. The visceral movements of volcanoes and plate-shiftings have also been a major factor In lhe ability of this planet to mend from such great events. Until human beings came along, there seemed to be no multicellular form or life that could interrupt these magnificent biotically guided cycles or radiant and molecular energy as drastically as meteors, volcanoos, and plate tectonics have. When our coordination of social activity began we had neither the numbers nor the skill to drastically interfere with the vital regenerative nature of the Biosphere. We simply participated in the flows of energy that were swarming around us and inside us. Particularly since an ice age was coming to an end, there were other regions and habitats we and related primates could move into and explore if need be, to find food, shelter, and waler. We burned wood, ate the plants and animals that were herding, mcadowing, and foresting around us, expressed ourselves though various languages and spiritual practices, and found cures for some infections. Many of these infections are due largely to the great ancestral microbes and viruses who arc still doing much of the most basic work of the Biosphere. Our immune systems exist as an attempt to maintain identity in the "sea" of microbes and viruses we live prlng, 199 1 in. As our social systems became more complex, and the basis for human technology and industry began to be discovered, we eventually eame to a critical phase. The control of major regional energy Aows that human beings hlld contact with were being maintained less and less by a naturally diverse Biosphere, and were co-opted more and more into our own growing tribal intellect and infrastructure. Much has come from our early inluitive grasps for wisdom. However, these were relatively inexperienced guesses al how natural systems work. The fine details of recording and mapping our experiences soon began lo open our species into realms or knowledge thllt were as unexpected as they were at times frightening. As the experiences of our species with natural systems expanded, so did our methods of control. This was true not only of energy flows outside the core of human culture, but also with the basic internal relationships of gender, spirituality, and the introducing of children to the dynamics of a Universe at large. Conflict among various cultures (or infragroups) within our species. over the economic Aows of food, know-how, tools, minerals, and power etc, soon inflamed into t he existence of hostile sovereign states. One form of human cul lure would try to assert its dominance over another (due perhaps to its mihtary rrught at a given time) and a process of intimidation would spread like a dlscase. Delusions of a different culture being viewed as a completely "evil other· only added to the turbulence. Unfortunately, this kind of projection often fails to recognize the evil that exists in all dominator societies. There have been m.1ny human cultures that have exhausted the biodi verstty of lh!! ecosystems surrounding them. A$ the life-cycle of some of these cultures came to an end they somctimc!S paid the price for this exhaustion with their survival. Early ht.UlW\ hunting and agricultural practices could deplete the carrying capacity for human beings in a given region. This is supported by evidence from a number of early human cultures that turned forests into meadows and croplands, w hich in him could become infertile deserts in some areas of the world. The effects of sucll. practices however; extracted far less from the whole Biosphcric Context than do relatively fast changing industrial societies. For much of the span of human existence there was abundant habitat for other large multicellular organisms lilce ourselves to con tinue in the Great Energy Cycles of the Earth. As we extracted some seeds and animals, domesticating and breeding them for greater yield, a process began that infringed further into forest, prairie, and coastal ecosystems. By the lime some human cultures began pushing their way into a dominating posture toward other human cultures, and toward the uncountable millions of species that were continuing to evolve, we were not only losing these habitats· we were also beginning to lose contact with deeper mysteries within ourselves. As we found ways to use lhe petrified remains or life from eons gone by (le; coal, oil, and ear thly Aatult?nce) as add itional sources of fuel, the virtu.-illy clean-burning fuel cycles of microbes, fungi, plants, and animals were infused with a differmt kind of pervasive combustion. The eicplosive introduction of fossil fuel burning engines which arc inefficient relative to the organic (or more readily recyclable) combustion of living systems meant that human beings were developing a potential for by-passing many of lhe limits that existed earlier in the Biospheric Context. Such a context, of energy exchange bet ween organismic and molecular fonns that created fossil fuels from marshes over vast spans of geolog,c time, 1s now able to be *burned" by human beings in the span of centuries. The effects of this wave of fossilized-.?nCrgy-dcpendence and the consequent existence of elaborate technologies and populabon increases. has created a new kind of threat not only to our human cultures but also to the very existence of larger multicellular organ communities llke ourselves. As we release more greenhouse and ozoneOraw111g by Rob M cmclt (cominuod on aut p1ge) xatuah Journot ~ 5 �(continlllOd &om page S) depleting gases than the Great Energy Cycles of the Earth can accommodate, produce myriad synthesized chemistries derived primaril>· from "cooking" oil in petrochemical refineries, interrupt the now of vital habitats, and till away topsoil at an alarming rate, we can sec the evidence or an economy that has strayed from the roots of its existence. It could be said that when a species of multicellular organisms grows too fast, outpacing the rate of energy now created by millions of years of conflict and conflict resolutions between the needs of a species and the needs of the overall integrity or ecosystems in a bioregion, then some feedback in the whole system might seep in to correct the flow. Perhaps we as a species will recognize in time that "fooling around" with systems this large and complex can lead to a partial or contagious collapse of many types of biosystcms. By using methods of accounting that do not regard the subtle nature of whole systems, and their inability to susla.in themselves when 'broken down' into incommurucable parts, we open ourselves further to such risks. Ignorance of these kinds of feedback processes became evident in Katuah when disastrous floods occured as a result or excessive rainfall after large areas of forest were felled. The qualities of soil structure that could move and absorb water through the work of vegetation, earthworm, and microbe scale organisms was lost in this method of industrial extraction. A Regenerative Economy for human beings would involve a recognition of some of the ancient patterns of microbial relationships that have been worked out over eons of geologic time. Huge consequences have come from some of those relatively "small" decisions or adaptations. In developing co-operative and predatory behaviors, biosystems have come to live within limits of scale and tolerance that are 1mplicit to being abve in the context of the Great Energy Flows of the l3iosphere. It has now become an essential aim of humnn beings to hve within the population and resource limits of such solar initiated regenerative flows. SACRED 0CONOMY ., There's a huge old apple 1ree on the fann we live on that gave over a dozen bushels of apples this year. The apples made good applesauce and we put up about a hundred quans of iL Thick, yellow and brown, sticky sweet summer in Mason jars on the pantry shelves. When the apples fell faster than we could handle them, we called up Ed and Randye and their family came over and picked up four bushel~ to make themselves some sauce 100. This was what the land afforded us, it was what was freely offered and though it was a busy time of the year, it felt like something of a sacred duty to see that the apples were put lO good use, to accept the offering of this place and our place in the magic transfonnation of Sun and Rain and Soil into Tree and into growing Human children. The tree was planted and probably grafted by an African-American fanner a half century ago or more in the fertile Little River bottomland. Its apples have become a lot of children over the years, and I feel like we honor the fanner as well as the place when we use these apples. When we lived at Travianna there were a lot of wild grapevines that grew next to the creeks, using the alders and willows there for a natural arbor. Most years there would be a couple of bushels of fragrant wild grapes for the easy picking. Going 10 pick the grapes really XQti&afl Jourtiai pa9e 6 Efforts such as energy conservation through more efficient technologies that require less of the dreaded noxious belching of fossil fuel engines will be of great service. However, the invention and practice of human systems that tap into regenerative energy flows - such as solar ovens, heaters, collectors and batteries, along with hydrogen and possibly alcohol fuels, bioshelters, composters, wind generators, and microhydro - will aid more clearly in healing our relationship wilh the Sacred Flows of the Earth. Many primal skills of living in balance with local habitats and being able to flll many human needs from healthy forests and mrodows will also be important to this effon. Reforestation, good husbandry, and soil conservation could be seen as a form of "currency" in allowmg these potentially heallhy ecosystems to sustain themselves. Such a renewing economy could also explore ways or integrating sustainable agricultural sysll.'l'T\S into homes, offices, ponds, gardens, villages, and counties within the Biorcgional Ptovincc. A rcgen1?rative economy would guide us into concentrating more on the local qualities of supply, demand, and re-use of provisions, and less on the push to generate more and more products without regard to the effects on children, landfills, and overall costs to the environment. Instead of insisting on "continual growth" (a.k.a. greed) for the human economy, a regenerative perspective would manifest as more of a Steady State Economy; one in which the now of energy and provisions would be used and regulated for the good of the whole society and local environments by councils of members living within a given Shire, or county, of a Bioregion. Qualities of durability, thrift, and attention to the needs of systems larger than the human economy would be a major focus of this approach. I The just involvement of other life forms in the human economy would also be encburagcd. An example or this can be found in the process of Biorcmediation, in which microbes and other organisms are used in specific ways to digest and disintegrate many forms of organic and metallic activates the hunter/gather memory banks and it is sometimes a very good thing to do with kids. It is sometimes a very good thing to do alone. The chinquapins ripen about the same rime as the grapes and we would find these and gently pry them from their prick Iy husks and eat them on the spot, spitting out their thin shells and swallowing the sweet mini-chestnuts. This land is so generous. In our present lifestyle, the gathering of the offerings of the wild is mostly symbolic, but I think we long for a return 10 a more basic level of relationship with our local environment lt is sad I think, for the offerings of so many blackberry thickets, grapevines, and apple trees to go disrespected. ft is sad for busy humanity that can no longer find the time to enjoy the natural fruits of the place we live. r think we kick ourselves out of Eden every morning. I think we can walk back in any time we will. r thank this planet and these mountains, the Little River and an apple tree for the life they generously and patiently afford. This place is sacred. This place is beautiful. This place is home.... So, how do we get to this place and stay there? We can look at the examples of Native People everywhere for an answer. We see that native people are a whole lot simpler in their lifestyles. We have become a nation of the needy, needing all sorts of things that we would be better off without. We can also see that we need to cooperate with each-other more fully. Tribes, extended families, bands and villages are much more stable and powerful than our nuclear contaminants in water systems. A regenerative economy would act In ways to stop the now of such contamin:iting agents at their source. This could be done by using non-toxic replacement chemistries, or bioremcdiation, or dehydrating techniques to de-toxify or prevent some specific compounds from being released into water, soil, biotic, or atmospheric systems. However, the best way to stop contamination is lo not produce it in the first place. Better sbll, embody less of a need to use toxic agenl5 in creating proviSiqns. Monitoring flows such as those of minerals, nutrients, and re-usable wastes through settlements, forests, living soil, and life-giving waters would become a basis for this circulatory economy. Involvement in these geological movements can engender a kind or respect through familiarity, similar to that which potentially exists in the qualities of our own customs, know-how, emotions, and mediations. Both of these living patterns are necessary for human culture to sur,tivc. Hopefully it will become possible for us to envision the material form of a complexedly regenerative human society. Perhaps it would live and grow as a squash plant: keeping information in the seeds and feeding them with the "meat" of our hearts and minds; creating structures on which to extend energy collectors with the sun, soil, waters. and winds; diversifying enough so that each cell phlys a specific role in contributing to the survival of the plant, yet working together enough that.these cells are sustained by the s tructure of the whole plant. One thing aboul squash plants, though, is that they need ''rich" soil. The price to be paid is providing a kind of compost - a compost that tends not to equate well with the way most human beings think about and account wealth. Wealth comes from partidpaling in lhe sustenance of the Great Cycles of Energy of the Earth. To maim this source is to maim the source of our own economy. One has no life without the other. Rob Messick families and much better in touch with location than our governments and bureaucracies which can't deal with blackberry picking or anything near that level of real. Our families arc hard pressed to "cover all the bases" in this game we are playing now, driving kids around and driving ourselves around trying to earn enough dollars to keep driving kids around. We forget the sacredness of the place we rush through. We let our share of Eanh's sacred gifts go 10 brown rot and yellow jackets. A tribe is seldom this wasteful, even an extended family has members who are free to put up food and fuel from the local environment. Real cooperation on a local level brings the focus of the community home 10 here and now and reintegrates us into the web of life. Sacred economy is local 8conomy. This is certainly not to imply that there is anything wrong with trade, just that we will profit by looking closer to home for the basic elements of our sustenance. A collapse of the present world economic "order" would necessitate a return to local economy all over the planeL We can envision a new world 8conomic order in which communities trade directly with each other from aJI pans of the Eanh, assisted by a UPS, a global, reality based 1rading system without money or middlemen ..... These are good things a person can dream about while making apple.~uce. .,,. ~ fr - Will'Asbe 811.~on Sprlnq, 1991 �Robin Cape and lvo Ballentine are literally buildir,g a life for themselves from the waste generated by our society. Tire pair mah! a living salvaging, recycling, and finding creative uses for "refuse'' - literally, those things t/rarsociery /ras refused. Using mostly salvaged materials. they restored a small, mndown lwuse near the end of a small street in the city of As/reville, where they live with their infant son Django. This family is nor just surviving - they are living well. They /rave found a richness in the goods t/rat others have discarded: a life filled with love, well-being, and a sense of meaning and purpose. As a result of their unique perspective, tl,ey have valuable insights on our society and a clear sense ofpriorities t/rat most people overlook in the /rustle and bustle of accumulation. "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" An Interview with lvo Ballentine and Robin Cap e Kat(iah : How do you go about your work? Robin: It's just keeping our eyes open and finding a place to put lhe things lhat come. In a sense, it's a matter of doing what you can with what you have. We go out and see what we can find, and then we think of the best uses for the things we have found. With practice. we have gotten better at it. Ivo: It's awo.reness, and stepping out of our way a little bit to ask, "Hey, is that thing gonna get thrown away?" My route is my day, and what I come up with is whatever I find along the way. I just look in on my streets, and it's new every day. Somebody else has thrown something else away that we can find a use for. that somebody would buy, or somebody somewhere else would want. We think of ourselves as "re-routers," because recycle has gotten so overused. Robin: And recycling isn't necessarily the best use for an item. Re-using is the best use, because that saves the most energy, and geis away from the idea that 1f we just throw something away, it's somebody ebe·s job to recycle iL We have 10 be responsible for our own stuff. We can't just throw it away. When we re-use an item, or we re-route it to a person who wiU re-use it, we are saving the object iiself and also countering the whole concept of this thing as "trash," That action says. "This isn't LrnSh. This still has value." lvo: [ think everyone should start a relationship with "the mill": che paper processing plant. the metal processing plant, or even giving their cans to the fire depanment. When you take stuff to the mill, you learn about what's going on. You start 10 think about the transmission of the goods. Kat(llll1: 'The mill" being the existing reclamation system. and "transmission" meaning moving stuff 10 where it belongs. lvo: Yeah. Kar1iah: Your equipment is basically a pickup truck and some trailers. lvo: We pull the trailers w11h an old 1929 Model A Ford, but not with the pickup. l did this with my Model A when I didn't have a Lr.tiler, and the Model A did fine for me. We don't have a junkyard, so "IT3llsmission" to us means keeping things organiLed and keeping things moving. We have trailers for metal, aluminum, and glass, and we ,. Spr,-n41 ,l99 I have to be caretul about not ovenoawiit ourselves. We don't gather any more than we can put right back into the system. We don't go out of our way. either. When we are going to the grocery store. we're looking out for things we might be able to pick up along !he way. We wou!9,n't hav~ a warehol§e way~ut m the county to sllish aU this stuff, because that would just be a waste. Our warehouse is right in the same liule central area. Katua/r: And stuff always turns up? Roblll: We teamed a lot gathering the materials 10 build our house. first, you get the idea and make the plans. Then you have to get out and get started on the work. By actively looking for the things, we've found that often what you want comes to you. Like windows. We knew we needed $Orne windows, and just when we needed them. we were asked to clean up n remodeling job at a church, and they were throwing away all these old-style, hand-le.-idcd windows that you now see in the house. These and man}' more. A lot had been broken before we could reach them, and a 101 more we have sold or given away. Now we have more windows than we could ever want. Robin: If you make a clear enough plan in your mind, oftentimes you are going to materialize it. Bue then you al~ have 10 be able to build your house or complete your plan using whnt comes, rather than having to have everything custom-mndc. Looking for this propeny, we looked and looked and looked, and I kept having the feeling that what we were looking for was out there. The action of looking helped us 10 clarify in our minds what we really v.antcd to find. Kar1iali: So being flexible helps when you are doing n:cydmg and salvage. You get an idea. but tl1en when you get the stufT you change the idea. too. Rohin: Yes. ll's t.TI;alivc. AWtlUII. l'\JIUUlel pan OJ tnat creativity is being able to make stuff out of things that people have already discarded. Robin: We have such fun making our "Compost Cards." They are postcards that we make using pjctw-cs from mag\\7,ines we ij.uipl the dumpsters backco v.ith cardboard from cereal boxes. They're not production cards. They arc each one-of-a-kind cards. We don't make any money on them 10 spe3.k of. We figured out that we might make $4.00 an hour for the time spent. Ivo: That's lhe whole thing, though: we find other profits. There are so many profiis other than money. Jreally think that money is one of the lowest forms of wealth. With the cards, there is the fun and there is the togetherness of doing it. beyond any money involved. And when people see them. the cards get everybody talking. Robin: And I make jewelry out of old linoleum 0ooring. It looki. very nice after il's been refinished and hung with beads, I buy some beads at lhe nea market, but l also make long beads out of the insulation on electrical wires. The jewelry sells very well in the citie.s. l call it "composite materials," because ritzy ladies don't like 10 think about hanging old floors from their ears. I used to make an. I used 10 do ceramic:!' and weaving, and I was always buying expensive materials trying to make my an. A lot or my worli. was about the Earth, but at the same time I was using energy to keep an incredibly hot kiln going for days at a nme to produce my l>tatcments about the Earth. For me, it's a bcucr statement to make :irt out of smff that ii. already here. It's fun, .and people go, ''Ohl You made thh is from that old stuff1 l \\Ould never have seen that." It rcqu~ looking a1 something th:11 may seem to have no value and then changmg it to make it into something of beauty and worth. I Phoio by ltodncy \\ cbb (. ontinued oq D<,\l 1'"4") c D ,Wt\lpfi J o \ t ~ 7 �(conunucd from page 7) have more fun now making linoleum jewelry than 1 had creating my art before. Kauwh: lt is interesting what you said earlier about "materializing," bocause our society is very materialistic. Even though they have so much, people are always wanting something else and putting aside what they already have in order to get it. It feels like you are crearing the life you want our of the discarded fragments of the American Dream. Robin: From time 10 time. of course, we have to take a load 10 the dump. We always bring recyclables along with the garbage. That saves us the tipping fee, and we can get in for free. Once we're in there. we can poke a.round. We find aluminum, copper. batteries. antiques...it's amazing how much valuable stuff is just being tossed away. Lately it"s been slimmer pickings, but for awhile we'd be coming out of there with $50 worth of stuff almost every time. I hope that the new dump is going 10 be more efficient. They say that they are going 10 call it a Robin: Last year 1 picked up a book by Alan WattS. He made the point that although we constantly talk about America as a materialist society, that is not what America is at all. We are a concepmal society. Americans in general don't take care of their material goods. They say, "Oh if I just could have that, then everything would be great." But it's not actually the thing they want, h's the striving for something. As often as not, when !hey actually obtain an object, it goes out in the back yard until it rusts, and then they throw it away. Americans don't take care of material things, and I've come to think that really being materialistic may not be so bad. If we were really materialistic, we would take care of our material things better. We're symbolistic. The symbol of good taste is imitation cheese. It's not the good taste. IL's the symbol of good taste. Kattwh: When we buy stuff, we think "I'm ,uying mushrooms," not "I'm buying nushrooms, and I'm buying a mushroom .ontainer." Some things are garbage even before ve buy them. Ka11wh: So a lot of recycling has to do with being able to tell when something is valuable. Ivo: To my mind, everything has value. There is not much that is nOt worth something in some way. We just haven't figured it out yet. The whole process is figuring it out. For instance, our bathroom floor is made of solid mahogany. A lumber company in town getS plywood from Honduras. It is packed in crates made of mahogany wood. They take the plywood out and throw the crates away. We picked up the crates, took all the nails out of them, and now we have a mahogany floor. All that tongue-and-groove siding on the gazebo was given to us at the lumber yard - right on the day we needed it. It's being in those alleyways that puts you in touch with those goodies. That wood was going to get wasted, even though it was very valuable. Now look at it! Robin: We have a small warehouse where we store things, and we find after making the rounds of the flea markets that then: is some stuff that we cannot seem to put back into society. It may be because the person out there who wantS it probably lives in Colombia, and we can't get the stuff to the places where people would take the time 10 take the screws out and re-use them someplace where people would see these items as goods rather than as waste. Ivo: When there's something in our warehouse that we don't know what 10 do with, we just look at it in a different way. We sec it as pans and strip it down. Maybe there's lots of screws or nuts and bolts in it that are perfectly useable, or maybe there's a piece of wood that could be used for something else. A lot of what we do is 10 strip things down. We don't have 10 go shopping for hard wan:, for one thing. We just go down to our bins and boxes and find ii. "4tiulh JoumaL rm9c 8 belong. One thing we c-0uld easily live without is ~e "throwa~ay society" concept that says. "I'll JUSt throw this away and forger the other five and one half billion people's opinion on it." We all need a metal pile, a glass pile, and a paper pile, and we all need to take care of them be talking about them, and getting stuff to whe~ it belongs. One might not make much money from it, bur it's a mauer of tucking it in, of taking care of the future. The best thing would be to change our a1ticude about things from the instant we acquire them. We need to think, "Now I'm the steward of this. How am I going 10 take care of this? What am I going to do with this?" And then follow it through. When we buy something, do we think about where it came from? Do we think about what it ?Ontains? Do we think ~bout what it is packaged tn? Maybe we shouldn t buy the mushrooms in a ,tyrofoam container, for instance, unless we have 1 specific use for that styrofoam container. Even hough the styrofoam container of mushrooms is mly 89¢ and unbagged mushrooms are 99¢, the ost of the container · the living cost - has to be dded in, even if it doesn't come directly out of ,ur pockets. Photn by Rodney Webb "Reclamation Center." 1 hope that means that we're not going to throw away something like $30,000 wonh of ready recyclables per day, which is what they say is happening now. Thar's why someone can go in there now and find $100 wonh of stuff in one visit - and that's just ready recyclables: metals, glass, and paper. That's not even mentioning antiques. lvo: Some things are garbage, and some llings are just difficult 10 use - like aluminum ;creen doors. We get 10 of them a month at least, all different sizes, all custom-made for different houses. There are no real Standards. Aluminum windows are the same way. There's very little chance that we'd find another space that would exactly fit them. so we strip them down and recycle them. We wish that someone would Stan a small forge that would take aluminum and make some worthwhile thing out of it. We could make a little money selling to them, and they could save a whole lot of money. Kar1lah: That's a good idea: spin-off indusrnes. 100? Robin: The Smith and Hawken Company sells aluminum cast benches, very small benches. for $795. They contain maybe 50. maybe 100, pounds of aluminum. We sell 50 pounds of aluminum for $14. rf we could provide their stock, we could get maybe $20 out of it, and the company would keep a lot more of tl1at $795. lvo: I've hauled things to the dumpster for people, and they've said "If you see any hinges around, I'll buy them from you." Several times I've stripped pans off items they have given me and sold those parts back to the same people. Once they see stuff as "tra.Sh," they're blind 10 what might be in there. But if we're hauling aluminum and there's a piece of steel in there. even though 1 may not need that piece of steel, I take it anyway and throw it on my steel pile. which is continually going to the scmpyard. I call the steelyard the "the no-pay mill," because they recycle it, but they don't pay me anything for it. In the meantime, though, I get to use it if 1need it. This is an example of "dumpster karma." It's not only a mauer of making a li\'ing. It's trying to take care of things and putting them where they Ivo: We've been doing building salvage and demolition clean-up work. It's really helped us while we were working on our house, but more and more people doing building projects an: calling us because they need these goods, 100. Now thnc we're finishing up our own place. I want 10 put together a crew that's made up of people who want wood and other building materials to take over these jobs. And t want 10 learn more about wood thi~ year, because people who really know wood are telling me that the wood being thrown away i$ a thousand times better than the wood wl! are able to buy today. We need to save that old wood. We are completely into the practice of cutting down more and more trees and driving the price up. whereas what we really need to do is to go back and have a new understancling of wood and Kattlah: Do you sell things from your stash, Spri.f\9, 1991 �figure out that this is really wonh something. These old boards remind us of our grandparents' lives. Our grandfather might have cut this tree. This is the tree, the wood, wood like this doesn't grow anymore. This is something really, really imponant Old joists can be new furniture. It doesn't matter what we make out of iL It just matters that the wood's not wasted, and that it is used over and over. It's a renewable resource, but not in a way that we can waste it disrurbs me that some people look at re-routers and recyclers as n-ash, like "Oh, you're in the dumpster? You're trash." There are several responses when people come on us at work. One response is, "Alright!" and the other is, "Uggghhhh." And it huns sometimes when people look at me and go "Ewww, you're trash." I have to keep reminding myself, 'Tm not" It's easy 10 buy into that when you're climbing in and out of dumpsters. lvo: Once I was going from one litter barrel Robin: Several times while doing salvage, we've run into a situation that bothers us greatly. That's when the person in charge of a building demands a payment to allow us 10 retrieve stuff. That's fine as long as those people are willing to salvage what they can, because if they set the value on it, then they are responsible for getting it out. But it's not right for good materials to be wasted. It would be better for the people in charge ro honestly embrace the idea that a building is coming down, get out what they can, then let go of the rest, and be joyous about other people going in and getting what they could. We have to be more honest about our commitment to our own labor. If people are not willing to do what needs to be done, then they need 10 move out of the way and open those opportunities for others. Robin: Part of it is 10 release and acknowledge and hope that there are other people out there who arc doing the work, too, and that people will pick up what they can use. For awhile we were feeling like it wasn't getting picked up, and maybe we'd beu.cr eick ilup, so that when someone's ready for it. it's here. Well.'wc can·1 do that for everything. Everybody has to help. Katuah: It is kind of underground. It's a sub-culture. Robin: I suppose it's inevitable, but it Sprlnq, 1991 Ivo: Or that's going to break and they're going to throw it away'! But moving metal the way we do. and thinking about everything in this way, that can get real hlll'd, too. It's not easy work. Help would be great. To know that more people are doing it would be real good, because we could feel like, "OK, maybe I can't get that particular item. but it's going to get taken care of." lvo: It drove us nuts, because there is so much waste and it really hurt us, seeing it. Robin: The flea market is one. It's a great place • kind of like an underground marketplace, except that it's not underground - where people rrade stuff off: "Iley, rm not using this any more, can you use this?" ''Yeah, I can use that" lvo: The world slows down a bit, and you make friends with it. It's a different way. Robin: And who wants to worlc a job 10 hours a day to get this stuff that they don't know what they are going to do with? Robin: For awhile we did try 10 do everything. But we can't do everyrlting. Like one pc11ion can't save the world. You can try but you'd blow out in the process. We're having to learn that. Living in the city, it's pretty mind-blowing how much gets thrown away, and for awhile we were just all the ume husding, hu.srling, lmstling! Karuah: Precisely. That's another case when the symbol of value has come into conflict with real value. It comes down 10 the question of where our commitments really are. I'd like to know if there other options for re-routi ng items. Robin: lt is. And a lot of people our age disdain the flea market and look down on that class of people. That seems funny 10 me. because the flea market is a place where people value this old scuff and seek it out The flea market, the mill - they are there. and there are real people working those places. We've become very good friends with the people at the metal mill in town. They give us Christmas gifts, and they gave us baby gift~. They're our friends. We see each other regularly; we have a relationship with those people. They're part of our community. Living in a community includes alt the people we come in contact with, whether they are our groovy friend~ or not Living in community involves knowing the names of I.he people in the stores or the lumber yard we go 10 and letting those people know who we are. If we are friendly to those people and accept them into our community, then they're more open to sharing with us the stuff that would otherwise get wasted. Ivo: We try to be non-consumers. We try to offset the waste in this country. We're trying to do more with less, and use what people throw away, and a lot of times we find that those goods arc better than what we can buy. Phoio by Rodney Webb to another with my bag, and a homeless person came to me and asked to borrow money. I just said, "Hey, it's laying everywhere!" And he said, "I'm not going to pick up irash." Where did he think my money came from?! All l do is trade my trash for money, so my money must be rrash too. People never seem to think of money as being dirty. We never even think about that We play with our money, and then we sit down to cat. Robin: Someone asked me one day what we do for a living. I said that what we do is try to keep a low overhead. That's a big pan of being in the salvage business: keeping a low overhead. That's sometimes hard to believe when the bills come due. Then l am reminded that I am still tapped into this modem-day society. But for the most pan we do pretty well at staying out of the monetary now. We don't garden as much as we want to, but we've been working on our house and preparing the gardens. I saw a video recently about some tribal people in Africa. All the women do most of the day is pound millet 10 feed their families. They don't have much, but their needs are very small. lt made me wish I could discover the joy in such a simple life. lvo: We want to change the way we can change. The way we can change is not stopping and staning up again. It's working slowly and in truth and in power with what we have and what we know, in the spirit of trying to let it occur. All we can do is work at it. We all need 10 suut by asking what we can do. We hear all the rime about what's bad and what's killing us, but people need to know about what we can do and what ideas are working what heals. People tend to think that they are basically helpless and that because the world's so big that their little pan doesn't matter. This is death. We want 10 teach people that the little pan that we each play is what mancrs; that those little pieces add up in a big way. and that is all there is. It empowers us. That's life. lnien,iew recorded by Rodney Webb and llenry Eckler Robin and /vo's "Compos, Cards" and Robin's "Collaborations" jewelry are/or sale ar 1he "What Do You \Vant?" store on Luingu,n A~·e. m Asheville. Tlae two also have a boo1h 01 the Asheville Antique Mall at the corner of \Valnw Sr. and lexing1on Ave. where they sell valuable pieces that 1hey J,avefound in their salvaging. �THE CLARKSVILLE "MIRACLE" by Griscom Morgan Once we undersl.'.llld the cause of the decline of rural communities, many opponunities and resources are at hand for canying out corrective action. One example is the story of William Bailey, who was the president of the First National Bank of Clarksville, Tennessee during the Great Depression of the l 930's. Bailey made a habit of visiting local farmers to stay in touch and to check on the condition of their operations. During one of these visits a local fanner named Peter Barker spoke frankly to the b:inker saying, "I am a good fanner and have plenty of food in production, but I can't sell the food, because you have all the money, inste:id of it being the hands of the people who need to buy what I can grow. "You won't lend the money, except at an in1e~t rate which is higher than the people of lhis county can afford. Since the local people can't afford to borrow it, you're investing your bank's money outside the county. Because of this. the whole economy of our coun1y is at a Sl.'.llldsrilJ!" William Bailey saw the point. Agricultur>!, labor, and enterprise were quite sufficient for a successful economy in Mon1gomery County. lie saw the county was suffering because it had little money in circulation. He saw that he had been acting on a banker's first impulse, which was 10 follow the highest interest rates and invest where they could be found. Bailey cared about the people in his community, and he saw that if the county's economic woes were 10 be solved. there would have to be a good supply of money in continual circulation. He knew if he offered low-interest loans, the local people would borrow the capital and keep it circulating. He also knew that he could guide lhe loans to see that they were invested where they were needed in the community. But it would be up to the people themselves 10 mount a campaign 10 buy locally 10 keep that money from leaving the county. Bailey began loaning the bank's available capital as low interest loans to the people of the county, and borrowed money from outside the county 10 augment 1he available capital. He analyzed the county economy and suggested ways to shore up the weak points, as well as responding 10 people who came 10 him asking for loans. Always his main emphasis was 10 keep money circulating in the county. Money in an economy is like the blood circulating in the body: if it bleeds out, then the body dies. One reason Bailey was successful was his ability to make the local people realize that finance was like the crucial role of the blood, and that everybody in the community. nor just the bankers, must feel responsible for it. !he morale of the community was very tmportant. But the crux of the whole mauer was that William Bailey was not just looking out for his institution and for his own individual profit. Ile saw his firs1 responsibility as being 10 the community. His policies met with success. Mon1gomery County rose from being one of the 10 poorest counties in Tennessee to become one of 1he IO most prosperous counties in the state. What happened in Montgomery County became widely known at the time. Some thought Xotuah JoumaL pa!JC 10 that what happened in Clarksville was close to the miraculous. Later, William Bailey was the first small-town banker to be chosen president of the American Banker.; Association. He always said, however, that he was never able to convince American bankers or American businessmen to accept the basic perspective of their social responsibility as bankers. The Clarksville "miracle" was no miracle. It was just common sense. What happened in Clarksville, Tennessee was very similar to wha1 happened in a small town in Austria at about the same rime. Austna was aJso suffering from the Depression of the 1930's. The small mountain town of Woergl was in economic collapse. and its people were starving. The mayor of the town remembered that 100 years earlier, when the town had been without roads and was isolated from the rest of Europe, it had been prosperous. It therefore seemed absurd that they should be starving when they clearly possessed the conditions necessary for full employmenc and prosperity. Work needed 10 be done, and they had in the local area aJI the resources necessary to feed and clothe themselves. The mayor persuaded the people of his community to exchange their Austrian currency for a local currency, which would be subject 10 an annual tax 10 discourage people from hoarding it out of circulation. Three monihs after the)'. began circulating the taxed money, lhey had full employment in the community, in comparison 10 the desperate unemployment they had been suffering earlier. By the end of the yeauhe town was once again prosperous. and the mayors of other Austrian towns began to follow suiL But the Bank of Austria had the government prohibit the practice because it was driving the national currency out of circulation. In both these cases, although the actions taken wen: different, the end results were similar. When money becomes the medium of savings instead of the medium of exchange. people suffer, and damage is done to the whole economy. When money migra1es from an area, then that area sinks into depression and the economy stagnates. Communities can take steps lo ensure the health of their local economies. Self-Help Credit Union In 1980, the Center ror Communi1y Stir· Help was founded in Durham, NC m order IO help low-income people in !.he area gain ownership of lheir jobs and their homes. The CCSH provided tcehnical nssislance to worker-owned nnd othcT cooperative businesses. In 1984. the Cemer saw need t0 start !.he SelC-Help Crcdu Union ( SHCU) in order 10 provide loans to these businesses nnd IO encourage the building or low-income housing. The SHCU is a bona fuk credit union, a regulated, fcdcrally insured depo~tory insti1ution. The Center also. in 1984, began 1hc Self-Help Ventures Fund, a non-profit revolving loan Cund (RLF). In 1988, lhe SHCU opened an office in Asheville IO scrvc the mounuin region. This past ye.ir, the WNC office provided more than 5700,000 in l(Xllls, including eight business loans. fi\'e home mortgages, six 103lls from iL\ Working Women's Fund, and one loan through iL~ Self-Help Ventures Fund It also made 13 loans worth over $50,000 through the NC Rural Center's Microcnl.Ctpri~ Loon Program. In lhis program, business spccialiru; at WarTCII Wilson College's Black Swan Center and at McDowell, Mayland, and Isothcnnal Communily Colleges work wilh emerging cnireprcncurs who need small loans nnd technical assistance in ordct 10 get their businesses going. The SHCU provides the loans from a pool or runds set up by the NC Rural Center. Unfortun:ucly, the interest r:ue is quite high. In the WNC area, lhe SHCU has helped finance Stone Soup ResL1uran1, Nnntahal:i Outdoor Center, Asheville Monicssori School, YMJ Cuhural Center, ABC Recycling, and other small business \'Cnturcs. Self Help Credit Union 12 1/2-A Wall Street P. O. Box 3192 Ashe~ille, r-.c 28802 (704) 253.5251 Mountain Microtnterprise Fund do Chris Just 701 Warren WIison Rond Swannano:i, NC 28778 (704) 298-3325 Working Women's Fund do nVCA Women's Re.source Center Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 254-7209 Griscom Morgan worked closely with his father, Arthur Morgan. the visionary engineer and rite first director ofthe Tennes.fee \'alley Amltoriry. At his father's request Griscom traveled 10 The S0111/iem Appalachians to find a location for an in1en1io11al community. Griscom found a beautiful spot in the meadows along the Somlt Fork of the Toe River where the Celo Comm1111iry still prospers today. Bur Griscom could not .Hay in the mountains. He fell there was work to be dnne ill /tis native town of Yellow Springs, Ohio were he rewrneti and with his wife, Jane.founded Community Services, Inc., a "think tank" and resource tenter for comnuu,iry living i11 ntral area.r. Commiuzin· Services can be contacted tlt Box 243; Ye/lo"; Springs, OH 4538i., Drawinc by Rab Meuidl: Sprtn<J, 1991 �The Village by Snow Bear Tlze village lzums witlz activity, all cenJeri11g on providing for the basic luunan and material needs of ics inhabitants ... A circle ofartisans, including some childreri. sit coiling. molding, and pressing wee gray clay into fonns offunction and beauty that wiff later be tempered in the open fire. Others skin and butcher the carcass of a you11g whitetail doe that han9s from a chokecherry, using flakes offlint picked up by the lodge where theflintknappers sit. The rhythmic clacking ofthe toolmakers' Juunmerstones striking theflilll cores is as soothing as distant drums. In the warmth of the spring sun, deer hides are being scraped, rubbed with mashed brains, stretched, pulled, and then smoked over smoldering fires until ,heir traTLeformation imo a soft, srrong fabric is complete. Skilled hands thenfashio11 the buckskin into moccasins and shirts. The remnants go into the making of po11clzes and lacing. emphasizing the preciousness of every scrap ofthe deer's skin a11d every moment ofthe labor that cransfom1ed it. One man sits spinning a carrail stalk between his pabns,pressing it downward into the yucca stalkfireboard a11chored beneath /us feet. Smoke curfs II{) in a thin plume. and in a surprisingly slwrt time, he tenderly places a small glowing coal 011to the cauail down and cedarbark tinder. His breath brings the glow into flame, and a group of young men begin working with this gift offire, /,eating and s1raigl11e11ing rivercane into bfowg1111s. Older, patient, steady hands fletch yellow locust darr slzafcs with thistledown. Nearby, a wizened grandmother, with uncanny deftness, peels and splits riverca11efor her double-weave basket. She internvines splits briglzcened with the orange juice ofbloodroot with contrasting lengths dyed dark brown with walnut bark. looking up, the old woman smiles at the children pounding dark red dent corn imo meal. They use a hickory log that has been burned and scraped inro a 11wrcar and a hickory sapling char has been stripped and scrapt•d into a pestle. At the cooking fire, a growrdlwg is smjfcd with cornbread dough. wild ginger, and peppcroot, wrapped in wet clay 011d covered with hot coals to bake with cornbread ashcakes. SpriWJ, 199 I The cooks drop hot rocks into a rawhide pot hanging from a tripod to bail a ve11iso11 stew comaini11g wild leeks, choran greens, and solomon seal tubers. In the wooded coves above the riverbonom village, a small, quiet scouri11g parry lopes along at wolf-trot, sca11ning the mo11nrai11sides for the gifts of namre 1h01 supply their people with food, medicille, and row mmerials that defi11e a cult11re. The J,erbman wlw leads the scowing party scops, drops t0 the ground, looks up to the sky, and makes a prayer to ack11owledge with thanks the awesome forces that have united to bring healing and sustenance u, the people. He ties together a twist of tobacco and a lock of his own hair 1h01 he mighr make a gift ro the world, before his people gather anything on this journey. The scours res11me their wolf-trot, but stop to examine every discernible sign. the mushrooms that have bee11 nibbled by whitefoot mouse and box wrrle; the core of a white pi,re cone that has been neatly stripped ofits scales and seeds by a gray squirrel; the greenbrier shoocs browsed by a whitetail buck; rhe meucufously picked a11d stacked crayfish shells 011 the rock next to the deep raccoon hind-tracks in the creek.sand. This is a world 10 be see11, heard, u,uched, and smelled, a gift ofthe Earth Mother and the Spirit-/11.-All-Things. To move through it any other way seems 1mgratef11l. The scowing parry remrns laden with the Mother's bo1mcy: poplar bark to be twined imo cordoge; pitch scraped from wounded pines/or a waterproof glue made with powdered charcoal; resinous pine/or starting fires in wet weather; cucwnber root, solomon's seal, and bluff mustard, sassafras, ginger, and sweet birch: a deer skull and mrkey feathers - bur above all, kMwledge. Knowledge of where to/ind the freshest spring water, where the deer have been bedding down, wlzere the turkeys have bee11 scratching and roosting, where the large rro,u gather under boulders in deep, shimmering pools. Knowledge: that the people may live ... This picture of village life is not, as it might seem, ancient history. These were scenes from the daily life of the Riverc;ine Rendezvous held at Unicoi State Park in I lelen, Georgia in April, 1990. This rendezvous was an outgrowth Drawing b)- Manha Tree of the Eanhskills Workshops held in the same riverbonom meadow each spring and fall for the last six years. Darry Wood, Bob Slack, Jr., and myself have had the privilege of hosting and instructing these workshops with the help of talented, accomplished guest insiructo!'1>. The The 1990 Rendezvous, however, brought together over 15 instructors and almost 50 participanis, many of whom we have i;r!!V.1l 10 know closely over the years. One shared perception is that these gatherings are much more than an educational event. The skills shared there are of the eye and hand, but just as imponantly, of the mind and hean: knowledge and intuiriveness complemented by patience and detennination, a feeling of harmony with the things we shape, and a vision of beauty, all blended into a balanced whole. Some aspects of che sacred work accomplished there can be described and communicated; some of what happens there must be felt and experienced. One becomes pan of a small, temporary village, but in another sense, we become part of a more pennanent village of the ancients of all cultures, who lived by these ways for thousands of years. These skills can be used 10 create a sustainable economy at iis purest - a wealth that will last as long as the natural world lasts, as long as the village is sensitive 10 the rhythm and flow of the life of the land. A nature-based economy knows both bounty and shonage, but nature rarely produces true poveny. Blue tongue disease may cause a decline in the deer population, but the wild turkey, also feeding on white oak acorns, will probably increase. A decline in hard mast can reduce the number of deer, bear, and turkey, bUl the trout and beaver will probably be unaffected. Of course, human beings arc capable of bringing it all 10 an end; but there is a tremendous feeling of security in knowing tha1 when the oil runs om, when the money-ba.--ed economy collapses of its own weight. one possesses Lhe knowledge 10 create and sustain a rich life, full of beauty and bounty. The essence of this life, the element that makes it fulfilling. is the village: people of (IXll\linuod.., pai;e 12) '.Kattmh Journal pn9c 11 �(cootinucd from page 11) like mind gathering to pursue common endeavors within the comforting security of nature. People return 10 the Eanhskills gatherings as much for the village experience as for the potential to increase their knowledge. It is a basic human need often denied by our individualistic, companmentalized society. In the village created by the EanhskiUs gatherings. we Ullce responsibility for creating our own material culture, music, an, stories and legends. rather than having i1 spoon-fed 10 us by an industrial society that refuses 10 base itself on respect for the One Great Life. In doing so, our minds, hearts, and spirits grow stronger. I know of no one who has not been touched by the plaintive cry of the Lakota flute in the pre-&.wn mist; no one who is not deeply enriched by the stories absorbed while gazing into the hean of the campfire; no one whose heart does not know a pure joy when they have worked the magic of calling fire from the bow and drill. As one whose life is controlled by the pursuit of money, my return to this (and other) villages is always revivifying; it feels like I reclaim, for a shon rime, my true place in this world. As h~mankind develops. this will come: a life in which our "economic" pursuits wi.11 not deny our need for communal contact, spiritual growth. cultural stimulation, and artistic endeavor. Snow Bear is an herbalist, n.awralist, eanhskills instructor, and storyrcller. He is a staffteam supervisor at tlze 0111ckxJr Tlu:rapeutic Program i11 C/e-.,eland, Georgia and co-director with his ll'ifc Khalisa of the Pepper/and Fann Camp. Snow Bear can be comacted by writing c/o Pepper/and Farm Camp; Rt. 4, Box 255-8; Murphy, NC 28906 or calling (7{},1)494-2353. The 1991 RnvcOM Rentfewo11s will rake pl&e on April 16-21121 Vnu:r)I Suue Parle, /Iden. Georgia. Pre-rcgwr=n isSl.15 and includes campzng, instrucrion. ond two meals per day. Chew urt PtJy,able lQ "Earrhskills ll'orJ:sl:op." For more informmion, call or wriu:: Bob Sloe.Ir.. Jr.: Unicoi Sratc Par.Ir.: Box 1029; lfeltn, GA 30J45 (4()4) 878-220/ (£.rt , 282). Insrructor Darry Wood with Eva Bigwirch "through dreams, through magic" she says !ihe can fly. says she can fly feathen; and wings. bones and Lhings, says she can fly she says lhe eanh feels like her body sky feels like her home she moves out over the water but she always goes alone says she can fly, yeah she says she can fly feathers and wings, bones and things lisLen to the songs that the spirits sing she says she can fly well once I knew a woman now she's more than that she flies up lo 1he scm at night but she keeps on coming back i;he says she can fly, says she can fly bones and wings, feathers and lhingr., listen to the songs that the spirits sing the ~now owl guides her journey and the hawk knows where she goes the eagle gives her life and light but she travels with the crows oh she says she can fly, says she can fly feathers and wings, bones and things listen to the song that the dark bird ~ings feathers and wings. bones and things. listen to the song that the spirit sings, the spirit sings "-atuals Journot J'"'J0 1:i poems by Gary Lawless drawing by Stephen Petroff they read their stories in our bones, heated by flame, cracks, sharp ridges, fingers tracing futures etched by fire. we carry your life in our blood, the p~se of story begins in our marrow, a deep, nch red. you read its traces in our bones. hands in the fire: "for the marrow is known to be the dwelling place of souls" when they wish to find us they call to us in their dreams. we answer them through bone, through fire. (from "Ice Tattoo•) When the animals come to us, asking for our help. . will we know what they are saymg? When the plants speak to us in their delicate, beautiful language, will we be able to answer them? When the planet herself sings to us in our dreams, will we be able to wake ourselves, and act? Por:ms and drawing from the book FITTI Sight of Land by Gary Law/us, published /9')() by 8/aclt.btrr, Boou. Aw1ilablefor $7.50 plus shippmgfrom the publishtr at: RJl. I, Box 228; Nobleboro. ME; Gulfof Maint Bioregion 04555 6prln(J: 1991 �FOOD MOVERS: Ron Ainspan and Mountain Food Products not show up in time. Theo, although a company may be doing a great business, at the same time it's bouncing checks all over the place or it's running out of funds 10 do what needs to be done. It's in trouble I like being small. We've sacrificed some of the closeness that we had. Personally I think that it makes sense 10 grow slowly, so we can maintain the kind or environment in which people can keep a connection with each other. We hold staff meetings every week to involve all the employees in the operation of the business, 10 talk about personal relationships · whatever comes up. It's like a family; we have our quarrels, and we try to work stuff out, either at staff meetings or in smaller personal talks in the course of the day's work. For years local food growers have said that the lack of a developed market for organic and locally-grown produce was holding back alrerflQ/ive agricu/mrefrom raking itS riglefu/ place in our regional economy. Ron Ainspan was one of those growers. Seeing the problem clearly, he built a local food distriblllion network thaJ now stands ready 10 meet the needs of those w/w produce and those who wish to buy wlwlesome and m11ri1io11s nwumain-grownfruit and vegetables. The Mow11ain Foods plan is now nwving into its second stage. With rite network secure, Ron is now actively helping growers to organize and to produce the food thaJ will fill the niche the Mouruain Food Products Company has created. Ron is an enabler. He is one who can bring a vision inro physical manifestation. This calling requires special skills.· patience, dedication, a genius/or strategic maneuvering, and a clear sense of purpose. And, as Ron re/ls us in the following interview, those who set out to realize their dream must walk the narrow tightrope of inregril)' . keeping their principles while creating a vessel that will stay a/u)OJ in the currents of physical reality. Katuah: Can workers participate financially in the company? Ron Ainspan: We started a profiL-sharing plan that we made up ourselves. People get a check every three months based on how the company is doing, and on how much they work. Full-time workers are eligible to receive a half-share six months after they start and a full share after a year. Part-time workers are eligible for a half-share after their first year. It is an incentive for people to stick around. Kat(Ulh How did you get the idea that being a food distributor was a meaningful avenue for social change? Ron Alnspan: I've been involved in encouraging the local agricultural market for quite awhile. During the early '80's 1 was growing produce to sell 10 local markets, and during that time, I helped to set up the Tailgate Market in Asheville, which is a growers' market now locared on Merrimon Avenue. It was in 1984 when a small group of local producer:; called some meetings, and we talked about the idea of working toge1her to distribu1e our producL\ • bakery goods, sprou1s, tofu, and produce. l "as finishing my gardening for the season. so I staned 10 coordinate the whole thing and began deliveries. Mounta.in food Products hns been doing it ever since, although now we focus on produce almost exclusively. After we had been going for two or three months. I met a woman who was working in produce at The Fresh Market, Debbie Thomas. We became a pannership, and stancd LO contacr restaurants and some grocery stores 10 notify them that we were distributing produce. The business really took off, and we have become a good-:;ized purveyor of produce, selling primarily 10 restaurants, but also to some retail stores. Karuah : How big is the company'! Ron Ainspan: We have 16 or 17 people and five trucks. We sell wholesale only, making deliveries 10 Asheville, Hendersonville, and as far west as Bryson City. Only one truck is refrigerated; the rest are small delivery vehicles, from Mandard cargo vans up 10 pa.reel-type trucks. We do a lot of shon routes. We shuttle food in and out of here from 6 or 6:30 in the morning to four o'clock in the afternoon. The little intersection out~ide the office is a traffic jam in the mornings · with people rushing back and forth with pallet jacks and hand ltllCkli for several Sptit1CJ, 19!.lt Phoco by Rodney Webb hours. It's a scene of half-organized confusion ...trucks going out and coming in ... people pulling food out of the coolers. Panicularly during the summer season, it's a constant hustle to get the food out to the people the way they want it. when they wan, 11. But it's fun. Kattiali: How many coolers are there? Ron Ainspan: We've got two walk-in coolers. One is 12 feet by 30 feet. and the other is a couple of feet longer, nnd then we have dry storage space in the rooms. We're going 10 have 10 expand the smaller cooler. tx.-causc we've been busring the scams out ofit this year. We have had 10 buy at least one vehicle every year and do some kind of cooler e:,.pansion every other year since we ~tarted. It doesn't seem 10 stop. I would like ii if our rate of growth did slow down. If a company grows too big 100 fast, then it has 10 incorporate systematized relationships 10 maintain standards of quality and 10 keep clear accountability for evcl)•body's activities. It begins to involve very bureaucratic systems, and everybody become:. subject 10 rules that don't make sense to anybody except the people at the lOp. everybody else becomes a puppet 10 to the rules. But if a company growl> slowly. and tries, as we've tried 10 do, 10 involve everybody in a lot of the aspects of the business, then people can maintain a connection 10 the whole operation, even as it changes. Kau,ah : The finance~ change 100. don't they? Ron Ainspan: Yes. Under condi1ions of fasL-paccd growth iL':. easy Lo run up large bills for receivables, and the necessary cash just may K01t'loli: How is all this helping 10 build markets for locally-grown food? Ron Ainspan: My concept. even as we were growing, has been 10 provide a reliable supply 10 the customers. Because l supply the market all year round, we are keeping a market open for the local produce when it comes in. That gets us outside the regional economy 10 some extent. because to keep up a consistent supply we have 10 make runs 10 Atlanta. There we buy produce that comes in from everywhere, but we also take mountain-grown bibb lettuce, shiit.'.lke mushrooms, sprouts, and produce in season to be sold in the city. It'~ a two-way exchange, but overall it works out well for the local growers, because, locally or in the city, we are always ttying 10 move local produce. We've been able 10 be useful to local growers as an outlet. There arc s1x or seven people that we deal with all the time, some of them year-round because more people: arc getting into greenhouse production. Two regional growers arc cultivating hydroponic bibb lenucc, and Ed Mills of Sunshine Makers Sprouts in Fairview is producing organically-grown alfalfa and mung bean sprouts. A basic operating principle of our company is 10 buy our stock locally whenever we can. Our original goals when we siarted Mountain Food Products were to suppon the local economy, to encourage small-scale production, and to keep things on a pen;onal level. We still keep that commiunent. Kat1iah: Do you emphasize organically produced food? Ron Ainspan: We are just getting strong enough 10 move into that. As I said, our first priority was moving local produce. We learned that in order to be effective in doing that, we hod (eontinll<d on next 114ge) Xntilnfi Jburnn(, r1QCJIS 1 3 �(c:auinu<:d fninl page 13) to provide produce of top quality all year. As we built that capability, helping the local growers actually diminished in imponance, because we were growing so fa~1 overall. Now we sell to over 100 different accounts, and we have enough rumover that we can mke the time and the energy 10 seek out local growers. Now we can confidently say, "Grow food for us and we can sell it." We can help people ge1 going. It's puuing 1he two together: !hose who need the food, and those who have it Righi now we aze helping to organize a cooperative of local organic growers. A group of six to 1en local growers from the area around Asheville is meeting every iwo weeks. Mountain Food Products bas been able to sell all the produce that has been offered to us by the local growers we aze working with, but we have not been able to sell ii as "organic produce." We have often bad 10 mix it with conventionallygrown produce and sell u at the same price. So we are banding together 10 promote the organic concept and reach out more to the remil market. We are offering supermarkets a package deal ~hereby, if we can get a small "organic" section m the produce department, we will stock it and promote it ourselves by pmting up signs and making a lot of personal connections. We have seen some interest in this among the local chain stores. Initially the co-op is going to work through Mountain Food Products. I don't know what will work best in the long run, but right now we can offer !he trucks and the cooler space. For the last two years - especially since the Alar scare - more organic produce has become available. More people are handling it, and more people are asking for it, so we have been able to carry it. We can get supplies reliably and we have customers who want it We can now support organics in the same way that we suppon conventional local produce. q,as.c; productio~ that-it'$ difficuh_ to compete as a ,... small gro~er with most oflhe things that_ arc grown: Its largely a qu~snon. of economies of scale: if you can sys1em1ze th10gs, you can produce them more cheaply. It's not as human a syscem. because it forces people to do very routine, monotonous jobs without much say-so about what they're doing, and not much control over their working conditions. And with transportation being fairly cheap, a company C30 economically move a product great distances from one place to another. There's another reason, too. As the whole system has gonen more centralized. it has become harder 10 break into the distribution chain. Kan1ah: What do you think needs to happen to get the local market going? Ron Ainspan: It's an on-going process of making people aware of the importance of keeping it close 10 home. Mass media advcnising barrages and other market forces tend to make people expect a product that is mass-marketed It could be anything - from Big Macs 10 cars to electronics. I was talking to some people about the idea of opening a "brew pub" here, a place that actually brews its own beers. But a venture like that would have 10 buck Michelob and Coors and companies of that size. Another of those market forces is access 10 capital - somethings take a lot of money to get started. That's certainly another aspect that tends to propel large-scale operations, operations that make a product one place and distribute it everywhere. r think that the advantages of keeping Kamah: It sounds like the whole time you've been building the company, you've been thinking of developing a regional agriculture. Ron Ainspan: My guiding philosophy has a lot 10 do with keeping things local and maintaining personal relationships. I don't like the coipOrate mentality and standardi7.ed ways of doing things. Individual initiative is very important, and that's something that in many cases is threatened by the way the economy functions. The corporate mentality is lifeless. People need to be alive and thinking. Then, even if they screw up, at least they're trying and putting themselves into what they arc doing. That has always been important to me. Ka11wh: Why do you think that there are not more people growing food for sale? Ron Ainspan: It's a lot of work and n fairly low pay-off. So much of farming is large-scale ,c.aiuah Journal plUJc 14 Kar(tah: What are some of the reasons that local production is advantageo\lS? Ron Ainspan: To me the most important thing is having a personal connection 10 what }'Ou do jn your dnily life. Too many people just put in their work hours so that they can play when they are not working. Our work-life is the biggest pan of our life, and we should do something that's innately satisfying. We need 10 be able to give our own personal input, to put our own personal stamp on what we do. I think that's really the thing. There is also the whole question of some geographic areas taking advantage of others, and the dollars that are lost from a local area. If your beer is coming from Colorado, 1hen your beer dollars are going to Colorado. 1f your produce is coming from western Nonh Carolina, then your money is being kepi in the local economy. That kind of concept is in contrast to the prevailing "trickle-down" concept that says it's efficient to produce on a large scale somewhere far away and distribute over a wide area, and the wealth that is created from doing that will evenrually work its way down to everybody. That kind of system creates an imbalance between the people who are very wealthy and the people who get just a triclcle. Karualr: The reason we are able to dunk and act that way is because of our tremendous (continued Cll'I page 30) POEMS by Jim Clark Katuah: Secure that market and then plug in the local goods. Ron Ainspan: However, the growth potential for local production is still greater than the growth potential of the local market There's the possibility of growing more produce in western North Carolina than the market could handle, at least right now. thing! focal, small, andpel'sonal nud"to bet''~._ continually put in front of the public. People tend to go along with whatever the trend or the lates1 marketing campaign is. LIGHTS i This is the body's land at home here or nowhere. Through deep-welled air the magne1 moon orients the singing skin's cardinal points. ii In cedar hung silence, through camp smoke and wave lap, shards of stunned brighmess speak a language of light iii As from a great distance patterns are seen to shiver suddenly into focus, so these lights flashing at the body's perimeter connect and in the vibmting darkness chart our every step. MOUNTAIN WALKING SONGS i Always the ancient air finds its home in our lungs and goes on ii AJways our feet move lightly over the charged ea.nh iii Always we are walking in the mountains singing Spri.n9, 1991 �Going about the Business of Building a Regional Economy These are profiles. shorr sketches of what some people are doing and how they are dcing it. These are only aJew examples showing different facets of a possible regional economy. Many other enterprises and projects have appeared in the pages ofKa1uah Journal, in both the ads and the feature sections - parricular/y in issue #7, the first time the jo1unal touched specifically on the question of a regional eco,wmy COUNTRY WORKSHOPS (Drew Langsner) 90 Mill Creek Rd Marshall, NC 28753 (704) 656-2280 When I.hey first bought their farm in the nonheas1em c?mer of Madison County in 1974, Drew and LoU1Se Langsner hope.cl 10 make their living close to the land, doing the things I.hat they loved. Foremost among these were farming and woodworking. The couple was already well-versed in traditional woodworking and other folk skills largely as a result of a trip to Europe taken during the early 1970's. However, they spent "four lean years" of minimum wage work interspersed with some magazine writing and some craft projcccs as they gradually figured out how to put their skills 10 work. In 1978 Drew and Louise hi l on the idea of a woodcrafts school called Country Workshops. The school would offer students seven-day courses on the Langsner fann to teach some of the skills Drew and Louise had garnered in their travels and studies. The Langsners saw the school as a way 10 earn income by sharing skills they knew well and loved 10 practice. With $500 of their personal cash, Drew and Louise set up the first session of Country Workshops. Enough people attended 10 encourage them 10 continue the idea, and the workshops have happened every summer since. It was mostly love of the work and a belief in the potential of the idea that kept the Langsners at it for the first years. "Only recently," said Drew, "have the ~eip½~ shown anything appro,dmating even a pan-nme mcome." To round out support for their famHy, ~rew farms, producing cows and hay, and sells his excellent ladderback and Windsor chairs on order. The fann emphasizes Red Devon cows an historical breed that came over 10 Plymouth with some of the first white seulers from England. Sprl.ng, 1991 The businesses presented here must be viewed from two perspectives: the economy as it is now, and the economy as it could be.for tliese are businesses that are working within borh of these contextS simultaneously. They are working enterprises within 01u present economic sen'{), b111 they are also the inspiration and the infrasrrucnue for a new, mtJre appropriate economy - although in some cases the operators miglu deny that as their intent. To fwiction within 01u present economic system requires compromise, and the businesses presented are evaluated honestly in terms of Louise grows excellent vegetables in her gardens and prepares them for their guests during the workshop season. They are also occasional authors. Together they wrote a book on European craftwork, and Drew has also written three instructional books: A logbuilder's llandbook. Country Woodcraft, and Green Woodworking, all well-known and well- respected in their fields. "We're not even close to middle class," sars D~w, "but we've moved away from being poised nght on the edge. Our car died a few months ago, and I was able 10 purchase a used car without it being the major crisis it once would have been." At first the workshops taught only two courses: Scandinavian woodcarving with old hand tools, and log cabin building. Now the curriculum also includes Swiss coopering, Japanese woodworking, ladderback and Windsor chair-mnking, and basketry. Drew at first spent muc~ ?f th~ time teaching, but recently ~dm1m~trauve tasks have been occupying an mcreasmg percentage of his time. "Wilh seven 10 twelve people here and the needs of the students and teachers to attend 10. it wa,; difficult and sometim~ impossibl<:; 10 see to everything while I was teaching as well Drew also allows up to two students to live with their family for extended winter tutoriaV apprenriccship programs. The students sleep in a building on the property and Louise prepares meals for all. "The food is excellent, but the sleeping arrangements are still somewhat primitive," says Drew. "Still only a few people have minded at all." "While we don't teach saictly Appalachian crafts per se, I think the surroundings here are imponant to the people and contribute a lot to their appreciation of the experience. Many of the people who take the courses are folks who get a two-week vacation each year and decide 10 spend one _w~ek of it here at a workshop. That is very gra11fy1ng to me. "People get more out of the experience than just 1he skills of woodworlcing. Students write back to say that they have learned something here ecological a11d economic impact and s1istain.abiliry. Their collective experience is a report card, indicating ro /IS as a region how we are doing at this business ofb[tilding a land-based economy. Admiuedly, we have a long way1ogo Bw rhe most impanant message rha1 these people and these projects bring UJ u.r is that there are things we can do, tlllll we can begin now, even if conditio,rs are not perfect, even if rite deck is stacked against 11s in the shon nm. Profiles compl/i,d by Ernest Womlck and Millie Sundstrom about what is imponant to them." The same might be said of Drew and Louise, two talented people who are clear about the life they wane and have found a way to live it Their fann and their skills are important to them. Rather tlJaP. move;c;>.the urban marj(!!IP!ace to.sci.~ ~ ineir ~k.ills foi: me higltest price, th~y Jiav• found>n.e:> a way to balance their abilities to provide a satisfying life in the countryside. BRIGHT HORIZONS, BRIGHT MOUNTAIN BOOKS (Eric and Cynthia Bright) 138 Springside Rd Fairview, NC 28730 Bright Mountain Books is a publishing house specializing in Appalachio.n regional material. Bright Horizons is a regional book distributor. Boch companies arc the creations and the present passion of Eric and Cynthia Bright Says Eric Bright, "We wanted to strut a publishing company. but to publish books you have to sell them, so we first began distributing books 10 make a marketing network." Today their first ambition is still largely unfulfilled. Most of I.heir business and most of their income still comes from book distribution sa!e~. Bri~ht Mountain Books has published four onginal ntles, however: Keep 'Em loughing by Bob Terrell, Disorder in the C()llrt by Bob Terrell and Marcellus Buchanan, Two on the Square by Bob Moore, and Poper Mansions by Bob PadgeR They have also reprinted other works that were out of print and would have been lost, like Moun1ai11 SpiritS and More Mountain Spirils, well-read books about the Appalachian moonshining culture. The couple has jusc invesccd in new computer equipment and a laser printer that will be reserved strictly for publishing work. They hope that the new tools will launch them more deeply into the publishing side of their business. Or.win& by Rob Missick (conlirwed on pege 16) Xatl'.mh Journat PCMJC 15 �(CCII\UIIUOd &om page IS) • create our own markeL We've done that. 'There has been a ground swell in interest Bright Horizons is highly successful. The in herbaceous native plants. The interest company sold one-third more books in 1990 than continues t0 grow, and we arc optimistic, but I it had any other year in the pasL !he o'Yncrs, suppose I should have done a ~arket ~e)'. I while feeling that their comp~y lS malcing a would have sought outside capital and Just bitten contribution to the understanding and . the bullcL appreciation of the Appalac~s and. Appalachian ~we can see clearly in hind.sight that we culture, see some weaknesses tn their sue~. "We are very dependent on the tounst ll'ade should have been harder-nosed businesspeople initially. If I could start over again, l would righi now," says Eric. "That means that we have educate myself to good business practices to malce concessions to the demands of the beforehand, because that end of the operation is market and offer some books that we may not not anractive to either Meredith or me, yet we particuiarty like, but which are good sellers and can't avoid iL I would say that we are right now are important to our retail store customers. . "I saw a book called White Trash Coobng, making the tranSition from be~g dedica~ed hobbyists to becoming professional busmess and my first reaction was that I didn't want t? people." carry that book at all, but customers kept calling The two are confirmed plant-lovers, and and asking for it. and so finally I gave in and put they started their business from a desire tO spend it in stock. We sold 2,000 copies in the firstfour time doing what they love to.do the most ~oth months it was available." are knowledgeable about nanve plants. Ed ts a Are they living well? "No," they say. "We professor of botany at the University of haven't had a family vacation in ten years. We Tennessee at Knoxville. It is hard 10 imagine two haven't made our material goals, but we feel we people more qualified for this work, yet Ed says. a.re following out our p!an, and we ar~ firmly "if we were dependent on the business for our committed to the direcuon we are taking. livelihood, we would be in the poor house. . . "When we get our daughters through We're going 10 give it a few more years, and if ll college, we will think more about our own doesn't become more profitable, we probably lifestyle." will get om of it." They see the greatest problem wi~ ~cir Some of the plants growing in the Native work being that they spend much of !hCU' nme . doing mundane chores that they don ~ n~e~y Gardens have commercial uses as herbal medicines or botanicals. Ed would like 10 develop enjoy, but which are necessary to maintaining that trade because botanicals are growing in their business at this stage. They are, however! popularity and commerc!al harvesting in the _ wild satisfied with their present progress toward their would put 100 much stra.tn on the plant spec1es, goals. many of which are endemic or rare. "I don't subscribe to the idea that "Producing botanicals probably has greater companies have to necessarily grow and grow potential than the straight production of , . . and grow," says Eric. "When a company gets to wildflowers for gardening,'' Ed figures. This lS a manageable siz.e !hat fulfills the needs of the already a big business in the Southern_ owners, then it is quite alright t0 ease off and Appalachians, but it is not developed m the way maintain it at that level." that it could be. As it stands now, a few large And the Brights agree c~mpletely ah?ut companies pretty much control the market. They one thing: "People have to rcaliz.c that i:unnmg a contt0l the price, they control w~at_ they buy: and business takes l 50% of your efforL It is a very the guy out there on the mounl8lns1de doesn t demanding task." have any choice." Ed and Meredith are conscientious in their work. They started out with ~ highest stan~ds of purity. Now they use pesuc1des and fungicides "only if we have to, or if there are legal requirementS for them." That was another le~on learned. "If somebody is going to g~t into this business and thinks that they are going 10 totally avoid chemical pesticides, they're naive," says NATIVE GARDENS (Meredith Bradford-Clcbsch and Ed Clebsch) Ed. . d al.i.n There are other issues of concern in e g Rt. 1, Box 494 with native plants. Greenback.TN 37742 "We ask questions about whether the plants we buy have been propaga~ed in th~ Native Gardens, the creation of Ed and nursery or if they have been du~ in the w)ld. For Meredith Bradford-Qebsch, offers herbaceous the first four years of our operauon, we simply plantS almost entirely of native varieties and all didn't deal in materials that were dug from the propagated from seed and cunings, for wholesale wild. Lately we have bought rescued plants from and retail sale. Most of the plants are sold m situations where their destruction is absolutely containers, although they sell some field pl~ntS 10 certain. But we are not yet at a point where we landscape architects. Much ~f the company s would tum around and sell those materials business is mail orders obtamed through directly. We use them for propagation pufJ>?SCS. Meredith's tastefully-designed catalog. . "I am also concerned that we are creanng a Personnel consists of Ed and Mered1th an~ considerable mixing of genetic material, because two part-rime helpers and another worker, who lS we often buy plants from other pl~es '.111d grow full-time except for the winter months. them out 10 maturity for sale. The dilunng of Ed and Meredith started Native Gardens genetic purity is something that ~onccrns 11s, and with their own money. we think it will become an issue m the next "If we had paid for a pre-opening market decade." survey, we never would have opened," said Ed. Ed urges people not to be idealistic when "We inruitively knew that we were on the staning a business. , . beginning of what we were confident was a "We run into people who say, fd like to rising trend, but we knew that we would have to do that. It looks like so much fun.' It is, if you Xatuah Journ.at pCMJe 16 .. are willing to work 16-18 hours per ~Y"The market is there. I wouldn t discourage anyone from getting started, but I would encourage them 10 go into it with their eyes open. It is an enormous amount of work, and it takes some knowledge up fronL The . starry-eyed ideal of growing plants and having them sell themselves automatically is not true. If a person has that idea, then they would do better not to get into the business at all." FRENCH BROAD FOOD CO-OP (Barb Acker) 90 Biltmore Ave. Asheville, NC 28801 The French Broad Food Co-op. the member-owned food co-op in Asheville, NC has made a move - a big move. Not just from ~cold cramped quaners in the Old Chesterfield Mill on West Haywood Street to a new address on Biltmore Avenue, but a shift in policy that involved borrowing $100,000 to change their location and to expand the store, so the co-op could serve the general public as well as the co-op membership. The co-op is run by a 7-person board of directors elected by the membership at an annual membership meeting. The board hires the store manager and it was the board that decided to undenak~ the $100,000 debL To raise that capital $42 000 was borrowed from individual mem~rs a~d another $60,000 was obtained through the Self-Help Credit Union. Barb Acker is the co-op manager, in charge of supervising the day~t<Hlay OJ?Cration o~ the store and its four full-ume and CJght pan-tune staff people. She is encouraged by the response to the move and feels it has revitalized the co-op. 'We are in the mainstream financial market right now, deeply in debt., but. we fel~ that it was necessary in order to make this leap in growth. We are finding it to be money well-spent, and we arc starting to pay back the loans on schedule." "For the five years prior to November, 1990 while we were at the Chesterfield Mill, we had a'bout 800 people from 400 families who sustained the business. In the two and one-half months since we've moved, our membership base has increased to 1200." Co-ops are different than most o~cr • economic instirutions in that their goal 1s SCMCC mher than profiL Co-ops depend heavily on volunteer help; they keep a small rnar&;in of overhead with which to run the operanon, but they are not in the business of accumulating wealth or making anyone rich. Co-ops generally define their goals in terms of filling basic needs, rather than using people's needs to reap pe!Sonal and material benefits. Some co-ops see their purpose as simply providing a cenain product, but there are others that see themselves as pan of an oo-going, overall social change. The French Broad Food Co-op sees itself as having a role in the changes ~at are happening in the Asheville area and the region. Barb, speaking of the grour 's long-range goals, pointed out that "a trade magazine caJJ;d . Cooperarive Grocer ran a quote back m the spnng Sprt.nq, 1991 �i~) l._ 't ' Jlt) :i :11 '"\) I ~ O I t \~ If "' ..•ll of 1990 that impressed me. (t reads, 'Food co-ops n~ to be quality, profitable groceries, but also pan of a larger social transformation.• "1 think that's the essence of the cooperative movement and also of the French Broad Food Co-:op. Socilll change is very much a p:ut of the C(),,()p's n1essnge in that we arc trying to bring something different to people that is better for all of us, beuer for the whole." The co-op's first task is providing quality food, but living in this world means making choices and finding a workable balance. Barb says, "We are providing the best physical nourishment that we can in the food products we offer, and we try 10 make equitable choices on everything we buy to make sure that they have the least environmental impact possible. However, 95% of the food lhat we sell comes in from outside the region. "Produce is one area where we might be able to change that Produce is 16% of our total stock. Most of that presently comes from outside the region. But it is a high priority for the co-op to suppon local farmers, and we are now talking with farmers to help them plan whar they plant for the next growing season, knowing that the co-op now is a much bigger market for them. "We definitely do encourage our buyers to buy locally whenever they can, but the reality of the situation is that very little of our food is locally-produced at this point. You just can't get cashews from the Appalachians. One of the realities of food distribution is 1ha1 it is world-wide, and we have to provide what people are u$ed to getting if we are going to stay in business. We realize that shipping food all across the world has a major environmental impact. But I suppose things have to be W(;ighed in the ., balance, and we see oun;elvcs as trying to 1 educate more people as to how they can eat bener for less money." The emphasis on eduC.'.lcion is another imponant way that co-op members see their business taking pan in social change. According to Barb, "the next step we have to take, now that we are settled down in our new loca1ion, and the dust is settling from the transition, is that we have to stan education right away. Folks are coming in and saying. 'I want to switch from eating so much meat, but I don't know what to do with this tofu sruff.' "People are more interested in eating food that hasn't been poisoned. Even chain supermarkets arc s1aning to carry organic food, and it's making an impact on the everyday person's consciousne.~s. We arc staning co see that what we eat makes a difference in how we feel, and how that makes a difference in the health of the community and the health of the world as a result People are wanting to cat bener, and realizing tha1 eating good food fuels the body much better." "If we can't help people make that transition, we aren't going to be here very long. But the co-op staff people are qui1e ready 10 help with that. They have been doing this work for the last 15 years, and now they have a better opportunity lo help 1he public learn how to use good food. "People are catching on about doing things cooperatively, too. Thal':; another thing that we have to teach. Worker-members have doubled in number since we have moved here. Members feel a real sense of belonging and contributing 10 some1hing: supplying decent food that they want 10 buy and are proud to offer 10 01hers.'' The co-op members arc also aware their Sprtn(J, l 991 I ,fj O!J -,.// 1,11, fl f /.., •,.t.. r) 4 J,. business is making c.onlributions on tither levels. "It's a physical sus1enance that we offer," says Barb, "but it's also a social sus1cnance as well. We want to promote a feeling of community. We have one room that has been designated as the community room, and we have a bench made out of a rree that is just inside the door where people can sit around and visit. That essence of community is very central to the reality of the co-op. "We have a.water cooler, one of the old-fashioned ceramic ones, that is filled with spring water from up in the mountains, so the co-op is also the watering hole." The co-op also took a concrete step to help people get through the recession. In line with their policy of providing oosic foodstuffs at the cheapest possible prices, the co-op in January cut the mark-up on all the beans and grains in the store to just above cost. Again, It was a question of finding a balance. , "Right now in this co-op and in many n:llural food stores and co-ops around the country there arc a lot of packaged. fluffy foods that none of us really need. but which we have become used to," said Barb. "It's the fluffy alternative to the products the supcnnarkets have. We have 10 answer that, so we stock them. "People can choose whether or not they want those expensive items. But the things they need to live on will be here, and they will be affordable." But the co-op has also made a commitment to quality. "Most of our produce is organic. so it is somewhat higher-priced than produce a, the supermarket," Bnrb explained. "We are adamant about maintaining our support of the organic fanning industry, so that it can c90tinue 10 grow and flourish. To Mthdrawoursllpport ts&ause I conventional food is cheaper would oo 10 compromise our commitment 10 pure food.'' The co-op is moving forward. The group is excited about the changes enabling them to better carry out their original purposes. tl'ltS . .ts,-it . GREG OLSON 211 Stoney Knob Rd. Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 658-0834 "In designing environmental homes, I am basicaUy looking at three levels of impact," says Greg Olson. "I try 10 minimize impacts on the environment by designing homes that are energy-efficient and rely heavily on alternative energy sources. I try to look out for the environment by using materials that have as linle negative impact as possible in their production and use. And then I pay attention to the health impacts, which include things like electricity, water quality, and how different spaces wi1hm the house nre going to be used." · Greg is an al1em:uive home designer who is presently doing a brisk business planning and overseeing the construction of environmentallyconscious shelters in 1he Katuah Province. "My sole criteria for taking on work is whether the people want an energy-efficient home." he says. ''l don't look at the size of 1he project, the money involved, or the building f "!i , r • , ..... , ~le. Jt could be an exciting project, btlt if it looks like its not geared toward energy efficiency I refer them 10 someone else. 'rrhe work I've been doing has varied widely depending on the conditions of the site, and the budget and desires of the people who arc building the house. I have done passive solar homes with solar water heating lhat is backed up by power from the grid. I have done a middleground system that utilizes a solar-and-wood system for healing and cooling. Right now I'm working on a large house now that is completely off the grid. All the electticity is produced by phocovoltaic panels. "lam constantly looking for materials that are environmentally benign. That type of question is constantly coming up: in doing the plumbing should we use polybutylene or copper? Polybucylene is a plastics product; but making metal; whether it's siccl, a.lumitium, or copper, is also nn intenseprocess;, • J J;tf "We've dealt some \\ith the effect of electromagnetic fields created by house wiring. Where people want it, we've staned using shielded cable lo neutralize that effect. "We have also gotten to the point that we don't use any plywood or any materials with urethane binders unless it's absolutely nece.~sary. "Contradictions are always coming up between the levels of impact Insulation, for instnnce, fulfills a very important function in the house. But for a long time the best foams were extruded or impregnated with air by CFC's in the manufacturing process. Now one company has a foam that they say is not a CFC, but which is probably something else equally bad. "Right now we are investigating setting up a d~ership io the .area for air-enttaine.d.coocn::1e, Vthicti ~s concn:te thal is,ini.vlaced.b>'.h.lvioa air forced through it. That will llCl as a Sll'Ucrural material and an insulating material at the same time. ''The solar products are another example. They are extremely helpful in their operation, but as far as their original materials, they all have their setbacks. Photovoltaic panels or copper collector plates have a ttcmendous manufacturing impact While the copper in a solar collector is never going to return all the energy lhat was put into it during the manufacturing process, it's still better than just burning the energy. "We're pursuing it all the time, but there is also the cost factor: how much can we do on the owners' budget?" Greg says that there seems to be an increasing concern about energy-efficient building, perhaps generated by the war in the l\1iddle F.ast. "My business all comes by word of mouth; I don't advertise. Thar helps, because people that seek me out are already thinking in a certain way. It helps to filter my work out, Nevenheless, I've been extremely busy. "It's really picked up in the last year. We are a culture that responds 10 crisis, and I thinlc recent evenlS have been staning people to wonder where their energy is going to come from." Greg also teaches n class at UNCA called "Environment, Design, and Solar Energy." His business (and the rock-reggae band he played wilb) was originally called "One Straw." He doesn't use the name anymore, but he says that be is still drawn to the quo1e in the book by Masanobu Fukuoka from which lhe name originated: "With this single straw, I, by myself, will begin a revolution." . �wltich are often indistinguishable, all are closely clustered around the Gorge. It is a vigorous athletic and cultural life they share. In the same week on the Nantahrua aaasoBElB oooosa BB BBB BeooBooooo 0 River, after wearing one's self out rafting, c biking, hiking, or rock-climbing, one could spend the everting at a poetry reading, a loud rock O Of Success and the River c 'n roll pnrty, a modern dance workshop, a lecture ~ o by a prominent nature writer, dining at a fancy o g restawant, or .auending a friendly get-t0gether in o The river staned it all. When Horace c one of the Center's private cabins. gHolden bought the isolated motel on the c ln Payson's view of that enlightened o Nantahala Falls, it had no profits and no future, g community, it would be unfair to the Staff and the o only a good location on the river. Holden and c company alike to have anytlting less than full Payson Kennedy provided the vision the location c participation - economic and political, as well as o needed; they turned the location into a thriving g professional and social. He first proposed the o business and the NOC into a recreation industry o employee stock ownership plan at a staff meeting g legend. c in January, 1987. The plan was at first rejected o The best tribute to success is imitation, and g by the employees. "'I now 15 rafting companies crowd the banks of the o 0 Why would workers initially cum down a g Nantnhala. There would be more if the Forest share in the profits and policy management of o Service bnd not stepped in to limit the burgeoning g their company and a greater measure of control of o whitewater industry on the river. ~ their day-to-day lives? The answer lies to a great ~ Whereas a total of 1.200 people rode the g extent in the nature of the NOC and its staff. o river in the NOCs first season, now more than 0 The raft-guiding and recreational work in o 6,000 people run the Nantahala on one good o which the Outdoor Center specializes requires Saturday. In the 1990 season over 200,000 great expertise that comes from rigorous training o people took the river trip. The Nantahala is g and long practice - especially at the NOC. which o known as the most crowded rafting river in the o rakes great pride in the excellence of its gcountry. o programs. Thus. many of the Outdoor Center o The river continues to now along, g employees are highly skilled athletes, who could o seemingly unpenurbcd by all this uproar. But the o easily find a job in other pans of the country. g high rate of traffic is affecting the river. John and often do. Recreational work is seasonal and o Burton, the president of the Nanw.hala Ourdoor g is traditionally low-paying. Those who are c; Center, says, "Up until five or six years ago, c attracted to it are willing to accept the lower g resource degradation wasn't a serious concern in wages because of their love for the work and the o my mind, but now it is. Human traffic along the free-wheeling lifestyle it affords. Although the o banks has been degrading the banks and wearing o Outdoor Center is fortunate in having a strong them away. People are trampling vegetanon that core group of more than 70 people who have o is needed to st0p erosion and exposing the roots 0 been on the staff for more than JO of the c of trees. And there is the inevitable liner from the o crowd and the cars that pass by on the two-lane company's 18-year history (an unusual percentage in that demanding business), many of o road that runs alongside the river." 0 0 the NOC employees are young and transient, And surely the constant disturbance caused c coming for one summer or only during cenain by the high rate of river traffic is affecting the times of the year. Even of the employees wbo o aquatic habitat 0 consider the Nantahala area t!ieir ho~. a good . g . c number rake several months m the winter to "ski O Ten years ago the NOC, aware of their g bum" or cravel. o effect on the river, tried unilaterally to limit their c O company's growth. As a result, many of the Nantahala staff did o not want to risk their small salaries on stock "All we did," said John Burton, "was to investment and were wary of the long-tellll o put a couple of competitors in business real fast, o commitment and responsibility to the company and we didn't do anything to limit the growth of a that ownership requires. They were completely O the rafting business. Therefore, we felt we were g happy to do what they did best and leave the o undermining our own purposes, and we haven't c hassles of management to the businesspeople g tried that again." o hired for that job. Being such a mnjor player, the NOC g 0 Company president John Bunoo said, ''To o cannot suggest overall limitations on river us~ it o many of these people, 'commitment' meant doing ~ would seem as if they were trying to monopolize c the best job possible while they were here. To O their own strong position on the river. Control is Payson, it meant a long-term commitment 10 the o left up to the Forest Service, which limits only o company. That was essentially the gap I h:id to g the number of companies that can operate on the o bridge." 0 river each season and mruces no attempt to Burton was fonnerly a securities analyst o regulate the size of those companies. o for the Philadelphia National Bank, as well as a g "It's not the number of people who use the o dedicated canoeist and one-time member of the O river," said Ranger Bill Lea, ''it's the kind of US Olympic canoe team. He understood the o people who use the river that makes the o g difference." o problem from both sides. The KSOP compi:omise was ms ~rainchild. 1ne plan's mix O But o~ summer Sarurdays, the rafts come g !)f opt!onaJ membership, and the handsome o down, one nght after the other. River rafts are o mcennve offered, seems to have met the needs of g not as deadly as dioxin, but the "invisible hand" 0 the NOC staff; 70% of those eligible are now g O of free enterprise is slowly choking the member stockholders. o NantahaJa. o O Because of the closeness of the a community, the Outdoor Center's KSOP plan is necessarily a social experiment as well. The NOC au sos uo oeeaeeeonooo Bes noooooa is more like a rambunctious tribe than a corporation, but in practical tenns that means that g THENANTAHALAOUTDOOR CENTER 41 US Highway 19 West Bryson City, NC 28713 (704) 488-6737 Rural Swain County is an unlikely place for a phenomenon. But it is here, beside a low waterfall on the Nantahala River, that a wildly diverse crew runs the Nantahala Outdoor Center (NOC), purveyor of rafting and outing adventures and the corporate headquarters for an operation that grossed $8 million in 1990. The NOC is well-known in business circles as a recreation-business success story. In 1972 when Payson and Aurelia Kennedy first started the operation, everyone was waslting dishes, and Saturday's profitS were spent Monday morning for new paddles or life preservers. The Center now comprises a sprawling complex of three restal!Illnts, cabins, an outfitter's store, and a fleet of buses, plus outposts on four other rivers in the region. The NOC employs 350 staff people at the height of the summer rafting season and even sends voyagers to exotic places such as Nepal, the Grand Canyon, and New 2.ealand on an Adventure Travel tour program. But one of the most outstanding features of the NOC is not noticeable 10 visitors coming 10 ride the river: the company is in the process of transferring ownership into t.he bands of an association of its workers. It is a difficult process, and NOC staff people are candid in speaking of its benefits and t~ drawbacks. On paper what is happening is this: the employees of the company are carrying out a gradual and friendly buy-out of the outside investors' interest in the NOC. An Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) now owns 50% of the shares of the company stock. Workers are gradually buying into the plan through what is called a "40l(k) provision," which gives them the opuon of deferring 5 to 8% of their salary 10 buy stock. Whatever they set aside, the company will match at a rate of 50 ccntS on the dollar for stock purchase. Because of the 40 I(k) provision, the NOC employees cal1 their hybrid stock ownership plan a "KSOP." According to the plan, the KSOP will have vinually complete control of the company by 1998. The KSOP is a compromise plan, the result of several years of often intense discussions. The idea that the Outdoor Center should be employee-owned came first from founder Payson Kennedy. From the beginning, Payson conceived the ~antahala Outdoor Center, not solely as a ~usme;,s venture, but as a community of like-mmded people. That community is alive and ~ppeniog _in once-isolated Swain County. River-running and the outdoor life are the community's Stock in trade, but more i!flponantly, they are the foundation of a way of life that the Outdoor Center shares with its paying guests. The staff live closely together. More than 100 NOC employees consider the environs of the NantahaJa River as home, and the Cen1cr provides ~bin space for the summer employees, so that durmg both working and leisure times, xawah Journm J>CUJC 18 g g g ° ° ° g g g g g g g g g 5 g g g g g (continuod on psgc 19) 8pri.tUJ, 1991 �the KSOP member/staff have to hve with the results of their decisions as a company day in and day OUI. The NOC executive officers worked hard 10 be sure that the decision for cooperative ownership was made by consensus. But the idea came from the top and the transition is being managed by the company officers. The plan is 10 gradually tum political as well as financial control over 10 the KSOP members. "We want it to mean that the KSOP members on the staff are actively involved in policy decisions, big picture kinds of decisions, directional decisions... " said John Bunon. The KSOP's power to vote in board of directors' elections is allocated democratically on the basis of "one member. one vote" (rather than on the economic basis of one vote per share). The KSOP controls half of the company's 16,000 shares of stock. That block of 8,000 shares is voted proportionally according to the wishes of the people in the KSOP. "We seek consensus at every tum, if we can. We take it as far as possible in that direction," said John. "What the people in the KSOP are learning is that it is in their interest to be unanimous. lf they act as a unit they can control the board of directors. We have board ~ectio~s every year. The politics are getting very interesnng." But beyond participation in the election of the Board of Direccors, the traditional function of stockholders in any corporation, the KSOP is not set up to participate in policy decisions. The group has no structure and no independent leadership. Meetings are still called by the top-level management in the company hieran:hy. With characteristic candor, John said, "It's up to the leaders of the company to nunure the leadership of the KSOP, whether that means putting together a social council or actively calling meetings that are run by different folks. "The lesson we've learned this first year is that it takes active effort to get this KSOP group involvcd...lt takes someone 10 call the meeting. If the meeting doesn'c get called, then the issue doesn't get discussed. It's a demanding process, and we have a lot 10 learn about how to do iL" The Nantahala Outdoor Center is a dynamic place, and the transition to worker ownership is dynamic as well. It is closely scrutinized and widely discussed in very practical and non-idealistic terms, signs of a healthy democracy. John Bunon thinks that the KSOP will be able to develop its own identiry and rise to the challenges of leadership. "If for no other reason," he said, "the employees are beginning to come around to it beca~se they are wondering why they have been working as hard as they have for someone else's profit." GREEN SPIRITS: KATUAH PROVINCE VEGETABLE PLANTING CALENDAR Developed by Lee Barnes (1/10/91) Based on an a"crnge 160day frost-free period a~ adapled from Jeavons et aL 1983, NCAES 1978 and others. For high elevation or shoner frost-free period, start two to three weeks later for spring planting and two to three weeks earlier for late plantings. START INDOORS February I Cool season plants - broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale Wann season plants - tomato, pepper, eggplant SEED IN GROUND TRANSPLANT TO SOIL Win~er Chores - Soil ccsc, lime, prune trees and berries, 1urn compost, IUm in cover crops one month prior to planting. March 1 Most annual herbs, spinach, annual flowers. mosc perennial seeds April 1 <or when ground tl'mpernturcs are greater than 40-45° F. at 4 inches in depth) Cucumbers, melons, pumpkins, squash, leaf INtuce Beets, chard, po1a1oes, peas, turnips, radishes, lenuce, bare-root fruit trees and berries Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, mustard, spinach, onions Beans, carrots, corn, potatoes, radishes, beets, turnips, squash, Cucumbers, Swiss chard (Best after soil temperature is 65° F. at four inchesdup) Cucumbers, eggplant, melons, okra, peppers, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins Beans, corn, field peas, potatoes, New Zealand spinach, radishes, cucumbers Cucumbers, melons, squash, tomatoes Beans carrots, corn, potatoes. squash, cucumbers, collard greens Cucumbers, late t0ID3tocs May 1 '(or when ground temperatures are greater than 60" F. at 4 inches in depth) (wail for soil lo warm, tra11splants require 2-6 weeks to grow to s11fficic11t siu) June 1 July 1 Brussels sproutS July 15 Broccoli, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Mustard August IS Fall greens, radishes, lenuce, turnips, rutabagas Radishes, letruce Fall cover crops - winier rye, clover, buckwheat Broccoli. Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, leuuce, kale, mustard cabbage, Fall _Chores - Soil 1es1, plant clover crops. remove and compost garden refuse, lime (if needed), tum m phosphorous and rock phospha1e/granitc sands. Spn!UJ, 1991 Jeatu(lf1 Journnt J>G9C 19 �(These nre the wolds oC n tt:ldition:il Cherokee medicine person.) "Vll,LAGE ECONOMY" It was like the whole tribe was the torso of the body of the people, and the clans were like the extremities. The extremities did everything they could to suppon the torso. :That was their purpose. If the Wolf Oan was like the right hand, !he Twisted Hairs would be the left hand But the purpose of each of them was to suppon. 1 the torso, and the torso's purpose as a collective body was to suppon the Grea1 Life. The old pe0ple saw themselves as caretakers. They used to say that they were the first people on the Earth, and they were plnced here to be caretakers - to keep the spiritual, natural balance. We have the abiliry with our ~onsciousness to hook into the Great One, which 1s...l don't know what it is, maybe it's the spirits of _all living things put together...and 1hey felt that being caretakers was pan of our purpose, Like a bcar's purpose is one thing, a deer's purpose is another, and an oak tree's purpose is another ~ch_ thing is put here for a purpose. The Gre~t Llf~ IS made up of trillion.s of beings, great treesl • tu,tmy oolls, fllld; the .function of encll of those individual llves.isto suppontheUfe:\lach in its! own way. . . The human way of supporting the Great Life JS through our spiritual consciousness. We were spiritually conscious of other living spirits Like ~imals_. birds, and trees. No1 all the people' were lake this, of course, bu1 people in general were, and the people who weren't, understood it. We we~n't domestica1ed by individualism and all those things that are pan of the dominant culture today. '!bat's why this society has a problem. It's so mulu-<:ultured, that people don't have the same h~ and the same mind. Everybody's doing thetr own damn thing. I During those times, life was village life and everyone saw lhe people they lived with every day. ~hen visitors came through, they would stay tn the town-house, and there would be a big pot of food out there. Everybody would contnbute to ?1at pot of food, so that strangers or anybody connng through could have something to eat. That was the people's attitude: their culture was an extended family. Generally, anybody in the tribe could go alone out in the woods and take care of themselves. The younger ones might have some tr0uble, bur most people could. The women were exi><:n at gathering; they probably were beuer survtvors than the men. And then a family, an extended family would also take care of itself. The old peopte' who raised the children. The uncles taught the children. And while the old ones and maybe some of the n:iother's clan ~le were taking cnre _of the _c~ildrert, th~ mamed couple would be making a livmg, fanning and hunting. They had individual gardens, also clan Xatuah ,aurnaL pnge 20 gardens, and there was a community garden. They had storage places in the village to keep food for those who needed it. Some of the storage bins were built up on poles. Another kind ~ a small pole log structure that was sealed ~th mud to keep the rodents out. Com was put 10 there, and people were assigned 10 check it ~m. time to time to see if the critters were getting IOIO ll The white man Henry Timberlake when he first came into the village of Echota the early 1700's! estimated a population of close to 2,000, and said there w_ere something like 6(). to 70,000 bushels of com 1n storage. That was his estimate. That was western attitude. Even if it wasn't that much, it obviously was considerable. i; Most o_f th~ time every pan of the tribe, as well as the mbe ttself, was self-sufficient But if a family got in trouble, if they had their crops washed out by a flood or something, 1hey would first appeal 10 their clan for help, and then other clans would ju~t naturally volu~teer to help, beca~se the philosophy at that ume, which has drasnc/¾P.-.r,pb,qn'i¢. w~ ~U)~ 'YI;~, !,!le helpless. 1,1µ1d !he ~1a firsi.. -l3ack,qi.c11 spjlii11g e.ni:I .giviµg sniff' away was well 1ooked upon. Those people who were the most generous showed their commi~ment to the tribe and were given power. The chief was the poorest person in the tribe, but the smanest. However, that doesn't exist any more. In today's society hoarding sruff and amassing wealth is well looked upon. The old way was son of nice, but it doesn't deal very well with capitalism. Food wasn't bought or sold inside the tribe. Food or hides may have been offered in exchange to people who could make beautiful craflS or weapon-makers who knew how to make really good arrows or blow guns, but no one had 10 buy food to keep from going hungry. ~ei:i. someone ,creates something, they put power mto ll. h doesn t mancr what ii is. At the very lcas1, one puts in their life/time. U someone makes a flu1e, their intent is for the flme to play and to free you up inside. You may not get that out of the flute, but at the very least you get six hours of their life • they put that much of the11 power into t~t object. They have put their full 10tent, all their experience, everything. into that flute. Thar flute has power, and we recogni:ze that. . . We put power into everything we do. If we do _11 _10 a bad heart, then .ii has bad power If we do 11 1~ a good hean and 1n a loving way. maybe say a httl~ prayer, then the power is a good thing. If~ are Just neutral, if we just do it without pumng anything into it, then it's not a craft it's not a skill, it's just a repetitive motion. ' . . Bae¥ then people saw that giving a gift was g1v10g their power, so they didn't wait around for admiration. They'd drop off a flute at someone's front door, and that would be it. It was obvious when a gift was given. Some people were more skilled than others, and it was a fine thing to get a gift from someone who was very skilled. But the gift that was the best was one into which some person ~ad put all their ~can. It _di~'t have to be good, tf they put all their heart 10to u, then it was a highly prized gift and would probably miss the gambling exchange. Betting and gambling was a wonderful way of exchange. The men would play the chunky game. It was definitely a macho game probably the only macho game we had. One ' person would roll a round chunky stone and two other men would be standing on either side with spears with little red marks on them. They would throw the spears underhanded and sec who could ger the red mark closest to the stone. It required a Lot of skill. They would play right in the village ~uarc, big old males strun.ing around downtown in front of the court.house. It was kind of like the pool haIJ where the men could get 10gether and talk rough. They wouldn't bet food, just possessions: crafts, weapons, things that they had taken from other Indians, or trade goods. They would stand there and throw down their bows and arrows their loincloths. They would stand there naked betting, and then try to calk a guy into betting ~o or three days work in the cornfield. They would always pay off, 100, because back then a person's word was everything. In lhe tribe auention was most important. ~e. cullu:e was built that way. Our way of ra.1smg children wasn't to hit them, but to praise ~em when ther did well, and lO ignore them or give them nothmg when they did wrong. So if you were good in the chunky game or were a " w81l}ol'1and did ~ t deeds, tllen you we~ admiicd lf you were a good fanm:r then you ~ere admired. But if you messed up, you were ignored. The worst punishment was to be thrown out of the tribe. Many people committed suicide when that happened to them, when they lost that connection with the tribe. Although the tribe was self-sufficient, the Chero~ees loved 10 trade. Some people think of the Indian tribes as being isolated. but that isn't true. The Cherokees could trade with anybody from New York all the way to Florida and all along the Mississippi and all the way along the coast Everybody spoke the same trade language. h was ~I~ the Choctaw trade language, and it was a p1dgm version of Choctaw. All tl1e Indians spoke it instead of using a sign language. The P,crokee never actually used a ~ncy, like money. Everything was done stnctly by baner. They used to make a lot of trips to the coast to get "black drink" (a decoction made from the leaves of yaupon holly - ed.), shells, feathers and items like that, but what they really loved was the dried root of the Venus fly-trap, because it was considered an incredible fishing chann, and all the fishermen would use it. And then maybe they'd bent up a few Tuscaroras on the way back from the beach, because that's just the way the Cherokees were. We had good flint deposits over in Tennessee. and we may have carried that for trade. We might have done some business with soapsrone. We had soapstone here to trade. We would trade mica to ihe northern Indians. The Cherokee might have gouen turquoise and stuff like that from the Chociaws and the Chickasaws to the west. We traded horses with the Chickasaws, who lived along the Mississippi Sprtm.,, I 991 �On Eco-economics by David Haenke Instead of endwing a meaningless job to gei the money IO buy necessities, real work should involve our efliciClll production or bllSIC needs, or our dilcct involvement in their procurement - e.g., by J)311icipaling as wor.ting members or cooperatives. In an ccocconomy, the formal "work weclc" wherein we labor for money might drop IO 20 hours or less. The ec:o-«onomy would run as much as possible on solar energy, just IIS cco-sysu:ms run entirdy on solar gain. Jt would mnke judicious use of "capital" ~ources. such as fossil fuels, which are used according 10 lhcir most efficient application as in Ille "soft energy path.• Basic cco-«onomics means doing the following 10 the giealCSl extent possible: River around Memphis, because the Chickasaws were lhe great eastern horsepeople - like the Sioux or the Plains Inruans. They were absolutely incredible horsemen, and 11\~y w~re great allies of the Cherokee. The two tnbes Just loved each other, God knows why. A whole village of Cherokees would move over and live by a Chickasaw village for a year. Then 11\e Cherokees would go back home, and the next year the Chickasaws would show up and live by the Olerokee village for a year. ArchaeologistS have discovered things in Cherokee mcdjcine bundles that were found only in South America. That shows 1he extent of their trade and their communication. They weren't isolated from one anoilier. When 11\e white people moved in and m.fluenced the Cherokee, they staned trading for productS. They would trade bushels of com, He jusL didn't fit in. The couple left for two weeks. While they were gone, their house burned down, a.nd it was rumored that someone had done it on purpose to get nd of him. They came back, and his wife was so sad 1ha1 they had lost their house, that the community got together and built them a new one nnd just put up with the man. That's an old Labor Brigade story. The tribe was self-sufficient in every way. The tribe satisfied the basic needs of human beings. One of those needs is community. We have a need for community that comes from tribalism. On the intimate level people filled that need through the extended family; on another level, it was fulfilled through communal ecrcmony, which was one of the foundations of their culture. dried pumpkin, deerskins, probably chestnuts, They had feast days or holy days at and ginseng to the western people, and 11\ey got important times during the year. The feast days teehnology in return. The clan system gradually were held to celebrate the blessing of the com or turned into a capitalistic system, but they sill! ceremonial occasions Like lighting the fire or maintained the community gardens for a long putting the fire out, bu1 they were also a time, until (Chief John) Ross created an elaborate connection people made with each other. The central government that could tell someone what people would get together, there would be betting to do, and the government started a tribal fund and gambling, the exchange of goods. and people money, y'know. IL son of worked its way over would undoubtedly share some genes around at from the baner system to capitalism, but at the those big gatherings, and at the same time they same time the Cherokees have always felt loyal to shared the spirit around the tribe. "the torso," the body of the tribe, although It was the cement that held the culture ·occasionally it's been pretty sick. Today the together. When that started crumbling, it was real tribe's like everything else in the world tough. But remnan1s of it still exist. You can still everything's got cancer. see it here and there: the Labor Brigades, people The Cherokee Labor Brigade, which was helping each other out, or sometime you might going strong up into this generation, was a hear somebody talking ihe old way. things like remnant of the time when everybody lived in the that. village, and the clans were like the extremities of Today we have less ceremony in our lives. the body supponing the torso. The people of the We need certain kinds of ceremonies. If we don't Labor Brigade would get together on Saturdays have them. we create them, because ceremonies and go to the house of somebody who needed are very imponant to human beings. help, like an old person who needed firewood Everything's a fonnula. When you're split or someone who needed their roof fixed. making a little cake. you go by the formula. You they would all pitch in nnd do the job and then need some flour from the field, eggs from a have a big pot-luck. Nowadays it's only some of chicken, some honey, and then the last thing is the older men who still do it, but it's a part of that' some heat, which makes it change from five culture, maybe it'll come back. different things into this one sweet little brown J beard a story once. There was a thing, a cake. It's no longer an egg and some half-breed married to a full-blooded woman. flour - but it is. h 's made up of a!J those partS. They lived in Birdtown a long time ago, like in Everything's formulistic. There is a my grandfather's time. He was a drunk and lived fonnula for our way of living. We need the com, in this community where nobody drank. Whether we need the honey, we need the ceremonies, they they were Baptist or traditional or what, they are all the raw materials. The fire is our didn't believe in his drinking. They thought it spirituality, which heats il and makes our cultuIC was a bad thing. He was a rowdy person, too. the way it is. ~ ' Sprtng, 1991 ..... Drawing by Rob Lcvcrcu •Participate In, invest in, and support local, ecologically responsible production by locally owned. opcralCd, and con1.rol1ed entctprises. •Buy, trade, and consume locally/ regionally produced goods and services. •Keep resources, capital, and energy at home; plug leaks. •Use solar energy and other •renewable" energies and resources.. •Be radically efficient in the use or nonrenewable resources. •Practice intense cooscrvat.ion and efficiency in oil sectors. •Do full-scale -- 90 to 1ooi.. -- recycling, utilitiog local/regional enlelpriscs. •Pay true. CCQlogically audited costs: intemalizc "externalities". It may hurt now. but it will pay off lalu. •Wodt coward a fonnol or informal local/n:giona1 trading sy~tem o.r cumney. •Support a humane and socially responsible economy. •Do not support businesses that pollute Ot destroy the cnvironmcnl. •Wherever humanly possible. do not buy from national or multinational corporations or their subsidiaries. Each localily, region, biorcgion oc stnte should have an up-to-daie dat.nbase on what is being sold and the ownership of the company selling, within its bounds. This infonnation should be furnished IO the public so lhat people can choose a tocallrcgional allCmlllive where possible. Development of economic altem:uivcs 10 national and l18nSrultional companies should be a focus oC each regioru Lee every economic act be ecologically conscious. �THOUGHTS ON WORK, PRODUCTIVITY, AND DEVELOPMENT: UNRAYELLING THE MYTH OF 'THE FREE MARKET" The refrain has become all too familiar. environmental proiection means loss of jobs. we are told, and if we would only let the corporate "£tee market" [unction without interference. lhen everylhing would magically work out for lite best. The "invistble band" of lhe market •aulOJ'llatically" mainlllins economic balance, we arc assured, and competition keeps prices low and SWldards high, as well as providing mucb·occdcd "jobs." Our economic difficulties :uc lhcrefore lhe result of lOO much regulation, not 100 liu!c; we are simply not letting the system function properly... Of course, !hero is some trulh to lhese assertions but not very much. If "mnrlcet fon:es• are reaUy th:11 benevolent, lhen why are lhey (we) creating many lecllnologics and coosumption pauems which are bolh socially and ecologically destructive. Why is energy conservation seen as somehow benealh us? Why is our society fallmg apan at lhe seams? (Wasn·1 it largely lhe DE-regulation of lhc 80's lhat led to outrageous financial excesses of every description - !he • gxced is good" memality which, we're now learning, we're going to be P3ying for over seveml dcc:ldes?) Why do most peoples' "jobs" consist of boring, unfulfiUing work which, more often Lhan 1101, has a dctrirnenlal effect . ranging from slight to tremendous - on our world and our lives? We need onJr /l)Fk ~l.!!Jc,P.:_9Jl:l~.w01"Jna in ~Pll!l~ indUSlry, Or ~.. "!9rkiria \lfilh~Jhcu U~_.,_, JU\j I J "military-industrial complex· and ilS off!hoots, or all !he common household products - solvenlS, painis, delClgel\b, aerosols, polishes, etc. - whose creation simulUlllcou.~ly createS a multitude of toxic industrial by-products, and which are oflCII luu:ardous or toxic themselves... Oearly, theie is something very wrong with a socio-economic system which rapidly undermines social cohesiveness ond destroys the very resources upon which our supposed "prospctity" depends! The manic. or mMliacal - functioning of our present economy reminds meofthoseold canoons III which lhc "hero" is silting on a high tree branch nnd is vigorously sawing lhrough it on lhe side closer to the trceJ Or lhttc's the classic comedy routine in which the "hero" is sawing a circle wound hunsclf in the !loor and soon completes it - only to fall through to the !loor below. In both c:iscs, lhc end result of all that hard work is 1111 unforsocn disaster though anyone eV\:11 remotely aware of reality could !rive forcsccn iL These comedy routines arc funny precisely because !he coming dis:ister IS so complctcly obvious yet when we promoo:: an economy that is leading 10 immincm social ond ecological disasw. we seem oblivious to !he danger. Laughably, not only is it NOT obvious 10 us, but most of u.~ mightily defend our "right" 10continue on the same "prolil:lblc" palh! But here we should learn something from lhe C3rl00ns • or we will continue sawing away until we and our environment are dcsu'Oyai. 9f ··········· All around our nation and !he world, the struggle 10 save our environment and our societies is moving into high ge3r • and the issue of'jobi' and ·productivity' occupies a central pl.ice m this S11Uggle. In the Pacific Nonhwes1, environmentlllists rue desperately trying to save 111e spoucd owl and its habitat, lhe rcmnantS of once-huge old-growth foresb, while angry loggers cloim lh:u TIIEY are now •an endangered species", and logging Xatuan JoumaL page 22 I II comp:inies claim to be patriotically serving vital socio-economic needs. And in Norlh Carolina and many other stales, obsessive road-building and "development" are Cervenlly supponed by businessmen, cconom,stS, and politicians (and, of course. !he developers}, on the assumption lhat economic prosperity and job availability depend on more roads and more rapid "growlh.• This trend continues unsb:ued despirestrong evidence that lhc prosperity thus gained is very shon-lived, if tndced the •standard of living' for the locals - the actual inhabitants - ever DOES rise appreciably. The reality behind the dream of qu,ck, bsung prosperity 1s this: once lhe p~pcrity boom accomp:1nying !he initial devel0pmcnt and eonsuuclion is o~r. the local inhabitanlS IISUa.lly tl1ld up getting shafted. Most of lhc big money - from mnnufoc1uriog, rCJuals, chain depatunent sl.OreS and superm:irkcls, and lhe glut of fast-food rcslllUl'8lllS - is funnelled out of lhe kx:aJ area and into lhe bank accoun1S oC distant corporations and developers, while "!he locals" are left to race the tong-term prospect of menial "setVice jobs" and socially and ocologicatly disrupted lives. TREND #1: Dcspitc intensive "development" and an influx of new tcehnologics and induslrics over lhc Jr.ISi IS yc.ars, Lhe "standard of livmg" of lhc average American has ran,n durin9 that,J,lmc pi:\iOd, and feal income has been steadily faJliog. ~p.y.is iltis l)CCwril)g? TRF.ND 112: During' th,s same period lhe richest (and smallest) segment of the American populllcc has go11C11 much richer, while lhe middle class and the poor have goucn poorer. 11 ,swell.known lhat lhe reign of "Frcc.-markct Rc:lg:inomics" (and its sequel, "Bushonomics") has created more millionaires lhan any previous "growlh decade.· The trouble is. II also created mounlllins of debt. a horrendous banking crisis, many more families and children living in povcny, and legions or homeless and hopclc.ss pcoplc... lhc grim "dart. side" of lhe supposedly unbiased, accessible. and soctally-rcsponsive "free markcL • QUESTION: Is the market rc3Uy "value- free." as us proponents claim. and docs it really encourage dcmocrauc paruc,pation and bcallhy socio-economic divcr~i1y . or does its implicit value-prefcscnce for proli1 ;it any price drhc the market (panicula.rly 111duj;Uy} to be free of ethical considerations and compassion, free to abusr the public lrUJ,I, and rree to lgnort as many !IOCiRI and ecological consequences :is po5.<>ible? QUESTION: b it po:;s1ble I.hat the TRUTII underlying lhe "free marke1" is I.hat it suppons a very small. scff.3ppo1n1ed elite in ransacking our environment, exploiting oilier people. and raking in vastly disproportion:ue monetary rewaril'i? Docli our society actually reward those who can most convincingly con lite public 1010 bclieviog th!lt all lhi$ cxplo1tation :ind "development" 15 for lheirown good and lhc good of lhe country? ......•••.•.•....•••..•....... The qucsuon or cnYIJ'Ollmenl:1.1 prcscrvauon vs. "development" and jobs is without doubl a thorny one and it IS made even lhom,cr hy a multitude of dangCl'OU$ and unquc:suoned assumptions about the n31ure oC our economic/ ecological re31ily. Such assumptions include: I) lhc belief lhat environmellllll prot.ection IS the prilll3J'}' factor behind job loss in industries such as lhc by Richaro Lowenthal wood produclS indllSlry, clcij>ite lhc fact that lhc true culprits in MOST job loss are managerial greed and callousness. industrial automation, corporate "strcamliniog." and poor "resource managcmcnL • 2) !he belief th:lt endless extraction and consumption of resoun:es is good for jobs and lhe local economy, despite lhe fact th:lt when these resources are dcple1ed !here me then NO rc1alCd jobs left m that area and the exuactors simply move on, leaving behind a legacy or heightened monetaty ~tations and the bitterness of a 'boom-tumcd-busL' 3} lhc belief lhat wori( and productivity must be ~ SOL.ELY hy amounts of Dlllterials e:ctraeted, ~ . and sold, and NEVER in terms of conscrvar.ion or restoration of vital h:lbil:us. Due to lhis belief, we are still reluctant to commit ourselves • and our money - to ecologically-sound economic practices, and we stubbornly refuse to fac10r into our economic accountmg lhe true social and ecological cosu of our vaunted "free mar1ce1• system. 4} lltebclieflhat pcoplearedcpendcnton the "gcnerosil}'" of industry fa their jobs, :ind not on themselves. the value of their own labor, or personal involvement in lhcir communities. S) the belief that del>-pite meaningless and mcchanic:ll work. worker's "productivity" cnn be increased solely by mtre3Slng 'll'agcs, WlTHOUT anyfac- in workers' intete..u. involvcmcn1. or sntisfacuon. ......•.•................ The deeper problem th.at we a.re just beginning 10 confront is lhat we have crcrucd a 'cuhwc" based on mass consumption and "!he consumer mentality.' When maximum profit and consumption are our highest goals. we of course seek only SHORT-TERM "efficiency" in our extraction, production. and dlslribulion processes.. Under lhe prime direcuvo or maximum profit and consumpuon, ·emcicm productivi1y• MUST mean producing the grcaics1 amount of good.~ m lhe least possible time ot the least possible cost • and lhen selling lhem al lhe gn:atcsl price lhc market will bear, This kind of "productivity" would more approprinlcly be called "dC5tructivity"; it ignores long-term consequences. create.~ "needs" where there were oonc, and trc.ats both naLUre and human beings as objocL~ to be e:cptoilcd, u.,;cd up, and !hen forgo1tcn. For most worlccrs, lhis ovat cxploillltion is 111en ·compensated" via insulllngly low monetary rewn.rds. which nevcnheless enable~ to consume more goods· which requires 111at we produce more, of course. The end resuh • our REAL •gross 113lional product" - is a vic:ious downw:ird spirnl of producc-scll-consume-lhrow away, produce-sell-ronsumc-lhrow nway.• and n never-ending "need" toc~ploit ond "develop" new areas once the old ones :ue ei1haustcd or become "unproliwhle" in lhc eyes of our Glorious God. the marketplace. But now we have nowhere to move on 10, and our 113bnual ·rron1.1er· mcnlali1y no longer makes even economic sense (ii NEVER mode sense ecologically). The biosphere we live m is suddenly changmg - ,n our human awareness - from a lim,tlc.s~ collection or exploi1abte ·resources· 10 a fragile and endangered ecosystem w1lh limited "resource avnilabtlny." So now something has 10 give, somclhing has to change in our way of RELATING to lhe Earlh and all her divctSC hfc.forms. (conlinued on pegc 30) Spr tng, 199 1 �.. • • t . \ t ,!:\~ . " .. , & •• ... ' APPEAL HELPS BEE TREE OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS Nawn! World Ne..-. Service Nanni World News Sc,vicc The NC Division of Environmental Management has reclassified 14 bodies of water in the mountain region as OutStanding Resource Waters (0RW). putting them under special protection to maintain their high water quality. The newly-listed 0RW's are: South Toe River (Yancey County), Gipp Creek (Cherokee County). Fires Creek (Clay County), Cacaloochee Oeek (Haywood County). Upper Nantahala River (Swain County). Chattooga River (Macon County), Henry Fork (Burke County). the Mitchell River (Surrey County), Elk Creek (Watauga County), the upper South Fork of lhe Mills River (Henderson County). Wilson Creek (Avery and Caldwell Counties). Jacob Fork (Burke County). Upper Creek (Burke County), and Steels Creek (Burke County). Nominated for possible future 0RW designation are Bearwallow Creek (Transylvania County). the New River and its South Fork (Waiauga and Ashe Counties), Panthertown Creek (Jackson County), Garden Creek (Wilkes County), and Bullhead Oeek (Wilkes County). After a bitter fight, Alarka Creek (Swain County) has been classified as a High Quality Water (HQW), a body of water that is somewhat protected. allhough not as stringently as the 0RW's (see KaJuah Journal #26). Toe Nonh Fork of the Catawba River (McDowell County) has been nominated for future inclusion as a HQW. Although 0RW status is supposed to be strictly a matter of biological criteria, experience has shown that designations are often swayed by political considerations, so it would help classification of creeks nominated for 0RW status if interested people would write letters on the behalf of the water bodies. Any state resident can also request reclassification of a water body as an 0RW or HQW. The Division of Environmental Management requires a detailed description of the area suggested. an indication of the water's quality, and a list of the special resources that need prorection. The agency will send a list of .the standards and regulations on request. Call or write Suzanne Keene at the NC Division of Environmental Management: Box 27687; Raleigh, NC 276ll (919) 733-5083. "SOMETHING STINKS" N,nnl World New, Savice Development is the first priority for the town government of Highlands, NC. And if the town government gets its way, Highlands will spur development with a 500,000 gallon-pcrlU!Y sewage treatment plant along the Cullasaja River. Spri.n9, 1991 The Cullasaja is a Class B trout stream and a spectacular scenic attraction. Toe river and its unique attributes would be th.reatened by presence of the plant. Presently a treatment plant half the size of the proposed plant is dumping effiuent into lakes below Highlands. Toe lakes help somewhat to maintain the river, but the quality of the Cullasaja is srill deteriorating, according to aquatic biologist Dr. William Mclarney. Toe new $5 million plant would discharge below the lake druns and would severely compromise the water quality downstream. The town of Highlands is cager to install the plant - so cager that they were ready to begin construction without an environmental assessment or an environmental iropacr statement. They publicized the project with notices in the local Highlands paper and the Asheville paper, but not in the Franklin Press which might be read by county residents downstream who would be affected by the plant. Highlands Mayor John Cleaveland explained their actions, saying that Highlands has been paying more than its share of the county taxes, and they should get to do what they want with the river. The NC Division of Environmental Management (DEM) seemed to be abening the move to rush construction of the plant: they refused to hold a public hearing on the matter until confronted by a petition bearing 2,082 signatures collected by county residents organi7.cd by Peg Jones of CuJlasaja Community. Resident Lee Hollins summed up the community's feelings about the way they had been treated when he said, "Sewage stinks, but in this case I smell something a lot worse, and that's rotten politics." The new treatment plant is much larger than the present needs of the town of Highlands require. Residents downstream know that a new treatment plant would be an open door to more development in the reson town. They arc not willing to let the Cullasaja be polluted for the sake of mon: condos, second homes, and golf courses. Those who want to speak out on behalf of the Cullasaja River can write to the DEM at: Boit 27687; Raleigh, NC 27611. To help the river preservation effon or offer support, call Peg Jones of Save Our Rivers, Inc. at: (704) 369-7877 In response to an administrative appeal by the WeStcm Nonh Carolina Alliance (WNCA), Regional Forester John Alcock of the US Forest Service ruled that the proposed Bee Tree timber sale in the Pisgah National Forest was in violation of the Endangered Species Act and ordered the Ranger district to make a complete biological evaluation of the area. The appeal victory will delay cutting on Bee Tree and, the Alliance hopes. will compel the Forest Service to gather complete information about stands slated to be cut before beginning logging. The Regional Forester, however. denied other arguments the Alliance tiad with the sale: that the Forest Service was not considering a full range of cutting alternatives, that they had not made a complete analysis of the true cost of the timber sale. that they were not ensuring safe use of herbicides, and that the sale plan did not follow the principles of sustainable management MAKING STUMPAGE Nanni World News Savice The US Forest Service National ForestS in Nonh Carolina has announced that it is raising its timber targets 18% for 1991 - from 63 million board feet to 75 million board feet for the year. This announcement came shortly after a much-publicized declaration from the same office to the effect that there would be less clearcutting in the National Forests. When asked how the Forest Service planned to cut back on clcarcutting while simulatancously raising timber targets, Forest Service environmental planner Pat Cook said, "we will try to maintain our trend towards less clcarcuning in proportion to the total harvest." Translated into ignorant (they hope) lay people's terms, Cook's statement reads, "we're not going to to do any less clca.rcutting, but we are going to keep raising quotas so that it seems like we'll be doing less clcarcutting." Any other questions? Onwlnc by Jim HOUS('r A(atuah Journn! JXl9C 23 �SMOKEY EATS APPEAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS Nawnl World News Se,,,icc HEARINGS 1990 TIMBER LOSSES REPORTED Nanni World NcWJ Scrvlce After a four year wait US Forest Service Chief Dale Robenson finally responded to objections lodged by the Wilderness Society to the Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP} for the Cherokee National Forest. The LRMP is supposed co guide agency management practices for a 15 year period. The objections were pr~ntcd as an. administrative appeal. The Wtldemess Society stated that the Forest Service was not fulfilling its responsibility to maintain biological diversity the Cherokee Nauonal Forest, was selling timber below cost, and was not providing visual beauty. Under the National Forest Management Act of 1976 the Forest Service is charged with maintaining populations of native ~ies in .the national forests. Many of these species reqUlre old growth habitat. Forest Service plans to log 58 percent of the cove forest habitat in the Cherokee would drastically reduce the amount of old growth remaining and would also cut into the supply of acorn mast that is vital to the survival of many species of wildlife. The Wilderness Society appeal also pointed to the fact that below-cost timber sales amounted to a public subsidy of the deforestation of the Cherokee forestlands. Tennessee senators Albert Gore and Jim Sasser supported the point, saying in a Jetter to Robertson that, "It makes little sense to subsidize timber production on public lands in the Southeast when the private lands provide far and away the vast bulk of the timber used in the region." The Wilderness Society plans to pursue its objections to the Cherokee Forest plan in coun, as a civil lawsuit. Narunl World News Service What would you say if the government asked you if you wanted nuclear weapons? Well, for the first time in history, they're asking...kind of. The Department of Energy (DOE) is sponsoring hearings to gather opinions on their plans for building nuclear wenpons in the 21st century. However. they are disguising the hearings as "Programmntic Environmental Impact Statement Scoping Hearings on the Reconfiguration of the Nuclear Weapons Complex." And, although the hearings are supposed co be open to the public, the DOE is not disclosing the dates. But sometime between March 20 and July 31 hearings will be held in the 13 locations where nuclear weapons are produced, including Oak Ridge, TN. They will constitute the first national referendum on nuclear weapons production, and it is imponant that. despite the obstacles, people make themselves heard. For more infonnation and updates on the times and locations of the hearings, write or call Ralph Hutchison of the Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alliance: Box l 101; Knoxville, TN 37901 (615) 524-4771. The US Forest Service (USFS) has reponed the 1990 losses from its timber extraction program in the Southern Appalachians. As well as destr0ying the old-growth forest habitat, the timber sales accually cost the agency more money to set up and carry out than they recoup from the price of the stumpage. The difference is paid br t~e taxpayers in what amounts to a roadbwlding and habitat desttuction subsidy for the limber industry. In the national forests in North Carolina the Forest SeTVice reponcd a loss of $2.0 I million for the year. Georgia's national forests came out slightly in the black, bringing in a total profit of $233 thousand in the state, due to profit made on the Ocoee National Forest. The Chattahoochee National forest lost money. However, in North Carolina and Georgia the Forest Service keeps its tallies on a state-wide basis and refuses to disclose totals for the individual forests, so that the more profitable national forests in the piedmont cancel out somewhat the losses in the Appalachian national forests. In 1990 the USFS timber program in Tennessee's Cherokee National Forest cost taxpayers $654 thousand, and in Virginia's Jefferson National Forest the timber program lost $969 thousand last year. "YOUR GOOSE IS COOKED" ...Then there are the hot geese of Oak Ridge. According to the August (1990) Scientific American, geese on the 35,000-acre Oak Ridge Reservation have been detected wuh up 103,950 picocuries of cesium-137 per gram of breast meat. "In tenns of Christmas dinner, just one pound would deliver almost 100 millircms, which is the generally accepted standard for nnnual exposure." Rrprinirdfrom IM Watrrn ,Vu.-tlt Carolina Alttatlt!c Acc:mt. Foll.l9'm. FI:'\E WITH ~lE Nmir•I World Jl:ewi Sef\'1cc Draw111g by Rodney Webb The J.L. Todd Auction C.Ompany, a Georgia-b;tSed lnnd developer, has nccn fined S206.400 for violations of the NC Scd1men1a1ion Pollution Control Act. "lbi~ is a landmark penalty, the biggest sedimentation pollution line in the history of North Carolina, " said Don Follner of the :-;c Depanmen1 of Environment, I lealth, and Natural Resources (DEHNR). The company was fined $103,200 for violating the sedimentation act on a site in Jackson County five miles north of the Qualia Bound.iry on Route 19, and J.L. Todd, as owner of the property and director of the company was assessed an additional $103,200. According lhe state DEHNR officials, the violations occurred \\hen Todd built access roads on a 10 acre tract (part of 1,000 acres he owns in the area) that had been ;1uc1ioned off in small parcels for residential development. Richard Phillips of the DEi INR office in Asheville said, "h's fairly serious due to the large tract involved and the proximity Lo !itrcams." "I DON'T WANT TO SEE NO ORV" The US Forest Service (USFS) is proposing a five-mile extension to an Off-R_oad Vehicle (ORV) trail in the Nolichucky D1stnct of the Cherokee National Forest near Greeneville, TN. The extension would tie the area into an "extensive net\,ork." of ORV trails, according to a USFS spokesperson. Other forest users feel that there is already entirely too much ORV traffic in the area and that the noisy vehicles are a grave thrc:u to habitat. There have nlready been c.ornplaints about the OR V's from hikers on the Appalachian Trail and residents of the Shelton Laurel area . just over the Slate line. As planned, the extension w~ld pas~ between two bear preserves, greatly increasing access and rcsulting disturbance: in an atCfi . where building up the black bear populauon is supposedly a t0p priority. Bears ~hy away from human intrusion. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency has already voiced objections to the proposed trail. ·,:·he more activity ~nd the more access you have m there, the less likely you are to have a good bear population," said Ron Saunders, a biologist with the agency. C.Omments on the potential threat of ORV's 10 wild habitat in the Cherokee National Forest can be addressed to the forest headquarters at: Box 2010; Oeveland, TN 37320. Contpil,:d 111por1frqm a rcp(JII III lhe A!hc•illc C,ti1en. Spn119. 1991 �SHELTON LAUREL Natural World News SPECIAL REPORT "The trees are so high so the legend goes They grow all the way to the sky. And they were here before you were born And they'll be here the day that you die." Waltzing with the Mountains Shelton Laurel is situated in nonhem Madison county, near the Nonh Carolina-Tennessee state line. Shaped by the high ridges and cascading slopes, gently forested and filled with the sounds of rumbling branches and streams, it is a beautiful and rich land, special to the people of the community. Things have come a long way since the first white settler in the Shelton Laurel area lived in a hollowed-out poplar for a season until he got his cabin built. The forests have changed: the people, the streami;, the wildlife, the way of life have all undergone tremendous change. But it is still evidem that there are people living here who love these mountains and don't want to see things change too fast or change for the worse. There a.re recreational areas used for fishing, and hunting as well as rugged wild places in the portion of the Shelton Laurel watershed that is overseen by the US Forest Service (USPS). Although these areas seem serene, they are the subject of controversy· a controversy between two different interest groups: those who want to extract the wealth of the forest and those who a.re interested in having it remain whole. This difference of interests goes back many years, and it currently centers on the evolving role of the Forest Service. The Forest Service once was seen as the protector of the woods. Now it is now seen as an agency protecting a financial invesanent A life-long resident of Shelton Laurel, Haze Landers, remembers a time when the Forest Service wouldn't let anyone take so much as a single tree for firewood . "I thought they were set up to protect the forest.", Haze said. Now, after years of poor logging pmctices and below-cost sales, he sees the Forest Service in a different light: "They don't love these mountains. If they did, they wouldn't treat 'em this a'way." The folks in Shelton Laurel have plenty of other reasons besides poor timbering practices 10 dislke the Forc:.t Service. Back in the late l 970's, when the RARE !I surveys were being conducted, residents were told by Forest Service employees that if the national forest in their area were designated as "wilderness." they would no longer be allowed 10 hunt, fish, or camp on the land. However, this is patently untrue. and some of the folks in Shelton Laurel wish they could have another opponunity to designate the area as a wilderness, because now the forest faces clearcuning. roadbuilding. and herbicide poisoning - all the atroeities that accompany timber harvesting. -Sp ri.t,9·, t9 9 l A CONSTITUENT'S LETTER ~anuary 24, 199· Representative Charles Taylor Dear Mr. Taylor: I hate roadbuilding on Federal Forest Service land. I hate clearcutting. I hate below-cost timber sales. I want all of these things to stop. Yours truly, Haze Landers Marshall, NC On January 24th the community held a meeting in L'\urel School to discuss concerns about preliminary plans for four timber sale projects in Shelton Laurel. The meeting was hosted by the French Broad Forest Walch (FBFW). a citizens' group established two years ago to panicipate in dialogue with the Forest Service and make suggestions for the management of the French Broad Ranger District rn attendance that evening were about 50 people from the community, Forest Service personnel, and Congressional aides. Mary Kelly, Phd., ecologist, coordinator for the Western Nonh Carolina Alliance, a member of the FBFW, and a Shelton Laurel resident. explained the four proposed timber sales in Brigman Hollow, Little Prong, Sugarloaf, and White Oak Flats in plaiin terms. The Forest Service plans to cut 11 million board feet of timber and build 6.8 miles of new road. As the primary method of "harvest" would be clcarcutting, that would translate into 805 acres of cleared and roaded land in Shelton Laurel in the course of the next three years. The new District Ranger for the French Broad District, Kimberly Brandel, said that she is interested in listening to the concerns of the people and is planning to do an "area analysis" to look at the entire area as a whole instead of as separate timber sales. She also stated that "no decisions" had been made and thal the four sales in question are "not even being considered at this time." Meanwhile, the figures still reflect the board feet quotas, the survey tape still flaps in the breeze from the trees, and long-rime residents remember, "We've been lied to by the Forest Service before." Pat Cook. a planner for the Forest Service. tried for more than half an hour to explain the need for management in the forest and how the Forest Service is presently revising and re-evaluating their views of timbering methods such as clearcutting. But Mary Kelly pointed out that the projected ASQ (Allowable Sale Quantity for timber) for the French Broad District for fiscal year 1991 is expected to be 6.5 million board feet (mbO. This is up from 5 mbf in 1990. And now more recent infonnation indicates that lhe ASQ for the French Broad could go as high as 8.5 mbf. One local farmer spoke out saying, ''If she's got to tum out six and a half million feet, that seems to be it." But Ranger Brandel answered that no matter what her ASQ, she was first and foremost "committed 10 stewardship" and that she W3S \'\1lling to "listen to what the people want." At that point, one member of the FBFW called for a show of hands. "How mnny people want to see Shelton Laurel preserved the way it is?" The response was almost unanimous. "Well, that ought 10 tell you what we, the people of this community, want." Obviously the folks of Shelton Lautcl are not interested in seeing the forest health "restored" through resource management They prefer seeing the land in its present healthy state. As Haze Landers secs it, ''They say it'll grow back to its original state in 250 years. So why wait? It'll stay ihat way for the next 250 years if they don't cut it down. We got generations of kids between now and then who'll never know what it was like if they cul it down." The citizens making up the French Broad Forest Watch can be proud of their effons in staying ahead of the game with the Forest SCIVice and infonning the community of what is to come in their ranger district They are definitely setting a precedent for what needs to happen throughout the entire bioregion. Their neighbors in the Cherokee National Forest could learn much about the type of recreation and forest activities that are life-sustaining and non-desbllctive. Just over the ridge, across the state line. in the Cherokee National Forest, roads and ORV (off-road vehicle) trails are being cxccnded deeper into the bean of the forest. This is a matter of concern to FBFW members, as they see the ecosystem as a whole, and do not wish to see the habitat disturbed. When people in communities such as Shelton Laurel take a stand and hold their ground, it is like a breath of fresh mountain air in the polluted wind.,; of change. Such effons will take hard work. the kind of work that people of the mountains know well. But the effons to save these mountains do not go unrewarded. As Haze put it, "There ain' nothin', nothin' nowhei:c. that the Lord ever created, I don't think, that can beat the looks of these mountains...with the water in the streams a'comin down betwixt 'em. I don't think He built anything any better. Honestly, Tdon't believe He cou1d'vc. I figure Ile thought we'd be so poor, He'd have to give us somethin'." - by Rodney Webb �(H20). and carbon dioxide (CO2). This is why t OFF THE GRID REGIONAL FUELS by Jim Houser - In Nownber and December I logged abo111 50 milts driving my van around Boone on ethanol. - Last issue, I said I would delve deeper into the question of water power. Since !hat time, however, there have been certain major tragic events which pcnain directly to our dependence on grid energy, in this case oil. Seventy percent of all the oil used in this country is used by the transportation sector, as anyone, who has had the misfortune of driving a car in downtown Boone on Friday afternoon, is probably aware. We all depend a great deal on our automobiles. They are essentially a necessity if we want to get to and from work everyday, especially in this region where mass transit is so scarce. The consequences of this dependence are now painfully obvious. As a nation, a people, we in the United States like to think we are in control of our own destiny. But now, if you believe our leaders. the actions of a single individual (and his anny). left us with absolutely no alternative but to fight an extremely costly and deadly war. Docs this have 10 be so? Do we in lhc Katuah region have recourse 10 other fuels besides gasoline to drive our vehicles? Is it possible for us to develop a regional supply of fuel which would suengthen our regional economy while at the same time free us from being economically dependent on a bunch of countries many of us would have been hard pre.~sed to find on a map just a few monrhs ago? The leader in the use of alternatives to gasoline in this area is the Rural Public Transponation Authority (otherwise known as AppalCART}, headquancrcd in Boone, NC. According to Chris Turner, director of AppalCART, In and of itself, public 1111nsponation, even when 11 uses gasoline. is a way to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. A bus carrying 50 people uses a lot less gas than 50 separate catS, as well as reducing traffic congestion and air pollution, two problems which Boone i.~ beginning to ex pcricncc. AppalCART carries the conservative role of public 1ranspona1ion one step funher by actively experimenting with fuel aJtcma1ives. They have eight vehicles which use propane as a fuel. Being a fossil fuel like gasoline, propane is also a grid fuel delivered to this area from Texas. via a single pipeline. Nevenhclcss, it is a much cleaner burning fuel than gasoline, due to 1he fact lha1 it enters the engine as a true gas. ralher than an atomii.ed liquid like gasoline. Liquids bum (instead of exploding like gases), leaving behind carbon deposits which foul oil and lead 10 the deterioration of an engine. The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon gas like propane (C2H6) produces nothing more than water Xntunfl Journot pmic 26 vehicles which must operate indoors. like forklifts. use propane as a fuel. Propane, however, is still a fossil fuel and, clean as it may be, the carbon dioxide its combustion produces adds to the Greenhouse Effect, underscoring the reason why all fossil fuel use must eventually be cunailed. Propane would be a good vehicle fuel for the coming transition period when we will have ro switch to a non-fossil fuel trnnsponation system. Its use would reduce smog, and it would introduce society at large to the concept that vehicles do run on something else besides gasoline. In addition. a propane fuel system could easily be modified 10 accept melhanc (since they are both gases), and methane is a tested vehicle fuel. The East Ohio Gas Company of Nonh-East Ohio runs an of their company vehicles on natural gas. The advamoge of methane is that it can be of non-fossil fuel origin. Methane (CH4), more commonly known as natural gas, comes from oil wells, but it is also found in swamps (swamp gas), septic tanks, landfills, and biogas digesters (technology specifically designed 10 harvest methane). Actually, it is found anywhere organic matter has been cut-off from oxygen. Bacteria which can only live in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic), consume the organic matter and "breath" Cll4, instead of CO2 like oxygen (aerobic) organisms. Non-fossil methane can be made in a few weeks in a biogas digester or landfill. Biogas digesters are very common in some countries. China has an estimated 7 million diges1ers. Communities are already required to vent their landfills in order to prevent methane explosions. Enlightened communities are capturing and using that gas. Bio-fuel, like non-fossil methane, is energy harvested from a currently active and ongoing biological process. Therefore, as long as there are there are plants growing to replace the ones harvested for fuel, the combustion of biofucls does no1 add to the Greenhouse Effecr. Another common biofuel is ethanol or ethyl alcohol (com squeezens). Ethanol is harvested from the fermentation cycle (yeast consuming glucose and excreting alcohol). We can utilize lhe energy in alcohol by completing the combustion process begun by the yeast - turning alcohol into carbon dioxide and water. This process does not necessarily destroy the food cycle, as many people contend The organic remains left in the fermentation 1ank (stillagc) arc a high protein foodstuff. Essentially all the com grown in this nation's "com belt," goes through the fermentation cycle at large industrial plants (Archer Daniel Midland, and Staley). The alcohol is sold to oil companies, the carbon dioxide to soda companies, and the stillagc to livestoek owners. Dunng the 1980's AppalCART was actively producing and using ethanol, thonks to a Department of Energy grant from the Caner administration's Alternative Energy Small Grants program. They have on-site a working still capable of producing I0,000 gallons of ethanol fuel ( 180 proof) per year. The program is not currently active for a number of political reasons. and because they had difficulty converting a vehicle to run satisfactorily on their alcohol. 1l1is docs not mean that alcohol is not a good fuel. Over half the vehicles in brazil run on pure ethanol harvested from sugar cane, and their vehicles are ma.de by the Ford Motor Company and Volkswagen. In this country manufacturl!rs are just beginning to introduce flexible fuel vehicles which will run on a variety of liquid fuels, including alcohol. Since AppalCART experienced some difficulties converting vehicles. I decided to srudy up and do a conversion of my own. so that I could beuer understand the difficulties they encountered_ Fonunately, Talready had an old 1966 Ford Econoline Supervan with a 240, in-line six cylinder engine, which, luckily enough, was essentially the same kind of engine AppalCART had worked with. l found that, as fuels, the essential difference between alcohol and gasoline is that gasoline requires a 15/1 air-to-fuel ratio for good combustion while alcohol only requires a 9/1 air-to-fuel ratio. This ratio can be changed in the carburetor by adding more fuel or decreasing the air. For a number of reasons, the main one being simplicity, I chose the air restriction method. Appa!CART. and most conversions in the literature. pursued the route of adding more fuel. Mother Earth's 1979 Mother's Alcolwl Fu.el Seminar is probably one of the best explanations of this conversion scheme. However, a manual from the State Fair Community College in Sedalia, Missouri (816/826-7100 ext 220) entitled Conversion of Gasoline Engines to Use Ethanol as rhe Sole Fu.el points out that the liquid systems in a carburetor arc precisely calibrat~ and independent of the operator. while the arr flow, through the use of a manual choke. is under the control of the driver and can be varied for a wide range of speed and load requirements. They install a metal sleeve in the carburetor venturi to reduce the amount of air. So I spliced a five gallon plastic gas can into my fuel line before the fuel pump (plastic is necessary because alcohol will rust metal). With the simple rum of a valve r could switch from gas to alcohol. This way l could start on gasoline (1he way all Brazilian cars do). and then switch to alcohol when 1he engine got hot. At the end of my trip I would switch back to gasoline in preparation for my next stan. Even without the addition of a venturi sleeve this system worked quite well. By simply closing my choke a bit l was able to drive all over Boone. My only real problem was speed on _lhe big hills, which might be alleviated by advancmg the timing and adding lhe venturi sleeve. The best thing about the 50 miles J drove on alcohol was they were relatively clean. With the help of Bob Chandler who runs the power lab. r checked my emmissions on an exhaust gas analyzer at Watauga lligh School. On alcohol my carbon monoxide emissions were reduced to 0.2% from the 6.5% of gasoline. Hydrocarbons were reduced from 100 ppm 10 27 ppm. These alcohol exhaust emissions are well within the current guidelines. The possibility or small farms generating . their own fuel for on-fann purposes could easily be a reality. This combined with the use of subsidized energy crops for public transponation could be the beginning of a truly regional energy economy, helping 10 bring meaningful work and economic security to our local communiti1/ A.nyoN 1nttrated"' a,,.,,,, "' <kpth look at the A.ppalCA.RT a/£olwlf~I protram ~"" smd SS.00 to, OFF 11/E GRID. Rt I , Bux J OO. 8/u,w,g Rod , NC 28605 f<>r a ror, of my rrport A.ppalCART Alrohol ,..u~l l'rogrom ,hu~•mrnl Mis 20,0()() word rq,ort tlioroughly ro,·,rs tliL: ph) ,u:aJ and admirustrotrw a.<per:u cf the program as "ell as the baclrwnd rcwvdt I did an vehick ~on··~rstnrt Spn tUJ , I !l9 I �LETS What is LETS? LETS Network 1s a Locru Economic Trading System which helps people trade their goods and services so they can get what they need without using cash. LETS is an information exchange which through a computer or bookkeeping keeps track of account holdcts' trading ll1lllsactions. The benefits of LETS arc: I) Encourages sclf-confid;:ncc and initiative among its u~. People who have previously valued themselves on lhe employment market discover Ihm they ha,·e olher skills and ways in which they earn money 2) Stimulates local trading activity, as the currency Clln only circulate locally. In order to cam "emcmld dollars" (the community currency), people must tr.we with local p:ople 3) Transactions strengthen personal relationships and goodwill w11hin a community, as trading always involves a personru one.10-onc arrangement. How did LETS begin? LETS was established in 1983 by Michael Lin1on, who was concerned about the high unemployment rat.e in Vancouver, BC. He observed that while many local people had ~kills and products to offer, their lack of money prevcnt.ed them from trading with each other. By 1987, e do,en LETSystems were opcr:uing in Canadn. Who can join LETS? AU members or the community can join. LETS docs not discriminate on lhe basis of r.ice. sex, nationruity. age, sexual preference, lilUlllcial staws, or political orientation. RESOURCES Books •Berry. Thomas The Dream of the Earth (Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1989) •Berry, Wendell /Jome Economics (North Point Press. San Francisco. 1987) •Daly. Herman and John Cobb For lhe Common Good. Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environmenl, and a Sustainable Furure (Beacon Press, Boston. 1989) How is LETS organized? LETS Network has a Membership directory which lisLS 311 its members alphabetically. as well as their goods C1nd services. Members needing goods or scr.·1ccs conLXt other members who offer what they netd. Aftcr a tr.msac1ion has been agreed upon and complcccd, :1 roccipt su11ing the amount u-ansact.ed 1s scm 10 lhe LETS Network. The network keeps track of lhe tmnsactions. Traansactions are accounted for in ·emerald dolm" (the community currency) which equals cash • dollar for dollat. Exchanges can occur in a combination of emeralds or cash. Members choose who they wish ID trnllsac1 with and for what amounts. How does LETS work? The account holders of LETSysLCm lis1 what their wan&s are and what they have 10 offer in a directory. for eimmple: 068-·StMPLE CAR MECHANIC Rosie ~53773 069-·LA WN MOWINO Dave 339-990S 07S··BUJLDING WORK Andrew 442-9878 086-FRESH VEGETABLES Jtll 776·2024 •Morrison, Roy Building the Road as We Travel: Mondragon's CooperaJivt Society (New Society Publishers, 1990) •Power, Thomas The EcofllJmic Pursuit of Quality (M.E. Shnrpc, 1988) •de Romana. Alfredo, Tht Autonomous Economy: An Emuging A/Juna1ive to Industrial Society (Monchanin Cross-Cultural Centre, 4917. Rue St. Urbain, Monucal. Quebec, C:tnada H2T 2\VI; 1989) •Schumacher, E.F. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Ma11ered (Harper and Row, New York, 1989) •Eller, Ronald Mintrs. Mil/hands, and Mountaineers (University of Tennessee Press. 1982) •Elgm, Duane. Voluntary Simplicity: An Ecological liftsryle tha1 Promotts Personal and Social Renewal (Ban&am, 1982) •Hacnke, David. Ecological Politics and Bioregionalism. (The Biorcgional Projccr, New Life Farm, Box 3, Brixey. MO 65618) •Hau de no sau nee Nation, A Basic Call 10 Consciousness (Akwcsasnc Not.es. Mohawk Nation, Periodicals •Catalyst. Investing in Sot:ial Change P.O. Box 364; Worcest.er, VT 0S682 •In Busintss Box 323; Emmaus, PA 18049 •Katuah Journal (particularly Issue 7; Spring, 1985) Audio Tape Rooscvch., NY 13683; 1978) •Philosophy and Economics in the Ecozoic Era Conftrence with Al/rt.do dt Romana and Tlwmas Berry, Tapes available from: Center for Reflection •Hawken, Paul, Tht Nut EcofllJmy on the Second Law: 8420 Camellia Dnvc; Raleigh. NC 27612. •Henderson, Hale! 11:e Policies of the Solar Agt' •McRobic, Ocorgc, Small is Po.rsible Projects & Organi,.ations •Morgan, Oriscom I/ope for tht Future (Community Setvicc, Box 243. Yellow Springs, OH 4S387; 1987) •Allernathe Economic Development Idea~, MCED; University o( MO (628 Clark Hall); Columbia, MO 6S21 I. Strategics. tools, case studies for communily-ba.'iCd planning. Spnm,J, 1991 ++means "to offer" and - means "Wlllllcd.• People get in touch with each other and negotiate a Lradt. Rosie agr~ to pay Bob SO emerald dollar.; for five hours of car mcchrulics, so Bob's emerald account goes up by SSO and Rosie's account goes clown by SS0. No money is exchanged. Bob sends a receipt to LETS which is rcgi!;tcrcd in lhe books. The sum total or "acdits" in !he system always balances ei,;actly lhe sum iolal of the "debits." Account holders am take out "I0311S" simply by spending cmemld dolllll'$ and running up a debit accounL If a member leaves town. the sys1.em as a whole absorbs the loss, ns shareholders and customers do with normal banking losses. (This has never happened.) The more account-holders there ore, the grcau:r the variety of tmde ts possible. The LETSyst.em is a non-profit system. No int.crest is charged on "ovcitlrafts.• and no interest given on pos1 li vc account balances. This inform111wn was exurptedfrom 1he "LE'fSNEWS~ article by Sarah F1111Sle.r itr News Crom Aprovocho. Drawing by Rob M_,..jck · Coalition for J obs and the F.m ironment Working ror environmental quality and economic ju.slice in NE Tennessee and SW Virginia. • Bi-monthly newsleucr from CJE: 114 Court Street; P.O. Box 64S; Abingdon, VA 24210 (703) 628-8996. • E. F. Schumacher Society Box 76, RD 3: Great Barrington. MA 01230 lnformauon on SHARE (Sclf·Hclp Association for a Regional Economy) end "berksharcs•, an alternative regionru currency. •lnstilutl' ror Community Eco nomics ISi Montague City Road; Greenfield, l\fA 01301 A wealth of ideas and information including The Community Loan Fund Manual and revolving loan funds. •Institu te ror Local SeJf.Reliance 242S l8lh Street NW: Washington, DC 20009; (202) 232-4108. Provides ~ h , information, and direct I.C(hnieal essisuince 10 citie.~ and towns. V:iricty of pubbshcd papers available. • LETS (Local Em p loyme n t Trad ing System) Find out about lhis dynamic approach 10 regional currency. LETS; 37S Johnson Avenue; Coutc03y, BC V9N 2Y2 Canada •Rcgtneration Project Rodalc Press; 33 E. Minor Street; Emmaw.. PA 18049, Promotes community regeneration, particularly in the area of health, ctonomy. and agriculture. Also publi.•,hes Regmeration magazine. •School or LMng RD I, Boit 1508 AA: Spring Orovc, PA 17362. r-ocuscs on al1cma1ivc economic sy~1cms and concepts: publi.~hcli Grun Revolution ncwslcucr. Xaumr, Jo\&nmt paqe z:, �.. We must come to Ille understanding that the amount of production possible is limited, llS the canh is lim1ted in the amount of rcsowtes it is able to yield. We should not treat Ille earth os a commodity, bul rather as a community. Adam Smith's concept oC the "Invisible Hand,• which he claimed wiU guide our selftSh pursuiis of supply and derrumd lO a 1111wral economic order, is (lawed. As World Baok economist HetmM D31y says: ShD11Td tltue IIO/ al lm1' be a mini"""" ,t~a,dsJ11p of DRUMMI N G To &he EditorS of KOJ@h Journal 1 read wilh inlCrCSt your Summer, 1990 number oo "Canying Cap:lcity.• Very inlCrCSting matcrilll lhcrc, and some very powerful ideas. I was particularly intrigued by the graph oC population coordinated wilh thc evcnJS or regional history. Thal graph lod me into an interesting uain of lhought. Once iribal societies that lived off lhe land regulated their populotions to what lhcir defined ICl'ritories could provide. The economy of each group was relaled to the available n:sowccs of !heir regioos. and because lhe balance of population was aucial to survival, it was a tnbal maucr, not a question of individual preference. Things were very clear back lhen. As was pointed out in lhe "Carrying Capacity• issue, !he bioregion is sliU the n:uuml unil or human hJbiution, however much we may au.empt to conceal that by victimizing workers in other regions. importing scarce resources, etc. tr we over-strcsS our bioregioru, then that stress will only be passed on to other regions, until lhe whole planet feels the suain. as is happening now. Like those LribaJ people of yore, we once again have to live within the economic limits of our bioregion.~. The humM population still has to be balanced to the re1,'10n's ability to provide,~ it was then, which makc.s popufation conlli)I an ecological question as well as a quc;;tion oS individual choice. It is up to lhe people of each region to n:cognize how many people !heir region could mainiain wuh external suppons, and then accept !hat level as a goal to approach - gradually. Bccnusc we over-consume so much, every irutividual in this country counts for more in tenns of rc,,()W'CCS, TI!en:fore, llS well as reducing our consumption, wc must be very responsible about keeping our number.. under control. Regional population goots clccided by the people of the 111gion based on lhe limiis of their regional economies seem like a necessary ecological policy, b111 also one lhlll would grc:uly 11lCJ'C3Se the prosperity and wdl-bcing of the people or each biorcgion. Thanks co Ka1uah Journal for the insight! Sincerely, Hoyt Wilhelm N. Wilkesboro. NC Dc.irKatUDh, It is with sadness that l inform you that my husband. Jack Combes, died of ()3llCre®C cancer in Tampa, Florida on May 2 ISi, 1990. The world has lost n long time dediaucd informed environmcnraliSI. Jack supported your programs and your publication, bu1 now you may n:move his name from your mailing lisL Wishing you continued WCCC.51; Sancerely, Nina C.Ombcs De.Ir Ka1uah, I read in the last issue that Ka1@h is going lhrough difficult times. I wi.~h you all well - Ille jOurnal is a bright $J)Ol in my life. 1M land. raJJiu tlian ltaving 1M •invisib/1/o«• nu, by theprofil tJo, only t:onlrolling /1JC1or. The invisible fooc in this case would be the aftermath of poorly managed land. Daly poinlS out the sukiJit "111vulbk liands", k Dear Friends, The Unil.Cd Swc.s oC America has a unique and amazing culuue. It has provided a great many things 10 large numbers of ilS pOpublion. M:lss production has produced not only large quMtiues of J¥0(lucts, but has done so cheaply, due in pan 10 11 readily available soun:e of cheap fuel, namely oil. What is our rcutionship 10 Ille production of oil? Clearly we are dcpcndem on ii, but 10 what extcnt? With oil we run our ua111,-ponauon sySICms, communications, heating and electricity. Oil and its products enable us to produce linoleum tiles, latex and acrylic paints, clothes, dyes, plnstic bottle.\ toys, etc. Needless lO say, oil and ourculwre arc ine~tricably in tenwined. Problems arose when we bcgM 10 131c.e llus resource for granlCd, conducting business as though there were a constant and readily available supply. Oil is a finite resource, and we arc using u at a ru1e fa.~tcr lhlln natw-c is able to produce iL Evenwally we are going to run out of it. and we are going to have to SUJ'l thinking about 1C11ewablc fuels. Our society has become addicted to instant gratification and Ille quiclc fut, plummeting headlong into the fuaure wit.bout much forcthooght or plnnning. Many of us have not truly considered Ille fact 1h31 the cycle of rcnewability with oil is hundreds of millions of years. Oil dates back m time to a period 300 million 10 S00 million years ogo. As Jim Houser wri!Cl; m l\fom~ntwn, I do not wnnt to sec our society, "Bum as brightly as the sun only 10 fmd lhat we "[grew) while the growing was good, wid oow must die as Ille dying is proved.· As Ille laws or lhetmodynamics Leach us, "The star which burns twice as brightly only bums half as long." Due 10 our dependency on 011, wc have lost toUCh with ourselves, our culture and the earth cycles which ultimately suppon us. No longer have we an understanding of the mechanisms, l.bcories and soences which have produced our cultural anifaas, and we begin to ta.kc !hem for grunted. We rely almost entirely on oil to run our "Cree mnrkct" economy. This "Cree mnrtct• ecooomy leads to an overproduciton of goods. In ordct to com()CIC and still mainiain a profit, priCC$ must drop and sales must increase along with an maeasc Ill production. C.Omp:inies are look.ing for low wage wortcers. which help add lO their overall profits. A company may even threaten 10 take ils business elsewhere (pcrtiaps to o lhinl world country where the wages arc really low), unless union concessions arc made. The employed worker must worlc longer hours to make Lhe same amount of money and maintain the same standard of living. Nevcrthelcs.~. leisure ume and quality of life is sacrific:c:d, as wdl as an understanding of the eanh S}'Slcrns which would ultimately bring them security. We would be well advised to listen 10 the word.~ of David Brandon in the book Zt.ia in the Art of Helping, wherein ll is stal.Cd: can: COSl to our environment: MUJtw•fortM .~ of1<nl11niudincreasuofwclJllll and pop11/a,ion, atirpal, great """'1¥n ofsp«w ofrar, p/anls and onimals and resources. When wW our psychic incomes be satisfied? Perhaps never. We an: IOO caught up in Ille economic paradigm to be able to see past our.;clvcs. Rachel Summas Boone.NC Fnends- After reading more about tl1e matriarchal Ooddess religions in The GrcOJ Cosmic Mothu of All, lltis sacred symbol came lO me. I was thinldng how all the art and symbols of pre-history were in honor of the Mother-female-woman's body. While I am in reverence of that, l also felt a lack of powerful male symbols in reverence of lhnt aspect of mutu31 creation. C.Ombining the spiral of life, often associated wilh women/birlh, wilh the pointed arrow (obviously Phallic), lhis symbol came to me and felt powerfully whole. When I showed it to my lover, he immediately said, "Tum ii around." Suddenly it was a sacred female symbol complete wilh fallopian tube spiral, birth canal, and VI - a mirror image • in balance - inner and outer - so different, yet so much alike. It seemed appropriate, in this ca~. 1h31 the female would see the male fertility in the symbol, and mnle would see the female, honoring each other through o unique humnlriarchlll symbol. C.SacRcd Only""""' who Is IIO/ itr.pr~d by IM Wbthl of his po1.susions, and Jd not pcs~,sed wuli 1h• Med cQfllilwo,,sly 10 fwl.food and s~/1u ow, tu.l:oNJ live°"' vnporuw qlJtstibM '11'1,o"'" 11 ll'Jiae""' I IOUlt? \\'hat u IM ll<JJIVC of life?' Erika Schneider Xatuafi JoumaC page 28 Spring, 1991 �Dc:itK01riah, Enclosed is my check for S10.00 to renew my subscription for anolhcr year. I have debated and waited 10 renew wilh a reason. For most of its publication lifetime, I have bought Ka11ioh Journal over the counter. and subscribed when I moved west a year and a hlllf ago. It saddens me !hat Katuah Cor some 1.1me has spoken wilh G voice increasingly shrill. I do not want anolhcr cnvironmcntnl activist news organ-I have access to many or lhese. What I want IO read more of in Katuah Journal are aniclc..~ on the people, the h&Storie.~, !he Native Ameriellns, spirituality (eitpecially NMive Amenc:m and alternative), humor. poetry, music, nature, self-sufficiency. rural living, cooking and n:cipcs, special (and obscure) pl3ccs and events. the uniqueness. the peculiarities, the gentleness, the quiet goodness, !he sense of family and community so common 10 my kin in Kauiah Province. To me, there's plenty of "diversity" in !he abo\'C, both "natural and social" and intenclatcd. Through !he years Kauiah has often l.OUChed my soul ,n small ways, and to me !hat's the best kind of "education·_ Having lived in Kauiah Province for 47 years before depaning, and with family "rOOIS" going b.1ck to !he t 700's there in my Christian relations and even longer in my ChocUlw relations, my heart remains in K:miah as surely as my body will return 10 join it when my Sedona sorjoum is completed- Now that I'm away Crom "home." those words above speak of wh:ll I miss most of all. If Kauiah is headed toward a more angry. confronUllional tone, or more "what's wrong• instead of "what's right.• just send my check back, please. Thanks for !cuing me have my say. Judy Elizabeth Love All of the elements /Ml you mention which rn.tJU Ka1uah a bl'auliful and unique place, we all hold dear and will conrinue 10 write about because they are a part of our Ifft, bur so is the habitat which makes /his way of life possible, and it is thrcattn.cd. We live in the midst of the greatest evolurionary catasrropl~ since the end of the Cretauou.t Period. 65 •million years ago. For those of u.s who liw: in and cart Qbout Ka11ioh it would be irrespormble not to say somcllWlg. Yt'/. we are aware tlwl when you livfl in the midst of rhe .wciery largely resp0nsible/or the catastrophe, whar you Junv: 10 say probably will ,wl sound plcasa111 10 their cars. • The Editors Dc.itKatua/1, Encl~ please find S40.00 for !he complete set or b.xl.: issues. Also, please lind an addi1io113J S10.00 for a foture subscription (after thi.~ one expucs). We love you. The Kattiah Journal is a work or spirit and artt I trust we'll answer your uppcal with enough v!gor to give you new Ufe. Warmly, Ste\·e Qubcck Or.wing by Rob Levcmt Dear Ka1uah, I love your journal and always look forward 10 it. then treasure it until the neitL I really think it's exceptional in many wayi;, but for me, thc spirituality or !he Joumal 10uches my heart so deeply. I hope you continue forever; and if you would ever need assistance from someone outside !he Province physically but lhcrc in spirit every day, I hope you will let me know. Bless each or yoo. Nancy LignilZ DcarKa1uah, Thank you for sending issues of Katuah Journal IO me, we've found them very interesting and informative with beautiful art and open accessible layout. I'm so glad we've discovered you! I'm including a check to cover a subscription, but rn give you !he mailing information 'below so I do noc have to cut up the b.xlc: of one of my issues. David and Cindy Ort To Katuah Journal: Dear People. I am a member of a Sydney-based group that until recently was bioregional repn:sentative in an Australian bio-rcgional network lcnown as Austtulian Association for Sus1ainable Communities (AASC). Though this network is no longer formally alive, the groups of rural and urb.,n communities the bio-regional mtsS11ge "stained" after cuuings Crom such publications as Planet Drum Review and Akwas:isnc Notes were circulated (via an AASC press cuuing network) around thc countryside. are numerous and mostly all locally active. Recently in Sydney l met with Peter Berg and friend Judy. Judy showed us many CJtamples or bio-regionally inspired publications and pnnted creations, one of which was your Mag37.inc Kotuah JourllOJ. l was very unpressed wilh the breadlh in one article or the Spring 1989 Edition by David Morris. Could you please send me a copy of that edition or that article if the.re arc none left? Or word of where I might get a copy locally if my failure to enclose/forward any money with this no1c discourages you? I would be happy to send you wluucver the cost is in rc1um ma.ii if you can get me a copy. I look forward to hearing from your pan or the plancL Over here il is (once again) mysteriously 100 hot, and then just as mysteriously coo abruptly cold, then again jUSt ~ radically windy without v.aming. Too much change, 100 many extremes. all too often, to feel comfonablc talking about !he wcalher - and the sun huns your eyes and neck. Right now it's I !pm night. and well away from banks and money currency exchange venues, so I hope you can bill me in the rewm mml. Hope thi:. !cu.er finds Someone... Regards, Sieve Ward . Sprim.,, 190 I '.J((lfuofl Journal J)O(JC 29 �(coruinued limn page 14) fossil fuel draw. We may not be able to think that way for tOO much longer. As the oil supplies diminish, the gas is going to be getting more and more expensive and it's going 10 be less and less efficient to produce everything in one place and ship it all over the world. Our assumption that the fossil fuel supply is infinite dislons the price of what is being made. DW: What do you think the next step is for local agrlouhlil'e? What's some of the stuff that wt need to work on? Ron Alnspan: We need to work together, suppon each other, and promote the idea of the regional economy. This involves on-going education of the public. I don't think I have any ideas that haven't been said before, but it's imponam 10 raise the issue to the people, to make the public conscious of the cosLS of gerring things from far away. That way people can pull each other up and build suppon for one another, so they have the stamina 10 carry on. My attitude about social change is summed up in the idea that "you do what you can." I don't know that ·we can ever expect to overcome all the mon:: regressive or more reactionary forces, but ic's imponant for everybody to live by their principles and do what they can. Whenever we win a battle, we can feel good about it, but then we go_ on and continue the struggle. It's an on-going proctl>s. / Ron Ainspan: If we were acting slI'ictly from of our consciousness of global issues. Mountain Food Products might not carry products like Mexican tomatoes or O.ilcan raspbenies in the wintertime because that encourages the long-distance production and disaibution system. Kantah: That would definitely hurt your business. Ron Ainspan: Even though cantaloupes. for instance. cost $30 a case in the wintertime, whereas they go for $6 or $7 a case when they are in season during the summer, people have this seemingly insane need to be able to buy anything they want whenever they want iL I don't know what causes that, but it flies in the face of efficient use of the world's resources. For our pan, we push local produce and try to raise the issues whenever we can, but we try co be practical • I guess that would be the word • and do what's necessary 10 be successful and hope that we are getting some of our principles across to our customers while maintaining our own integrity. (ca,linu':iS ~ 113i• 27} lnttrvitw recorded and tdittd by David Whulu Photo by Rodney Webb ~ . Growers or retailers who are interested in ?anicipating in the organic produce co-op can call Wountain Food Producis at (704 J 255-7630, or .1isit their location in rite Old Chesterfield Mill at 121 Wesr Haywood Street; Asheville, NC. . truer toilay. We do indeed need. despcrn1cly . to "step back Yet our economic system is structured to pro1CC1 big Md have a new look" at the world we are~ busily creating business more than Individuals, so it's quilC likely that • and the world we are destroying. But here's the rub: In lllXJ)ayers will soon be asked - or ruther, told • 10 f00t the order to ~,, cnvironmcntaVsocial preservation as bill, as is already occurring wilh the mushrooming S&L "productive work." we must stop relating producuvity SC:lndal and other looming socio-economic disasters. If we, only to shon-tcrm profits nnd mruumal consumption. The the worl.crs, lllllpayers, and citizens wish to a"oid this fate, ideA of "production for sale and con~umption" must be we must rccogniz.e that a suong environmental sunax for augmented by the vision of "productive prcscmumn for a these nnd similar mdustrics is both necc.'IS.lry and jusL This sUSUlinablc FUTURE." nx:ognition must in tum be followed by social action, if 11 What will such a shift m emphasis mCM? In is to have any effect • und then we'll face the long and pr:ictical terms. it means that we mu.~l cre:itc new criteria arduous UISk of bringing industry into line with ecological for producuvity. and will have to pay people to preserve our and economic reality. Aficr all, the money to pay for environment evtn though their work does not long-term productivity and prc_~ervation hos 10 come from create,, a "product" for imminent sate, and thus some\\ h,re • :ind it should come from those who profit brin~s in NO money In the short term. On this the most from the rape of lhc Eartll. Equally imparuint, most pracllcal level, it's obvious that the money needed to our concept of ·work" simply HAS 10 shift into a more IXIY these people will have to be justified by an cntin:ly future-oriented and truly produclhe mode, a mode in diflcrent rnuonale lhan that usually subscribed to by which our finMci3J sul'\'i\'OI no longer depends on industry ond by ~om1sts. This type of wort will have personally, socially, and planet.1nly deadening "JObs." or on to be e,•alumed and ,·ntued differently tlun work producing incomes deriving directly or indirectly from ecological and imrned1.1tc n:sults and profiis, and the woflcCl"S' P3Y will social destruction. ha,·e 10 come from olhcr public or private :,ource,-, since their wurk involves on outlay of funds rJthcr 1h1111 producing immcduic income. The logic:il source of such funds is the corporations We now have the opportunity to refrnme our and businesses which have been profiwng the most from economy and our society so that they can be a the cxploitntion and/or destruction of our environment • source of pride and fulfillment ins1ead of shame e,;pocmlly such COtJ)Ol'ate giants a, the trans-national 01I, and despair... so that we can regain a sense of banking, chemical, pla.5tics, beef, and wood products identity beyond our roles as exploitive "consumindustries. THEY should be the ones 10 pay for In I977, on the day before his de:uh, E.F ers" and profiteers. There is so much more 10 the cnv,ronmenUll prouXtion, not the beleaguered W<JXl)'Cl'S, Schumacher h:ld this to :..iy ubow Wcstem lnduslrial "American Dream" 1han we·ve been seeing, so suicc nlOst of lhcse corporatioM have been allowed to •get society: "Narurc canllOl Sl!lnd 1t, the resource cndowm~t or a11,-ay with (ecological) murder" for decades - in return r« much we've apparently forgotten. The time has the 11,orJd cannot stand it, and lhc human being c:innot sland the m30y ·benefits" they suPJX)Se(lly bring us. As come to revi1alize that dream, 10 renew the vision iL,.. lt 1, a kind of fruud. And so it c; necessary for us 10 Schumochcr put 11. we've boughL into •3 kind of fr.iud." and of a truly just and humane society... and to create a step baclc and ha,e a new look_" livable, sus1ainable future. Let's "seize the day"! have been conned into supporting 3 fraudulent and It is now 199 I, :ind Shunm,hcr'~ wool.~ nng even disastrous economic systcm, This has got to stop; we simply HA VE to redesign our economy if we wi~h to ~urvivc. X.nti1ofi JounmC poqc30 n t '"- J1 ,1u, r ,1u. •nx Oar response to this need for change has been slow, but we arc sUll'ting to REDEFINE productivity to Ulcludc lhe pr~rvation/ rtstoration of ecological sysiems and "n:rourccs; since such prcser"auon alone c.in guarnmoe a contmuing supply of valu:ible "products• (as well as a functioning planet!). Eventu:llly, we will have to recogniz.c lhat pro1CCting and n:smring nmurul ecosySICms is ·productive work" wonhy of great financi:11 "COJnpcnsruion.• Thi~ essential mind-shift CIIII Blreooy be o;cen in action in progr.ims such as the Federal ConSCNntion Reserve Program, which pays furmen; to NOT plant crops on eroded fields, and to pLlnt uces and grow a forest iru.t.C3d. Th= farmers ·are paid to take the land out of producuon fo,- IO years," and though the IJ'CCS can be "han·ested" afier that time, "90% or the acres planted m trees under the ooil bank programs of the SO's and 60's have remained fore:;tcd • .Similar illCCllll, c progrnmi nre being utiliz.cd m lhe SIJ"Usglc to save the nun forests: for example, the SO<lllled "dcbt-for-ll3tUIC swap~· . in which C011strvat.ion groups or governmental ugencies ·buy' pan of a trOpical ll3tion's debt food in exchange for the preservation of a s«:tion of rmn forest. These programs, and Olhcrs hke lhem, ~nainly desctvc IO be viewed :is "productive." Indeed, lhe work. they provide could be called the MOST producUvc work, for u cn::itcs ecological health and economic SU"'31nability, Md is NOT based on the economic.~ of profit through ~pto,1a11on and destruction. ••••••••••• ··········· , �EARTH ENERGIES The Great Lover by Charlotte Homsher ~ /~ ' ~• A t the deepest level we are all lovers of the eanh and we are here on this planet to discover this love relationship. It is like walking through the woods, feeling the rhythm, feeling tuned in ' ~ and stepping lightly on the leaf cover, then ~ c:; ,J~ Drawing b)' Susan Adam suddenly kneeling down and picking _up a leaf to discover the marvelous, previously hidden world underneath. The first time I recall feeling the eanh energy as a distinct sensation, which literalJy entered my body, was three years ago in the Joyce Kilmer MemoriaJ Forest. I have aJways loved big trees and I have attempted to communicate with trees for years. Some of my experiences with trees have included seeing flashes of colored lightS and hearing sounds within trees which I suppose to be the tree elementals. Sometimes I received "messages" from treeS. Any time interspecies con_imunication is happening via words, thoughts or images, there is translation going on. The tree doesn't use words to experience life, therefore the energy of the tree must be transformed into a cerebraJ energy which we can understand. At Joyce Kilmer, I chose the biggest, oldest poplar I couJd find, grounded myself firmly and put my paJms on the tree. 1did not expect anything in particular except that I wanted 10 express affection and gratitude for the life of the tree. I quickJy became aware of the tree as a very powerful being. The energy came up the roots of the tree from the eanh and emered my body just as though I were attached to the tree as a sucker root. The energy entered through the soles of my feet. traveled up both legs, up my back on either side of the spine and into my head. At the same time it entered from where my paJms touched the bark, traveling up my arms. The sensation was pleasurable to say the least, and riveting. For that quiet moment I was part of an ancient tree; I knew cxactJy what it was like to be alive as a poplar hundreds of years old. I stayed with the experience as long as I could I noticed that the energy which came form the canh into the roots of the tree and into my rootS (my feet), came in surges or waves of energy. Others have called this energy pulses, or even feeling the rhythm of the breath of the earth. In India, visceral energy, when it travels up the spine, is called kundalini. In any case, the knowledge of earth energy as VJSCeral and real, a force to be reckoned with, is a worldwide, if arcane, study. Witness the worldwide distribution of sacred sites. Someone or ones had co recognize the places of power and then understand what effect these special energy places would have on the people. One theory now in vogue and mentioned in the book~ flaw by James A. Swan, is that the sacred sites correlate to the chalaa system of man. For instance, we go to a heart chalaa place and our heart is heaJed or opened as our vibratory energy harmonizes with the energy in that place. I nearly always recognize vortexes as . vibrations in visceral rushes of energy Wlthin my own body. The intensity of energy might vary with the power of the vortex or wilh my ability or inability 10 be receptive at the time. For me. the receiving of the energy, which of course is really an energy exchange, is reason enough 10 pursue the study of earth energy; it proves to me that our relationship to the earth is not a static thing, but creative and sensuaJ. Many of the most powerfuJ vonexes in Karuah are on public access. We flock en massc to these places of pristine beauty ignorant of why we feel so invigorated, why we wish to return again and again. When you consider the awesome power of the earth compared 10 the puny life energy of a single human being. you may wonder why the earth would bother to respond to us at aJl The :t-nswer to t~is, in m_y_ opinion, is 1ha1 the earth 1s a lover with exqu1s11e sensitivity. ~ GIRL'S SUMMER CAMP 'TURTLE ISLAND IS LOOKING FOR A FEW TOUCH GIRLS" NATIONAL lNDlAN FESTIVAL JULY 7-13 1991 ACES 11-17 If you enjoy the challenge of adventure then Turtle Island ls the place for you, 100¾ Cotton Futons & Covers No Rain Forest Wood Used (615) 929-8622 Batik Clothing, Jewelry, Artwork ... 414 s . Roan St, Downtown Johnson City. TN 37601 For mon: infonnation write; Turtle 1'1.Jnd Pre..erve. Rt. I Box 249-8 Deep Cap, NC 28618 (704) 265-2267 "CELEBRATING OUR MOTI-IER EARTH" MAY 17, 18, 19 1991 Highlights of Events: • Native American Dancers • Floyd Westerman ("Dances with Wolves") • Thomas Banyacya - Hopi Elder • Javier Alarcon - Aztec Fire Dancer • Native American Flute Music Concert • Demonstrations • Native American Crafts & Skills • Traditional Indian Foods Thi$ cvl?J\t will be the l.lrg~ of its kind to date in the Southeastern Unit-cd States! Camping is available for the public al Chcllilw Parle Albany, ~rgla. $4.()() • adults - S3.00 children. For More information call Velaric Spratlin - Festival Coordinator, (704) 265- 1063. Spri.ntJ, 1991 Union Acres An Alternative i - - Acrtagt for Salt - Smoky Mounlmn Liuing with o focus on spiritlllll 011d ecologiall wluts For more information: Contact C. Grant at Routt 1. Box 61] WhiHitr, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 Progrorrw to enco1.Xoge sell aid Earth O\N0r808$$. celetxol1on. klmhlp and hope. • Yovfl Cempl • School ProgfWl!s • Femily CemP* • Toachet Trumg • Commurwty Progren,1 •~Stell Tr1lMQ • Outdoot Prog111m Consulting NATURAL MARKET P0. 8al 1306 823 Blow,ng Roel<. Rd . Gannwo. Teme- 3n3a 615-436-6203 265-2700 Boone. NC 28607 �----------------, Floyd Co. Envitonmental Council The Aoyd County Environmental Council was formed out of a successful struggle to prevent the county's participation in a potentially expensive and dangerous regional landfill. It is currently involved in trying to prcvent massive clean:utting in an environmentallysensitive area of the county known as "The Free State," where many people believe that cougars survive. People who want to get in touch with the Floyd County Environmental Council or help in their efforts can contact them via Donna Whitmarsh at (703) 651-4747. Staging a Bioregional Event: The Piedmont's Haw River Festival Beginning on April 19 and running for four weeks, a volunteer crew of educa10rs, performers, and river lovers will travel the length of the Haw River, stopping 10 meet with school children in each of the five counties the river connects. At approximately seven different riverfront sites, the festival crew will put on a colorful learning celebration that will look at the river from the perspectives of science, nature. history, and fun. A main goal for the Festival is to give children a direct, hands-on experience that will leave them with a greater awareness of the place where they live, and how human choices affect the natural world. Also along the way, the festival will involve many other citizens within the Haw River basin through scheduled events in riverside towns. In all, approximately 3000 srudentS are expected to participate, accompanied by 300 parents and teachers. When children arrive at the site, they will be clustered into small groups, which will rotate among these teaching stations: Animals, People Along the River, Good Allematives, Riverwalk, Music & Stories, and Games. The Animals Station, for example, will feature live animals from the river and riverbanks and let the children get to know these finned, furry, and scaly neighbors - their relationship to each other (food chains), to the place (habi1a1). and to us (environmental issues). To contact the Festival, write Haw River Assembly; P.O. Box 187; Bynum, NC 27228 or call Louise Kessel at (919) 542-5599. ., ' RECEIVED Elwiro~n1al Ad'IIOCacy: Concepis, Issues, and Dilemmas by Bunyan Bryant (Caddo Gap Press, Ann Arbor. MJ, 1990) Communitits 1n Economic Crisis: Appalachia and tht Sowh edilcd by John Gaventa, Barbara Ellen Smith, and Alex Willingham (Temple University Press, Philadelphia. 1990) Audio Tape Light ,n tht Wind a cappella chanis and circle songs by Bob Avery.(irubel and lhe Celcbnuion Singers (Tribuia,y Records, Aoyd. VA, 1990) - Spirited songs for holi<bys. campfires, swcais. or whenever lho CltClc gathers. REVIEW From Walden Pond to Muir Woods: Alternative Way.r Aero.rs America Mary Dymond Davis (1990); Foreword by Ernest Callenbach Order from: ASPI Publications; Rt. 5, Box 423: Livingston, KY 40445 For those who travel, Mary Davis' book From \Vaiden Pond u, Muir Woods is an ecological ttavel guide. For those who stay at home, it is a local resource listing. Mary Davis has compiled descriptions of a variety of ecological loci throughout the continen1 that would be worthwhile for a traveler to visit or for a potential local activist to link up with. Her descriptions cover a broad spectrum of interests: groups and communities promoting alternative and ecological ways of living, natural areas, environmental education, recreation spots and suppliers, and transponation help. Her profiles are infonnative and her introductory explanations show clearly the pan each caiegory plays in the ongoing process of ecological recovery on Tunle Island. This is a book 10 have and to pass around, a great resource for alternative folk or those who want to find out "where it's at" on Turtle Island. .ow PLANTING CHESTNUTS A very detennined woman, Dorothy Dickson, has a vision of establishing an American chestnut tree seed farm that could supply viable seed to someday re-establish the American chestnut in the wild. She is looking for land and money to help with the idea. Write her at: 113 Autumn Lane; Harrisburg, NC 28075, or call (704) 455-1027. Paul Gallimore of The Long Branch Environmental F.ducation Center has initiated a project to plant hybrid American-Oriental chestnut seedlings in the wild to provide a short-term hard mast source for black bears and other creatures who will soon face mast shonages from the oak tree decline and the imminent depredations of the gypsy moth. Membership in the project, including two hybrid trees for planting, costS $25 to Paul Gallimo~; RL 2, Box 132; Leicester, NC 28748 NATIVE FLUTES Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm RL 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562·3073 r/ r:rf.u ~ Saru}JMush Htrb Nurse_y , WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm WREATHS • POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb CataliJg - $4 Describes more tlum 800 plants from Aloe to Yam,w Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 P1ione for appointment to visit A.I.A., Resource Information Analysis Neil Thomas and Andy Feinstein (704) 683-2014 305 Westover, Asheville, NC (704) 252-6816 Sprl.ng. 1991 �MARCH 20 "Oh, the May, the jolly, jolly May; The leaves they spring so green." SPRING EQUINOX :8:ELT~:E SWANNANOA, NC Baba Olatunji Drum & Dance Weekend. Spuitual teacher and cultural diplomat from West Africa via the drum. Performance 8 pm, 3/22, Kinn:dgc Auditorium, Wanen Wilson College, S 10. Call 004) 645-391 I for mon: info. Sponsored by Rhythm Alive! 22-24 and APRIL Katuah Spring Gathering at Morningstar Fann on the Tanasi Ridge 5-7 AS II EVILLE, NC Seminar on solar technology and a tour of solar homes sponsored by the Buncombe County Solar Communities Program. More info, 004) 255-5522. 30 FULL MOON - PASSOVER 30 WESSER, NC "Cheoah Council" to talk stm1.egies and tactics for the defense of the Cheoah Bald area, the largest unprotected roaclless area in the region, now threatened by logging and roadbuilding. Bring food and camping gear, be prepared to walk in along the Appalachian Trail. For more info, write SouthPAW; Box 3141; Asheville. NC 28802 or call (704) 586-3146. April 26-28 5-7 22-23 Bring camping gear and food for yourselves and to share. The site is at high clevnlion, so be prepared for changeable weather. Bring colorful dress, musicm insuuments, toys, mask matcn:ils, and other celcbl1\lory tools. • .• t 11, I , NEW MARKET, TN ST? (Stop the Poisoning! or Save the Planet!) environmental acuon school at the Highlander Center. Call or write for mfo: 1959 HighlMdcr Way: New Market, 1N 37820 (615) 933-3443. VALl,.Ef llEAD, AL , "Masculinity: Native Tcachmgs. Earth consciousne.ss• workshop. Cieorgc Goodstrikcr (Blackfoot elder), An Hom, Tarwater. Pn:-rcgisier. S I75, includes 4 meals and camping. Hawkwind Earth Renewal Cooperative: Box 11: Valleyhcad, AL 35989. ASHEVILLE, NC "Re-Thinking Democracy: Citizenship in the Age of Mass Media," A Symposium for Tcac.hcrs, PurcnlS, and Concerned CitiJ.cns. Speakers include: Walter Trucu Anderson. Kathleen Hall Jrunieson, Marie Crispin Miller. Free. University of North Carolina at AsheV1Uc. For more mfonnation, (704) 251-6526. 1 •• , n, ~ .( •, This is a bcnef4 celebration IO help ~ve sacri!d land: SS d0113tion per pcison requesled For 1r1vd din,clio115 and more info.rmJJlcm, call (704)293-7013 or (70,1) SU-3146 11-13 28 FULL MOON MAY 13 NEW MOON NEW MARKET. TN STP environmenl:ll action school for young people! at the Highlander Center. See 4/5-7. 24-26 31 EASTER 13 SWANNANOA, NC Dedication of the World ~ u n d Oiamber ru. the Earth CcnlCI led by Beautiful Painl.Cd Arrow (Josoph Rael). 30'1 Old Pdlo10sl11j, Rd.\• ,, •,110-x 24-27 14 NEW MOON Spiritual Hcaltll." lnteyal yoga taught by Swami' Vidynnanda. $145. Southern Dharmn Rcueat Center. Sec 4/19-21. 28 Home! A Bioregional Reader llome! A Bioregional Rt.adt.r, just published by New Society Publishers, offers ·an CJtciting vision and ~tn11egy for creating ccologicmly suswinable communities and cultures in h:umony with the limits and regenerative powers of the Earth.· It has gathered articles, stories. and poems of over forty writers and activists who hnve comribuled both to defining bioregionalism as a political philosophy and to lhc practice or "living in place.• Contributor.. include: G4ry Snyder, Peter Berg. Caroline Estes, Wendell Berry, as well as Mamie Muller of the Kmuah Journal. Graphics in lhc book include the worlt of Kmuah'.r Rob M~ick:. The book Is a large-format paperback with 192 pages. including resources and a reading lisL Copies are available by mail for $15.70 from: RM Designs: Box UiOt: Boone, NC 28007. Pri~ of Rob Mcssick's illustrations from the book are also available from the same address. Sprt ng, 1991 ''"'. jZ 16-21 HELEN, GA Rive~ane Rendel.Yous with Snow Bear, Darry Wood, and Bob Slack. Jr. plus visiting instructors. "Ancient arts and skills for the mind, hean, and hand..." including fire by friction, making stone and bone tools, tanning buckskin, plant identification and use, basketry. blowguns, and more. Pre-register: $135, includes camping and two meals per day. For more info, contact: Bob Slack. Jr.; Unicoi State Parle; Box 1029; Helen. GA 30545 (404) 878-2201 (Ext. 282?· . \., HOT SllRINGS,rN<:'. h.'11~:Ktx·, am ~lri'I ,UI?. ........~~:M~~~.f9r ~1!,Yi;ic:il. Meot;i!J\~ •.., __ Sw:11\MnOa, NC .28nS.c31l.(704) 2!l8Tl!l3S. ~ FULL MOON JUNE 11-15 JOHNSON CITY, TN Changes, a play by The Road Company at Down Home. Tickets 58.00 during week, $10.00 weekend. For details call (615) 926-TI26. 19-21 HOT SPRrNGS, NC "Hca\'en on the Mountain: Nine at !he Top," divinauon with lhe I Ching taught by Jay Dunbar. 'Through subtle movement and discussion we will excn:isc the intuition and explore the language of energy.• S75. Southern Dharma Re1Ica1 Center; RL I, Box 34-H; Hot Springs. NC 28743 (7~) 622-7112. 21 25-26 EART H OAY CELfBRATIONS II ENDERSONVlLLE, NC Into the Heart of Healing" IC\'etsing hcan discas.c wilh vegetarian dict, cxe.tt:ise and su-cs:; m.lllngement taught by Steven Oreer. MD Md Lynn DcLuca. Shambala Institute. For more info, write 118 Cumberland Ave: Asheville, NC 28801 or call (704) 25.3-0509. NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING p.o. box 1092 • winery square gatlinburg, tenne.,sce 37738 615-436-6967 X.Otiw:lh Journot pa«Je a3 l ~ lQn,uor t Q.UnJl �BUSINESS PAR1NER WANTED· Must have some cspiLill IO help CSUlblish nn herb, orgnnic foods, and 0 possibly ecological and solar equipment business. Large new building, half ac.re, in Ellijay Mt'ns. area. Please call (~) 635-7009 or wri1e io: Wall Klimowiez; Rt. 5, Box 30-t: Ellijay. GA 30540. omusu~ !:~ ~ challenge, of advenuue, lhe beauty and inspiration or nature, the fellow~ip and sharing of lcindered spirilll, lhcn Turtle Island is the pince for youl This one week camp is open 10 gills 11-17, and runs from July 71h IO July 13th. Tow cost iS $300.00. For information and application call (704) 265-2267, or write: Valarie SpraUin c/o Tun le lsl!lnd Pre:;ctve; RL I, Box 249-B: Deep Gap (near Boone), NC 28618. LAND FOR SALB • 32 acics, all or pan. 3 private coves; 2 large organic fields; sm311 solar ~lrUCture; 1906 rustic fannhouse: barn. If interested, please wnic: Vicki Baker and Tom Graves; Rt. 2, Box 108-A: Whittier, NC 28789 or call (704) 586-8221. PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITIJTE • For those who live in the Piedmont ruca, lherc's a bioregional effon well underway. Join us! We would appreciate any donation or time or money to help mcel operating c:Jtpcnses. For a gift of $2.5 or more. we will send you a copy of John Lawson's joumru. A New Voyagt' 10 Carolina. Also, come find out about the Lawson ProjecL PBI; 412 W. Rosemary Strcci; Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581. 1WO FAMll.IES seeking neighborly folks 10 buy inco 130 acres of bcautlful mountru11S1de bnd near Weavcsville, N.C. We are involved in org:inic gnnlening, homeschooling, n:11.uml healing and spiritu:ility. 20 acre share for $24,000. eau (704) 658-2676 or 645-7954. LOO CABIN BUILDING CAMP· a three week. hands-on, edueational retreat building a log house. Live as an American pioneer and learn the ways of wood. Magnificcnl involvement wilh hi.5tory and self· sufficiency in na~ Towly hand-built Crom U'OCS cut on lhe sice in the beautiful wilderness setting ofTunle Island Presesve. A uniqueopp0nuni1y. June 23- July 13, 1991. For more information call (704) 265-2267. or wrice Turtle Island Prescrvo; RL I Box 249-B; Deep Gop (near Boone), NC 28618. HAWKWIND EARTH RENEW AL CO-OPERATIVE is an 87 acre primitive l'CU'Cal. and wocking community farm. Located in the Northern Alabama mountruns, just 115 miles northwest of Allan ta. Classes on a!J.ernative lifestyles and Native American philosophies rue available on a regular basis. For inforrruuion or callllog of Native crafts & products, call (1.0S)63S-6304. MUSIC BY BOB AVERY.ORUBa available on lhrec cassew:s. Treasures in the Stream and Circles Re1urni11g a recent release of original chan1s and songs. Ughl i11 the \Vind, is a cappella. Lyric sheets included. Send $10 for each cape or S26 for o.ll lhlee co Bob Avery-Grubel; RL I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091, aie folk/roclt-jazz. and GOOD STEW ARDS WAN"ffiD for rcmoce land. Approx. IS acres for sale w/ house (2 bdrm., I bath). Organic3lly fanned for 1.0 years, gravity feed spring water. High on Tanasi Ridge, views. Raven and ~ Walker, Box 23: Lake Toxaway, NC 28747 (704} 293-7013. MOCCASINS, handcmfl.ed of clkhlde in the traditlonal Plains Indian style. WaJet rcsisUlnt. rcsolable, and rugged great for hiking! Children's and infant sizes available. Write: Eanh Dance Moccasins; RL 5. Box 341-B, Burnsville, NC 28714 or call 675-594 I. WICKER WORKER • Wicker fumitW"e reslortd. Cane. rusb, lllld reed SC3IS woven - basJcets rcp:wcd. Expcricnced scat weavu. "lf you ean'L we cane.· Andita Cwkc; 27 Mrut SL; Asheville, NC 28801 (704)2.53-6241. SKYLAND • log on co the computer bulletin board of the Smokies. Networking, plus news on lhe environment. natwe phocography, games, computer utilities, much more. Con1.aet Michael Havclin, sysop, (704} 2.54-6700. HlGHLANDER CEN1eR • is a community-based cducalional organization whose purpose is co provide space for people co learn from each other, and co develop solutions co environmcmal problems based on their own values, experiences and aspirations. They also put OUl a quarterly newslcucr, Hlghlandu Reporu. For more infonnation contact Highlander Cci11er; 1959 Highbnder Way; New Market.. 1N 37820 (615) 933-3443. ADULT CAMP· a nawra1 living experience 1eJ1Cbing primitive Eanh Skills and rughterung participants spirilU3l awareness lllrough riwal This renewal rwe:11 olTers five days of living in a teepee at Tunle Tsland Preserve wilh master woodsman nnd &eaehu Eustace Conway. June 8 12. 1991 or Scpiember I • 5 arc the dates. For more information call (704) 265-2267, or write TurUe Island Preserve; RL I, Box 249-B: Deep Gap (near Boone). NC 28618. EARTH SKILLS, NATURE AW ARE1''ESS WORKSHOP • Reconoo:t wtlh the Earth • bow drill fire, cordage, shelters, lOOlmaking. medicinal and edible plants. nature observation, and much more. See and fed the Eanh duough primal C)CS and primal :.kills Write: Dr. Guy Jaconis; RL 4, Box 92: Beaufon. NC 28516 (9 I9) 728-2959. BODY RIIYTJJMS from Pbnetary Molhcrs - a beautiful and practical calendar for women 10 chart lhcir ·moonlhly" cycles. Send S3.00 plus S 1.00 p0stagc 10: Planetary Modicn Collective (c/oNancie Yonker): 5231 Riverwood Ave.; Sarasot:i. A. 3423 I. WISE WOMAN TRADmON APPRENTICE WEEKwith Whitewolf, near Asheville. July 25-31 (Weekend opuon, 26-28). Foraging, wildcrafting, communicating wilh plants, herb gardening. llllditional remedies, Eanhkccping, woman's heallh care. women's wisdom circles, Moonlodge, mllSSllgc, movement. and music. Donation or work Exchange. Comfortable dorm, camping, meals. Concacl Lcivan; Box 576; Asheville. NC 28802. 1990/91 DIRECTORY OF IN1'ENTIONAL COMMUNfTIP.S • Just released, over 2 y~ in the making. Names, addresses. phone nwnbets, and descriptions of31.0 Norlh American communities, and over 250 rcsourcc groups, plus 40 nniclcs. Maps, cross-reference chruts, fully indexed. $13.50 postpaid from Sandhill Fann; ROUIC I, Box 155-R: Rutledge. MO 63563. 40% discount available on orders o! 10 or more. I am looking for land suitable for small scale farming wilh a good source of war.er, preferably northwest Rulherfocd or soulhW$ McDowell Counties. I am also open to ocher areas within 45 min. of Asheville. Also looking for people who would like IO develop a rural community in lhc Kan1ah region wilh intereslS in org1111ic gardening, environmental issues, lllld education. Contact Frank Holzman: 537 Seminole Avenue; Atlanlll, GA 30307 (404} 688-4016. RECYCLED PAPER! • Dll'CCtory of products sources for the Southcas1. Suggested donation S 1.00 to Western Norlh Carolina Alliance; PO Box 18087: Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 2.58-8737. • 1Vebworkil1g hasclumgt>df There is nowafuof S2.50 per entry of50 words or less. Send 10: Rob Messick; P.O. Boz 2601; BooM, NC 28f,/)7. "The area's oldc,;t and largest natural food< grorery" 811fk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy S11~titutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wi11e Mnki11g S11pplies 200 W. King St, Boone, ~C 28607 • PrCll'ulmg I fealll:y Food Sitree 1975 • COMMITTED To COMMUNITY AND Gooo Fooo 255-7650 ~ 90 Biltmore Avenue Asheville, :-.:c 2 Blocks South of Dov,mtown (70,l) 26-t-5220 Sprlt19, 1991 �BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THIRTEEN • FALi.. 1986 Cenn:r FOT Awakening - Elizabclh Callari - A Gentle Dcmh • Hospice - Emes1 Morgan • Dealing Creatively wilh Death • Home Burial Box • The Wake • The Raven Moelter. Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom· Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE THREE • SPRING 1984 Susminable Agriculture - Sunflowers - Human Impact on lhe Foe-est - Childrcns· Edu01tion • Veronicn Nicholas: Woman in Politics - Lillie People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR • SUMMER 1984 Walef Drum • Waier Quali1y • Kudzu - Solar Eclipse • Oca.«:ulling - Trou1 - Going to Waier • Ram Pumps· J\.1icrohydro - Poems: Bennie Lte Sinclair. Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE TWENTY-TWO -WINTER '88-89 Global Wanning. Fire This Time· Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" • Earth Exercise - Kort Loy McWhirter - An Abundance of Emptiness - LETS - Chronicles of Floyd Darry Wood • The Bear Clan ISSUE FIVE • FAU.. 1984 Harvest. Old Ways in Cherokee. Ginseng - Nuclcor Waste - Our Ccluc Hcrimgc • Biorcgionalism: Past. Prcscn1, and Fu1ure - John WUno1y - Healing Darkness· Politics of Participauon ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Plane1 An - Green City • Poplor Appeal • "Clear Sky". "A New Earth" • Black Swan • Wild Lovely Days • Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Su, Ice Age • Poem: "Sudden Tendrils" ISSUE SIX • WINTER 1984-85 Winter Solstice Enrlh Ceremony • HorsepaslurC3 River Coming of the Ligh1 • Log Cabin Root • Mouniain Agricuhure: The Righi Crop - William Taylor· The Future of I.he Forest ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985 Susl3.i0llble Economics· Ho1 Springs - Worker Ownership • The G~1 Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey. Responsible Investing. Working in lhe Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT- SUMMER 1985 Celebrauon: A Way of Life - Katuah 18.000 Years AgoSacred Si1es - Folk Arts in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hild.:! Downer • Cherokee Heri1age Cemcr • Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE • PALI.. 1985 The Waldcc Foccs1 - The Trees Speak. Migraung Forests · Horse Logging • Slorting a Tree Crop - Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Myth Time ISSUE TEN • WINTER 1985-86 Ka1e Rogers - Circles of S1one - Internal Mylhmaking Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth • Mythic Places • The Uktcna·s Tale - CrySUIJ Magic "Drcamspcaking• ISSUE ELEVEN- SPRING 1986 Communi1y Planning - Cities and lhe Biorcgional Vision - Recycling - Community Gardening- Floyd Coomy. VA· Gasohol • Two Bioregionnl Views • Nuclear Supplcmenl • Foxrll'C Games - Good Medicine: Visions ISSUE 1WENTY-ONE • FALi.. 1988 Chestnuts: A Nalwal His10ry - Restoring !he Chestnut "Poem or Preservation and Praise" - COlllinuing lhe Qucs1 - Forests and Wildlife - ChCSllluts in Regional Diel • Chestnu1 Resources • Herb N01e - Good Medicine: "Changes lO Come•. Review: Where Ltgends Li-.e ISSUE FOURTEEN • WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Corl Owle - Boogcrs and Mummers - All Species Day • Cabin Fever Universi1y • Homeless in Kaubh • Romcmade Hot Water - Stovemaker's Narrative • Good Medicine: Interspecies Communication ISSUE FIFTEEN • SPRJNG 1987 Coverlets . Woman Forester· Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception - Biosexuali1y - Bioregionalism and Women - Good J\,tcdicine: Malriarchal Culture - Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Hcfon Waiie. Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision Quest· F°l!SI Flow - µti1iation - Lc;iming in !he W i t ~ "Cherokee Challenge. "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN • WINTER 1987·88 Vernacular ArchilCCturc - D~s in Wood and Stone Mountrun Home - Eanh Energies - Eanh-Shellcred Living • Membrane Houses - Brush Shcl1cr - Poems: October Dusk - Good Medicine: "ShellCr" ISSUE NINETEEN • SPRING 1988 Pcrclandra Garden • Spring Tonics - Blueberries Wildflower Gardens - Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences - "The Origin or lhe Animals:" S1ory • Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Tree ISSUE TWENTY • SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Highlands or Roan • Cclo Communi1y - Land Trust· Arlhur Morgan School Z.Oning Issue - "The Ridge" - Farmers and !he Fann Btu· Good Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain - Ouke·s Power Play· Cherokee Microhydro Projec1 ISSUE TWENTY·FOUR • SUMMER •39 Deep Listening • Ufc in AlOmic City - Direc1 Action! Tree of Peace - Communily Building· Peacemakers· Elhnic Survival - Pairing Project - "Bnnlcsong• Growing Peace in Culwn:s - Review: The Chalice and the Blode fSSUE TWENTY-SIX • WINTER, 1989·'90 Coming of Age in lhe Ecozoic Era - Kids Saving Rainfores1 - Kids Treecycling Company· ConOic1 Resolution. Developing lhe Creative Spirit - Birth Power • Birth Bonding • The Magic of Puppetry - Home Schooling - Naming Ceremony - Molher Eanh•s Classroom - Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN • SPRING. 1990 Transformation • Healing Power - Peace to Their Ashes Healing in Katuah • Poem: "When Left to Grow· - Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from lhe Ancient Forest ISSUE 'TWENTY·EIGHT - SUMMER 1990 Carrying Capaci1y • Selling LimitS IO Growth - What is Ovcrpopulntion? • The Road Gnng • The Highway to Nowhere. The J.26 Project - "Curing Capacity" - Poople and Habillll • Designing lhe Whole Life Community Steady Staie - Poems: Will Ashe Bason Ttansporte.rnativcs - Review: Cohausing ISSUE TWENTY -NINE • FALL/WINTER 1990 From the Mounlains lO lhe Sea • Profile of The Lillie Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology and High Quali1y Habitat - "l1 All Comes Down lO WBJN Quality· Wa1er Power. Action for Aquatic HabilatS - Dawn Waichcrs • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Road • Kalliah Sells Ou1 • W81erShed Map of lhe Kalllah Province - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - --- - - - - - --- -- - - - ~UAt1 JOURNAL Issue 30 Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097 Name Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Address City Area Code Sprlnq, 1991 Stale Phone Number Zip Enclosed is$_ __ to give this ejfon an exrra boos/ I can be a local contact person for my area 28748 Back Issues Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $ _ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue H_ _@ $2.50 - $ _ _ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-24, 2~29) @ $40.00 = $_ _ posiage paid ( � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 30, Spring 1991 Description An account of the resource The thirtieth issue of the<em> Katúah Journal</em> focuses on regional economics, development, and ecology. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Thomas Power, Rob Messick, Will Ashe Bason, Rodney Webb, Henry Eckler, Griscom Morgan, Snow Bear, Gary Lawless, Jim Clark, Ernest Womick, Millie Sundstrom, Lee Barnes, David Haenke, Richard Lowenthal, Rodney Web, Jim Houser, Charlotte Homsher, Martha Tree, Stephen Petroff, and Rob Leverett. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Economy/Ecology by David Wheeler.......1<br /><br />Avoiding the Passive/Helpless Approach to Economic Development by Thomas Power.......4<br /><br />Ways to a Regenerative Economy by Rob Messick.......5<br /><br />Sacred Oconomy by Will Ashe Bason.......6<br /><br />"Money Is the Lowest Form of Wealth": Interview with Ivo Ballentine and Robin Cape by Rodney Webb and Henry Eckler.......7<br /><br />The Clarksville "Miracle" by Griscom Morgan.......10<br /><br />Self-Help Credit Union.......10<br /><br />The Village by Snow Bear.......11<br /><br />"through dreams, through magic": Poems by Gary Lawless.......12<br /><br />Food Movers by David Wheeler.......13<br /><br />Poems by Jim Clark.......14<br /><br />LifeWork by Ernest Womick and Millie Sandstrom.......15<br /><br />Green Spirits: "Katúah Planting Calendar" by Lee Barnes.......19<br /><br />Good Medicine: "Village Economy".......20<br /><br />On Eco-economics by David Haenke.......21<br /><br />Thoughts on Work, Productivity, and Development by Richard Lowenthal.......22<br /><br />Natural World News.......23<br /><br />Shelton Laurel by Rodney Webb.......25<br /><br />Off the Grid: "Regional Fuels" by Jim Houser.......26<br /><br />LETS........27<br /><br />Resources........27<br /><br />Drumming.......28<br /><br />Earth Energies: "The Great Lover" by Charlotte Homsher.......31<br /><br />Events.......33<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Economic development--Environmental aspects Mixed economy--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional economics Ecology--Economic aspects--Appalachian Region, Southern Salvage (Waste, etc.)--North Carolina--Asheville North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Community Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Education Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Stories Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/78d9246223be9d0574b3bd2b5063d495.pdf dd9e0daeaf638e3c9c89f1668668b7b7 PDF Text Text ISSUE 31 SUMMER 1991 $1.50 �Drawing by Rob Messick ~UAt1 JOURNAL P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 :ic.\e 0 " () @ ~ Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 .,. (I Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Oowsing..................................................... 3 by David Wheeler The Responsibilities of Dowsing: An Interview with Tom Hendricks............5 by Madeline H. Dean Ceremonies of the Moment: An Interview with Joyce Holbrook...........6 "Jack-o-Lantems," Acid Rain, and the Electrical Life of the Eanh............8 by Clyde Hollifield Poem: "Old Houses".......... ,..................... 10 by Richard Nesrer Kaufah and the Eanh Grid ....................... ! 1 by Charlotte Homsher The Call of rhe Ancient Ones.................. 13 by Page Bryaru "If the Eanh Is to HeaJ, Our Heans Musr Be Broken".................. 15 by Richard lowenrlial Good Medicine: On Aggression.............. 17 THE EARTH - SHE LIVES! Poems by James Proffirt.......................... 18 Green Spirits: Sacred Forests.................. 19 by Lee Barnes Off rhe Grid.............................................20 by Jim Houser Natural World News................................21 "Jusr Doing Their Job"............................ 23 by Emmel/ Greendigger Time to Take the Time to Take the Time...................................... 25 by/vo Drumming............. " .................................26 Whole Science......................................... 29 by Rob Messick Tuning ln................................................. 29 by Charlotte Homsher Review· Light in rhe Wind........... .. - ....... 30 Chestnut Grafting Project........................ .31 by David McGrew Events......................................................32 \Vebworking............................................34 Su11u11cr, 199 1 Tradirional cultures around the world have always had a close relationship to the world around them. Dependent as they were on their immediate environment to meet all their needs, it is not surprising that they were closely attuned to the rhythms of their surroundings and the messages that came from the landscape. The foundation of their spiritual belief was that the world is alive. TI1ey saw the Earth as a being, a Great Mother who provided for all her children's needs. With ritual, music, and dancing, they conversed with the Earth and with all the aspects of her power. Here in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, the native Cherokee inhabitants accepted the forces of the world as living beings and addressed thern in their prayers and ceremonies. They saw the mountains as great beings of awe and grandeur, isolated and imposing. At times of spiritual transition, they went to sacred sites, places of extraordinary power, to do their fasting, praying, and divining, or to make a vision quest. As humanity turned toward civilization and sought security by insulating ourselves from our environment, our former connection to the world and the awareness that it engendered slowly dissipated. Skills that were once necessary for survival came to be considered "folk customs" and superstitions. In our minds the Eanh died. As we relied more on our intellectual brain and its offspring, science, for our survival, we began to see our world as a "system" under the rule of "laws" that were mechanical, linear, and absolute. However, in the "backwater.. areas, like 1.he rugged Appalachians, white settlers from Europe kept alive customs that dated back to pre-Christian times in the Old World. They used the power of wild roots for healing. They planted their crops by the signs of the moon. They would call on a "water witch," or dowser, with a forked stick to find an underground waler source. These practices are with us even today. (c:ontinucd on page 3) Xatuoh Journat p09e I �EDlTORlAL STAFF Tl ITS ISSUE: Maria Abbruzzi Lee Barnes Christopher Davis Charloue Homsher Jim Houser Lorraine Kaliher Emmeu Grecndiggcr Richard Lowenthal Rob Messick Mamie Muller Rodney Webb David Wheeler We'd like 10 offer special thanks for the inspiration of Mounlllin Gnrdcns. Thanks and fare well 10 John Creech. Happy trails, compadre! COVER: by Rob Messick © 1991 PUBLISHED BY: Kau,ah Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mo11111aineer Press EDITORIAL OFFTCE THlS JS SUE: The Globe Valley CONTACT US AT: Ka111ahJ011rnal Box 638; Leicester, NC; Ka1uah Province 28748 (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an impon.am elemcm of bioregionnl ecology. both nawral and socinl. In line will1 this principle. the Katuah Journal tries 10 serve as II fomm for the discu&;ion of rcgion:il issues. Signed rulicks express only the opinion of the nuthors and arc not ncccss:irity the opinions or lhe Katuah Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Scn•1ce has declared K a1uah Jo1u11al a non.profit orgnniz.:ition under section 501(c){3) or Lhc lntemnl Revenue Code. All contributions to K,uuah Journal are dcducublc from pcr!IOn:il income wx. Aruclcs appcnnng in Katuah Journal may be reprimcd in olher publications with permission from the Katuah Journal sulf. Com:ict the journal in writing or call (704) 7S4-6097 or (704) 683-1414. ApOW<Jlj ~ STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the VaJley of the Roanoke and U1e Southern PJain on this Turtle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good The photo of Darry Wood and Eva Bigwitch at Lhe R1vcrc;mc Rendezvous on page 12 of Kauiah Jourl\ill #30 should hove been credited 10Jim Riggs. Jim is a photogrnphcrand 1c:ichcrofprimitive skills "ho was also n guest insLructor at Lile cvcnL 'L'.NVOCA.'TW'.N Ancient Mother, Ancient Mother, You who have waited so long. You who have waited so long for your children to return, Your children are returned. Here we arc. -Swait lodge song Ham1ony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As tl1e land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. The Ka111ah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. - The Editors Xatimh Journot pngc 2 .... �(continued from page I) Bui as the urban commercial cuhure penetrated even the isolation of the Appalachians, for many people the moumains lost their magic. They could see the old hills only as another collection of available resources to be taken out, totalled up, and rung into the cash register. That unbroken connection 10 the life of the mountains, the life of the Earth, has in the last 100 years faded and almost died ... But it is not gone. When the astronauts took the photos of the Earth from outer space, it became suddenly obvious that our planet is a fragile round ball suspended in the vastness of space. From tha1 new perspecrivc we can see that the Earth is whole. comple1e, an organism unto herself· and beautiful. II is also obvious that she is part of an even grander scheme - a cosmic ecology. We hove a place in the universe: an alignment with the stars, planets. and galaxies: a relationship 10 the cosmos. When we touch the Earth here in Katuah Province on this Tunic Island continent, we mp into an in1erlocking web of energies 1hat extends out into the fanhcst star galaxies. Scientific breakthroughs like "the Gaia theory" and the "new physics" seem revelatory to our jaded intellcccs. The Gaia theory states scientifically that the Earth breathes through ils atmosphere and regula1cs its own respirarion not only is the Earth a living, breathing organism, but ii is also conscious on some level! The "new physics" theory sets fonh a conception of the world radicallydivergen1 from Newtonian physics - one that seems almost more metaphysical than physical, closer to a study of consciousness than of matter. But t11cse scientific concepts are acrually not new. They were in the prayer of a Cherokee medicine man standing with anns uplifted by a waterfall. They were what an old woman could feel through her forked dowsing stick as :;he walked the land. Tho medicine people and the dowsers knew the geology of the mountains. They knew the depth of the fault lines and 1hc deep waterveins. They also could perceive the web of energy encircling the Earth. But they were not scientistS. They worked from their intuition; their practice was handed down from reacher to srudent as pans of long-standing traditions. The Gaia theory, the new physics, and the other recent departures from onhodox scien1ilic thinking offer scientific evidence of the life and consciousness of the world 1hat these old ones felt so clearly, so long :igo. There is still much mystery in this round globe that looks so vulnerable and beautiful from ou1er space. In this issue of the Ka11uihlournal we invite the reader to learn. to speculate, to begin to think of a whole world mind, a unifying world energy that connects us 10 every other place, 10 every other being on the Earth, and 10 the s1ars. The Eanh 1ums, we tum; everywhere we look we are one world. -The Editors Sl11t11ncr, 1991 DOWSING A Briefe Treatise or Digression Concerni11g the Long Historic a11d Practice of tlu• Art a11d Erstwhile Scie11ce of Rliabdo111a11cy by David Wheeler "All alike grasp tire forks of the twig witIr tlreir hands, clenching tlreir fi.rts, it being necessary tlrat tire clenclredjingers slumld be held wward tire sky i11 order tlrat tire twig should be raised at tlUJJ end wlrere the two branches meet Then they wander hither and tlritlrer at random through mountainous regions It is said that tire moment tlrey place their feet on a vein the twig immediately mrns and nvists, and so by its action discloses the vein: when tlrey nwve their feet agaill and go away from tlUJJ spot the Mig becomes once more immobile." • from De,~ metallica. one of lhc ftN wnucn rcrcrcnces 10 dowsing. by Ocorg,u, Agricola. 1556 This is the commonly conceived pic1urc of the dowser, or "water witcht walking the land looking for underground veins of water. However. to be a dowser a person does not have to walk the land, use a forked s1ick, or even be searching for water. Dowsers come in more flavors than ice cream • they e>.hibit many different attitudes, abilities. and mind states. In ilS purest form, dowsing might be defined as the perception of intangible or spiritual energies. Usunlly dowsers use their ability in looking for some1hing. In his paper "The Divining Rod: A His1ory of Water Wi1ching," written in 1917, Anhur J. Ellis says. "In tracing the history of the subject it is found that divining rods have been used for all of the following purposes: (I) To locate ore Drawing b) Rob Meu1<k deposits, (2) 10 discover buried or hidden ucasure. (3) 10 find lost landmarks and reestablish propcny boundaries, (4) 10 de1ect criminals, (5) to analyze personal character, (6) to cure diseases, (7) to tmce lost or strayed domestic animal~. (8) 10 insure immunity against ill fonunc when preserved as a fetish. (9) 10 locate well sites. { I0) 10 trace the courses of underground streams, {11) to determine the amount of water available by drilling at a given spot, ( I2) to determine the deplh at which wa1erorores occur, (13) 10 determine the direction of cardinal pointS. (14) to determine the heights of crecs, and ( 15) 10 analyze ores and w111ers." Dowsers today also search for the answers to questions; negative and positive Earth energies; missing persons; and waywan:1 spirits. They da1e archaeological finds and contac1 UFO's. As well as the tr3ditional forked stick. dowsers use a straight stick; L-shaped mcl41 rods; wire; a dangling pendulum (usually made of me1al or s1one but possibly of other m:uerials); their hands; or pure perception 10 find the object of their search. Dowsers do not have to be on the site but can make contact through maps, photographs, or a person's possessions. Clearly. the general category of "dowsing" covers a wide variety of experiences and abilities. But how does it work? Dowsing is clearly an e,cuasensory experience that draws (ccntmuodonnc,tpAJ:C) JCatud, Jounuat P°'JS 3 �(c:crnmuai Crom pai;o J) on a different pan of the brain than our intellect and our everyday awareness. Walter D.1le. a yeteran dowser in his eigh1ies Yiho hvcs outside Ashevilk, NC, ~ayi. lh:11 there is encrg)' evervwhere and that, "We are able tu iocus in on iiin much the same v.ny that you might tune in to channels on your TV ~r. Do\\:.eri. can do very remarkable things, and v.e can prove it. 1 don't know how 1t's done, but II depcnds on our abil1ty to use this energy thm is everywhere - even though we don't ~ee it. We don't sec radio waves, we don't see TV trnnsmis.\ions. It's very much the same." Ano1hcr dowser, Vern Peter.;on. says, "Dowsing is puuing out an idea or a question of what you want. and 1hb v.ill set up u vibration. If you are looking tor water, for insmnce, the vibration will correspond to water under the ground that you can fed when you get over it with the dowsing rod. "It leads 10 an advancement of consciousness., There's no end 10 where you can go. The longer you smy in dowsing, the more you learn. and the more that you learn how much 1here is to kn6w." Other dowsers speak of spiri1ual influences, a direct channel 10 higher intelligences or 10 the Supreme Intelligence, as explanation of their abilities. Dowsing is nor a new phenomenon. tr seems 10 be an innate pan of the human mind, and many practitioners maintain that dowsing was at one time one of our ba.~ic sense perceptions, and that ii is only with the advent of civilization that this ability has atr0phied in our brain. Animals seem to have the nbili1y to find water, and it seems logical thm in more primitive times we would have relied more on this type of awareness to locate food and water and be alen to dnnger. There is tangible evidence that S1one Age humans in Europe and the British Isles had dowsing abilities. Modem-day dowsers are finding 1ha1 the megaliths or "standing s1ones," However. as anything 1h01 can be deeply veiled in mystery affords a good opportunity/or swindlers, there can be no reasonable doubr that many of rhe large group ofprofessio,wl finders of water. oil, or other minera/J who take pay/or their "service'' or for the sale of their "instruments" are cleliberatt>ly defrauding the people, and that 1/te total amount of nwney rhar 1hey obtain is large. - 0. £. Meinwr. Uniwtl Staies Geological Sur\'c)', 1917 giam rock formmions erected by prehl!>toric humans, are aligned with underground wutercourscs or 1he 1;rid lines of the Eanh's energies. There nn: pictures of ancient Eg, pti:.i.ns holding what appear to be forked divining rods. There nrc various Biblical references, such as to Aaron's rod, 1hn1 dowsers claim a~ evidence of their crafL In 1882 R.W. Raymond wrote: "'1ti1nh JournnC pnl).C ·l Drawing by Ocorgc Agricola. I 556 'The Scyrhians, Persians, and Medes used them. Herodotus says 1ha1 the Scythians de1ec1ed perjurers by means of rods. The word rhabdomancy, originated by the Greeks, shows 1ha1 they practiced this an; and 1he magic power of the rods of Minerva, Circe, and Hermes or Mercury is familiar 10 classical students. The lituus of the Romans, with which the augurs divined, was apparently an arched rod ... Marco Polo reports the use of rods or arrows for divination throughout the Orient, and a later traveler describes it among the Turks. Taci1us says that the ancient Germans used for this purpose branches of fruit trees." During the Middle Ages, when me1al-working became common and widespread. miners ~ought veins of ore by digging trenches by hand. The amount of labor involved mnde any shortcuts extremely valuable, and, while there were physical indications of the presence of ore, divining came to be intel-'1"311)' associa11.-d with prospecting, panicularly in the mining districts of Germany. Divining rods came 10 England with German miners brought in by Queen Elizabe1h I to develop the languishing mining industry in Comwnll, and they spread from there throughout the Bri1ish Isles. Dowsing has been controversial thmughou1 the his1ory of civilized rimes. Since it was often involved with the production of weahh, there w-as alwavs the likelihood of charl:11anrv and fraud. And since ii is conceme<l with the deeper realms of the human mind. dowsing holds 1he possibility of transcendent consc1ousncss, but is olso fraught with mystery, contradtction. and tear. The church became interested in d0\\Sing · some S3Y through jealousy, others say through fear - and, although ecclesiastical ,1ttitudes and interpretauons were ne\er con~istcnt, at least initi:illy the l'hurch e;,;hibitcd an umbiv-.ilcnt auitudc toward the divining rod: it was considered dangerous and discouraged among the geneml populace, but its use Y.,ts widely practiced as a priestly function within the church. Church ti1uals and prarer;; were superimposed on wha1 was obviously a very pagan pracrice - partly 1 strengthen the di vine 0 influence, and panly 10 protect against eanhly persecution, ii is supposed. During the time of 1he Inquisition, dowsing was associated with witchcraft and in some areas became justification for torture and a capital crime. There yer remains a legacy of fear and secrecy lingering from that p.-iriod. Practicing dowser John Shisler says, "Even today, if I go b:1ck into certain areas of the mountains, I'm a 'water witch.' A lot of your traditional Bap1is1s will still say that 'witching' is the work of the devil." Dowsing came 10 Turtle Island with the earliest colonists, where i1 met a people who apparently still retained a basic anunemenr to the land as evidenced by 1he eanhworks 1hey created, 1heir many sacred sites, and the vivid They call it psychic. I call it a gif1, sir. I use it for /lis glorv anti mankind's purpose. I do11'1 charge to go find water, I'll ask 'em 10 come after me and bring me back - if they want to donate a penny, I appreciate it; if 1hey do11'1, well, I'll go anyway. I use it/or what I feel in my heart. and I re.\{'L'Ct it for what it is. - J.C. Ga::mvay, dowser legends assoc1:i1ed with them. From the beginning ~Willer witching" was p:111 of the colonists' folk culture. Many of the wells still used in New England were located through the abilities of dm.. seri.. Early European immigrants brought dowsing imo the Southern Appalachians. At first, it was not necessary 10 locate underground water because of the abundant springs, bur when people began to need wells, they sough1 help from those v.ho had kepi alive the traditional "witching"· (continued gn page 28) S1Un111cr, 199 1 �THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF DOWSING: An Interview with Tom Hendricks OK. But if they can't, then 1 don't think they ought to do iL Ka11ial1: People seem 10 be amazed that they have the power 10 do these things. 111: It's a major responsibility. 1 1hink that regaining power is OK. so long as there is a balance. an understanding. Asking permission is very imponant. I've always had a strong intuition. J developed it in my dowsing. Intuition tells us c,cactly what we need 10 know. Kat(,ah · When did you stan dowsing? Tom Hendricks: About ten years ago. A man T knew in Madison County at the time was president of the Appalachian Chapter of the American Society of Dowsers. I learned techniques from the society. I slowly got to meet everybody. I met hundreds of dowsers from around the country and from across the seas. J sroned off with the pendulum and L-rods. l would use the pendulum 10 ask yes and no questions, L-rods to find a water source or whatever else l was looking for. At some point. I started realizing l was getting the feeling before either one of those tools worked I started paying anention to lhe feeling and didn't much rely on the tools. l preferred to deal with the energy itself. Kan11Jh: You could have the feeling of where water was, for instance? TH: Yes. Most dowsers hang onto the tool forever. Some people have real elaborate pendulums. When l was still using a pendulum. I picked up whatever I had around 10 make one, a piece of suing and a rock. l met an old guy from Tennessee who didn't necessarily use tools. He just felt iL A real good dowser told me how he was bringing him back from Tennessee on interstate 40. The old guy said that they had just driven over a major fault. So they Mopped and checked with their dowsing rods. He had felt a major fault under a moving car. He was real sensitive. But dowsing itself is filtering into all kinds of things these days. It has been incorporated into the whole new age movement. I've noticed, not a total lack of auunement, but only panial auuncment. K01uah: From the dowsers themselves? TH: Not all dowsers. A lot of dowsers were being real exact with what they were doing. But a few dowsers were into playing with the energies, talcing things out or context. ln the dowser's society we were never taught to be concerned with looking at the whole picture. I was clearing our someone's house 1ha1 had a lot of weird energy lines running through iL.. KalJJIJh: From the Earth? TH: Yes. You can get negative energy from water, from fault lines and other ways. These energies arc disruptive to the human system. In dowsing that panicul:ir situation. 11 seemed to be OK to move the energy. We moved it around the house. Bue it staned me asking questions: "Should this energy be moved? Do I have the right 10 move this energy?" K01uah: Would it be a question of why the cnerijy is being vented at that pan.icular location. And what the reason is for it? Summer, 199 1 Kam.ah: That requires a different lifestyle than most people have. TH: The energy needs venting, but docs It need to be vented in this particular place? ls it OK to move it? Katuah: The Earth has allowed a lot of manipulation. TH: The Earth has allowed abuse. She is regaining her will, yet we continue to abuse her. Something l have learned is that when we dowse, we should ask whether it is OK on all levels. One time l was out dowsing with an old timer and his daughter and all of us came to this tremendous flow, a major vein of water. Yet, when they went to drill it, nothing happened. Another dowser came over and said, "Don't you sec the Indian spirits?" Native American spirits were still protecting the area and 1hey had interfered. They were angry at white people for all the abuse we have done, and so they were mixing signals. That got to be another question to consider: "Are there any entities here that may interfere?" With me it went further. I asked, 'Why would they interfere? What arc their reasons?" I ta.kc it as far as 1can. There are plenty of eanhbound spirits that are wandering around Josi. That is another aspect of dowsing, sending eanhbound spirits on their way. Dealing with spirits is tricky business. You don't always know why they arc there or what they are doing. There are so many things involved in life and death that arc beyond our understanding. I haven't been dowsing in years. I'm even beginning to question dowsing for a well. Do l want to dowse for someone to punch a hole? There are enough holes being punched into the Earth. The idea of mining crystals really bothers me. I think people ought to leave crystals where they arc unless those people arc 1otally in tune, can sec or feel the energy, know where it comes from, where it's going and why the energy is moving. Crystals take on energy 1hcy need to be cleaned I know a man who planted a garden with crystals. He put in a center crystal, and then he planted other crystals equidistantly all the way around it at the pyramid angles and generated heat. This guy was preuy tuned in, but I'm not sure whether even he asked if he was interfering with any other energies. I think if people can contact all levels of Ufe and be sure that nothing else is disrupted, then it would be Orawu,g by Rob Messick TH: Our culrurc is very sick. I've come to rcali:ze that a 101 of dowsing that is done just feeds the sickness. I know people who arc on payrolls for oil companies. They dowse for oil and gas. They are making money by telling oil companies where to go punch the holes. When l backed off from dowsing, 1 began a healing for the will. As I understand ir. the will is the female energy, the mother energy. It is the pan of the godhead that moves, that feels, thm gives life. The masculine energy is the spirit. The will has been so far removed from human understanding and consciousness that it is barely there. To my understanding, it is because of the loss of will that we are so out of balance. The w ill, the female energy is thal which feels, that which gives birth. I need to use my will in order 10 understand. Developing intuition is listening 10 the will. Ka1uah.: Is this your self-healing? Or are you trying to manifest this outside yourself in your environment? 11 I: 1 believe that the personal healing musr come first. The disharmony is within ourselves. We need 10 get in 1ouch with our own dilemmas and fears. There are lost emotions that we deny. I also think that b) our own dishannony, we allow things to hun us. If we were in harmony with ourselves, the negative energies from the Earth could pass through us without finding a place to collect. I think emotions cause blockages and tl"llp whatever wants to be trapped in us. So lately I have been focusing on self-healing, rather than manipulating negative eanh energies. We humans feel we have a right 10 do anything that we want to do. We have got to realize our shoncomings. We have responsibilities 10 ourselves. Ka1uah: Are you going to get back to dowsing? Tii: A friend of mine wants me to dowse for a well and I should do it for him. The healing I'm doing is leading me through places I've never experienced before. pans of myself that 1have never experienced before. So l don't know what is going to happen. I feel, in a sense, that I am still dowsing by healing my will and strengthening my intuition. I listen more, not with my cars nccel>S3rily. but with my whole being. ;, Ruorlkd by Madl!llrw II Dean Xat ua h ) oun\Ot ~ 5 �CEREMONIES OF THE MOMENT An Interview with Joyce Holbrook by Charlotte Homsher Joyce was born and raised on a/am, in Wilkes Co11111y, NC. She taught in midwestem co//ege.f/or 17 years before remrning u, the mountai,is. She ,ww smdies and teaches Earth energies throu1:ho111 tlie Southeast. • Kat(iah: What is the nature of the energy grid on Eanh? JH: There are many ideas abou1 chis. The similarity in the ideas is tha1 the Eanh is surrounded by nee working lines of energy in 1hc shape of a dodecahedron, a three-dimensional figure enclosed by twelve sides. Looking at the grid on a smaller scale, it would seem to be divided into uiangles. The triangle is fundamental to so many things; it is the basic geometry of life. l would imagine that . in accord with the hermetic principal of "as above, so below" · there is triangulation involved in the energetics. not only of the human body, but in subsystems of the body, even at the cellular level and probably at the molecular level. It is my opinion that it is the life force energy, whatever that may be, that powers the grid. Katt'iah: What happens when the cosmic energy hits the Eanh grid? JH: When it hits the grid, i1 runs along the lines of the grid. Kacuah: The lines of the grid sometimes being called the "Icy lines"? JH: Yes, the Icy lines. We know that there 1s cosmic energy coming into the Eanh. Th.is has been verified scientifically. However, as far as r know, it has not been verified scicn1ifically that the Earth is surrounded by an energy grid or that this cosmic energy runs along it. These are theories of more recent times. Karual1: Does any of thi$ energy originate from inside the Eanh, or is it all cosmic energy? JH: I think it is cosmic, bu1 it docs have an aspect tha1 comes from inside the Earth. If I stand on a vonex point, a high energy point. I can feel an energy that comes up through my body from the ground and then goes back down in a spiral fashion. I also feel thllt whatever hum:in consciousness does affects the grid. So, obviously, this war-like consciousness impinges on the communication network of the planet and goes out and affects the whole planet Katualr: Can you comment on what is happening with the Appalachian ~Ids and ridge1ops in relation to Eanb energies? "My whole approach to working with Earth energies is to get away from ritual and recipes, to enter into the spo11ta11eity of life." J.H. spiral. That I am sure of, because I have felt it. In the newer theories of physics, the though1 is that matter itself spirals in on a vortex inio mamfestation out of pure consciousness. You could say that vortices exist on every level, even down 10 atoms. And they exist, perhaps, within our own bodies nnd in the Eanh itself. JH: My personal experience with energy comes from the fact that I sense it and see it. I see auras over mountains in the same way that some people see auras around people, and I feel the energy. The Appalachians arc the Grandparents of the planet. They are gentle. old, wise, and loving. These things can not be measured scientifically. This is sensing through the heart and by feeling the energy of nature, rather than through the ra1ional mind. Love can be felt from nature, i1 truly can, when a person's heart is open. And lhe Appalachians embrace you very much like wise old grandparents. There is a certain quality that grandparents lent 10 society, and there is a certain quality th:11 grm1dparent energy lends to the Eanh. The Rocky Mountains have a youthful, vibrant, rather masculine energy. There are many people who feel that the energy of the Appalachians is essentially feminine. But I have also felt mountains within the Appalachians tha1 feel very masculine. For instance, the Black Mountains are masculine. My cabin is on a flank of a mountain that is ma~culine in essence. Pyramidal mountains essentially feel masculine. The balds :-.re round and smooth, and those feel feminine. They are very healing. They wi II raise your energy. I often see golden lines of energy over balds. JH: It could, although r have seem a similarity. 1 had a whole group of people 001 by the Missouri River at a location that wa.~ both in a vortex and on a grid line. The people all felt the line, and everyone had the same response as 10 how they needed to align their bodies in order to feel best in respect to the line. Ka11ialr. Could you explain about the different kinds of voncxes? Kauiah: How is Katuah affected by wh3t happens in another place on the Earth? JH: They arc as different as people are different. The dowsers repon that they see· ·o exist where grid lines cross. They are definitely associated with water activity, flowing water, lakes. oceans, and underground water. There arc people who say that there are male and female vortices. There are also people who describe them as either electric or magnetic or electtomagnetic, which is balanced between male and female. l'm not real sure about that. Bui I have felt energy move in a vortex. It does JH: Before the San Francisco eanhquakc m 1989, I was driving with my sister, and I Katuah: How can we beuer auune ourselves to the Eanh? JI(: By exploring feeling. Find particular places, either by direct sensing or by using dowsing tools, and then simply stand in those places until you can sense with your body how they feel. Your magnetic orientation is imponant - whether you face north, east. sou1h, or west. Kariiah: Would this differ from person 10 person? looked at the mountains. The mountains looked like they were in so much pain. I 1 my sistc:r c!d that something was happening, and the quake occurred within a few hours. Katuah: So all the Eanh is feeling what is happening in any one place? JH: Right. But canhquakes are also a part of nature, and so they arc not an anomaly. Slfmmcr, t991 �w #=fj They are ad-jusanents in nature itself. I think, in particular, mountains are antennae to register what the Eanh is doing. Also streams will register the Earth's pulse, attitude, and vibrations in the same sense that your bloodstream is going to register what is going on in your body, the energetics of your body. Ka11iah: How do you do Earth healing? JH: Places call to me. Roan Mountain has called me many times, and Chimney Rock as well. Killian Mountain has called me recently. r believe narurc is a conscious being and communicates wilh us. There is a thing called the spirit of a place. there is an essence to Roan Mountain, or essence to Table Rocle. that has a consciousness to iL And consciousness communicates with consciousness. When I go 10 a place, I try to humble myself and tune into just "being." I don't go purposefully like some doctor or technician trying 10 ''fix something." I just go there, and I tune into the essence of the place. I always pray in these places. I think it is very imponanL l always pray for inner guidance in any particular moment or situation. And then I may begin to chant, a chant that is not a recipe. 1don't do recipes. I do chanting, toning, and movement for the moment. My whole approach to working with Earth energies is 10 get away from ritual and recipes, to enter into the spontaneity of life. Life has its magic for the moment, has its light for the moment, has its peace for the momenL And that becomes an experience that involves the movement of the body, the voice, the bean, and the feelings. If we allow these aspects of ourselves to blend with the pince and the moment. then we can unlock our bodies, unlock our voices, and unlock our hearts. This is allowing divine love to flow through us. from the place to us, and from us to the place. Once connected, we network out over the grid, over the pathways that are, into the whole system, into the universe itself, nnd into every other person on the planet. Aod this is the healing. The real healing in life is to relax, let go, and allow love to flow, because love is, it is of God and it simply is. We do not have 10 create it. Ka11'iah: Do you go to places where the Earth has been desecrated by humans? JH: Yes. I have been led to places where people have damaged the Eanh. I did this at a whole workshop once in Kentucky. Several people felt led to go this place where for years people had dumped tmsh off the side of the road, and it had fallen into a ravine. The essence of that ravine was speaking to us, and it seemed to be choking and poisoned. We held hands in a circle, we prayed, and then we moved 10 places where we felt comfonablc alongside the ravine. We then entered into silence. One of us began to tone, and then another began to tone, and as it turned out, there was a triad. There were three women, including myself, coning in what became a triangle. This was all spontaneous. And the energy staned to flow down the ravine. Another woman had visions, very powerful visions, of an old medicine man who came up and spoke to her. It was such a - powerful experience that many of us began to cry. We could feel the Eanh saying thank you. That particular day, there was no wind whatsoever, yet single leaves on the trees would just flutter, even though there was no wind to flutter them. We were amazed at what we saw in terms of narure physically communicating with us. And she really does, but people don't notice that. This is my philosophy of healing. It is love that heals. In the process of working with an area, I may end up using some stones to build a wheel, if I feel led 10 do this. But again, I do not have a recipe where I say, 'Take x amount of stones... '' I just go there and allow myself to be pan of the totality of the experience. In doing this with nature, we learn how to beuer do that with each other. Instead of building rigid ways of interacting in families, we learn to flow with the spontaneity of the moment. ,. ,. - JH: Yes, I think the time has come that we have to reconnect with the Earth. We have lost touch with her, and in doing so we have lost touch with ourselves. To reconnect with her is to reconnect with our own individual souls and with each other. I sec it as the answer to bringing love to the planet and to bringing healing. If you go out and lie on the ground, you will be comforted and the problems which disturbed you wiJI just seem to go away. I know some very powerful places that will just wash away your troubles. For information abo111 Earth Energy workshops with Joyce Holbrook, write her at Box 1095: Burnsville, NC 28714. K(ll1iali: Could you say something about the vision you had about making your own medicine wheel? JH: The vision was shown to me to make it of olivine, but at that time l had not seen olivine in nature. A friend told me about an outcropping near an abandoned olivine mine. When I went there. I did not just go in and take rocks without asking permission. I was given these rocks, and I took 12 home and made a wheel, and they turned out lookingjust like I saw 1n the vision. It is on my property. and I go sit in it. Tt is very powerful, and it has taught me that we are a wheel within a wheel. The wounds in our lives which are not healed are broken circles. Medicine wheels help us sec what we need to release to come to full circle again. In going to power places, we can find within ourselves what is s1ill wounded. If we work with these places, things may come up in our memory, emotions mny come fonh, which can snow us what needs healing. Nature is of God. Nature is full of healing, hannoniling forces, just as we are. if we can come to see thaL h is a spiritual experience when I work with the Earth. 1 go out by myself a lot. I do this to bring harmony into my own life. If l have not gone out for three or four days, l just have 10 re tum to the Eanh. 1 was down in Stone Mountain, Georgia recently. Stone Mountain is a very powerful place. It has been contaminated with a lot of materialistic consciousness. but there still are places there that ~ very powerful, and local people could use these places to :ttt!lne and align themselves. Stone Mount,un 1s a power point for the whole Southeast. lf we were not so numb to feeling and sensing energies, people would be able to sense these things. My sister and I have done a lot of work together in the mountains. One of us will say that we should go to a cenain place. and we will go and tone and sing and pray toge~hcr. This has been very powerful for us as sisters. It is a wonderful thing to do with members of your family. It brings harmony into a family. Go inside a stone That would be my way. Let somebody else become a dove Or gnash with a tiger's tooth. I am hnppy to be a stone. I From the outside the stone is a riddle: No one knows how LO answer it. Yet within, it must be cool and quiet Even though a cow steps on it full weight, Even though a child throws it in a river. The stone sinks, slow, unpenurbed To the river bottom Where the fishes come 10 knock on it And listen. I have seen sparks fly out When two stones are rubbed, So perhaps it is not dark inside after all; Perhaps there is a moon shining From somewhere, as though behind a hill Just enough light to make out The strange ,1tritings. the s1nr-chans On the inner walls. -CS Karuoh. Do you have a vision of humans and the Eanh hving together in a more harmonious way? Drav.,in& by RobMcmck Sum nu:< , 1991 JCotimn )ournot pQ(JI!- 7 �"Jack-o-lanterns," Acid Rain, and the Electrical Life of the Earth by Clyde I follifield The lights do not stay strictly on Brown Mountain, but seem 10 occur throughout the whole area. I have seen them in Linville Gorge. We once saw a light on Hawk~bill Mountain, which is the next hill beyond Brown Mountain. It was cruising up and down lhc mountain, circling lhe hill, moving at abouL treetop level. It was moving a too fast to be someone walking with a light, and it was not a vehicle, for there is no road over !here on which a vehicle could travel. S rown Mountain lies southeas1 of Grandfather Mountain near the Linville Gorge Wilderness Arca in Avery County II is an unimpressive, nondescript mountain, little more than a tong low ridge, but it is a focus of curiosity because of strange phenomena known as the Brown Mountain LightS. There arc a lot of different ideas about what the lights look like. Some people say they arc a bright light. Olhcrs 53y that they arc a faint glow. Some say they arc diMinct; others say that they are diffu~c. Some people have seen them in the summcnime; others say that they see them best in the winter. I believe that there are ns mnny different opinions as there arc people who say that they've seen them. And a lot of people have seen them. The Brown Mountain Lights have been known in that area for generations. There arc old folk tales about them. The local inhabit:ints call them "jack-o-lantcms." I have been interested in the Brown Mountain Lights since I was a teen-ager. Friends and I would camp out on Table Rock on summer weekends and were sometimes rewarded by a sight of the lights at the foot of the mountain or drifting up the ridges. They appeared ns Huie lights above the treetops. They were not diffuse or blurry, but were rather small, brig.ht ligh1s, usually about the color of a mercury vapor lamp nnd shining as brightly as n streetlight. They usually ap~d late in the evening nnd in the very early morning. On one occasion about eight or ten years ago, I snw little flashes of light all over Brown Mountain, as if somebody hnd set off thousands of flashbulbs all at once. It was like ligh1ning, outlining the top of the ridge. II only hs1ed for several seconcl~. and then it was gone, bu1 it occurred three or four times that night. It was like elcctricnJ discharges popping off all over the mountain. Other times the lights are long-hvcd. They may appear, move around up on the ridge for several minutes, maybe go behind Xotunh Journat pm.JC 8 the hill, and then come back out again. Today it is hard to pick out Brown Mountain from 1hc background of anificinl lighis. If you arc looking at Brown Mountain, you arc just as likely to sec something beyond it, like Lenoir or Morganton, or houses built on Grandfather Mountain, Blowing Rock, or Boone. My criteria are. first, 1h01 the lights have to be against the side of 1hc mountain where I know there's no habitation, and secondly, that they have 10 be acting strangely • moving too fast. shooting lilce a skyrocket. or coming up over the ridge. Scientists have initiated some smdies on the Brown Mountain LighlS. but they have found the tights to be elusive. Many times when they have tried 10 make observations. the lightS have not appeared. Some of the studies that were carried out tried 10 dismiss 1he occurrences as swamp gas or other easily explainable events. However. I personally have seen two lights n~proach each other from opposite dm:ctions. Sometimes they bump together, sometimes they move apan. but when they nrc moving in opposite dircc1ions, one of them has 10 be moving against the wind. Gases \\OUld have to move in the same direction as the wind, so it is apparent that the lights arc not gaseous in nature They look like a specific object, rather than a blurry. windy-blown name. Even when they arc moving rapidly. they rc1:1in their sh:tpc. A fast-moving gas cloud would tend to diffuse. 1 think 1hat the lights arc simply something that we don·t underMand. They arc a natuntl phenomenon that is outside our knowledge of physics. I have spent whole weekends watching for the lights and been rewarded by only one sighting, or somcumcs even none. The lights seem 10 appear randomly. However, I have a feeling that they arc excited by electrical :.tonns. When I went "light-hunting" with my friends, we would ay to go in August, on an evening after a big_ electncal s1onn. Also, the Brown Mountain Lights are no1 the only electrical phenomena in 1ha1 area. One cold night in November LWO years ago, some friends and I were up on Tobie Rock looking for the Brown Mountain Lights, and I kept seeing little flashes of light nickering around the edge of my vision. They were dim, but I could sec lhcm moving, panicularly when l brushed against a bush. It was subtle, but when I opened the blanket Lhat I had wrapped around me, I saw that the inside of lhe blanket was sparkling with light. I jumped up and called the olhers over, and we examined it. Little sparlcs of light would appear when I dragged the blanket on the ground or rubbed i1 against the bushes. The sparks did not seem like static electricity. They did not give us electrical shock:.. They did not jump or crackle or make any sound. They were just there. We never saw any Brown Mountain Lights that night, but this amazing new sigh1 gave us plenty 10 think about. We joked about how we had come looking for lhc Brown Mountain Lights. and they had been around us all the time. Maybe there is some connection between the electrical sparks and the Brown Mountain Lights. I did not know. but I decided 10 check it ou1. A few weeks laLer some friends and I went to Grandfather Mountain, and we saw a lot more of th:tt same kind of electrical spark. The lights were in our blankets, on our clothing, on the bushes. The Grandfather Mountain swinging bridge was sparkling. It looked like what is known as St. Elmo's fire, which appears frequently in sea stories. It was a cold. clear night, and the "'ind was blo"' ing hard. Our clothes were tlapping in the wind, and the lights would appear on the trailing edge of our co:tts. If I stretched out my finger near another person's coat, the fire would jump to the end of my finger. Jt was uncanhly. We saw a great deal of activity there 1ha1 night. My old blanket. which was made of some blend of wool and acrylic, was lighting up more than our other clothing. and J got the idea that we could use it ns an electrical indicator. Later that month. I took that blanket up 10 the top of Mt. Mitchell. It was another cold December night, nnd the blanket lit up. I experimented as Jtame Drawma by Rob Mcssicl S111nn1cr, 1991 �down th': Parkway by stopping periodically as I descended in elevation and trying the blanket each time. The sparks diminished until I got down to about 3,500 feet, below which they did not reappear. I theorized that the phenomenon was connected somehow to cold nights and high elevation. I went out on several other cold expeditions that winter to different locations, and we tried some other experiments. I had heard that fluorescent light bulbs would sometimes light up under high-voltage power lines because of the electrical emissions. So one time we carried some fluorescent bulbs lO the top of Mt. Mitchell. When we opened the trunk to get them out, we saw lights nickering up and down the shafts of the bulbs. They would light up when we whirled them through the air, touched them 10 bushes or to the ground, or even when we passed them back and fonh among ourselves. We didn't see much of the St. directly from the air. He said that they receive as much as 11 % of their nitr0gen, not through the roots, but through their leaves. These specially adapted nonhem plants are built so that high levels of elecuicity in the in the air around them induces what Professor Aurela calls a "coronal discharge" at their edges or needle tips, which ionizes (or adds an extra electrical charge 10) chemical compounds containing nitrogen, so that the ionized ourogen atoms can be fixed into the plant tissues. The coronal discharge happens often, but it only breaks over into a visible state five or ten percent of the time. However, because the air today also contains sulfur and niuogen pollutants (which we know as "acid rain"), these too arc ionized, and the plants fix them into their tissues as well, causing great damage. Because the air is poisoned, this process which was once vital for their survival is Cl.08'1L ELECIIIICAL CIRCUIT or Schematic various electrical proc:csin O,c global clcc:lnc:11 circu,t Sowce: the Earth', Ekctrical r:.n,iroMIUII by E. Philip Kinl,r and Raymond G. Roble Elmo's fire that night, and we thought that what we were experiencing was some type of static electricity. 1decided that I would find out. Rather than continunlly freezing on mountaintops, l went over to the National Oimatic Data Center office in Asheville, which is pan of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the US Department of Commerce. I was passed around between six different offices and never found anyone who had heard of these occurrences. I corresponded with experts in Washington, DC: Boulder, Colorado: and Fairbanks, Alaska before someone directed my attention to Professor Asko Aurela at the Wihuri Physical Laboratory of the University of Turku in Finland. This man knew all about iL fie amazed me when he told me that the electrical phenomena we had been seeing was connected with acid min! He explained that in the nonhem latitudes, because of the poor, thin soils, and the short growing season, some varieties of plants - like Norway spruce, Scotch pines, and lichens have evolved the ability to absorb nitrogen Summer, 10!1I now speeding these plant species toward destruction. Professor Aurela told me that coron.il discharge is similar in nature to what he called "the luminous pillar," a wide shaft of light going straight up into the sky, and another phenomenon named "low aurom." The fascinating thing about these occurrences, as he exrlained, is that they are all natural parts o the: Earth's electrical environmenL Thundel'5tom1s arc like big generators pumping high voltages of electrical current into the Earth's electrical circuit. There arc thousands of thunderstorms active around the planet at any one time. sending 50-100 bolts of lightning down 10 the Eanh's surface every second. Thunderstorms do not occur everywhere; it requires heat to produce a thunderstorm. 11terefore, on each side of the Equator arc thunderstorm belts that extend from the tr0pics up to the middle Latitudes. The other side of this electrical system is several hundred feel under the surface of the Earth where there runs an energy flow known as the Telluric current. Sometimes the Telluric current disrupts transmissions through oceanic cables, because it gets so strong that it produces static on the wire. Because the seasons in the Nonhem and Southern Hemispheres are reversed, during the winter, when we are seeing electrical phenomena on ML Mitchell and Grandfather Mountain, thunderstorms are playing over the Amawn basin and in South America. They send energy currents up into the ionosphere, a layer of the Earth's upper atmosphere. Thunderstorms are instrumental in keeping an electrical potential difference of about 200,000600,000 volts between the Earth and the ionosphere. The ionospheric current flows north across the Equator and comes back down, 001 at the North Pole, but at about «I' nonh latitude in central Canada. This is the area known as the "auroral ring,• where there is a lot of northern lights activity, more even than at the Nonh Pole. On the Canadian plains during nights of a lot of electrical activity, people cannot use the telephone, and sometimes the whole power grid goes down because the long wires build up so much electrical static. The Southern Appalachians are at the southern edge of this electrically active zone. If we didn't have mountains here, we would not experience electrical phenomena at all. But mountains arc an imponant pan of the Earth's electrical energy circuit. One-third of the Earth's electri.cal current returns 10 the Earth at high mountain peaks. There is a blanket of thicker atmosphere, called the "planetary bound.µ-y layer." that extends one mile above the surface of the Earth and nets as an electrical resistor. As the air gets thinner at higher elevations, it offers less resistnnce, and electricity c;in now more easily through it. High mountains like the Southern Appalachians act like lightning rods, or electrical receptors, that penetrate the planetary boundary layer and conduct the electrical energy back to Earth. The Ea.nh's electrical energy moves in a great circle. When a thunderstorm occurs in the Amazon River Basin or in South America, the energy travels to the nonh, comes into a mountain peak, returns to the ground, and travels underground back 10 South America. When it is summcnime in the north, the polarity shifts so that the thundcl'5torms here gener.11e current which is sent back through the ionosphere 10 the south. It is like an alternating current on a yearly cycle instead of sixty cycles per second, it's one cycle per year - six months one way, six months the other. Professor Aurcla also has a gr.1ph of the daily variation m electrical activity, and the graph shows that here in the nonhem hemisphere the highc.\t level of activity is between l l and one o'clock at night. As happens here, most of the thunders1om1 activity in the southern zone occurs just before sundown, so the surge arrives up here around midnight, and then activity tapers off towards morning. There's a daily variation, and there's a seasonal variation. We just happened 10 be on Grandfather Mountain during a period of peak activity. (conttnucd CG po&< 10) JGoti&ah Journot pal)& 0 �Old Houses Even exposed to all weathers it takes many years for a strong house, untended, 10 collapse of itself. First the boards have to weather, shedding even the little life the ax lelt them. The doors, swollen with rain, must open, inviting owl and vole and every creature at random like a kind of ark: men without money and lovers at play on the one brown mattress. Boys in summer must stone the windows to blindness. then grow themselves into sternness and silence, assuming the weight of their lives. The wine bonles smashed in the oorner must gather dust and the eaves go crazy with birds. and the floors curl up like sleepers grown cold. Then the stones it sits on must sink in the wet eanh as they open at last to the frost's slow demolition. TIii tho whole house slumps, a haven for snakes, so low nol even the wind caJ1 rattle it anymore. II No strata of wills. deeds, papers, stacked in the courthouse can tell you how it came to this, why the rose bush runs wild over the back steps, and a rag doll is left down cellar by a stack of books. No matter. Today is one out of many and you are happy. Nothing here is haunted. Squirrels skitter off like regrets · as you enter their chamber. a tourist, a snapshot. The old boards give back the light with a kind of joy, the rose llght of evening, the sun's dark laughter. For it takes. it takes many years. - Richard Nester Drawing by Rob Memck (aintinued 6om page 9) ls all this related somehow to the Brown Mountain Lights? Maybe it is! Perhaps Brown Mountain for some geological or physical reason is more conductive. Perhaps i1 is positioned in such a way, or iis roots go down to a cenain depth beneath the Eanh so lha1 it aurac1s more of this kind of activity. Maybe not. However, for whatever reason, there are fireballs shooting around on Brown Mountain. And in the Andes Mountains in Peru, 1he highest mountains in the Southern Hemisphere, where one would expect to sec an elecaical activity center, there is a phenomena called the "Andes LlghLc;": mysterious lights that can be seen among I.he mountain peaks. In guidebooks I have seen references to lhe Brown Mountain LighLS tha1 describe I.hem as being "...similar to the Andes Lights in Peru." They seem to be much the same. Bur who knows? We just do not know enough yet to be sure. Xatimh Journot ptuJe t 0 Resource Reading: The Earth's £/ecmcal E11viro11ment by E. Philip Kirder and Raymond G. Roble, co-chairmen (National Academy Press: Washington, DC: 1986) . lightning, Auroras, Nocturnal lights, and Related Phe,wmena by W.R. Corliss (Sourcebook Project; Glen Arm, MD: 1982) Aurela, Asko and Risto Punkkinen,"Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide and Nonhem Plants," Report of Kevo Subarctic Research Station 17: 1-6 (1981) or • Schematic diqiam ela:uic c:wn:i,15 in lhe ionosphere and inner magnctosphett. Sowa,: the Eanli's El«tricol EnvirOMIDII b)I E. Phibp Ki.rdcr and Raymond 0 . Roble Punkinnen, R. and A.M. Aurela, "Production of N02 and Sound in Positive Streamer Discharges," 7th lnternatio11al Conference 011 Atmospheric Electricity (American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1984) Summer, 1991 �KA TUAH AND THE EARTH GRlD "The Earth grid" is an energy system that surrounds the emire planet. Dowsers think of the grid as a network ofelectric and magnetlc energies. Meraphysicians see the grid theory as yet atwther demonstration that 1/ze Earth is a self-regulating system and a consciollS being. There is a wide divergence of viewpoints on the nature of the Eartlt Grid and Katuah's place in the system. Following are s1mu11aries of the opinions ofa few of the individuals in Ka11,ah who routinely work with Earth energies: Joll11 Shisler is a biolocation co11sultan1. Using a combinatio11 of traditional dowsing techniques a11d scientific equipment, he assis,s clients i11 choosing building sites and construc1i11g buildings for optimum health. He takes inu, accow11 Earth energies, climate, soil rype, and also the surroundlng lu1111an-created energy fields. Theories about Lhe Earth grid began to surface about 50 years ago in France and Germany. Dr. Josef Oberback of Gennany originated the lheory of two grid systems, a cosmic grid which runs nonh to south, and east to west; and an Eanh grid system which runs northeast 10 southwest, and northwest to southeast. The two grids lie in close proximity, wilh the Eanh grid crossing points about seven inches away from the crossing points of the cosmic grid. There is constant energy exchange and interaction between the two grids, and ii can become difficult to separate the two when mapping. There is no mystery about the grid. It is nothing more than vibration, or frequency. The two grids can be mapped and measured Superimposed on each other, the two grids create what would be ca.lied in electr0nic tenninology, a "2 x 2 memory core system" of el~oical and magne~c fields. These crossing points could be descnbed as "spiral vortex energy." Except in the event of earthquakes, the Eanh Grid fluctuates very li1tle. The cosmic grid fluctuates seasonally, expands and contracts at sunrhe and sunset, and shifts during eanhquakes. The Christian church calendar, which bases its holy days upon the old pagan holidays, follows the seasonal fluctuations in the cosmic grid. On October20 near All Saints Day, the cosmic energy field ' begins to expand. By December 20, the cosmic grid lines are as large as nine feet in width. This i~ also the time of year when people e,cpenence more heallh problems. By February 2, the day when the Christ child was introduced to the church, the cosmic grid lines have receded back to their normal size of two and one-half inches in width. Everything that we do 10 the Earth attracts the magnetic flux in the Earth at the local level. If we dig up tree roots, put in dumps, or place huge culverts in the Eanh, as we are doing now, we change the lines of magnetic flux. The human adult is composed of70% water. Every atom in our bodies is replaced periodically. We lose two pounds of cells per day. We have new skin cells every thiny days. We are in a constant state of change. Every blast of energy goes through our bodies, whether that energy is from the Earth, cosmic rays, magnetic s1onns, or human-made electronic energy. It is not only the gcopathic location of one's residence that determines the debilities 10 which one is most liable. We arc changing !he molecular structure of our bodies because of the barrage of the horizontal electrical field which we have created, as opposed to the venicaJ field of energy coming down from !he cosmos and the steady-state electrical field coming up from the Earth. We arc affecting ourselves at the cellular level so rapidly that we have stepped up our own evolution by 50,000 years. by Charlotte Homsher Richard Crutchfitld, a dbwser from Weaverville, NC works 1 ridgecops along 1l11t Jte Blue ridge Parkway searching for negative vortexes and evldence of ancienc sacred sites. Richard works with two basic grid energies. The Curry grid of magnetism is the Eanh Grid. It runs in lines nine co ten feet apan around !he globe in a nonheast-southwcst orientation. These lines are intersected by peipendicular lines about the same distance apart. The intersections have positive, neutral, and negative energies which alternate along !he lines. . The Hartmann grid is the cosmic grid which overlays the Earth Grid. The cosmic grid has wider lines which vary in width according 10 where the Earth is in relation 10 1he sun, and other factors. The fluctuations of the cosmic grid influence our behavior. {conunucd on nu.I page) The new double pcntadodecahedron grid p:iuern now emerging Summer, 199 1 • from Nrw Earllo Odystty by Joseph Robcn.JochmJJ1s C) 1989 Xatimh Journot paqe 11 �(conlil!ucd from pogo II) Richard has found much evidence of ancient sacred sites in the mountains. Of panicuJar interest 10 him arc the many large rocks which were cut and placed in the landscape by the ancients who placed "walls of energy" into the rocks. Richard uses t11e tenns "positive.. and "negative" to describe vonex energy as either heallhy or unhealthy. Po:.itive vortexes are generally found where the vege1ation is lush and the area seems invi1mg. There may be fairy rings in these areas. The negative vortex area.,; can be recognized by scruffy vegetation and fallen trees. The negative vonexes become unhealthy for various reasons, possibly including violence from old cultures or our own negative thought forms. Using dowsing tools, Richard reverses the flow of energy in the negative vortexes. I le believes that he is aiding the healing of the Earth by helping to restore unblocked flows of energy. • rn late winter, 1991, Richard perceived with his dowsing rods that there were two new energies on the ridgetops. The first was a steady, unfluctuating su-cam of energy which came from the nonhwest and blanketed the mountains. This energy was of a very positive, healing nature. There was also another kind of energy which was moving uphill at knee level with both negative and positive polarity flows. Richard docs not think either of these new energies is geomagnetic, nJthough they may be related 10 the life force energy which comes in through the node system of the Eanh Grid. He believes that the energy may have been activated by very sophisticated pre-planned engineering on the part of someone or some force, possibly by the ancients. When this energy hits sacred sites, the siLes seem 10 spring back to life. Medicine wheels activated by this energy are very powerful. Bill Waften has smdied Native American prophecies and traveled exrensivel>• to sacred sires the world over. His eleventh book, Pilgrimage, will be available this summer at the United Research lighJ Cemer near Black Mo111110i11. The Cherokee Indians recognized that the Earth energy in Katiiah was feminine/right brain energy. They refe~d 10 Grandfather Moon and Grandmother Sun until they were forcefully reloc~ued to Oklahoma where the prevalent energy was masc11line/righ1 brain. The masculine counterpan 10 the Katuah area in the United States is the Four Comers area. The Hopi peace prophecy states that there will be global peace when the Rainbow is completed between the Hopi Four Comers area and the Cherokee Katuah. In 1984 Diana and Jim Gourc from the United Research Light Center began prayer group pilgrimages from Cherokee, North Carolina to the Four Corners area.. They believed that they had anchored the Rainbow into the etheric. However, they were not aware of the Cherokee interpretation of the prophecy that called for extending the pilgrimages 10 the Mount Shasta area and nearby Black Butte, California. The prophecy also called for prayers for all the people who lived between these three power poinlS. Pilgrims from Kntuah who wish to fulfill the Hopi peace prophecies may travel the "Icy lines," or lines of power, by way of the Grand XatiUJh JoumaL pa<JC 12 811/ IValrcrs Canvon, Southern California, Mount Whitnev, and north to Mount Shas1a: or by an alternate. route from the Four Comers area to the Gmnd Teton Mountains, the Bighorn Mountains, Yellowstone National Park, and then west to the Mount Shasta-Black Butte area. Mary arrd Joseph Jocllma11s recemly moved to Sowlt Carolinafrom New Hampshire. Mary is a karmic galactic astrologer and Joseph is known/or his book Rolling Thunder. The Coming Earth Changes. The pair co,uittct 1011.rs 10 sacred sires aro1111d the world and are co11sidered authorities on ancient cultures arrd vortex energy. Together they research what they call the "evolving crystal grid." Their grid theory involves complex patterns ofgalactic co11jiguratio11s, ancient symbols, and sacred geomerry. According to the Jochmans, the Earth is a living evolving, crystal fonn. She has points of power on her surface which increase in number every time she moves into a higher energy. Along with the increase of power points, there is also a corresponding increase in the lines of energy (the grid) between these power points. When the continents were splining apan about 220 million years ago. 1hey broke along Lhe lines of a tetrahedron. Since Lhat time the geomeaic configuration of this grid has become ever more complex. The Earth is now undergoing a massive shif1 which will result in 1he most complex grid yet. The new grid will be a double pentadodecahedron. The power points on this new grid will increase from the present 64 to a ~otaJ of 486 poccntiaJ sacred sites. The ancients located their sacred sites and built their monuments on or near the grid power poims. Many of these old sites will be dying or changing purpose as the new power points emerge. The Harmonic Convergence of 1987 marked the beginning of these changes. The new crystal grid will be in pin~ within 30 ye:irs. The energy now being anchored into the Sou1heas1 is feminine, intuitive, hean energy. Mary claims that the m.ijor power poini for the Capricorn Compassion node will be anchored in the Carolinas or Tennessee by 1996. Compassion as defined by Mary means "the ability to communicate one's compassion for all of life," The old anchoring point for this compassion energy was the ancient mythical Allanth which is off the Florida coast. There are manv Karmic connec1ions between Ka11iah, Atlantis; and Lemuria. Remnants of the land mass of the old Atlantis can still be found in Lhe Southeast. In Peach Tree Rock, a heritage trust site in South Carolina, there arc visible crusts of rock from the original Atlantis. The Elbenon quarry district in Georgia, site of the largest granite deposit in the world, is sitting on the edge of a huge mass of crystalline rock 35 miles long. This same crvstalline mass is connected to the underground mass of Stone Mountain. When the crystalline energy is triggered by the anchoring of the new grid, many mountains, such as Stone Mountain, will become reawakened. Also the EJbenon granite, which has been exponed around the world, will become reac1iva1cd with the Compassion energy. According to Joseph, the Eanh will not allow manipulation of these higher new energies. We cannot force the changes, and neither can we stop them We can delay the anchoring of the energies for a time by our resistance 10 change, bu1 the Earth will be reborn no matter what we do. The Earth changes do not have to be cataclysmic if we can "allow the Eanh Mother to go through this birth." We are the creatures with the greatest po1entiaJ 10 lose everything in the Eanh Changes, yet we are also the potential midwives. "We are the Earth Changes ourselves. If we change within ourselves first, then we become a force of change to bring lrUe co-creation to the planeL" Those who wislifor information about the Jochmans' Alma Tara Multi-versiry, the Universal Magi Apprenticeship program, or to subscribe ro their newsletter. may write them a1; Jlox /0703; Rock Hill, SC 29731. Mary & Joseph Jockmans S11mmcr, l 99 l �THE CALL OF THE ANCIENT ONES: The Spiritual Re-Awakening of the Great Smoky Mountains :Cl has become increasingly evident over lhe past decade lhat the Eanh is indeed chan~ng. All around us rhe climate becomes more unprediclllble while volcanoes awaken to cast the earlh's blood heavenward in fiery splen_dor. De~rts grow larger and areas of rich and tillable soil grow smaller. Rivers and seas continue to pound lhe continental shores, carying their signarures into lhe landscape while battles rage for the cleansing of their polluted walers. UnnaturJl clouds block lhe swlight from our cities, and the land groans wilh the pain of greal quak<!S thal rend and tear the fault lines lhal lay in lace-like patlems over lhe plane1's surface. All the while, humanuy wages war amongst ourselves, economic siabi!ity wav_ers. and political, social, and religious penis challenge our very survival. Bui th<;se are the frightening negatives regarding planetary change, for arnidsl all lhe apprehension and uncenainty some wonderfully positive global events are (!CCUrring lhat are unprecedented in modem umes. These events will perhaps do more to open the minds and heans of humans to a greater awareness of the truth of the "living E~''. theory than anything the academic or s~1enllfic "".orlds could ever offer to prove or disprove this age-old tnnh. An explanation of these events spans lhe fields of geology and geomancy, and encomp~sscs lhe perspectivCl; of_l~e sa_cred ecology of Native American spmtunlity as well as related beliefs and practices of other ancient cullures. The body of Mother Earth is dotted with special power sites, bolh natural and human-created, that were recognized and used by our ancestors for lhe performance of their ~cred c~remonies. Balefires have lil up the mght skies on the grassy slopes of ancient Av~lon while priests and priestesses wound their way through the stone circles at Stonehenge and Avebury. Patient eyes have awmted Grandfather Sun 10 make i1s annual imprint upon the walls of Newgrange in Ireland and Chaco Canyon in the American Sou1hwes1. Sacred mountains all over the \\-Orld have beckoned pilgrims to lhc1r summits and the healing waters from holy rivers, wells. and springs have blessed and repaired 1he bodies and souls of the faithful who have lilied their chalices with sweet waters, 1hc Earth Mother's very source of life. Yes, our forbears were clme to the Earth. They called her Mother. TI1ey knew lhe wholeness of Nature and lived their lives as 11 conscious relauve pan of all the planet'!> life kingdoms. It was precisely because of tl11s closeness that our ancestors could sense the and potent _life force of the planet being emmcd at specific sttes. It "'as to those pfaces that they retreated for healing and rcplenis~me_nt, and it was there that they did ceremonies in honor and recognition of the natural earth forces around them lh3t gave power and purpose lO their hves. ra"': Since the latter days of the Allantean em, Summer, 1991 by Page Bryant Pun&al An by We. Wyan humans have gradually moved forward in evolution. Civilizations have come and gone. Many spiritual traditions have sprung from the Atlantean "root," presided over and preserved down ~rough rime br Egyptian hierophanlS, Delphic oracles, Celuc pneslS and priestesses, My_stery Schools, and adepts and shamans of vanous culrures. As evolution proceeded, ho~~ver, modem times and society nnd new religions pushed the Old Traditions into the darkness of obscurity This, like the Earth, is changing. Once m<?i:e the Wisdom Teachings and the social, sp!ntual, and ecological values they foster, are being sought by modern aspirants. At thi~ panicular lime. a revival of interest in Native American spirituality is spreading like wildfire worldwide, due no doubt to its embodiment of the principles inheren1 in the Earth Religions of the ancienl past. These principles have a tremendous bearing on our ecological problems of today. People are seeking lo learn about ceremony and are using it as a loo! for gaining a closer relationship with the planer. a relalionship 1hat has long been lost and/or devalued. As a result. the location of sacred sites is of intere~t to thousands of sp1riwal seekers worldwide, and ceremonial voices have begun to resound, once again, within sacred stone circles, medicine wheels, fairy rings. and other cercmon1al grounds. Power spots or vortexes. long dormant. have begun to awaken during this time of planetary change and ren~wal. Their power will once again be available 10 empower humans and members of other kingdoms to progress into a New Dawn. While doing the re~arch and channeling for The Earth ChanReS Survival Handbnok some ten years ago, my Spiril Tc,Kher. Albion. lor whom I have been the "mstrUment" for the past twenty years, gave infonnauon aboot lhis time of planetary change and mentioned ccn.un pl3ces in Nonh America 10 "'hich people would be drawn, some tcmporanly and others permanently. The intense degree of natural eanh power, the "energies," if you will, was to be the reason why individuals would foci such on attraction lo these places which would also be where "Light Centers" would spring up. designed to teach nnd guide spiritual seekers. The~ places, which Albion called "way slations," would ah.o be safe. in every way, during the planetary changes. They would be places where lhe land ilself would be tile greatest teacher. One of these locations was identified as the area surrounding Asheville Nonh Carolina. Olhers were Sedona, Ari~na. where my husband and l lived for eleven years; southern Colorado; pans of Hawaii; and Santa Fe, New Mexico, to name bur 3 few. While trying to make a decision as to the proper location for a move. due to a droughl thar Albion predicted would become much worse, and for olher personal desires, Albion brought the Asheville area to our anention o.s the plac~ to which he would like l0 see us move. [a thal ~ession, ~e Teacher offered some interesting infonnauon aboul the Great Smoky Mountains lhat I feel is important to share with my rea~ers,- I am, for the most part, using Albion s exact words so that the reader might get lhe "feeling" that the Teacher tried 10 portray: "...The Great Smoky Mountains themselves arc the Elders... the Ancient Ones:.. whose voices have sung the Song of Creauon on the North American continent longer lhan lhe voices of any other mountain range. They arc so very, very powerful, and lhat power may be explained in lhree ways. "First, because of lheir particular situation geologically, and lhe powerful influence of the ne3=1by sea. the~ mouniains arc magnetic in thet.r charge of hfe force. Magnetism is of the nature of lhe element of watt..-r. It is conducive to helping one rum wi1hin, 10 tap the subconscious and the Collective Unconscious. Magnetism promotes ~nsitivity and awakens the psychic and intuitive faculties wilhin human consciousness. Magnelism is lhe feminine force in Nature. These mountains are filled with natural springs and underground river., and caves that have a sublerrancan water source. "Secondly, because we are labeling lhem as "magnetic mountains," they are conducive: to the energies necessary to assist Spiritual Seekers \l.ith their Vision Quests more so than any other mountains in the world at lhis umc . 'Thir~ly. the Smokie~ hold the 'memory' ol th~ breaking up of the continents dunng previous planet.1ry changes and of the mountain building procc.,s. They have 'recorded' the ancient voices of Nature tha1 are unmatched on your continent. Smee the l:m period of Eanh changes, some len thousand year.; ago, these great mouniuins have hecn 'asleep.' their energy but a shallow breath. It was aho during ll10se ancient times of upheaval that lhese mountains were first inhabited by Allantean m1grnnt, who spread throughout the \I.Orld ~eekmg refuge nnd ne\l. beg.innin~. To this day. there arc ancient rock and b:trk scrolls and SO!llC cave drawings that arc 1\tlamc.1n an their on gin 1h:11 still exi~t wilhin various pans of these mountains. "This place has long been the site of :m:ane ~ercmonies. Although man) of lhe mountain peaks have been worn do"'n wnh time. there were once seven summits in the Smokies which were u~cd throughout the centuri~ as ceremonial !;lit:;. The areas around (aJlllurucd c,n llellt J>OS•) Xotuah Journal JlCl()C 1'3 �(coniinw,d liom Pl&• 13) them still comain n:mnaotS and artifactS of the Old Ways. Some of 1hosc whom you call Native Americans were born from these Atlantcan ancestors, while others migrated here from other continents and settled into this land. For a shon time, the mountains remained awake to their full energy potential before slipping into an introvened slumber. Once, through time, their power re-awakened for a shon time, to embrace the native people who fled into lhem for safety so that they and their tradition might survive the thrca1 of the invaders for later rimes. These who the mountains hid were those you call the Cherokee. "Beginning in the middle of the decade of the 1980's, the Great Smoky mountains began LO awaken once again 10 their full power. This process will be comple1e by the year I 993. Between now and 1hen, many will be drawn 10 this area. They will come to live and to study and to 'connect' themselves with Mother Earth. Teachers will come 10 the area and some will establish Light Centers. Ancient ceremonies will be practiced once again on these mountain slopes and the Native American tradition and people will become stronger and more irnponan1 to the natives themselves. Sacred sites throughout the mountains will re-awaken, sites such as Chimney Rock, Blowing Rock. Mt. Mitchell, Wayah Bald Mountain, Grandfather Mountain, Flat Rock, and Looking Glass Rock will once more embrace Seekers and emit their most potent power. The waters of the Smokies will become more potent and can be used for healing the body. They will be rich for growth and fertility. The planis of the area will increase in their potency so that their medicinal value will be greatly enhanced. The formation of 'brotherhoods' and 'sisterhoods' will have their birth in these mountains once again." must be and what my future as a teacher mus1 be. It is here, in the Great Smoky Mountains that I will live and work 10 awai1 and experience the awakening of the Ancient Ones. It is here that r will listen to 1he Voice of the Earth Mother sing the song of Creation... of Wholeness... and of Rebirth. And, it is here 1hat I will seek to add my ·ligh1· 10 the ·ugh1s· that are already here... in peace and in harmony with the Spirit Forces and the Greai Devas of the Mountains. So mote it be! Page Bryant is a ttacl~r and p.rychic ofmany years txptritnce. Shr has sludit'd atensivt'ly with Nativt American mtdicmt ttachtrs and is familiar with naJivt' prophecies abow the currtfll Earth changes. She has wrttttn st11tral books, one of IM bt'st known Ming The Earth Changes Survival Kandbook. fltr /WO nr:wtsl rtkasts art. Tcrmvis1on, a pr~r on sacred sitts o/tht world. and The Aquarilln Guide lO N;wve American Mythology. Page and l:t'r husband Sco11 Guynup, a visionary artis1, havt optntd 1he Mystic Mowuain Rt1re_a1 and Ltar,ung Cuittr and may bt' rtaehtd at -,07 8rUJIS\l,1C'Jc Drive; Waynmillt', NC 28786 (704} 456-6714. This article was reprinted from Eanh Walk, tht ntwsltlltr ofThe Earth Ctn/tr, which is dedicated 10 personal <kvelopmtnt and Earth htaling by bringing s1udtnts toge1/iLr with well-known Native l.!ru!rican ltachus Olld holding regular spirltMDl ceremonies ill 1hr narivt ,radicion. The Earth Center is mam«zintd by Zoe and Jim Marun. Contact them 01 302 Old Ftllowship Road, Swannanoa, NC 28n6 (704) 298-3935. WIIEN THE MOUNTAINS A WAKE Upon hearing the Teacher's words, I knew, beyond doubt, where 1 must relocate. knew what the next step on my path of life (from a conversation wi1h Page Bryant) "My spiri1 teacher Albion has repeated numerous times in speaking of the Eanh Changes, 'We don't wan1 you to limit yourselves by thinking about 1he Earth in only the physical sense. When we say Earth Changes we are talking about geological and climatic changes, but we are also talking about social, political, and spiritual changes.' RESOURCES ······~. .... . .~~~~.1!·~·-· - • Earth Ascending. Jose Arguelles (Bear & Co. Publisher.i, Santa r-c, NM. 1988) • Thi! Divining Jland: The 500 Ytar Old Mys1try q/ Dowsing. Chris10phcr Bird (New Age Press; P.O. Box 1216; Black Mounlain, NC 28711. 1979-1985) •Ttmn•ision. Page Bryant (Hi1rpcrMd Row, New York. 1991) • Anti·Gravity and tlu- World Grid Ed1tc.d by David Hatcher Childress (Advcntwts Unlimited Press; Box 22: Stelle, IL 60919. 1987) ~ /(:i;<-:;;~\ ..:· . .. • • • ·:. . • ...... , _ ~ ··.... ··.........' ....... ..... . . , ··- .......... .......... . l ....\ ... ······-......... : ; .,-.. •• I jlll'"li~l.'i,,,__ . '• ·..:. - .... .. . . , • r(!C()rtkd by DW • The Earth Sp,ril. Its Ways. Shrines and Mys1tries. John Mitchell (Crossroads Publislung Co., New York, NY. 1975) • T~ Ntw Vi= Over Atlantir. John Mitchell (Harper and Row Puhlishcrs, San Pranci51CO CA. 1986) • Looking Gia.rt Univtrst: The Emogmg Scitnce of IVhokMSS. F. David Peat and John Briggs (Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York. 1984) • Tht Ancitnl Srienu ofGtomancy. Nigel Pennick (Townes & Hudsen. Ltd., London. 1979) • o! •• • "Geomancy: A Tawny G111111mor; Steven ~ l in Rais,: tht Sraus (Spnng, 1984 • Planet Drum Found:11ion; P.O. Box 31251; San Francisco, CA 94131) • Where ug1wi.f livt. Doug Ro~Jln (Cherokee Publicnlions: P.O. Box 256; Cherokee, NC 28719) • Black Dawn • Bright Day. Sun Bear & Wabun Wind (13.e.lrTribe Pub.; Box 9167; SpocMc, WA 99209. 1990) Wet England. 1984) • Nttdlu o[Srone. Tom Graves (Granada Publishing Lid. 1980) :. .: d ~ • Ear1hmind. Paul Devereux, John S1ccle, and David Kubrin (Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 1989) • Ftng Shui: Thr Seitnet ofSacrtd Landscape in China. Em~ J. Eilel wilh commem.:iry by John Michell, (S)'IICJ'getic Pless; 24 Old Gloucester Street: London -... , . . ~. . "The sacred sites in the Appalachian Mountains are coming into their power. 1993 is a year tha1 I feel will be intense in every way. Bui people are not going to be able ro experience that power until they reconnect themselves 10 the Mother Eanh. 'There are mnny ways to regain our connection with the Eanh. One 1s 10 educate yourself about the Earth. That is what my book The Eanh Changes Survival Handbook is all about. 'That is well and good, bu1 we need 10 go a step funher. We need 10 learn from the native people. and the most imponam thing we can learn is ceremony. "We have to get back into doing the ceremonies 1ha1 honor the forces in narure. We've jus1 become 100 sophisticated for our own good. Jus1 try getting up in the morning and greeting the sun. Take a handful of cornmeal and throw it up toward the Sun and say, 'Thank you, Grandfather. Thank you for the new day.' "Do that for seven days - ir you don·t feel better, more connected 10 the Sun and 10 the Earth, then don'1 do it any more. "Something simple: we have a sign by the water tap in the the kitchen tha1 says, 'Remember the water spirits.' "People want to know what that means. I ask them, 'When is the last time you gave 1hanks to the water spiri!S for being here?' "They say, 'What?' "Obviously it's no1 a question of when was the last rime, because they have never done it before. They've never though1 abou1 it 1ha1 way. Well, I lived in the desert for 12 years, and r learned 1here 1ha1 it's really important 10 have a good solid peace with the water spirits. 'That's some1hing to think abouL We lake these things for granted. That's the big enemy: we lake all these things for granted. No1jus1 the Eanh, the waler, and the air, but also each other.. .life! If people can stop doing that, then we've staned the ball rolling." • TM Ages ofGOia: A Biography of our livin1 Ea,-1/t. J:imcs Lovelock ry./.W. Nonon & Co. Inc. New York. 1988) Orawina by Rob Meaick • Sacrtd Pious. James A. Swan (Bear & Co. Publishing. Santa Fe, NM. 1990) • Ear1h Wisdom. Delores LaChapclle (Finn Hill Ans; P.O. Box 542; Silvcr1on, CO 81433. 1~78) Summer, 1991 �"If the Earth Is To Heal, Our Hearts Must Be Broken": Two Experiential Approaches to Reconnecting with the Earth by Richard Lowenthal Earth Dance Since August oflast year I've been deeply involved in the fonnation of an innovative environmemal youth program called EanhDance. There are two primary "guiding lights " behind this program. First is the belief that our youth need in-depth and experiential knowledge about our environmental crisis - . and about viable, practical solutions. Second 1s the observation that young people are . disenfranchised in our society, and are growing up feeling helpless and/or apathetic about their future. They are desperate for guidance, support, and hope. They are seeking a positive aliemative vision. In speaking with groups of young people throughout the Asheville, North Carolina area, EanhDance director Mark Fields and I have been astounded and saddened to hear the bleakness of many kids' vision of the future. Even from nine and ten year olds, when we ask them to imagine the world twenty years from now, we hear responses like: "In 20 years there won't be any eanh." "1 see the whole planet covered in black smoke." "The hole in the owne layer will keep growing, and we'll all be fried by radiation." They have good reason to be frightened Although our culture voices concern for our childrens' future, it ii; simultaneously devouring the planet and pirating the natural, financial, and social resources essential 10 the future of the coming generations. Amazingly, environmental education is still considered an educational "frill," and sits at or near the bottom of the totem pole of educational priorities. This error is a symptom of OUT failed relationship with the natural world. This massive failure in tum translates into failed relationships with our children, since we are initiating them inro a social system badly out of touch with reality. And buying a child off with a new computer or video game doesn't change the underlying truth: if we really cared about our children and the world they are inheriting, we would be doing much more chan we presently are ro deal. with t~e profo~nd social and ecological cnses which cononue to deepen around us. Within our society and within each of us individually, there exists a _pressing n~ed for adaptive change and conscious evoluuon, a need that we consistently refuse to recognize. We need 10 honor the Eanh, to begin again to nunure the awareness chat this planet is our Home, that we belong here and are responsible for caring for our Home place. One way to promote this aw3:"!"CSS, an~ the sense of caring nunurnnce that n evokes. 1s through planting trees. This spring, EanhDance sponsored a tree ~ale and plan tin~ project for young people, wh1<:_h w:c: unique m its multi-leveled approach. This proJCCt had three interconnected goals: 1) To empower young people (age 9-18) to act on behalf of their communities and their S1nt111ia-, 1991 Planring trees al GrQ.NJ[Olhu Mountain natural environment, and 10 literally get "in touch" with che Earth by planting trees. 2) To teach kid5 that environmentalism and money-making can coexist, and in fact can In suppon each other. _ this case, 40~ of the money raised by selling trees went directly . back to their environmental groups or classes m school, 10 be used for other environmental projects chqsen independently by each group. (The remaining 60% of the proceeds covered EarthDance's expenses in coordinating the project.) One group donated its earnings 10 black bear protection work, while an~ther chose 10 buy and protect an area of r:unforest. Yet another group set its money aside to fund the projects of the environmental club during the coming year. 3) To conduct a liCientific experimen1 . based on soil rcminemlizarion as a therapeutic technique for healing both !;Oil and trees. In coordination wilh Dr. Roben Bruck, a nationnlly known expen on acid min and plant pathology, EanhDance arra!'lged for tree plantings on areas at Mt. Mi1chcll and Grandfather Mountain that have been devastated by a combination of airborne pollution, insects, and fungi. Using a na1urally derived mineral rock dust study groups remincmlized half of the where trees were being replanted, while the remaining areas were left alone to serve as controls. Dr. Bruck expects 1he rock dust to significantly im~rove th_e ~es' chances of survival due 10 its alkahmzmg effect on the soil and 'the concentration of irace minerals it provides for the trees' nourishment In . Germany. large-scale remine:-l1iw.tion efforts _m the Black Forest have been highly successful m rejuvenating dying forest stands. . . Herc m Asheville, another expenment 1s under way on the Audubon Society's new land at Beaver Lake, where kids planted 200 trees - area; ~vcamores, hickories, pecans and hybrid chesmms - and remincml1zcd half of them. EanhDance is also planning future projec1i, to explore whether reminemlization can, ns Dr. Bruck suspects, minimize or perhaps stop the damaging dogwood blighL All the!">C effons arc imponant, yet the crucial aspect of the EanhDancc approoch is the focus on active involvement and experiential education for our youth. Technical solutions and temporary improvements will no~ suffice lO insure a sustainable society and a habitable planet. We need a drastit "change of hean" even more than a "change of mind." We already realize the gravity of OUT situation; th~re is plenty of terrifying inf0rnl3tion oa that topic. What we need now is courage, inspiration and lwpe. We need hean-lcvcl inspiration to get _us motivated, but inspiration never lasts unless 11 is convened into hope and encouragement through direct personal experience. As Mark Fields puts it, ''The problems of our world ultimately spring from OUT sense of separation from life and each other. The mos1 effective way to heal this sense of separateness is through building connectedness and community: actual involvement in life. "In thinking 1his through, I concluded that OUT children arc the most effective "acupressure poin1" within human society 10 quickly tum things around. Most a~ults arc either so busy or so shut down emononally that they arc simply unavailable for intensive involvement. Our kids, on the other hand, arc desperate for involvement, for real participation in life. And the kids have the most to lose, too. They know we need to preserve the planet, but they aren't seeing much real change; they arc offered public posturing and "green" slogans instead. This conveys a negative message to our youth, and increases their frustration and cynicism. "If young people don't have a positive oullet for their energy and youthful enthusiasm, they tend to lapse into depression or apathy. But if their potential energy is guided and convened into activated. energy, then they can work to change the direction into which our planet is heading - and they can feel much beuer about themselves and their future. Only if a tremendous grasH'OOts movement arises, among both children and adults, can we move towards righ1 relationship, wholeness, and harmony. I see this movement as one of the bare essentials for the survival of humanity and the planet - and it 1s happening. and slowly growing, becau:;e II is so desperately needed. We need more than anything 10 reconnect with, and honor, our Source.·• MurJ; Firld.r is aformrr busi11essman ondflowtr farmrr who spent many )·ears living in the f<Jln/oresu of Costa Rica lit rtlMTMd nnrth ,n 1988 fuling a dup r.onu,11 for ow social and p/JJMUJry tn1v-0=111. and rpent tM [WI two ~ors dew/oping the ideas bthilld EanhDanct. Phone (704) 2.52.Jlll/8 or writ( to Ca11hDa11cc htStllutt: P.O. Box 2155: Ashl!Vlllf. NC 28802. (continuod on nm r•i:•) �(conlinued rrom page 1S) Children already have the connection. Little kids know - they feel it. It's amazing how much more they know than we do, how much more they sense. They just need encouragement. Karualr: I grew up surTounded by deep woods, arid I used to spend hours and hours exploring them. That was important for my growth, but most kids don't have that anymore. Their feelings are intact when they're very young. but without encouragement to feel their relationship to life around them, they start to lose touch. It's like autism, in a sense. We withdraw into the "separate" self, and cut ourselves off from reality. ReCreation Experiences Another Asheville-based program, ReCrearion Experiences, was begun last/al/ U> literally bring people "down to earth" through wilderness skills and outdoor living training. Based on the Native American ways 111ughr by tracker Tom Brown and his staff. ReCreation Experiences is led by founder Dave Torbett. I spoke with Dave about the focus of his reaching: Karuah Journal: What was the genesis of ReCrearion Experiences? Dave Torbett: About 8 years ago I began to envision developing a program to help people "come home," as I call it. Our culture has a built-in mentality that wilderness is "bad" or "dangerous," so we insulate ourselves from it. Backpacking has become very popular, but even then we're insulated. We wear heavy lug boots, we carry massive backpacks, we sleep enclosed in tents. We pack in our stoves and ice cbestS and lanterns, then go home feeling we've been "back 10 nature"! Despite the big wave of backpacking and outdoor recreation, we still have not gouen back to the Eanh. So I began 10 dream about an alternative to those kinds of camping and outdoor programs - a way to take people home, help them feel corilfonable with the Ennh, help them learn skills that teach them that our Mother provides everything that we need. It's very simple living. There's an old Apache saying that as far a.s humans' feet are protected from feeling the Earth Mother, that's how far humans' hearts will be from knowing her as M0ther. lf people's hearts aren't broken again, and they don't reawaken into a loving, caring relationship with the Earth, environmentalism will do some good, but in the long run people will tire of it and go back to their "convenient," desrructivc ways. So I feel we have to woo people back to our Mother. Xntuafl JoumoC P<1CJC 16 DrawingbyRobMculclt Katuah: It seems that the fundamental problem is our separation from nature. OT: Yes. A lot of it comes out of the Puritan mentality, which maintained that anything passionate was bad, including sex and nature. Anyone who's spent much time outdoors, or been out when the wind's blowing and the sky is tom apan by lightning, knows nature is passionate and alive, and not some thing that we can control. But our western mentality says, "If we can't dominate it, then we will kill it" Thai is still how we approach life: we analyze it, we do endless scientific studies... but there is an clement to the Earth that is spiritual, that is deep - something unfathomable. There's something magical about iL Our culture tries to obliterate that, to w1pei1 out. Karuah: Our obsession with conb'OI seems 10 be a major problem_ DT: Making fire with a bow drill provides a good example. If you don't work with the wood, the cord. and the tinder - if you try to dominate them - you may grind through that fire-board, but you don't get a fire! Once while we were doing a workshop for a group of parents, the lead instructor, Steve Ashmore, became very frustrated because he couldn't get a fire. He wns cranking hard on that bow drill, and nothing was happening. Finally he just laid everything aside and said "J quit." About 1wo seconds later, he looked over. and the '>'ind had sparked a coal in his tinder bundle. His tinder bundle was 5moking, it was on fire. He got a fire by saying ''OK. I give up." This was a great spiritual experience for Steve. As long as he had fought the energy and tried to control it, nothing had worked. But when he let go, the wind blew the coal into a flame for him. Trans formative moments like tha1 happen 10 people when they get back to being a pan of nature. When we're willing just 10 stop. put our bare feet on the Earth. and listen to her speak and b~thc...thcn we arc able 10 be transfonned. DT: Yeah, Tom Brown uses this example: imagine you've been lying in a hospital bed for 10 years. Your muscles atr0phy, and when you try to get up you can't walk, you have to relearn how to walk. We have innate awareness skills: we know how to live in harmony with the Earth, we know how 10 be in balance, we know how 10 let the spirit flow within us. But as our feet became removed from the Earth, our awareness skills atr0phied: all the spiritual awareness, the e,cpanded vision, the sensing of the movementS of our animal and plant brothers. All those sensing skills became atrophied. When people go outside, even for a little while, you hear them say how good they feel. Well, it's that reconnection. But since it's so unfamiliar, we have to help people define what they're feeling and realize that it's good. Sometimes people ask me if I'm "New Age," and I tell them, "No, it's a very "old age" thing we're doing. It's pan of us, we've carried a club a lot longer than we've earned a pen. We're toolmakers and craftspeople. We're more comfortable with creating, sensing and moving with the Ennh, than with anything else. Katuah: How does that deep rccoMcction with nature unfold inside us? What can we do to nurture it? OT: We have to gradually recover our inner sense of being comfonable with the Earth. This may mean starting with small periods of time when you can go outside and be alone and listen. You begin to rune your senses once again. You listen for sounds. you smell whatever's in the air, you begin to look with expanded vision. If you lie down on your stomach and look at one six-inch square piece of ground, you could fiU a notebook with all the things you see. There's a wonderful, mysterious place right there in your back yard. Take your shoes off. stand in the grass, then step away and look at your foorprint. That's the beginning of tracking: observation. Begin to observe what comes in and out of your yard, what lives there, what grows there. Begin to research all the plants that grow there. Take longer periods of time to be silent, breathe. and let the Earth speak to you. Let the spirit that moves in all things speak and move in you, and trust w~3;,,. t you begin to sense and feel. fr RcCrtaJion ~ritncts. an &mh skills and a/llllltlMIII program, offas work.tlwps and training 10 1/rt public. PhcM (704) 252-8688 or writt to RcCrearionuperitncrs:46 Wall S1ru1: Asheville NC 28801. SummcY-, t99t �, I ON AGGRESSION In 1838 Andy Jackson said that we should move aside for "civilized man," meaning white people with their plows, schools, technology, etc.. I think about the thing that happened in Iraq and I think about the wars carried on by "civilized man," and the way that we think about them. For instance.we consider ourselves "civilized" because we don't indiscriminately drop nuclear bombs on our enemies. But at the same rime it's "civilized" 10 thre:1ten people with nuclear weapons by havmg thousands of them To me this says that one of the things we haven't addressed is our own aggression. Looking around today, 1 see that spunking m dny-care centers has become an issue, and the argument is brought up that "the reason that there is so much crime. is because there is not enough spanking." . Now how could a child not grow up bemg aggressive when adulL'i hit him because they assume that his behavior cannot be ~~lied in any other way? Spanking and h11ung (as well as neglect) by adults is what causes wn.rs and criminality • not the tack of those! r recently witnessed white kids having a fight. One was an 11 year old boy who was pounding on a nine year old. The older boy's father came out with a big leather strap and beat the older kid for hitting the younger1>ne. That's how aggression and wars are perpetuated. We learn by example, all of us, adults and children. ln raising kids, it isn't what one says that is important; it's what one does. But in thi~ cul~urc ki?s are expected 10 respond to what ts s:nd, while the adults think that they can do whatever the hell they want to. And they don't realize that the children are learning from wh~t they are doing, not from what they are saying. The way to communicate non-violence. to say that there are other ways 10 solve our human problems than to nuke our enemies or 10 go aftei them with high technology weapons • is 10 live that kind of life. After awhile, we're expected 10 notice when we're doing something that doesn't ~ork. ,:tie v:iay we measure how well a policy 1s working 1s by the results ...and we're still slaughtering ourselves wholesale. The native people never thought that spanking was the right approach 10 dealing with children. To us spanking seemed barbaric - it was a barbaric, savage thing that dominant culture men did to their children. The traditional family was different from the fa!11ilies. of today. F~r.one thing, they were more inclusive. In a tradiuonal family the old people were respected. They were the caretakt:r.;, the nunurers, and the teachers of the children. They weren't meaningless lives best stuck off in a faraway house 10 die. Today we don't seem 10 have time to take care of our children or our old people. We're 100 busy making money 10 survive or 10 get ahead. We often leave the ca.re of our family Su111111cr, 1991 (These n.re the words of a IJ'Dditiorol Cherokee medicine ~n.) members 10 "professionals." But most of these "professionals" arc people who arc hired off the street to work a menial job for a minimum w~~e. Or we i:elinquish the responsibility of ra,s,ng our children 10 the school system. It ends up that frustrated, underpaid, Lower T/uuvkrlwle under-respected people have the responsibility for talcing care of our families. In a traditional family, the children were indulged - their every whim was met. But they we~ also made 10 feel like they were pan of the family and welcome 10 panicipate in family ac~ivi.ties. This ~esulred in a different way of 1h1nkmg, what 1s called a "cultural bias." People's identity was defined first by the family, then by the tribe and by the clan. Everybody, when we get hun. wants sympathy and empathy. r can remember as a small kid falling and crying, and somebody picking me up, hugging me, and raking care of me. I can rcmembt:r that. But as I got older the grown-ups just stopped reacting like that. They gradually had me become more responsible for myself. That went on up through the pubeny and moon lodge ceremonies. As I got older, if I misbehaved, people would simply walk away and act hun. White people call this rejection, but I don't see it as rejection at all. When as an adult, if someone violated cultural customs, but in a way that was not too serious, people might not talk with that person for a week. That was a powerful reprimand. The need 10 belong 10 the family and clan groups was so strong, that it was a motivating factor in modifying people's behavior. The most serious punishment was 10 be ostracized from the tribe. That was worse than death. If someone was ostracized from his family or clan, there was probably a 90-95% chance thnt person would commit suicide. That's a cultural bias. That wouldn't work in this culture. People don't have that tribal sense now. Today it's every man for himself. Just about every one of the native tribes recognized that the tram,ition from childhood 10 adulthood was a very imponant stage in a person's. life and marked it by some son of c_elebrrmon or pubeny ceremony: Pubeny is a t1~1e w_hen young peopl~ are having a variety of b1olog1~I change:. commg over them. and it's also a urni: when they are staning 10 question and doubt the thing:. that have been taught 10 them by the older people. This is called "the ~bellious stage" now. h is a time 10 question. a umc to a.\k: "Is there a God?" "Is Grandpa full of shit?"' - important mauers like that. Instead of trying 10 hold that energy down, or lock it up, or conrrol it, traditional people would encourage the young ones to search and 10 :;eek out answers for themselves. !'I~. one said, "This is the only way that there 1s, because experience taught them that if there was any truth or goodness or sohdriess 10 the philosophy that the young people were raised by, they would come back home after they were allowed to question, to doub1, and 10 experiment for themselves. I sure as hell did it, and the older l get, the more I find myself acting like my grandfather. Every once in awhile I look in the mirror, and I think he's standing there. And when I hear myself talking 10 my children, I hear his voice. I've gone in a big circle in my life. That circle went way, way out there, but now it's come back around. But that's fairly nonnal - that is, if there's any basis 10 the ideas one was brought up with. We also recognized that there was aggression in human beings. The white people have always thought that we had lots of wars among ourselves. but I think that our ''wars" were more like long-1enn, off-and-on feuds. We certainly weren't without aggression, but w~ ~!so didn't ~eep armies and build up m1l11ary s1ockp1les. In warfare and in raising children we were several thousand years more advanced than the dominant culture of today. Instead of putting all our energy into designing new weapons and military hardware, we sho_uld be 101e_lligcnt or civilized enough to deal w11h the basic problems of our aggression, our selfishness, our self-centeredness - not just with the symptom.-.. We have 10 face the fact that aggression is pan of us. It's pan of our t:rue name. Uut the dominant culture doesn't really address that. The present society substitutes "the big stick theory" - since we expect other humans 10 be aggressive, we create a big military to proteet our wealth and our ideas. c-un·.~ on ne11 pa1e) - · _, )(,(ltimf, Journal pa<)C 17 -. �(c:o111inucd from~ 17) The Cherokee people recognized our muuml aggression. They would arrange stickball games. Somelimes lhey senlcd disputes with u game of stickball. The word for "ballgame" was the same as the word for "war." People. ;ot hun playing stickball; somelimes pooplc even got killed. We certainly didn't solve the problems of aggression, but we had ways 10 deal wich them. Jn the Cherokee way of thinking, for example, there was no concept for cowardice. When we were having a baule 1,1,ith our neighbors, maybe the Creeks or somebody else, and we felt that we were losing too many of our people, even though we might be winning the conflict, we would just pack up our weapons and go home. We acted like 1his because life was sacred m us. The loss of too many people was more than we could handle. Indebtedness :ind revenge were parts of our culture in which we were nor VCI)' advanced. The basis of the clan justice svstcm was retaliation. Everybody knew thal if ihey tre:ued a member of :1no1her clan badly, they were going to get their ass kicked by all the rest of the clan. It made people think twice about mistreating someone, but the clans had 10 kick a lot of ass 10 uphold their reputations so the system would keep functioning. In clan maners we weren't as much a tribe a.\ a confederation. If someone was killed who wasn't kin or a clan member, other people often were not too concerned. Some Cherokee villages fought with the Creeks for years, while at the same time other Cherokee villagl!s were friends 10 the same Creeks. But revenge was a powerful motivation. However, there were restraims. The nation had what they called "red villages" and Aging...Changing Asheville, May. Jordan's jus1 now learned how 10 replace a pacifier between tiny we1 lips curled sweetly beneath May's sun while the new leaves of wild strawberries and blue-purple briars discover how it is warm and sad and odd beneath a cloudless Appalachian ceiling. And down the pebbled road I know through the inference of tre~ crashing through irees and the sorrowed, bloody thud of wood to earth lha1 the firs lll'TOSs the ridge arc just now learning, too: seeing how the cones shake and drop through lhe popping, cracking, fibrous wrenching of hot, oily metal teeth. The blue twist of two-cycle oil breath dissipa1es, quite satisfied, up and away through a canopy of needles, waiting in the silence of death for the imminent drying. The bridge has tumbled into the deep. Below the sloshing, muddy torrents !here are creatures calm and curious, monsters bloated, white, and wide-eyed, and between them somewhere in the murky stew an understanding odd and unspoken. Finned ~a1urcs stare at rare monsters queerly, wondenng what purpose they've come to !,C!Ve, To reclaim appliances, furniture, tires, boulcs, and else? To 1emp1 with wonn, jig, or spinner? Or perhaps only 10 say "l have driven submerged". The monsters stare back, but do not see or question • though lips are poised for speech. Hair standing on end pointing downstream, body slowly swaying, stiffening. Above, quiet whispers of drizzle beckon the sun's fading 10 hurry. And upstream muddy banks doued with the living who stand among red and yellow and blue s1r0bes, dizzy, pointing downstream, are disappearing in the rising. The living Stare also, blindly into swirling eddies of death. "w hi1e villages." Generali v it broke down th111 the aggressive people lived in the red villages, and the non-aggressive people lived in the white villa~es. The "Beloved Woman" was another built•in check within the syMcm. If everybody got all excited about something 1he Creeks had done and wanted to go make war right away, a Beloved Woman could say, "Listen, there's not going to be any warfare," and 1here wouldn't be any warfare. We had cenain checks and balances that developed through the centuries. I don't know if it was ever consciously though I out, but it fit in witb our cultural biases. How the clan system of justice would have developed in the future if it had not been contaminated by an influence as strong as western cuhure, J really don't know. Poems by James Proffitt Ancient, crude magnificence evolving from distant overtones to immediate, restless anger low and .still and brittle. Cracking pop splitting flash of flashes and flutter of an in splinters sweet pine mood rain pouring hail and sulphurous love of electric kissing a nameless fir clenched to the crest of a trillion ton stone. This is the beginning. What if old age is a healing crisis? - the harder old age is, the more healing is needed, As we get closer 10 Spirit, we cleanse naturally. Old unhelathy habits of body and mind come 10 the surface - we're more sensitive - more unable 10 abuse ourselves without instant repercussions. ~hat_ if we looked at aging as prosperity? Prospcnty IS abundance. The more we have of something, the more prosperous we arc. With age our numbers build like money in lhe bank experience - wisdom - value. When we age, we slow down so we can notice more. We learn how 10 conserve our energy, so that we can better become involved in olher realms besides the physical. Our culture has taught us that old age often means sickness. Bu, these sicknesses are probably only the accumulations of lifelong habits that harden us when we do not face issues and feelings in relation to ourselves and olhers...When we are not willing 10 change. The word change has age in iL It also bas can. lf we can stay open and make the changes we need to as we go along, the healing crisis needn't be so hard. Don·, let lhc healing pile up until 1he end. Ligh1en up your load. Count your blessings and your years - and when you reach I 00, it could be like collecting interest on a life well invested. • C Redmage Rcprint.cd from !he Floyd ReSl)urce Cooperative Muulrller; Bo~ 81: Floyd. VA 24091 A bear's nose quivers fur pointing that way, buck's ears and tail twitching water hissing steaming up and away from charred wood echo of a fading, wordless language. Later earth whispers beneath a sagging canopy wrecked foliage heaving and sucking expelling long ceremonious sighs having wealhered one more and only rhe foamy brown rnge of a river below and subtle, renewed spirit in flora to show. D,_,,,, by f1t1 Graef,: Xati«lfl Joumat pnge 18 (from IN CllMrttc Ught on tho Wind. .K~ p. JO} Summer. 1991 �SACRED FORESTS: Recommended Guide to Old Growth Stn11ds Green Spirits, our generous plant allies. gifl animal-kind with food, medicine, and counsel. While all animals consume 1he fiber and flesh of plants, few seek out the counsel and cures offered by plants. My favorite way to immerse my soul with plant and eanh energies is by entering and communing with the old growth forests. I prefer the 1enn "old growth forest" over the romantic misnomers "virgin forest" or "wilderness," which only exist in the minds of civilizations which have left the forest. Old growth forests are defined by many criteria, the most obvious of which are: the relative freedom of disturbance by humans; the presence of large trees and an uneven canopy structure; an abundant fungal component; and the presence of logs in alJ stages of decay. I gain reverence by day-hiking into these wooden-cities of forest inhabitants, where I temporarily become a citizen of these woods. But the greatest spiritunl sensitivity'comes to ptc after $pending three or more days in the fores1s. Gradually. one becomes more "in tune" to the subtle rhythms and energies of a truly balanced ecosystem. Words poorly describe this personal experience; I can only encourage readers to directly visit and experience these green energies first hand and with open heans. One should enter the forest with a sense of reverence and should "leave nothing but footprints ... " Katuah's Green Spirits are best felt and embraced within the old(cr) growth forests, especially within the protected areas of the region's largest preserve, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (hereafter called "the Smokies"). Detailed trail maps of the Smokies can be purchased at any of the visitor centers in the Park, or can be obtained by mail from the Great Smoky Mountain Na1urnl History Association (Grea1 Smoky Mountnins Trail Map- GSMNHA; Rt. 2, Box 572-B; Gatlinburg, TN 37738. $1.00 postpaid). More detailed trail infonnation can be ob1ained from the Sierra Club's Hiker's Guide to the Smokies (Mur!less and Stallings), available at libraries and bookstores. Day-hiking is unrestricted in the Smokies: however, you will need a free backcountry use pcnnit (available from rangers and at several self-service Backcountry Reservation Stations) for any over-night stays in the backcountry. Several of the backcountry camp~ites arc extensively used and require advanced phone reservations. My favorite places 10 eicperience the communities of forest beings have occurred along the following hiking trails in the Smokies: (I} The Gabe Mountain Trail follows the lower slopes of the main ridge crest between Cosby and Greenbrier, Tennessee. East of HenwaJJow f-nlls, the trail travels through se_veral miles of undiscurbed original forest, with _an exceptional diversity of plant and fungi species of enormous age and siz~. There is a Sunmier, 1991 beautiful backcountry campsite (#34- Sugar Cove) located in 1he middle of this forest. This trail offers easy access 10 some of the best woodlands in the Smokies. Joye~ Ki/~r M~morial Forest (2) A few miles awny by trail is the preserved Albrigh1 Grove, a small section of prehi~toric forest, named after a former director of the National Park Service. The trailhead is locared on a short side-road behind the Jellystone Park Campground on US 321 between Gatlinburg and Cosby. fn the grove one may experience the immense presence of several HUGE tulip poplars ("the Behemoths") and record-sized understory trees and ferns. These trees are friendly 10 u-ce-huggcn.. (3) A few stream drainages west of Albright Grove is the Ramsey Cascades Trail, an eight mile round trip day-hike. This tmil leads through mature forests, but with a more limited number of the exceplionally HUGE trees. This is a m<X.lerately difficult hike due to the distance and steady climb (a 1600 foot elevation gain in four miles). (4) One of my favorite trails is the Boogerman Trail in Cataloochec Valley, located off rnterstate 40 at the nonheastem end of the Park. This relatively easy. seven mile round trip trail leads the hiker through magnificent trees of record-sized hemlock, oak, hickory, and poplar trces ...rcalJy fine trees to hug! CataJoochec Valley contains several additional pockets of relatively undisturbed forest, including (along the Big Poplar Trail) the largest tulip poplars in the Park, each with a trunk diameter of six to eight feet. (5) A few trail miles west ofCataloochcc Valley is the high elevation "perched valley" of the headwater:. of Raven Fork. This is the valley of the Cherokee Indian legend of ''Yona-unatawasiti'yi'' ("where the bears wash"), a mythical purple pool where wounded bears are healed . Loc:ued adjacent to the Cherokee Indian Reservation at Cherokee, NC, the headwaters of Raven Fork nrc considered the most isolated and rugged valley in the Park. No maintained tmils lead through this area, bu1 the ridge above it can be reached by hiking the Beech Gap Trail from Roundbouom parking area, nonh of the Cherokee Trout Hatchery. At the head of this trail is the McGee Springs Campsite (#44), from which a very primitive man-way leads along Breakneck Ridge and then descends through thick rh<X.lodendron and laurel to the rushing creek. The forest around the campsite is composed of huge spruce and oak trees. A second and more frcquemly used campsite, Enloe Creek Campsite (#47), is located alongside an especially beautiful section of Raven Fork (6) Small, relatively undisturbed "pockets" of the original forest, remain along the eictreme headwaters of the many southern streams which drain down from the ridgecrest along the Tennessee and Nonh Carolina border in the Smokies. Most of these watersheds were heavily logged in the 1920-30's, but the uppermost re.1ches of these valleys contain magnificent forests. One of the more easily accessible headwaters is that of Deep Creek. This trail-head is located a1 a small parking :irea on RL 441 about a mile south of Newfound Gap in the center of the Park, TI,e trail drop:. steeply into the impressive forest with its many streams and beautiful trees. The tr.iii should be followed for at least 1wo miles. Better yet is 10 walk the four miles to the campsite at Poke Patch (#53). (7) Another exceptional woodland in the Smokies is found at the beginning of the lower section of the Gregory Bald Trail. This trailhead begins 01 1he start of the one-way Parson Branch Road, leading out of Cades Cove, TN. The two mile hike to 1he Forge Creek Campsite (#12) leads beneath an exceptional tree canopy. Continuing up to the crest of the ridge (about a 2600 foot rise in elevation), the hiker will reach the grassy Gregory Bald, another Cherokee mythical siie. "Tsisrn'yi'' ("the Rabbit place"}. Herc the ' rabbics had their townhouse, ruled by their chief Rabbit. who was as large as a deer. This open and grassy mounca.in bald is exceptionally beautiful in mid-June when the native name azaleas bloom in blinding red-to-orange colors. 1hls listing of exceptional forests in the Smokies (and 1'm not telling all my secrets!) is intended as a guide for personal pilgrimages into some of the last old growth forest remnants remaining in K.atuah Province. Go to these places. and scclc the counsel and wisdom of plant spirits there • you will gain greater respect for even the simplest Green Spirits. • / by Lee Barnes Xatuaf1 Journal pngc I 9 �- OFF THE GRID When we 1alk about hydropower we are really talking about mpping into the primary power of the eanh... gravity. Water itself has no power, it has mass. The power is due to the force'of gravity acting upon the mass of water and creating an energy flow, The energy flow represented by flowing water is naturally regenerative (as are all natural cycles}. due to the sun's input. Star energy evaporates water, allowing the wind to carry it , back to the top of the hill. Organisms have been using flowing water to help them do the things they need to do, ever since water first flowed; whether it be the micro-organism that needs it to bring food within its reach, or the person floating downstream in n hollowed-out log. Up here in my neck-of-the-woods, the Blowing Rock, people have been using the many swift and swollen streams to U11nsport themselves for, I imagine, IOOO's of years (though now we just call it spon). More recently, the people of this area took to pu11ing large wheels in the path of a stream's flow in order to change i1i. linear energy in\Q circular mQtion. At first, this 100k the shape of giant water wheels running grist and lumber mills at places like Cove Creek, Valley Crucis, and near Beech Mountain on Beech Creek Road. In fact, the Winebarger mill in Meat Camp is still operational and the giant wheel (over three stories high) that once powered the lumber mill on Beech Creek Road is sull turning, though in a different stream... The first thing you notice when you enter Edith and Ray Estes' small piece of land tucked into a holler along Howard's Creek, is that giant wheel turning slowly and inexorably like some giant fenis wheel from a perpetual fair. Along its circumference, every foot or so. is a metal slat which caplllrCs a stream of water directed to the top of the wheel from somewhere higher up the holler, making the wheel fall with ics weight over and over again. Ray, who has been active for 83 years. once used the wheel's spinning motion 10 spin a 12 kilowa11 (kw) generator. Since then he ha.~ scaled down his operation and uses a smaller wheel nexr 10 his house 10 generate electricity, but rhc big wheel still turns 10 generate memories of the pasL Ray's use of the big ol' lumber mill wheel to gcnerarc electricity, illustrates a very recent use for hydropower which mos, people associate with the term, electricity generation. By virtue of its elevation a stream contains potential energy. hs rate of flow is a measure of this potcnrial being realized. We can use these two simple truths to calcul:ue 1he potential power of any stream: P=HxQ Xnti1<1h Jou rno t pngc 20 Which says that the power (P) of a stream of water is equal to the height (Hor head) from which it is falling multiplied by the speed (Q) at which it falls. The electricians among us may recognize the similarity between this equation and the basic power relation of electricity: P= EX I where P is power in waus, E is electromotive force in volts, and I is current flow in amps. According to More Orher Homes and Garbage, the power of a stream can be expressed in waus by dividing the product of the flow in cubic feet per second and the head in feet by 0.0118. This gives the potential maximum power. How close one can get 10 that figure is a function of how efficiently one's electrical power generating system translates the linear motion of the stream to the circular motion of the generator. Before 1930, Boone got a lot of its clccuical power from a hydroplant off the Blowing Rock Ro:id on the South Fork or the New River. The dam for thtlt system still smnds. Another large hydrosys1em in the area still operates. The dam for this system which crosses the breadth of the Watauga river (ma.king it unnavigable at that point, which would not be allowed today), was originally built in 1890 out of hemlock logs, and the stored power was used to grind com and wheat. In 1905, Ben 0. Ward built a sawmill which still stands, though in a state of long disuse. In 1934 a larger dam was built and Ward began to generate electricity. He received a power franchise from the state und supplied 12 to 15 homes with electricity through a 35 kw synchronous generator. The famous flood of 1940 wiped out the plant (and just about everything else up here), and before it could be rebuilt the Rural Electrical Association (REA) moved in and divided the countryside into regions within which only one company could have a franchise. fn this area that was BREMCO (Blue Ridge Electric Membership Co-op). Now, anyone generating power for more than personal use must sell it 10 BREMCO, they cannot sell it dircclly to their neighbors. Currently, the si1e begun by Ben Ward is maintained by his son Rick. It consists of two 3-phasc induction motors, one 100 hp and the other 125. It is a 69 kw plant with a head of 16 feet forcing a flow which often exceeds 20,000 gallons per minute through the two giant vertical turbines. Mr. Ward produces 50,000 kwh per month which he sells to BREMCO at $0.03/kwh, so he makes about $1500 per month from his hydropower. Ward's system is an example of a low-head, high-flow system. This area, however, also contains a good working example of a high-head, low-flow system. It dams a small creek high arop the hill ii falls down. Water is channeled from this dam down 1680 feet of eight inch diameter drainage pipe (obtained 31 $2.08/ft from leftovers 31 the oon to the generator 168 feet below the head of the dam. A flow of 1200 gallons per minute spins a vertical pelton wheel at 300 rpm, which is geared down to spin a 18 kw 3-phasc induction motor. Like Ward's, this generator is induced by the power company, which means BREMCO supplies the power to the electromagnet within the generator. Thi~ makes 11 unnecessary for the person who is generating the power to have a lot of expensive synchronizing and voltage protection equipment. But it also means when BREMCO goes down. so do they. Not exactly off the grid. but they could be. This micro-hydro system could generate almost 13,000 kwh per month, enough to provide up to 15 normal homes (energy hogs) with electricity. The resuiction on selling power to others could possibly be circumvented by buying land cooperatively, or having all the service homes on a single piece of propeny owned by the power generator. This is the situation which exists on Ray and Edith Estes' estate. Resembling more a riverboat than a house, the Estes' home is tucked away high up in the holler alongside the stream. From there it overlooks a little community of homes and cabins which they rent at very reasonable prices. Ray built a dam across the little stream which runs by his house, and created a small pond above his house, teeming wi1h fish and a family of ducks. He channels some of the water from the pond to a srt13ll tmditional wooden waterwheel which sits right next to his house. adding even more 10 the illusion of a riverboat as it slowly spins in the stream. Its speed of six rpm's turns a giant flywheel which is attached 10 the shaft of a generator by a • leather strap. The 5 kw, l lO V generator is bolled to a workbench in the small wheelhouse Ray built next 10 the waterwheel. Currently he uses the power 10 nm his outside ligh1s, twenty to thirty I00 wan light bulbs. During the day when no lights are needed but a load is needed to prevent the DC generator from burning up, Ray uses the power to heat his hot water. Ray's got a lot of hot water. Ray's system is the best example of a low-tech system which most anyone with a little spunk could build. No exorbitantly expensive turbine, pelton wheel, or piping is required, and il's graceful. Though I think Ray's dam and resulting pond are beautiful, some people (not beavers) object to micro-hydro systems because the ·dams destroy the stream's ecology. At the developing Center for Ecological Living (CEL). which would be Katuah's newest site for investigation into self-sufficient community lifestyles, Rob Messick. curator and local genius, has devised a water delivery system which is unobtrusive to the stream. I le placed a preformed concrete culven, in which he had driven a two inch hole and a couple of small feed holes, i 010 the center of the small but powerful ~tream which flows through the CEL. A two inch nexible black plastic pipe runs out of the two inch hole 250 feet to the pond which sits beside the stream. The flow from the pipe is about 45 gallons/minute, which could be quadrupled by doubling the size of the pipe. Besides using this hydropower to fill the pond, it might be possible to generate electricity as the water enters the pond. Hopefully, we will repon more on this in future OFF Tl IE GRTD columns. Anyone interested at an in-depth look at one person's small 7 kw hydrosystem should refer to Katuah #4, the WATER issue. on page 11. If you don't have it, order a back copy. There are still a few left. If anyone out there i,; running a small h)•drosystem, send in a description and w/''ll print it in this space. ' Big wheel keep on turning ... Jim IJouser S111mm.·r, 1Q91 �"I'M YOUR PUPPET" NIIUn.l World News Service ECOTAGE The Cullasaja controve~ continues (see Na1ural World News Ser-ice Ka11wh Journal #30). At issue are plans for a A series of inc1den1s in Katuah's national forests is leading some fores1 officials and law cnforcemem agencies to suspect 1ha1 there are local activis1s commi1ting acts of "ecotage," damage to equipment that is damaging natural environments. On March 27, Leonard Cook of Cook Bro1hcrs Lumber Company in Franklin reported that spikes embedded in logs from the Paroidge Ridge timber sale near the Namahala Community in Macon County had caused over $1000 worth of damage to his sawmiU. Less than one month later T & S Hardwoods of Sylva, Nonh Carolina reported damage to logging equipment in the Avery Creek area of the Pisgah National Forest. Thomas Stanley, mill manager for the company, reported on April 5 that dirt had been added to the fuel tanks of the machines. Stanley, whose company was also the target of a spiking incident last March, does no1 believe that April's incident was nn act of ecotage: "To me, it looks more like vandalism than someone trying to make a statement." Pisgah District Ranger Art Rowe disagrees. He considers the act "environmental terrorism." The area where the equipment damage occurred is located three miles behind n locked gate, and Rowe said, "That's a long way for somebody to go back into an area just to commit casual vandalism," he said. Rowe wonders if the possible ecotage is in any way connected to an incident two weeks earlier in the North MUls River area of Henderson County, in which an un-named group of people blocked a Jogging truck for nearly three hours as it was attempting to leave a logging site. SAVING WATERSHEDS Natural Wotld News Service Two special places may possibly be slated for federal acquisition this year. Work continues to protect the Chattooga River, and two tracts arc currently available for purchase. $2.2 million is also being sought to buy 1,860 acres on the Horsepasture River. The Horsepasture is designated a Wild and Scenic River and efforts continue to guarantee permanent protection of that status. The Congressional Land and Water Conservation Fund directs a portion of government receipts from offshore oil drilling and other resource depleting activities imo land preservation. Write your Congressional representatives about malcing these important watershed acquisitions through the Land and Water Conservation Fund. Senators US Senate Washingion, DC 20S10 SAY NO TO PLUTONIUM Nawn! World News Sctvice The US government's Rocky Aats plutonium processing operations near Denver, Colorado are being shut down because of plutonium contamination to the surrounding area. Rocky Aats is looking for a home, and the government would like to move the facility either to the Pantex nuclear weapons assembly plant near Amarillo, Texas or 10 Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Presently the Rocky Flats plant reprocesses plutonium so that it can be re-used in nuclear warheads and builds plutonium •pits" which are used as a triggering method inside the warhead. Plutonium has been released into the soil, wr, and water of the plant's surrounding environment. Studies by Dr. Carl Johnson, health officer of Jefferson County, Colorado, showed that people living near the Rocky Flats plant had increased risks of childhood leukemia, brain tumors, skin cancer, and lung cancer. Moving the operation to Karuah's western slope would mean severn.l billions of dollars in construction work on new processing facilities and thousands of jobs, Summer-, 1991 Rcprcsenlntive US House of Reprcscntat.ives WashinglOl'I, DC 205 IS considerations that have the Oak Ridge city government drooling. The town has already signed an agreement - before even looking at the operation plans! - that offers the Dcpanment of Energy (DOE) 5,000 acres of free land and a guarantee of five million gallons of water per day if the agency would locate their supcrplant in Tennessee. The Rocky Flats faciliry would also bring large amounts of plutonium, one of the deadliest substances unleashed on the planet • an clement so volatile that it instantly bursts into flame on comipg into contact with oxygen; a substance so concentrated that it requires only ten pounds to make an atomic warhead. Handling plutonium results in plutonium waste that has a half-life of24,000 years and which, as it decays, creates americium. that gives off bone-penetrating radioactive gamma rays. his impossible to safely handle or pennanently contain plutonium waste, and when it seeps or vaporizes into the environment it collects in living tissue. causing degenerative disease and genetic mutation. The announcement about the Rocky Flats move was contained in a DOE repon titled 'i'hc Reconfiguration of the Nuclear Weapons Complex," which outlines plans to carry $5 million sewage treatment plant proposed by the town of Highlands in Macon County, North Carolina that would dump one-half million gallons of treated effiucm per day into tl1c Cullasaja River. The NC Department of Environmental Management (DEM), although ii was aware of the controversy and has been presented wi1h pmple evidence of the potential impacis of the proposed treatment plant, signed a permit for the facility in April, 1991 without even requiring an environmental assessment for the project. The action set off a storm of protest. Save Our Rivers, Inc., the Macon County Citizens' group organized on behalf of the Cullasaja, filed a lawsuit in civil court to require that the state prepare an environmental assessment of the treanncnt plant proposal. The US Fish and Wildlife Service. the NC Wildlife Resources Commission, and the Clean Water Fund of North Carolina all immediately made public objections to the plant. Senator Terry Sanford sent a letter to the DEM asking for an environmental assessment. Even North Carolina Attorney General Lacey Thornburg, who used to fish in the Cullasaja, sent a letter of protest stating that an environmental document should have been prepared before the pennit was issued. The DEM has turned a deaf car to the uproar. Green LiM newspaper quoted DEM Public Information Officer Debbie Crane as saying, "We haven't heard any real concems...Jt's just mass hysteria." Another DEM spokesperson, Don Fullmer, said, ~we applaud what the town of Highlands is doing." Highlands is an upscale retreat for the rich and powcnul - people who are used to getting what they want. Apparently the tentacles of their influence reach a long way all the way to Raleigh. nuclear weapons production into the 1wcnry-first century. The report offers three alternatives for future plutonium p.rocessing: move Rocky FlatS to the Pan1ex site, to Oak Ridge, or 10 close all the existing operations and move them to a different (as yet unspecified) location. The logical alternative, to shut down plutonium production entirely, is not offered as an option by the DOE. It is up to the public to bring that alternative to the the attention of the agency. There will be public hearings on the DOE report and the plans to move the Rocky Flats opera.lion this summer. Hearings for this region will be held in the Pollan! Auditorium on the campus of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities in the town of Oak Ridge on August 28 starting at 9:00 am. The Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alliance (OREPA) is calling on all concerned people to participate in the hearings, OREPA organizer Ralph Hutchison emphasizes the importance of the hearings for the whole region, saying, "If you can only come to Oak Ridge once in your life. come on August 28!" For more ii,formaJion on the DOE:J plans and the Rocl:y Flats move, call OREPA 01 (615) 524-4771. Xoti1oft Journal P"'JG 21 �CHEOAH SET'l LED? ~OT QUITE! BIG TOM'S LEGACY Naruru World New. Scn-i« NillW'lll World Ne,., Sena The US Forest Service (USFS) and several influential environmenml groups reached agreement March 4, 1991 on 1enns to senle an appeal of two disputed timber sales in the Cheoah Bald area, the largest unpro1ec1ed roadless area in rhe Pisgah and Nnntahala National Forests. Under the terms of the se1tlemcn1, the USFS will forego a one-half mile pennanenr road into the Cheoah area and will scale back the Wesser timber sale by dropping one cutting unit which would have required the road for access. In return, Lark Hayes of lhe Southern Environmenml Law Center agreed on behalf of The Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, the NC Wildlife Federation, and ~e Elisha Mitchell Chapter of the Audobon Society 10 drop the coalition's appeal of the USFS timber sales. Two other appeals of the controversial timber sales had already been turned down by the U~FS. One was by timber industry lobbying groups demanding a higher timber vol~, and ~e other was filed by SoulhPAW, a regional environmental group advocaring 1ha1 the _Southern Appalachian national foresLS be designated a roadless "evolutionary preserve" for the benefit of habitat. The SouthPAW appeal was refiled again at the regional and national levels and wa.~ rejected at every stage. Apparently the USFS did not lake kindly 10 the group's suggestion that the Cheoah Bald area be returned 10 pre-RARE n conditions. This dates back to early 1983, when the Chcoah area was a 21,000 acre roadless area, under study as pan of the Roadlcss Area Review a!1d Evaluation (RARE IT) program. But later m 1ha1 year Chcoah was removed from RARE It consideration, and the Forest Service began a road-building orgy that within only a few yC3I'S reduced 1he roadless component to 7.000 acres, one-third of its previous size. SouthPAW would have the Cheoah roadless area returned 10 ils original condition. Peter Kirby of the sourheasrem regional office of The Wilderness Society hailed the apP?I senlement as a victory. "As well as halung roadbuilding into this crucial roadless area, by recognizing the importance of protecting the roadlcss resource. the agreement SCI a precedent that will be most useful in the course of the upcoming land use and management plan revisions," he said. " SouthP~W activist Rodney Webb said. For s~ch an 1m~rtan1 ~abi_tat area._the only eco_log1cally fea.~1ble pohcy LS very simple: obhterare, revegcuuc - obliterate the roads and allow them 10 be recovered by the natural vegeuuion." 'This area is just across Fontana Lake from the Great Smoky Mountains National Parle. fl is 3:11 important stepping s1one by which species can migrate from the parlc into the southern reaches of the Nnn1ahala National ForesL If we lei them, the Forest Service will chop Oicoah up and carry it away in liule pieces. We can't let that happen. We won't forsake Chcoah. Whatever it takes - a lawsuit in civil court, direct action whatever - we will defend it as long as we~ able." To cc111ac1So1111t n,w, writt to: Box J/4/; Askvillt. NC288(}2. Xatuah Journot ~ 22 Big Tom Wilson was a legendary hunter who roamed the Black Mountains during the laie 1800's. He knew those mountains and ir is said 1h01 he loved them well ' In April, 1991, Wilson family descendants gathered nnd donated a conservation easement on 1800 acres or family land that had been passed down intact since Big Tom's day. The easement does not transfer owne~hip of the property, but ensures that the propeny will never be developed. The area will hereafter be protected as the Big Tom Wilson Preserve. The event marked an important step in maintaining unbroken hnbirar in the Black Mountains, because the Wilson property makes a strategic linkage between Mount Mitchell Srate Parle 10 the east and 1he Big Butt area of the Pisgah National Forest 10 the wesr. To the south lies the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Asheville Watershed area. The easement was done under the auspices of the American Farmland Trust. a non-profit organization dedicated to protecling farmlan~ from encroaching developmen1. It was earned out at the request of the Cane River Club, which is presently administering the land for the Wilson family members. team from Atlanta that invcsug;ired the incident. "It's an ~xpcnsive joke, if that's what ii is. It's pretty s1ck..,1oi.illy uresponsible." According to 11u1hontie:,, fin11I costs of rhe hoax ran into rhe thousands of dollars. On May 8 an anonymous leuer received by the Asltevil/e Cimen-Times signed only "The Black f-1:ig'' rook responsibility for rhe hoax, saying it was "executed in hopes of illiciting (sic) p_u~l!c attention 10 the deadly 1hrea1 and poss1b1hty of nn actual toxic was1e spill," FBI Agent E.K. Miller said he would refer the lcuer 10 the FBl's agent in Charloue that specializes in environmental mauers. . The n1:tion may have been expensive, bur ~1 was not fnvolous. According to the May issue of Green Une. an independent green-oriented paper in Asheville. a survey conducted by the NC Division of Motor Vchicles from December 1990 10 February 19~ I foun~ char 22% of rhe trucks stopping at weigh srauons along 1-26 and 1-40 were carrying radioactive waste. In addition, there is a _re_ar th~t President Bush's five-year, $105 bilhon highway plan, inrended to facilitnte the shipment of defense goods, will result in a markedincrcasein1heamoun1ofhazardous and radioactive waste being transported. LET'S NOT LOSE LOST COVE Narunal World Ne"'-. Service . . . . -RADIOACTIVITY ALERT! N.tunal World New, Service Ar 5:00 nm on April 22. authorities discovered what appeared to be the af1erma1h of a hit-and-run accident near the junction of 1-26 and 1 near Asheville, NC. -40 But this was no ordinary accident. At the scene were four metnl bam:ls labelled "radioactive" and a shanered wooden pallet. it appeared ';h:11 the_ ~Is had spilled from a ITUCk hauling rad1oact1ve materials. and the Stnre Highway patrol immediately closed one lane o_f traffic and ~gan 10 call in experu from five d1ffcren1 agencies 10 look into the incident. Investigators using Geiger counters de1ennined thar the barreb did not, in fact contain any radioactive substnnces and the a~lhorities began 10 suspect thar th~ whole thing was an Eanh Day hoax 10 call ancnrion 10 the dangers of mdioactivc waste transpon. "h looks 10 be a set up." said Dora Ann Danner coordinator of a US EPA emergency rcspo~ [)(.-ep in the nonhern Pisgah National Porest lie the lands known as Lost Cove and Harper Creek. Accessible only by graveled Forest SCJVice roads, this area just south of Grandmother and Grandfather Mountains provides vital habitnt for a great number of plant and animal species. The area is also blessed with many scenic waterfalls and troll! su-eams, along with an extensive network of trails. Curcntly the land is ser aside as a Wilderness Study Area, and the US Forest Service has recommended both areas for wilderness d~ignntion. The proposed Western Nonh Carolina Wilderness Prorecrion Act of 1991 (IIR 35) would protect 13.000 acres of this land from industrial pressures. The bill passed the House or Rcpresenracives last year, but no action was taken by the Senate before adjournment, and the bill died. Cass Bnllengcr. a Republican representing the 10th Congres.~ional District, brought the bill back 10 life this January, and the proposal has broad suppon in his home disrricL In the l Ith Con.,.... · . 11 r west anothl'r 1-··:HE pRESSES, f{ep. faylo d R,-.-- SfOP 1 press, .. propose \\\ went 10. ding tus . 111a1idS t<,.atu\\\'I 1011m was resc1'.1 ,, i11 ihe J·h& •n rhe As ' ti 11ta1 he "h)'~tena , Jogging 1 aw\01ince . bill d11e ro ·s1bililY o, i(derrieS) the? pos ~· would w_ trict ob0141 ~-crtlow Creek dis rf!oW area, .• .,u'CI areas from srudy as ove •v wilderness areas. Wr,u you.r rt'prtst'ntomve cto US I/oust of Rtprtuntotil't!S, ll'o.shington, DC 20$/j. (oontinuecl on J>ll:C 2S) Summer, 1991 �Natural World News I, SPECIAL REPORT .. by Emmett Greendigger Once again, Bjorn Dahl, Lhe US Forest Service's national forests supervisor for Nonh Carolina is the focus of public outcry. This time, Lhough, it's not jus1 a passle of forest 1eformers presenting a petition, or a couple of renegade "Rescue Rangers" chaining themselves to his office door, or a group of activistS protesting ever-increasing roadbuilding and timber harvesting levels on the national fores1s. This time, Dahl is at the center of "a scandal of the first magnitude." The issue is the protection of threatened and endangered species, and this spring Dahl has attracted nationwide attention to the willful neglec1 of his agency's threatened and endangered species programs and to his disregard for good science and professional ethics. This time, Dahl has enraged environmentalistS, scientists, and 1he general public by firing bo1anist Karin Heiman and by causing the dismissal of Chuck Roe, director of Lhe Nonh Carolina Natural Heritage Program, a "(This) brings into serious question the ability of the Forest Service to assess the effects of timber management programs on federally and state-listed threatened and endangered plant species." - Chuck Roe state agency that works with other agencies and the general public to identify and protect rare plants. Heiman, the firs1 full-time botanist hired to work in Lhe Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests, was fired on March 1, af1er onJy nine months on the job and only four months after receiving a "superior" performance rating from the agency. When Roe learned of Ileiman's firing, he tried for two weeks to express his concern to Heiman's immedia1e supervisor, national forest biologist Lauren Hillman. When these effortS failed. Roe, who was very familiar with Heiman's stellar work as a field botanist surveying for threatened and endangered plant species. wrote a letter on March 14 to Bjorn Dahl expressing fear that "the dismissaJ of your staff botanist at the stnn of the 1991 field season brings into serious question the ability of the Forest Service to assess the effectS of timber management programs on federally and state-liSted threatened and endangered plant species." On March 22, Dahl wrote to Roe's boss, Dr. Philip McKnelly, Director of the NC Division of Parks and Recreation, stating that he was "di'imayed to receive the letter from (Roe) expressing so much interes1 in and thinly veiled threats over the dismissal of Karin Heiman." Even a cursory reading of Roe's leneneveals not "threats" but professkmaJ Summer-, 1991 "Just Doing Their Job" concern about the future of threatened and endangered plant species in the national forests. Despite that, Roe, who had 14 years of experience with the Natural Heritage Program, was immediately fired for "violating agency procedures" and the "chain of command." Directly, red flags went up in the environmental and scientific communities in the Southeast. At an April 2 press conference in Asheville to publicize the firings, Bill Thomas of the Sierra Club said, 'The credibility of the Forest Service has slid right down around its ankles." Mary Kelly, Coordinator of the WNC Alliance (WNCA), said that the firings had caused a "rapid, unfortunate, unnecessary, and drastic deterioration in trust and relationships" between the Forest Service and 01her agencies and groups working on forest issues. Scientis1s and aclivists had been especially pleased when, after much pressure, the Forest Service announced in June,1990 that Karin Heiman would be the agency's first full-time botanist. With the hiring of Heiman, a graduate of Warren Wilson College with several years of experience surveying the state's plant communities, the Forest Service seemed at last 10 be displaying a commitment to the state's rich botanicaJ diversity. Heiman did her work wilh diligence and competence. While surveying the Tellico-Robbinsville Federal Highway Project, she discovered two rare lichen species, Gym11oderma /ineare, an unusual Southern Appalachian endemic and candidate for federal listing, and Hydrotheria venosa, an extremely rare and unique aquatic lichen found only at a few locations in the Southern Appalachians and the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Heiman helped 10 design a management program for rare plants on Roan Mountain, and served as a liaison with other federal and state agencies that work with Lhe Forest Service to protect threatened and endangered plant species. She also perfonned surveys for rare plants on over 20 proposed timber sale projects in nine ranger districts in the mountains and on the coast Her effons did no1 stop or even seriously in1erfere with a single timber sale, and she was praised by Forest Service district personnel for her competence and cooperation. Roe, for his pan, was widely recognized for directing one of the best s1a1e-run rare plant protection programs in lhe nation. He had organized Nonh Carolina's Natural Heritage Program, which has protec1ed unique species and natural areas on 630,000 acres in the stnte and which has entered into over 300 "protection agreements" with public agencies and private and corporate landowners. Roe had acc-0mplished all this with a staff of 4 1/2 persons and a miniscule $164,000 annuaJ budget Why were Lhese two respected and committed scientists fired? The official justifications given were petty and largely undocumented. In Heiman's case, neither Dahl nor Lauren Hillman, her immediate superior, were able to substantiate any change in Heiman's performance that would account for her performance rating falling from the "fully successful" rating she received in October 1990 10 1he "negative" raring she received in February that led 10 her dismissal. 11 seems apparent that Heiman and Roe's only transgression was to carry out the jobs assigned 10 them to the best of their abilities. Unfortunately, competence in their work set them athwnn of political interests that value devastating timbering and roadbuilding operations more than the rich biologicaJ and botanical diversity of the native Appalachian habitnl. And, aJso unfonunately. these interestS control the strings that motiva1e Bjorn Dahl. The supervisor remarked once to a group of timber industry officials that during his tenure in lhe nationaJ forests of the Pacific Northwest, "we used 10 do 400 acre cleazcuts before the spoued owl," and that "it could happen here," implying that the discovery of rare and threatened species in Nonh Carolina's national forests could seriously hnmper timber operations in the state. Most observers believe that Dahl was "I am in contact with several Congressional offices who have said chat they are already aware that this is just the latest incident in what is clearly a national pattern of intimidation of Forest Service scientists. We hope and fully expect my firing to get broader attention soon." - Karin Heiman !f'll~1{~Al~~~!,~~~k't~~~~': Most observers believe that Dahl was concerned that Heiman's trained and observant eyes might discover a "spotted owl" that would slow regional timber harvesting in the Appalachians. Even the Asheville Citizen-Times, normally a mouthpiece for the region's timber industry, seemed to find the firings suspicious. "The evidence offered thus far by the Forest Service" for Heiman's firing "falls embarrassingly shon," read the newspaper's editoriaJ page on ApriJ 15, and went on to say that "there is absolutely no way Stale bureaucrats can come up with a credible excuse for firing Chuck Roe." Sad 10 say. it appears unlikely that these ttnvestie.~ of administrative justice will be righted by the agencies who committed them. Both scientists have appeaJed their dismissals within their own agencies. Forest Service Regional Forester John Alcock has requested that Heiman submit her appe& and all supporting materiaJs to him in writing. In the course of investigating Heiman's appeal, regionaJ personnel officer Rudy Caruthers traveled from Atlanta to Asheville to speak with Dahl and Hillman about the firing but did not infonn Heiman of his visit or give her any opportunity to meet with him personally. Roe, after what he felt was a "one-sided" hearing, >C.Qtuaf,. Journat J)Q(JC 23 �has decided on a second-level appeal of his case. Since the firings, outraged citizens have written hundreds of letters to legislators, agencies, and newspapers in support of Heiman and Roe. Several environmental "watchdog" groups have responded to the incident, including the Association of Forest Employees for Environmental Ethics and the Government Accountability Project, who arc working with Heiman to get a Congressional review of her tem1ination. Heiman has also spoken with several concerned federal legislators: "[ am in contact with several Congressional offices who have said that they are already aware that this is just the latest incident in what is clearly a national pauem of intimidation of Forest Service scientists," Heiman has stated. "We hope and fully expect my firing to get broader attention soon." Ultimately. however, the rrue victims of these firings are the once diverse and flourishing forest ecosystems. Without advocates like Heim:i.n and Roe, they seem doomed to be trampled into extinction. Before Heiman was hired, it was routine for the Forest Service to harvest constantly increasing amounts of timber and to build thousands of miles of roads in some of the finest forest communities on the planet without ever sUJVeying the sale areas for threatened and "We might not be doing everything we could to protect species, but we're not willfully malicious." - Bjorn Dahl endangered species. All evidence indicates that this is how Bjorn Dahl prefers it. The proposed Bee Tree timber sale is a case in point. This area, near Devil's Counhouse in nonhern Transylvania County, was proposed as a timber sale project in early 1990 by District Ranger An Rowe. In June of thnt year, the WNC Alliance and the Sierra Club appealed th.: sale. In their appeals they pointed out that the Forest Service had nm done adequate surveys for threatened and endangered plant species on the Bee Tree site, in spite of the fact thnt botanists consider the area a "high probability site" for rare species. Instead, the district had merely done a cursory search of re.cords indicating the presence or threatened and endangered :,pccics. Finding no previous listings of threatened and endangered species in the area. Rowe felt the "'ay w:l\ clear to proceed with the sale. Dahl concurred, and in October 1990 rejected the environmental groups' appeab. Unhappy with Dahl's decision, Wt-.CA and the Sierra Club c:irried their appeal to Regional Forester Alcock, who in J:inuary. 1991 decided in their favor. specifically citing the lack of a thorough survey for threatened and endangered species, 111c regional oflice ordered Dahl to conduct a site-specific survey of the area. Even after Alcock's decision, Dahl continued to maintain that he felt the records survey had been "adequate," and that there was no need for a site-specific survey. When J{{\tunf~ JounlO! pn9c U Heiman had offered to survey the Bee Tree area in June, 1990, she had been stopped by Hillman and Rowe. Then, after Alcock's decision compelled the national forests administration to make the survey, Heiman was told 10 make the survey during the month of February, 1991 - in the middle of winter when many rare plant species are impossible to locate. Heiman did anempt the survey and concluded that rare plants were likely to be found in the Bee Tree sale area. It was only days later when she received the "negative" performance evaluation that led 10 her dismissal. The survey was completed by a substitute botanist, and last month, in its Environmental Impact Statement for the Bee Tree sale, the Forest Service reported its conclusion that logging in Bee Tree would have "no significant impact" on plant and wildlife species in the area. Unfomrnatcly the Bee Tree sale is not an isolated example of Forest Service manipulations and misdeeds in the name of roads and timber. Heiman has outlined 15 other instances in which she says she was stopped from identifying and protecting rare plant species. When she reponed her findings on the Tellico-Robbinsville Federal Highway Project - which might have halted construction of that infamous "road to nowhere" - her staff officer supponed her findings, but she lost his backing when he retired shortly thereafter. While surveying a site near a proposed parking lot expansion at the Oadle of Forestry, Heiman expressed concern to District Ranger An Rowe that the construction might threaten the rare swamp pink plant. Rowe responded by saying that he felt the parking lot, not the plant, might be a better value for the American public. In defense of the Forest Service, Julie Tneciak, the agency's public relations officer, maintains the agency is "str0ngly committed 10 protecting plants and animals." She said that the agency has increased its Endangered Species program tenfold since 1985, and that there a.re 50 areas managed specifically for threatened plants and animals. She also stated the Forest Service buys land to provide habitat for threatened species, and has entered into agreements with the Plant Conservation Program and the NC Natural Heritage Program to protect rare species on the federal lands. Chuck Roe was the lia.\on between the Natural Heritage Program and the Forest Sc1vicc on the agreements th.11 Trzt.-ciak ci1cs. In the same leucr 10 Dahl i:xprcssing concern about Heiman's firing, Roe pointed out the problems his agency was having with the Forest Service: - the Forest Service had not drawn up contracts to conduct surveys of rare plants on national forest lands, although the funds had been approved since December, 1990. The delay was preventing the Natural Heritage Program from hiring botanists in time to do the surveys this growing season. - the Forest Service had not responded to nominations made two years ago for nearly a doun sites in the Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests 10 be designated "special mterest management sites." - The Foresc Service had shown no interest in a one-day infonnational rare plants seminar offered to agency personnel by the Natural Heritage Program. - the Forest Service had told Roe in the fall of 1990 that a revised list of protected, endangered, and threatened species on Forest lands "would soon be put into use by Forest Service personnel." This has yet 10 happen. When asked about these delays, Dahl replied that he was "perplexed" about them, stating that the threatened and endangered species programs are handled by Lauren Hillman's office. Hillman has refused all requests for direct interviews concerning the firings and attendant issues, but said through Tl7.Cciak that she believes "the programs are right on track." 'The credibility of the Forest Service has slid right down around its ankles." - Bill 171omas, Sierra Club Strangely, Bjorn Dahl seems 10 blame a "lack of public input" for the firings and for his agency's blatant unwillingness to establish a vigorous program of protection for rare species. "From these setbacks," he said after the firings made the news, "I hope people will join me in laying out their expectation~." And, as if the flurry of letters, phone calls, and editorials protesung the firings are not vocal evidence enough, Dahl added, "They (the public) should Jay out what they Wdnt more vocally than before. We'll gauge our actions based upon public expectations." Th:11 sounds familiar. Throughout his reign as supervisor of the Nonh Carolina national fore~ts. Dahl has promised to alter agency policies to meet "public expectations." How then b he to explain items like these? Although the puhlic has continued to ask for less timbering on national forest lands, 1991 "timber target" levels are 20% above those of the pre\·ious year. Although the public ha,; conunued to ask for less clearcutting on national fori:st lands, and while the agency states that they have reduced clearcuuing. they have merely increased the number of "selective harvest" units, which silvicultur:1lly are merely smalli:r clearcuts. Although the public. through the WNC Alliance, the Sierra Club and other activist groups, has expressed grave concern for the fotc of threatened and endangered species on (contmuod on page 30) Craphic by Ibby Kenna S11 lllt1IC1', 1991 �TIME TO TAKE THE TIME TO TAKE THE TIME There's a new world 1ryi11g 10 emerge from 1he hearts and hands ofmany...a world of economy where was1c is sold as a resource for new products - with a modern understanding thar so-calli.:d "wasres" an: not wastes unless they are wastcd...a world where efficiency is in keeping wi1h nature and heal1h ... new kind of fann...a more purposeful kind of worlc ... a different feel for our world ... a new day. People are hungry for it. industry is busy with it. But how docs it all really happen? How, when the seeming immensity of it all can so quickly boggle our minds to the point where we throw up our hands and wait for someone else to figure ou1 what to do, or hope the solutions will come packaged for sale? Business in the past looked at money profits as its main goal and let nothing stand in the way of its claim, "If we don't profit, we won't be In business." It had litrle vision of the many more useful long-1erm profi1s such as people, their lives, the food they eat, the water they drink, and the secure alternatives in learning about true wealth. And then with a small sliver of that narrow-minded cash profit, they proceeded to pa1ch up the damages that occur with this sort of obsolescent irresponsibili1y; or beat it in court. This was a the 1rcnd, bur now we are seeing businesses wirh money-making as their chief nlOrh~ Jting fon:e going out of business as thcv rhemsdves predicted. · lt all really happens as we, in our homes. and in our curs, and in our dailv business, ask ourselves, "What docs \\'Ork?'' From inside our:.elvcs this goes out and out and out 10 create the new, more real. marketplace. Environmental problems arc big, but we needn't be boggled, for as big as they :ire, they are equally as small fractioned down 10 the responsibility of each of us. The situation is then i11 our hands and no longer "out of hand." When we realize our own powerful pan by beginning. our go the fears of what wasn't working anyway. The answers then srart to come with all the questions. When we're acrually doing what we can do. the very feeling empowers us and will soon replace an old world built on false economy, and the aging, tired concept of wealth thnt we know, and bring newness • new forms of "profit." From here we can begin to get on with more of the real things. bylvo / (NWN - continued from p. 22) BUSINESSES AGAINST CLEARCUTS N4ruraJ Wo.-ld News Sttvicc On May 15, 1991 the Westem North Carolina Alliance (WNCA) presented the results of its second anti-clearcutting campaign to US Forest Service Supervisor Bjorn Dahl. This new campaign gathered suppon from area businesses and resulted in the collection of 930 names - a fnr greater response than was expected - on a petition that called for an end to clearcutting in the national forests. WNCA targeted the tourism and recreation industry, but a much broader cross-section of businesses, including banks, pharmacies, florists, and grocery stores, from 21 counties in western North Carolina chose 10 get involved. The Southern Appalachian Multiple Use Council, a timber industry lobby group, attempted to manipulate the public by soliciting signatures on a pro-logging petition that was almost identical to the WNCA petition in its fonnat. After complaints about this deceptive tactic, the WNCA staff publicly accused the Multiple Use Council of trying to "muddy the issue and confuse people." Upon receiving the petitions, Mr. Dahl stated that he was "impressed" by the number of signatories, and assured WNCA members and participating businesspeople 1ha1 1he Forest Service would be responsive 10 the public will. Dahl said that, "[n response 10 public wishes, we last year amended the Forest Plan to Summa-, 1991 climina1c clearcutting as the preferred aJ1cmative. The issue of clean::utting is essentially behind us." WNCA staff person Mary Kelly strongly disagreed with this statement. as did others present. She said that the supposed reductions in clearcutting (from 87% to 48% of the harvest over the past two years, according to Dahl) merely reflected use of smaller, less obvious clearcuts, not true selective culling. Kelly stated that some forest expens believe that the allowable sale quantity in our National Forests is twice as high as it should be, and noted that "the Forest Service has historically treated the timber industry as the only industry to consider We're asking them to look at the big picture." Drawings b)' Rob Mcuick ROAD HOGS FIT TO BE TIED Na11aral World News Service There arc three departments of the North Carolina state government that are prcsen1ly not required to announce and hold public hearings before setting poJicy: the Depanment of Correction, the Department of Revenue, and the Department of Transportation (0011. Of these three, the Dcpanments of Correction and Revenue hold fairly specialized responsibilities. The Department ofTransponation every months makes decisions rhat involve millions of dollars of public funds and have imponant implications for the future of every town and county in the state. It is a testament to the great political power of the DOT that the agency still operates only under the advisement of the Board of Transportation, a wcalrhy and influential elite who receive their appointments - a true patronage plum - directly from the hand of the governor in exchange for "seivices rendered." Yet now when Senator Joe Johnson (D-Wake) introduces a bill to require the DOT to conform to public heanng guidelines followed by all the other State agencies, rhc howling and crying is tremendous. ''It's going to cost too much." ··1t·s going 10 be too much trouble." complain the road hogs. The "sacred pigs" will no1 easily or gracefully give up their places at the public trough. Your state legislators need 10 hear your opinions on the bill requiring the DOT to hold public hearings. Xatuafl Journnt JXUJC 25 �DRUMMING LETTERS TO KATUAH To the Editors of the Kattiah Journal, In the otherwise fine article by Thomas Power, "Avoiding the Passive/Helpless Approach to Economic Development" in the Spring, 1991 issue, he mnkes a very erroneous assumption when he suggests, "Jf we are interested in attracting more people, ..." That assumption is the same one that the powers-that-be ascribe to so wholeheanedly: that we have to grow in order to have a healthy regional economy. If Tcaught the gist of the Summer, 1990 "Canying Capncity" issue of the Kau«Jh Journal correctly, then we already are burdened by too many people in the southern mountnins. We do not need to expand, we need to shrink the number of people living here. Beyond a certnin point, numbers or people and the "forested mountains and the environmental quality" Power speaks of are antithetical to each other. We preserve wild habitat for the sake of wild habitat and the wild animals that live in it, not 10 attract more people. These points were minor revelations to me when I read them in the Kamalt Journal. Don't back out on them now! Sincerely, Hoyt Wilhelm N. Wilkesboro, NC Dear Kalllali Journal Friends, l am just writing to tell you how much l have enjoyed reading several issues or your journal that a friend lent me to read. I appreciate your deeply considered opinions and the viewpoint they come from. I consider myself to be somewhat perceptive, and in most Statements that are called "environmental" these days, I can see that the spokespeople are representing some interests besides the environment, whether it be their own career, their own profit, or some philosophical or political ideology. Most of what I read in the Katualr Journal seems to come suaight from the hean, and that makes a difference. There are not many publications that would have the courage to speak out about t.he ''carrying capacity" for human beings or propose that aU the national forest lands in the Southern Appnlachians should be an "evolutionary preserve." 1 have to admit that these ideas were a little shocking 10 me at first, but on reflection r could see that that they are just what is needed in this "bioregion." Now it seems so obvious. I see to what a great extent we are conditioned by the business assumptions that motivate this country. when what is just common sense can seem so unsettling. I wonder what is going 10 happen to this country, and I wonder what is going to happen Xntuaft Journot p119c 26 to Kat1wl, Journal Please continue to say what needs 10 be said (even if it is a little shocking sometimes!) and maybe we will see some1hing change. I am always hoping for the best. Yours truly, Katherine Albright Knoxville, TN TLANUWA Ho. Tlanuwa, Spirit-falcon, Your mighty wings Blot out the sun. Pear strikes all who See you flying Fawn and bear cub, Man-child, too. Carried struggling To your nest si1e, On the cliffs they Feed your ne~tlings. Came a shaman Then to thwan you; Cast your nestlings To the water. There Uktenn, Great homed serpent, Swallowed down your Precious offspring. Great your sorrow, Great your anger. Vengeance wrought you On Uktena. Chunks you pulled our or the serpent, Let them fall down From the heavens. There upon the Eanh his body, Tom and broken Soon did lie. From your empty Nest you fled then; Leaving an Unshadowed sky. Your depanurc Saved our young, but Awe and wonder Left us, 100. Perhaps too high a Price was paid, and Wonder's presence Worth some risk. Ho. Tlanuwa, Spirit-falcon, My heart yearns For your return. - Douglas A. Rossman To the Editor, Back in April some political pranksters threw barrels marked "radioactive waste" by the side of 1-26 where it joins I-40 near Asheville, NC. This caused a big sensation among the officials who flocked to the scene. r read in the Asheville Citizen that one woman from the EPA called it "totally irre!iponsible" and "a sick joke." The S Bl had fun telling the paper all lhe terrible things they would do to the.tricksters if they could catch them. I thought that it was totally responsible to do this. Trucks carrying radioactive waste ~ drive through that intersection. A lot of people don't even know this; a lot of other people do know this, but they choose to ignore it People need to be woken up to what is really happening around here, and somebody found a good way todoit. What is totally irresponsible is for the EPA to grant permits for trucks to cany barrels of real radioactive waste along the highways. lf some barrels of real waste fell off one of these trucks, there would be trouble and danger for Asheville. When I saw how indignant the EPA lady got about somebody's trick, I laughed and laughed at how backward it all was. But it was a sick joke. Sincerely, Etta Bennett Cullowhee, NC (P.S. • I wroie a leuet lO the Ashevil/t Citizen about this. bu1 r don't think they ever printed iL ~l's why I wrote IQ you.) Dear Katuah, Recently, while visiting my sister in Knoxville, I was handed a copy ofKatuah Journal, summer 1989. I must say it was highly inspirational reading. I applaud your work for peace, justice, and ecological harmony in the Katuah Bioregion. Sincerely, Michael Sosadeeter Dear Katua/1, Your Journal is so valuable - and important. I'll be sending more suppon later. Thanks for leading the way. May the Crow Moon bring you growth, green, and peace in these dark times. Sincerely, John King Drawing by Rob Mfflic-. Su mtt1CT , 1991 �Dear Katuah, You are a real friend! Thank you very much for sending me lha1 back issue (on the Chestnut) lha1 I wanted, but even more for the current issue, wilh itS wonderful article on my old friend Mr. Bailey of Clarksville. When I was assigned 10 the 12th Armored Division in 1942, a newly married first lieu1enant in field artillery, I opened an account in Mr. Bailey's bank and immediately became his friend, as ev<:ryone_did: Your story 1ell~ i1 very truly; he believed m his own surroundings and did all he ~ould 10 improve the lot of his people. His influence was very grea4 and I think Mr. Bailey was wrong in thinking that industry never accepted his ideas. l also think Griscom Morgan is wholly wrong in his disparagement of savings, but that is another story. I enclose a Case Statement for the American Chestnut Foundation (P. 0. Box 6057, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506). I think you will find it interesting and encouraging. I am doing all I can 10 raise the additionaJ funding they desperately need, first from private foundations, because 1hat is 1he bes1 chance for early resulis. Later I want 10 identify and approach large landowners in 1he Appalachian region, and especially people with o family history of giving and the means to make those gifts in substantial amounts... When I was growing up the chestnut was still the dominant iree in our forests. I remember it vividly, and recall the distress which everyone felt so keenly as the onslaught of the blight iook those great trees from us. l am fully convinced we will restore the ll'Ce, and after you read our case statement you will understand why. Young men plant flowers; old men, trees. Sincerely yours, WilHam G. Raoul Lookout Mountain, TN Greetings Kaiuah Journal Folk, Thank you for your continued 1ime and effons in pulling together Kaul ah Journal. l just ~anled 10 let you know how much reading the Journal means to me, and the suppon ii offers in living in a "mixed community" with its incessant bombardment of media propaganda extolling the industrial growth society. Even when the in~i?i~us e~fe_cts ofT.V. are personally m1nirruz.ed II is too oflen necessary to live and work with friends, family and associates whose mind and (sadly} values are shaped by 1.O.S. media. Sometimes 1his "reality" seems overwhelming. It is al such a time that a friend like Karuah Journal (and perhaps some wilderness) helps to restore my connection to a "d~per renlity" and community of Jjving bemgs. The real work you are doing is very much appreciated. For All Things Wild, Ed Lytwak I I Sumincr, 1991 Dear Brother & Sister Editors, I have written a prayer that I hope is wonhy to be printed in your paper. I have been disabled for almost six years as rhe result of a back injury. I have been diagnosed as clinically depressed. Many people think I am crazy. Some think I am a lunatic. This could be true but since I became homeless a dear old fri;nd, Danny Jesse, moved me into his old farm house because I had nowhere to go, and I was penniless. The old house has no electricity, and the water is from a spigo1 in the yard. Another dear friend, Charlie Dunaway inuoduced me to Karuah Journal (summer 1990 issue) and 1realized there are s1ill some "real" people left who really care about our Creator, our Mother Earth, and each other. Since l have been here (approximately 6 months) I have developed a close relationship with my Creator. Had it not been for my Creator sending my friend to rescue me I would surely have committed suicide. However, here I am very much alive and would like to share my prayer with you. 0 Great Spirit open my eyes that I will see you in each of your creations 0 Great Spirit open my ears tha1 I will hear your voice in the words of my brothers and the sounds of the Eanh 0 Great Spirit open my heart that your good will flow through me 0 Great Spirit give me knowledge that I will be one with you 0 Great Spirit give me wisdom that I may teach my sons of your love and to love our Mother Eanh 0 Great Spirit be merciful to my brothers who in their greed have scarred my Mother's flesh who have poisoned her flesh and her blood who have polluted her skies who have hate in their heans 0 Great Spirit give me the coumge when death comes so I will welcome ii with the realization that life comes with death as death comes with life. Sincerely, RogcrOark I rhoio by Rob Mcoid< Sometimes Tears Are Not Enough We sang for peace. Woke up this morning to find they are still making bombs. We acted for peace. How, I said, and why? What about our planet? Whal aboul the children? We wor1<ed for peace, even as those surrounding us filled lheir yards and minds with patriotic slogans, waved their flags, called war "just" ·successful" "deserved" Woke up this evening 10 find !hough we sing,act,cry, or even protest they are making bombs now. Singing peace woke 10 lind our songs aren1 enough acting peace how?where? why do we live In such madness? shouting peace as hundreds of thousands or innocent human beings die at Hie hands of our ·smart· precision bombs, hands of boys trained and distanced by video games crying peace woke in the dawn wilh tears on our cheeks from war filled nightmares tears on our cheeks knowing there are those lor whom this war is more lhan a media event or a palriotlc slogan dreaming of singing peace acling peace dancingshou1lngtovingbelieving 11\Jstingtrying peace... concrete dreams cl\Jni>ling to TNT, plutonium, machine guns... they are making bombs now. A child is crying for what she can·t be giving I say, child, stop your c,ying. Gather up your strength for living because somewhere children are dying. Our tears are not enough to chase away the pa,n we cannot understand why war seems to never cease. Yet even as the sun shines bnlhant through the ram we know that through the dar1<ness we must st,U wor1< for peace. (continued on nclll page) �(Cfflllnutd {rQln pogo 27) Dear Ka1uah, I miss you in my life! Please re-subscribe me. I've moved 10 the city and am surviving well on one of the few din roads left in Tallahassee. Bard owls (a couple) are mating now. I wake at night to hear lhcm and it's like manna from heaven. I know the trout lilies are blooming back in Sycamore, and just knowing they're there is not enough. Every day I consider returning 10 lhe country, but life is so much easier here with electricity, running water, and acceptable child care. Still I grieve the losses. Thnnks, Janeice Ray Dear Karual,. I've been thinking lately about what is imponant to me. A few things come out strongly: people I love, doing something I can put my soul into, and encouraging a more ideal world by supporting things I believe in like; • the local baker • organic fanning • and publications that communicate what is important 10 me. I don't live in Ka11111h, but I like feeling pan of the soul 1ha1 is in this journal. I want you 10 know that ideas from the Kaniah Journal have helped me shape my life philosophy and will influence the way I live and impact the world. Thank you for your dedication and work. May you be blessed with strength and pel!Ce. Dan Shoug Bean Goose Farm Dear Kania Ii Staff, I was exin:mcly excited to read issue #30 of the Kan!ah Journal. This was my first contact ru,d I om impressed with the anicles and the overall JayouL The "economy" anicle was eitcellem. I hnve included a check for 3 back issues, plus T wish 10 be a ~ponsor. Thanks, Todd Rohlsson From lhc Floyd ERC Ncw,lcuer (continued Imm page 4) practices in their families. The dowsers' "golden opponunity" came during the eastern gold rush of 1828-29 that centered on Dahlonega, Georgia. It offered great reward for those who could sense the presence of underground veins, but it also brought on the inevitable swindling and che:iting that accompanies the lure of sudden riches. Sharon Johnson of the Gold Museum in Dahlonega said, ''There are people who believe today that they can find gold dowsing with certain rypes of stainless steel rods, and I'm sure that there were people like that back during the gold rush years. '&hey also had what they called 'gold-finders.' These were instruments sold 10 people who were prospecting. I've seen at least two of these, one that dated back to about 1890 and another came from the 1920's. One was no more than a wooden rod which was filled with gold, iron pyrite, and black -;and. It had a compass-like instrument in 1he center. The metal gold-finder was a long tube, prob:ibly made 0111 of aluminum. and I think that came also with a liulc vial of gold." Dowsers do 001 think that theirs is an eicclusive gift. They generally agree that, like intelligence or any statistical curve, there arc tho.SC: eicceptionally sensitive to the psychic energies, many people mildly sensitive, and those who do not perceive that level of existence at all. Walter Dale says, "To learn how to do it, you can get some ideas from a book, but the very best thing to do is 10 have a dowser who is really familiar with the method to show you. Anybody can do it, but you have 10 really want 10 do iL" But he does offer this idea as a way for beginners 10 familiariz.e themselves with the process: "Get yourself a five inch piece of Xcatuaf1 )oun \Q( POlJC 28 saing and tie on a metal nut (used to screw onto a bolt) that is about the size of a nickel. This will make a simple pendulum. "Practice with it by looking at it and saying, 'Give men yes.' ft may lllke several a11emp1s, but you should be able 10 get the pendulum to move consistently in a cenain way. Then ask the pendulum for a no, and after awhile you should be able 10 establish a definite motion for that answer. "Once you get the communication paucm going, relax and know that you can do it. It all comes with practice.~ For additional mfonnauon on dowsing nnd help for those who wi~h IO gci stancd: American Society of DowSCl'I - A~luc;hi.111 Ch;iplCf Bob Barnwell Rd. 137 Fletcher, NC (704) 628-2456 / -;_· The mountains are slow moving waves of rock and gravel trees and microbes on which we all festively ride, meeting old friends from other eras that stir anew notions of supplanting the demise of our kind ... RM Summer, 1991 �Whole Science One need not tum only co metaphysical explanations in working toward an undeTStanding of how some perplexing phenomena occur in Lhe Universe. There is emerging a sound Ecology of Lhe Cosmos which is based on repeamble experience. recorded measurements, and an acknowledgment of the role of human consciousness in interpreting the work of science. The scientists who are now working through more comprehensive means of collecting information, and creating theories that reflect Lhis new infonnation, are finding that the physical Universe is far more complex and inter-related than previously Lhought. Some of these new ideas in science go by the names of Quantum Theory, Dynamic Whole Systems approaches, Chaos, and Gaia Theory. These ideas have in common a break with classical scientific principles which regarded the Universe, and all its constituent pans, as a pre-determined machine which is running down in a clear sequence of events. When Lhe Universe is recognized as being more dynamic and self-organizing, through its many diverse scopes of whole systems and environments, a different picture can be drawn of the regenerative patterns of energy and form that surround us. In Lhe discipline of physics, Quantum Theory has shown that what we as human beings experience as "normal'' is not the same as what other whole systems at other scales of being would consider to be "nonnal." For instance, at Lhe scale of an atom the instruments used to detect an electron's speed or position as it moves around the atom's nucleus interfere drastically with the electrons motions and potenuals. LI becomes impossible to separate the experimenter from the experiment at this scale, since the two are so intimately involved with each other. In addition to this an electron's position can be determined, and its momentum can be determined, but the 1wo can no1 be de1ennined together. Electrons fliner like clouds around atomic nuclei, and Lhe best we can do is find the potemial of either what phase they are in or where they will be in this entangled environment. In the Life Sciences it has been found that all life, in its amazing diversity, is composed of the same types of chemical elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nirrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. These and the other kinds of atoms found on the Eanh came together when the planet began m accme in the interstellar medium. It is very likely 1ha1 the atoms we are composed of were strewn from an exploding star, more massive than the sun, which influenced the formation of the Solar System. There are only 20 different fonns of amino acids, which are the basis of all the different strands of protein essential to all life on Eanh. Every living organism came from previous life, which in turn has a common ancestry 1h01 reaches back at least 3 l(l billion years. For much of this history microbes were the major fonn of life. lndependant microbes formed alliances and antagonisms which evenrually became the composite cells found in plants and animals today. Building on past successes, through this kind of mutual advantaging, a strong relationship also developed between living systems and the magma, rock. soils, waters, atmosphere, and magnetosphere of the Earth. These dense-to-gaseous fluid mediums arc cycling physical energy, much as other plnnatary systems do; only for this planet there existed the po1ential for active participation in these cycles by Life. This is a dramatic difference, because the range of circumstances necessary for life 10 emerge on a planet of sufficient endowment and proximity is limited and very unique. 0..wmg by Rob Messick II IIll II III II IIIIIIII II II II II IIIII II1111111111111111111111111111111111111 11 III IIIIIIII llllllllllll11111111111 II IIIIIIII IIIIIIINllllll111111111'I, IlII1111111111111111111 II IIIII III IIIlIIIIII IIIIII IIIIRlllllllll Ill III II Ill IIIII II llllllllllllllll 111111111111 I111111111 llllltllllll TUNING IN There are a number of practices that one can do to increase the intuitive ability as it pertains to the Earth. The exercises which have worked best for me arc adaptations of yoga and techniques from psychic healing. Nearly all meditation techniques translate very well into learning Earth attuncment My inner guidance has been to remain flexible by borrowing from many disciplines and then adapting the techniques wbicb fit into my life in a natural manner. The big revelation for me came in a yoga class when T learned that there are minor chakrns on the feet. 1 suspect that the yogis can stand transfixed in a difficult position, such as on one leg, for hours at a time because they have learned how 10 ground themselves so thoroughly that they are temporarily auached to the Banh through the chakms in the feet. The importance of Lhe feet is somelhing that has been ignored in western civilization. In the Mideast, where lhe feet are ritually wai.hed and perfumed with oils, they are considered sacred. and recognized as one's most vital connection to the planet. One can learn to dispel tired energy through the soles of the feet, and ask the Earth to replenish that energy. Yoga is excellent practice for this. So is T'ai Chi or any of the martial arts, so long as the emphasis is on grounding and balance. Walking meditation, as in Zen Buddhist practice, in which one is very aware of body rhythms, is an excellent way 10 walk through S\1mmcr, 1901 the woods in a state of heightened awareness. I have found that if I can match my stride in a conscious way to the panicular terrain, I usually break through 10 a quietness in which I am aware of my rhythms blending in with the larger, greater rhythms of life around me. This is also a good way 10 become aware of the variations in the lay of the land. Since I live in town these days, I have limited access to wild areas. Still, it is possible to grow in sensitivity if one is willing to make daily connections to the Eanh from a conscious, aware state. l recommend bringing home small momentoes from places Lhat have special meaning. This keeps the memory alive and helps make emotional connections to one's personal sacred places. I routinely bring home pieces of gnarled wood, shells, or small rocks. Do not take large rocks without pennission or rocks that are part of a fairy ring. Usually there is something · a feather, a rock - that stands out, and that is what I take as a gif1. And J always give thanks. ln my house, the kitchen window sill is a great place for an altar, because I can • automatically look at my nature gifts every day when l wash dishes. But the most important practice of all is to get outdoors every day in a conscious way. Usually the only time I can do this and know I wilJ not be interrupted is when the supper dishes arc done or when l am ready to close up the house for the night. l step outside in my backyard, and I let down my guard and open up as totally as possible to whatever is happening at that moment. The Earth is always ready to respond 10 us. However, nothing "happens," to me at least. until I have quieted my mind. When my mind stops its chatter, then my senses literally become more acute. I can hear birds, insects, and 1he rustle of leaves more intensely and with greater detail than I was able to do only a few minutes before. When I do reach that point of the quietness within, there is always something amazingly beautiful and striking Lhat leaps out at me. It may be Lhe full moom peeking out from behind silver clouds, or the sudden wafting of the fragrance of whatever flower is in bloom. Sometimes my holly tree becomes suddenly vibrant and animated. It is a championship holly, and I am sure that a powerful nature spirit lives there. Along with this sudden insight into the beauty of nature, there is always a caressing breeze. I call it caressing, not only because of iLS gentleness, but because it does not appear to come from a specific direction, and it never seems to be thcre until I reach a certain open state of consciousness. I always wait for this moment, because I t:lke it as a re.o;pon~e. a confirmation from the Earth he~lf. How much time does it take out of a busy day to perform this simple ritual? Maybe five minutes. The payoff in tenns of lifted spirits is tremendous. - Charlotte Homsher X.Ot.wlh Journal pogc 29 �(FUUNGS-cool.inucd from pegc 24) REVIEW national forest lands, Dahl responded that the records search on the Bee Tree site was an 'adequate' survey for threatened and endangered plant species and then ordered a survey when the ground was covered with snow. The clear and unfortunate conclusion one must draw from all of this is that the "public'' Dahl listens to moSt closely is the timber industry. LIGHT IN THE WIND chanrs and circle son-gs by Bob Avery-Grubel (available from Bob Avery-Grubel; RL l ,Box 73S: Floyd, VA 24091) Bob Avery-Grubel is a founder and mainstay of The Celebration Singers of a closely-knit community of families inhabiting Floyd County, Virginia. The group sings up-beat, positive, spiritual music, all of which is original, much of it contributed by Bob Avery-Grubel. The songs on l,iglu in the Wind arc typical of I.he Celebration Singers: rhythmic and unifying numbers meant for group singing at evening circle, in the sweat lodge, or at holiday gatherings. The credit sheet says that the music is "dedicated to those moments when we let go into uplifting song and come closer to the truth of who we are," and surely this is so. The songs are simple, as chants and community songs should be, yet they are filling and satisfying. However, the songs leave the listener with a persistent feeling that they are more fun to sing than 10 listen to - and they are! (proven fact) The words are easily learned, but for those in doubt a lyric sheet is available for $1.00. Bob Avery-Grubel's productions are home-made craft pieces. Ught in the Wind was recorded at Bohemian Studios, which are housed in an angular building on a wind-swept farm seven miles from the closest town. The tape was engineered and mixed by Avery-Grubel and A'Coun Bason (who also plays penny whistle and catchy percussion on several differem hand drums). Light in the Wind: a valuable community resource. For tho.-.e who want more. Avery-Orubcl also offers the benefit of his musical and community experiem:e in "Breakthrough Singing" workshops: "a lime and space IO experience healing through song and voice." For information, write h1m at the address above. -MT THE TOE VALLEY CENTER The Toe Valley Ccmer is being established as a non-profit community resource organization to promote and encourage ideas for better living in the three-county area of the Toe River Valley. The Center will: • act as an education and infonnation source for the valley • develop educational programs • initiate meetings and seminars on issues of importance • distribute pamphlets, fact sheecs, and other information • promote I.he vision of a positive future in the Toe River Valley. For information, write or call: Richard Kennedy: 849 JlalUlah Branch Road; Burnsville, NC 28714 (704) 675-52S6. ACUPUNCTURE~ AFFORDABLE ! We otter a sliding scale to get you through hard times In good health! Shortly after she was hired by the Forest Service, Karin Heiman made a statement that. in retrospect, turned out to be eerily prophetic. "What makes my job so challenging," she said, "is the fact that I must strive to find a balance between I.he environmentalists and the timber industry, who both have huge stakes in the decision to harvest or not 10 harvest. And my reports influence that decision." By all accounts, Heiman - and Chuck Roe as well - met that challenge and found that balance. Unfortunately, in the eyes of her employers an honest and thorough naturalist without a political 8.l<e 10 grind is viewed as an obstacle to timber sales rather than as a concerned and commiued scientist dedicated to doing what is best for the forest community. How "vocal" must the public be for I.he the Forest Service to recognize I.hat most people believe that the incredible biological richness they contain is the most valuable "resource" of Southern Appalachia's national foresis? Dahl has recently said, "I'd be the lirst one, if we had an endangered species, to do somclhing about it. I'm not om 10 violate the Endangered Species AcL We might not be doing everylhing we could to protect species, but we're not willfully malicious." Two fired scientists, an enraged public, and we may never know how many rare species would beg to differ. Also Chi Kung (like Tai Chi) every Wednesday 6-7 p.m. at JewtSh Commumly Center. Call to regisler. Ellen Hines, M.Ac., Dipl.Ac. (NCCA) Tradilional C hineSt Acupuncture & Htrbology c:.i.rom... l&.w,.s......... s . - - ~ (704) 2S2-7491 rl :Thu ~ Sanr!J Mush HerbNurse7 WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE WREATHS • POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Aloe to Yarrow A.I.A. , Resource Information Analysis Neil Thomas and Andy Feinstein 305 Westover, Asheville, NC (704) 252-6816 Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 ~umnlci, 199 1 �CHESlNlIT GRAFTING PROJECT by David McGrew SilviculturalisL, French Broad Ranger Districl. USFS Sarurday, April 27, one small step was 1aken toward nmoration of the American chestnut tree to the Southern Appalachian forest. A chestnut grafting workshop was held on lands m.1naged by the French Broad Ranger District of the US Forest Service (USFS) for the purpose of grafting blight-resistant twigs derived from native chestnut trees omo wild chestnut rootstock. The workshop was joir..:y sponsored by the USFS and the American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation, and served as a uaining session for private cooperators 10 team the grafting technique. The workshop group went 10 a grafting site on a nine acre clearcut in the French Broad District Lhat hod been prepared by the forestry class at Haywood Community College. John Elkins of the American Ches1nu1 Cooperators' Foundation gave the group a brief overview of the breeding and grafting work being done by the foundation and then demonstrated the grafting technique. Each member of the group had a chance 10 perform the grafting operation. and 20 twigs of the blight-resistant American chestnut stock were grafled by the end of the day. At the end of the workshop, all of the private cooperators received 1wig material for grafting in their home areas. Elkins stressed that the twig material was not from trees that were immume to chestnut blight infection but from trees that were better able to resist the infection. He said that a 20-50% survival rate for the grafted twigs is expected, but that a 10% survival rate would be acceptable. A virus disease of the blight fungus, called hypovirulcnce, will be imponant 10 the survival of the gr.tfted trees. "Hypovirulence weakens the blight, just as the nu or a cold will weaken people." said foundation president Gary Griffin. "Chesrnut blight nonnally damages the growing tissues just under the bark, so that Lhe tree can't pass water or nutrients up or down the stem. If enough of the living tissue is damaged, the tree is girdled and it dies. Blight weakened by hypovirulence, however, cannot damage the living tissue under the bark, so the chestnut tree isn't killed, even when heavily infected by blighL" Union Acres An Alternative - i - Acreage for Salt - Smoky Mountain Living with a focus on spirit1111l and ecological values For more information: Contact C. Grant at Route 1. Box 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 Programs to &ncolXoge self and Earth oworEIOeliS. celebration. kinship and nope. • Youlh Camps• School Programs • Farruly Camps• Teacher TniinlOQ • Commut'II)' Programs • Camp Slaff Tre11ing • Outdoot Progrem Consult.ig P.O Box 1306 Gomnt>ug. Tennessee 3n38 615-436-6203 NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS• VITAMINES • IIEROS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS• SNACKS• NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL According to Elk.ins, blight infection cannot spread as fast on twigs that are genetically resistant to the blight as it can on non-resistant rree$. The hope is that the resistant trees will hold off the blight long enough that the fungus will become infected with the virus disease. Griffin explored the graft.ing site during the workshop, and he found five chestnut trees that had blight infection sites that had been modified by hypovirulence, including one tree where all infection sites were modified. 'These trees give us real hope that this grafting site will be successful in producing large chestnut trees," said Griffin. The French Broad Ranger District will monitor this sile over the next year 10 determine 1he success of the grafting project. The USPS will manage an area of three to four acres around the experiment solely for chestnut, first by maintaining the best growth possible on the surviving gr.tfts, and second, by cutting down all the saplings in the area except naturally-sprouting chestnut saplings. It is a gamble to try these techniques, but it is well wonh the attempt considering how valuable the chestnuts were to these mountain forestS. For more information or lO volWttter l~/p to the American Chtstnut CooptrtJlors· Foundation. write: Lucille Griffin; American Chestmll Cooptra/Ors' Foundaiion; 2667 ForesJ Suviu Road 708; Newport, Va 24128. 265-2700 823 Siow,ng Rock Rd Boone, NC 28607 Shhh. Listen ... ~ by Rob W..essiclt NATIVE FLUTES Two s1yles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm RI 1, Box 172-l Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562·3073 Get a set of IO assorted folding cards with artwork you see in Katuah Journal. (Envelopes included.) Send $11.25 postage paid 1 Summer-, 1991 to: RM DESIGNS P.O. BOX 2601 BOONE, NC 28607 Ill l l . ec. 2.)C 11a•oo- NC211139 !7041 $30135 speaking fQr.Jhe earth. �evenrs JULY JUNE 14-23 CIT ICO CREEK, TN Katuah Rainbow Family Galhering Summer Solstice Galhering." ...for the purposes of Peace and Healing, in honor of the Summer Solstice" on Citico Creek in the Cherokee National Foresl, TN. Directions are recorded on lhe Light-Line (404) 662-6112, from NC (704) 563-9218. HO!, Newslet1er of the Kauiah Rainbow Family; Box 5455; Atlanta, GA 30307. • 21-23 ROAN MOUNTArN Summer Solstice and Ent111 energies workshop with Joyce Holbrook. SIOO. Pre-register: Box 109S; Burnsville. NC 28714. 22 SUMMER SOL'-TICE 22-23 GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Wild Mammal~ or the Smokies" field =-ch with Dr. M1 ch.1el Pelton. Hlllld.W>n study or black bear, deer, b3t, and woodchuck populill.ions in the Pork. For information on this and olher field course:.. coniact: Smoky Mounuain F'icld School; c/o Dr. Gayle D. Cooper; Univc:sity ofTcnne=: 600 Henley St. (Suite IOS); Knoxville, TN 37902 (800) 284-8885. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC "Why Old Women Don't Get the Blucs" with Alice Girard 31 McDibbs. I I9 Cherry SL For info on this gig and summer schedule, call (704) 1A 9-11 AS HEVILLE, NC Broom-making workshop with Carlson Tuulc. For info on this and olher workshops. conlJlCl the Folk Art Center, Box 9545; Asheville, NC 2881.5 (704)298-m8. 11-12 WESSER, NC 669-2456. 1A-27 CREA T SMOKIES PARK ''Family Ounp" - activities for fomilies with children ages 6-12. Nature exploration, slOrytelling. Appalachirul music. hiking, and swimmmg. For info on this and other prognuns, conU1Cc Great Smoky Mountains lnsti1u1c at Tremont; T0Wll5Clld, TN 37882 (615) 448-6700. National Whilewater Championships on the Namahala River, including slalom and wildwater race:;. Nantahala Outdoor Center; 41 US Hwy. 19 West; Bryson City, NC 287 13 (704) 488-2175. LINVI LLE,NC 36111 Annual Grandfather MoUJ1tnin Highland Games and Gathering of the Scouc.h Clan~. Papmtry, pipe bandi:, sheep herding. Scoui,h athletic cvcntS, ccUidh. For info: Highland Game.~; Box 356; Brumer Elle, NC 28604 (704) 898-5286. 11-14 24-27 CULLOWll EE, NC "Landscnping with Native Plants" conference. Lectures, workshops, and field trips led by a host of experts, including Dan Pit1illo, Roben Zahner, George Ellison, and others. $45 + room and board. Pre-conference field trips, 7(21+, are optional and cost extra. For information. call Dr. Jim Horton, (704) 227-7244. 25..S/4 13 ASII FV ILLF~ NC Annunl membership picnic of the Amcric:ln Soc1c1y of Dowsers - Appalachian Chap1cr. Call President Jill1CI Shisler for dctruls: (704) 628-1758. FOLK \1O0T Foll.moot USA brings folk dllncers and musicians from Grcccc. USSR. Fmllllld, Atgcnlina, Holland, Spam, Rom;inia, Puerto Rico, lsr.iel, Turkkey, and Thailand lO perform :u various location.~ in Katu:lh. For schedule and price mfonnauon, conUICt Folkmoot MOUNTAIN LAKE, VA "In Search Of .JI"· ~ploring "iMcr sacred space.• Mt.dicme wheel. dowsing, music. mctliwuon, yoga. drumming, hiking, nnd ritullls. Pre-register: Indian Valley Retreat; Rt. 2. Box 58; Willis, VA 24380 (703) 789-4295. 23-27 27 HOT SPRINGS, NC "lndcpcndcooe Weck Ztn Holiday" WAYNF..SVILLE, NC "Buddhi.gn nnd Meditation• with John Orr. Explora1ion of the Buddhist path 10 sptri1UJI Jjbcra.uon will include meditations, periods ol 5ilcncc, and discussion. For mfo on this and other prognims, con!Xt; Sul-Light Retreat Center. Rt. I. Box 326: Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569. F ULL MOON 29-7/6 19-21 19-21 wnh Genie, Sandy Stcwan.. Working. chanling. sttting, dharma talks. and keeping SJlcncc, culminating with a walk up the mountain. For info on this and Olhcr rctrcais: Southern Dtwm11 Rctrea1 Center, RL I. Box 34,H; Hot Springs, NC 28743 (704) 622-7112 USA; Box 523; Waynesville, NC 28786 (800) 334-9036. 26 FULL MOON BLACK MOUl\TAIN, NC Robin and Linda Williams al McDibbs. Sec 7(24. 28 HOT s r RJNGS, NC r-w "Hand~ Sur lhc SIMS. Tum the Ellrth" Tai Oli Ch'uan workshop w1lh Kathleen cu.~ick and Jay Dunbar. Solo nnd two-person play orrcr ins1gh1 inio classical principles of unified movement. Prc-rcgistu. Soulhcm Ollllrma Retreat CcnlCI (sec 6/29). 30-8/1 MARSIIALL, NC "Green Woodworking with Kids" fOl'childrcn ages 10.15 and adult portners. Build a r001S1ool from an 03k log · also swimming, hilting, \l.·1ld plant i<lentificauon, campfires, ond SIOC)'tclhng. Country Workshops: 90 Mill Creek Rd.: Marshnll. NC 28753 (704) 656-2280. S111111nn. 1991 �AUGUST 1-J 16.l!i c;nr:A'f S\IOKll:S r,\RK ·~J!Jvc Amcr1c:111s and the Easth" pr0t,'fiu11 nnhe Grc:u Amoky Moum:am, Instil:.:!~ 111 Tr.:mont, S.:c: 1/:lA-21. 111c;111 ..,:-. ns. NC' "Pinhole V1s1on" - low,tcch pmhok camcm constnu:1100 and c~plur.ulon or crcati\c 1m:1gc-makmg wnh Pinky Ba,;s. For info on thi.~ and 111ocr pho1ogr.iph)· workshops, conl.1(1' App.1lachian finvironmcntal Arts Center: Box 580: I l1ghfands, :-:c 211741 (70-I) 526-4303. J Ul.1..\100~ 26-31 MARSllc\U., l\C -~,:ick Ch:11I111.1kmg• work~ilop wi1h Dan Mayner. Bcgmning wuh a red oak log, parucipants assemble a cluur ic,mg morme and 1cno11 jomcry, dr.i,..knh-cs, and spokeshaves. Prc-rc:g1s1cr. Country Work,hors (sec 7/30-8/1 ). 30-9/2 IIREVARD. NC Soull1cm Life Community Ga1hcrmg • ncl,..Nking on issues of peace, jusucc, and planci;iry protection. Family gathering, orcn IO all .Music hy Cnnd1c and Guy Car:iwan, Contact Rur.d Soulhcm Voicc for Peace (sec 8/2-3). 2-3 CF.1.O, NC Onlhcring of commu111ty orgam,.crs and ga.woots leaders who wish to sh.ire experiences and network at Rural Soulhcm Voice for Peace office in Celo Community. If interested m ancnding, plca.,c contact RSVP; 1898 Hannnh Bmnch Rd.: Burnsville, 1'C 28714 (7o.1) 675-S933. ASHEVILLE, NC 11 lh Annual World Gee-Haw Whimmy Diddle Competition will include whimmy diddle feats, lrlldiuon:il music, and clogging. For info, conlllCt: Folk Art Ctntcr (see 7/9-11). 2.'i SEPTEMBER 2-3 WILLIS, VA 6th Annual "Women's Wellness Week"· an opportunity 10 become part of a supportive women's community for a week of renewing power. honoring spirit, nurturing heart, and encouraging creativity. Activities will include dance, clay sculpting, drumming, tie-dying, healing work, and sweat lodge ceremony. Children's program will run concurrently. Pre-register. Indian Valley Retreat Center (Sf.C 6/23-27). 5-11 17-IR CHEROKEE, NC Freeman Owlc, Cherokee pipcmakcr stone sculptor. and storyteller, will demoru;t.nue nt the Cherokee Hcn!llge Museum and Callery. For infonn:uion on lhis and olhcr eppcara11ccs by nauve cr:if1$pCople, conUJCt: Cherokee Heri1.1ge Museum and Gallery; Box 477: Cherokee, NC 28719 (704) 497-3211. OCOEE RTVER 1991 World Cup and Wild water National Chamnpionshtps will attract over 100 of the top wild water racers in the world. Contact Nantahala Outdoor Center (see 7/11-12). HARRISONBURG, VA PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Conference to discuss ideas and Str'Jtegies for "evolutionary preserves" and a wild habitat range the length of the Appalachian Mountains. Sponsored by Virginians for Wilderness/Earth First! and PAW. At James Madison University. For info, write Virginians for Wilderness; Rt. 1, Box 250; Staunton. VA 2440 I or call (703) 885-6983. 14 • 16 19-23 Send $ubmission~ f0t the Event~ page to: Kauiah Calendar Editor; 300 Webb Cove Rd.; Asheville, NC; Katliah Provmcc 28804. Listings for next is.~ue due by Augu.~t 15. "The area's oldcsi and lugc,t natural food~ gtoet'ry • 811/k Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements VI/heat, Salt & Yeast-Fm~ Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Maki11g Stlf'l'lics 200 W. King St, Boone, SC 28607 (704) 261·5220 -p,;, ~~\ Talking J.,,n,~ i~ a monthly J('lutnlll of deep ecology, UISf'ired pen,ooaJ RCIIVlbID rooted ID eMtben 'J'mlWlluy. Pa.,1 1!-!<ucs have rurunxl ar11cles by Gary Soylkr. Statba"J.. Jc>hn S~. Joanna ~facy, 81II ~val!, u•oe Wnlf C1r¢1et;, Barham Mor, etc, AH? NATBR Ml'l'fWl' BLICI'RlCITY with a RAM pump! It works by the action of flowing water and can pump 120 ft. high. Colllplele pump w/ guide -$125. Call or send SASE for free brochure. NATERHAN MK PlJFS 355 Cedar Creek Road -"'-...£.._....____ e1ack Mountain, N.c. 28711 (704) 669-6821 Summer, 19!J1 TnlJ.inl( J.,,111~ ~pew for the n•tural world :and for lhe rd:.indlmg !'I OW' OWII wtld ~JlU11, Suhscnpt1ons arc S15.00 one year/SI 8.00 outside U.S. S25.00 i...o )·ear'IIS36.00 outside U.S. Send chock or M.O. 10: Tn/J.i11x I.raw:, 1430 Willalllt'lle 11367 Eugrlle, OR 97401 5031342-2974 rFR~~,~~~'~:~~~P COMMITTED TO C0'.'.1MUNTIY AND ·cooo-FOR-YOU.FOOO" 255-7650 90 Biltmore AH•nu~ ,\,hevdlc ~C 2 Blocks South ol Downtown Xatimh Journot PCUJC 33 �~BWoR/slt{g • Webworking has changed! There is nowafee of$ 2.50 (PRE-PAJD) per en1ryofjifry words or less. Send b>•A11gust 30th 1991 I(); Rob Messick; P.O. Box 2601; Boone. NC 28607. (704) 754-6097. GOOD STEWARDS WA/IITED for rcmotc land. Approx. IS acres for sale w/ hou.,;e (2 bdrm .• I balh). Organically rarmed for 2tJ )'Cffl, grnv11y recd spring ,,,:ner. High oo Tannsi Ridge. views. Raven ond ~fmnc Walker, Box 23: Lal<c Toxaway. 1'C 28747 (704) 293-7013. RAINFOREST BOTANICALS • from the ancient hc31ing Ulldi11ons of the indigenous people. or SOUlh America. The Life Force of Amawnui. now available io you. Fn:e mformation ID Health Profes.,,onals. Call Lei at l!OO-SJS-0503. '!WO FAMIUES seeking neighborly follcs IO buy mlO 130 acres of beautiful moumainside land near Wcavervillc.1'C. We arc involved in organic gnro,:nmg, homc.~hooling. rwural healing. 1111d spimuality. 20 acre sh3re for S2A,OOO. Call (7~) 658-2676 or 645-7954. 1990,91 DIRECTORY OF INTENTIONAL COMMUNITIES · Just rclc:i~. over 2 years m the nuking. Names, adrcssc.s, phone numbers, and d=riptioos of 320 Nonh American communities. and over 2SO resource ~ . phi., 40 articles. Mops, cross-reference chan.s. fully indexed. $13.SO postpaid from Sandhill Fann: Rt I, Box 155-R; Rulledge. MO 63563. 40% discount available on ordcn of 10 or mate. MUSIC BY BOB AVERY-ORUBELaVllilablcon three casseu.cs. 1'reasuus in the Stream and Circles Returnuig arc folk/rock·J3U. and a recent release of origu1al chants and songs. light in the Wind. isa coptMlla. Lyric sheets included. Send $10 for each tape or $26 for ell throe to Bob Avuy-Grubcl; RL I, Box 735; Aoyd, VA 24091. HIGHLANDER CENTER· IS a communuy-bascd educaLional organ11.auon whol,C purpose IS lO provide space for pcq,lo to learn from each other, and 10 dcvclopc $<llu1ions to cnvircnmcnllll r,roblcms based on their values. experiences, 1111d a~iratlons. They also put out a quanerly newslcua called Highlander RcJ)OrlS. For more information conwcr Highlander Ccnlel'; 1959 Highlander Wuy; New M.lrtkc1, 1N 37820 (615) 933.3443 A SMALL FMflLY COOPERATIVE. IS scckmg a sw1Able ,;pace for homeschooling our children, ages 4,7. We are a responsible, conscious, ruid cxpcri<:nccd a,oup. We 5"k a \l*iOUs house and yanl. away from uafr.c. We prefer lO renr wil.h an Ofltlon lO buy. Call (704) 628-3628 or (704) 252-8183. RAW CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY. Tulip Poplar, Sourwood, and Wildflower hooey from lhc forcstS or Palrick County, VA. No chemicals, no while sugar. no heat ever Slrllincd through ch=ccJoth and p;tekcd in glass. Luni1cd quantities. ~11 or wntc for pnccs & availalnlny. Wade Buckhohs • Bull Mountlin Bcekecpcrs; Rd 2, Box 1S16. S1113r1. VA 2·H71 (703) 694-4571. Xa1uwi JournoC p~ ~ NATIVE AMERICAN Fl.lTT'E MUSIC- Richard Roberts. a well known west TN new age flutist (Ilk.a Zero Ohms), is now availoblc tn lhe East TN/NC are.,. For rcla:ting and uplifimg pcrfonnanccs nr tapes contaet RIChard Robcns: Box 821; Norris, TN 37828 (615)494-8828-oc- RL I, Box 136RD; Lamar, MS 38642 (601) 252-4283. THE DREAM CATCHER - C3tchcs bad dreams and hold, I.hem, 10 be dcsttoyed by the morning sun. Good dreams 0031 down the feather to I.he slcepu. Price: 11 dollars - spcc,fy color prefcrcnccs or nalWUI. Order from Ch1ck:unaugan Fn:c C'hcrolcees: 1915 Buckky Sr #8; Chawrnoogn. TN 37404. I IA WKWlSO EARTII RENEWAL COOPERA11VE • i.\ an 87 acre primitive rcl!C3t and working communily fal!1l, l..oc:31Cd in I.he norlhcm Alabamo mountnin,111>1 11 S miles northwest oC Atlanta. Clas,;c,; on alrcmat1ve lifestyles and Nill.Ive American philosophies arc available on a rcgulor basis. For inform:ition or cnllllog of Nauvc crofts & producL~. Cllll (20S) 635-63().1. 32-ACRE FARM for sale ,n Whittier, NC. Multiple solor hom~ltS, pnvacy, creeks and springs, rwo large orgamc fields. Includes rusuc farmhouse wil.h gravil)'-fcd water and solar sys1em, born, 1111d small solnr suucture. $90,000 for all. Wlll sell pan. Writc Vicki Baker and Tom Graves: Rt 2, Box 108-A: Whittier, NC 28789 or call ('704) 586-8221 or(704) 649-9266. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIAL HERBS • we offer a latge variety of sages, swce1 grass, ruuural resins, 11114 everything ncccssiuy for smudging. Nnrivc smolc.ing m1~tures, flulc music, pow-wow Lape:!, und ceremonial songs. Essential oils, and incenses specifically mode fo, prayer. offcriJlg, and meditation. Forcawlog call or write: Esscncinl Drc:uns; Rt 3. Bo~ 285; Eagle Fork, Hllyc:svillc. NC 2890i (701) 389-9898. whole earth grocery • NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LMNG 4~6 e parkway craft «-nt<'r • <ultc 11 gatllnburg, tcnn~ 37738 615-436-6967 PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE - For those who live in lhc Piedmon1 area, !here's a biorcgionnl e!fon well underway. Jom Us! We would nJlPrec13lC any donnuon or time or money IO help moot operating expenses. For a gifl of S25.00 or more. we will send you a copy of John Lawson's journal, A New Voyage 10 Coro/mo Also come find ou1 about the Lawson ProjecL PB!; 412 W Rosemary Slt0CI: Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwbruna Province. (919) 942-2581. WICKER WORKER· Wicker furniture rcs'U>red. ainc. rush, and recd sc31S woven, D:sskcrs al.,;o repaired. Expericncc:d scat weaver. "If you can't we cane.· Andrea Clarke; 27 Mu Strc<:t Asheville, NC 28801. ('704) 253-6241. RECYCLED PAPER I - Oin:etory or product sources for the Southca~ SuggC$1.Cd Donation of S 1.00 10 Wcstcm Nonh Carolina Alliance: P.O. Box 18087: Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 258-8737 BODY RI/YT/IMS from PIIIIICtnry Mothers • a beautiful and paroctical calendar for women ID chart rhcir ·moonthly" cycles. Send $3.00 plus S 1.00 [lOSWge to: Planetary Mothers Collective (c/o Nancie Yonker); 5231 Riverwood Avenue: Saraso111. FL 34231 FAMILIES LEARNING TOGETHER - is a new sutew1dc ho=hool group welcoming :inyone wirh on i n ~ in home education. Our pulflOSC 1s 10 focili111tc the exchange or infonnauon, Ullcnt. nnd n:sowccs. For more infonnauon contact: Trish Severin (704) 369-6491 QUEST FOR SUR VIVAL/ JOURNEYS TO SPIRITUALITY· 1s .i new program being offered in the Kimlah area. The purpose of the Que.st for Sutv1vll.l progroms 1S to 1C3Ch the sxrcd order of swvivnl (Shcl1.cr, W111er, F,rc, and Food). and explore I.he roles of ~urvival phllnsophy and spin1ulll1ty in 11113lning b:ll:lnccd hannony wil.h ourselves, cai;h other. Qnd the Eonh. Two rnll'Oductory weekends will 111kc plxc in l.Jlurcl Sp<ings, NC on Scp1cmbcr 27-29 for Women, and Oc1obcr 4-6 for Men. Also ii wccl:long program for men is planned for October 6-13 al Turtle hl.1nd Prosct\·c near Deep Gap. NC. For information on any of thc.o;e programs conU1Ct Tom Barnes: P.O. Box 166; S3vcry, WY 82332 or call (307) 383-2625. LAND FOR SALE - wil.h small house in beautiful Spring Creek. 1'C; IS miles west of Hot Spnngs. Pctfcct for the scJJ-sufficicn1 tire. One hour wesr of Asheville. Call Linda Deyo (704) 675-9575. S11tt11ncr-, 1991 �Katuah Journal wams w comm1111icare your 1/,ouglus and feelings 10 the 01her people i11 1he bioregional pmv111ce Send 1hem 10 us as /e11ers, poems, sinries, articles, drawings, or photographs. e1c. Please seridyour contrib111io11s w 11s at: Katuah Journal; P 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC, Ka11'tah Province 28748. The tall issue of Ka111al1 .loumal will be a·i*,tpouni featurhg a strong emphasis on humor and fun. The titles and contents of Lhe major depanments will tn1nsform laughably, and Katiiah Journal will let its hair down: hopefully gcuing its funny bone tickled! Deadline for anicles is July 31, 1991. Our Winter issue will be concerned with Fire in its many manifestations; from forest fires to the warm hearths of home. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE • SPRINO 1984 Sw;r.ainablc Ag,, iculture • Sunflowers • Human lmp:icl on I.he FOfest. Childrcru· Education· Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics Lmlc People· Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR • SUMMER 1984 W11cr Drum • We11:1 Quality. Kudzu. Solar Eclipse . Clcatcuuing • Trom. Going U> Wiler. R'IITI Pumps Microhydro. Poems: Bemie Lee Sinelair. Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FOURTEEN • WINTER 1986.87 Lloyd Carl Owlc • Boogcrs and Mummers • All Spooics Day • Cabin Fever University • Homeless m Katuah llomcm~de 1101 Water • Stovcmwcer·s Narrative • Good Medicine: Interspecies Communication ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - SPRINO 1989 Pisgah Village • Planet Art • Oreen City • Poplar Appeal • ·CIC1t s1cy·· ·"A New Eanh". Black Swan • 11'/ld lt;vely Days· Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Sa, Ice Age • Poem: ··sudden Tendrils" 0 ISSUE FIVE • FALL 1984 Harvest • Old Ways in Cherokee· Oin.scng • NuclClll Waste • Our Celtic Heritage· Biorcg1onalism: Past. Prcser1~ and Future • John WUnoty • Healing Darkncs.s • Politics of Participation 1SSUETW£NTY.FQUR • SUMMER "89 Deep Listening· Life in Atomic City • Direct Action! • Tree of Peace· C.Ommuruty Building· Peacemakers. Ethnic Survival. Pairing Projcc:t . ··Battlesong". Growing Peace in Culturos • Review: Tiu: Chalice and lhe 8/ak ISSUE SIX • WINTER 1984-85 Wintu Solstice Earth Ceremony • HorseJ>3Sturc:a River· Coming or the Light • Log Cabin Root • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop. William Taylor. The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN -SPRINO 1985 SuslAlnablc Economies • Hot Springs Worker Ownership - The Orea! Economy . Self Help Credit Union· Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing - Working in the Web or Life ISSUE EIOIIT • SUMMER 1985 Cc:lcbration: A Way of Life. Katuah 18.000 Years Ago Sacn:d Sites • Folk Alts in the Schools . Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle . Poems: Hilcb Downer· Cherokee Heritage Cenll!r · Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE • FALL 198S Titc Waldcc Forest. The Trees Speak. Migtating Forcsu . Horse Logging · Sllll'ling a Troe Crop· Urb:tn Tr«s • Acom Bre3d • Mylh Tim,, ISSUE TEN • WINTER 1985·86 Kate Rogers. Circles of Stone Internal Mylhmllking • Hohsuc Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knauth • Mythic Pieces • 11,c UJ(lena·s Talc • Crystal M•gic • ISSUE FIFTEEN • SPRINO 1987 Coverlcu • Woman f-ores1er • Susie McMahon: Midwife · Alternative Contnception Biosexuality Biorcgion:llism l1lld Women Good Mcdic111C: Matria,chal Culture. P~art ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Helen Wlitc Poem: V1$ions in a Garden Visi<>n Quc5t • First Aow - Initiation • Ltaming in the Wililcmei> • Cherokee Challenge· "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIOHTEEN • WINTER 1987-88 Vem11CUlar Architecture Drums m Wood and Stone . Mountrun Home • Earth Encrgi<:s Eanh.Sheltettd Llving Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter . Pocmr. Octobu Dwk Oood Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE NINETEEN • SPRING 1988 Pcrclandra G3tdcn Spring Tonics . Blueberries . WddOower Gardens· Onumy Hcrl>1list ·Flower~ · ""Inc Origin of the Animals:· Story · Good Medicine: "Power• • Be A Trec "Drt,:lnl$pMking" ISSUE THIRTEEN • FALL 1986 Center For Awalccnmg Eli1.abclh Callan· A Ocntlc Death Hospice Ernest Morgan • Dealing Crcotively with De.th • Home Burial Box· The Woke The Raven MockcrWood.slorc and Wildwoods Wooom • Good Medk:inc: The Sweat Locl&e ~UAtt JOURNAL ISSUE TWENTY . SUMMER 1988 Prcsavc Appalachian Wildcmcss Highland$ of Roan • Cclo Community • Land Trust • A.rthur M<><i;an School • Zoning Issue • "The Ridge" • Farmers and thc Farm Bill Oood Medicine: "Land" Acid Rain· Ouke·s Power Play • Cherolcee Miaohydro Project P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick a1 (704) 754- 6097 Name Regular Membership......$ I0/yr. Sponsor..........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Address Ciry Area Code Summer, 1991 State Phone Number Zip ISSUE TWENTY.TWO. Wl'NTER ·ss~9 Olobal Warmu,g • Fire This Time • Thomas Beny on "Bion:gions" • Eanh Exercise. Kore Loy McWhiner. An Abundance of Emplmess • LETS • Chronicles or Aoyd • D:u,y Wood. The Beat Cl11n Enclosed is $ - ~ - - u, give this effort 011 ex1ra boos1 I can be a local contact person for my area ISSUETW£NTY.S1X . WlNTER, 1~89.'90 Coming or Age in the Ecoroic Eni Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company • ConOict Resolution . Developing the Creative Spirit - Buth Power · Birth Bonding. The Magic or Puppcuy . Home Schooling. Naming Ceremony MOlhcT Eulh·s CIISS!OOO\ • Oardcnmg for Children ISSUETW£N'fY.SEVEN SPRINO. 1990 Transform•tion - lfoaling Power Pence to Their Ashes. llealing in Kanlah Poem: "When Loft u, Grow·· • Poemr. Stephen Wing The Belly • Food from lhe Ancient Forest ISSUE TWENTY EIOITT SUMMER 1990 Carryu,g Ca~uy . Seu1ng Limit$ to Growth • Whu is Overpopulation? • The Road Oang • Tru: Highway 10 No-.here • The 1.26 Projocl "Cuing Capacity"· People and l11bitll • Designing the Whole Life Community . Steady Sllltc - Poems, WOI Ashe B=n . Tnnsportcm.lbvos · Review· COMUSlfl8 ISSUE TWENTY.NINE . FALl,JWlNTER 1990 From the MounLlllU to the Sea • Promc of The Little Temt$- R1ver • Hcadwatcn Ecology • "It All Comes Down 10 Water Quality. Wata Power: Action for Aquatic HabitalS · Dawn Watchers · Cood Medicine: The Long Human Being The Nonh Shore Road Kllllah Sells Out · Wllcrlhcd M"f) of the Katuah Province ISSUETIURTY SPRJNO 1991 Economy/Ecology Rcsencrativa Economy • "Money Is the Lowest Form of Wealth"· Claruvillc Mira:Je • The VillJ,ge • Food Movers Ll/'eworlt • Oood Medicine: "Village Economy·. Shelton Laurel. LETS Issue 31 Back Issues Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue # __@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ postage paid $ _ _ Complete Set (3· lO, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24. 26-30) @ $40.00 = $,_ _ postage paid X.Otu.nfi JourrwL page 35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 31, Summer 1991 Description An account of the resource The thirty-first issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on "earth energies" and humans' reconnection with the earth through dowsing; earth healing and Earth Energy workshops; and understanding the Earth grid. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Madeline H. Dean, Joyce Holbrook, Clyde Hollifield, Richard Nester, Charlotte Homsher, Page Bryant, Richard Lowenthal, James Proffitt, Lee Barnes, Jim Houser, Emmett Greendigger, Ivo Ballentine, Rob Messick, David McGrew, George Agricola (1556), Douglas A. Rossman, and Mara. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Dowsing by David Wheeler.......3<br /><br />The Responsibilities of Dowsing: An Interview with Tom Hendricks by Madeline H. Dean.......5<br /><br />Ceremonies of the Moment: An Interview with Joyce Holbrook.......6<br /><br />"Jack-o-Lanterns," Acid Rain, and the Electrical Life of the Earth by Clyde Hollifield.......8<br /><br />Poem: "Old Houses" by Richard Nester.......10<br /><br />Katúah and the Earth Grid by Charlotte Homsher.......11<br /><br />The Call of the Ancient Ones by Page Bryant.......13<br /><br />"If the Earth Is to Heal, Our Hearts Must Be Broken" by Richard Lowenthal.......15<br /><br />Good Medicine: On Agression.......17<br /><br />Poems by James Proffitt.......18<br /><br />Green Spirits: Sacred Forests by Lee Barnes.......19<br /><br />Off the Grid by Jim Houser.......20<br /><br />Natural World News.......21<br /><br />"Just Doing Their Job" by Emmett Greendigger.......23<br /><br />Time to Take the Time to Take the Time by Ivo.......25<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Whole Science by Rob Messick.......29<br /><br />Tuning In by Charlotte Homsher.......29<br /><br />Review: Light in the Wind.......30<br /><br />Chestnut Grafting Project by David McGrew.......31<br /><br />Events.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern New Age movement Dowsing Environmental education--North Carolina--Asheville North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Alternative Energy Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Education Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Health Katúah Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Transportation Issues Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/c5ee330c977312a17d828d214a7916e6.pdf 05640bd372243437e62e080e13bbb8ac PDF Text Text ISSUE 32 FALL 1991 $1.50 �Drawina by Rob M~siclt ~UAHJOURNAL PO Bo:,,. 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Printed on recycled paper Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �CONTENTS Bringing Back !he Fire................. . by David Wheeler A Bil of Mountain Levity................. by Barbara Wickersham 5 Climax Never Came....................... by Henry Wender 7 ls the Southern Appalachian Ecosystem Endangered?.................. by John A. Freeman 9 'Talking Leaves": Sequoyah............ 10 by Tom Underwood Green Spirits: Seed Saving ............. by lee Barnes 12 Walking Dis1a11ce......................... by Will Ashe Bason 13 Angle: Environment...................... by lvo Ballentine 13 Good Medicine: .......................... 14 Poem: "A Rotting Log".................. by Brownie Newman 15 THEGRANOLAJOURNAL.......... 16 Livin' By Their Wits recorded by Rob Messick An Old Family Tale by Bess Harbison BRINGING BACK THE FIRE The Slide by Rob Messick Recorded by David Wheeler How Can You Lose Anything as Big as This Ego? by Maxim Didge, Paintings: "Mountain Stories".......... 18 by Robert Johnson Natural World News..................... 20 Dying Soils, Dying Waters............. by Emmelt Greendigger 22 Songs in lhe Wilderness................. by Char/011e Homsher 24 500 Years of Resistance!................ by Emmell Greendigger 25 Save James Bay.......................... 25 Drumming................................. 26 Off the Grid: Solar Ovens... ,........... by Dennis Scanlin 29 Events..................................... 32 \Vcbworklng.............................. 34 Ka11fah Konfusion....................... 35 foff, 1991 While Walker Calhoun is II/JI the only person working ro keep alive the old Cherokee practices and values, he is definitely one of the people most dedicated to restoring the traditional ways. When he speaks of "the Fire," he means the spark of life irself. and also the spirit behind the Cherokee spiriwal life • so strong in this region until even JOO years ago. But, like the Cherokee white flour corn that was cross-fertilized with the white people's Yellow Dent \•aricty, Walker's spiriwal way also shows traces of the white people's Christian religion. \Vhen I drove 11p 10 Walker's house, he was sitting by a small fire in the side yard. He had a ra1: wrapped around one pa111/eg, and he was Ito/ding lo11g pieces ofriver ca11e over rite blaze until tltcy became pliable. then s1raigluenin1: them across his leg to make blowgu11s. lie stood to greet me. He was a slight 111011 with a ready smile that showed the worn nubs of a few teeth. "let's sit 011 the porch," he said. "It's too hnt to work around this fire anymore." I showed him a copy of rite Kattiah Journal and, ofter consideri11g it a mmure. without further prompting he began talking .. Walker Calhoun: Katuah - that's the name of the tribe. We're not the Cherokee. When lhey wrote a history, they called us the Cherokee, but really we're the Katuah tribe. They've got the Katuah Band in Oklahoma, and lhe Katuah Medicine Society out there. That's our religion· lhe Cherokee religion· the Katuah Society. I'm supposed 10 put the sign up at our stomp grounds we have just a.cross the river up here in Big Cove... the name is the Raven Rock Nighthawk Ceremonial Grounds · Katuah Society. We have dance there every month on the last Saturday. In August we have a big celebration • a Green Com Celebration. We have a big time. I was chosen to bring lhe Everlasting Fire back here to the Eastern band. The reason they picked me was because I was the only one keeping our culture and heritage from disappearing. That's why they chose me to bring the Fire back where ii belongs. I didn't know much about the Fire until three or four years ago. Two men from Oklahoma came and told me. We were sining right here, and these two men came. They mentioned Katunh. One asked me about it, but I didn't know what he meant. It was later when I learned what they were t.1llcing about. Now, the Fire... people misunderstand the Fire. At the ceremonial grounds we've got a mound where the spirit is. We build a Drawing by Rob Messick (con11nucd on page 3) X,ntunf, Journo( pn9c I �~ LJAHJOURNAL A BAD CASE OF EDITORTALSTAPH: Susan Adam Jim Houser Lee Barnes Anomal..ee Heather Blair Rob Messick Emmett Greendigger Mamie ~lullcr Charloue Homsher David Wheeler EDlTORIAL ASSISTANCE: Chris Green Scou Bird and Li'I Matthew... Mountain Gardens Family COVER: by Rob Messick ©1991 PUBLTSHED BY: Kart'iah Journal PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Mowitaineer Press STATEMENT OF PURPOSE EDITORIAL OFFlCE THIS ISSUE: The Globe Valley WRITE US AT: Kat(iah Journal Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748 TELE Pl IONE: (704) 754-6097 Divcrsi1y is an imponam clcmcm of biorcgaonal ecology, both nntural and social. In accord with !his principle Katuah Journal Irie.~ to serve as n forum for lhe discussion of regional issues. Signed :iruclcs expross only lite opinion of lite aulhors and arc no1 ncccss:irily 1he opinions of lhc Katuah Journal editors or stllT. The Internal Revenue Service hns dcclnred K01uah Joivnol a non-profi1 organizntion under sccuon 50l(c)(3) or lhe lnicmal Revenue Code. All contributions to Ka,uoh Journal an: deductible from pcrson3l income l:lll. Aniclcs appearing m Ka1uah Journal may be rcprimcd m 01hcr publications wilh permis.~1on Crom lhe Ka1uah Journal slllff. ConUlCl lite journal in writing or coll (701) 754-6097. CORRECTION: m our las1 isssuc (Summer, 1991) lhcrc was an error in lite article •Jack-o-Lanicms, Acid Ram, and the Elcctncal Life of lite Earth." Brown Mountain is aclllally IOC3lcd in Burke and Caldwell Counues of North Carolina. Wltat would the world be, once bereft Of wet and of wilderness? Let them be left, 0 let them be left, wildness and wet; Long live the weeds and the wilderness yet. Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Tun le Island continent of Mother Ela, the Eanh I lcrc, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection LO the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives 10 the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Hannony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. Ka11iah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and anwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors - Gerard Manley Hopkins KATUAH JOURNAL wanes ro communicare your thouglus and feelings ro the 01/zer people in the bioregional province. Send them ro tlS as lerrers, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, ere. Please send your contribwions ro us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicesrer, NC; Kar(ltlh Province 28748. OUR NEX:r ISSUE is concerned with the role of the element Fire in the life of the mountains...forest Fire, how humans changed the landscape with Fuc, Fire in the heanh, Fire as tool, Fire of the spirit. Please submit all material by October 30, 1991. JC.ati!Qn )ournat pa«Jc 2 THE SPRING, 1992 JSSUE will be concerned wilh "Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet." We need your input on topics including: sustainable agriculture (alternative ag., low input, appropriate ag., pennaculturc, biodynamics, etc.); seed-saving techniques; wild-foods and medicinals; regionaVcommunity food production and marketing; seasonal diet and recipes; food preservation; green manures and composting; agroforestry; and especially recommended resources, guides, and contacts. Please send material to Lee Barnes; Box 1303; Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-5716. Ta(t, 1991 �(con1inucd !'tom page I) fire on top. A lot of people misunderstand it they think that we worship the fire. That's not it. The spirit of Fire is in that mound. The Oklahoma people fixed it (put it there). They said that was !he sll'Ongest Fire they had ever fixed. It came from the Redbird Community in Oklahoma. That's the original Fire. They've got some more at other stomp grounds, but they get the spirit from the main one, at Redbird, !he same one that this came from. We've got the seven clans of the Cherokee. We've got seven arbors around the fire, each clan sits in their own arbor, and when we start dancing, each clan comes from their own arbor, and when they quit, they go back to their own arbor. We went a lot of different places to get that place fixed. We went up to Clingman's Dome to get a piece of dirt to put over here. That's where the wisest medicine men of the Cherokee had their meetings. I guess they would go all the way to Clingman's Dome to talk with God. People forget about their culture and heritage, they're going with the rest of the world. The Green Com Dance has been handed down from our forefathers, but it almost went out of existence. It was going down slow. They hadn't done it for about 50 years, until last year. I was just a young boy when they did the lllSl one 50 yean. ugo. 1 remember how they danced. The women would be dancing away from the men, while the menfolks were doing the Green Com Dance. When the men got through, the women came over, and they would stan doing the stomp dance, and then the women would join in. When the menfolk were dancing, they would carry shotguns - each one would have seven shots. They would go around a singer, I believe they'd go around seven times first, just walk it, and then on the eighth round, they'd Stan singing, they'd go completely around, and the second time 'round, at each side the men, they'd shoot, each one. That's the way we did it. When we dance, that's the prayer co God. We've got the Fire on top - smoke takes what we're saying up to God. What we're saying, God is the only One who can understand it. We can't understand it ourselves. Sometimes in Oklahoma they dance all night. That's when there's some reason, like the Green Com Celebration or the Fire's birthday. There was one time at the stomp dancing in Oklahoma, it was broad daylight, it was still going. They ran out of songs, they started singing "Old MacDonald." 0L:J.l:J~ f'n{t. I 99 1 The leader sang, "Old MacDonald had a fann." They answered, "Hee yi, hee yi!" I tell you, when they get warmed up, tlleY_'re airing th~ Fire as they dance, making mouons. They sing songs about God while they're dancing, how they appreciate God. Our Fire's birthday is September 29. That's when it was lit, September 29. The man who lit it, his name was Hickory Star. He was the one who wanted the fire brought back here, he said that this is where it belongs. He just barely made iL He lit tlle fire, went back home - he died there last February. He brought the fire back, and tllen he died. Karuah JourMI: Do you sing old songs at the stomp dance? WC: Yeh. I don't know how old. This was done before white men came to America - way before. That was the way they worshipped. Kl: I'm glad you are starting it back again. It would be a tcnible thing if we lost that. WC: Yeah. They've got a lot ofit back now. Some of it they have in Oklahoma. They know more about it tllan us, of course. The Eastern Band, we just came from the few who escaped and hid in the mountains. When they came back. they didn't have nothing. They took the Fire with tllem out west. The Fire, that was their religion. That's the spirit - it was within 'em. They carried the Fire of the spirit. They staned back doing it. To begin with they did it in secret, because the government didn't allow tllem to do that. But they kept it up. Then the government passed a low about freedom of religion (Native American Religious Freedom Act), and then they came out with it. When I was a boy, I guess about 12 or 14 years old, I always heard my motlier and some of the older people talking about the Fire - the Fire in Oklahoma. l thought tllat they had taken the name of the real fire with them when they lefL That's tlle way a lot of people believe yet. Up at the Mountainside Theater (in Cherokee where the drama Unro These Hills is performed), they've got a name burning, that they bum by gas, I guess, so that's the not the Eternal Flame, for when they want to clean it, they put the fire out. That's a commercinl fire. When they brought it back from Oklahoma they actually carried the fire back. I don't know exactly how they carried it, somehow they kept it burning until they got it to Cherokee. They called on a man in ~ Oklahoma to give them the Eternal Fire. He didn't know what to do. They wanted the Fire, so he gave them a name to bring baclc. He didn't know what to tel1 them. There's a lot of people interested in Indian religion, I don't know why. I guess that they think that they (tlle native people) might be more right The Indians respect the Mother Earth. They respect just about everything in nature. You don't hear of any Indians inventing something to kill people with. They don't even talce part in inventing everything. 1 guess they're thinking it's not right. I believe it's not right, the way white people use their inventions. The first thing !hey do with an invention is they make it into a war material. That ain't right. The Indians, they're not involved in that. Maybe tllat's the reason (white) people think that they (the native people) might be more right. God didn't intend it for that way, when He created Man and the Eartll. We were supposed to share the Earth and get along equally. Everything that the Indian goes by, it makes sense, even the legends. It makes sense, all of it. There's a lot to it. Back when I was a kid, it seemed like they kept everytlling. They kept the culture and the herirage, but it gradually went down. When I found out, I had to decide to bring it back. Nobody was trying. YJ: It's important to save whatever you know. WC: We are trying to keep the ll'llditional way. We don't allow alcohol at the stomp dance - no alcohol, no drugs, and a woman that makes her period (who is having her period) can't take part. KJ: Now why is that? WC: That's just traditional. They can't eat with the rest of the family. they have to have their own plate. And a married couple, staying in the family way, they can't take part in the dancing, either one of them. KJ: Is that the way you do in your house? . WC: No. Like I said, it's going out of ex1Stence. The old-timers said that kept a lot of sickness away. I believe it, because Indian people were bigger people than they are now. Now you see a lot of shon, fat Indians, they used 10 be tall - tall people. So 1 believe that. You don't hardly see a big Indian man anymore. (continued on pa,., 4) �(c:ontinucd from page 3) KJ: Will it help the young people in the tribe to bring back the old traditions? WC: We can't drag 'em. The drunks know that they can't go there (lo the ceremonial grounds) unless they're sober. I believe that's going 10 work out slow. They'll be wanting to go there, but they can't go unless they're sober. I think that's the way it's going to work. J know that there are a lot of 'cm peeping around there. They've been drinking. You can see them way out in the weeds, peeping out. They can't come in, though. Within four days, if they've been drinking, they can't go. KJ: It's good work you're doing, Walker. WC: The first 11me I went 10 Oklahoma, the head man explained 10 me all about how that Fire was kept. While he was explaining it, he said, "As long as you are doing God's wiU. that's all that's required." Well, that's all that's required for anybody anyway. As long as you are doing God's will and believe in Jesus Chris1. KJ: How about the white people, Walker? The Ind fan people have been hcrc a long time, and they have old traditions that they can get back in touch with. But the white people haven't bt-cn here so long, and they don't have such old traditions. ls there anything they can do 10 get back in touch? Cartersville and Albany. Georgia. Instead of having Fire, they had a bale of hay. KJ: That takes the power out of i1. ll's hard to think about in the same way after it's been commercialized. WC: There's another thing: we can't build the Fire unless we use a spark out of a rock. My son's a fueman, he builds fires. A man gave him a striker, it makes a big spark. You can·t use a match or a cigarette lighter. KJ: Do you ever use a bow and drill? WC: No. This man said it wouldn't be right. That's somebody's invention. The spark was 1he real tradiLional thing. KJ: Are you teaching somebody to come after you? WC I don't have to. The spirit's there forever. If I die, 1ha1 won't bother i1. The spirit 1s still there. they know 1he spirit is there, so I don't have 10 Lc:11 1hem how i1's done. lt's the Everlasting Fire. KJ; What else are you trying 10 ,~ach people? (remedies). I'm not a medicine man. A lot of people call me medicine man, but the Medicine Man is down in Cherokee (referring to the Medicine Man Gift Shop). 0aughs) KJ: So these are plant medicines. You don't do any conjuring. WC: No. I don't go for that, it's against my religion ConJuring and religion don't go together. Just like alcohol. KJ: llow did you learn the remedies that you know. WC: From my mother, she taught me. Someone can teach you the different medicines, but even if you understand what kind of medicine a person gets, and you just went and got that same kind of medicine for everybody, it wouldn't be any good. We've got to put our Creator first, because we ain't got power ourselves unless we put God in front. Then we can do it. Thc medicine is just a point of contact. Goel is the One who heals you. I understand that. The medicine is just something 10 get you closer 10 God. If you don't believe in the medicine· no good, it won't do it. You've got to have faith in the medicine, too. / WC: I'm trying to teach medicine, "hat little mcdidnc I know. I ju$t know a few WC: Well. I don't know. They're supposed 10 keep up their tradition. their culture, of whatever they arc. Each nationality should keep their own. KJ: It's hard for white people because they have been away from 1he land for so long. h's been hundreds of years. WC: Thar's like these two men who came from Pennsylvania. They were curious about what l was doing. "Our people ain't got nothin'," 1hey said. "We're just here, that's all." KJ: I think that's why a lot of white people are interested in the native religion, because that's how they feel. It's imponant for everybody tha1 you keep the old customs, the s1 omp dance and all of 1ha1. WC: That's a religious dance, and we can't do Lha1 dance away from the ceremonial ground. The only place is down around the Fire. We can do the other dances 10 honor the animals, the Bear Dance, the Beaver Dance the Quail Dance. But the stomp dances we ' have to do around the Frre. There's one big bunch from the Creek tribe that has commercialized theirs. I saw them do their stomp dance down at Xatuah Journat page 4 WrUTEPATII Moving in10 my solitude, he wrestles me from stolen moments of peace among the grand green pines, golden poplars, and brawny. brown oaks or rides a <1uie1, sure-footed mount along 1he ml.ii that conscience leaves into my sleep ChiefWhitepath moving his people from Georgia. I le doesn't speak, but I can hear others weeping, and often there's a scream of death that deepens his frown. ln his eyes I can read the desperate question "How can so many people rest on the carcasses of murdered souls, and not be thought savage?" · Dtborah J~s ran, 1991 �A Bit E)f Mo~ntain Levity "Laugh and the world laughs with you; Weep, and you weep alone; For the sad old eanh must borrow its minh, But has trouble enough of its own." Ella Wheeler Wilcox In the minds of each of us, there are worlds which no longer exist and which we can visit only in memory and in i;haring with others. We cnn not walk the same trail twice. It has been my good fortune, however, to have some of the people of Roan Mountain share their hidden worlds of yesterday with me, especially those of the Depression era. I discovered therein a fascinating culture of isolation, independence, and great good humor. They refer to the Depression years as "hard times but good times" and their wonderful sense of humor seems to have been the glue that kept heads on straight and held families together during those "hard times." Banter, affectionate teasing, story telling, and practical jokes were a way of life . .. and still are. I remember one day when I became hopelessly lost in my ramblings around Roon Mountain. I stopped at an isolated country store. A porch rnn the full length of the small building lllld held a number of ladder-backed chairs. In one of these, tilted precariously against the wall on its two hind legs, sat a very old man eyeing me a bit suspiciously. I C:lrCfully explained my predicament and asked for directions. Without changing expression, he surmized "You can't get there from here." He paused, looked very stem, then a big grin broke his face. A little levity goes a long way toward turning problems into laughter. I must have seemed really uptight. The language of their stories is filled with subtle and not so subtle humor, sometimes even a bit caustic, sometimes it bruised a bit but served as a gentle reminder of what path was allowed. Admonitions such as "Do something, if it ain't nothin' but carry water out of the branch and put it in the creek. It'll keep from wearing the rocks out," indicating that laziness was simply not allowed. For children too young to work in the fields but not out playing, "You're as lazy as a pet pig. If your breathin' didn't come and go by itself, you'd be to0 lazy to breathe." At the table you might bear "Let your vittles stop your mouth" when children got a bit too rambunctious. About someone who got up "feelin' poorly," "He got up cranky and hasn't gotten over it." Then there's "You look like the hind wheels of hard times" and "You sure took your time. You'd a-been a good hand to send for the doctor if the devil was sick." Oaildren were the target of much good natured teasing, a son of initiation rite. Jim Street tells of one such incident when he and his brother Aoyd were on the receiving end of a bit of "funnin'." Will Garland, a close friend of the family, had brought Sam Brinkley to talk with the boy's father about :Foff, 1991 buying some property. Now Sam Brinkley was famous for his long beard that reached to the ground and which he kept carefully stored in a pillowcase tucked inside his shin. The boys, aged four and eight, had never experienced that beard. "We were playing head and beard. h skeerd us so bad we run and jumped in the hog pen with the hogs. We couldn't find no place else to hide. Daddy then came and got us out and said Will, quit skeering these boys: they're already crazy enough.' Garland was always aggravating and making cornstalk horses," Jim said. us, telJing us these big stories about what was going to catch us and everything. Ever time I seen Brinkley auer that, he'd laugh, but Floyd never did like him much." Floyd was a born prankster himself. Hear this one: Visiting preachers, especially during camp mecrin's, wen: regular visitors at the Street family table. One day when there see~ 10 be an especially large number of them and the children were having to wait second table, the fried chicken seemed to be disappearing at an alarming rate. Young Floyd peered around the dining room door and called to his mother, "Don't let 'em eat all the chicken, Mom!" Turning, he ran out into "We'd cut off a long piece and make his head and we'd use a little stick or a slip off that comswllc and make his neck and stick it on that and then put on his legs and tail and his mane and everything and we'd have cornstalk horses. That's what we were busy a-doing and we didn't think they was anybody around. So Will Garland talked Brinkley into sticking his beard around an apple tree and a-scarin' us. We didn't know they was anybody in a mile. He was about maybe fifty feet away. We didn't sec him and he stuck his head around that tree and Garland said 'Oh yes, I've got you this time' and he was hid and all we could sec was the old man's (COlllllluod on page 6) Xnti1af1 Journat page S �(coounucd l'rom piigc .S) the night. 1 don't know if he go, a~y chicken or not! Humor was not always up front, and as Malone Young so aptly put it, "Old time lying wasn't really a vice. Land Sakes! Life would have been dull as a froe if people didn't stretch the truth," Storytelling was a real an. Old men would sit around the country store and see who could top the next one or swap stories at bean stringin's or com i;huckin's. During interviews, I was not always sure if the story I was hearing was true or not. One day I asked, "Is this really a true 5tory?" The answer came quickly "Honey. if I'm a-I yin'. I'll tell you." He didn't say when. Sometimes the story would be quite true, such as this one told by Howard Shell, but in order to make them interesting they might end with a funny questionable twist. Howard was sining in the swing on his front porch when I askc-0 him about witches. Ile immediately got a mischievous linlt: twinkle in his eye and 10ld me his mother was a great believer in witches. The story goes that she was having difficulty geuing the milk to chum and decided chat her cow was bewitched. She and her son built a big bonfire. Then she went to the woods and got two haw branches. stripping the thorns to make a good handhold but leaving them on the ends. She put her daughter on one side of the fire and her :;on on the other. As she poured the milk into the fire. they beat it with the haw br.inches and the cow wa.,; cured. Then he told me their chickens became sick nnd his mother decided they were bewitched. Again she built the big bonfire, put one of the sick chickens into a bag and threw it onto the fire alive. I waited expectantly for the rest of the story which didn't come. Finally I asked warily, "Well. did they get un-bewi1ched?" "I don't remember," he replied wilh a sly grin. One charming lady has taken practical joking 10 a long-running high. We'll call her Anna 10 pro1ec1 the innocent. Anna is married 10 a very serious, reserved, channing holiness preacher. bm ,his did not deter her yen for fun. Let's call her husband Joe. Every year, come April Fool's Day, Anna auempted 10 play a joke on Joe and much 10 his chagrin, she always succeeded. Joe logged and farmed, was generally hardworking and steady as you go. His horses were of much value and importance to him and were greatly cherished. Early one April ls1. Anna slipped ou1 of bed early,ju~t :11 daylight. went outside and came rushing back into the bedroom screaming that the horses were tangled in the barbed wire and were cuuing themselves badly. Joe, who slept only in his wherewithals, rushed out into the frosty. cloud-heavy morning, only 10 find 1ha1 he had been taken again. The next year he threatened 10 whip the children if they helped their mother play her linle game. Anna had been after Joe 10 move a hig pile of logs stacked in !he yard because she was afraid the children would get hun playing on 1h·em. but 10 no avail. There they were. stacked 100 high for safety. Before anyone else was up. she wen, 0111 into the yard. pushed 1he logs over so they rolled in every direction. then carefully maneuvered herself under two of them in a way 10 appear badly hun. When one of the children peered out the window and saw her, he screamed for his father. When Joe saw what he- thought had happened, he leaped through the window 10 run 10 her rescue. only 10 have her sit up when he go! there and say "April Fool!" Could you live with a woman like that? He has for some 60 years! Another one of her delightful stories in\·olved "siuing up with the body." The custom was when a person died, the body was kept a1 the home until it w~ interred. During 1ha1 time. even a, night, friends and relatives "sat up." One such night Anna was a bit bored and she looked around for some mischief needing to be done. She saw two very pious women sining in straight chairs leaning against the wall - sound ash:ep! She took some soo1 from the chimney, mixed in a The air is fine for it gives me what J need to live •• .~· $' ~: ::: .•. \ · The water is my mother for it holds me as she would in dream ~ .• Fire is my pride and foe for when it snaps it says it will overtake me ... .•. ·• . .•. And stone, stone is my best friend for it shows me the hardness of the world -1.smanl Cirino JI I I h •,. . -~. • Hard Scrabble .!. the ground I stand on I by Barbara Wickersham .• ! . as it prepares I The judge could no! solve ii and the man went free. It was later solved: 1-Ie had killed his wife, dug a hole 10 put her in, and his name was Fox. And then chere's the story about the man who had 100 much moonshine anti killed his cat ... bu1 we'll save that for another time! They still remember, these people of 1he mountain~ and they laugh and share their funny stories. I love 10 laugh and r did so enjoy listening - hope you did 100. / • •• .•· The earth is good t 1 \' Riddle 10 my riddle to my right, Guess where I srayed las, Friday night. The wind did blow and my hean did ache To see what a hole that fox did make. .. ·· ·· · . .... .•..~·......-.:•:•:•:•:•:•:·........·•..•.... ..·•· ....•. ... The Elements Xotimf, Jou1 nnC pn9c 6 little water, and painted their faces lndian style No one would betray the culprit v. ho had done the dastardly deed! Recently Anna 1old me she asked one of the women if !hey wanioo 10 know who did it. The lady replied "No, not now. I might get angry all over again." So Anna didn't tell - and her secret is cenainly safe wi1h me. Long hours of plowing. hoeing com, chopping wood, washing, cooking, etc. se1 these very bright people of devious minds to crca1ing riddles. An nnicle about their humor would be incomplete without a, least shanng one nddle with you. Here is my favori1e story of riddles shared (supposedly a true story). The wife of a man who lived back in the deep woods had disappeared without a 1rnce. Her family became concerned and there was an investigation. The man was brought before a judge and accused ofkilling his wife. Apparently the judge musr no, have been ahoie1her sure of his guih and he 10ld the man if he could make a riddle tha1 the judge could not solve. he could go free. Here is the riddle: ·• .•..•. ... ............ ·•· • ·~ • Appalachian mountainside, more rocks than grass. Three cows graze sideways round, short legs up hill, long legs down. Farmer says there's green enough to put milk in their faucets, and maybe there'll be milk enough to put green in his pockets. { ._. ::: ~: } •. ~ •. .•· .. ·•· .. ..... ·•· -Mlba Barr. e . .......·-•:•:•:•:•:•:•·.........,;.•· . •· .• • · • .. rnff., ,.19!1 I 1 . '1 �CLIMAX NEVER CAME have ever been in an old-growth forest thm contains tulip trees, you can see that they have a Iarger crown than other species, Like hemlock, sugar maple, or beech. And as tulip trees fall over. they create an open patch that is bigger than a gap left by one of the other tree species. Intermediately tolerant or even intolerant ttecs that wouldn't come up in the space left by a sugar maple or a beech, come up in the gap made by a fallen tulip tree. So even in an old-growth forest you can have a (OMlinncd on~· 8) by Henry Wender The idea of a "climaxfores1" has been an appealing one w sciemists interested in validating the idea of a 1111mral order in the world. It has also been a term usedfrequelll/y in the pages of the Katuah Journal to describe the old-growth hardwoodfore.\'l. Now it appears that n111ybe there has never been a climax forest in the Southern Appalachians, that the theory is too restrictive to accurately describe the dynamic processes of na111re in the mowuain highlands. JIere is a report on the controversy Scientists looking back at the magnificent hnrdwood forest that once covered the Southern Appalachian Mountains felt a sense of awe at the splendor of the big trees. The old forest had a feeling of permanence and "rightness" I.hat was justified by the observation of "succession" among forest plants: after a disturbance smaller, fast-growing plants repaired ecological damage and prepared the site for larger tree species and their accompanying understory vegetation. The dominant uces and the plants associated with them were termed the "climax forest," for these trees were shade-tolerant 10 some degree and succeeded themselves in the forest canopy. It seemed that unless an outside disturbance threw the forest back into an earlier stage of succession that the dominance of ccnain tree sP-CCies was inevitable. Certain species appeared 10 be ideally adapted 10 the conditions of the region and. unless interrupted, could maintain their reign perpetually (or at lea.st until the conditions of the cnvironml!nt changed). Succession, the scientists said, always reached a climax: "a self-reproducing 1cm1ina community." As with almost any abwlute statement in science, contradictions began 10 appl!ar within the idea of the climax forest. During the 1970's, scientific questioning turned into open revolt. One of the leaders of the rebellion was Dr. Peter S. White, then a researcher for the National Park Service at th Uplands Field Research Laboratory ,n the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. White is now the director of the Nonh C-irolina Botanical Gardens maintained bv th, University of Nonh Carolina at Chapel I iill. In a conversation in his office. he spok, about how his observations clashed with the climax theory: " 11tey (the climax thcorhts) would pn.-dict that in time a cenain cove site would become a hemlock forest or a beech forest. But th:it ~ocs nor happen everywhere without interruption. "Fire is an example in many ecosystems. but 10 use an even subtler example, tulip trees (locally known as yellow poplar) are shade-intolerant, early successionaJ trees. They colonize where there is on abundance of resources and nutrients and light and water. 'Tulip trees have a large crown. If you :ft1CC. 1991 Phoio by Rob Meutck Xatum, Journot PCIIJe 7 �of climax. They_ inU'Qduced "Polycli~cs," a mosaic ot different climax situations across the same landscape, and even "dis-climaxes," climax situations based on recurrent patterns of disturbance. Others referred to climax as an ideal situation that was valid for an (ainunucd frum pqc 7) persistent succcssional tree, just because of their great size. "So the ultimate progression towards climax would occur only in some rare situations. It docs happen. In a deep ravine, it CARIHEAN ISLANDS GIJ' MOOE LS ,-,....... $MALL WATERSHEDS DOMINICA CUBA ' ' r--"---, RECREATIONAL FOREST IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS 1 .. 111* C C w ~ • C ~ ,,. ----,\ 1010 C ,r, 0 OIUIIRICANES HITTING CIRCULAR ISLANDS I / \ EFHCTIVELY NONEOUILtlRIUM LANOSCAl'ES E . . -1"---- \ -- / I ""' C 10• } AUSTRALIAN ~REST FIRES FIIQM 1954 ,.,, IIY YEAR . __ ..., } } ) IJ''ALACHIAN WILDFIRES AREA IN THE 11.tlNGES OF COMMERCIAL A\ISTIIALIAN ~IYSl'ECIES Sc.le of dinurbonce and ICale of bnclscapcs for •umple ecosyslefflS. The hne between lhc dTcctive.ly nonequihliriwn and 111c quai-eqwlibri1m 1.-,d,apcs is based 011 a SO: I ratio of landsape cn:a to diJllllt)enu au. Cornbina&ions of disn.wbance and laidscape scales illu.waied uc: (a) Trerfalls Oii imall W111Cn!w,ds; (b) W'llcl!n, on ama11 walaShcds; (c) WildfiRS on reaeaiioml foruu: (d) AIISlnliln Corua ms on I.be nmie of Auslnlli111 £colyp1i,s specie$; and (c) Hurtian<s OC1 Carribc:m hllnds. (from A Theory of Forest Oynamies by Herman H.Shup.rt) might just be shady enough that hemlock is able to exclude any intolerant plants eventually, providing there is freedom from fire or hurricanes. So in a cenain sense there could be dominance by a few of the most shade-tolerant species. But in most other cases, I think thar that end-point of succession was still a mixed forest which never quite got to climax." Key to the idea of climax was the qualification "unless interrupted... " In climax theory, disturbance, even natural disturbance, was looked on as "endogenous," something that came from outside the system and interrupted the "normal" progression 10 a stable climax. White and his scientific allies maintained that disturbance was a natural occurrence in the life of most forests and needed to be included in any theory of forest dynamics. 'There was a certain sense that evolution creatcS ctiversity," White said, "There is a reason why early-succession plantS such as birch, pin cherry, or blaclcberrics evolve in a system. and that reason is that there is periodic disturbance, so it felt that 10 look only at the end-point was the wrong focus." In nature, it is said, "change is the only constant," and trying 10 deny disturbance an integral role in the forest ecosystem seemed 10 be setting up a Static model lhat left out the clement of change. Scientists defending climax recognized this, and they began to redefine the concept Xawan Journat - • , J. ". h. t P™Je 8 environment whether it actually occurred or nOL There came to be so many "climaxes" that, in the eyes of White and his cohons, the concept lost its meaning. "Every species is climax in that it evolved within some environmental setting and is extant within that setting," he wrote in 1979 (emphasis added). A nonhem hardwood forest setting provides an example. The dominant species, such as beech or sugar maple, depend on a shady, liner-covered forest floor to germinate their seeds. They are slow colonizers but are very tolerant of shade and play a waiting game. sitting as small saplings in the understory until an opening appears, when they use their height advantage and leap 10 fill it. While these species arc clearly dominant, other early-succession species persiSt. Yellow birch has light seeds which it disperses widely, starting many seedlings on I.be forest floor. But these seedlings arc completely eliminated, except for those which manage to take root on disturbed soil or on moss mats covering rotting logs or rocks from which they drop trailing roots 10 the forest floor. The fire cherry has persistant seeds that live a long lime in the soil, waiting for a ctisturbancc 10 open a gap in the upper canopy. By such strategics, these "early-succession" species, although never dominant, keep their place in the the northern hardwood forest. When larger gaps open up, the "climax species" arc out-competed by stands of the fas1-growing, light-loving trees. Rather than a linear model always approaching the goal of a final climax, 1his appears to be a shifting balance of different species competing amid a constantly changing set of conditions. "Dynamic equilibrium" or "patch dynamic equilibrium" is how White describes this continuing process. He mentions the work of Herman Shugan, a professor at the University of Virginia. ln his book A Theory of Foresr Dynamics, Shugan modeled a forest with disturbance patch size (maybe a burned area plus the gaps opened by fallen trees) on one axis and the total landscape siz.c on the other axis. If the total siz.e of the disrurbanccs was one-fiftieth of the size of the forest, Shugan said that the forest was in a state of "quasi-equilibrium." If the disturbance area included more than one-fiftieth of the forest, Shugart said that the forest was in "disequilibrium." Shugart also drew some conclusions about habitat ctiversity by examining patch sizes on a landscape over time. ln his model, maximum ctivcrsity was obtained when one-fiftieth of the landscape was stirred up by small, concurrent disturbances. On the other band, a single massive disturbance, like a hurricane or a large fire, would not produce that same diversity of habitats, because the character of the whole forest would be altered. This analysis is more relativistic and flexible than the traditional climax model because it incorpocatcs disturbance as pan of the picture rather than trying to exclude the influence of change. It can also give a picture of relative stability. While there is constant change and constant activity happening at the local level, seen from a wider viewpoint a forest's rate of food production, the average amount of biomass, or the average size of animal populations may bold steady over an extended period of time. 'That equilibrium." says Peter White, "since it has changclessncss within change, could be seen as a climax landscape. It's a big landscape with lots of inctividual local dynamics, but they're all canceling out over the whole. One could call that climax. "Historically, the tenn 'climax' would not have been applied 10 the patch dynamics equilibrium, but given freedom from people, and a constant equilibrium on a larger scale, there is a stable landscape configuration that could develop." Change is constant The key is balance. This viewpoint frees our minds from a linear and goal-oriented perspective. lt integrates the forest species and the forces that influence them together into a larger whole. In this view of evolution, the cycles of successfon yield stability in its time while providing necessary diversity to meet the challenge of unceasing change. Thuw to Or. Peter White for I.he infonnation ror this arti<;lc. For more in-depth infonnalion. - his article -Pattern. Process. and Natural Diswrbancc in Vcgctation" in The Botanical Rrv~. Vol. 4S, No. 3 (Swnmcr. 1979) and TM &oleo ofNOlrval Distrvbana and Pasch Dyll(tlflia. edited by S. T.A. Piclcca and Peter While (Academic Press, 1985). f"n(L, 1991 �.. 1 IS THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN ECOSYSTEM ENDANGERED? by John A. Freeman The Southern Appalachian area is one of the beauty-spots of Earth. Yet there are signs that this ecosystem is in trouble, that it is breaking down, perhaps much more rapidly than we are used to thinking ecosystems can. There is ample evidence that ecosystems break down quite rapidly due to stresses from overuse or abuse. Ln early classical Greece, trees were so abundant that the land was basically forest with isolated clearings. Yet within two centuries trees were uncommon enough that travelers mentioned individual trees or small groves as guidepost~ along their routes ln the American West 130 years ago, travelers described the grasses as reaching halfway up 1he sides of their horses. Today, some of these areas seldom have grasses more than a few inches tall and the carrying capacity forcanle has been reduced by perhaps 98 percent. But surely our beautiful area wi1h its forests is not on tha1 slippery slope,. Or is ii? Fifty years ago, as a graduate student at Chapel Hill, I chose 10 use three common aquatic snails in a research project. One basis for the choices was that they were readily availnble in nearby srreams - I could collec1 1he seveml dozen of e;ich that l neede.c;I in a matter of minu1es. Fifteen years later, in. Piedmont ponds two of the snails were common. The third, always found in small streams and pi:eviously common throughout these mountains, was rare. In 1956 r saw the last one I have seen in this area. Six or seven years later, the pond snails had almost disappeared from the ponds where 1 once collected them in large numbers. By 1he mid-'60's, even superficial observation showed that stoneflies and mayflies were much reduced in the areas r visited. Except for fishermen, most people would not be concerned about the decimation of these insects. However, the fact that they are major sources of food for trout gives them significance. Their loss has been responsible for the need of frequent stocking of trout streams 10 enable tr0u1 fishing in most of the area. Other small creatures nre rare in many areas wbere they were once common. Some that come 10 mind are snakes and other reptiles, and a wide range of amphibians (frogs, toads, and salamanders) which, as a whole, I estimate have been reduced in numbers by perhaps 99 percent. Many songbirds are also much reduced in recent years. Taking a longer historical perspective, the top predators were reduced 10 only token levels many years ago. Wolves, for example, were once important in the balance among animals in our area. Now, in an effort to restore some semblance of balance. red wolves are being reintroduced. The predatory birds (eagles, hawks, owls, etc.) were once reduced to small populations but fonunately with some suppon by humans are makmg comebacks. :fa(£, 1991 In recent years, among the most conspicuous changes have been among trees, especially Fraser firs and spruces at higher elevations, such as Mount Mitchell. As yet less dramatically affected arc various oaks, pines, dogwoods and 01her trees extending thing of the past, possibly within decades and almost surely within a century. What can be done, if anything, 10 get our beloved area off the slippery slope? Unfortunately, about the only rhing we can do locally is 10 apply as many "bandaids" down into the valleys. That we have some explanations - or tentative explanations - of the changes we sec docs no1 reduce the fact or significance of the.c;e changes. Based on my own per;onal, though not systematic, observations, I conclude that our Appalachian ccosys1ems are under attack. Once the slippery slope of ecosystem degeneration i.~ reached, ecosystem breakdown can be rapid. It leads 10 a nc:w and different system that develops rapidly unless remedial steps are taken promp!ly and vigorously. The new ecosystem has a lower tot.ill life suppon capacity than the original from which it developed. My conclusion is qualitative, not quantitative: based on my observntions over a lifetime in the Appalachian and nearby areas, our ecosystems are already onto tha1 slippery slope leading to dramatic changes, including towered productivily. Just when sharp and dramatic changes will come is unccnain, as it is uncertain just whru the changes will be. Unless dramatic steps are taken soon, the ecosystems we know and enjoy will be a as possible, for the basic causes of the problem are much more widespread. Any steps which lower the pollutants known as acid rain or acid precipitation will help. Global wanning and the depletion of stratospheric ozone are widespread problems 1hat require more than local actions. Fonunately, there is developing wide intereSt in this country, especially at non-governmenllll levels, in these problems. Accords and bws mandating changes are ei1hcr already in effect or arc being developed. Grassroots activists instinctively ask a crucial question: "What is there for me 10 do?" Fonunately, there.arc several overlapping areas in which we can be effective. Foremost, in my opinion, is increasing awareness on the pan of the public and of government officials that the mauer i~ critical and that we cann0t afford to wait until all is kTiown about such matters as what causes damaged vegellltion. Drawing by Rob Messick (COIIIIIIUed on page 24) 1Gatuah Jo1..rnn£ PCMJC 9 �uTalking Leaves"·· 1 ,,, The Life and Influence of Sequoyah based on an interview with Tom Underwood Sequoyah was unquestionably a genius. He developed an 86-character syllabary of the Cherokee language that enabled his tribe to become the only one of the North American Indian tribes 10 become literate. Sequoyah's invention allowed the Cherokees to publish a tribal newspaper and preserve many of their old teachings and beliefs in written form. He is the only man in recorded history known to have devised a system of writing without knowing how to read or write in any language. Sequoyah was born in eastern Tennessee sometime around 1776, the half-breed son of a while man named Nathaniel Gist and a daughter of one of the Cherokee chiefs at the village of Echota. There has been much discussion among historians about his parentage, but today there is little doubt that Gist, the son of a prominent Virginia family, was Sequoyah's true father. Gist was a friend of George Washington, and it is said that he was working secretly for Washington, looking for purchasable land in Tennessee. He lived with the Indians for quite some time at the Echota village. He did not leave there until the Revolutionary War, when there was discussion in the Virginia legislature of d~laring him a traitor because he was living with the Cherokee who were actively aiding the British. Gist traveled to Virginia and presented himself before the legislature. He told them that he was not a British sympathizer and that he would recruit Cherokee to the colonial cause. He brought 14 Indians to fight for the colonists, but he did not return with them to E~hota. After the independence was declared, Gist settled in Ohio, and his family became respected leaders of their time - one was a congressman, another became a well-known innkeeper in Washington. After Sequoyah had invented the syllabary and was on business in Washington, he visited the Gist family on one occasion, evidently at their invitation, and was accepted by them as Nathaniel's son, George Gist. Some of the best written information on Sequoyah is included in an odd collection of documentS on the Cherokees compiled by a white man named John Howard Payne. Payne was a contemporary of Sequoyah and transcribed first-hand n:collcctions of the man. "The Payne manuscript," as it is known, says that Sequoyah's family on his mother's side "was of high rank in the nation. The famous John Waus was one of them. Two of his uncles were men of great distinction - one of the two was named Tah-lon-tee-skee (the overthrower), and the other Kahn-yah-tah-hee (the first to lcill). "Kahn-yah-tah-bee was the principal X.Otuah Journal pac.,s 10 chief of Old Echota, the ancient town of refuge, over which he presided, He was called The Beloved Chief of All the People.' 1t was his exclusive duty and delight 10 be a peace preserver. "During some public assembly, there was an onset of the whites, notwithstanding it was a time of profound peace, and all the Tndians fled, excepting Kahn-yah-tah-hee and another chief, of whom there was some distrust in the nation. They were both in the square where the ceremonial had been gone through. Kahn-yah-tah-hce arose from his scat, and with a white flag waving, met the marauders as they broke into the square. Both chiefs were murdered brutally on the spot. "Some days subsequently, the invaders having withdrawn, the people returned. Carrion birds had devoured the body of the one chief, but that of the other, Kahn-yah-tah-hee, the Beloved of All, was untouched, and unchanged even in death. His hand still grasped the violated Flag of Peace, and upon his dead lips lingered a benignant (sic) smile." Se.quoyah grew up a Cherokee and identified with his tribal heritage. He never learned to speak English. He had no wish 10 learn the white people's language. Even after ~eh~ invented the ~yllabary and was being interviewed for a sencs of newspaper articles !n Washington. he spoke through an interpreter. The boy and his mother lived at Echota until he was 11 years old and then moved down to Wills Town, in nonheas1ern Alabama. He never showed signs of his genius when he was a child. He was 100 busy helping his mother find a means of survival. She ran a small trading post and outfitted fur trappers on credit. Young Sequoyah would go out in the forest 10 pick up the furs owed to her for payment. He was alone much of the time. He learned self-reliance and supplemented the family's meager larder by hunting. When he was older, he learned several trades. He was a silversmith for a time. The Cherokee loved 10 decorate themselves with fine jewelry - ear and nose rings, armbands, bracelets, gorgets, and chains, and Sequoyah became proficient at creating these ornaments out of silver. He prevailed upon a white man 10 write his name in English and engraved his signature on each piece of his work. He also began 10 draw and was highly regarded among the tribespcople on this account. He latertumed to blacksmithing. But he was never much of a farmer; he never could get interested in hoeing com. It was also said of Sequoyah that he was "greatly considered among all the handsome women." The Payne manuscript tells us: "...when he discovered that he was so greatly considered among the handsome women, he began to pay less attention to his employment He neglected his silver worlc and his drawing and went about visiting one and another, and every day he had more and more friends. The young men were always pleased to see him coming where they were. When he would arrive at any place where a number of them were assembled around their boule, they would call out to him, 'My friend, my friend, let us drink whiskey together... ' "But at that time he drank only water; though he would. when thus invited, always go fetch a quart bonlc of whiskey. and give it 10 his friends and then wait and let them drink it by themselves. He went on thus for a long while, but was at length tempted now and then to taste a little with his friends - and soon, a little more: until at last. he would often get tipsey (sic) with his friends: whereupon his friends increased upon him so fast, that instead of a bottle, he would have to bring a three gallon keg for their supply, and he would make them all drink with him, until the keg was empty." One night Sequoyah and a couple of his friends went to a Bible reading. They listened, and going home that night they talked about how wonderful were the "talki.ng leaves," as the Cherokee described pages of paper. To them the pages of a book sounded like leaves rustling in the wind. Sequoyah's friends said, "This is a wonderful gift of the Great One to the white man. We could never have this." He said, "1 could do this." They laughed at him. "No, you couldn't do that," they said. He said, "I can do it I can find a way to make the talking leaves speak in Cherokee. They laughed again and said, 'You're crazy.''' That set him off. Sequoyah went to work. He first tried 10 devise symbols to make sentences, then symbols to make words. Everything wound up too compli_cated. He started over again trying 10 figure It all out. From when he began, until it was completed, Sequoyah worked off and on creating his syllabary for over 20 years. He eventually broke the Cherokee language down into 86 basic sounds and assigned a symbol for each. He could not devise enough signs 10 designate the different sounds. so one day when he found a discarded newspaper, he picked symbols from the pages and adopted them into his own system. That is why some of the characters in the Cherokee syllabary appear familiar to English-speaking people. Sequoyah would become absorbed in his work and retire to a small outbuilding on his propeny to ponder on the syllabary for long periods of time. He abandoned his farm fields completely and left the raising of crops and family entirely to his wife. She became infuriated about this project that was taking her husband away from his responsibilities. One day, when his work was almost completed, she burned his little building with all his notes while he was away from home. But he would not quit He staned over. No one else in the tribe believed in his work. The other members of his community disrrusted his long periods of solitary labor. The word began to go around that Sequoyah was engaging in witchcraft He was losing the respect that he had gained in the community. Finally one day a friend named fo(t, 1991 �tribal council, Sequoyah received wide recognition. Now a famous man, he remained quiet and withdrawn. The Payne manuscript described him as follows: "His manners were never forward and are now become somewhat reserved. lt can be seen that his mind is always busy within him, and, especially when smoking, he seems absorbed in thought. He is thin and above the middle heighL 1n dress he :idheres 10 the old costume of the nation, but without ornament; wears the turuc and robe, leggings Tunle Fields came ro visit Sequoyah. The Payne manuscript recounts what to0k place: "'My friend,' Turtle Fields said to him, 'my friend, there are a great many remarks made upon this employment which you have taken up. Our people are much concerned abour you. They think you are wasting your life. They think, my friend, that you arc making a fool of yourself, and will be no longer respected.' "Gist replied, 'Lt is not our people who Cherokee Syllabary Da -$-ga t ho 'Vha W,a ,/"ma Re l"ee T. rhl' .oh, f ,e Ctme f ,, H m, 0 n l.hnaGnah J\.n a e Yii, Iln, Q Que 'fqu, l::fsa OUs 4 ,e h s, W,.. d1a .Ct1d i G,.a G.wa tDva ~ mo J'mu ,,,. . , 4 nu O'nv quo le}quu f; quv ½$0 If'$, Rs., Z no ~ qua t da . Ou J.., A eo J gu .Egv J.lho r hu &-hv G,o M,u 4 1 v o)o I Sde't1e .,L ] ,, Vdo Sdu I ~ do L ,,p C,11 ,J ,,o -'i'P 11u P 11v lr,s, K ,so cJ,su C ,sv 'J',se /Jwu 6w v 4£JWL' J3ve nv fi vo Gvu Bvv have advised me to this, and it is not therefore our people who can be blamed if 1 nm wrong. What 1 have done I have done from myself. If our people think lam making a fool of myself, you may tell our people that what ram doing will nOl make fools of them. They did not cause me to begin and they shall not cause me to give up. If I am no longer respected, what l am doing will not make our people the less respected, either by themselves or others; and so I shall go on, and so you may tel1 our people."' We sometimes call Sequoyah's symbols an alphabet, but 11 is actually a syllabary, which correctly describes a system of signs for the sy11ables of a language. lf one knows Cherokee. it is fairly simple to learn Sequoyah's symbols and write the words of the language. Not many go 10 the trouble 10 do it anymore, but the fin;t person Sequoyah taught was his six year old daughter. She was the one who demonstrated his system to the governing council of the Cherokee nation. When Sequoyah t0ok his syllabary to the council, the members refused 10 believe it. It was 100 complicated, they said. There were too many sounds. They would never learn it. He said, "h's so simple 1ha1 that I have taught my six-year old daughter to use it." They put him to the test. She wrote down what they said while he was out of the room, and when he came back, he read ii. After the syllabary was accepted by the rnrt, 1991 ~ WI ~ WO sometimes of buckskin, sometimes of blue cloth - moccasins instead of shoes - and a turban." By this time there was intense pressure on the Cherokee from white people who wanted their land. Sequoyah left Alabama with a group led by Chief John Jolly and settled in Arkansas. He worked some salt springs and taught the written language 10 the Cherokees there. At one time, there were more literate Otcrokees than there were literate white people in Arkansas! When the first Cherokees forced to travel The Trail of Tears arrived out west m 1839, there was much resentment among the earlier settlers because "the newcomers" were talcing up the land. There was violent dissension that threatened 10 destroy the tribe. and Sequoyah turned his talents and reputation toward the causes of peace and tribal unity. The tribal leaders met and decided 10 write a constitution that all factions could abide by Sequoyah was elected president of the group, and if not for his presence, there probably would have been much more trouble, because he was a man who did not take sides and did not harbor grudges. He was a leader and a man of peace, and it turned out that he had great powers of diplomacy. When the constitution was negotiated, the Cherokee moved all their belongings 10 Oklahoma. Scquoyah's final trip was a mission to Mexico undenakcn when he was about 67. He journeyed the<e to bring a whole village of Cherokee people back to Oklahoma.. The group had starte.d west without a guide during the Removal, and had wandered down the wrong river and ended up across the border. ln seeking for them, Sequoyah died in the small town of San Fernando, Mexico in 1843. ••• Words become only insO'Umencs, expressions. The written syllabary significantly changed the world of the Cherokees, but it is difficult even now to give a definitive analysis of the impact that Sequoyah, singlehandedly, had on his tribe. I think that will have to wait for future historians. But one thing is clear: Sequoyah wanted his people to be able to read and write like the Europeans, and through his genius and his efforts he allowed the Cherokees 10 have their own written language. It gave them a chance to read, and many Cherokees became better informed than their own white neighbors. They took pride in that. and they took pride in the fact that it was their tribesman Sequoyah who had made ic possible. Once the syllabary was widely circulated, the tribe installed a printing press in a log cabin office at the tribal capital at New Echota. It was set with specially cast type and printed documents and a bilingual tribal newspaper. TIie Cherokee Phoenix. There followed translations of the Bible, hymnals, and prayer books in10 Cherokee. After the Removal, literate Cherokees sent leners back and forth between Oklahoma and the Eas1. Directly or indin:ctly, the printed word broadened the horizons of every member of the Cherokee tribe. It gave the Cherokee a significant advantage over other Native American aibcs. Because they could read their own language, they were able to become acculturated ro white society easier than the other native people. That gave them a better chance of survival in the world they had to face. Of course, this acculturation had its negative effecL~. 100. In some areas the new literacy increased the jealousy of some of the Cherokees' white neighbors. And at the same time that it was increasing the Cherokees' pride and sense of tribal accomplishment, literacy was also helping to destroy traditional foundations of tribal society. lndividual Cherokees became confused about who they were and turned their back on their native heritage. As the Cherokee Bibles and prayer books helped to gain convcns to the Olristian religion, the power of the medicine people was eroded and the ages-old spiritual life withered away. But because ethnologiSt James Mooney found small journals in which Cherokee medicine people had ~ e d their magical formulas, he was able to preserve a written record of ancient lore that was lost to many of the other tribes. Other valuable information wrincn in Cherokee was preserved as well. There are medicine chants written by Bird Partridge in the Museum of the Cherokee Indian that were written in the native language, and I am sure I.hat there were other items of the same natuTC. (0l>lllinlled <lll P-'CC 24) 1'ati1 fl Jour nd. a po(JC 11 �GREEN SPIRITS: Human societies, cultures, and cuisines originally developed around the ecological cycles of plant growth and dormancy. seed set and tuber development in their regions. Today it is still highly desirable for each bioregion to be more self-sufficient in its own food production. Diet should become more regionally localized and more seasonable, with different foods available at different harvelit periods. Produce .,,. hich is storable or dryable (potatoes, winter squash, etc.) would come to be of greater imponance in the regional diet. Regional food production (especially production utilizing low-input organic methods) would act 10 stabilize regional economics by decreasing our dependance on foreign inputs, especially oil and pem:x:hemicals. Any region can become more self-sufficient in its food production, distribution, and marketing. Critical to the successful development of regional agricultural economies is the preservation of the dwindling amount of remaining world-wide plant genetic diversity. Thousands of locally selected vegetable and fruit varieties have been lost in the last century due to the change from growing predominantly local, open-pollinated varieties to the almost exclusive use of F1 hybrid varieties. Modern hybrid plant varieties have been developed for characteristics such as high yield, case of production and uniform harvest, but not for the generic diversity which serves as biological insurance against disease or insect attack. Hybrid crop varieties have the disadvantages of (1) genetic uniformity, and susceptibility to major insect and disease attack; (2) seeds produced from hybrid plants cannot be saved and replanted, since their offspring would not produce a uniform or stable crop; and (3) hybrid crops require massive amounts of outside inputs, such as fenilizers and pesticides, to achieve high levels of yield. With the loss of genetic diversity in our food crops, we are losing the diversity which has developed over millions of yea.rs, the same genetic differences which allow plant populations to survive climatic changes. PlanLc; which have diverse genetic backgrounds are generally termed "opcn-pollinnted" varieties (also called "non-hybrid," "standard," "heirloom," or "old•timey" varieties ). Open-pollinated varieties are more or Jess, randomly pollinated from genetically diverse parents, resulting in unique offspring with a wide range of physical and biochemical genetic expressions Seeds from open-pollinated plants contain a great deal of genetic diversity from which agriculturists can select for features such as taste, disease resistance, and suitability of use. By selecting parents with desirable characteristics. and by crossing them in selected combinations. improved varieties, which are more adapted to local climates, soils etc., can be isolated. Another major advantage of open-pollinated varieties is that they retain their genetic diversity, preserving genes which may be more :Kcit.i'.w h Jo1.m mt pQCJe 12 Seed Saving to Preserve Biodi:ver~sty, adaptable to changing environments. II is of grem practical value to be able to produce and save one's own seed. 1hereby being able to gradually selec1 for desired improvements and bcner local adaptability (i.e. better gene combinations for a panicular climate or soil). while retaining genetic diversity. SEED SA Vl~G REFEREI\CFS Robm Johnson. Jr. 1983. Growing Garden Seetlr: A Manual/or Gardeners and Small Farms. Inexpensive and easy to understand. Available from Johnny's Selected Seeds; Albion. Maine 04910. $1.95 Peter Donelan. 1986. Growing ro Seed. A more detailied presentation. Ecology Action, Self-Teaching Mini-series# 13. Order from Ecology Action: 5798 Ridgewood Road: Willeis, CA, 95490 $3.50. Suzanne Ashworth. 1990. Seed ro Seed Seed-saving techniques for over 160 vegetable crops. 240 pp., $20.00 ppd. Order from Seed Savers Exchange (sec address below). SEED SA VJNG ORGANlZATIONS The Flower & Herb Exchange (FHE) Rt. 3. Box 239 Decorah Iowa 5210 I ($5.00 annual membership) Fonunately, there is a growing number of individuals and developing organizations which recogni1.e the imponance of preserving natural genetic diversity in agricultural crops. The most widely known is the Iowa-based Seed Savers Exchange, which is a loose organization of people committed to seed saving and exchange. The Seed Savers Exchange believes that the best way to preserve historical varieties is by propagating them and distributing them to a widely scattered number of seed savers. The group publishes lists of available varieties and addresses of members with panicular varieties for exchange or sale. By keeping open-pollinated plant varieties in the public domain, the Seed Savers Exchange ensures that they will be widely propagated and distributed. We highly encourage Kan1ah plant caretakers to identify and promote the preservation, propagation, and distribution of local "follc-roce" varieties of vegetables, ornamentals, and fruits. Local county fairs can be better orgnnized to identify local varieties still grown by the old-timers. Talk with dedicated seed-savers to identify their favorite varieties and then offer to purchase or trade for seeds when they arc available. Multiply these varieties and be sure to further distribute and "spread the wealth" to help prevent the loss of these natural treasures. Secondly, interested gardeners should seek out open-pollinated varieties and encourage their use and distribution. Try growing these varieties and selecting for plants with improved qualitic:;. Lastly. plant caretakers need to produce extra seeds to pass along to other seed-savers to encourage their increase and serve as insumnce against the loss of these irreplaceable heirlooms. Seed saving can be a simple and economical hobby. General and specific information on saving vegetable varieties can be gained from the books listed below. Seed Savers Exchange Rural Route 3, Box 239 Decorah Iowa 52I01 ($25.00 annual dues, with reduced r01esfor "reduced income" membership), specializing in plant listing ofvegetables and fruits. Native Scc<VSEARCH 3950 West New York Drive Tucson, Arizona Specializing in S011tllwest indigenous crops, such as peppers, beans, dye plants, etc. Dues $10.00 per year. COMPANIES SPECIALIZING IN OPEN-POLLINATEO/HEIRLOOM SEEDS Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Box 158-N Nonh Garden, VA 22959 Caralog $3 .00, credited to first order. Redwood City Seed Company PO Box 361 Redwood City, CA 94064 Caralog $/ .00 Bountiful Gardens (Ecology Action) 5798 Ridgewood Rd. WilliL~. CA 95490 Abundant Life Seed Foundation Box 772 Pon Townsend, WA 98368 Seeds Blum Idaho City Stage Boise, Idaho 83706 Caralog $3.00. Johnny's Selected Seeds Albion, Maine04910 Dr•wmg by Rob Mc.nick - by Lee Barnes 1'nrt, 1991 �Walking Distance Our transpotation addiction is responsible for massive ecological and social damage. Our society is built around the use of Lhe automobile. It is now necessary for most people to use a car or bus to get to work, school, to buy groceries or see most of our friends. This is a very expensive situation in currency oflife, money, environmental qualiLy and in social disruption. Our highest priority should be to establish villages and re-establish neighborhoods in which the day to day needs of the people can be met within walking distance. A pattern of local self sufficiency would have many good effects on our lives and on the environmenL Fuel use and polluLion would be cu1 dramatically and people would save a 101 of money. People be/long in a walking based society. Children grow up m greater sccuri ty, and oldt:r folks can live longer in their own homes when supported by a caring community. In local economy we empower each other as we disempower huge political and industrial cartels. Wal.king and biking as means of rransponation reintegraLc people with their environment while providing a moderate and appropriate execrcise schedule. People would live longer and be happier. Inter actions with actual people would tend Lo replace video reality. We live in a world designed for cars instead of people. In a world designed for people, kids can find enough other kids for a ballgame any day with decent wcaLher, and adults can either have the solitude of the woods or the compt1ny of friends within walking distance. Native peoples the world over have almost always chosen to live in villages. Synergy is the reason for this. a village is more than che sum of its pans. In a village there is more protection from wild animals and violent people, cooperation in labor, the sharing of resources such as ox and plow, GASOLJtlE JS A DAJ\JGEHOUS CHE},JJCA!. ADDJc·r JON. and there is the possibility of specializing for greater efficiency. Even as rteenily as the 1960's most of the people of che world lived in agricultural villages with forest and field out the back door and friends and neighbors out the fronL One of the reasons people moved to cities was that the rural villages were cultural backwaters. This has changed in an era of satellite communications and U.P.S .. Now the ideas and goods of the world are readily available in the wilds of anywhere. ANGLE: ENVIRONMENT Fifteen years ago I wrote in my journal that l had three jobs. The first was for money so I could keep a roof over my head, eat. and function in society \\ith a grasp on self-reliance. Having been a Boy Scout and raised with respect for nature and a vision of caring for it, I wanted my job 10 be a pan of an ecological wlution and not more of the problem. 8111 I remember thinking at the same time that "Job One is for money 10 pay my bills." 1 had to begin wi1h my self-reliance and forge my conscious ideas in the marketplace as l went along. Working as a mechanic. I sometimes wondered if cars weren't one of our major problems. Eventually realizing that it was true, I also had 10 keep in mind that I had learned to make them run more efliciemly. So I was able to organi:r.e my thoughts and ideas with the security my paycheck gave me to work on Job Two. For Job Two I recycll!d cars. This was more of a hobby than a job-type job. I did not do tt for money, bu1 for the environment. If I made money that was line, but I figured tha1 I would do this job as part of a solution. It was a feeling l kept in my private heart, but I knew my work muse feed it. If I wns to grow and strengthen and become a man in the business world, I had to help in designing that world for health. I was looking for my own true man rather than the businessman and trying to keep the roof over my head. So roff. 1991 ii was my goal not to let this work tax the environment in nny way, but to engage me in part of the cleanup. My own system of Earth first. In the college town where I lived, students abandoned cars everywhere. It didn't seem to mailer how simply they might be fixed, with their own studies and graduation on their minds. and maybe sights set on soon buying a new car, off into the field the old cars went. I fixed cars man>' times by putting in a new bauery. Other times I took two cars and made one good one...feeding them back into the :,ystcm... seeing that no good pans were wasted. Though technology might give belier fuel economy from year to year, we must consider the "Bic Clic" mentality in the throwaway car industry, keeping in mind the horsepower it takes and the 1ax on our environment to keep up the new car cycle. Seeing the rate at which so many of these '"dead" cars got crushed, only 10 create a demand for another ne\\ one, made Job Two feel very good environmentally. It seemed 10 go out and out. if only in my own thinking, towards my goals. My third job was solely for the environment. 1 would not use fuel nor generate money: I picked up trash. II felt so good when money was not my motivating force. People around me thought I Photovoltaics can give electricity to the most remote community. A modem rural community is an atttactive idea in a time when cities offer more in the way of crime and less in the way of cultural attractions. It is now possible to have the best of civilization and the best of rural life. The village is an idea whose time has come again. The industrial revolution has brought us great progress in many areas but the pattern of social disintegration and ecological degradation that it has fostered must be changed. Consumerism must be replaced with a more broad minded philosophy that cares about the welfare of the entire system. In a localil.ed economy there are micro-<:conomic niches for pan time bakers, appliance repair people, haircuucrs, chicken keepers, cow milkers, etc. The industrial revolution separated and scheduled life, work came to mean job, education came to mean school, and all of society came to revolve like a gear around the needs of industry. People's lives took on the same scheduled and sequenced rhythms as the assembly line. Extended families shrank into nuclear families and then to one parent families. Prosperity came to mean economic growth instead of a state of well-being. Now there are other trends at work, and these will eventually produce an age of self-sufficient villages that produce much of their own power and food and at the same time can choose co be active members of a global civilization. The world needs models for this new generation of rural community. / by Will Bason Drawing by Rob MC$~ock must have really tlipped. And though a1 fir..1, 1admit, ii did feel a little crazy, I had begun to realize "new profits" and decided 1hnl linering was indeed crazier. I also pickl!d up aluminum. There were liuer baJTCls up and down both sides of the street from my home all the way across town. So every day after work r walked and picked up paper and cans. The barrels came up like clockwork, and in them I found an aluminum mme. There was a can buyer along my route, so that was my "bank" right on my path. If I thrcatencd anyone's sensibilities, f soon didn't care. Because of the social nature of the work, I was discovering more of what mnde what tick. Before long I added up what it was costing me to go to Job One, and realized I couldn"t afford ii anymore. Since that time I've found that I cannot afford 10 work for money as my chief motivaung force. The things I do, I do for different reason5. I get a strong feeling that a lot of the problem~ in the world, the ones we inherited and the on~ \\e perpetuate, began and continue because we have been so busy making money. And as we start 10 find the things that rc3lly can s:uisfy us. we also find we don·t need so much money anymore. I've learned that sclf-n:liance actually begins with me - and not with the roof ove~ myhead. ,P' by lvo Ballentine x.ai.urui Joun\OL page 13 �SERYING TI IE OREAT LIFE These are the words of a traduionaJ Cherokee medicint ptrson: 1 have said that there are three levels of conjuring: the personal levt>I, the level of knowledge, and the spiritual level. (See Kartfoh Journal #27.) The first fonn of conjuring is the ways we know to persuade acquainmnces or people we are intimate with - every day sort of smff. The next level is conjuring by understanding how things work. what I call the laws of nmurc. The more knowledge one has at this level, the more ability one has to conjure. The highest form is the spiritual fonn or conjuring. This level requires more than lenming 10 accomplish it. One can learn how to do 11, one can completely understand how it works, and still not have the ability to make it work. The reason a person may not be able to do it is because his or her individual self is in the way. The whole key to working the higher fonm of conjuring is to get one's self out of the way. That's the hard pan. To be a conjuror requires a personality that 1s strong. willful, and persistent. Tt takes super courage 10 confront one's own self. That's the biggest enemy. the biggest monster that ever existed: our own ego. The equation for conjuring is One. There is One Spirit that flows through us all trees, plants, animals, the Eanh. That is our connection to all things. Getting our individualistic self out of the way allows us to hook into that One SP.irit. which is moving all the time. It is very difficult to get one's self out of the way, but someone who can accomplish that may use the spiritual power for conjuring. Conjuring, as I know it, corresponds most closely to the western concept of "manipulation." And in the dominant culture, manipulation has bad connotations, because people don't like to feel like they have been manipulated, when actually we arc manipulated all the time. We are manipulated by our culture. The German people were manipulated in World War Il. Americans are manipulated by capitalism and glittery, materialistic things. Many of the Jewish people a.re very tied in to their own culture and their history as a people. We arc aJI constantly being manipulated. In a world in which we a.re manipulated all the time, conjuring can be very useful. The conjuror can heal people. The conjw-or can heal people who might otherwise be dead. The conjuror can interfere with their fate. For instance, in this culture it's absolutely terrifying 10 be told, "You have Xotuan Journal p!MJC 14 cancer." Cancer is known to be so bad and usually fatal. When a doctor tells a patient he or she has cancer, it's devastating. ln some cases people stan dying right away. They surrender and relinquish them~elves to the disense. The will dies. Doctors can't usually do much about cancer. But the mind and the spirit together are so powerful that somerimes they can make a cure. Sometimes they can provoke the spirit of the Physician Within to heal a person, And one does that through conjuring. If a conjuror is successful, it's amazing what can happen. Sometimes conjuring on the third level produces results that seem impossible 10 people who arc looking at it from an conventional viewpoint. What they see cannot be explained in a rational, linear way. ''Magic comes when all doubt is cleared from the mind." I don't see events th:11 occur on the spiritual levels as magic. I see them as facts - events that can happen all the time. They only seem extraordinary to people who are caught up in the physicaJ, materialistic, self-oriented culture. Healing may appear to be magic and mystical, but it isn't. It's a law of nature. Everyone has the capacity and the ability to do this if they can get their own self out of the way. A conjuror can also do terrible things. He or she can do absolutely hideous, horrible things to other people. The same energy that can heal someone can be used 10 make another person to sick - just by reversing the process. But in my experience of watching people who had the ability to use that power, the majority of them never did horrible or terrible things. The simple reason was: the consequences. There is karma, and it affects one's spirit. Misusing spiritual power is one way to destroy the spirit, kill it. How could that not affect someone spiritually? Sending a sickness used to be called "spoiling the saliva." The old peoRle believed that the spit was the secret way to a person's spirit. They believed that by spoiling the saliva they could make a person's spiri1 sick, and then, since everything is connected, the biological or emotional being would also become sick. The conjuror used to concentrate on the saliva. using it as the focus point for a strong meditation. When a conjuror is using a spiritual form of conjuring, he sees himself, his real self. He then visualizes the Whole, and sees himself dissipate into the Whole. The thought that he takes with him is of the saliva of the person he is conjuring. When he rerums with the saliva spoiled, he sends it back 10 the person, and the person gets sick. Using the spiritual fonn of conjuring is definitely interfering with fate. It is the fate of all of us to die, yet 1 know people who were healed from their cancer after being given up for lost by the western physicians. That's interfering with fa1e. There are consequences 10 interfering with fate, and the consequences could be positive, or they could be negative. Conjurors don't feel that the spiritual burden of interfering in someone's life rests on thcm. When they are asked to do things, they do just what somebody asks them. The person who requests the conjuring is the one who picks up on the good or bad consequences of the act, not the conjuror that's our reality. Conjurors consider themselves to be like the pistol in a murder, and, by asking chem, their diem pulls the trigger. h's not the pistol that goes on trial, it's the trigger-puller who goes on trial. In tribal times the conjuror was honor-bound to carry out any fequest. The tribe used to set apart people to be good hunters, chippers of arrowheads, or com ~ planters. That was their task in life. A medicine per.;on was set apart 10 conjure, LO be a healer, or to be a priest - and there could be no personal limits set on ii. The only request a conjuror could refuse was one lhat would require him or her to hurt the Great Life, the Whole. lf someone asked me to conjure the State of Nonh Carolina to let them dump their toxic waste along the highway or 10 poison the river, I would be injuring the Great Life. I could refuse. Otherwise. a conjuror relinquished his responsibility. Still, there were ways to get out of conjunng acts that one considered distasteful. One way was 10 get the client to participate in the conjuring as much as possible. A conjuror could drag it out for several days to test their will. Often a person would change their mind in two or three days. Or the conjuror could have the person do some things that didn't absolutely necessary need to h:lppen. "Get me a cenain plant up on Clingman's Dome. There's a li1t1e rock up under there with some moss that grows on it. You have to be there in two hours, and you have 10 hop in from the north on one leg," and when they brought that, he would say, "I need this one other thing. You need to wade across the river and..." There were always means 10 slow people down and make them think about their actions. As a lasl reson a conjuror could say, "My will is not going to be into this, and I don't know how effective this is going to be. I suggest you go sec another medicine person." Because conjuring is manipulation, the 'Fn(l., 199\ �11 idea seems negative and threatening LO many people of Lhe western culture. But who is 10 tell what is positive and what is negative? One would have to have a seer in order 10 know before the fact. As an example, neighbors often do Lhings against neighbors when they have bad feelings and resenonems. A medicine person could do mild fonns of conjuring which would relieve them of their bad feelings toward their neighbor, because they felt that they'd taken action. In the long run, it could possibly be more positive to do some superficial conjuring than to let those people sit around with their resenunents festering and their bad feelings gening stronger and stronger. It's a psychological and emotional pressure release. It's hard to try to justify that to western people. It could conceivably be a positive action to cause somebody 10 get sick. In the culture that we live in, there is no excuse to relinquish responsibility to go out and smell the flowers and just be. Sickness is the only valid excuse. And sometimes there's so much stress and pain in the lives of people involved with the dominant culture that they will create a sickness just 10 meet that need to relinquish responsibility. A good healer shouldn't limit him or herself to biological matters; a good healer shouldn't limit him or herself to social matters. A good healer should understand that there isn't anything in this culture that will let us relinquish responsibility but being sick. He or she is a priest A healer should be able 10 say, "Listen, take a week off. Go to the beach, do what you like 10 do." Conjunng • manipulation - is good when it serves the Great Life. That's the governing principle. Through the whole process, the conjuror has 10 keep the ego out. Of course, it is true that "Where I go, ego." There's a very fine balance there. I am constantly asking myself the question, "Who does this serve? Who does this serve?" Because if l felt I was acting just to serve myself and my ego, I would stop immediately. Conjuring puts one in a position of power, but it has to be done without a sense of power. Working on the spiritual level is powerful, bul if the conjuror is receiving a sense of power, rhen he is manipulating the situation for his own individualistic intereSt One of the ways you can tcU a good healer or a good priest is that they just act They do n0t think that ii might be benefiting them. They accept it as pan of their individual spiritual path. Things just keep happening. Each incident could be a challenge, a test. a blessing, a joy, or ail of these things. Myself, rm not special. rm a human being, trapped in a body that eats, shits, suffers, and die~ just like everyone else. And sometimes it's a curse and sometimes it's a blessing, but that's just the way it is. I accept iL This role of medicine person has been something that I needed spiritually. It's been an ego challenge for me. There have been times in my life when I've wanted 10 manipulate people for my own gain - and known that I could have done it. Without the slighiest bit of doubt, l knew I could get what I wanted from these people simply because I understood things that they didn't understand. But I felt that doing that would damage me in some way. It wasn't worth the immediate gratification. It just wasn't worth it. People who are conscious, really conscious, cannot be conjured or manipulated in any way. But most people can be conjured because their mind is someplace else constantly. I have yeL to run across one person whom l couldn't conjure 111 some time in their lives. I have met gurus and ail other sons of people, and at some point each of them would slip into self, or imponance, or "my trip," or some other negative state. Yes, it would be wonderful ro live in a world where people were so clear that they could n0t be manipulated or conjured. That would be the ultimate goal. But we are going to have to be more advanced than we are, much more advanced. I hope that we can reach that point. It's one of those things that are possible for the future. Things wiU be different when people stan seeing that we are pan of a living / organism, the Great Life. A Rotting Log Call ii a waste. Call it a shame. And you are numb to this other life. 1lusoldoak has barely had lime to die. Alre.idy mushrooms grow through mosses against hues of amber, brown, and gold. A snake is rurll!tl up in a hole beneath her weight. A bear will winter ,n the heart twelve feet h11,h where lhe trunk broke off from the bottom. To build a ncsl a woodrat crawls into the ca,,ty. To her life and dl'alh smell the same. And arthropods th:it h\'c nowhcN! else arc mo\'ing through the 50h wood, laying eggs. Thl'Y too arc dymg. Ra,pt,crrics ,ind gr.ire:, grow up around for slw ha!> falkn hgh1 1s ll't into the for<.'SI. Four years from now t"-o nroms will fall to grow on this rothng log I win trees c,f the same mothc-r. This de.ith 1s so ferule. The fc,rcst keeps its promises. PholO by Rob Mcss,cl. rnrr. 1'191 J(ntunh Jou111n[ pnlJC 15 �i., , .. • vJ -,,..f...,.,. ..i.:J •• . J - \ , • •• •1 . ,, •--1r, .,~;..,, ._ ... . •••\,,11,io.., .. .... ... ;., . . . . . . . , • " .. /2,. .....,.,.~')·. .·," :, ·'·' r. .,,,. -:J.l· . ' • f ~ CT •• .. ' ~ ~1/8 , \ . ~ ..'!:,.•jl':t'tt._-t:. .1• .. .,,. • ,.. .·, ... 4'J,-·~,. I.. • t.'·..1 r 1 •r • RANOL~f}tu>URNAL ·:·t· ,,. ·~• 4J,. G .... . ·-~~ . ,....... ,/'I ;,.~···"'",. BIOREGIONAL BURNABLE OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS Livin' By Their Wits It sure is a stitch watchin' all these "back-to-the-land" people and the tourists come to the mountains lookin' for serenity and a good life. Those poor young folks come here with these notions of raisin' a family and havin' a piece of land 10 work. while at the some time they're in need of a high payin' job to get the land and the house. Why the prices those tourists can afford are enough to drive anybody whose been here a while right through the roof! Not only do they come with these high minded ideas about doin' everything the organic way. like that was some kind of religion or somethin'. half the time they don't even know the basics of tendin' a place and they st:ut belly•achin' cause the works too hard, or the bugs are drivin' um crazy, or they can't get things happenin' the way they wan't um 10 in the first couple years. I know dern well we can't go back to the old subsistance days like they were when my folks grew up here. I guess I have to give some of these young people a little credit for tryin' to find a good way 10 live with the land. But they always seem to be squablin' amongst themselves about somthin' or another. One wants to live on a piece of land with a bunch of other people. while another is satisfied to stick it out where they are. Most of um can't figure out where they want their kids raised either. and there's hardly a school they feel is fiuin' 10 send um to. h seems like when I was raised it was a little clearer where a person stood. Livin' by your wits wasn't just some nice thing to do on the weekends, it was your bread and butter. Usually it was our of necessity that cenain people did ccnain things so a family could survive. Nowadays theres all these splinteriud groups like feminislS, environmentalistS, pro-business factions, and government people tryin' 10 tell everybody what they think is besL I think they're all too big for their britches if you ask me. Men sum beho.vin' like women and women start behavin' like men; the timber people and these self-appointed environmental rescue squads go at each other; these dem franchises come in and pay people next 10 nothin' while the money moves off to far away places; and college trained officials from down in the piedmont come and show off the version of zoning 1ha1 seems to suit um best. It all seems like some big jumbled mess to me. As long as everybody is in it for themselves I don't see how we are ever goin' to conduct ourselves in such a way that families survive, and schools can be places of leamin', and govemmenlS don't have their hands in everybody's business. It's like there's too many vultures buzz.in' around these mountians and not enough decent folk to talce care of um and protect um. 1(.Qtuar~)ou.rna1 p09e 10 Some of these back-to-the-lander types are more than a linle spoiled 100. They come from cities where things seemed to be fed to um all the time. They kinda remind me of tourists thar hang around a little longer till the money dries up. or their kids move away, or they get tired of it and they leave. rew of um have the backbone 10 make it through hard times, but some of um learn how 10 li<aen to the mountainside and how it can provide medicines, food, warer. and materials for shelter if they don't me~s around 100 much with its own state. There's a lot of leamin' in store for um if they take a likin' to it, but most of um get huffy and impatient. l just hope that if the cities start havin' more problems and geuin' more congested that they all don't keep comin' here thinkin' there's some easy life just waitin' for um. Maybe its good that mountain life is hard. But that ain't goin' 10 stop um from comin' 10 have a look. that is as long as the price of gas holds out. recorded by Rob Messick An Old Family Tale My mother's youngest brother, James Francis Dresenbury. came 10 Conway, SC 10 visit his sisters and brothers when I was a linle girl. One day he gathered all his nieces and nephews together and told this tale of a happening when he was a little boy. He began by praising his mother for her thrift and saving ways. made necessary by the ume just after the War Between the States. Then he told us it wa.,; the time of year when cherries were ripe. The trees had a bumper crop and a bushel or more had been seeded and made into cherry preserves. The seeds had been left on the back porch for several days. One morning my grandmother told a little helper boy 10 empty these seeds into the chicken ya.rd. The next time anyone noticed the chickens they were all lying prone around the yard. Grandmother was not only sorry to lose her prized chickens. but since she did not know what had kilkd them. she could make no use of the meat. But she decided she would not have 10 lose the feathers too • so they brought the chickens in and plucked the feathers to use in pillows and feather beds. The chickens were thrown our into the yard to be buried later. About an hour after that, someone exclaimed, "Look at the chickens!'' They were gawking and walking around stark naked. Their little tipsy spell had worn off! The sun was beaming hotly and 10 keep them from getting sunburned, the girls took some calico and made clothes for them. by Bess Hwbison The Slide lt was a hot day in nonheastern Tennessee. Leslie had been bugging her parents for hours 10 take her and her little brother to a campsite with a water slide. After driving for hours, the family finally found one and pulled in. Leslie's dad paid the fee and made some small talk with the rotund female auendant. After they chose a spot and got the camp ready for the night Leslie's mom let her get her swimming suit on. At long last she took her younger brother by the hand and \\Cnl over to the big double tunneled water slide that emptied into a cool pool. Her brother wus more than a little scared at the idea of whizzing around in these coiled slippery runnels. so Leslie 1old him to stay at the pool while she went to the top where au the action got staned. She saw the water gushing out of the pipe when she got to the top. and the excitement was growing inside her. The man watching the entry instructed her 10 lean into the curves and off she went. She squealed with excitement around the first bank. Then aU the sudden the people at the pool noticed a distinct change in the pitch of her squeals. They had transformed into blood curdling yells, as her brother and some other grown-ups watched her come 10 the end of the ride twirling a large copperhead above her head like a wild laso rope. As she hit the water her grip on the snake loosened and it was flung into the woods, where presumably it got away unharmed. That water slide has been closed ever since. by Rob Messick How Can You Lose Anything as Big as This Ego? Back in my formative years. Actually a little after what is considered the normal formative years in terms of physical maturity. but 001 in mental maturity, or emotional or spiritual or whatever you want to call that other pan of us that isn't the meat. Of course, I'm still in my formative years for that other thing. or stuff, and probably always will be. Hopefully. a1 least. I wonder how many parenthetical thoughts you're allowed 10 hnve in a row? Sometimes I think all of my thoughts are parenthetical. And so on. Anyway, back in my formative years during college, when r became exposed to a world of ideas and the evolution or revolu110n of the human being. Being human. f vowed 10 become a better person. By God, or nature. or whatever, I was' going to become a near perfect human being! raft. 199 1 �No one is perfect. The fust step on that evolurion, I learned, was to lose your ego. r should have seen it coming. The idea of striving to be perfect and at the same time losing your ego is, to put it lightly, a quagmire. Perhaps the contradiction is obvious. The closer you feel (your ego feels) that you (your ego) is corning closer 10 perfection, the beuer your ego feels. In fact, it's damn pround of itself. And the bigger it grows. I suppose that is the pitfall the mystics always talk abouL 111ey always warn amid their other mumbo jumbo that all of this mumbo jumbo, and ego losing, can be dangerous. I never understood that. Sitting, contemplating one's navel, or chakras, or marimbas or whatever. Never seemed very threatening to me. It now occurs to me, that what is really dangerous, and what they were probably talking about, is thinking, or suffering from the delusion, that one is actually losing their ego. That's because, while you think you're losing your ego, it's actually growing. And your life becomes a hypocrisy. In other worlds, you think you're o ne thing but you 're actually 1he opposite. Which leads 10 lots of embarrassing moments when you're suddenly acting unlike the perfec1 person you arc supposed tO be. As a matter of fact you're acting like a perfect asshole, but you're ego's so big that it's in control and won't let you blame it. As a ma uer of fact, it's telling you that it doesn't even exist. A clever subterfuge to keep the rest of your meat ignorant of the fact that everything it's doing is to feed this ego that's grown so large it needs constant nourishment to keep from collupsing into a stinking rotten heap that can be smelled by anyone within visual distance. So it blames others. It couldn't be because you're selfish. Only people with egos are selfish. You don't have an ego so it must be them. It couldn't be because you're not envious. Only people with egos are envious. You don't have an ego. So they must be assholes. Eventually. everybody becomes an asshole, except yourself, of course, and the world no longer deserves your unselfish administrn1ions of good works. Actually, 1he whole damn world can go to hell in a handbasket, for all you care. because you have your own world which is your ego, which by now has grown 10 the size of a small plane1oid. I measured mine recen1ly, when arter ten years I found i1 hiding behing the nas1y remarks I was making 10 my wife in order, I have since learned, 10 make pillars for my enormous ego 10 rest on since it had grown so large that even in the airy netherworld of egos, it could no longer suppon its own weight. It is currenly the size of Pluto. How did all this come abou1? rnnocently enough, at least if you were 10 ask FausL It was initiated by a commendable desire. I wanted 10 become an enlightened individual who would nunure the splendorous miracle of life and make it reveal its most beau1iful aspects 10 me and those around me, and eventually the whole damn world. Yes. l was going to improve the general lot of humankind through the exercise of my perfec1ed egolcss will. Of course, it would take me a few years to reach this state. The method by which I would reach it was meditation and aceticism. Hedonism, raCC., 1991 ac.rually. We!I, a[rcr all, I wasn't going 10 nuss out on hfe JUSt because of this ego crap. And soon. Actually, just pure naked experience was my goal, and women. I was actually the product of a damaged ego. Damaged by was doing. Of course, it probably assumed from past experience that if l did know I would have stepped in somehow and screwed up the whole process. Which I think is the whole point of meditation - gcniog yourself out of the way so that you can just constant female reJection during those aforementioned formative years, meat and 01herwise. So I strutted my naked experience among the dregs of society. Playing wi1h 1hem. parrying with them, but always (of course) somehow feeling above it all. Superior. Each day expanding my awareness through mcdiiation ... consciousness expansion (i.e. ego expansion). Whal is ;1 human being without ego? Whom am I, anyhow? A boneless chicken. And so on. All throughout my stru1 I was doing great acts. Or so I thought. Trying to s1op nuclear weapons by having a conference of six hippie college students in West Virginia, and sleeping with the best looking one after she played wilh my knee under the.: table. Didn't do much to stop nuclear weapons, but it did wonders for my ego. More fuel for the fire Very linle effect on world peace. But a great person (i.e. perfect human being. Don'1 forget, that was my destination) must do great things. Or at least things with the stamp of greatness to feed 1hnt giant ego which I was supposed to be losing. What I was losing, was my meat. I staned 10 gel quite thin. This ou1sized ego, which I had convinced myself. was diminishing, drove me 10 do all kinds of ~trnnge things. II used my intellect to r.itionaliz.e every ego foeding acl as a philanthropic act. It used my meal 10 take it places where it could feed . But it didn't feed on organisms, ii fed on ~piri1s. As I said, I now realized 1hat this was, all along. the pl:in of a severely damaged ego (an ego which had been victimized and punished again and again for no apparent reason, by a very confused piece or meat), to save icself. First, confuse the meat with all types of inscrutJble mysuc mumbo jumbo and convince it that you are leaving entirely. Next, make the meat go into self-induced comas periodically so it won't be aware of you as you sneak back in and take con1rol of nerve central. Then make the meat go ou1 and do all kinds of things with the veneer of goodness. no matter how ineffcetual the acts are. Make the meat think it is on a Godly mission, maybe even a messenger or disciple of God, so that it's willing to put up with all kinds of nasty physical deprivations, while the ego feeds, and feeds, and feeds. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not saying this is all bad. My ego did need fixing. I just wish it had let me know what it take over. But now it really has gotten om of hand. My ego has grown much to large and has become an independent agent which seems 10 care little, if a1 all, for myself, and only keeps my meal around so tha1 it can have corporality. But I chink its beginning to be confused. For instance, it can't understand why world leaders haven'! noticed its magnimity and come to it for advice. Of course it probably has something 10 do with the fact that it has ignored its meat to the point that it has got it working in a sewer plant. Maybe tha1 is all pan of its mas1cr plan. It stuck me in a sewer plant shoveling shit, and gave me a beautiful little boy and wife, to show me, finally, that it really isn't gone, but is actually the.: size of Pluto. Really much too big 10 ever be s:uisfied. It needs to trim itself down. Get back to fighting weight. Big egos are seldom happy. They're always hungry. Maybe I really can lose it this time. Maybe the stink of the plant will drive it away. Maybe I need to meditate, not on my connection 10 the cosmos. but on the true insignificance or my acts 10 the world at large. and the very real significance of my acts 10 one very litulc boy and one very ~pccial woman. The only good things my ego ever did for me. Actually working at a sewer plant has probably done more to help me lose my ego 1h.in all the meditation and good acts could ever do. Not JUSI because of the work, but because of the male bonding of 1he work crew, which consists of the mutual destruction of self-wonh. Maybe it's due 10 an inherent understanding 1hey have of the immensi1y o( the male ego, and they practice this form of humiliaton 10 keep it in check. While we of the enlightened new age SIJ'Oke each others ego. until they devour our very relationships. In any evem, my ego is now shrieking. Ifs starved, and it has revealed itself. It can no longer hide (amazing that something as big as Pluto could hide all that time). Though, actually, I think everyone else could see it. Everytime I looked around, however, 10 see what they were looking at. it ducked ·· out of the way. Preuy nimble for such a big fellow'/' /J!f by Maxim Didgct �.. ,J.''',• ' , .... - Mountair t .u Near Todd at a bend on the New Rh·er there is a spot b-.nown as Peggy's Hole. It was named that because of an incident that occured there at the beginning of the 1800's. An elderly woman named Peggy Clauson \Vas going to church on Sunday morning when she saw a dog run a bear off a cliff at that spot. The bear landed in the water and was stunned. Peggy waded in, grabbed the bear by the ears and held its head under the water until the bear was drowned . ~ .... T..-.i. ,.,; .. ~ ... 'lb. 11- .-11... ... ... ~ . _ - p"'!!:'I,> !>..lo li-.,.._......1:Do.t..,__.,_-,..:,:-».t~ °" ~-----' r~ :.,_...., .. """ ,._ .. ~... ... ~ c!-i<iDo1t..,.t11.i-'l....w -.i-.J f-m p,....z11oo.~.jt>.-.. - .....-i,;1:)-i, - ~ ~ ... - i.. • - - - ~ :u. ..... L\~ .... .....l ~J.l. a.;.~-.. .,.J:;,.. ....:;r..l,1>.i..o.....-.i..-...J. ~tJfl..- ...i..t I,.. -~ • An old lady near Canton told me her grandfather was hiking near Shining Rock when he was a young man. A panther started following him. I Ie started running and the panther sped up. To slow him do""'ll, lhe man took off his shirt and threw it down. The panthc>r stopped long enough to rip it to shreds, then started chasing him again. The man kept throwing his clothes down as he ran down the mountain. By the time he got home, he was completely naked. This series of paintings came about while 1 was hiking and drawing in remote areas of the mountains of Western North Carolina. There I met mosUy older people who had grown up in the Southern Appalachians. Many of these people were very friendly and once a conversation started, they would communicate their knowledge of an area by telling stories. These paintings are not meant to be illustrations of the stories, but a freer form that incorporates commentary, associations, my own subjeclive reactions, and elaboration on the images provided by the story and its place of origin. I'm attempting to develop a fonn between illustration and pure painting. As each day passes, we tend to lose our intimate connection to the Earth, and also �n Stories ..", , I 1, by Robert Johnson At Cranberry when the old folks there ~ere young, the parents used to tell them that the pools of water in the iron mines didn't have a bottom. If they ever became unstopped, all the water would go rushing out and take the children, all the people and the whole town of Cranberry with it. I asked a young man how Standing Indian Mountain got its name. He said. "1 don't know. I guess an Indian just stood there." I asked a middle-aged man. He said, "During the Civil War a band of Cherokee Indians fought bravely here and stood up to the enemy." I asked an old man. He said, "Before white men came here, Lhere was a monster who lived on Lhe mountain and would carry off people. So the tribe posted a brave up on the mountain to keep watch. The thunder spirit saw Lhe monster creeping up on the brave and sent down a bolt of lightening, shattering rocks, destroying the monster, and turning the brave to stone. Today one can see shattered rocks and a stone Indian on top of the mountain." stories like these that come from the pre-industrial culture of the Southern Appalachians. These simple but powerful stories have an almost mythical quality, and they embody a connection between the land and oral knowledge of the land, which is a culture that is dying out. This project is my attempt to get to know Lhese stories and to keep them alive a while longer. Robert Johnson's paintings of ''Mountain Stories" are on display until September 27th 1991 at the Blue Spiral I Gallery; 38 Biltmore Avenue; AshevilJe, NC 28801 (704) 251-0202. The paintings will later be shown in the six counties from which the stories came: Yancey, Macon, Haywood, Ashe, Avery and Rutherford. �, ~~TER~HEQ.JWI..J?.S" ,,,.,.,t. NIIIUnl World News Service In 1989 the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act sailed through the Nonh Carolina legislature. The bill w~ passed unanimously in the Senat~ and 1ll .~e House there were only six votes ~ opposmo~. !he legislation enacted protecnons for mumCJpal drinking water supplies so that n~w . development did not endanger Lhts basic resource. . , In August, 1991 North Carolinas Deparnnent of Environmental Management (DEM) held public hearings across the Slate on the implementation of the new water regulations. Public reaction was . unprecedented. Across the state the heanngs were long and stormy. Each of the eight meetings drew more than l.~ people. The hearings in Asheville and Hickory were anended by more than 1,500 people each. The state was completely unprepared for the surge of public interesL In Hickorx, the . meeting site was changed 10 ~ locan~n with a larger capacity, but after heaTlllg tesumon~ for one full day the speaking roster ~s soil only one-half completed and the heanng had 10 be continued at a later date. There was clearly-defined, and sometimes biller, controversy at the watershed protection hearings. The theory of the Watershed Protection Act is that development must be contr0lled in . watersheds that provide drinking water in . order to protect the purity of the supply. This raised the boogie of land use management, the "Z word - zoning," in the mind of many traditionally conservative landowners and farmers. Some saw the bill as a direct threat 10 their property rights. Others saw it as the first step in an insidious government plan to gradually enact a full set ofland use management contr0ls. As ~'lolly Di~gins of the state Sierra Club orgamzauon said, "Where locru governmcntc; should be seeing 'protection,' many are seeing only 'restriction."' Development interests played on these fears with a concencd public outreach campaign, and aroused a strong opposition to the w:uer protection measures. These . . interests see a loss of profil in any rcstncuon of development The opposing pole at the public hearings were environmentalists who supponed the protective regulations and protested that they were not strong enough. Agricultural and silvicultural opcr.itions should be regulated as strictly as construction, they said. Presently the rules provide water bodies only a IO foot buffer against agricultural activities, which often _arc major sources of erosion and wnter polluuon, whereas buildings have to be outside a 100 foot buffer around protected streams. There was also concern that "grandfather" clauses. under which existing buildings and projects would be exeml)t from the provisions of the watershed protecuon measures, would weaken the regulations to the point of uselessness. Also supporting the regulations were town residents who did not take a supply of pure drinking water for granted and wanted 10 ensure protection of their !Own wa_ter supplies in the face of ever-encroaching X.Otuof, Journal'. poge 20 development. This round of the drinking water protection fight is not yet over. ln light of the controversy generated by the regulations, the DEM has extended the public comment period on the watershed protection regulations until October 31. It is particularly imponant that the DEM hears from the people of the mountain region. Direct co=nt.f 10: Sttvt Zoufaly Division of Environ~IUQI Management 8ox29535 Raleigh. NC 27626. YES MORE WILDERNESS! N1111r.il World Nev-s Sa-vice Saturday, July 6, one of the bu~iest rafting days of the year, there mystenously appeared across the Nantahala River a long banner saying "Yes More Wilderness! Save Cheoah Baldi" Rafters taking out downstream were met by activists from the organi1ation SouthPA W requesting responses for a "Forest Service Evaluation Sheet." . "Did you know that the Forest Service is planning a timber sale only 1/2 mile above the Nantahala and within sight of the river?" More than 95% did not know "Do you think that the Cheooh Bald . area, the: largest unprotected roadies.~ area in the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests should be allowed to return 10 old growth?" 99% thought it should. "Do you think that the Forest Service should stop logging in the national forests?" 98% thought they should. South PAW struck again at Forest Service credibility at the agency's Reanalysis Checkpoint meeting concerning the re-evaluation of the Land and Resource Management Plan for the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests. South PAW calJed for a boycou of the meeting, saying that the Forest Service refused lO consider the relevant ecological issues in its planning. The meeting was billed as a scoping meeting, but a SouthPAW handout said "Wrong End of the Scopel" declaring that the Forest Service had its priorities reversed, since it seemed to be more interested in sellin-g,tirpbgr:,tJw!,pwJe:C~Jlll~~// i, diversity o( the forest. In the flier the group reiterated their position that the national forcstS in the Kaninh Province should be habitat areas free from roads and commercial exploitation. There were about equal numbers of people inside and outside the Owen Conference Center at the University of Nonh Carolina Asheville where the Forest Service meeting was held. But in C<?n~st _10 the restrained and orderly mcenng ms1de the building, those out on the lawn boisterously chanted, laughed, and played drums and kazoos. At lunch time the activists congregated at the student open forum in the lobby of lhe university center to hear Buddy Newman read lhe alternative forest protection plan he authored for SouthPAW. Nantahala-Pisgah Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl was among the audience listening 10 the proposal and later invited South PAW representatives to a meeting with Forest Service personne! to discuss 10 their ideas for the Appalachian forests. To take action on behalf oftlu: Appalachian forest habitat. write: SouthPAW Ba:d/41 Aslu:ville, NC 28802 KILLING Lm'LE FISH NIIUnll Wodd News Scrv,cc A series of five different spills over a seven month period last year that dumped untreated wastewntcr, oils, and concentrated foams into the Pigeon River will cost the Champion International paper mill in Canton, NC $60,000. These are the first fines ever levied against the company by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).. According to Champion .~pokespe:Son David Craft the mishaps were the first m recent mem~ry" at the plant. The ftrst spill, of an unknown quantity of untreate~ wast~":'ater, was evidently the most damaging, killing, according 10 Craft, "270 little fish." Croft_ maintained th:u neither the foam nor the oils were hazardous to human or aquatic life. Champion had originally faced a $125,000 fine from the EPA;the m~imu~ allowed by law. However, after meeung wuh mill officials last February and March, t11e agency downgraded the fine. The company representatives maintained that Champion should not be assessed the full fine because the spills were caused by malfunctioning equipment and not by human error or deliberate neglect The EPA seemed to agree. Craft said that another reason for the reduced fine was evidence that "Champion has taken steps 10 mitigate the damage," from skimming escaped oil off the nvcr banks to closing the malfunctioning valves that Champion maintains caused four of !he spills. However, the EPA also penalized Champion for failing to file a formal repon of one of the spills within the required five days, an oversight Craft blamed on an "administration problem." Oaft said that Champion would probably not appeal the fin 7 "~e.~o bel!eve that the amount of the fine 1s fair, he said, calling the accidentS "a series of unintentional and unrelated failures within the mill." 1'c:afL, t99l �NEW PERSPECTI•VES 0N TRE "~'· CHATTOOGA .. Natural World News Sctvice EnvironmcntaJ groups from three states and three national forest administrative areas have combined 10 form the Chanooga River Watershed Coalition (CRWC). The Chatto0ga is a beautiful river, one of the most popular recreational rivers in the Karuah Province. Pan of itS length has been designated a Wild and Scenic River, and a large tract in its headwaters area beneath Devil's Courthouse near Highlands, NC was recently bought by the Trust for Public Land and transferred to the US Forest Service 10 preserve its pristine character. The CRWC has wriuen an alternative Land and Resource Management Plan for the watershed which they are requesting the US Forest Service 10 adopt. The plan is important, first of all, because it proposes a unified forest management program based on watershed boundaries, rather than along state or national forest tines. At present, the Chauooga watershed is managed under three different, and somerimes conflicting, national forest management plans. "A landscape with natural ecological integrity is the desired future condition of the watershed," says the CRWC proposal. The coalition suggests a new, standardized management unit, the Ecosystem Management Area, 1hat would base management on complete forest habitats rather than on timber sale companmems. The CRWC is requesting a meeting with Forest Service supervisors and regional and national personnel to discuss implementing their plan in the Chattooga watershed. interest. the DO.Ii e11ct&fup with nver four days of testimony which they scheduled concurrently in auditoriums in two different locations over a two-day period. ("Divide and conquer," said one activist. "It's an old tactic.") Attendance at the hearings ,vas about equally divided between opponems of the plan and workers from Oak Ridge nuclear facilities bussed to the hearing from work. Although the workers, wearing T-shirts saying "Complex 21" superimposed over n map of Tennessee. made their presence felt, of the 376 speakers more than 68% were opposed to the pluronium plant, in the estimate of the Oalr. Ridger newspaper. The testimony was sometimes brilliant, always heartfelt. Speakers talked about cancer risks. damage 10 the environment, the possibility of nuclear accidents, and the need for disarmament now that the primary adversary had dropped out of the game. In the afternoon of the second day srudents from Oak Ridge schools testified a1 the hearings. One student presented a petition with 65 names of students against Complex 21 in Oak Ridge or anywhere else on Eanh. Several high school students also testified at the hearings, all opposed to the planL The DOE will ruei~t written comme111s 011 tht Rocky Flats pluto11ium plant rdocatio11 until Ocrotn~r 30. Mail r.omme111s to the Dtpartmi!fll of Energy. clo: Oak Ridgt E11vira11111t11tal and Ptace Alliance Box 1101 KnoX\/ille. TN 37901 T~ Chattooga Riw!r Wattrs~d Coalitio11 Box368 Clayton, GA 30525 PLUTONIUM OR. .. NO! Narun! World Ne..,, Service "Please let me introduce myself. I am Plutonium, the God of unnatural death and suffering." The black-robed figure with the grisly skcleial face stood before the impassive bureaucrats presiding at the "Reconfiguration of the Nuclear Weapons Complex" hearings in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. At issue was the future of the nation's nuclear weapons program, specifically the plutonium processing facilities at Rocky Flati., Colorado. The plant has contaminated its site in Colorado and has to move. The DOE is considering locating it either at Oak Ridge or the Pantex plant near Amarillo, Texas. For the first rime ever, the Depanment of Energy (DOE) had called for public input on the future of the program. The agency scheduled 15 hearings around the country. TheorericaJly, they would listen 10 what was said and consider the opinions offered in their program and policy decisions. People responded, aroused through the effons of area peace groups spearheaded by the Oak Ridge Environmenuu and Peace Alliance. The hearings were scheduled to last one day. Because of the outpouring of public Tai(, 199 1 "WE DON'T BUY YOUR LINE" The Appalachian Power Company wants to build a 765,000 volt power line through southern Wes1 Virginia and southwestern Virginia. The tine is ostensibly 10 provide extra power in Richmond and 1he eastern pan of the state of Virginia. To sell their idea, the ucility company se1 up a series of hearings along the line's proposed route. They met with solid opposition aJI along the way. The company came to the meetings well-prepared. They brought a 30 page handout, coinplett Willi ~li~.'gl-Jphs:'~d maps. They also distributed a report. "Faces on EMF' (electromagnetic fields) to dispute scientific evidence that high volrage Lines cause genetic damage and degenerative disease. But the people were not buying it More than 50 people opposed to the power line showed up at the meeting in Giles County, VA and 300 people attended the meeting in New Castle, VA. Another meeting in Hinton, WV also brought out strong opposition to the line. A meeting in Monroe County, WV was canceled because hearing officers feared violence. The meeting was rescheduled, however, and 300 people peacefully declared their strong opposition 10 the power line. As well as health concerns, people attending the hearings feared that herbicide spraying would contaminate their water supplies, and that the power lines would mar the scenic beauty of their area, which they considered an imponant asset. Critics also questioned the value of the plan, saying that the new power line would encourage higher levels of energy consumption and sidetrack attempts to promote energy conservation. Baud 011 a report ill the New River Free Pre,;.,;, available from Box 846: Blacksburg. VA 24063. 1165 MEGAWATTS OF POLLUTION Nawn.I World New. ScMc:e The Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League (BREDL) is warning thar Duke Power Company is planning to build a 1165 megawau electric generating plant in Lowesville, NC in the piedmont county of Lincoln. The plant would be fined to operate on either diesel fuel or natural gas, but the primary fuel source would be diesel. When running on diesel fuel, the plant would tum out 4,278 pounds of sulfur dioxide per hour, according to BREDL director Janet Hoyle. Sulfur dio,ude is a main component of the complex of pollutants that produces acid rain. The plant is proposed as a peak power generating plant. meaning that it would only operate at times of peak power demand when electricity is most profitable. Duke originally asked that the plant be allowed to operate 3,500 hours per year, but later reduced their request 10 2,000 hours per year. The proposed site for the plant is 56 miles southeast of the Linville Gorge Wildeme:.s .Arca. Data collecred by Duke Power and the NC Department of Environmental Management (DEM) show that prevailing wind patterns would bring the acidifying pollution directly into the Class I wilderness area. In their initial application. Duke admitted that operating at 3,500 hours per year, the plant would inetcase acid deposition in Linville Gorge 400-500%. Even at the scaled-back operating time, acid pollution from the plant would be considerable. The US Fore.st Service will have the right to review the plant to see if it would adversely affect the air quality of the gorge. For mare information· Bl~ Ridgt E,wironmenra/ Dtfe11St uag~ Box8JJ Gltndalt Spr111gs. NC 28906 �DYING SOILS, DYING WATERS: Natural World r-iews SPECIAL REPORT Pollution, Collusion, and the Future of the Eastern Forests by Emmett Greendigger The 1990 Clean Air Acl seemed to many citizens to be a sign that lhe federal government would finally begin to rectify a decade of willful neglect of envirorunenlal issues. Now, however, little more than a year after the act's passage, scientists are beginning to conclude that the reductions in atmospheric emissions mandated by the bill will not be sufficient to protect sensitive forest areas or mountain streams. Resean:hers are discovering alarming damage to forests and streams, damage that to a great extent was ignored or soft-pedaled by the government studies that led to the Qean Air Act, and many scientists and environmentalists charge that the research on the effects of acid precipitation carried on by the Reagan and Bush administrations was full of design flaws, done in collusion with industry, and guided by politics more than by objective science. They charge that the research was, in effect, rigged in favor of "business as usual," rigged to such an extent that many feel that the Oean Air Act is merely a baby-step toward protection of the natural landscape. Scientific srudies of atmospheric deposition began in earnest in the late l 970's when the governments of US President Jimmy Carter and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau initialed cooperative research of the freshwater acidification that was beginning to appear in eastern Canada and the Adirondack Mountains of upper New York State. The bilateral rcseareh was carried out with the understanding that by 1980 an agreement to reduce sulfur emissions by 50% would be in place in ordec to protect freshwater bodies in eastern Tunic Island. But the regressive environmental policies of the Reagan administration delayed nnd diluted the bilaternl rese~. and several imponam US researchers were fired from the study and replaced by scientists who were willing to tolerate the new administration's stalling. Throughout the I 980's, to deflect crittcism, Reagan's people pointed to the $570 million National Acid Precipitation AsS¢ssment Program (NAPAP) established by Congress in 1980. By 1982, the US-Canada project had been terminated. [n its place was I\APAP. whose smted purpose was to gather a database of information about the effects of atmospheric deposition to guide Congre~s through the rewriting of the Clean Air Act. llowevcr. throughout NAPAP's history, scientisis of both the public and priv:11c sectors ha~·e tried to \\1lm environmentalist, of collusion between government and indwmy on the study. Funds from electric unlity companic~ and the papc-nnaldng industry - obviously not dis1nten.:stcd observers - backed large portions of the study, ,, hteh intlucnccd the condusions brought in by the NAP AP research. These charges are based in part on the otherwise inexplicable w:iy that NAPAP nam)\\t!d thc Xn111nf1 )0111110{ ne::: == scope and range of acid-induced forest decline studies. Vermont's camel's Hump and Hubbard Brook in New Hampshire were omitted as study sites, despite the fact that these rwo eastern sites have the longest record of soil changes related to acid rain. Until 1986 forests in the Ohio River Valley the source of many of the pollutants that cause acid rain - were not studied, simply because there had been no papers published in scientific journals suggesting that there was a problem in the region. Scientists also assen that the results of the research were manipulated by a design flaw: NAPAP's forest studies were limited to a single measurement of the nuaieru content of the soils at study sites, rather than a methodology developed in Europe which measures the rate of change in values over time. Again, it is difficult to figure out why NAPAP researchers chose the older method. when a study of true rates of change would have been far more useful to Congress. Not until 1985, halfway through the research period, when William Ruckelshaus replaced Anoe Gorsuch Burford as administrator of the EPA, did serious research into forests and soils begin in eamesL But by then it was too late. There was little time for the imponant "reality checks," field work, or the peer review and publication required by NAPAP of all its researchers. Consequently the Clean Air Act was rewriuen while important new findings about acid-induced forest decline were still being evaluated. Nonh Carolina State University pathologist Roben Bruck received NAPAP funding for seven years lOstudy forest decline in Kalllah's high-altitude spruce-ftr forests. I !is findings were largely omitted from NAPAP's final repon to Congress (despite the fac t that they were completed, tested, nnd reviewed as specified by NAPAP). The final repon asserted that an invasion of aphids was responsible for spruce-fir deaths on some of Kaufah's highest peaks. According 10 Bruck, this flies in the face of the research he submitted 10 NAPAP, which showed that only 35% of the dead trees at such sites as Mount Mitchell, Grandfather Mountain. and the Grc:u Smokv Mountains National Parl.. were infested with aphids. What Bruck found were soil pH levels as low as 2.7 and 2.8 and rampant aluminum toxicity levels in the forest soils. (See Kattialt /()11mal #9). This kind of data, for obviou~ reasons, is not pleasing to electric utilitr and paper companic~. and evidently the .government shan.:s the corporate distaste for emissions reductions. a~ it chose rather to blame nature for fon:M decline in Katuah. Bruck and other scientist~ now tlclie,e that one of the m:ij(.)r cause~ of fir die-back and forest decline in eastern Turtle lslnnd 1s the change m soil nutnents that occurs a~ lhl" soil becomes increasingly acidic. Nurogcn compounds found in acid min an: 1hought to be a primary culpri1. Levels of nitrogen exceeding by 20 to 40 times the wnounts that soil could assimilate have been found in declining forests all over the East. These findings correspond to research results in Germany, too, where nitrogen deposition is thought to be a primary factor in the catastrophic waldsrerben ("forest death") in the Black ForesL Recent European findings also indicate that in order to halt the damage, nitrogen emissions must be brought down as close as possible to the levels found in unaffected soil communities. Despite all this, NAPAP still seems determined to understate the problem. In a position paper published last summer, NAPAP officials stated that Eastern forests do not show any "widespread problems," a position that seems unforrunatcly consistent with their apparent lack of concern about forest decline. Already, the much-ballyhooed Clean Air Act begins to look like nothing more than a "first step" toward reversing the acid-induced damage to the forests. Scientists now believe that nitrogen emissions must be reduced by 75% (rather than the 15-25% required by the Clean Air Act) to halt the damage from atmospheric pollution. In contrast, the NAPAP repon to Congress stated that fonnerly "nitrogen deficient" soils in commercial pine forests in the South were being "enriched" by nitrogen deposition, and its comments about the effects of nitrogen compounds on other forest types is so rife with qualifying phrases like "might ...could...potentially" that it seems bent on dismissing or discounting the findings of many of its own researchers. It seems that it will be quite some time before we will see any tightening of the Clean Air Act's controls on nitrogen emissions. Meanwhile, concerned researchers believe that eastern forests will collapse within fifty years, as undernourished and weakened trees give in to insects and disease, not to men1ion a newer nemesis: lhe stress from climate changes associated with the "greenhouse effect." As if the sl)\.-Clre of forests thinning, browning, and dying were not enough, it also appears chat Kauiah's seemingly pristine mountain stream.\ are also extrJordinarily vulnerable to the effects of acid pn.-cipitation, A spate or recently released studies shows thc11 extensive damage has already been done to manr headwmcrs and streams in the Central and Southern Appal,1chians, including heavy losses to native brook trout popula1i(.)ns. Like the forest rescar\:h, these studies indica1e that the emissions reductions mandated by the Clean Air Act \\ill barely begin 10 solve 1hc problem. 111c dire condi1ion of Appaktchi,1n mountain \\aters has been rnost thorough!)' documentL'<l by Dr. James Gallov.uy of the Environnk'nt:il Sciences Dcpanmcnt at the University of Virginia. who since the mid-1970\ h~s published widely nbom Lhe many ,1spccts of the acid precipitation problem. In 1979, rnrr. 1 in9c 22 - 1991 �Galloway and a research team began the Shenandoah Watershed Study (SWAS), a ;om1 project undenaken by the University of Virginia and the National Park Service 10 "understand the processes that govern b1ogeochemical cycles'' in the streams of Shenandoah National Park (SNP). Since the SNP receives the highest sulfur deposition load of any national park. the SW AS turned out to be a far-sighted study of the potential effects of acidification in freshwater aquatic ecosystems in the Southern Appalachians. After a decade of research, the final SWAS repon indicated "a poor prognosis for aquatic watcrsystcms in Shenandoah National Park, due to a combination of watershed sensitivity and elevated acidic deposition." The Galloway team concluded that 1hc dcposi1ion of sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen had increased as much as tenfold from preinduslrial levels. The SW AS process of sampling streams on a weekly basis over the ten years of its research enabled it to make three primary conclusions: "1) that a large number of SNP streams were poorly buffered against acidification; 2) that the acidification process was being temporarily delayed by sulfate re1en1ion in v.a1ershcd soils: and 3) that the acidification of SNP streams was an ongoing process.'' SW AS researchers predict that some 38% of 1he streams will end up with pl I level~ below 6.0, the "biologically critical" level for such streams, while the pH levels of 25o/i: or the streams will decline 10 a pl I level of 4.7, near-total acidity. In 1987, 10 broaden his study area, Galloway and his researchers and a crew of volunteers from Virgioiu's Trout Unlimited organization began to monitor 350 streams in Virginia's mountains. Preliminary repons were alarming. The researchers found that 93% of the streams were sensi1ive to acid deposition, and that some 49% of those were extremely sensitive. Only 7% were found to be adequately buffered by watershed soils. Additionally, 10% of rhc streams were already found to be acidic; in a natural s1ate 3% or less would be normal. Galloway then chose 65 of those streams for further monitoring. In June 1989 his research team reponed its findings, concluding tha1 in spite of the fac1 that the state's mountain streams drain "relatively TnCt, 1991 pristine catchments proteeted from direc1 man-m.'lde impacts," they were ''receiving heavy loads of sulfur from man-made sources." They predic1ed that, assuming l 990 deposition levels, at least 32% and possibly as muny of 88% of the states 450 native trout s1reams will become acidic, with pH levels 100 low 10 support the forage fish. trout, amphibians, and aquatic insects who presently live in and around these streams. We can expect to see che same here in Kaufoh, and soon. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park receives the second highest level of acidic precipitation of any region of the eas1~rn United Srntcs. While the lower deposition levels in Katuah have delayed the kinds of effects seen in Virginia, as early as 1978, NacionaJ Park Service researchers had no1ed 1he poor buffering capabilities of the streams in the park\ higher elevations. And in 1984, EPA researchers found the Davidson River near Brevard in the French Broad River watershed had a pH level of 6.55, dangerously near the biological threshold of 6.0, placing it in 1hc "extremely sensiuve" range. According to scientists. this rrcnd will worsen with 1ime. Among them, conscrva1ive estimates hold that sensitive streams in Kattiah's watersheds will undergo coipplete alkalinity loss within 40 to 50 years. Since levels of acid deposition follow a nonh-south gr.tdient along the Appalachian chain, we can look to moun1ain s1reams farther nonh to predict our own future. In the Pennsylvania highlands, researchers found no living trour in 20%.ofthe headwater streams and concluded that "the streams having no fish as a group had significantly lower pl-I and alkalinity and higher dissolved aluminum than those with fish." More ominous evidence comes from West Virginia. According to Don Gasper, a fisheries biologist with the Wes1 Virginia Department of Natural Resources, the Cranberry River rqrinllXI rrorn TMG/acu,J E.rr01ic in the south-central pan of the stale is already "lost." Fish population data for the Cranberry have been kept since 1957. making it one of the few eastern rivers for which historical change can be documented. Over the past 30 years, fish biomass in the Cranberry has decreased from 15 pounds per acre to less than five pounds per acre, and 1he number of fish species in the river has declined from 15 to eight. Since the Oanberry drains one of the largest wilderness areas in the East, Gasper believes that "the only disturbance in that watershed is that acid rain has been falling on it for 40 years." The higher deposition levels in the north account for the rapid changes and drastic losses, but Katuah's lower acid deposition levels do not mean that we will not see similar effec1s. In fact, the reduced pH and alkalinity levels found now in our streams are familiar 10 chose who have becm tracking the nonhem streams for the pasr decade. According to Mark Hudy, a fisheries biologist who studied the St. Mary's River in Virginia as it died from acidification, "The St Mary's may be a precursor of things to come, what we'll all be looking at in 10 years...the water quality on the St. Mary's when I sampled the river 10 yean; ago was like what we have now on rivers farther south." Whal can be done 10 reverse the acidification of Katuah's streams? Can we learn anything from the damage to northern streams? Most scientists arc pessimistic. They lament that the region's streams were neglected during the I980's as the Reagan and Bush ndministra1ions stalled essential environmental research. And, like their colle,igues in soils and fores1 research, the freshwater biologists do not feel l_ha1 the reduc1ions mandated by the Clean Air Act will be able to reverse the damage done. They believe that a 70-80% redui;tion in emissions might begin 10 restore acidifying streams. According to Rick Webb. professor of Environmental Sciences at the Universi1y of Virginia, the n:quired 50% reduction in sulfur emissions will mean that "only a small number of the strea,n~ will incrca-.e in :ilkalinity; most will still decline." The state of West Virginia and the US Forest Service are trying mitigation measures - adding limestone to streams and lakes to bolster their alkalinity - to reduce lhe damage done by acid precipitation. But this method is costly and strictly temporary. It is not a means of rcs1oration for mountain streams. Most biologists feel that the the money and effon devoted to mnigation would be better spent on funher research, and they believe that only one thing will begin 10 save freshwater ecosys1ems in the East: drastic reductions of acidic emissions. Political analy~ts think it unlikely that there will be any funhcr emissions control measures from Washington for at leas, a decade. They point out chat even the Clean Air Act levels represent a compromise, that allies of the coal and u1ili1y industries auempted to drive sulfur emissions reductions as low as si:it million tons, from the original call for a 12 million ton reduction, and did succeed in having the number sliced to 10 million ions in the finnl version of the net. This does not leave many scientislS optimistic about the future of forests and streams in the East Aske.cl if he 1hough1 that Southern Appalachian streams would ever recover, Jim Galloway replied, ''Some will recover," he said, .. but not most" It appears that after the long twilight of environmental neglect in the 1980's, the Clean Air Act is a case of "roo little. too late" - a political pacifier too rife with compromise and collusion to address in any honest, meaningful way the damage already done by acid min and atmospheric deposition - not to mention the damage not yet e1,ident and the damage still occurring. An old maxim says tha1 politics is the an of compromise. But unless politics can be put aside, dead forests and dead streams will bear out another U\lth: nature bas its own bottom line. And nature bats last. / X.Otuaf, )ournn( poCJC 23 �SONGS IN THE WILDERNESS From the time I was two years of age J spent most or my childhood summers on my grandparent's farm in nonhem Colorado. In the small town where I lived I was surrounded by a warm extended family. There was plenty of activity and always another child to play with. But on the farm the days dragged on. l can remember walking up the dirt road away from the farm, acutely aware of my loneliness, feeling overwhelmed by the vastness of the rolling hills and endless grasslands that extended for miles in every direction. It seemed that I moved aimlessly through a landscape which had nothing to do with me. In this self-consciousness of monality I became aware of myself as separate from nature. It was a moment of primal loneliness such as everyone must face. This modem human condition is not that far removed from the tribal legacy. We still require a personal initiation, a way for each person to make peace with the natural world. We have separated ourselves by our ability to create worlds outside the cycles of nature, yet ii is our creauve abilities that offer us ways back in - into wholeness, communication and love. The pathways, the links, the mediations, the magic needs to be made at a personal level. We must ovcreome our animal fear of isolation and death, and reach out with our consciousness if we are to mature as human beings. IL was at this moment of acute loneliness that I first began to sing to the Eanh and the sky. I found that the ttan~fonnative power of song was miraculous. From that day on, there was a connection for me between the Earth and my walking on the Earth and the song. I remember walking down that same din road in a state of bliss, singing my heart out in thanksgiving for yet another spectacular sunset I found that when I sang, the world seemed 10 light up and lighten up. Phenomena that was of n transitory nature, such as a cloud shadow passing over a rolling hill, was suddenly revealed to me in breath-catching splendor. Sometimes I sang loud, sometimes soft. Sometimes r skipped and sang, or danced and sang at the same time. Special evencs, such as the bright crispness after a summer thunderstorm called for celebration songs. There were songs waiting for me everywhere; songs in the elm grove in the pasnm: and dJffcrcnt songs down by the river. Singing is a great protection. It sets up vibration which cuts through time and space. With our voices we extend the boundaries of our bodies. In metaphysical terms, singing causes the aura to radiate, which strengthens the body. In ancient primitive societies, everyone danced and sang their feelings about the inevnable passages of life. There were min dances and war dances and songs to help rhe com grow. There is evidence that the use of music as transforming was much more sophisticated than the simple melody, lyrics, and rhythm format that we use today. ror instance, at many ancient sacred sites the acoustics arc very unusual. Circular walls and passages can warp, bend, and amplify sound. ln such a place, a single voice could have created modulations, ovenoncs, and vibratos. Add on the possibility of a chorus with echoes, a drum or two, and a flute, and the sound must have been magnificent. What these sounds were used for, whether for healing, initiation rites, or simply for the sheer joy of creation, we no longer know. The Peace Chamber being built by Joseph Rael, at the Earth Center in Swannanoa, NC and scheduled for completion this fall, is a modem example of a Native American sound chamber. Joseph's vision of an oval shaped sound chamber has resulted in the construction of 17 of these chambers worldwide. The purpose of each is to amplify chants for world peace. I visited the roofless building at the Earth Center in spring. Even without a roof, and possibly because of the circular walls, the acoustics were already unusual. Also worth noting is that the chamber is on a very potent earth energy site. The combination of sound, eanh energy, and architecrual design should pack some real power into songs for peace. Looking back at my childhood songs from the adult perspective, I realize that the singing put me into an extended altered state, that it was magic at its height. ft pulled me completely out of the depression of loneliness and gave me practical tools for survival. It taught me to appreciate solitude. It is only in solitude that songs come to me again. If there is a song waiting for me, J try 10 leave my adult cares behind and enter into the woods with the innocence of a child. I make no judgement about the quality of my voice or how ridiculous I might sound if someone should happen to hear me. There is a great joy and freedom in this. by Charlotte Homsher Dnawmg by Rob Mcs,ick / (<ontin~ rram l"'i• 9) We must convince the public and our officials that a healthy environment is an absolute requirement for a healthy economy and not the other way around. The measure of what should be done 10 protect the environment is nor a mailer of good "business as usual" economics. We must work ar the local level to do whatever is possible to move toward a society that protects its ecosystems. We must lower as quickly a.\ we can the strains society places on our ecosystems. This includes land use practices, development of less damaging and less energy intensive transponation, protection of enough critical area 10 suppon all native species, and controlling our population within geographic areas so that the carrying capacity of the area is not exceeded or is balanced within a larger regional complex. Finally, we must lead in an accelerated movement to lower the environmental impact of human habitation on Eanh. This involves limiting the numbers of of humans Earth is . JCnt.i'mfi Journnl pQ(Jc 24 asked 10 suppon, making marked improvcmcnis in our use of natural resources, and bnnging human activities down within a safety buffer set by the rates of geological, geochemical. and biological processes. John Freeman is 1he chair of the Pisgah Group of the Sierra Club. lie was a profcs.'ior of billlogy at Wimltrop College fnr 30 years. He is al.w uwhor of 1he b()<J/c Survival Gardening, which he and lu"s 11'ife Grace self-published. The Freemaris are presemly retired in Brevard, NC i11 the headwaters of the French Broad River waterslted. This article 11-as reprimedfrom Foor notes. the 11cws/e1ter of the North Carolina Clwp1er ofthe Siella Club. The 11ewsletfer is al'ailable to Sierra Club members ill the Stale For membership i11fonnatio11, write the Sierra Club, 530 Bush St ; San Francisco, CA 94108. (conllnucd from P"te 11) Overall, I think it was Sequoyah himself who best evaluated thi: impact of his \\1'lting sy:acm: ''What I am doing will not make our people the less respected." - r«orded by OW Tom Undi'rwood. a liftlong rt.<id,·nt of the Qua/la Boundary Rt.<en•aJion has always been rnlt!rtsred ,n tht Clu:rol.Lt! cultural and arti.<tic traditions. lie 1s a con1tnuing .rouru of knowledge on the old wuys oftht tribe (stt Kn1tfah Journal 115) as wdl as be1n11 a mo1or suppoNu of conttmporary Indian arnsu. 1'om had ,.,;urn a manuscript for a hworical booklet on tk lift qf St!quo>·ah which was,,, his Mt:d1cint: Man Craft Shep the night tht! building was thstroycd byjirt!in 19..~Z. llt: has since bun rebwlding hisf/lt!s on the nativt! gcmus. llt! is ._·ell acquaintt!d With thl' life of ti~ man who brought 1k Chuoktt 1ht ,.,illt!n "'ord :Fa(f., 199 I �S00YEARS OF RESISTANCE! In October of 1492, as we all learned in grammar school, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue and landed in the Antilles to become the first European to record his encounter with the land and people of the Tunle Island conrinent. Of the land he found, Columbus wrote: "Large and very green trees, and great lagoons, around which the trees stand in marvelous groves. Flocks of parrots darken the sun and there is a marvelous variety of large and small birds, very different from our own; the trees arc of many kinds, each with its own fruit, and all have a marvelous scent." Of the native people he met in the Antilles, who later were named the Taino, Columbus wrote: "They are so affectionate and have so little greed and are in all ways so amenable that there is in my opinion no better people and no better land in the world. They love their neighbors as themselves and their way of speaking is the sweetes1 in the world, always gentle and smiling." Within a year of Columbus' landfall, the "miraculous groves" were gone, cleared to make way for the rancheros and plantations that would make the large contingent of Spanish seulers wealthy, and mining had spoiled the "great lagoons," not to mention rivers, mountains, and native farmlands. Within that year too, several thousand Taino were shipped 10 Europe as slaves, marking the beginnings of the slave trade. Those who remained fell victim to European diseases against which they had no resistance, and to the barbarism and tyranny of the colonists. Thus was set the pattern of ecocide and genocide which has been the dominant force in the modem history of the Americas. As the 500th anniversary of Columbus' "discovery" of the "New World" approaches, it appears unlikely !hat the myriad official festivities sponsored by governments of Europe and the Americas will expose the darker legacy of ~uropean conquest. What they will offer instead is a "QuincenteMial Jubilee" marked by all the hoopla, pride, and patriotism that modem technology can stir up. fo!C, 199 1 r However. a grcA1nd weft qf publi{ , opposition. led by moigendus groups in Nonh and South America, is gathering force to assure that the celebrations do more than glorify the ecocide and genocide wrought by Columbus and the other colonists and missionaries who followed him. In July of 1990 representatives of 120 indigenous nations, tribes, and organizations met for the first time in Quito. Ecuador to discuss their peoples' slruggles for self-de1ermination and 10 organi1..e a unified lndi:tn response to the official 1992 Jubilee celebrations. Their plans call for alternative gatherings 10 celebrate 1he resistance chat has enabled Indians 10 survive the centuries of genocide and opprei.sion chat 1hey have suffered at the hands of the Euro-Americans. The coali1ion is also recalling that many myths and prophecies of native peoples throughout Turtle Island say 1ha1 chis period of oppression would la.~t for 500 years, when it would be replaced by a period of change ("Pachakutek'.) that will lead ro a better life for the people, a life lived once again in harmony with Molher Eanh. At a time when the Euro-American way of life is threatening lhe survival of all peoples and of the planet itself, we all would do well to listen and 10 follow lhe example set by the indigenous people of a more harmonious way of being. It is up to us to make 1992 the first year of Pachakutek, not the 501st year of colonialism. Resource pacuis for those inttrtsted in organiting local alttrna1i11ts to the official/ts1111i11ts art availablt from the following: - Scarborough Fortign l,fiS$ion; 2685 Kingston Rd.; Scarborough. 0111ario. Canada MI M IM4. Jnclude a nwney donotion 10 CO\ltr prillting ONJ postagt. - Cltrgy ONJ Lairy Concerned; Box /91J7; Decatur, G~ 3003/ for $5.00 postpaid The Sowh and Mtso-American Jndim, Information Ctnttr. which strvts as a liason betwun Indian people of the sowhcrn and the northern con1intn1s. Is a good sourct of1nforma1io11 aboUJ the alttrnativt ac1ivi11es plan11td throughow the Americas. Write to SAJJC: Box 7550, Berktlty, CA 94707. 1/'Jf)U art illltresttd in helping 10 organiu ahernativt 1992 t~nlS in Kataiah, write Jeff Smith at 207 Coxt A~.: Ashevillt NC 28801 or call (704) 259-5333. - by cmmtll Grundiggu Save James Bay Stop Hydro-Quebec! Ancestral lands of the Cree and Inuit cultures as well as the entire James Bay ecosystem are being threatened by a mega-hydroelectric project known as the James Bay Project James Bay, a shallow salt water bay which forms the southern tip of Hudson Bay in Canada, is the largest nonhcrn river drainage system for Tunic Island. Fresh water from vinually every major river in the hean of 1he continent flows into James Bay where it mixes with the Bay's snit w:lter over marshy tidal flats to create a vast and diverse ecosystem. 'These rivers make the Bay a rich ecosystem teeming with caribou, moose, :i: ~;wer as wellbearseals.1he manyl3cluga as walrus, whales, polar and anadromous fish that return from the ocean 10 spawn in the fresh water rivers of James Bay. This is also the nesting and s1aging ground for the 'central flyway' for most migratory birds from geese and ducks to some shore birds who may carry ou1 a migrncion that brings them as far south as Tierra del Fuego.....(Thc land around James Bay) has a dclica1e ecology of coastal mmhes, muskeg and pinelands that provide a rich garden in which the animals and Native people have lived for tens of thousands of years." (Winona l..aDuke) The fames Bay Project is a mega proJect of Hydro-Quebec. Quebec's Premier, Robert Bourassa. sees 1he entire province as "a vase hydro·elcctrie plant in the bud... ". Phase I (1971-1985) of the Project has already destroyed a great deal of habiUlt and lands. Phase II and Phase lll are even more massive undertakings. Phase II would impact an area greater than New York State and New England combined and would destroy 15 major rivers. However, Phase III is the most extravagant. h is a $JOO billion scheme to build a 100 mile dike across the mouth of James Bay so that freshwater from 1he Bay can be pumped (possibly by nuclear pumps) to the Great Lakes, and then to the Midwest and Southwest United States! This project if completed would cause devastation of the entire James Bay ecosystem which is the hean of the largest remaining wilderness in Tunic Island as well the cultural genocide of the native people who would lose their traditional means of subsistance through hunting, trnpping and fishing. Already ten thousand migrating caribou have drowned crossing the Caniapiscau River during a 1984 Hydro-Quebec water release. If all the dams proposed by Hydro-Quebec arc built, 350,000 square kilometers will be directly impacted, Over 25,000 ~uare kilometers \I.ill be flooded. Countless lakes, ponds and temporary ponds will be drowned. Critical wildlife habitat will be fragmented and migration routes destroyed. Destruction of chis habicat will doom thousands of migratory bird~. In September of 1990. the Canadian National Energy Board approved the expon of Hydro-Quebec electrici1y 10 the US. There are formal efforts in Maine. Vermont, and New Yorlc to call for the cancellation of any contrnc1s with Hydro-Quebec. lndividuals and organizations around North America art' joining the fight to save James Bay. For more informa1ion. contacr: Northeast Alliance to Protect James Bav 139 Anrrim Street / Cambridge, MA 02139 .. (617) 491-553 I • X.Ot uc:ih Journot J>CIIJC 25 �. ", DRUMMING LETTERS TO KA TUAH Dear Kmualt, This kulwie says that idle hands arc the devil's wockshop when iJs preuy damn obvious IO anyone who sits down and thinks about it that idle hands nrc definitely not a workshop and that the devil's worbhop has m1111y many busy busy hands. Ovec achiever type A workaholics with hyperactive thyroids have predictably lllken over at the throUle of neatly everything and ate proceeding to make the world a miserable place to be for anyone who likes to go fishing or read a boolt or simply to do her pan in the effort to conserve energy by silLing down and bcmg quiet. Motorboats chum our lakes into oily froth. AirpLllles arc aJmo:.t always whining in our cars. All terrain vehicles defile the America others pass by. shnttcring silence and leaving ruts that open into gullies lhat are geo logical re minders of the passing of some busy idiot who wos out SpiMing his wheels and wasting all sorts of resow-ces when he should have been home playing with his luds or l:lying in a hammock. Poople in general and rncD m particular QJ'C taught that Ill order to be respected we should make our mark on a world. The world is nlrcady llWkcd up with graffitti-like doings of the do-do culture and what we now need 10 learn moSt is s10pping. Don't just do something, Slalld there. Will Ashe Boson Floyd, VA DcarKmuoh. Vour article about dowsing slruck an inu:rcsting chord with me. I have been fortunate 10 get to hike with a group of Retired Citi,..cns or Gatlinburg over the past sevcml months, and because of that have met some very fascinating people not the least or whom is a man named Herb Oabo, a real mountain man who gi-ew up in the Roaring Fork section of what is now the Great Smoky Mountnins National Park:. He now lives in that same area about two houses from the Park bouod:IJ'y. He still climbs the mowitnins and walks the ridges almost every day. At 80 he is still ahead of the pack except when he siops IO share a bit of history or a talc of sons. It i.~ one of t!lcse talcs that came tO mind when I read your article. Herb can divine for bodies! • and find them. The rods arc held loosely in the hands and when he comes IO the grave. they tum in. I have watched him do this and it is exuemely fascinating. The Parle Service asked him and Frank Cart.er, another dowser. 10 help them with a cemetery in the Roaring Forlc section which had been badly damaged by tourists - roc:ks which were really old grave m:utcrs had been knocklxl over and some even canicd out of the cemetery. With 1he1r dowsing rods, Hcrb and Frank were able to rcnlign the graves, replace the m:IJ'kcrs, and arc now c:nrrying fill din to cover the IOOlS and ftll in washouts caused by the he.Ivy lrllff'ic of many feet. For the umc being. the ccmelCI)' is fenced off and will be unul the n:pciiring and =ding arc compleled. In that ccrnclct)'. thctc iS a grave for a leg. A man lost his leg in a logging occident and Xnti1af1 JounmC p119c 26 insisted on having it buried with a formnl funeral. Herb u:11s another inlelCsting story about finding the grave of Jasper Mellinger. Years ago Jasper had "l:ud-by" his com crop and was going to Nonh Carolina 10 work a few days tn a blacksmith's shop. Instead of walking the long way around, he took the "nigh" way through the hills. Art Huskey had a bear uap set and Jasper got caught m 11. On finding him there. it is alleged, Art or his son knocked poor Jasper in the head with a pine knot and buried him m a shallow grave. Herb was detenmncd to find lhnt grave. long since heavily overgrown. He walked the hills for about a year bcfo,e he loaltcd the grave only 10 discover there were four bodies buried in the =e area. He ha.~ cleaned out lllOUlld the graves • and a path lending 10 them and 1s now placing mnriccrs for t!lcse people. He has deccnnincd who three or the bodies arc and will mark the other "unknown: Hero is a real storehouse of knowledge and mountnin lore. Barbara Wickersham DcarK01111Jh, I read with great in~t the interview with Tom Hendricks, "The Responsibilities of Dowsing,· in the Summer "91 issue of Kmu.o.lt JournLJI. Hoving recently writu:n IO the Amctic:ln Society of Dowsers expressing concern at the non-holiSllc actions of some dowsers, I found Tom's comments cncoumging. I have been dowsing for a number of YeaA, mostly locating with L-rods. More recently I hnvc been conccntroting on trying to undcrslll.nd Eanh energies. I rend, and dowse., and find, but feel the need to work with someone who really knows what they arc doing. Look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Joy Doheny DeatKmuah, s Something a wrong with the U.S. Forest Service le:idcrship. They can't 11\llnage our forests properly due to a spurious pl31l they adoJ)led 25 years ago. h can be likened 10 a disease in its effccL Call 11 "clcarcuHLtS." Ever since they've been obsessed with denuding our forestS. They promoted the spread of this infection to colleges and univen;iucs th.It prcp:ire future foresters. Certain limber interests, long affiicu:d with th IS dlSCaSC. have wdcd and supponcd the Fore.st Service leadership m iL~ addiction and arc confusing us with a SS0,000.000 misinformation campain. Their purpose: 10 cut the 5~ left of our ancient forests at huge profits to them.,;elves within the neitl 5 to 10 years using the befuddled Fo~ Service leadership to gnm their end. Once it was the people and the Forest Service versus timbcrers. Now it is umbcrcrs and the Forest Service versus the people. A tide of public concern is rising IO stem this disease in its devnsiation with powerful mcdicruion to be pn:scribcd by Congress. Previous prescriptions have failed because the Forcst Servioc leadership refuses 10 swallow the medicine that would return it to its fonner stnte ofhc:llth. The "Santa Claus syndrome." of practically giving away our trees hntvesu:d at our expense. is also of gi-eat concern to people. tn lodinnn 120,000 people signed petitiOns and wrote thousands of leuets, including congressmen and lhe governor, ealling for protection of biological diversity and regeneration of old growth. A poll of voiers 31'0und the Hoosier National Forest showed 69% are so upset they want to bnn all logging. The entire congressional delcgnuon or fllinois is demanding the Forest Service Stop being Sania Claus with below-cost sales. Arl<ansas and Texas have asked for a halt 10 clearcutting. South Carolina people arc asking for a ch411ge m mn~cment. In North Carolina over 16,000 people and over a thousand businesses signed pctiuons in a shon period of time 10 halt clearculting. A number of Forest Service employees and supervisors, not willing to allow this disease to reach epidemic proportions. are organizing and asking thru the infected leadership accept prescribed congressional medication so that the Forest Service can survive. I must add that a number of private forest growers with large and small forc.~ts arc not infccu:d with "clenrcu1-1tis." They arc surviving low prices caused by Rnst Service leadership direction. These forests are a JOY 10 visit compared with the shambles pre.sent m our ll3tionaJ forests. These many growers arc not liqu1d3tors. They believe in a tomonow for themselves and their children. Why can't this be true for the nntional forests? Grandfather and Grandmother, we have the time. We love this land and want 10 leave it beucr for our children and grandchildren. We've seen the umber locuslS consume our forest before. It doesn't have to happen to the Inst gr.md trecS standing. Th.rec bills in commitu:c need support; HR 2S01, HR 1969, and HR 842 to help k.ill the infoction. Three congressmen 10 reach arc Harold Volkmer. Eda la Gana, Goorge Miller (House of Rcprcscntativcs, Wnshington. DC 20015). There arc also three senators; D.ile Bum~, Pntricl; Leahy, and Wyche Fowler (Scn.,tc Office Building. Washington, DC 20010). Even though our hands arc tired and weary, \YOn't you pick up a pen and write? Let's inspire them in Washington. Bob Gerry Franklin, NC Drawing by Rob Messick rnrc., 1991 �Dear Ka1uah. A friend gave me his copy or your Summer'!) I Ka1uah Journal. nnd I am impressed by lhe imcgri1y of lhe journal. One of my grcn1-grnndmothcrs wns a full-blooded Cherokee, plus my family hns roois in 1he Miami Nation. Sadly, I never paid any heed to this heritage until the last yenr or so. though I have always been an enrth person. ever drawn 10 nature fascinated by forcsis, ~ueruns, wild Iire, lightning. I rc.ili:u: that this is pan of my being, and am beginning 10 look more closely at the wisdom of thOl,e who came before me. I would hkc 10 know if a publicauon s1m1lar 10 your; cxisis in the Indiana region. I would be interested in lellming more about my foreflnhcrs, but I'm n0t too sure where 10 start. Thank you for :iny help you can offer. and 1100k forward 10 hearing from you soon. Since my return home I have fell myself often "losing focus· with nil the technology nnd matcriohstic vibrations that surround me. I h3ve found th3l one thing I can do 1s make my way to a stnnd of treeS very ncnr here and allow myself 10 recapture lhc feeling of the Smokies, the •me· I am working with the Appalachian Women's Guild on the Monteagle Mountain ~lion of the Cumberland Platc3u. It seems lO me, thot this mountain could be an exemplary bioregional devclopmen1 - it cou.kl become self-sufftcienL ll is at this lime extrcmdy depressed economically which Respectfully, Jeff Zaclulry Dcar Ka1uah. IC I h:id closed my eyes and envisioned the perfect. most harmonious appro:ich 10 life in the Soulhem Appalachians I could not have crentcd :i more beautiful image than lhc people who conlribute 10 your journal and those who arc the rtal members of the Katu:ih Province. I think I hove found my venue, and my only regret is that Tdid not have the courage 10 head such a wonderful movement myself. I'm a graduate student at Appalnchian State University in Boone, NC studying and working lO preserve the biodiversity and ecology of these great mounlllins. I have struggled with 10lerance of the modern, dcvelopmcn1-00nsumcd elite of this town and this region. I am so happy 10 find the power in your numbers. Please let me know more about your cause. your people, and your apparent passions 10 prcscrvc the way of the conscious man and womnn. I wnnt 10 be a part of the movement, and be counted among you. God Bless, J1mmy Bnrbcc -=---- Dear KaJuah, I was recently introduced 10 your wonderful publication and would like 10 know more about K01uah and how I can become involved. In the past it seems I made less lime for myself 10 read or enjoy the beauty or life nround me. However, due 10 a recent car occident I've found myself with the time lO do anything and the physical ability 10 do almost nOthing. So I n::id. I probably never would have come 10 know my world, or Katuah, if it were not for the accident and a special man in Lake Toxaway who lOOk the time 10 talk 10 me about life, healing, and Ka1uah. For th:11 I am very thank:ful. I thank God as I grow physically and spiritually stronger everyday, and look forward 10 living as I never have. Seize the Dayl Paula Flanks Dear K01uah, I live in a very popul:itcd, "built-up· pan of Florida. and decided in June to e,;plore the Smoky Mounuiin.~ with my friend 10 Slill, nnd re-center myself. We had a wonderful, amazing, and lr.lnsforming lime • and while there I discovcrcd your publication. Tm!, 1991 Paintina by S\1$111 Adam rediscovered there. The Olhcr is 10 open Ka,uoli Journal lO any page and begin IO~. The commitment :ind dedication to Life of your writcts. people like myself - puts me back on my chosen pnth. Thank you for sharing and afrummg. Yours in light, Susan Rueter To the Editors: I was given a copy or lhe Kaiuah Journal. Spring, 1991. by a friend, Cicio Myc1~k. I have just this morning read II and am moved to find such an enlightened group ru work. II IS like finding a pan of your family that had been ml$mg. r want to connect with you as projects in which 1 am im,ol ved p:irnllcl yours in this issue. I include my story which r have JUSt wriuen for the Episcopal Chwch. (see excerpt below) The opposition to a hazardous waste incinerator (three limes the size of any existing facility which promised to take haw-dous waste from at k:asl 20 sta.ics) which I organized, changed my whole life. I now work full lime on establishing a true grassroots environmental nerwork m Tennessee that will connect with other similar networks nationwide. (Thank God I hnve a husband who C113bled me lO give up my gainful employment in order 10 do this volw:uecr work.) I attended the Episcopal Church Envaronmenlal Conference ,n Kanuga. NC in April llihcte I met Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Grecnho~ Crisis Foundation in Washing10n. He invited me to auend n conference in Wa.mington at the end or Scp!Clllbcr lhnt will plan a grassroots Conunental Congress for May of 1992. I Ulke great hope that this Con tinenlal Congress will have sufficient impact on the political paities to change the t.otal disrcgrud for the environment (my opmjon) that both parties have been exhibiting. gives llS fcrtilc ground for movmg in lhc direction of interdependent living. I also work with a group which ,s creating a vision of community when: physicnlly and mentally handicapped and non-physically handicapilcd can live in an interdependent relationship where the arts and celcbrauon oflife you spcalc of will be an integral part of our circular community. We will have a biodynnmic farm, a gteenhou~. woodworking shop, Appalach1311 cmfis, design and making of allcmative clOthing for the physically challenged, a printing operation. and opportunities and encouragement for all 10 develop their individual spirituality in an atmosphere or love. In fighting the evil of the inciDCnllOr, people were brought together who have the underlilanding and cnprabililics or making the Biorcgional Economy or the whole mountain IOP work along with the special community. I celebrate your enthusiasm, your dedication, and your Being. Light and Love 10 all of you, Marilyn Williams Chau.anooga. TN ~rpttdfrom Marily11 Williams' story: Morion County LS an economically depressed, rural county comprised of a long valley swrounded by mounlllins, indented wilh coves traversed by the Tennessee River. This topogniphy results in a phenomenon cnlled thermal invCTsion. Very often, tempcroturc changes will force the air down and hold it against the floor of the valley so that it cannot escape over the mount2ins. Any kind of smoke-t;toct indu.«ry would be unusually bad ror the area. I blcr lcamcd that lhcnna1 invcnion was ·no problem· for those who warued to site a haz:lJ'dous wastt incineralor on lhe TenllCS5CC River in our county. (c:auinued on I"'&" 28) JC.Qtuah 1oumnl J)(IQe 27 �(continued from pa,:c 27) I alt.ended a meeting of our County Commission and heard lhe president of a commen:i:il hllzardous was1C incinerator COfflJXUlY IC.Jl lhe commission and all present he did nOl care whwier we voted to have him there or nol; he certainly wouldn't icll us he wouldn't be the.re. We later le:uned the same group had been defeated in four olhct counhcs through use of the Local Veto Option which we voled to hnve him there or not; he ccnainly wouldn't tell us he wouldn't be there. We lat.er learned the same group had been defeated in four olhcr • counties through use of the Locnl Vct0 Opuon which was a Tennessee law. We knew quiic well that our legislature had jus1 removed this law that gave citizens ~ right to protect their property ond lhe health and welfare of lhcir children. This 1s a constituuonnl nght bom of n Ocmocmcy. I C:lmC from Ilic rooeting angry. I was angry tlmt in a land where freedom was supposed IO nng from every mounlllln IOp, a man could siand before us and arrogantly icll u.~ he 11o us - in so many words • gomg 10 force on us something that we knew would dcsll'Oy our property values and endanger our children., lives - and for what? For profit • My anger 1ncrenscd with the rcalm1tion that the citizens of this Staie have every right to expect thc,r elcc!Cd, paid official\ to make laws to protect Ilic Jives and property of lhe people of their Staie, I snw ourselves in the posiuon of bemg forced to do the JOb for ourselves. I called a meeting or friends to organv.e n protesL I sent announcements 10 both the newspapers, but they did not print 1hcm, We had IS people ai the rll'St meeting. We each IOOk rcspons1bili1y or getting others at the next mccung, and we prepared notices to be ID.ken to the papers. At the ncxt meeting we h.ld 26 people to plan a town meeting to discuss the opposition to the incinerator. At that meeting we had press from lhe city of ChatUlnooga and 400 orderly people. After that we had the attention of the clcclcd offici.l!s and the loca.1 press and radio stations. Two months later, at 7 AM over 3,000 finn, but orderly, infonned people gathered in the .square at South PilL~burgh to confront the rcprcsentauves of FTI who came with armed Pinkenon gu:ll'ds, The people with their children wore T-shirts reading, "Two, Four. Six, Eight; WE WILL NOT INCINERATE." Cars had bumper stickers saying "DANGER - NO INCINERATOR." Posters staung firm opposiuon were held high. Many wore gas mask.~. A-:. representatives of the incinerator company Milked into the building where they had come to conclude the mlc or the propsed incinerator site, m on orderly fashion. the crowd began to chant, "Two, Four, Si~. Eight - WE WILL NOT INCINERATE!" The day b.:forc the mlly a UPl reporter who knew the area, called me and a.,ked me how mony people J thought we would have a1 the rally. I said that if--.c did 001 have 01 lcai.t 2,000 I would be sorely disappointed. He laughed, saying, "If you ha\'c 2,000 people in Marion County come out for anything, I'll be greatly surprised. Those people luve never been togcthcr on anything." When I arrived m South Piu.sburgh shortly be~ 7:0Q that morning on June 14. 1990, I lil!w people coming "in droves; as we say. They were commg from all over in large numbers, and icars rolled down my race because I knew m my hcal1 that weh3d won. Four d.lys laicr, F11 announced they would not build in Marion County or "any of the surrounding area." ... I saw interesting and miraculous things happen in this united effort. I saw shy young mo°'.crs come forward and tell me, "l"ve never done an),1hmg like this before. I just Silly home and talce care of my family, but I'm not Slllying there and watching this Juppcn." I saw them transformed into outSpOken, tireless worker.; who conducted meetings in their communities to get the word ouL Some or them called me and cried at the heanless roccplion they encountered sometimes in the bcgiMmg when they called on bu.'ilnesspcople to put petition~ in stores or to tallc at city council meetings; but they never guve up. They went right back, and !hey bccnme StrOngcr. as they were empowered b)' the love lhey had for thi:,r children. It occurred to me at lhc time, if the Earth i.s 10 be saved, 11 will be by mothers and those who share the feelings or mothers. I saw children become awurc of somctl11ng they hlld always Uken for gmntcd. School chil.drcn made posters and wrote letters 10 elcclCd officials. ng They bccrunc int.:rc.,tcd in recycling. I saw a bondi_ of people joined by a common cuus.e. I sow a commg together of people who would prohably never have come 10 know each other. I sa--. a ri'i<! in the consciousnCSli of people. Then: was an elevation of sclf-e:;1ocm. Th.:se was a knowledge gamed thm one person can still make a dilTerencc if the)' take the hand of their brother/sister and slalld up for whal they believe is righL Since the mc.mcmtor fight, I have seen others tnke the mniaiive 10 sl:llld again.st other 1njustic.!s in their communit.lc.s. • The People are Angry! A Monual on \Va.tre llauvdou...t to tht Ilea/th of our Cllildren in itMetsu i.s available from Tcnne:.scc Grassroois EnvironmenUll Network; Boll 15038: Chaunnooga, TN3741S Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork you see in I<atuah Journal. • You1h Camps - ~ P,ogrem1 • Family Camps· Teach0< Tra.,,ng • Communuy Programs • Camp Slaff Training • Outdo« Pn,gram Consulting (Envelopes included.) by Rob lJlessick Send $11.25 postage paid to: RM DESIGNS r.o. aox 2601 ProgomJ to encouoge end Earth OWOl8'l8$$. celebrol1on. ldn&Hp and hope $611 PO 8oK 1306 Galltnt>,,,g, terY10lSee 3n38 615-436-6203 BOONE, NC 28607 whole earth grocery NATIVE FLUTES Two styles mode of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 • NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING 446 c p;arkw•y craft ~ntcr • •uilc 11 gatlinburg, tcnn~ 3n38 6 15-436-6967 Xat(iah Jou r not pn9c 28 ' ,, Union Acres A,r Alternative - • Acrt.agtforSale - Smoky Moun/111n Lrving wilh II focus on spiri/114/ 11nd «ologit:Jll valuts For more informalron; Contact C. Gran/ al RDult 1. Box 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 4974964 NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • OULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERDS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE OlTTFOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blow,ng Rock Rd lloonc. NC 28607 :fnfL 1991 �, - 0FFTHEGRID SOLAR OVENS by Dr. lnnnis Scanlin This issue's 01/The Grid 1ues1 collUMis1 is Dr. Dtnnis Scan/ill, Proftssor ofApproprialt Ttchnoloo at AppalacNIJJI State University;,. Boone, North Carollna. Dennis is cwrrently working on a project sponsored ITy the Su.sklinablt Dtvtlopmelll Center of ASU to bring so/Ju ove11 ttCM()/olJ to the rural pu,plt ofGllllUma/a. Solar o - ttcM()loo is pani&ularly appropriJJu in Ct111ral America wlttn thert is a lot of s1111 and a probltm with defortSiaJilJ11 as ptoplt u.sc rht forests to prqvide woodfor cooki/11. So/Ju ovens could, obviDu.sly. N>t ~ u.scd as freqUUlll)I hut in Katwolt as ill Ca1ral Amtrica, bu/ rhty could ctrtamly su,,e as All OMXillary tltUf1 source IO ~ wed whutevtr possible to / - , ow demands 011 wood, proflOM, oU ONl/or tltcrricity. DtfortSIJJ/k,11 is IU)t cwu11tly a probkm lwre (~sides timber sales), bUI It col/Jd ~CO/fflt OM if rht opdollS of oil, propane and/or tltcrricily _,., too expensive or IINIWlilabk, as is Ille t.aU ill rwol CcfllrtJJ America. As Dr. Scanli11 lius IO poilll 0111, "lhtre is "" silltlt tMTlJ fXIIUIUO.. 1ht suslDiJsabh t11tro of our fwurt will come from a ~ f J ofsourcu. Solar OVtftS w{J/ be OM of IN>U. • ·td.JimHou.su Solar Cookers have been receiving a lot of attention recently in both the developing and developed regions of the world. This attention is well deserved because these ovens are a truly appropriate technology. First of all, they really work. They are also cheap enough to be accessible to virtually everyon~ easy to construct with locally available materials; simple to understand and operate; utilize renewable energy; and reduce our dependence on centrally supplied energy or, in the developing world, diminishing supplies of increasingly expensive fuelwood, wi1hout having any adverse impacts on the environment They can be a pan of the solution ro the many problems facing our world. There are two basic types of solar cookers. The first is the direct or focusing parabolic dish cookers, which are usually about 4 feet in diameter and reflect all the solar energy striking them onto a focal point which is usually about 18 inches above the center of the dish. A pot of food would be supponed at this focal point. Their performance can be very impressive, achieving temperatures over 600° F; however, they can onJy heat one pot of food at a rime, can be difficult to construct, need to be focused every 15 to 30 minutes and don't work very well on panly cloudy days. Effons 10 market these cookers have largely failed because of their tempennentnl nature and because people don't like standing out in the sun while cooking. The whole TaU, 1991 SOLAR OVEN Drawing by DoMis Scanlin process of cooking with these cookers is too different from traditional methods. The indirect or box ovens have been the focus of most of the recent interest in solar cooking. An indirect or box oven is simply an insulated box with a glass or plastic cover, and one or more reflectors to increase the amount of sunshine entering the box. Food is usually placed in dark colored pots with covers. The pots full of food are then placed in the solar oven and absorb the solar energy entering the oven. These ovens reach temperatures between 250 and 450° F, can cook several pots of food at the same time, work on partly cloudy days. aod are simple and inexpensive to construct Many indirect or solar box ovens have been designed over the last few years; however, most fall into one of two categories: single reflecror or multiple reflector. The single reflector type is the least complicated variety. It is an insulated rectangular box with a shoe box type lid and a single reflec1or attached to the lid. It was first developed in 1976 by Barbara Kerr and Sherry Cole of Tempe, Arizona and is the design presently being promoted by Solar Box Cooker International, 1724 11th Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. They have plans available for $3.00. Plans are also available from Kerr Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box 27417, Tempe, AZ 85282, (602) 968-3068. They also have complete kits for a well designed cardbo:ud oven for about $55. Kits are also available from Basic Solar, Harvard Square Suite 67, 1430 Mass. Ave.. Cambridge. MA 02138. Kits or plans are not really necessary, however, as one could easily be constructed with either cardboard or wood. One good source of cardboard boxes is Xerox paper boxes found in schools and businesses. Banana or apple boxes found in the local grocery store are also quite sturdy, as are cardboard file boxes which can be purchased for about $3.00 at an office supply store. These boxes could be covered with contaa paper or painted for increased water resistance. The box could also be constructed from large sheets of cardboard or with peices of wood. Plywood and lxlO's or lxl2's have been used. There may be undesirable gases emitted from the plywood, which would contaminate your food, but I'm not sure about this potential problem. The box should be large enough to contain the desired size of pots which will be used. but not much larger. The inside dimensions of the Kerr/Cole cooker mentioned earlier arel8"x22"x7". This size can hold 3-4 pots of food and can cook a meal for 4-6 people easily. Insulation on the sides and boaom of the oven wiU help it attain higher temperatures by reducing heat loss. The easiest is Thc.rmax foil faced insulation secured with foil rape (not duct tape). There may be hannful gases given off by this and (continued on page 30) Xatuah 1ourna! om1e ? Q �(coniinutd from page 29) 01hers have objected to its use; however I have not noticed any strange odors or tastes in food cooked in an oven insulated with this material, and when I called the manufacturer, I was told there have been no problems associated with ils use. Another insulation scheme is 10 use a smaller box inside the outer one and put crumbled newspapers or fiberglass insulation between the two boxes. Still another is to fold cardboard so that trapped air pockets are fonned and put these peices into the bottom and on the sides of the box. With !he last two Home Power Inc., POB 275. Ashland, OR 97520; and The Solar Coo~ry Book, Beth and Dan Halacy, Peace Press 3828 Wilat Avenue, Culver City, California 90230. A variety of foods including soups, stews, bread, chicken, cakes, rice, potatoes, lasagna, and a variety of other vegetables can be cooked in a solar oven. However, it does involve some behavioral modification. One needs to check the weather report for the day, plan the day's dinner in the morning, put it together and in the oven by around 10 or 11 and point the oven towards the south. Obviously some foods will cook faster than others. Baked beans and hot dogs can be heated up in about I hour. Lentils, brown rice, and soy beans will take substantially longer. But just about anything can be cooked in one good sunny day, or even a panly cloudy day, if placed in the oven in the morning and if the oven is reoriented towards the sun a few times during the day. Around noon is the ideal rime for solar cooking because that is when we are receiving the greatest amount of solar radiation. There is no worry about burning foods. Dark enamel, glass or ceramic pots work well. TI1e dark-colored pots absorb more radiation. Most cooking should be done in convered pois. Several solar cookbooks are available, including Eleanor's Solar Cookbook, Eleanor Shimcall. Cemese Publishers, 7028 Leesburg Place, Stockton CA 95207 and Favorite Recipes From Solar Cooks, Solar Box ,;,!!II' Cooker International. schemes the junction between the inside and outside of the oven needs to be covered. The reflector can be consmicted from cardboard with a reflective material such as aluminum foil, reflective mylar or a glass mirror glued to it. Glass, plastic cooking bags (available in grocery stores), or teflon can be used for the glazings. Multiple layers of glazing will result in better performance. The glazing can be attached wilh aluminum tape, wooden strips and nails for a wooden box, and/or caulk. Multiple reflector designs (fig. I) achieve higher temperature.\ (300-450° F) but are more complicated to construct. These cookers usually have a door on the back side, but can also be constructed with a shoebox type lid so the whole oven, withou1 a bottom, fits over a shallow pan, which would hold the pots of food. Plans are available for $10 from Our Sol.tr Systems, Box 55891. Tucson, AZ 85703. Two books with plans are also available: Heave11s· Flame. A Guidebook 10 Solar Cookers, By Joseph Radabaugh,$ IO, Complete ovens can also be purchased from Clevlab ($15 - $275), POB 2647, Liuleton, Colorado, 80161 and from Sunlight Energy Corporation ($179), 441 lW. Echo Lane, Glendale, AZ 85302 (602) 943,6492. Figure 2 shows an exploded view of a smnll p muhiple reflector oven similarly inspired by the Clevlab $15 Sunspot Solar Oven. This same basic construction can be expanded for a larger slant face type mulliple rcflcct0r oven. FRENCH BROAD FOOD CO-OP •• • Co05Umcr0wncd Since 1975 • •• We Sell Food that Nourishes I Iumans and Sustains the Earth OPEN TO T l IE PUBLIC Mond,,y· FriJay 8:30 AM to 8:00 r:--1 Saturdav 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM SundJ)' I :(l(J P\I 10 6:00 PM (704) 255-7650 Home! A Bioregional Reader 1/o,,u:! A Biorcgional Rtader, juit publi.\hcd hy New Society Publi$hcrs, offcrs· nn c,ciung vision :uid slOltcgy for creaung ('.enlogic.ii ly su~btn~htc communnics and culture., rn hannony v. ilh the limiL~ nnd rcgcncrauve powers or the £2th." It ha.~ gathered a.niclcs, stories. and potnL~ of O\'Cr forty writer~ and acuvm.~who have contnbu!Cd both co ddining biortgionalism a.~ a J)Olitic;il philosophy and to the pracuce of "living rn place.· Comnbutors mcluJ.:: Gary Snylkr, Pttcr Berg. Caroline Estc,, Wendell Rcrry, a, well as Mnmie Muller of the Karunlt l<mrnnl. Gr:ipl11cs in the book include the.• \\Ort of Katuah's Rob Mcsskl.. The book is a large-format r;ipcrhack with 192 pages. includrni; resources and a reading list. Copies arc available by mnil for S15.70 from RM Designs: Boi Tnlhng Lto,~.s i~ • mor11hly JOWMI nf ~ ecoloay, in.<rircd p,,rwoaJ 11e11,·i= rooted UJ CNtheo ~piri11111iiy. Pu1 i"'-<;ues bnc !car~ ani,lcs by Gary Soy<kr. St.Vba"'k, John Sec:J, Joa.nna Macy, B111 Dc\'all. Looc Wolf Circle!'. Barhara Mor, etc. Tnlki11g uo1n SJICU~ for the narural "''-'"d and for the rdcinJliog ot our own 'l-11d 51>in1. Suh5COpUon~ an, S 15.00 on.)Ut/$18.000U1,1dc U.S. S25.00 two yc.tn/S36.00 ouwdc U.S . ~nd ch«k or M 0 . 10 : Tnlkwg Lto,·a 1430 W1llamcuc #36 7 Eugene. OR 97401 503/342-2974 90 8i11m11rc Avcnul! A,hevallc, NC 2 Blocks South ol Downtown rrutoNSETc:1 +. • 0 ~ I . . - tl1c new al tcnmt.h·c • i to tJ1c sleeper sofa wiil1 OYcr 4,000 vcars of customer ~atisfacH~n built in. -- 2601: Boone, NC 28007. Print,,, or Rob Mcssick's illustrations from the book are also avnilablc from the same llddn= Taff, 1991 �The Bell: A Call to Peace 'The Bell publishes commentary and news about peace events and resources. We digest the best an1clcs questioning war as a solution 10 conflict and exploring peaceful alternatives of foresight and reason. We continue to cover the aftermath or the Gulf War, the policies that brought us to that war, and the effect of militarism on our country. our environment, and our world. "We accept contributions in the way of writings, p<>cms, artwork, etc. The Bell is an all-volunteer project that is dependent on donations." Issue #6 of The Bell, which contains an interview with a woman who has maintained a ten year, 2·1-hour-a-day peace vigil across the srrcet from the White House, is currently available. TI1c Bell is published by Col/ten Redt1w11 and Ah,yn Moss. To rrceivt The Bell, send a donmion to Box 634; Floyd. VA 24091. Permaculture Conference The 6th Annual Eastern North America Pennaculture Conference will be held October 11-13 at the Standing Stone State Park, near the town of Livingston m nonhcast Tennessee. Friday, October 11 • Field Day at Earth Advocates Research Facility with an inrroduction 10 Pcrmaculture. Presentations on Saturday and Sunday, October 12-13 - Keyline; Pcrn1aculturc and Spirituality; Solar Power; Bio:.helters; Low-income Community Development/Land Tnms, Monday, October 14 - Tours of nearby Hidden Springs and Long Hungry Creek Nurseries. Costs are: Field Day - $20, Conference registration (sliding scale) - $50-75 single, $75-100 family. includt!s dorm lodging and meals. Tours are free. For directions and additional infonnation, write: Eanh Advocates; Rt. 3, Box 624; Livingston, TN 38570. • TURTLE ISLAND BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS Mark the date! The fifth Turtle Island Bioregional Congress wm be held MAY 17-24 at Camp Stewart Kerrville, Texas (northwest of San Antonio) Rl'g1strahon fet.-s hav<.> not b<.>cn set, but lhcn~ will bc r1.-dured rat<.>S for those who apply bcfore0cccmbcr31, 1991 For funhcr infonnation on fees and arrangements, contact the Turtle Island Office Box 140826 Dallas, TX 75214 (214) 324-4629 Bioregional Congresses 01.ark Area The Twelfth Annual Ozark Area Community Congress, OACC (pronounced 'oak") XII, will meet September 20, 21, & 22, 1991 at Hammond Mill Camp in West Plains, Missouri. OACC has met for 12 years as a working congress (not merely a conforcnce) developing a vision for the Ozark region based on nature's ecological rrinciples. They focus on a range of issues including forestry, water, sustainable agriculture. education. health, community economics, etc. This year's congress includes a number of workshops as well as a barter fair. For more infonnation. contact OACC, Box 3, Brixey, Missouri 65618. (417) 679- 4773. Great Lakes Area The Great Lakes Bioregional Congress will meet October 4, 5, & 6, 1991 in Hell (no joke), Michigan. The Congress promises to be a celebratory, educational, fun weekend. Zones of discussion will include: Water/Air (repon from International Joint Commission meeting, Great Lakes Beach Sweep, toxic issues, aquatic intelligence); Eanh ( organic farming, land use, restoration, tenure); Justice (social justice, people of color, 500 years of resistance with dignity); Culture (alternative economics, children, bioregional education, art, sacred sites); Habitat (co-housing. sustainability); Nature (biodiversity, wilderness, forestry, land defense). Scholarships available. Contact: Bearrice Briggs, % Wild Onion Alliance, 3432 N. Boswonh, Chicago. IL 60657. (312) 929-5565. Ohio River Watershed The Ohio River Watershed Bioregionnl FestivaVCongress will be held October 11-14, 1991. Entitled "Coming I Jome: Spirituality and Ecology of our Region", the Congress is "open to all who desire to create ways of life which are in harmony with the natural patterns and cycles of the bioregion." All attendees are asked to panicipate in storytelling, camping, sharing homegrown entenainment, produce, and seeds. The Congress will be held at the fann of the Sisters of St Fmncis outside of Oldenburg in southeast Indiana. $ I0/individual; $25/family. For more information, contact: John Gibson, 3038 FalJ Creek Parkway, Indianapolis, IN 46205; (317) 925-9297. rnrc. ,., t!l!Jl REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music p rograms, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNCW • FM P.O. Box 8().1 Spind,11~, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 Xotimh Journot pn')C ~ I �27-29 GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Ecological Spintuafity.• exploring our spiritual relationship to nmure. Topics will co~cr theology or nature, 1'a1ivc American spir11uality, stewardship responsibility. Pre-register: SSO. For info about this and other programs. conUICt Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont; GSMNP: Townsend. TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. SEPTEMBER 11- 13 llLACK '>tOUNTAlN, NC Black Mountain Mu~ic ~1ival, featuring HorseOics, Metropolitan Blues Alls1ars, Dnv1d Wilcox, Dr. Bubba and Ille O.K, Bayou Bnnd, and other traditional and contemporary mu~icions. Will also include African Drum Festival with Darrell Rose. Cont:itl the Black Mountain FcsLi val Office. PO Box 216, Black Mountain. NC 28711. (704) 669-4546. Ongoing CIIEROKEF., r-;c Exhibit: "The Beu in Cherokee Cultucc." Cherokee Hcri1age Museum and Gallery, Hwy. 441 and Big Cove Rd.: Cherokee, NC 28719. (704) 497-321 I. CULLOWHEE, NC Mountam Heritage Day. n cclcbrauon or the music, dance, crofL~. nnd folklife or Katunh. Cherokee songs, shape,note singing, gospel, clogging. Life skills dcmon.s1r.1tions and more. Mountrun Hcniage Center, Western Carolina University. Cullowhce, NC 28723. (704) 227-7129. SW ANNANOA, NC Wnllace Black Elk, Lako1:1 Sioux mcd1cmc mon. will lecture and conduct h<mling ceremomics 31 the Earth Center. Friday night: S25. Weekend: S150. The Earth Center: 302 Old Fellowship Road: Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. 21 29 11-13 ASHEVILLE, NC 2nd Annual Organic Gro.,.crs Murkct Day Organic produce, fruit, and growing ~upplics on sale. 8-4. WNC Farmers' Market; 570 Brevard Rd. For more info, cnll Jim Smith (704) 252-4414. 20-22 HIGIILANDS, NC "Cclebnumg Gay Spint Visions· conference for gay and bisexual men. Spc.ikcrs include poet James Broughton and author/healer Andrew R:imer. Workshops on chakra b:ilancing, life ma.~k making. n,e Warrior, and more. Music and artists' m:irkcL ?re-register: S169 includes food and lodging at The Mount:iin Retreat Center. For info, contact Conference: 104 Trouer Place: Asheville. NC 28806. (704) 252-0634. 22 DUNCOM tlE COUNTY, NC 12th annu31 French Broad River Rafting Cleanup. Tidy up the river from shore or from a mrt: call Quality Forward a1 (704) 254-1776 for meeting places and space on a rofL WESTERN NOR1 H CAROLINA North Cnrolino Fu-s1 Citizens Big Sweep will coordinmc river cleanup~ in 18 WNC counties. For events on your tribul3ry, com.act Pat Brinkley at WNC Development Associn11on, (704) 252-4783. 28 ASHEVILLE, NC Ellen O'Grady will speak about her expcnenccs among Palestinians and lsrnclis during ten months spent on o Middle East Witness delegauon. Unitarian Universnlist Church, 2 pm, sponsored by Rural Souihem Voice for Peace. For more info, contact RSVP: 1898 Hannah Branch Road; Burn.svdle, NC 28714. (704) 675-5933. OCTOBER Ongomg CHER OKEE, NC Exhibit: "Coowccskoowcc (Chief John Ross)" Cherokee Heritage Museum ond Gallery. Sec "Ongoing" • Sept 1-5 CII EROKEE, Cherokee Fall Festival 31 the Ceremonial Grounds. Traditional dancing and costumes. dunce competitions, weapons dcmonsu:uions. Chcrol.;cc HcritJgC An Show running concurrently in the Museum. For info. coll (704) 497 9195 or (800) 438-1601. 22 23 AUTUMN EQUINOX, FULL MOON 4-6 JONESBORO, NC l9ch Annual National Storytelling Festival will feature yarn-spinners from all over, including some of Appalachia's best. For info, call the National Association for the Preservation and Perpetuation of Storytelling (NAPPS) at (615) 753-2171. 11-13 VALLEY HEAD, AL Brooke Medicine Eagle at Hawk wind. (See "Wcbworking" page.) 11-13 11,EW MARKET, TN "Building Bridges 13c{woon Community o.nd Educational lnstitulions" workshop. Designed to show community activists how to make good use of university and college resources. The Highlan~ r Center. Sec 9/13-15. I 1-20 HOT SPRI NGS, 1'C "The Buddhist Prcccp1s for Daily Living" silent rc1.rea1. guided by Cheri Huber. The 16 Bhodisatvn prcceplS as guidelines for deepening one's spiritual practice. Pre-register: S325 includes vegan meals and shared room . For information on 1hi5 and other rc1rcat.s and workshops. contact Southern Dharma Rc1rca1 Center: RI. I, Box 34-H; Hot Springs, r-;c 28743. (704) 622-7112. ASHEVILLE, 1'C "The Solar Wisdom or the Incas· wilh Willaru Chasqu1 from the Peruvian Andes. Gnosuc wisdom of the central sun, imerplnnctary mission of the E.T.'s, revolution in consciousness, universal community, and the lnc:in calendar. 7:30 pm at Jubilee, 45 Wall SL Free - love offerings accepted. For more info. contact Valerie Naiman (704) 645-5110. 12 17-20 UNICOI STATE PARK, GA 25-29 ASHEVILLE, NC "Kituwah" - an imenribal Native American cultural celebration. Included will be lifestyle ans demonstrations, competitive dancing, juried fine arts show, traditional crafts sale, and dramatic performances. All events will be at the Asheville Civic Center. Admission $2-7. For info, contact Kituwah, 46 Haywood St., Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 252-3880. HIGHLANDS, NC WNC Alliance Annual Membership Meeting al The Mountain. Open 10 the public. Worlcshops, nature walks, lcgislntivc upda1e. Keynocc speaker: James Blomquisl. head of the Public Londs Program for the Siem Club. Workshops on biOJcgions, mcdj:Juon, environmental effectiveness, and lhe timber sale appeals. ConlJICt WNC Alliance: B011 18087: A~heville. NC 28814. (704) 258-8737. 7 NEW MOON 10-13 NORRIS, TN 12th Annual Tennessee Fall Homecoming. a cctebralion or lrlldmonal mountain cullure at the Museum of Appalachia. Music, crafts, demonstrations of rural life skills, in addition to the Museum's regular cxhJbits. For info, call the Museum of Appalachia at (615) 494-7680. FnJI Ennhskills Workshop will offer serious instruc1ion in the ans and lifeways of indigenous people. Skills include making fire by friction, plant identification, tanning buckskin, stone and bone tools, stalking and tracking, native drums and rattles. Instructors: Darry Wood, Snow Bear, Scott Jones. For info. contact Bob Slack, Jr.; Unicoi State Park; Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. 18-20 27-29 ll-14 LIVINGSTON, TN 6th Annual Eastern Nonh American Pennacuhurc Conference. Field day, nursery tours, workshops: keyline, pennaculture and spirituality, solar power, bioshelters, land truSlS, more. Pre-register: Weekend - $50-75 (sliding scale), Field Day - $20 additional, to Eanh Advocates; Rt 3, Box 624, Livingston, TN 38570 SWANNANOA, NC Dance, drumming, and teaching with Brooke Medicine Eagle, healer and licensed counselor, al the Earth Cen1er. S11ong emph3s1s oo women's ways, but bolh men and women are welcome. Friday night: $25. Weekend· SISO. See IWl l-13. 18-20 VALLEY HEAD, AL "Women's Ceremonial Intensive" at Hawkwind. (Sec "Webworking" p:1gc.) Ta([, 1991 J �SWAl'\ r-. ANOA, NC "Rcncwmg Worship" Conference spon.sorcd by Asheville Jubilee Community examinmg Crcauon SpmlU3hLy through Lhc works of Ma11hew Fo~. S250 1u11,on + S200 lodging. Jubilee: 46 W311 S1.: Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-5335. NOVEl\IDER 21-25 23 F ULL MOON NEW M ARK ET, T N Appalachian Writers Workshop a1 1he HighlMdet Center. Sec 9/13-15. 25-27 25-27 HI GHLANDS, NC "Fall Landscape Workshop" with photographer Sam Wang. Pre-register: $250 includes lodging. For information about this and other photography workshops, contact Appalachian Environmental Ans Center; Box 580: Highlands, NC 2874 I. (704) 526-2602. 26 SWANNANOA, NC Sweat lodge at th.: Earth Center Sec 10/11-13. HALLOWE'l-:N (SAM ll AIN) 31 6 23 SWANNANOA. NC Sweat lodge al the Earth Center. Sec 10/11-13. NFW 1\100"1 7-9 G REENV ILL E, NC 6th Annu:il Altcma1ivc Farm Field Days. Tours. seminars: aquaculture. markeung. compostmg, cover crops, f>C$t mMagement, more. For info. write Caroli no Farm Stewordsh1p A~sociation; Box 511; Pittsboro. NC 27312 or call Jim Smith m Asheville 4. at (704) 252-44 1 28-30 WAYNESV ILLE, NC "Steps 10 Pc:icc" workshop with Sanderson Beck. Inner ond outer pc:ice nnd the principles which bring about peace. h3llllony, jusuce, and respect for freedom. S60 includes vegetarian meals Md lodging. For info on this and other program5, contact Sul-Light Retreat Center; RI. I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786. (7~) 452-4569. 8-10 VA LLEY HEA D, AL "A Weekend lnicns1vc on Lakota Ways• at Howkwind. (Sec Wcbworking" page.) 9-10 SWANNANOA, NC Dhyani Ywahoo 111 Lhc Eanh Ccmcr. "Dhyani calls on u.~ 10 become Pcacckccpcr; in our hearts and in the world." S200. Sec 10/11-13. 16-17 VA LLE Y II EAO, AL Healing Arts Weekend al lillwkwind. (Sec 'Webworking" page.) 20-24 HOT SPRI NGS, NC "Tam,ng the Monkey Mind" mcdit.ition rctrc.it guided by Ven. Thubten Chodton, M ,\mericM Tibetan BuddhlSI nun. Southern Dharma Retreat Center. Prc-rcgi~tL-r: $170. Sec 10/11-20. 21 DECEMBER 5 NEW MOON 7-8 GREAT SMO KIF.S PARK Winter llighcountry C.1mping. For info on this and other field school comses. conlllct Smoky Mounmin Field School: 600 Henley SL (Suite 105); Univ. or TN; Knoxville, lN J7902. (615) 974-0150 or (800) 284-8885. DO YOU ll'ANT YOUR IIAPPENINGS US-TED IN HIE KATUMI EVENTS CALENDAR? listings arc free. Mail tl~m to 1/rother 8/uir; JOO Webb Cove Rd: A.fhtvilfe, NC 28804. l.isltngs for Issue 1133 must bt submilltd by Nov. 15. FULL MOON 22-24 NF.W MARKET, TN An11-Env1mnmcnt:il llaras.,mcm work.shop at the fl1ghlandcr Center, Environmental ac1h·1sts will learn how 10 dc0ccl harn,smcnt from the polltic,1Vcorpor.i1e power st.nJCturc. Sec 9/13-15. "The an!,.l°s oldest .lnd l.ugcs1 natural ioodsgnx.:,ry" 811/k l lcrbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Y.'11eat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dniry S11bstit11trs Hair & Skin Cart' Products Beer & Wi11c Makiug Supplies 200 W. King St, Boonr, :-:c 2S607 (70-l) 26-1-5220 l)r4wing by Rob Me;s.,d, rJ tJf.u ~ Sand_y Mush Herb N ursery WH OLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANI C PRODUCE WREATHS • POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more thn11 800 pla11ts from Aloe to Yarrow 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Tal.t, 199 1 A.I.A., Resource Information Analysis Neil Thomas and Andy Feinstein 3 05 Westover, Asheville, NC (704) 252-6816 Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Pltone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �0 •bwo~ ~,! ~ We ' a fee of $2 .50 (pre-paid) per enrry offifty words or less. Submit entries for Issue 1133 by Nov. I5, 1991 to: Rob Messick; Box 2601; Boone, NC 28607. (704) 754-6097. Tl-IE MOUNTAINS - arc calling me home. I'll be there in Spring of 1992. Nuds: {I) a place 10 put a tipior s111411 camper (nc:ir a wruer source). (2) a babysiucr between home and Asheville or Swannanoa (ttansfering 10 school lhete), and (3 J a JOb. Skills: (I J Organic Gardener {2) Vegetnri.an Cook ( 3) Herbal Prcparatioos. Contact me ac Kathleen Ashley; 1302 Two NO<Ch Road #17: Lcitingt011, SC 29072. MUSIC BY BOB AVERY-GRUBELavailJlbleoo three casseues.. Treasures iii the Stream and Circles Returning are folk/roclc-jaiz, and a JCCcnt release of original chants and songs, Light iii tht Wind. is a cap~ll.a. Lyric sheets included.. Send SI0 for each tape or$26 for all thrce 10 Bob Avery-Grubel: RL I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091. '69 FORD VAN, high·l0P, very good condition. $900. Call (704) 488-9347 (doc10r's office - leave message). Kllty StOkely. HlGflLANDER CEN"leR • is a community-based cducaLion:11 orgnni:wion whose purpose is to provide space for people to lcam from e.ich Olhcr, and to develc,pc solutions to environmental problems based on their values, CJtpcricnces, and aspirations. They also put out a quarterly ncwsteucrcalled llishlander R1:por1s. For more infoml!UJOII contact Highlander Centu. 1959 Highlnndcr Way; New Mank.ct, TN 37820 (615) 933-3443 RAW CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY • Tulip Poplar, Sourwood, and Wild0owcr honey rrom the forests of Pauiclc County, VA. No chemicals. no white sugar, no heal ever. Sunincd through chccsccloth and p:ickcd in glass. Limited qU31ltities. Call or wnte for prices & availability. Wade B11tkholls • Bull Mountllin Beekeepers: RD 2, Boit I 516; Stunrt. VA 24171 (703) 694-4571. WISE WOMAN TRADmON. Fall RooLWOtk Wed.end with Wh1tcwolf. November 8-10. For women and men. Dig roots, mnke medicine, I.cam Eanhwisc healing through Joumeymg, drumming, and dreaming. Wann donn and hearty vcgclllrian meals. One hour from Asheville. Donation SISO 100. some worlt exchange avnilablc. Wh11ewolf; PO Box 576; Asheville. NC 28802. LAND FOR SALE: 10 actc privlllC cove. Large organic field. rustic: farmhouse with spring fed water nnd liOlar symm. SITl411 solar ,1ruc:wre. SS0.000. Call (104) 649-9266 for Tom. NATIVE AMERJCAN CEREMONIAL HERBS • we offer a large variety of sages. IIWCCI grass. natural resins, and everything ncccssary for smudging. Native smoking mixtures, flute mu.,ic, pow-wow mpcs. and ocn:monial songs. Essential oils. and mccnscs speciflcally made for prayer. offering. and mcdiuilion. For catalog call or write: Essencial Drcnms: Rt 3. Box 285: Eagle Forlt, Hayesville, NC 2890-I (104) 389-9898. Xatimfl Journot pt19c 34 PlEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE • For those who live in the Piedmont area, there's a bioregional effort well underway. Jom Us! We would npprecillle any donation of time or money to help meet operating expenses. For a gift of S2S.OO or more. we will send you a copy of John Lawson's journal, A New Vo.)12ge 10 Carolina. Also come find out about the Lawson Pro.,ect. PB!; 412 WRoscmnry Street; Chapel Hill, NC27516: Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581. BODY R11n-,1MS from Pl311Clllly Mothers· a beautiful and paraclical calendar for women to ch:irl their "moonthly" cycles. Send $3.00 plus S1.00 poSUlge 10: Planclllly Mothers Collcctivc(c/o Nancie Yonker); 5231 Riverwood Avenue; Saraso111, Fl. 34231. FAMILIES LEARNlNG TOGETHER· Homeschooling families organization. Discuss issues, give mutual support. shllre ideas and resources, and gnther for family activities. Write Doug Woodward; 68 Lakey Creek; Franklin, NC 28734 for infonnation. LOCAL RECYCLING CO-OP • crunched by glass price cuts! rr you have any interest in the recent cut in glim prices by the Owens-Brockway Company, and would hkc to help do something about the flawed economics of recycling, or just shale information, please write BretNelson; 1578 Bow Hill Road; Christiansburg, VA 24073. THE LOVING WELL COMPANY • is a group of people wooong together to suppon and promote what worb 111 health and education. We arc building a communuy dcdicrucd to pence and 10 livmg in a healthy relationship with one allOlher. For more infonnauon write Naomi Ross; 1433 Woodland HIiis Drive NE: AllanUI. GA 30324-4627. "BLOW YOUR MlND" • with the celestial sootlung music of "Medicine Wind" by George TOCtorClli. Also c.xouc fine-tuned bamboo nutcs in many keys nnd modes. For more information send LO'. George Tortorelli; 86 NW 55th Street; Gainesville, Fl. 32601. (904} 373-1837 LAND FOR SALE • Magnificent view with small house m beautiful Spring Creek. NC. Ten miles south of Hot Springs. NC (o!T Route 209), and one hour west of Asheville. S25.000 f01 I.Ind and house. Perfect for the sctr sufficient life. CaU Landa Deyo at: (704) 675-9575. NATJVE AMERICAN Fl.UTE MUSIC· Richard Roberts, a well lcnown west TN new age nutist (ab Zero Ohms), is now 3V3il~blc an the Ea!i! TN/NC area. For rclaitiog and uplifting pcrfOrmMCC$ or UIJJCS conlllCC Richard Robcns; Box 821; Noms, TN 37&2g (61S)494-8828orRL I.Box 136RD;Lamar,MS 3~2 (601) 252-4283. WE NEED. three families to complete our five family community/neighborhood. Private south facing cove with streams, sprangs. and views 1n Weaverville. NC area. You get 5 to 10 acres for your home nnd equal intueSt in I 10 acres of common land. S2S,000 to 30.000 depending on house site. Call (704) 658-2676 ror more infonnntlon. ~~ ,"l' ~ HAWKWIND Eanh Renewal Cooperative - invitcs you to pan.icipate ma season ofctnsscs and gruhcrlngs to tnke pince a1 our lush, 70 acre wilderness rctm1L Ccnttally locnlCd to Georgia and Tennessee in the Northern Alabama Mountains, our campground and focilitics arc ava.ilablc to members, public gnthcrings and private organizational use. Monthly prog,ams range from Organic G:u-de'1ing, Native and Eanh Philosophies, IO the Environment, Healing Programs, Self Reliance, Women m Transition and much more. Safe Family Camping. Send SI.SO for oewslctu:r ond schedule of events to: 1-!Qwkwind; PO Box 11; Valley Head, AL 35989. (205) 635-6304 BROOKE MEDICINE EAGLE • join this very special Elllthlceepcr, healer. and teaehcr who has dedicated her life 10 the people. Raised on the Crow Rescvailon in Montana, she is a licensed counselor, and has been a moving force behind the movement to ruum 10 the traditional ways of honoring the Earth. Broolce will shatc with us her lmditions, songs. dance and drumming as well as her strong insight into the "women's ways.• October I l-13th, $160 for the wcelccnd intensive. For reservations & details contact Hawlcwind at (205) 635-6304 (evenings best). A WEEKENDINTENSIVEONLAKOTA WAYS· Morning Star and Gilbert Wallcing Bull provide ttaditional Lakota ceremonies 10 their community. They teach Lakota tradiuons: the ceremony oflhc Stone People's lodge, the S:icred c:honupa , lhe vision qllC:il and the Sun Dance prcpru-ation. November 8-I0th, $160 for ru11 weekend. includes Clll11ping. Ceremonies open will\ no fee. ConUICt Hawlcwind at: (205) 635-6304 (evenings bcsl). WOMEN'S CEREMONIAL INTENSIVE· The Hawkwoman Cucle mvi1.es you to gather for a wcelcend of song, dance, drumming. and ritual ceremony for purification and crcat.ion of cen:mooiru Loots. Together we will explore the many roles of the Earth Women, and the ways that ceremony can be used in everyday living. October 18-20, camping fees and o love offering to cover materials and teacher costs. Contnct Hawkwind nc (205) 635-6304. HEALING ARTS WEEKEND· Hawkwmd brings :i scncs of nawnil hc;iling systems together. Joan professional mass3ge therapists, herbal healers, body workers :ind join m purificntion ntU31s to remove !he dis~ and bring the body m10 b31ancc. No,-cmbcr 16-17, S80 for lhe whole ...,eekcnd. Conuict Hawlcwmd ac (205) 635-6304 (evenings best). NEW MOON & SOLSTICE GATHERINGS • Hawkwmd honors the Earth People and !he Natural Native Rituals of clc.insing and renewal. We come togcll1cr in lodge ocrcmony, singing, drumming, dancing, and sea:;onal mcd1ui11ons. Native philosophy classc~ and women's circle meet on Sunday. Novcmb,;r 9/10, December 7/8, December 21/22 Pot luck meals, camping fees. :ind love offering IO suppon resource ccmcr dcvclopcmcm. ConlllCt HawkwinJ ac (205) 635-6304 (evenings best). rnct, 1991 �l'cl \i~e -to \We in " 5ociet_-J that )sn· -t aysf.,nct1ona1 BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE TIIREE- SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agricuhure • Sunnowcrs • 1lumnn Impact on the Forest - Childrcns' Educauon • Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics - Little People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR· SUMMER 1984 Water Drum • Water Quality - Kudzu - Solar Eclipse • Clearcutting - Trout - Going to Water· Ram Pumps. Microhydro - Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest. Old Ways in Cherokee· Ginseng· Nuclear Waste. Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present, and Future · John Wilnoty - Healing D:lrlcncss • Politics or Participation lSSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Wmter Solstice Eanh Ceremony • Horscpasturca River. Coming of tile Light· Log Cabin Root· Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop • William Taylor • The Future or the Forest ISSUE SEVEN· SPRING 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs • Worker Ownership. The Great Economy· Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey. Responsible Investing· Working in the Web or Life ISSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way or Lire - K81uah 18.000 YCD.rS Ago • Sacred Sues - Folk Ans in the Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle· Poems: Hilda Downer _ Cherokee Heritage Ccntcr • Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE · FALL 1985 The Waldee Forest • The Trees Speruc • Mlgral.ing Forests • Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees· Acom Bread· Myth Time ISSUE TEN - WINTER 1985-86 Kate Rogers • Cin:lcs or SlOlle - Internal Mythmnking • Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Sieve Knauth - Mythic Ploccs - The Uktcna's Tale CryslOI Magic - "Drc:imspcaking" ISSUE THIRTEEN · FALL 1986 Center For Awakening - Eliulbcth Callari · A Gentle Death • Hospice - Ernest Morgan • Dealing Creatively with Death - Home Burial Box • The Wake. The Raven Mocker - Woodslorc and Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine; The Sweat ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986·87 Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogcrs and Mummers· All Species Day • Cabin Fever Univcrsi1y • Ilomelcss in Kauiah • Homemade Hot Water· Stovcmnkcr's Nrumtivc - Good Medicine: lntcr.,pccacs Communication ISSUE FIFTEEN • SPRING 1987 Coverlets • Woman Fores1cr • Susie McMahon: Midwife - Ahemative Contraception • Bioscxuality • Bioregionalism and Women· Good Medicine: Mmriarchal Cuhure • Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN - SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite. Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision Quest. First Aow - lnitinuon - Leaming m the Wilderness. Cherokee Challenge · "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WlNTER 1987-88 Vernacular An:hitccture - Dreams in Wood and Stone . Mount.ain Home - Earth Energies - Eanh-Shchcred Laving - Mcmbrone Houses · Brush Shelter· Poems: October Dusk. Good Mcdicino: "Sheltcrff ISSUE NINETEEN· SPR£NG 1988 Pcrclandra Garden. Spring Ton,cs • Blueberries Wildnower Gardens - Granny Herbalist • Aowcr Essences . "The Origin or the Animals:" Story • Good Medicine; "Power" • Be A Tree ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Highlands or Roan • Cclo Community • Land Trust· Anhur Morgan School - 1.oning Issue· "The Ridge" • • Farmers and the Farm Ball • Good Medicine: "Land • Acid Rnin • Duke's Power Play - Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988-89 GIObal Warming - Fire ThlS Time • Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" - Earth Exercise· Kort Loy McWhirtcr • An Abundance of Empuncss • LETS • Chronicles or Floyd - Darry Wood • The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WENTY-THREE • SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village • Planet An • Green City - Poplar Appeal • "Clear Sky" • •A New Earth" - Black Swan • Wild Lovely Day.f • Reviews: Sacred Land Sacrt!d Su, Jee Age • Poem· "Sudden Tendrils" Lodge 32 , ~ UA~OURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester. NC Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097 Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Address Enclosed is $_ _".'""".'.'T":""'. ro give this effort an extra boost City Ya!L, 199 1 State Phone Number Zip I can be a local contact person for my area ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR • SUW.1ER 1989 Deep ListCning - Life in Atomic City· Direct Acuon! - Tree or Peace - Community Building· Pc:iccmakets - Ethnic Survival - Pairing Project· "B:utlesong" • Growing Peace m Cultures - Review: Tiu! Cha/iu and ihL Blade lSSVE TWENTY-SIX • WINTER. 1989-90 Coming or Age in the Eco7.oic Era • Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Trcccycl mg Company • Connie, Resoluuon. Developing the Creative Spirit· Birth Power • Birth Bonding - The Magic or Puppetry • Home Schooling - Naming Ceremony • Mother Earth's Cl3S.$l'OOl!l - Gnrdcning for Children ISSUE TWENTY ·SEVEN· SPRING, 1990 Transformauon. Healing Power· Pcoce 10 Their Ashes. Healing in Katuah - Poem: "When Left 10 Grow". Poems: Stephen Wing - The Belly· Food from the Ancient Forest ISSUE TWENTY-EIGIIT • SUMMER 1990 Carrying Capacity - Setting Limits to Growth • What is Overpopulation? • The Rood Gang • The Highway to Nowhere - The 1·26 Project· "Caring Capacity" • People and Habit.at - Design mg the Whole Life Community • Steady State· Poems: Will Ashe Bason • Tran$p0f!Crnativcs • Review: Cohousing ISSUE TWENTY·NINE • FAl.l./WlNTER 1990 From the Mount.ains 10 the Sea - Prolile of The Little Tennessee River· Heodwatcrs Ecology· "It All Comes Down to Water Quallty" - W:ucr Power. Action for Aquatic Habitats - Dawn W:nchcrs • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Rood - K:uuah Sells Out - Watershed Map of the Kawah Provance ISSUE THIRTY • SPRING I99 I Economy/Eeology - Ways to a Regenerative Economy • "Money as the Lowest Form or Wealth" • Clarksville Mimcle - The Village· Food Movers· Lifework. Good Medicine: "Village Economy·· Sheltoo Laurel • LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE· SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities or Dowsing · Electrical Life of the Enrth • Katuah and the Earth Gnd • Coll of the Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: "On Aggression" • Time to T:ike the Time to Take the Time. Whole Science. Tuning In Back Issues Issue # __@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $._ __ postage paid $_ __ Complete Set (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-31) postage paid@ $50.00 =$_ __ :K.at ucih Journot. pa9e 35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 32, Fall 1991 Description An account of the resource The thirty-second issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> is a call for humans to return to a simpler way of life, following in the ways of the Cherokee, or Katúah, tribe. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Barbara Wickersham, Henry Wender, John A. Freeman, Tom Underwood, Lee Barnes, Will Ashe Bason, Ivo Ballentine, Brownie Newman, Robert Johnson, Rob Messick, Bess Harbison, Maxim Didget, Robert Johnson, Emmett Greendigger, Dr. Dennis Scanlin, Deborah James, Leonard Cirino, Melba Bari, and Charlotte Homsher. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. <p>Bringing Back the Fire by David Wheeler.......1<br /><br />A Bit of Mountain Levity by Barbara Wickersham.......5<br /><br />Climax Never Came by Henry Wender.......7<br /><br />Is the Southern Appalachian Ecosystem Endangered? by John A. Freeman.......9<br /><br />"Talking Leaves": Sequoyah by Tom Underwood.......10<br /><br />Green Spirits: Seed Saving by Lee Barnes.......12<br /><br />Walking Distance by Will Ashe Bason.......13<br /><br />Angle: Environment by Ivo Ballentine.......13<br /><br />Good Medicine.......14<br /><br />Poem: "A Rotting Log" by Brownie Newman.......15<br /><br />THE GRANOLA JOURNAL.......16<br />Livin' By Their Wits, recorded by Rob Messick<br />An Old Family Tale by Bess Harbison<br />The Slide by Rob Messick<br />How Can You Lose Anything as Big as This Ego? by Maxim Didget<br /><br />Paintings: "Mountain Stories" by Robert Johnson.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />Dying Soils, Dying Waters by Emmett Greendigger.......22<br /><br />Songs in the Wilderness by Charlotte Homsher.......24<br /><br />Save James Bay.......25<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Off the Grid: Solar Ovens by Dennis Scanlin.......29<br /><br />Events........32<br /><br />Webworking........34<br /><br />Katúah Konfusion.......35<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em></p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs Sequoyah, 1770?-1843 Appalachians (People)--Social life and customs Ecosystem health--Appalachian Region, Southern Acid Rain--Appalachian Region, Southern Solar ovens North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Cherokees Community Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/5ac6c68fc9a4ef339c7624f779acbcb4.pdf d9ea21ad706d54448902d9872b20ba5c PDF Text Text ISSUE 34 SPRING 1992 $2.00 �•·······.•. .......... .............. \. .... '····: '•\ i ! ....../ _..i ... ; ......... ..···•· ....·· ......··•·· .. ··~ ..... ;..-···· ~UAlrljOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 287 48 G} C, Q:- ,.·..·· ..··.·· •' .....· Drawing by Rob Mcssiclc Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 ¢ ... (\ Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Paradise Gardening.................... 3 by Joe Hollis Community Sponsored Agriculture..5 by Hugh love/ "lfYouDidn'tGrowlt... "........... by Ralph Garrett 7 Eating Close to Home................. by Peter Bane 9 Silas McDowell's Vision............ by Perry Eury 11 Poems.................................. by Allison C. Surherland 12 Native Foods.......................... by Bear with Runs 13 Cover Crops.......................... by Mark Schonbeclr. 15 Plant For Tomorrow: Hemp........ by John Ingress 17 Katuah Cultivars...................... by Lee Barnes 18 Blowing in the Wind................. by Charlotte Homsher 19 The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac................... by Lee Barnes and Rob Messick 20 Good Medicine....................... 22 Natural World News................. 24 "Whose Rules?"...................... by David Wheeler 26 Big fvy................................. by Emmett Greendigger and David Wheeler 27 Drumming.......... .................. 28 Saving Wild Seeds................... by Lee Barnes 29 Resources............................. 31 Review: "Apple Pie in Your Face" .............. 34 Webworking.......................... 37 Events.................................. 38 Sprl.nq , 1992 Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet It is rrom the atoms of our bioregion's soil, water and air that our cells are constructed and renewed. Within many unique webs of life, we become our physical selves and thus must share responsibility for our impact on the delicate systems which allow us life. Bioregions need to become more self-sustaining, self-governing, and self-healing. An imponant step in obt.aining this goal is the development of regional sustainable agriculture and greater utiliz.ation of seasonal diet. Agriculture must be more ecologically sustainable and regionally specific, since each bioregion is unique in its combination of climate, soils, and adaptable plants for food, fibers and fuels. Within each bioregion: • Cultivaled crops should be ecologically produced in harmony with the Earth's gifts of sunshine, frost-free growing season, am renewable cycles of soil fertility. • Sustainable agriculture teehniques must maximize soil regeneration and nutrition produced per acre, rather than simply maximizing yields. • All materials and energies must be more efficiently recycled within the biaregion that produced them. We must blanket our soils wilh greater gifts of cover-crops and green manures . • We must reduce our total dependency on a dangerously narrow base of major food crops and monoculture techniques, and diversify our use of currently recognized and potentially usable wild-food plants. • Preservation of remaining genetic diversity is critical to prevent the final loss of irreplaceable gene combinations. We need 10 renew the use of genetically diverse, open-pollinated seeds to retain variability in our fields to insure protection from catastrophic crop loss due to genetic uniformity. Local seed-saving could allow independence from extra-regional seed sources. • Most imponanlly, humans in each bioregion must accept total responsibility for their region's ecological health and self-sufficiency in food production. A regional diet should be nuaitious and healthy; pleasant to eat; consumed more "in sync" with regiona.V seasonal cycles of production; and involve foods which can be preserved using, low-technology food preservation techniques, such as solar drying, smoking, salt preservation and pickling. We need to review each region's traditional diets, as guides to efficient, non-destructive food production, and carefully learn from each region's own unique seasonal production of abundant crops such as fruits (berries, etc.), nuts (chestnuts, acoms,etc.), and wild seeds (grains). "Getting back to the garden," as Joe Hollis tells us, will be no easy taSk.. We must embra.ce the best featureS of current and developing techniques and philosophies for a sustainable future. In this issue, we address the potential for regional, sustainable agriculture and regional diet by reviewing Katuah's historical foods and agricultural cycles. We explore new ideas for food production and marketing systems, and provide some specific information on wild plant seed-saving, recommended vegetable varieties, and cover crops. We hope this issue will "seed" further investigations into sustainable agriculture, regional autonomy, and self-healing. We are what we eat, and are ultimately responsible for the heallh of ourselves and "all our relations." May we be more receptive to our planet's council, and our mutual future. Dr""'Ul8 by Pcgi - Lee Barnes �~JAH JOURNAL EDITORIAL SLASH: Maria Abbruzzi Lee Barnes Chris Davis Charlone Homsher John Ingress James Rhea Susan Adam Heather Blair Emmen Grecndigger Jim Houser Rob Messick David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Sherman Bamford Jesse Jones Bill Melanson Pegi Breeze Bums Richard Lowenthal Mamie Muller Donna Stringer Thanks 10 Celo Community and RSVP for hosting Xa,uah lhis time. Special thanks to l<Alherme Adam and Staff of ATIRA COVER: by Rhea Rose Ormond STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PUBLISHED BY: Karuah Journal Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Turtle lsland continent of Mother Ela, the Eanh PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Mouniaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens. WRITE US AT: Kaniah Journal Asheville Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kaniah Province 28748 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both narural and social. In accord with this principle Katuah Journal tries to serve a.s n forum for lhe discussion of regional issues. Signed articles e.xpress only the opinion of lhe authors and are no, necessarily the opinions of the Katunh Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Ka1uoh Journal a non-profit orgnnization under section 501 (cX3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to Ka1uah Journal are deductible from ))Cl'SOlllll income c.ax. Articles appearing in Katuah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuoh Journal stnlT. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. tNVOCATLON The Greatest Friend I have in life Has brought me here to dwell Awhile among these green, green hills And by the watery well. The water from that wondrous well Has made my eyes to see And loosed my tongue to sing with joy That such a Friend could be. Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring lhis connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with 1he land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As 1he land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as welL Kacuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and anwork we speak 10 the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Edit.ors j • The Incredible String BQ/ld Bonier by Jason Tueller KATUAH JOURNAL wanrs to communicate your rhoug/,rs and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them t.o us as leuers,poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your coruributions to us at: Karuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katua/1 Province 28748. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be involved with the continually controversial topic of Councils, and how to create more viable methods of decision-making in the future. Possible topics include: Native American sovereignty, the State of Franklin, JCQtuah Journat page 2 Town Meetings, Council of All Beings, Regional Rainbow Gatherings, Grassroots Groups, Conflict Resolution, and more? Submit all material by April 30th, 1992. THE FALL, 1992 ISSUE will be about the role of wood in the life of the mountains. Please send articles evaluating the present timber industry, logging stories, and visions of ecological and sustainable ways to cut and use wood. Please also send pictures and drawings of wood and woodworkers. Deadline is July 30, 1992. Spri.ng, l 992 �PARADISE GARDENING by Joe Hollis W c wam 10 save the world, and we want 10 save ourselves. It's the same thing. The problems confronting us arc enormous and at every level: personal, social, planetary. l will spare you a list. My aim is 10 suggest that they are all symptoms of one problem, and to propose a solution. The problem: 10 find a way to live on Earth which promotes our health and happiness, conducive to the full development of our innate potential, and, a1 the same time, is "democratic," that is, available to all, not using more than our share, and harmonious with the biosphere's evident drive toward increasing diversity, complexity, and stability. Our world is being destroyed, in the final analysis, by an extremely misguided notion of what constitutes a successful human life. Materialism is running mmpant and WILL CONSUME EVERY11iING, because its hunger will never be sated by its consumption. Human life has become a cancer on the planet, gobbling up all the flows of matter and energy, poisoning them with our waste. What can stop this monster? Nothing. Just lhis: walk away from iL It is time, indeed time is running out, to abandon the entire edifice of "civilization/the State/ the Economy" and walk (don't run!) to a bener place: home, to Paradise. J ••• 1) Paradfae is, first of all, a garden. A garden in which everything we need is there for the taking. 2) And Paradise Gardening is a way or life which serves to maintain the garden, and is in turn maintained by it. Ecologist Eugene Odum calls this being the 'ecosystem manager:' "an organism that utilizes a small frac tion of the total energy budget and in return provides a service which aids the system in its funclion and continued survival." (This concept "illustrates the ideal which man should imitate in his auempts 10 manage a natural ecosystem.") Genesis, with the characteristic compression of myth, says we were put into the garden "10 dress it and keep it." Same thing. 3) Parndise Gardening is not work. Work is a subjective concept: one person's play may be another person's work. h has nothing to do with effon: tennis, for example, is usually "play" (unless you're a "pro"), sitting at a computer terminal is frequently "work." Work is whatever you are doing when you'd rather be doing something else. Paradise Gardening is "not work" in the same sense that what a bear does all day is "not work." This distinction is the same as that which the Taoists make between "doing" and "not-doing." Genesis refers to the same matter in saying that only outside the garden do we have 10 earn our living "by the sweat of our brow." 4) Paradise Gardening is not agriculture. From chemical to organic sprLr19, t992 agriculture is a step in the right direction, but only the first step. Agriculrure itself is, after alI, half of the one-two punch that knocked us out of Paradise in the first place. Good farmers, to be sure, love nature; but they love her in the context of plowing her up every year and deciding what to grow next. Our addiction 10 annual species and disturbed habitats has put us at odds with the main thrust of the biosphere (and with ourselves). Oh, Eanlt is patient and Earth is old And a mother of Gods, but he breaks lier, To-ing.fro-ing, wit!, tlte plow teams going, Tearing the soil of her, year by year Sophocles, Antigone Every spring, nature begins again 10 clothe the Earth in beauty. It is the process of succession, the initial strands of the intricate web, the rebirth of the Tree of Life. And every autumn we scrape it off, rake it into barns, take it to market: we increase human diversity and complexity (butcher, baker, candlestick-maker ...) by appropriating to ourselves processes which are meant to benefit all ••• Drawina by Rob Messick Paradise is a habitat and a niche. Mircca Eliade refers to the universal "yearning for Paradise": Memories coded into our genes of our place, our fit. How, after all, does a bird, for example, select a place to build a nes1? So many factors to consider (and such a small brain!). It simply picks the most beautiful spot available. It was born with a "template" of paradise. Concerning this the Book ofOdes says, "The twittering yellow bird, the bright silky warbler, comes to its rest in the hollow corner of the hill." and Confucius commented "Comes to rest, alights, knows what its rest is, what its ease is. Is man, for all his wit, less wise than this bird of yellow plumage that he should no, know his resting place or fix the point of his aim?" Like any other creature, we are our niche. By our physiology and behavioral programming we arc born to live a ccnain kind of life. Paradise is our birthright and our duty, Now, instead, we take up a niche in civilization. The premise of civilization is that if everyone is a less than complete human being (''1'11 be the brains, you be the back"), ii will be beuer for all of us. This insulting premise has guided us for so long that many of us are unaware of an alternative. We (cnnunucd on next page) Xotl'.wf, )ourlfflt pcu_,e 3 �(COlllinucd from page 3) equate "making a living" with "making money." Thus we spend the best hours of our lives pursuing our careers, being pan of the cancer. But everything needful to be completely human is available to us close by in our environment - the garden and the ocighborhod. We can rely on the truth of this because "human-ncss" is a creation of the environment, the most recent manifestation of a coevolution between our genes and all the other genes in the world that has been going on since the beginning of life on eanh. Much chancier is the possibility that everything we need to be completely human is available to us in the city, or through money. population level, live and coexist as foragers (ecosystem managers)? "Caught in the devil's bargain " how can we "get ourselves back to the garden"? (Joni Mitchell, "Woods1ock") The strategy here proposed, Paradise Gardening, may be described as :'in1ensified foraging." David Harris, in a scnes of papers has explored "alternative pathways to agricul'ture." Particular!~ valuable is ~s . distinction between "agncultural mampulaaon and transfonnatfon ... agricultural utilization ••• The last time we lived in paradise it was as "foragers": hunters and gatherers, omnivorous, opponunistic exploiters of a variety of environments. Specialists, not of disturbance but of diversity. This lifestyle has attracted much attention recently (at the very time that the last vestiges of it~ being eradicated). Toe view that foraging is an adaptation superior to agriculture is now well established in academia and the same theme appears in popular literature (e.g. Bruce Chatwin, Tl~ Song/Ines and Vargas Llosa, The Storyteller, both inspiring). A revolution in the study of the human niche was prompted by the realization that foragers, far from living on the brink of starvation, as previously imagined, actually had more leisure than anyone else since (Lee and deVore, Man the Hunter). Boserup (The Conditions ofAgricultural Growth) suggests that there have never been any "agricultural revolutions," in the sense of a sudden invention of a great new way 10 produce food; but rather that increases in food production always come at the cost of even greater increases in labor (or fossil fuel) input, that the techniques were always well known to the producers, but resisted until finally demanded by rising population (or the demands of the upper classes for a surplus, a 'cash crop'). "Agriculture permits denser food growth supponing denser population and larger social units but at the cost of reduced dietary quality [less diversity to choose from), reduced reliability of harvest [eggs in less baskets], and equal or probably greater labor per unit of food ... agricuhure is not a difficult concept but one readily available to hunting and gathering groups ... " (Mark Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory). Agriculture, in rum, allowed population to expand more rapidly. Any attempt to live a foraging life in the modem world would seem to be onJy an interesting but ultimately imlcvant exercise of the "historic village" variety. That "there is no going back" is merely a truism. What those who recite it mean to say is that there is no changing direction, progress can be only a straight line - from an original home in natw-c 10 a world eventually completely human, domesticated, fanned. At this point, I would rephrase the "problem" with which this essay began: How can we, with our contemporary tastes and Xatuafl Jou~ P~. 4 "better" future. "No act is good unless its goodness is seen in the innnediacy of the act. An act which justifies itself by appealing to a later good ... all appeals to reason, expediency, and necessity, are appeals to the very forces that wreck all ideals. One must have courage and be willing to take risks." (William Thompson, Evil and World Order) Ecology teaches that a "pioneer" (disturbed) environment favors life forms that are fast-growing but shon lived, wide-spreading, ''greedy" - designed 10 capture the maximum of sunlight and unoccupied soil. But eventually they are succeeded by the trees, which, because they invest energy in making wood, grow more slowly at first, but are more stable, longer-lived, and finally faster growing, more influential, the "dominant species," towering above. We have spread ourselves over the Eanh, and used or burned just about everything that is easy to get The age of the greedy ones draws to a close. (They don't know it yet.) At last, we may hope, the 'competitive advantage' passes to the practitioners of permanence, rootedness, slow growth and steady accumulation, the vertical expansion of the human spirit into realms unchanecl, or long forgotten. A tree derives its satisfaction from the view achieved. ••• may - and, if sufficiently intensive, usually does - lead to the IJ'llnsformation of a natural into a largely artificial ecosystem: lhe replacement of a tropical forest by plantation, of temperate woodland by whcatfields ... But agriculture may also proceed by a process of manipulation which involves the alteration of selected components of the natural system rather than its wholesale replacement - a method of cultivation which involves substituting certain preferred domesticated species for wild species in equivalent ecological niches and so simulates 1he structure and functional dynamics of the natural ecosystem." Harris has recently edited a collection of papers (From Foraging to Fanning) which further explores the emerging realization that many "non-agricultural" peoples were in fact engaged in intensive and sophisticated plant exploitation, previously unrecognized because their plant management practices did not fit our idea of agricuhure. ••• Our goal is to "naturalize" ourselves in lhe environment. This will involve changing ourselves and changing the environment: convergence toward "lit" Perfect fit means the free and easy flowing of matter and energy between ourselves and our environment: life lived as a complete gift from the garden to us, from us to the garden. But that is in the future; what we need now is a process, leading to that goal, which is justified on its own terms. Focus on the ideal Paradise Garden wilJ tempt us to ta.Ice shoncuts, perpetuating the same old panem of selling out the present for some imagined The process of Paradise Gardening involves: - Extricating our life-support system from civilization/the Economy (bluntly, money), and reattaching it to the natural world of garden and neighborhood. This will be a gradual process requiring a real analysis of our needs and expenditures. Thus, for example, cars and gasoline arc nor needs but only the means to the satisfaction of needs. The solution is not gasohol but reducing the reason for travelling (usually the getting and spending of money). Concerning this the TM Te Ching says, 'The country over the border might be so near that one could hear the cocks crowing and the dogs barking in it, but the people would . grow old and die without ever once troubhng to go there." (sec Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. D, ch. 80) for a discussion of ''the political program of the Taoists: the return to cooperative primitivity. ") The key 10 the self-justifying nature of the process is this: things made or done .by professionals or machines may be technically superior to one's own efforts, but are generally lacking in a quality which, following Carlos Castenada, I will call "hean. 0 Satisfaction from things bought usually peaks at the moment of purchase and declines rapidly. Needs which a.re met by the interaction of ourselves and nature are more deeply mer.. and there are wonderful surprises along the way. The truth of this will be evident to anyone who has ever made anything "from scratch." What seldom occurs to us (someone doesn't want it to occur to us) is that an entire life can be constructed on 1h1s basis. (c:on11nuod on page J2) Drawing by Mkhacl Thompson SprLt1-9, !9!12 �.,,.. . .. It , • ' # ' •••••• , ''• ,.,. COMMUNITY SPONSORED AGRICULTURE As lhe end of the century nears, several things must be faced. Tho food supply is not only tainted. it is devitaliz.ed. In particular, foods lack nourishment for integrity, uprightness and willingness. These qualities depend upon individual attitudes, but they require nutritional support Things could get worse, and probably they will. But, here and there people are looking at their options and choosing 10 make a difference. They want to suppon endeavors that remedy the problems caused by lhe bigger-is-better mindset. One of the worst concerns is the loss of more than seventy percent of the world's topsoil in the last hundred and fifty years. Instinctively people sense a need to encourage sound agriculture. At the same time they want 10 buy food that not only is free of pollution, but has an inner, vital impulse toward life. The..-.e and related faclOI'S motivate a trend toward agriculturally based producer/consumer communities that regenerate the land which feeds them. The acronym CSA stands for Consumer Supported Agriculture, Community Sponsored Agriculture, or Community Supponed Agriculture, depending on whom you are talking 10. In all cases it indicates a vertically integrated agricultural operation. However it may be done, the CSA group provides what is necessary to grow their food. Fortunately, not everyone has the same things 10 contribute. Usually fanners who can work the land successfully are in the shortest supply. But, from these farmers' points of view, consumers are in shon supply <>r laborers are hard 10 find at crucial times. The CSA is not functional until farmer, farmland, labor, operating capital and consumers arc lined up in cooperation. CSA fanns vary. Some are located in or near metropolitan areas where consumer interest is high. Olhers involve more distance between the land and consumers. Many sell "shares" in advance of their year's production. Others require an advance deposit, refundable in everything from produce, canned goods, eggs, honey and cheese, to meat, flowers, herbs, firewood or wool. Tn some cases consumers come 10 the farm to get their food. In others, weekly deliveries to distribution points may be necessary. One CSA may have monthly potluck dinners, developing strong core groups and dividing up tasks between mothers, accountants, farm apprentices, lawyers, fixers, and fanners; while others may be seat-of-the-pants operations stripped to the bare essentials. CSA's have several things in common. [n one way or another they all encourage farmers and consumers 10 understand and suppon each other. They enable participants to invest their resources in the land and ilS beuennenL 1be means of production belongs to both producers and consumer.;, as they contribute skill, labor and capital, and take responsibility for leaving the land better off for their use of it. Nevenheless, in some cases the land is owned privately while in Spnnq, l992 by Hugh Lovel others the CSA is organized as a cooperative, a land trust or a research and training institute. Besides nutritious food and a healthier environment there are many subsidiary benefil!i. By having the moral and financial expenses. In 1985 I was laid off as a bridge carpenter in Atlanta, and in 19861 tried to farm full time, selling produce to stores and in pl!lking lolS. It was hardly a way 10 make ends meet. I knew there had to be a better way. The Biodynamic Association quarterly, support of a community, the farmer has backing for experimentation. Members may want exotic items like Chinese cabbage, Annenian cucumbers. Roquefon cheese or Louisiana hot sauce, and the fanner has 10 learn how to produce these items. The CSA can also be an educational opportunity for young adults interested in becoming farmers. By apprenticing on a CSA farm they experience growing and preparing a wide variety of products. Moreover, members and their children learn how their food is produced, and there .ue therapeutic benefits in this especially for those growing or convalescing. Lastly, the farm is a haven from the vicissitudes of city life. Conceivably it will provide alternatives 10 employment in economic hard times. The idea h that consumers support the farm and the farm supports the consumers. Biodynamics, ran an anicle on CSA's. I drew up a prospectus with a copy of the ruticle and distributed it to a few people in the Atlanta area. They told friends, and for the first season l had twenty-eight members sign up. r did not want to promise 100 much, so I only offered breads, honey. pollen, eggs, yogurt. and vegetables in season. I asked for $100 deposits, refundnble in groceries. This money got me through February, March, and April when I planted but had nothing 10 sen. A1 the end of April I had my first delivery of spinach, lettuce, and seasonal herbs. The season went on to green onions, garlic, English and sugar snap peas, yellow onions, potatoes, cabbage, beans, com, summer squash, tomatoes, okra, beets, collards, leeks, winter squash, turnips and Chinese radishes. The garden was finished by mid-November, though I made one last delivery of pork after Thanksgiving. Because che fann, Union Agricultural lnsutute, Blairsville, Georgia, was 125 miles from Atlanta, I made a Saturday run 10 three Since the only CSA I can re.tlly describe is the one I founded, I should tell how it was set up. During the 1980s I directed a fledgling founccn acre biodynamic research and training farm, working off the farm to pay (QOl\linued on nut page) Drawing by Pcgi X.awah Journot pc:a(Je 5 �(OOlllinuod &om pegoS) drop-<>ff points. Members received a weekly newsletter and order fonn that 100k me rwo hours a week at the typewriter and copy machine. Bookkeeping was on index cards with names, addresses, dates, and sums. Mostly I concentrated on running 1he fann, picking the number one vegetables, recycling the residual vegetation through forty chickens., twenty rabbits, and 1wo pigs for fertilizer, and n:planting with the next crop in the rotation. Although I kept bees, the honey and millc for yogun came from nearby farms. 1brought in organica!Jy grown wheat and rye for bread. Out of26 weekly deliveries, I counted on members to order at leas1 half the time with average orders of twenty dollars, a gross of $7,280. I believe I took in a littJe more than that, but my bookkeeping did not prove it. J realize lhis may not seem like much, but my expenses were low enough 10 make ends meet All I had was the land and a small pic_!cup truck, rototiller. lawnmower. scythe, pitchfork, axe, scuffle hoe, claw cuJtivator, wheel hoe, push planter, and seeds bred for response 10 my methods. It was a start. Consumer int.crest was strong simply from word of mouth. I could expand, but a larger investment was required. The fann needed woods, barns, fences, greenhouses. pastures, orehards, and fields all in good measure. none at the expense of the others. I did not have to hurry things. The land consisted of mixed forest slopes and bottomland with good water bur not especially good sun. There was plenty of brush clearing, rock picking and hay planting to be done. And there were only three or four acres that could be added to the truck garden no mancr how I adapted 10 having more help and machinery. At my organii.ationaJ meetings in February and Man:h of 1988 I asked for a S33 membership fee as a capital invesuncn1 in the fann, plus the hundred dollar deposit. Again bookkeeping was only sufficient to show how much was paid and how much was delivered. Picking, bnlcing, and packing orders were changed from Fridays 10 Saturdays, and deliveries were changed to Sundays. This allowed members 10 visit the farm and panicipa1e in picking on Saturdays, while I caught the least city traffic on Sundays and still picked up organic grains and supplies for the farm An apprentice, Matthew Persico, cut intensive beds into three acres of sod with the rototiUcr. We planted a fourth of it in potatoes, for which we had compost In the rest we inu:rplanted com with soybeans for a modest fodder crop. We built a smaJI barn with three sta!Js, hay storage, and an apprentice's apartment. I bought two calves to raise in the small barn yard, and phased out rabbits since the cows made more compost and were easier to feed on a large scale. For fcrtiliu:r I brought in hay, com, and soy meal for the animaJs while J cleared ~ I _pastures, arch~. and hay fields. The m~bon was to achieve self-sufficiency, WJth the £arm producing its own feeds, s~, and ttansplants, breeding its own livestock:, and producing its own compost Starting its fifth year in 1992, this Xatiloh Jouf'nQ( PQ«Je 6 CSA, UAI Coop, can service 80 households. We have a reconditioned 35 year old tractor, three or four apprentices, six aCICs of row crops, cheesemaking, three bovines, eigh1y chicke_ns, two pigs, and a smaJI transplant operanon. . O_u1side_ of i1s soil: the farm is 001 ye1 a capuaJ mtenswe operauon, despite a $16,000 gross in 1991. Dynamics and momentum arc a large part of the operation. Herc are some derails: Peas must be planted as early as possible. In Union County, Georgia 1hat is lat~ February or early March. Lenuce, spmach, and onions may aJso be planted from early March on. Lettuce, cabbage and collards should be planted under row coverings for transplanting as it warms up. The early plantings are better able to stay ahead of the weeds, though frequent cultivation - weather pennitting - is advisable. It helps considerably to have pennanent sod around cultivated beds. In winter and early spring the cows are eating hay in the barn and every so often it can be mucked out to make a compost pile. With spring warmth, the rye and clover covers on the beds shoot up and are cut for fresh feed or for hay. The stubble is cultivated two or three times over a three week period, so that it is digested and mellow before planting. . I set out my cabbages and potatoes in Apnl; followed by com, beans, and cucurbits in May; and tomatoes, peppers and okra in June. Garlic is planted early the preceding October, so that it and yellow onions are harvested in June and followed with bush beans. Crops like spinach, lettuce, com and beans can be staggered to produce a moderate but steady flow of each vegetable, extending the season. Compost is given especially to the greens, while root crops like carrots, radishes, and turnips do much better following behind without compost. Since my grassy borders around beds an: level with the beds, both borders and beds can be mowed simultaneously for the cows, pigs or chickens. In May 1here is so much to cut that haystacks must be made, 10 be fed in the winter when all the summer's com stover is gone. During the growing season the chickens are fenced in a long, hillside coop containing a thick stand of bamboo and a nesting house. At the top of 1he coop, sawmill bark, sprin.kJed with dust from the locaJ granite quarry, is added for bedding. My lawnmower has a rear bagging feature, and every day I give the chickens a heaping wheelbarrow load of grass, clover, and herb clippings from around the beds, which I mow on a monthly schedule. This keeps the egg yolks yellow while adding to the deep litter in the coop. Every so often this is made into a compost pile. I use a biodynnmic planting calendar for working crops according to 1heir root, fruit, flower, or leaf characteristics. For example, while potatoes are actually a swollen stem formation, they are plamed as though they were roots because the roo1-like characteristic is being emphasized. Likewise, cauliflower and broccoli, although 1hey an: flowers, are plan1cd as leaf crops because they have to be held back to 1he leafy stage of development. They an: eaten only as buds, not flowers. l also apply biodynamic preparations, which have profound nutritionaJ significance. And I grow speciaJ crops that do not contribute income but contribute to the overall balance and heaJth of the farm. Finally. I avoid faulty practices. Planting the whole fann in cucumbers or semng off all the compost, 1 would never do. One of the goals of crop rotation is to allow for a healthy nitrogen cycle while cropping. Compost is given liberally to leafy crops that need plenty of nitrogen, such as lettuce, spinach, cabbage, and collards. It may be given more sparingly to fruiting crops which follow the greens, such as com, squash, tomatoes, and okra. It is withheld entirely from the roots, such as carrots, radishes, and turnips, which follow the fruits. Then I plan1 legumes such as beans, peas and lentils to draw in new nitrogen and produce rich compost as their vines are digested by the farm animals. Then the cycle begins again wi1h compost to the greens. Another goal of crop rotation is 10 vary as much as possible the kinds of plan1s grown. Thus it may be a good idea to follow lettuce with carrots, or collards with onions, but it is a bad idea 10 follow le1wce with spinach or carrots with parsnips. There is aJso interplanting. Planting com with soybeans, spinach wi1h garlic, tomatoes with sweet basil, dill with cabbages su_mmer squash with popcorn, and pumpkins with field com, makes for a lively variety. Nature has ways to create abundance. Perhaps most imponantJy, the pennanent grass and clover walking strips between and around the beds keep the soil fauna heaJthy and erosion to 1he minimum regartlless of the weather. We need to think abou1 these things. Not so long ago all farms produced food out of soil, water, air, and warmth because there was life. Nature charged nothing for her pan. Orawu,g by Rob Mcuid< (continued on p. 32) Sprl.mj, 1992 �"IF YOU DIDN'T GROW IT, YOU DIDN'T EAT IT" Food Production on a Self-Sufficient Mountain Homestead as told by Ralph Garrett Way back when Twas a boy, I lived at my grandma's and grandpa's up above the Lown of Sylva in Jackson County, NC. My grandpa was a farmer and a brick mason, and he also made bricks. I grew up during the Depression. IL was a little worse than it is right now, but it's going 10 get worser than this, I'm afraid. My grandpa and grandma owned about three and one-half acres around their house, but we tended a 12 or 15 acre bottom that was up in Addie where the band mill is now. We also planted 10 or 12 acres up on Fisher Creek in com and different things. It was about 25 or 30 acres all told. We grew enough for everybody in our family, some 10 sell besides, and enough 10 feed the animals, too. We raised cows, chickens, and pigs to eat, and we had horses, mules, and oxen 10 help us with the work. With them we plowed and planted com, beans, field peas, Irish 'taters, sweet 'taters, sorghum for molasses, and all different kinds of cornfield crops. And grains. We'd sow a great big thing of wheal for our flour, as well as winter oais 10 feed the horses while we were workin' 'em in the summer time. Then in the garden we had carrots. radishes, parsnips, rumips, and different kinds of greens - leuuce, onions, collard greens, and all those. We also had peach u-ees. I got a whuppin' many a time for getting in the Blue Goose peaches - big, fine, pretty peaches. They'd get to tumin' a little bit, and us liule boys, we'd slip around and try 10 get us one. J remember how we used to eat. The usual thing of a morning when we got up, we'd have side beef or ham - fried good and brickle · brown-eye gravy, some eggs, and some biscuits. Some days we'd have homemade applesauce for breakfasL We'd heat it up and have some hot biscuits and butter, and put the butter and some sugar in the fruit, and you had a good break.fast. We'd also cut com off the cob, and have it fried with biscuits and homemnde molasses. That's what we had a whole lot of mornings. Our big meal was at dinner time, 12 noon. Supper was the evening meal. Al dinner we'd have cornbread, hog meat or maybe beef stew with vegetables. You can get beef stew now in a can in the store, but we had big pois of it, homemade, with two or three vegetables in it, and some vegetables on the side, too. Or we'd have great big pots of homemade vegetable soup. We'd make the soup with okry (olcr.1), tomaters, beans, and onions. We put every kind of vegetable in there. In the summerumc for supper we'd usually have com on the cob, new 'taters, green beans, cornbread, and biscuits. Sometimes we'd eat supper without meal, but Sprtng, 1992 usually we had meat at the table three times a day, whether it was beef, pork, or chicken. We didn't have desserts every meal, like they want now. Dcssens came mostly on Sunday or Saturday when there was family coming. We'd have plain ca.Ices with down there 10 get some flour, some salt, sody (baking soda), balcing powder, coffee, and sugar. We just bought small amounts of sugar, until it come canning time. Then we would buy whatevercanningjars and lids that we needed and 50 and 100 pound bags of sugar to put up jellies and jam. We young'uns liked LO get old-time candy, like wax candy, horehound candy, and all kinds of stick candy at the store. But we never had money to buy very much there. A year on the farm went like this: Winter was kinda slow. We'd be cutrin' firewood, sittin' by the fire, and relax.in'. DrawiJI& by J.,,.,. Rhea applesauce spiced up and pu1 in between the layers. They called that old-time fruit cake. They'd pile four or five of them up in a straight pack with the applesauce in between each layer, then applesauce down over the; top ofic. Now, that was a dessen! Today if someone gets two layers of cake, they think that that's 100 much, but we had.five layers of cake! We ate what we wanted, because it was simple. Or maybe they'd make a cherry pie. What they call a cherry pie now is just a little ol' thing. What we called a cherry pie was a big bread pan full of cherries with dough through 'cm. They call 'em cobblers now, but we called 'em cherry pie. Grandma also used 10 make sweet potato custards and sweet potato pie and put sweetening on it - marshmallows or brown sugar, good things like that. If we didn't grow it, we didn't cat it. That's right. There wasn't no supermarkets, there was only an old country store. We'd go We'd spend time a-shuckin' com and thrashin' out the peas, Crowder peas and clay peas, through the bad days. We also had 10 get our harness and equipment fixed up and in first-class shape. We had to be ready. so that when the ground got right we could go right to work. We didn't use no fertilize (fertilizer). We used compost, and we gathered that in the winter, too. We'd clean out the horse stalls and the cow stalls. We'd throw it in a bin that was outside the winder (window), and we'd mix leaves in with iL That would cause it to heat in the bin. In the spring we wouW haul out that compost. spread it on the field, and plow it in. That enriched our land and made our crops do better. We staned plowtn' in February and March, what we didn't already have plowed. The first crop we put out was the different kinds of greens - cabbage. collard greens, you could do them early. Usually, (canlinucd on nai pqe) Xatuah Journal POCJI'- 7 �(cullinucd from page 7) people around here would sow a bed of turnips or rutabagas, too. Irish pouuoes were planted next during the dark of the moon in Man:h, and maybe we'd put some green peas out in the garden. Radishes, onions, and parsnips were early crops, we could get an early start on them, 100. We would s1an our own S\l,'CCt pouuo sets. We'd get them bedded down between April 10 - 15. Then they'd be a-comin' up in May. Sweet potatoes was a big crop. We used to plant big fields of 'em. Around April 15 - 20, we'd plant the first corn. It would grow up a linle bit, but not enough that a frost would hurt it bad. Unless there come an ex try unusual hard freeze, com would grow on though. Flour com, popcorn, and com for the livestock: those were the main kinds of com we planted. We also had a liule of what we called llim com. When it got hard, it was hard as a rock, but it made real good roasting ears. When sweet com came along, we started planting sweet com in the garden. Now people plant fields of sweet com. The biggest thing was to rotate the com plantings so that they would come in slowly, so we could harvest them and take care of them, instead of having all the com oome in at once. We would plant some com on April 15, some the first of May, and then again at the last of May.Hit's not a dry year, you can plant com in June. It's starting to get dry then, but sometimes a crop'll make. It's a short season up here in these mountains, but some years I've bad three different spaces of com comin' in. We always figlftd the last frost would come around the tenth of May. 1bcn we'd set out OUT garden vegetables. Any kind of plant that the frost would affect - like peppers and tomatcrs - we'd wait 'ril after the tenth of May, after the frost line. The cornfield peas, we'd plant them after we worked (cultivated) the com for the first time. I'd wait until the com was up around my throat, and then l'd plant the peas in between the com. We did the cornfield beans, like the White McCaslan bean or the Kentucky Wonder, the same way. l would plant big com where I was going to plant the cornfield beans. Then the com would support 'em and shade 'em. Shade is what keeps the insects away better than any of this spray that we can buy today. We'd harvest the wheat when the heads bowed and tumed yeller. The timing depended on what kind of wheat we had. and when we had planted it in the fall. We harvested it by hand with a cradle. We didn't have combines like those that cut the wheat now. We had to do it with a cradle. At the end of June, we'd finish up with the wheat and we'd sun our first mowing of hay. We mowed the hay with a mowing plate and raked it up with a pitchfork. We'd shock it • put it in shocks or round piles - and then we'd come through with the wagon or the sled, and load it 10 the barn. and put it in the barn loft We'd pct up great barns full, and then we'd put up big stacks of hay around stackpolcs. We'd sUtCk com tops and fodder the same way around the Stackpole at the XatuQf1-Journat PCUJe 8 barnyard, where we could jusr go get it to feed the cows and the horses. All summer, we were mostly hoeing. It kept us busy. We'd start work as soon as it got light enough to sec what we was a-doin', and we worked 'til dark. Now at dinnertime, right at the heat of the day, we gave them horses a good full hour to two hours to be at rest. And we done the same thing. We ate, we rested, and then, when we went back 10 work, we worked 'til dinner. ln July when the blackberries and the raspberries came in, we'd pick berries. We would take a wagon up on Fisher Creek, and we'd pick washtubs full of blackberries! w11.i) J'"J~ Everybody went, everybody picked, everybody washed - everybody helped with canning berries for a few weeks. Some of the men might be off working on a job somewhere, but everybody up at the house just flew in and got busy. Pretty soon the com would start coming in, and we'd stan getting roasting cars with our dinner. And we'd start canning vegetables. too. We'd can all kinds of vegetables. We canned beans, 'matcrs, peaches, fresh ok:ry (okra), fresh com - all different kinds of food out of the garden. In the fall of the year, we'd be pectin' the apples, and pcelln' peaches. Them Blue Goose peaches came in about the same time as apples. We'd boil the fruit down and make apple and peach bu11er. We had an apple peeler. You just stuck the apple on and tumcd the handle, and ii peeled the apple and took the core out of iL Then we just cut it and made bleached fruit. Or we mashed it up, cooked it, and made applesauce. Bleached fruit is made by burning sulfur. We'd put the fruit on a rack, cover it with a cloth, light the sulfur in a sulfur burner, and leave it all night The action of the sulfur makes the fruit stay white, it doesn't tum brown, and it will keep all winter. Then we would put it in big 60-gnllon oak barrels, and we'd put up so many barrels of bleached fruit. We also P.l!t up ~ I s ofp\cld~ beans. Wr:!d !\ii up big barrels of beans broke up and washed, put water in there and add salt to sour 'cm and make 'em pick!~. The same way about roasting CaJ'S. That was our pickling stuff. At canning time we also fixed a lot of jellies and jams. We'd make apple jelly and grape jelly. And we'd make peach preserves: we'd peel sweet, cooked peaches like we were going to can 'em, and put sugar in there and cook it down until it come clown like makin' candy, and 1ha1 was good preserves. Around that same time we'd also be cuttin' the com and puuin' it up in the com crib. We'd cut the tops, and pull the fodder, and put that up to feed the cows and horses. We didn't leave nolhin' in that field that a cow could eat. We kept the com in the com crib, and we kept the peas in big bags inside in the house where they'd be getting drier and drier from the heat, so they'd shell easier. Whenever we got that done, it was coming to frost, and we had 10 get them sweet potatoes out before it frosted. If it frosted on the vines, we had LO get the vines off right quick before it rained. so that the frost wouldn't run into the sweet potaroes and ruin ·cm. When we got 'em up, we'd wash 'cm, and take 'cm to town to sell them, anywhere from a gallon to five bushels, whatever people wanted. After the frost was the time to cut the sorghum and make molasses. We had to strip the cane down. cut all the blades off it. and cut all the tops off. Then we'd haul all those cane stallcs to lhe cane mill and put 'em through the crusher. The juice would run out into a vat. and we'd cook it off in what. they called an evap<ntor until it came out syrup. Several families made sorghum. Some had bees. We didn't have no bees, but we had some people who had bees. We'd just get some stands of honey from them. We also used to go into the woods and gather up chestnuts. I'd go bacJc yonder and gather up a 75 pound short sack. all the chestnutS I could carry, and bring 'em home, and we'd eat on them. I also used to like to get pawpaws and persimmons. Now I'm tcllin' you, them old persimmons make a good pie. And there were always some bear hunters who would bring in some bear meat. l know I ate a IOl of bear meat. Back when I was a boy, bears were just as common as a milk cow. It was nothin' to see a bear down at the settlement. But they just got to bang, bang, bangin', killin' 'em all they wanted, 'tit there was a 101 of waste. Right at the first of November, we'd have to go back into the fields and clean the 'tater patches off. The usually thing was that there was late roasting cars and some late beans in the 'tater patch, and after we gathered them, we cleaned all that off, weeds and all, so we could plow our 'taters out After they dried good, we'd put 'em in the root cellar. Everybody had a root cellar. Lots of them were dugouts in the bank, but they were still root cellars where we'd keep the bleached fruit, the potatoes, and the lcrnut Everybody also bad a smokehouse where they'd smoke their meat. and they'd (ainunlllld on page 33) Ornwing by Miehkl Thompson Spri.ng, 1992 �~, ... .. w ... EATiNG · LbsE ro HOME c by Peter Bane The Logistics of a Permanent Culture Consider your next meal: It's mid-winter and what can be found to eat nearby? The supermarket offers Iowa beef and Idaho potatoes, Cnlifomia rice and broccoli, Mexican lettuce and tomatoes, salad oil from Brazil or Dakota, Aorida citrus, Washington apples. The Standard American Qiet is a marvel of technical complexity and a sad reflection of cultural banality. Divorced from place and season, available nationwide and year round, itS cosmetic perfection and shiny packaging are a glamour concealing enonnous unmarked costs and catastrophic instabilities. Lurking behind the plastic sheen are the collapse of rural communities, bankruptcy of farm families, loss of topsoil (an average 20 tons per ton of grain produced), poisoning of farm-workers, toxic residues in food, air, soil, and water, cruelty to animals, destruction of wildlife habitat, deforestation, and the cultivation of plagues and diseases heretofore unknown. Most of the food we presently eat is seriously denatured (lacking in nutrient value) by chemical destruction of soil life and is funher degraded by transport over long distance. Our diet, combined with poor air and water quality and compounded by the stresses of crowded and hwried lives has led directly to an epidemic of degenerative diseases: heart attack, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, leukemia, AIDS. Worse than all of this, if that is possible, our food now requires from 10 to 50 times the energy to produce and deli vet to the table as it returns to the eater as calories of nourishmenL We couldn't continue this way without a huge subsidy of fossil fuels. We are literally eating oil. And when it runs out as we know it will in 30 to 40 years - we will starve. Of course, long before that eventuality, our agriculture will have collapsed from a host of other problems: the shortage of water, excess UV radiation, susceptibility of our genetically-narrow monocultural staples (com, wheat, rice, and potatoes) to insectS, diseases, climate shifts, war, and revolution disrupting trade. The production offiber and timber is similarly vulnerable and destructive. If the Standard American Diel is insane and bound for collapse, then how should we grow and eat our food? Imagine, if you will, the life of our predecessors in this land. The Cherokee, the Iroquois. and other Eastern forest dwellers cultivated com, beans. and squnsh; hunted deer. turkey, and small game which were abundam in the woods; gathered wild berries, nuts and greens. They caught fish in lhe streams and collected mushrooms from the forest floor. Around their seu.lemcnts they selected and planted fruit trees. berry bushes, and other useful perennials. The world of global IT3de, of oil W:lJ"S and industrial production is a world of artificial surpluses and scarcities, of unjust expropriations and moral decadence. Yet we have a vision of living in Katuah with natural abundance, and a dedication to libeny and 1 SprLng, 1992 Drawing by Rob Messick justice for all. How then can we move from this disturbed and troubled world into one In which all our true needs and wants are met without despoiling the earth and robbing from our grandchildren and our neighbors in other countries? aim of producing the greatest sum of yields in the least practical area for the murunl benefil of all creatures. He was certain thal small areas dedicated to human needs could provide net surpluses of food, fibre, and energy while augmenting both genetic diversity and We need a new way of thin.Icing and seeing and new tools for problem-solving. And we need to address fundamental human needs: clean air, water, and food in sufficient quantity, shelter appropriate lO climate, satisfying and useful work, meaningful human contact, and immersion in a natural world. This search for a new paradigm in the built environment and our interaction with nature emerged as a response to industrialism and gradually merged into the science of ecology. Frederick Law Olmstead, the great I9th-century American landscape architect. realized that the growth of cities and of industrial work threatened the natural foundation of human sanity. He sought to ameliorate the effects of both by renewing vistas of nature in urban parks and greenways. ln this century, Lewis Mumford extended these considerations of human scale and sanity 10 the choices we make about technology, and Ian McHarg and his associates projected a concept of design based on intrinsic capabilities of landscape. Aui.1rlllian ecologi~t Bill Mollison transformed his own studies of environmental psychology imo a practice of landscape design and coined the term "permaculture" from "~nent agrioonm:." or "pem1anent culture" to describe a proce,;s of assembling artificial ecologies of crop plants and animals to mimic nature with the wildlife and resource conservation. Toe understanding and application of permaculture design over the past fifteen years has taken several main forms: the restoration of degraded landscapes; the creation of naturalized food foreslS as a locus for human habitation; the building and retrofitting of strueturtS to incorporate climatically appropriate energy and water harvesting, and to suppon food production; and the design of economic and communication structures appropriate to local production and trading. The work may be found on American homesteads, in European municipalities, and among African villages. New towns have been created in Australia. and long-term economic decline reversed in regions of Nepal and India using pennaculrure principles. Pcrmaculrurc draws 1tS models from patterns in nature and embraces many integrative disciplines: agricultural ecology, urban planning. landscape architecture. decent:ralist economics. and shamanism. among other.. Key insights which apply to all living )ystems include the following principles: I) Design by Relative Location place all elements {house. pond, road, plants) so as to maximize beneficial relationships and minimize antagonisms. 2) Select clemcntS to perform \lultiple Funclions. (contmual on nc,1 page) Xotuah JounlO! page 9 t �!' ) (001Uinuod &om pegc 9) 3) Suppon every important function with Multiple Elements. 4) Efficient energy planning through analysis by zones of access and Sectors of outSidc influence. 5) Use Biological Resources favor perennials. 6) Recycle Energy on site. 7) Use and accelerate Natural Succession to establish favorable sites and soils. Integrate animals, plants, humans, and StruCt\Jl'CS. 8) Polyculture & Diversity of beneficial species to promote productive, stable, interactive systems. 9) Pay attention to Edges & Natural Patterns. Pcnnaculture rcstS on an ethical foundation of care for the earth, including all living and non-living things; of care/or people, so that all people everywhere may have their basic needs met; and the contribution of surplus time, money, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care. Permaculture also has a Life ethic, valui.ng life and all ilS multiplicity for its own sake. Cooperation, not competition is the key. How then might a permanent culture take shape in Katuah? We can begin at our doomeps by cultivating a diet appropriate to our region - one based on the planlS and animals which grow here naturally and which have acclimated following introduction - and extend that process into gardening and fanning those same species regeneratively. We can learn to eat seasonally even as we take advantage of other cultural IJ'ad.itions to Xatuah Journot pQ(J& l 0 enrich our diet. Anyone can fimd space for a few leafy greens and herbs, vegetables which pound-for-pound afford more nutrition than any other food category. Grown within a few steps of the back door in mulched soils, they will survive almost year round if given a bit of care against summer drought and winter frost. Even apartment dwellers in the city can grow in containers on a balcony or in a windowbox. Cold frames against a south wall, a small greenhouse, or even movable cloches can supply a steady stream of salad which didn't have to cross the Continental Divide to grace our table. The familiar European and Medilerranean vegetables: lettuce, celery, carrot, onions, broccoli, and many others, are adapted to cold climates and may with protection, overwinter in the ground. Root crops and brassicas (cabbage, kale...) are especially well-suited to this method. These same vegetables don't grow best in our summer heat, but that is the season when the tropical American and Indian plants - tomato, corn, beans, squash, melons, eggplant, peppers, and okra flourish. We arc blessed throughout Katuah with generous forests whose dominant members include excellent nut trees: walnut, chestnut, oak, hickory, and pecan. We should recognize these allies for the food resources which they offer. Let us plant them in our yards and parks; conserve and catalog elite trees where they Stand; and take care in harvesting to leave the best, tallest, straightest, healthiest, most vigorous, and most fecund trees for seed, and tnk:ing only the lesser examples for timber and fuel wood. Fruit trees too should be planted in every yard, along roadways, in parks, and in neglected spaces in lhe cities. Besides the traditional apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and apricot, many areas arc suited to ugs. We have the native pawpaw, the maypop vine, and the persimmon which holds itS fruit on the tree well into winter. And the mulberry, which is one of the earliest fruits in spring, is hardy, easy-to-grow. and prolific. Members of the Eleagnus family - autumn olive and itS cousins, provide not only a shower of tasty fruit, but improve soils by fixing nitrogen at their roots, as docs the juncberry/serviceberry/saskatoon tribe (Amtlanchiet spp. ). ~~ By inrerpianting and stacking vertical layers into the garden, we can achieve greater total yields than is possible with single crops. Our naturally forested region provides the model for a productive food forest with crops grown at the canopy, mid-level, understory, shrub, herb, and root layers, and on vines running throughouL These food forests prpvide abundant wildlife habitat and make excellent forage systems both for humans and for domestic poultry, sheep, and pigs where access can be controlled. In very small spaces, even in the city, bees, rabbitS, and pigeons can be tended co augment food production and household income. Even more important than the establishment of food forests everywhere is the organizing of food markelS. We need to connect capable growers throughout the region with networks of town and city consumers to support the development of healthy fanns and to increase urban-rural exchanges. These community-supponcd farms stand a much better chance of implementing the diverse cropping strategics needed for ecological restoration than isolated fanners trying to outwit the commodity traders. Subscription farming is a way to create new jobs in agriculture and offer alternatives to existing farmers. Strengthening the farm economy; marketing food locally; and cultivating our natural suengths in uee crops, fisheries, berry and bulb production, can provide the basis for many new, locally manufactured hand tools, farm implements, craft- and housewares. These burgeoning local economies need methods to augment local trading, and to retain and recycle wealth wilhm the community. Local currency and baner systems work well. The L.E.T.S., or Local Employment & Trading System, is one such example. (Further infonnacion from the Institute for Community Economics, Somerville, MA.). If we ask again about sustainable agriculture and pennanent culture, "What is to be done?", the answer becomes clearer. 1) Eat what you grow and what is available locally and in season. 2) Grow things that you like that arc adapted to the area, and which do not travel well. 3) Plant and tend food forests everywhere people live, especially in cities, using public as well as private space. 4) Conserve genetic diversity and excellence by nurturing elite specimens and by exchanging heirloom seed and scionwood. 5) Trade sw-pluses locally. You needn't grow everything, or even anything, if you're a good plumber, teacher, baker, or candlestick maker. 6) Organize food production to suppon responsible growers. 7) Make direct market links wherever possible. Know ~here your food come~ from and where u goes. ,,P' Peter Bane publishu The Pcnnaculturc Activist. a fUJlional quarttrly journalfor North A=rico Born in Illinois, M now lives with his family in Middle TtnnLSst.t w~re Mis putting his itkas inJo practice. For m«e information please contact him at Route I, Bo:i 38; Primm Springs TN 38476 · Drawing by Dawn Shiner Sprt119, t 992 �I, Silas McDowell's Vision Of Mountain Agriculture by Perry Eury "Amongsr rhe valleys of the somhern Alleg/UJllit!$ somerimes winter is succeeded by wann wearlzer, which, cominuing through the months of March and April, brings out vegetarian rapidly, and clothes theforests in an early verdure. This pleasant spring wearher is renninated by a few days rain, and the clearing up is followed by cold, raking winds from the ,wrrhwest, leaving rhe atmosphere of a pure indigo tint, though which wink bright stars, bur ,ftlte wind subsides at nig/11, the succeeding nwrning shQws a heavy hoar frost,· vegetation is unerly killed, including all manner offruit germs, and the la11dscape clothed in verdure the day before ,ww looks dark and dreary." - Silas McDowell On the morning of April 28, 1858, Silas McDowell encountered this bleak scene when he went out to inspect his fann. The Macon Coumy fruit grower hnd spent almost thirty years establishing his orchard of 600 apple LreCS near the banks of the Cullasaja River. However, this late spring freeze "made nearly a clean sweep from mountain valleys in Western North Carolina of lhe richest promise of a fruit crop that we have ever had." For anyone else, the incident would have been a crushing disappointment. For McDowell, it was another opportunity to examine nature's mysteries and to find a bener way of fanning in the mountains McDowell had deliberately selected a shehered valley for his orchard. Only a settler too poor to buy bouom land would have tried to grow fruit hiJh on the mountainsides. And yet, on this Apnl morning, McDowell realized his mistake. While his own aces "seemed as if clothed in a black pall," he observed on the mountains looming over his orchard a broad horizontal band of vegetation left unscathed by the freeze. Around 1780, Thomas Jefferson had witnessed similar temperature inversions in the Shenandoah Mountains of Vtrginia. He reported, "I have known frosts so severe to kill the hiccory trees round Monticello, and yet not injure the tender fruit blossoms then at bloom oo the t. p and higher parts of the o mountain." Silas McDowell understood that this was more than a quirk of topography and climate. He suspected that thermal belts could be the secret to successful fruit production in mountainous areas. By the summer of 1858 he wrote that "all description of fruit trees which have the good fortune to be located in this vernal region, are now bending beneath a heavy crop of fruit." He began to promote the value of this zone for fruit growers and contributed a repon to the United States Agricu/cural Reports Jor 1861. In his articles on the "belt of no frost" McDowell explained, "The beautiful phenomena of the 'Verdant Zone' or Thennal Belt' exhibits itself upon our mountainsides, commencing about three hundred feet vertical height above the valleys, SprLng, 1992 and traversing them in a perfectly horiz.ontal line throughout their entire length like a vast green ribbon upon a black ground." Born in South Carolina in 1795, McDowell moved to Asheville in his youth for training as a tailor. He practiced his trade in Charleston and Morganton before settling in Macon County's Cullasaja Valley, where he gained renown as a fruil grower, amateur Silas McDowt/1 naturalist and story teller. His articles on the mountains were published in popular magazines and caught the auention of leading botanists, who sought his help in finding rare plants of the Southern Appalachians. When a visiting scientist asked which college he had auended, McDowell pointed to the hills surrounding his farm and replied, "These wild mountains are the only college at which my name has ever been entered as a sruden1!" In a tribute to Silas McDowell, T.F. Glenn remembered him as modest and unassuming, and also "intuitive, impulsive and passionate. His companionship with nature was a marked feature to the most trivial objects of beauty and sublimity. By a native force of genius, by dint of fiery energy of will, by persistent application, he sunnounted obstacles." McDowell's tenacious efforts to raise winter keeping apples had earned him a reputation among southern fruit growers even before the thennal belt episode. When McDowell and his bride, Elizabeth, moved to Macon County in 1830 they brought a baby's cradle filled with small apple trees from her grandfather's orchard near Asheville. Being especially fond of winier apples, McDowell chose varieties recommended by northern pomologists. His results were like those of other southern growers. "I made a complete failure," he confessed, "for when my trees began to bear fruit, it matured and fell from the tree long before the proper time, and though they were an excellent collection of Aurumn Apples, there was n0t a good Winter keeper amongst them." For fifteen years, McDowell struggled to raise winter keepers. Then, the editor of a farm paper in Athens, Georgia, suggested that he lake grafts from native seedling apples. McDowell followed James Cannack's advice and searched the hills around his home for fruit stock. His quest was successful. "Amongst old Oterokee seedling Apple trees - as well as other Southern seedlings, I have succeeded in conferring on Southern Pomology a llist of names of Winter Apples, which both as to their highly aromatic taste, as well as late winter keeping qualities, cannot be excelled by as many varieties of Winter Apples in the United States." His catalog of new apples featured the Carmack, Nickajack, Bullasage, Mavereck Winter Sweet, Royal Pearman, Hoover, Golden Pippin, Buff, Kingrussen, and Neverfail. "None but late keepers in the list," McDowell n01ed with delight. ln 1870, William Saunders with the Agriculture Department concluded, 'There is not a doubt about it, the fmest winter apples in America arc grown on th.ese mountain lands." McDowell could take much of the crediL McDowell, always concerned with the region's economy, believed that vineyards established within the thennal belt could be a mainstay of mountain agriculture. 'The Grape," McDowell predicted, "will never fail to yield to the husbandman a rich and abundant crop of its luscious and hean-cheering fruit; and had the vine locomotion, corporal and mental sense, I would bid it to 'Tarry not in all the plains; but flee to the mountains for its life,' and take refuge under the protection of lhe Thermal Stratum!" Much as he had in his quest for winter apples, McDowell explored the mountains to find superior varieties of grapes. He speculated on the potential of hybridizing some of the specimens, "W e cannot well command our risibles when, in fancy, we anticipate the aspect of that monster Grape that will be produced by the hybridal cross betwixt the Hon. A.G. Semmes's eight pound bunches and the Mammoth Grape Prof. C. D. Smith and ourself measured yesterday, the single berries of which gined three and a quaner inches around." Afler the Civil War, McDowell continued to write on agricultural topics, presided over the Fruit Growers Association and pleaded for extension of the Western Nonh Carolina Railroad. He was constantly learning more - from natural phenomena, the culrure of the Oterokees and the latest farm journals. In his judgement, the climate and the terrain of the mountains did not have to be obstacles to successful farming. Instead, the unique character of the mountains could suppon a distinctive form of agriculture. Diversity was one aspect of the mountain agriculture he envisioned. "Dairying, grape culture, bee culture, sheep (continued on page 34) �Mountain People The grey winter sky hovers over the village, threatening to swoop down with nightfall. A woman carries burdensome logs to her cabin and feeds them to the wilting flames in the heanh. She wraps a moth-eaten quilt tightly about her sinewy frame, to shut out the icy strands of December squeezing through chinks in the walls. Her hands are weathered with time like the mountain, the palms grooved like the tire tracks frozen into the eanhen road. These are hands that once held warm lovers, brought orphaned raccoons in from a storm, angry, caring hands that spanked naughty children, and comfoned them when frightened by distant coyotes, and scratched their backs until they found the itch, and opened the tightest jars of jam... The people of the mountain are quiet, one with themselves, one with the mountain, but in the lines on their faces, in their strong hands, in their calm way, they tell how they work and breathe, and brim with life, like the woman rocking before the fire in that small cabin on the hill, her heart a smoldering ember, warm despite the howling wind outside, whipping through the firs on the mountainside. - Allison C. Swherland Quintessence Never have I seen the sun like one winter's afternoon late last February. The wannth was drenched into those hills of the Blue Ridge, into the stalks of yellow and orange, rolling back finally to the dark mountains, and the still darker clouds. We ourselves were engulfed in shadow, steadily approaching that sunlit stretch of road before us, that splash of quin1essen1 light. A gentle warmth touched !he back of my neck. and I turned, 10 see but a sliver of silvery white light at the horizon, light which eked out from under the stormy tumul t of blue-black clouds. And soon we were immersed in it, bathed in Ught, the light of spring, or almost summer. It glinted through the strands of hair in my eyes, and I squinted to keep looking. So I closed my eyes and breathed, and let it seep into my veins, and warm my forehead and my cheeks and my shoulders. And suddenly it was gone. We were in darkness. among the mountains, and then just shadow. We meandered through those hills of greenblack forests like a mountain brook in early evening, now and again coming upon a splash of sunwashed hills, searching for that light, until the sun went down. - Allison C. Swherland J(Qtu.!Jh Journal p09e 12 Drawings by Mictu,,,I Thompson Spri-119, 1992 �NATIVE FOODS I was brought up in the remote reaches of the Cherokee Indian Reservation. My family were "a-aditionals." That means that they stuek to the old ways of the lncJjan people, believing them 10 be the beSL We did some things in exactly the same way they were done by our people before contact with the white man. As a boy, I used to go into the woods and hunt squirrels with a blowgun, for instance. In other ways, our life, while not exactly similar 10 the ways of the anc~stors, echoed the manner in which they lived and gave a clue to how it was done before. In the earliest times, our people lived off the land. They hunted their meat and gathered plant foods in the foresL Later, agriculture became their base, that's when their culture really blossomed, because they spent Jess time in gathering food. Agriculture was a stable way of surviving, but they also hunted and foraged food from the wild. A srnple food in times past was chestnut bread. This represented the Cherokee's mixed food supply: com from the fields and chestnuts from the wild. An abundance of both. And if one source failed, they could fall back on the other to carry them through. I heard that a professor said that a.bout the time the white man came here the Cherokees were spending about three days a week for survival. Most of my life in modern society l couldn't make a living working seven days. In my life. I've spent a lot of time in the woods, and l lcamed that the secret of survival in the forest is to puc no limits on what you eaL Like a bear, see everything as a potential meal. Everything! Game and fish, of course, but also crawdads, frogs. bugs, worms, grubs in the logs. Hornet larva popped on a hot rock are very good. It used to be a kid's job to sit under a holly tree with a blowgun stuck up between the branches to shoot at the cardinals. robins, or any other little songbirds that came. People say. "How did you pluck them?" but we never plucked them. We just threw them into the fire and rolled them around until the feathers had all been singed off. We treated all the little birds and small animals like that. We never skinned a squirrel. I remember one time I was out, and I ate tent caterpillars that were feeding on a wild cherry tree. I roasted them. The fire singed the hair off - most of it. They swelled up into little puffy morsels. They did have a queer taSte, but I was hungry and I ate all of them I could find. But we did not have 10 eat insects except in famine and songbirds were more hunting trophies for the young. Larger game was plentiful. In the older rimes the people ate woods bison, deer. birds like passenger pigeon and grouse, and groundhogs. Drawing by James Rhea But they would not eat possums. The Cherokees thought the possum was the lowliest creature on the Eanh. When DeSoto came th.rough, one of his company. a man called The Gentleman of Elvas, wrote that when they SlOpped at the village that was near the present ciry of Asheville, they demanded food for their travel-s from the natives. He recorded that they were given "several hundred dead dogs without any hair on their tails." He did not realize how the Cherokees despised the possum as a food sourt:c and what a political sutement this was. Plant food was plentiful as well. The people would gather berries in the summenime, chestnuts in the fall. When the che~tnut trees were alive. there was a large chesmut harvest every year • bushels and bushels of chestnuts. Properly dried and stored, they would last all winter. The people also ate chinkapins. Chinkapins are related to chestnuts. The by Bear W ith Runs tree looks very similar 10 a chestnut tree. The nuts were a little bit smaller than chestnuts - somewhat larger than a beech nut. Acorns were imponanl, too. They leached them in water to get out the tannic acid and then ground them into flour or roasted them in the fire. They probably preferred the white oak acorns, because those have !he least tannie acid. My grandmother used 10 make little cakes out of white oak acorn nour, com meal, and honey. She would also add persimmons, if we had them. Those cakes were good! They were a heavy food • a little bit went a long way In the old limes. the people would eat a lot of ,mnas, the wild potatoes that grow :llong the creeks. And in the spring. ramps and wild greens, like branch lettuce, s/10-1011 (or so-chan, green conenower • ed.). Indian cucumber, and nettles, arc (cxmlinucd on nnt page) :KAtuan Journot ~ 13 �(continued rrom page 13) plentiful. Mushrooms are good, if you know what you are looking for, but they aren't very filling. It's interesting. One person can forage really well alone, while foraging for two people is difficulL But with three people it becomes easier, because two can forage and the other one can prepare the food. When the Cherokees smned planting, they added some new foods to their dieL Com, of course, was a staple, beans, and "punkins," as they called them in my family, meaning any lcind of squash. We ate green com as "roastin' ears," dried corn was ground into flour and eaten as cornbread. Everybody grew their own corn, and everybody thought their own was better than everybody else's. The com we would keep in a com crib. We put the beans in sacks and hung them up in the barn or under the dogtrot (roofed, but open air passageway between two separate sections of a building - ed.) at the house. The early people built very neat, efficient com cribs. They were raised off the ground on poles, bad a tight thatched roof, and walls made of panels woven of bark or wood splits that were daubed with clay or mud to keep varmints out. The com was stored in there on the cob. Mother trimmed the com husks and packed them to save for cooking chestnut bread, bean bread, or com dumplings. The traditional way was to wrap them in com husks and boil them. When the corn shucks ran out, Mother would wrap them in green oak leaves. That would tum the com blue. Mother ground com a litlle bit at a time as she needed it. She never ground very much because weevils would get in into ground meal very quickly. Back long ago, before they had ovens to bake in, they made mealcakes that were either boiled or roasted. We used to do !hat when l was young. We would call !hem hoecakes. We always carried com meal when we were traveling. To prepare the cakes, we would mix the meal with boiling water to "kill the com." Killing the com causes the dough to stick together. Then we would flatten them out, lay them on a flat rock, and let them roast as brown as lhey could be. In the old days, lhc warriors would carry parched com in a long bag by their side when they were on the trail. They parched shelled com by throwing it into a hot fire and leaving it until it got brown (or more likely black), and then grinding it into powder. On the trail, they would trot from dayUght to dark, heading for Iroquois country. When they saw a stream up ahead, they would pour some of the powder into their hand while they were running. As they crossed over the stn:am, they would bend down while they were still moving and grab a handful of water and keep trotting. That was the only food that they would take alo11g their route. Beans were important to us, too. The elderi; told me that the originnl bean was red and white, and it came from the south. Xatuah J~rnoL pf.UJC 14 Pinto beans were my family's favorite, and we must have raised one-half acre of pinto beans every year. A visitor could come into our house any day of the week and find a pot of pinto beans on the stove and bread in the warmer on top of th~ stove - cornbread, and later when l was growing up there were occasionally flour biscuits, but lhat was not often. We had meals only once or twice a day, but we ate whenever we got hungry. That was the way I was raised. If 1 got hungry in the middle of the day, l'd just run in, take a bowl of beans, grab some bread, and eat up. When people found that domesticating livestock was easier lhan hunting, they began raising animals as well as growing crops. My grandfather said that the turkey was the first animal to be domesticated, and it domesdcated itSClf. When the Cherokees began raising com, they would build litllc racks in the cornfield and assign the kids to keep watch to scare off the crows and wildlife. The turkeys loved the com so much they just wouldn't scare, so the people just penned up the turkeys and fed them com in the pen to keep !hem out of lhe fields. The Cherokees ate turkey, but !hey so prized the turkeys' feathers for making ornaments and beautiful capes, lhat my grandfather said, "We used to care more about 'em for their feathers than for the meaL" Because we ate what was provided locally, lhe diet of the Cherokee fndians changed with the seasons of the year. In the green com season, when the first com turned ripe enough tO eat, besides the roasting cars we would cat squash and other vegetables, fish, and chicken. But we never ate game in the summenime, because we were afraid of a parasite we called "weevils" or "foxes." (insect larvae, also called "warbles" by white people - ed.) This was a big wonn that got into squirrels, rabbits. and deer. You could often see two or three of them sticking out of an animal in the late summer and early fall. IL was large and black, pointed on one end. It would bore into the skin and live off the moisture and the blood of the animal. We never ate game at all until the worms were killed by the first frost. There were taboos about killing animals until after the weevils were gone. But we ate chickens. And we caught fish all summer long. The old way to catch trout was with trout baskets. They built up weirs in the stream made out of rocks. They piled up rocks forcing the fish into a narrow channel that flowed into the trout basket. As kids, we used to build weirs in Lhe stream, too. We also ate frogs and any turlles we came upon during the summer season - if we came across a mud turtle, that was just a didn't have any lard on them at all. But they tasted really good. We fed them some garbage 10 keep them around, and they ate bugs and snakes, but we would kill them right after the acorn crop was down, and that's when they would be their nicest. Hogs raised on acorns and com taste totally different than the meat you buy today. Fall was the fat time for everything that lived in the forest - including the Indians. Father smoked meat, and Mother would can trout and other kinds of meat in jars. She would boil them outside in a big washtub that would hold 30 or 40 cans. We ate a lot of meat in the fall and early winter, and then we ate dried food until the spring. ln the old days people would put dried food in clay pots and carry them up 10 the asi, their dugout winter shelter. The food would store there until the wintertime when the people arrived and would live in the asi surrounded by their food supply. My Mother would dry berries, persimmons, squash, any kinds of food we could get. We had a tray about lhe size of a screen door made of honeysuckle vines woven into a mat. h was hung it over the wood stove. We would lower it, she would lay out all the slices, and then we would help her pull it back up. When it wasn't in use. we just pulled it up against the ceiling. It always stayed over the wood stove. I like to think that is how they did it in the old times: hung a mat over lhe central fire in the house under the smoke hole. We had chestnuts, and we had com, so no one really went hungry. The diet may not have been nutritionally stable all year, but we had enough. The hardest time of year was late February and early spring. By then we were craving greens. Tobacco helped with the hunger. Tobacco depresses the appetite. But we were doggin' for vegetables. In the meantime we drank teas: sassafras tea, birch tea, pine needle tea, which had a lot of vitamin C, and spicebush tea. My mother used to make cough medicine for me, anyway l think it was for me, but Grandpa would drink a lot of it. She'd catch him at it, and he'd go "Hunh. hunh, hunh (like he was coughing)." It was wild cherry bark and pine need.Jes. They were boiled down and after all the needles and bark were taken out of it. she added honey until it was really !hick, and then she cooked it down some more. It was nice. It was really nice. It was good and sweet. Then, a little later in the spring, the sho-tan came in. Everyone would have a lot of that. get the shits, and clean out their bodies. My grandmother would also make us a tonic from a gray lichen called "turkey's tail." Later the ramps would be ready, the growing things would be getting green, and everything would balance out / again. treat. We were meat eaters in the fall, for sure. We never did have any cows. 1 didn't eat beef until l was 2 l or 22 years old. But we did have some old skinny hogs. They were as lean as they could be. l remember my father complaining about how lhey In spilt ofth.t: droll nomt he has odopttd/or this articlt, Btc.r With Runs IJ a full-blooded Chtroku Indian. lit livl.S in quiet anonJmity ofl tht Cherolctt India/I Rt.str.•ation Drawing by Pcgi Sprl..™3, 1992 �COVER CROPS On-farm, Solar-powered Soil Building by Mark Schon beck During my four years as an agricultural researcher at the New Alchemy Institute, I chose to focus on cover crops because they perform so many different functions on the farm, utilizing primarily solar energy. The only off-farm input is the seed - a few pounds to one hundred pounds per acre, from which thousands of pounds of organic matter arc accumulated through photosynthesis. In contraSt, most soil amendments entail imponing hundredweights or tons of materials for each acre. A cover crop is a crop grown not for harvest. but to protect, maintain or enrich the soil A green mallW'e is any crop (but usually a cover crop and/or natural weed growth) which is tilled into the soil to add organic matter and feed the soil biota. Cover crops and green manures protect soil against wind and water erosion, suppress weeds, provide habitat for beneficial insecis, add organic maucr, add nitrogen (legumes only), and make other nuoients more available to the next crop. Most cover crops can also be grown for grain (e.g., rye, buckwheat) and/or livestock forage (e.J/ ., clover, annual ryegrass, alfalfa). Cover cropping is a cornerstone of sustainable agricultural systems in most bioregions, and this is cenainly true for Kawah. Why do I make this claim? I'll Stan with a brief digression into soil ecology... In both natural and agricultural ecosystems, plant growth depends on the organic matter cycle in the soil. Soil organisms continually break down soil humus, thereby releasing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients for plant roots to absorb. The carbon from the organic matter appears in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Plants convert carbon dioxide b:ick into organic compounds in photosynthesis. In natural ecosystems, leaves, other plant residues and animal dung thar fall to the ground feed earthworms and other soil organisms. These creatures change the residues into humus, thus replenishing organic matter reserves. Most of the nucrients can cycle back and forth between soil and plant almost indefinitely, except when intense rains wash some of them away. Nitrogen is more volatile, and some of ii inevitably slips away into the atmosphere or groundwater. Fortunately, there arc numerous species ofbac1eria and blue-green algae in the soil that can fix (convert) atmoSpheriC nitrogen back into forms that plants and soil organisms can use. The most effective nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the rhizobia, form a symbiosis with the roots of leguminous plants such as clovers, beans and black locust trees. Sprl.fflJ, 1992 Agriculture disrupts this nutrient/organic matter cycle in three ways. First, clearing the natural vegetation exposes the soil surface to sun, wind and rain. Because humus is a lightweight and finely-divided material, a disproportionate amount of humus is lost when soil erodes. Extreme temperature and moisture fluctuations at the soil surface can also bum up the humus and deter biological activity, leaving a son of "dead zone" in the top inch or so. Second, tillage accelerates the r(lle at which soil organic manerdecomposes. This happens because soil disturbance brings additional oxygen into the topsoil, thus speeding bacterial action. Initially, the resulting burst of nucrient release promotes heavy crop yields, but the soil wears out unless the organic mauer is replenished from other sources. Third, harvest removes nuoients, and these must be replaced regularly. Because synthetic chemical fertilizers do not feed the soil life and tend to upset the soil's balance, biological farmers use organic and natural mineral fcnilizers, such as compost, leaf mold and ground limestone. Organic fanning often entails adding large amounts of organic amendments to the soil. lf these materials are brought in from off-fann sources, this is not sustainable farming, as this removes materials from the organic matter cycle on someone else's land. Also, iransporting bulky amendments from their point of origin 10 the farm consumes a lot of fossil fuel. Composting manure and crop residues produced on the farm is more ecologically sustainable, but may be quite labor·intensive. Often, the amount of residues produced on the farm docs not meet all the land's organic matter needs. Cover crops use sunlight to produce organic matter in place, and, in the case of legumes, to fix nitrogen. In contrast, manufacture of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer uses a tremendous amount of fossil fuel. Once a cover crop is established, its l"OO(S bind the soil together, significantly reducing erosion even before the foliage fully covers the ground. As the cover crop canopy closes, it effectively stops erosion. Cover crops such as buckwheat suppress weeds by growing rapidly and casting dense shade, whereas winter rye, oats and sudan grass release natural substances that suppress weed seedlings (this phenomenon is called allelopathy). Legume cover crops often add 50 to 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre in a single season, thus replacing the nitr0gen harvested in most vegetable and grain crops. Buckwheat, lupines and sweet clover have roots that can absorb relatively insoluble fonns of phosphorus that other crops cannot access. When the cover crop is tilled in, the phosphorus is released to the next crop. Some cover crops and deep-rooted weeds can extract potassium, calcium, or ccnain micronurrients from the subsoil or from insoluble minerals. A mixed gra:.s/legume cover crop (e.g., clover/timothy, or winter rye/hairy vetch) can produce three to four tons of dry organic matter per acre in a year, and the proportion of nitrogen to carbon in such a mixture is often ideal for humus formation. A three ton cover crop provides about as much organic matter and nitrogen as a 10 to 15 ton manure application, and the cover crop does not need 10 be hauled into the field, but simply mowed or tilled in. The biggest challenge in using cover crops is allowing them enough time to reach a good size without sacrificing a whole season of vegetable or grain production. The simplest approach is to plant the cover crop immediately after harvest, but this is often in fall, leaving the cover crop little time before winter. One altenullive is overseeding, or planting the cover crop while the production crop is still growing. In moist, fine•texturcd soils, small-seeded cover crops like clover, alfalfa and ryegrass can be broadcast on the soil surface between rows of com. squash, 1oma1oes. broccoli or other widely-spaced crops. Jn coarser soils or drier conditions. the se.ed can be incorporated by light hoeing or cultivation. The cover crop grows slowly beneath the esmblished vegetable. then spuns ahead after the lauer is harvested and cleared. Another method is to plant a slowstaning cover crop such a.\ clover~ the same time as a grain is planted. After gram harvest, the clover is grown until the following spring, then tilled in. Clover plus grain (ciontinucd an p1gc 16) Ora..,ing by Rob Musick �stubble give excellent wintertime erosion conuol, and provide a lot of organic matter with a good c:irbon-nitrogen balance. When a green manure is ,tilled into the soil, a burst of biological activity occurs which can be detrimental to crop seedlings for a shon rime. Thus it is a good idea 10 wait two or three weeks after turning the crop under before direct-seeding vegetables, especially small seeds like lettuce and carrots. An alternative method is to mow the aboveground pan of the cover crop, and gather the clippings to mulch another bed or build a compost heap. 11 is much easier to spade or plow up the crop stubble withou1 all that shoot biomass there, and the waiting period needed before direct-seeding should also be shoncr. Some cover crops can be killed by mowing at the nght ume. Their clippings can be left in place and vigorous crop seedlings (e.g., cabbage, 1oma10) lnlnSplanted through the mulch without tillage. Success with this varies because the mulch cools the soil and can aurac1 slugs. Clearing an eight to twelve inch diameter area around each seedling reduces these problems. Different cover crops arc suited to different purposes. A few specific examples follow. The first six are non-legumes and do not add nitrogen, the rest are legumes that can fix niuogen. Winter rye is very hardy, overwintering as far north as zone 3a (annual minimum -35 10 -40 degrees F). In the Katt.iah bioregion, rye planted by early October will protect the soil and suppress weeds effectively. Rye planted in early November will do well and produce lots of organic matter in spring, but there is a risk of winter erosion, as the cover will be thin. Rye is useful for talcing up and conserving any soluble soil nitrogen left over from the growing season. The crop can be difficult to manage in the spring because it rapidly gets very tall and tough. When grown alone, it can also ccmporarily 1ie up soil nitrogen and release allelopathic substances that can inhibit growth of the nex1 crop. If ii gets away from you, mow-kill the rye after the heads have emerged and begun shedding pollen. Or let the rye go to maturity and reap some nice grain and/or seeds for next year's cover crop. Seeding rate is 90-150 lb/acre (note: one pound per 1,000 square feet equals about 44 lb/acre). using the higher rates for later plantings. Win~r wheOJ can be used similarly 10 rye, though it is a little less hardy, somewhat shorccr and later to mature. It may also be easier to manage in the spring. Sow 90-120 lb/acre. OOJS, another small grain, is much less frost-hardy, and is generally killed the first time the temperature drops to 15 or 20 degrees F.. Oats can be planted in early spring and mowed or turned under in early summer. They can also be planted in August or early September and allowed to grow until killed by hard freezes. This leaves a thick protective mulch that is easier 10 manage in spring than a live rye crop. though the ~um of organic matter will be less. Sow 90-120 lb/acre.. Annual ryegrass is marginally winter-hardy in zone 6b (annual minimum -5 to 0 degrees F), and can either be planted in early spring or in August-early September. Ryegrass fonns an unusually dense root sysiem that gives excellent erosion protcccion, fosters good soil strUcture and "mops-up" leftover soil nutrients so they don't wash away. Unlike the three preceding crops, ryegrass ca11not be mow-killed, and must be spaded or tilled in. Rye and rycgrass are often confused, bu1 they arc easy 10 tell apart. Rye has the edible, wheat-berry sized seeds, while ryegrass has fme, fluffy seeds that look a lot like lawn grass seed. Sow 20-50 lb/acre. Sudan grass is a fast-growing, fros1-sensitive summer annual that can produce a tremendous nmount of biomass. le requires warm, fertile soil, and is well suited to planting after harvest of early spring vegetables like lettuce or peas. It suppresses weeds through both competition and allelopathy, and can be cut twice for mulch (prized by strawberry growers), compost mmerial or fodder (cawion: let it grow a1 least 24 inches tall, preferably more, before feeding to livestock, as young sudan grass contains toxic amounts of cyanide). The stubble may be subl.tantial enough 10 hold the soil over winter and add a li1tle organic matter when turned under in spring. Sow 20-50 lb/acre. Buckwheat is a mos1 useful green manure for shon fallow periods in vegetable culture. It can be planted any time after the las1 frost, up to the middle of August. Buckwheat emerges and shades the ground rapidly, choking out weeds. It reaches 2 to 4 feet and begins 10 flower about 30 days after planting, and should be mowed or turned under at most 45 days after planting 10 prevent self-seeding. Two or three successive plantings of buckwheat, followed by winter rye, with each crop tilled under, reduces populations of stubborn perennial weeds like quackgrass. Buckwheat is also excellent bee forage, and is good for mobilizing the phosphorus in a rock phosphate applica1ion. Sow 50-100 lb/acre. Clovers are small-seeded legumes that Stan slowly, but can fix 50 to 100 pounds of nitrogen if allowed to grow a full year. White clover is a low-growing (4-18 inches, depending on variety), long-lived perennial, and is suited to "living mulch" applications (be sure you don't confuse it with white sweetclover which can reach five to 10/eet). Red clover is taller (18-30 inches), faster-growing, shorter lived and very shade tolerant. ll is we11 suited to overseeding into established vegetables in August if moisture is adequate. Alsike clover is intennediate between white and red clovers, and is more tolerant of clayey, wet or acid soils. Unlike the 01hers, crimson clover is an annual, which can be planted in August or early September and wi11 overwinter in the milder pans of Kaniah (it's risky here in zone 6b). h can also be planted in early spring. ln addition to fixing nitrogen and producing 3 t0ns/acre of organic matter, crimson clover has spectacular deep red blooms. Sow clovers in early spring or late summer, 4-8 lb/acre for white clover, 8-15 lb/acre for red or alsike, and I5-25 lb/acre for crimson. Clover seedlings don't like ho1 sun, so it helps to plant oats at 35-50 lb/acre with the clover to provide light shade, then mow the oats at heading. Crimson clover can be mow-killed just after 0owering, while the other clovers cannot. Hairy vetch is a legume which has recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest. h is a winter annual vine with small purple flowers and can fix 100 to 250 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Vetch is hardy to zone Sa (annual minimum -15 to -20 degrees), although frost-heaving can be a problem if harsh freezes alternate wilh !haws. It can be planted in September, either alone or with rye, wheat or oats, at 20-30 pounds of vetch plus 50 pounds of grain per acre. Vetch/rye is an excellent combination because the rye is strong enough tO support the vetch vines in spring, 1he rye roots help prevent frost heaving, and the combination is more effective than either crop alone in stopping erosion, suppressing weeds and building humus. Also, vetch can be mow-kilJed once it has begun to flower, which happens about the same rime that rye sheds pollen. Other vetches include bigflower vetch (hardy in most of Katt.iah), common vetch and purple vetch, both of which are winterlcilled at 10 to 20 degrees F. Their residues release nitr0gen in the spring, thus these vetches may be valuable planted in August ahead of the next year's early spring greens. Sweet clovers are biennial legumes with very deep taproots that open the soil and bring up nutrients. White sweetclover likes rich, moist, somewhat clayey soil, and gets very large in the second season, while ye11ow sweetclover tolerates droughty, sandy soils and is somewhat smaller, about 4 LO 6 feet tall. Hubam sweetclover is an annual white variety that produces lots of organic maner in a short time, but may self-seed and become a nuisance weed. Sow sweetclovers in April or August at 12-18 lblacre. alone or wilh 35-50 lb oats/acre. Alfalfa, the "queen of forages" can also make a heavy nitr0gen-fixing cover crop and provide a highly nutritive mulch. Alfalfa is somewhat finicky, requiring deep, rich, nonacid soils high in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Under good conditions, it is a long-lived percMial lhot can be cut for several years for mulch, compost or forage. Sow a1 15-20 lb/acre, pn:fembly with oats at 35-50 lb/acre and/or timothy or other perennial forage gross at half its normal seeding rate. Mark Schon/Jeck Ph.D.•formuly a rcscarckr with Ntw t\lchtmy. is now inll()/vtd with tht fnstitutt for Sustainable Living. Wind.n..-ept Farm; Rt. I, Box 35: Chtck, VA 24072 which products {JII uctlltnt ncwsltlltr, TcJtinh. Sprlll<J, 1992 �Plant for Tomorrow: HEMP by John Ingress "Whal is c/wJ uncercainflush low on the ground, tlwt irresistible rush of mulci111di,w1LS green ? Aformigl,t later, and the field is brown no longer. Overflowing ir, burying it out ofsight, is the shallow tidal sea of the hemp, ever rippling. With that in view, all ocher shades in namre seem dead and coUIII for nothing. Far reflected, conspicuous, brilliant, strange; masses of living emerald, saturated wirlt blazing sunlight." •from The Reign of Law; A Talc or lhc Kentucky Hemp Fields by l=s Allen Lane (1900) Although the Earth has always had "environmentalists" - people and entire cultures who respect the forces of Nature and who try 10 learn from and work wirll those forces - our industrial/scientific society is coming 1ownrds environmentalism from the opposite pole: by discovering how pollution has disrupted the web of life. The thread that binds these issues is 1he non-sustainable nature of our dependence on fossil fuels (and u-ees, because forest habitats cannot be replenished a1 the rate at which treeS rue being cut). To dismiss hemp as a possible solution because ii is of the genus Camwbis with "marijuana" ( a pejorative misnomer) is akin to dismissing Galileo because "the world is flat." For the moment, let's consider only those varieties of cannabis referred to as "headache weed," containing little psychoactive THC. Hemp is one of humanity's oldest cultivated crops. The weaving of hemp fiber as an industry began 10,000 years ago (see Jack Herer, The Emperor Wears No Cloches, 1990). By the 27th century BC. the Chinese cultivated hemp for fiber, medicine, and herbal use. Since that time, cannabis has been continuously incorporated into virtually all the cultures of the Middle East, Asia Minor, India, China, Japan, Europe, and Africa, and its uses for oil, food, and relaxation were developed. The first laws governing hemp in 1he Americas were those requiring colonial Virginia fanners to grow hemp. Violators could be imprisoned. Washington grew i1, Jefferson smuggled Chinese seed at great peril; the first drafts of the US Constitution were written on hemp paper. The Census of 1850 counted 8,327 hemp plantations of 2000 acres or more, mostly in the South. In 1916, USDA Bulletin No. 404 reponed that one acre of cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20 year period, \\0Uld produce as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees, requiring no polluting chemicals. The hemp pulp technology wa~ invented by USDA scientists in 1916, but awaited the mvcntion of dcconica1ing and harvesting machinery. These arrived in the mid-10-la1e 1930's. at the same time as the DuPont Company was patenting processes 10 make plastics from oil and coal, as well as new Spn119, 1992 sulfate/sulfite processes to make paper from wood pulp. Coincidentally - some say conspiratorially - the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively outlawed the entire cannabis plant family on the basis of it's "reefer madness" properties. No1 only DuPont profits, but those of large timber holdings, were wriuen into law. (William Randolph Hearst, whose "yellow journalism" was instrumental in the marijuana scare, owne-0 hundreds of thousands of acres of timber, destined for newsprint). A working definition of sustainable agriculture might be those practices that assure the means of survival - food. fuel, fiber, and medicine. The mining and use of fossil fuels. unless absolutely necessary. is only "economical" in 1cnns of shon cerm profits. As Buckminis1er Fuller poinis ou1 in 1he book Critical Patl1, it took millions or years of pho1osyn1hesis, decay, and accumulation of organic material 10 produce the oil and coal we use today. By determining replacement values. he calculates gasoline to be wonh $2.'i million dollars per gallon! One might say it's priceless. Or. since burning it is killing the planet. one could say it has negative value when removed from the ground for applications for which a renewable, sustainable resource, such :is hemp. is available. The cannabis hemp seed is a complete source of vegetable protein, :ind the USDA food comparisons found hempsecd lower in saturated fats than any other cooking oil. including soy and cnnola.The byproduct of pressing hemp seed for its oil is a high protein seed cake. Hemp fiber makes fabrics that are stronger. more insulating, more absorbent, and tonger lasting than cotton. More than half the textiles we use today are imponed, due to environmental concerns and labor costs. Hemp requires little fertilizer, and no pesticides. Local industry could revive. Hemp is the world's most prolific source of plam cellulose, which is the basic raw material used for plastics, fabrication material, chipboard, fibelboard and other construction boards. For more than 3,500 years, cannabis has been, depending on the culture or nation, either the moi;1 used or one of the most widely used plants for medicines. If legal, i1 would immediately replace an estimated lO to 20 percent of all pharmaceutical prescription medicines and could be added, as extracts, 10 another 20 to 30 percent. From 1842 10 1900 ii made up half of all medicines sold, with vinually no fear of its "high." In 1937, the AMA and drug companies testified against the Marijuana Tax Ac1, because cannabis was known to have so much medical potential and has never caused any observable addictions or death by overdose. It is known to be helpful in ca.~s of asthma, glaucoma. tumors, nause:i resulting from chemotherapy or AIDS, epilepsy, back pain, and stress among its 100 or so kno\\ n applications. If we would let it. cannabis hemp could have a bright future providing humankind with food, fuel, fiber, an~~ medicine. fr For addiuonol informaJu,n on w u.ses of rhe MIii/i plan/, wme 10: Fnendsofllemp: Bo;(98/: Mars /lilt, NC 28754, x.cituah Journal. JJCllF t 7 �KATUAH CULTIVARS Cultivated Varieties of Vegetable and Fruits Recommended for Ka mah Bioregion We received a handful of Kaniah gardeners' lis1s of favorite fruil and vegetables varieties. The resulting list is a chefs' cornucopia. and generally includes personn.l favorites for productivity, taste, nuaition, and relative freedom from problems. Codes for seed sources for the more difficult-to-find varieties (when known) are included at the end of the article. Happy Gardening! We invite Katuah readers to send us your favorite varieties (esp. Open Pollinated {O.P.) or non-hybrid varieties) and your list of not-so-m:ommendcd varieties (this is also imponant info!) for developing a more comprehensive regional listing. Thanks for your giving... Perry Eury (Kalmia Center, Sylva, NC) -rates Red Jewel sweet poiato as a favorite! He continues to have problems with disease on legumes. but has had good luck with a crowder pea, Purple Knucklehull (SH). He highly recommends the recovered "Cherokee" Com, a delicious white com with pinkish blush-- makes lhe BEST cornbread! (from Cherokee Boys Club). Hueh Love! ( Union Agricultural Instirute, Blairsville, GA) -- Hugh is a CSA Producer, dedicated to regenerative, biodynamic agriculture. He loves the English green pea. Little Marvel which does not require staking in his intensive, three rows per wide bed spacings. Sugar Snap edible pod peas are a favorite with his cus1omers. He recommends Blue Lake Pole and Yellow Wax Bean, as productive, but recommends choosing "rust" disease rcsistanL varieties. He recommended Purple Top Tumips (greens and root multicrop!) and rape greens (Vates). Cherry Belle radishe~ are recommended for quick maturing spring radishes, and for Fall planting, Chjna Rose radish. Touchon is a great coreless carrot, and Bloomsdale Spinach is recommended as a standard. Hugh notes that spinach will last longer in the spring (nor "bolt") if you grow spinach with low levels of nuaients (esp. nitrogen). G}en Hubel (Certified Organic Grower. Waynesville, NC) has done well with edible podded pea Snowflake and Sugar Daddy, and the english pea Knight. He suggests the beans Easy Pie and the Yellow Wax bean, Gold Crop. He likes the shon season tomato Russian, but has had much "Blight" disease problems with his tomato varieties. His best crop is his potato crop including Kennebec, Purple Peruvians, Red Pontiac, Yellow Finn (SB) and rates Butte average. He recommend!. agains1 Yukon Gold because of potato bug problems (lururtm, might be a "trap-crop"! ). He has had good yields with Black soybeans and the edible at green-stage Butterbean soybean. His best crops are his lenuces, :IC4Nan JO\lf'nat PCUJe 18 recommending Red Oakleaf, Sangria, Lolla Rossa, and Red Romaine (SHP). Will Ashe Bason (Floyd Co.• south.of Blacksburg, VA) especially likes Lutz Greenleaf Keeper (SESE) bee!li, as the ~ I keeping. sweetest and mos1 render. He grows white, yellow and red po1a1oes, but has had worst "Scab" disease on reds which do 001 keep as well. He likes his yellow poiatoes best! He notes broccoli and cabbage do well. but need to be treated with the biological insecricide, Dipel (B1). He advises to plant fall varieties of cole crops and plant these seeds in late spring. He has found Sunroofs (the native sunflower, Jerusalem Artichoke) easy 10 grow and s1ores well in the l!:r0und over winter. He recommends blueberries as a fruit crop which tolerates warm early spells and l:11e frosts, but recommends additional peal or organic matter in the planting hole. Will states that Shiitake mushrooms are relanvely easy 10 inoculate int0 chestnut oak logs, but may require a year to get going, but then may "fruit " for years. He is especially happy with Scarlet Runner Beans, which are best in flavor, and make a ''preny good" dried bean. These are most easily shelled when ''perfectly" dry. He grows his beans in the garden space left available after the spring crop of snap peas (although this may eventually lead to disease problems in time- ed.) Mark Schonbeck (Instiru1e for Sustainable Agriculture, Windswept Farm, Check. VA) shares his favorite varieties of "non-hybrid, good flavored, nuaitious, with good keeping qualities, resistance to pests and diseases, and ease of haJvest and processing." (Whew! What criteria!) Windswept Farm gardeners were impressed by the grain sorghum. Mennonite (SESE), yielding over 7 lbs. of grain from a 100 square foot plot . The cooked grain iasted somewhat between wheat berries and brown rice (but had 10 be leached of the tannins from the grain by boiling and changing the cooking waters). Hickory King white flour com, although it grew 10 feet tall, survived thunderstorms, showed little earwonn damage, and had little mold or maggot problems. They no1ed that Purple Peruvian and Saginaw Gold potatoes had less potato beetle problems than other varieties. They had problems growing carrots in their poor soil but Danvers U6 carrot grew well withou1 becoming woody, and bad little weed problem. They especially favored Long Standing Bloo~dale spinach, with its excellent flavor and winter hardiness. They recommend several beans including Chinese Red (SESE) azuki beans (yielding equivalent 10 2500 lbsJacre), which grew without any Mexican bean beetle attack! Swedish Brown common bean had lower yields (eqiv. 1500 lbs/A.) but have an unusually good flavor. A local adapted pinio-type October Bean, obtained from a neighbor, yielded well and had slightly less bean beetle damage than other varieties. A Redkloud Kidney (SESE) bean was badly chewed by beetles, but managed to yield as much as the azulcis. Barbara Duncan (Herb Enthusiast, Franklin, NC) -- recommends her favorite perennial Greek Oregano (SHP) which she prefers for its ease-of-culture (although hard 10 genninate) and strong, distinctive taste. Lee Barnes (Plantsman, Waynesville, NC) - I've had repeatable success with Peruvian Purple potatoes tender, finger-sized and beautiful mixed with yellow or white potatoes in Potato Salad! Early Jersey Wakefield cabbage is more tender and sweeter than other varieties. Celery (Golden Self-Blanching and Giant Red(actually pinkish) (SB) does well if seeds are sown indoors early (60 - 90 days prior to transplanting). Favorite superhot peppers are Thai and Habanero (RCS) (great for hot vinegars, too (()() hot to eat!), which do best if transplan1ed after mid-May, or when soil 1empera1ures are greater than 00° F. My favorite eggplant is the tender "finger-shaped" Japanese varieties, and I'm currently addicted to the hybrid eggplant "khiban". Can anyone recommend an O.P. variety? Purple Top turnips are favorites!, while ruUlbagas and kohlrobi do very wcJI if sown 2-3 weeks earlier than for turnips. SESE • Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, P.O. Box 158, North Garden, VA22959 SH - R.11. Schumway. P.O. Box I, Graniteville, SC 29829 HA - Hastjng.s. P.O. Box 115535, Atlanta, GA 30310 SB -Seeds Blum, Idaho City Stage, Boise, ID 97333 SUP- Shephard's Garden Seeds, 6116 Highway 9, Felton, CA 95018 RCS- Redwood City Seed Co., P.O. Box 361, Redwood City, CA 94064 (See KJ # 32 Fall 1991 or master Resource List for additional seed sources.). By Lee Barnes Drawing by Rob Messick Spr\n4), 1992 �.. --BLOWING IN THE WIND by Charlone Homsher When 1 was growing up in southeastern Colorado, my family hnd a Sunday afternoon ritual. Every Sunday we drove to the wheal fields south of town lo check the moisture content of the soil. There were usually live or six children; sisters, brothers and cousins who piled out of the pickup. My father knelt on the ground and dug into 1he soil with his bare hands as we surrounded him waiting breathlessly. If the subsoil was moist Lhcn he held up his handful of din, triumphant. If it was dry, then the eanh sifted Lhrough his fingers. We all goL a chance to look at lhis little piece of eanh, wrenched up :IIld turned over by the sweat of man, the inner eanh which in some mysterious way would either give us an ample crop or wither the grain on the stalk. This memory of my father, first digging and than holding the soil in his palm in a gesture of triumph, is stlU vivid in my mind. More than anything else it symbolizes to me the ambivalent relationship he had to the eanh and 10 his inherited occupation of farmer. Before the Homestead Act of 1862 brought white seulers in hordes, there were no towns or setdements on the prairies. The Cheyenne and other Plains Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers. They found an ample supply of wildlife sheltered in the tal1 prairie grasses that grew as high as a man's chest. By the I 930's the virgin prairie grasses had been plowed under. Everyone knew the plowing was out of contr0l but no one could stop it. There was always a new wave of homesteaders detennined 10 farm. One of the excuses used for plowing up the prairies was I.hat the grasses were just weeds, after all; and like weeds everywhere, they would thrive on their own. Unfonunately the grasses never returned. What did grow back was a scraggly grass, euphemistically called buffalo grass, only a few inches high, nor high enough 10 sprout under the layers of sill deposited by the high winds. Not many people realize I.hat I.he dusrbowl didn't stop with the depression era. Even in the fifties, the fields were still blowing. A dustsronn that would lai;L for days could be sianed by one farmer. If a fanner plowed his field in a dry spell and the farmer next door happened to plow his at the same time, it could stan a chain reaction. The lifegiving topsoil from one field could blow overnight into the next county suffocating all vegetation in its path and causing the hair 10 fall off the backs of grazing animals. Once 1he prairies were plowed there was never a settled farm life. The eanh simply could not sustain the population. The first mass migration off the prairies were the Okies of the dus1bowl era who abandoned their small holdings for California. The postwar era continued the cons1an1 trickle of fanners into the cities. SprtncJ, 1992 Since the land was no longer fenile and intact as it was as a prairie, ii was the evolution of fann pracrioe LO acquire larger properties in order to make a profit This me.int depending on ever more sophisticated farm equipment LO handle all that land, and borrowed financing to pay for the whole operation. The foreclosures and farm auctions of the seventies and eighties where a result of the farmers' inability 10 repay their massive loans. Postwar govemment policies encouraged expansion, as did the ever burgeoning agribusiness industries. One of the biggest hoaxes ever perpetrated on the American fanner was the postwar sentiment that the American fanner was responsible for feeding the world. This grandiose responsibility with its heavy psychological load, was just more fuel for the expansionist fodder of big crops at any cost. Politicians stressed the imponance of the fanncr in protecting democracy, a responsibility that reached beyond national borders. (Empty bellies not only cause suffering but foment revolution.) The postwar farmer had a mission and a duty. Fanning is a pan of the myth of creation. The farmer is supposed to understand things 1ha1 other people don't. He works in cooperation with nature. He knows when to plant and when 10 harvest. The farmer feeds everyone. A land without its local farmers soon shrivels up and dies. or so the myth goes. Or at the very least the food prices escalate. The farmer as supposed to be the sail of the eanh, the real backbone of America, the man who keeps ii all going while the rest of the country runs amuck in the cities. At the same time he is expected 10 remain isolated, cut off from the mainstTCam of society, a laborer whose opinions are considered wonhless. The fnnner is dealing with some heavy propaganda from without and expectations from within. The fanners of the fifties ond sixties were nearly frantic in their push to mtiinstream fanning into the standnrd of living of the while middle class. Fanners wanted cash in the pocket, brick ranch houses and college education for their children. The very idea of making fanning a respectable profession is a historically brazen tissurnption. ln every civilized society the farmer is the low caste, the ignorant, humble servant of the soil. Here is another sticky contraclictlon. Farmers were forced off the fa.nm that they said they wanted 10 keep and lost a way of life that they professed 10 Jove, yet they pushed their children into learning skills that would be of use only in the cities, thus assuring that the way of life could not possibly be handed on. This could be seen as either a foresighted concern for future generations or a disinheritance. I never did find an easy answer 10 Lha1 one. When I was about fifteen my father drove me to lhe original family homes11:ad. We walked 10 the middle of the field behind the rock house between Lhe apple ort:hard and !he sandy banks of the dry creekbed. I hadn't been 10 that field in years. Dad pointed ar the bare eanh under the stubble of lhe last crop. With great solemnity, he told me that he had hired a water witcher (a dowser) who had said that there was enough wa1er in that panicul:!r spot for a well. The drilling crew was arriving the next day and he wanted me 10 know how things really stood. If they hit water, I would get to go Lo college. If no1 ... well ...1here was nothing worse for a young girl than lO rot in some dying farm town. I Ils arrirude was typical of the worry, fear, and despair of fann fathers of that era. In contrast to this dreary scenario, I am reminded of the description of small scale farmers in Japan in the wonderful philosophical treatise on nature and fanning, The One Straw Revolution. In that book, Masanobu Fukuoka describes how fanners of old Japan, before mechanization and before life got so frenetic, took off for a three month holiday in the winter 10 hunt rabbits in the mountains. They also wrote Haiku poetry. Fukuoka claims that there was even a time when fanning was considered a sacred work. In my family, of all the children who knell with my father in the fields and got that first lesson of the harshness of the Eanh and its potential fertility, lam the only one who still owns land and I do not own fannland. In an ironic cwist of fare it was the sudden, unexpected sale of my grandfather's ranch that paid for my piece of mountain. Over the years, l occasionallv run into one of the ex-fannboys with whom I grew up. Meeting them is very similar 10 how I have heard Vietnam veterans de..~be encounters \loith each other. Looking into each other's eyes we recognize the vast expanses of psychic space between our past and our present, the bridges that we have had 10 bum to travel such distances 00Cllinuod on page 32 Draw111g by Rob Messick Xatuah Jo\4rnm pQ()e 19 �~ 5 E p T E M B E A 0 11th • ~fore C.1ting wild edibles, be sure or their com!Ct Identity and proper preparation. Times may vary in your area. Native and naturaliud plant listings rcncct average beginning of �- .- 0 18th ~ - C r �"MEDICINE TRAINING" These are the words ofa traditional Cherokee medi'cine person: My grandfather was one of those who believe that everything has a spirit - the stones, the grass, Lhe soil, everything. To him, it was apparent that anybody could communicate and work with these beings. He believed that no one was any more magical than any other person. It was just a pan of being human, and civilization domesticated that part of ourselves, and turned everybody's reality around to whatever white man's reality is. Everybody had to have the same reality. As soon as I was born, he saw physical signs on my body thOt told him that I was destined 10 be a medicine man. One of the biological signs that he noticed were simian creases (sharply-defined creases extending from between the thumb and forefinger across the palm - ed.). I have two of them. When a baby is born in the hospital, western doctors look at it to see if it's eyes, teeth, nose, mouth, etc., are all in order, and then they check for simian creases, because they are a sign of Down's syndrome. Eight out of ten babies who have a simian crease have Down's syndrome. I had one on each hand. Now my grandfather had no idea what simian creases were or what Down's syndrome was. But he did notice that they were an unusual physical occum:nce on my body. There were other physical signs, but I don't know what they all were. He took the matter up with other old people that he talked with, and they all agreed with his interpretation of the signs. After that, r was preordained by my grandfather 10 be a medicine person and blessed by the elders. They gave me a naming ceremony. They held me up and called in all of Creation from all the directions and introduced me. Then they offered my spirit to the Creation, saying, "This is your relative. This is how he will be known." When I was a child, I would "make things happen." 1t was like fantasizing. 1 would see something happening in my mind, and it would occur. I could make somebody come over to my house. r could find something in the woods. Little things, but r was encouraged 10 exercise that ability. I was also encouraged in things that the white culture would consider foolish. If I came home and said that I saw some Little People in the woods, the adultS would said, "Well, that's great! What were they doing? How were they doing it?" In while society parents would say, "You're a fool," "Don't do thaL Act like an adult," or, if they were very liberal, "Ooh, he's got an imaginary play friend." Most of culture is just habits. If things don't work for you, over and over, then you drop them. If something works, over and over, then gradually it becomes part of your reality and then pan or your identity. And as a child the fact that r had certain abilities just became a fact of my life. I was encouraged in special ways 10 follow a certain direction. For instance, one of the very first memories I cnn remember was seeing a baby push out of a woman. Kids were nol normally allowed to be present for that sort of thing. But the elders thought that I was good luck, juSt by being the. '".~ause people thought that I was special, they reinforced it b) IJ>"..ating me that way. Of course, it didn'l take much to convince me that I was special! Everybody thinks that they have a special destiny. That's unders1andable, and it's true to a certain extent, but it very seldom comes oue in the way that we would like it 10. That was the way they began my training. It was the most natural thing in the world. A lot of it was just being raised by my grandparents and being around old people a lot of the time. Most of the kids my age grew up around fathers who had been in World War ll. My grandfather wns 69 years old when l was born. And as a boy he had lived with his grandfather, who had fought at Horseshoe Bend with Andrew Jackson. Through my grandfather, l had a direcl connection to those times. In my childhood adventure games I pretended 1 was hiding in the mountains during the Removal, eating grubs and bugs, and running from white soldiers with tall hatS. I lived in a world that in many ways was quite archaic. The Cherokee language that my grandfather spoke was an archaic version of the language they speak today. Growing up among these elders, pan of my thinking was archaic. I don't know if it was because of the way that I was raised, but I was more marurc than most males my age. r also had a sense of being content to be with myself. When I think of my childhood, r think of myself as being alone much of the time. That leaves a mark upon you. For one thing, it made me more peaceful being with myself. I never seem to need entenainment. l don't need diversion. My mind is all the diversion I need. My early training was just spending time with those old people. We might be out collecting sho-un or ramps, and we would run across a woman whose specialty was birthing. She would point out a plant and say, "This is good for teeth, cutting teeth, cutting teeth," she'd say. Or "Sore mouth," or "This is good for white tongue," (thrush). Another time we would meet somebody who had a lot of knowledge in another area. That was the way I teamed. lt was structured, but it wasn't a structure. It was spontaneous. Yee I had a sense that it was importanL The only les.wns r learned by rote were hem were long, but the formulas. Some of 1 they all have basic Structures and themes that run through them that make them simple to remember once you catch the pattern. The formulas were in a special ceremonial mode of the Cherokee language that was symbolic in its meaning and older even than the speech my grandparents used. A modem-day speaker would not be able to understand it. When you say, "Way up on high where the four black ravens rest, r call you down here, and r ask you 10 pull the black smoke all over this," what does that mean to a modern Cherokee? It doesn't mean a thing. But II is incredibly meaningful to me. Sprt.119, 1992 �Most of my training was learning how to learn. Leaming how to use my mind. They taught me by giving me the answers to questions· questions I hadn't even asked ye1. I had the answers; I had to find om what the questions were. h's a good way 10 learn. It talces a lot of patience. 1 might be walking with my gr.indfather or one of his friends, and we would sit down and build a fire, cook a little some1hing, and, as we were sitting there, he might say, "Ginseng." Or he might say, "lt's inside yourself." Or he might say, "It comes when all doubt is cleared from the mind." Just out of the blue. It would have no reference to any1hing that we were doing. The first few times, l started to ask questions, but after awhile I stopped asking qucs1ions. My grandfather would say, "You may not understand now, but you will understand. You're not ready for it. But lis1en. Pay attention to everything." "Don't trot around knowledge," he would say. "Knowledge without understanding is worse than tits on a boar bog, so wail Ir will come to you." And it has come to me. I have been caught up in new experiences, when I did not know what to do, and, all at once, the answer would be there, clear as a bell. I'd had the answer all along, and I had finally ran into the question. People talk to me about their life problems. Often they are going through a Jot of suffering. SomeLimes I feel like a third person sitting there watching myself talk to them and helping to solve their problems. rm not egotistical. I know where it's corning from. Still, T feel absolutely amazed. rm not me any more! That's the way my whole life has been: I've had the answers, but I haven't had 1he questions. fve been running into the questions throughout my whole life. In that sense, it has made my life easier. I don't know if I have run into all the questions yet. I'm still looking. though, because sometimes the answers will fit many questions. • canvas bag. He kept everything · absolutely everything • in this bag. I would be walking down the trail past a clump of bushes or a blackberry thicket, and all of a sudden he would sL,nd up in it. He scared me every time. He \\Ould just appear. And he'd grin. A1 that most people, even those who knew him, would run. But he was a boyhood friend of my grandfather, and I think my grandfather was his only friend. He never manied, and, when my grandfather died. in his own way he took responsibility for me for awhile. This wasn·t much, because he was very seldom around. But he always appeared when I needed him · every time r needed him. Owl did magical things. He was the one who taught me how to eliminate doubt in my mind. And that's the best gifL he ever gave me. Eliminating doubt makes magic happen. I was brought up with no limits as to what my mind could do. but then, as I got older and exposed to other people, they put doubt in my mind. Owl taught me how to remove that doubt. He did not give me a set of simple instructions like, ~stick your nose in your ear, and this will all go away." It was a combination of things. He said that 10 clear the doubt out of my mind I had to go through a rational, linear process. It was something that one had 10 be taught over a period of time. And with my formal experience of magic, it didn't talce me very long to learn it. Talso learned how to focus. If I can visualii.e something, and see it in my mind, and hold it in my mind, and do it in my mind • and drop it! - it never fails. When I was a child, I could do it easily. But as I grew to be an adult and developed doubt. I had a more difficult time. The fonnulas would help me to keep my focus, son of like daydreaming. * One of the old men was a special person to me. He was a medicine person. People came to him for conjuring and docroring, and he was good at it. I always referred to him as Owl, but that wasn't his name. He was probably six foot four, if you straightened him out, but as a child his leg had been broken and badly set, and he leaned over to the left. He also had an eye that hnd been damaged, so that although he could see ouc of it, it was puckered up into a fearsome squint. He was a fierce, mean-looking old man, but he was as gentle, caring, and loving as he was scary-looking. He always had a long World War I overcoat with him. I can remember Lhe big brass buuons that went all the way down the front. When he wasn't wearing his coat, he would roll it up, tie strings around it, and carry it over one shoulder. On his other shoulder he would carry a funky old 1 I remember a scene that happened repeatedly. Owl and I would be walking down a trail, and I would be talking to him, when suddenly he would grab me by my shirt and pull me into the bushes. "Stand still and be quiet," he would say. We would stand there, sometimes for ten minutes. Then 1 would hear somebody coming down the trail and look up. It would invariably be somebody that Owl didn't want to see. After the person was gone, I would say, "How did you know he was coming?" Re would say, "You know it, 100! You know it, tool But you're so goddamn busy chattering and talking. Busy! Give yourself a break." He would say, "You know everything." faery time I would ask Owl weighty, involved questions looking for profound answers, he would just look at me and shake his head. He'd say, "You kMw I.he answer," and I.hen "Goddamn it, you don't need no teachers." And it's true. That's the big lesson. The minute we become leaders or followers, we have lost our power. Owl also taught me the imponant principle that most things don't maucr, and I don't have any place to go anyhow. When 1 somehow indicated that I had learned this, he was delighted. "You got it!" he said." That's absolutely wonderful! lf I've never done anything else in my life, this is the greatest thing I have ever done!" /..;:.!Ill" He was great. p- End of PART I ) Drawings by Troy Scwa Sprt.mJ, Hl92 C �., ~ PROTECTING THE PARK AND THE BIOREGION Nanni World News Service Since itS dedication in 1940, the Great Smoley Mountains National Parle has been the crown jewel of the Southern Appalachian ecosystem. The Park is protected as a de facw wilderness throughou1 much of ilS 550,000 acres and is the keystone of the natural habitat in the southern mountains. The Parle occupies a cemral location in the region and acts as a preserve for rcmnanlS of the original old growth forest and many rare and endemic species of plant and animal life. It is a natural habitat large enough to accept ~introductions of wide-ranging mammals like the red wolf and the ouer. It is a dispersal poim from which species can migrate to replenish the the three million acres of less protected national forests that sWTOund its borders. Eoologically, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is of great importance as a stabilizing factor 10 the natural life community of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The Great Smokies Parle also stands as the ecological standard by which we judge the health of the rest of the forest. But although the Park is pro1ec1ed on the ground throughout most of its area, the Park ecosy~tem is deteriorating from pervasive polluuon that drops from the skies. Because of the high altitude of 1he Park's highest ridges, clouds carrying contaminants gather a1 their creslS and drop their deadly burdens. Thus, atm0spheric pollution that affects the w~ole re~on tends to be concentrated at high alntude s11es such as those in the Great Smoky Mountains Na1ional Parle. The Park acts as a barometer for the ecological health of the region as a whole. 1:"10.w the Park is also sailing fonh as a flagship in the defense of the regional ecosystem. Under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, most national parlcs and some of the larger wilderness areas are defined as Class r meaning that no significant deterioration of ' the air quality in those areas is 10 be permiued. Yet continued indusaial d~elopment constantly increases the already senous pollution that is undem1ining the ecological health of the Park and the mountain forests. Thus, in the fall of 1991 James M. Ridenour, Direc1or of 1he National Park Service ~S) of the federal Deparunem of the lmenor issued a statement declaring that proposed developments near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia would have an adverse ecological impact and were unacceptable under the tenns of the law. ln Tennessee, Ridenour's s1mement referred specifically to a proposed expansion b%" me Eastman Chemicals Company in Kmgspon that would include construction of a new$ I00 million coal-fired boiler that woul~ spew 1,542 tons of nirrogcn oxide per year mto the atmosphere. Ni~gen oxide is a precursor of atmosphenc 01.0ne. Resource specialis1s in the Park have already identified 95 plant species that show signs of damage from ~mne contamination, indicating that pollution m the Park already is extensive. NPS researchers also point out that since 1950 visibility in the Park has declined 40%, and the famous blue haze from which the Great Smoley Mountains derived their name has turned into a siclcly gray or a poisonous-looking yellowish white pall depending on the season. ' Because of aonospheric contmination "Soil and water resources are at serious risk " wrote NPS Regional Director James Col~ in a letter 10 the State of Tennessee expressing the Service's opposition to the Eastman expansion project The NPS holds that any debilitating influences within a circle tha1 extends 120 miles around the Park in all directions would adversely affect the air quality of the protected area. LICENSE TO DUMP Nanni World News Service . ~n E~vir?nroental Protection Agency adm1mscranve Judge on February 12 struck ~own challenges.to the discharge permit ISsued to Champion lmemational Co. allowing them 10 put was1es from its Canton papermaking plant in10 1he Pigeon River. The primary objections came from the Dead Pigeon River Council, an organization of downstream residents. The group's ma.in complaint is that dioxin produced in the plant is affecting 1heir health and the health of the environment below the mill. They are also concerned about the color and odor of 1he river\ "':'hich are evidence of the heavy waste load It 1s forced to carry and are hurting the economies of the towns below the Canton plant The five-year discharge pem1i1 has been stalled in coun since 1989. Confident of victory, the company has proceeded with a $250 million modernization plan for the antiquated paper mill, installing new, non-chlorine bleaching lines and water mwcrs for recycling water that may cu1 river use by one-third. The company hopes 10 approach a 50-unit color limit that during the ~nnit c~ntt;?versy ~our years ago i1 &aid was 1mposs1ble 10 attain and would force closure of the plant. The Dead Pigeon River Council is deciding whether 10 appeal the judge's rulmg. ECOTAGE, Nanni World.Newt Service '' In what might be another case of "ecotage" in Karuah, over $50,000 wonh of damage was done to various pieces of logging equipment in the Buck Creek and Rich Mountain Areas of Macon County on February 2, 1992. lnves1igators claim that the incident is the worst recent example of apparen1 ecotage directed at the timber industry in western Nonh Carolina, stating that virtually every piece of equipment on the rwo sites was affected. The saboteurs punctured truck and skidder tires, cut elecaical wires on bulldozers, cut hydraulic and air lines on other equipment, and placed tacks on roads leading to the sites. According to officials of Hennessee hardwood, one of the timber companies hit, new skidder tires will cost $1025 each, and the hydraulic lines will cost from $60 to $400 apiece to replace. Hilton C3bc. an independent logger whose equipment was damaged, said he has no insurance 10 repair or replace his equipment, and Jack Hennessee, Jr. stated that the deductible is so high on his insW'ance that damage suffered by his equipment would not be recovered. No individual or group has come forward to take responsibility for the action, but the loggers are certain the sabotage was a protest against logging in the national forcs1s. "(lbe ecotage) is against the timber industry," logging contractor Lloyd Cook, also of Macon coun1y. told the Asheville Citizen-Times. "They've started a war. 11 looks like we are going to have to defend ourselves. They are not playing fair." The Hennessee company plans to hire security persoMel to guard their logging sites. "They brought it to me," said Hennessee to the Citizen-Times. "I didn't take it to them." Forest Service investigators and Macon County law enforcement officers reported that they bad found foot and tire prints at the sites. On February 6 the Macon Coun1y Chapter of the Western North Carolina Alliance posted a $200 reward for "infonnation leading to the arrest and conviction" of the perpetrators. However, at press ume no progress had been made in the investigation. CUB KILLERS ARRESTED Naunl Wnrld N""'• Scr,,,cc A mother bear and her three newborn cubs were killed by poachers on January 3, J992. Michael Lee Correll of Black Moun1ain, NC was arrested and charged wi1h the slaying. Another man and two women, also from Black Mountain, were charged with transponing a bear out of season. The crimes are all misdemeanors and carry a fine of at lea.,t $2,000 per offense plus a restitution cos1 of $1,035 for 1hc bear. The two men said that they were raccoon hunting when their dogs roused the mother bear. Apparently the mother bear was denning on the ground and was awakened and frigh1ened by the hun1er~. She died, nm only a vicLim of poachers, bur also of a lack of mature den rrees in which she could hide during her winter dormancy. Spr1.t19, 19!12 �RADIOACTIVE SURPRISE Narunl World News Service A congressional hearing held before Rep. George Miller's Interior Committee heard evidence that barrels of hazardous materials sent from Oak Ridge Tennessee came with a free surprise in every barrel radioactive waste! The hearing was caJled after journalist Peter Schenkel of the Stare-Times Moming Advocate in Baton Rouge, LA collected irrefutable evidence that the Martin Marietta Company, contractor 10 the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Oak Ridge, TN nuclear weapons complex, had been mismanaging radioactive waste. Since 1980 the company has sent about 10,000 tons of hazardous wastes containing small amounts of radioactive materials to 16 commercial incinerators not licensed to handle such substances. The company knew it was violating regulations. All references to uranium were whited out from shipping orders. Clyde Hopkins, the president of Martin Marietta, told the congressional committee that the documents were altered for "national security reasons." Leo Duffy, specialist in waste handling for the DOE, disavowed any DOE responsibility, saying that if Martin Marieua thought that changing documents was a proper interpretation of DOE regulations, the company was very wrong. Martin Marieua's actions were not only inappropriate, but also clearly illegal, in violation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, and state regulations. However, no criminal investigations have yet been begun in the case. Ralph Hutchison, of the Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alliance (OREPA), said, "What happened was that Martin Marietta unilaterally decided that there was not enough radiation in the wastes to worry about Although the toxic substances contained more radiation than they were allowed 10 bum in their own incinerator, they still sent the shipments on to other private facilities. The company in effect established its own private BRC (below regulatory concern) levels." Journalist Schenkel was investigating Rollins Environmental Services, a large hazardous waste processing facility in Baton Rouge, in January of 1991 when he discovered documents indicating that they may have received waste materials from Martin Marietta Energy Systems that were contaminated with radioactivity. As Schenkel probed deeper, he began to run into the kind of roadblocks that suggested that he was onto a story that was bigger than he had expected. llis persistence uncovered the Martin Marietta activities. Fearing a scandal, the company stopped all off-site shipments of hazardous wastes during the summer of 1991. Shenckel is not content that the full implications Martin Marietta's actions have been revealed. He was quoted in the OREPA newsletter as saying, "I am not convinced by any degree that they know the full extent of radioactive material released." Sprlf\9, 1992 He said that papers recently procured from Oak Ridge give chemical analyses of the shipments. They show the presence of cobalt, strontium. and yttruim, which can occur naturally but often arc radioactive isotopes. The chemical analyses give no clue as to their isotopic form. When Schenkel asked, "Were any of these radioactive isotopes?", company representatives admitted that they did not know and no longer had any way of finding out. What is clear is the nature of Martin Marietta management. Ralph Hutchison says, "Martin Marietta took over (as the major contractor in Oak Ridge) in 1983 after Union Carbide was caught with mercury on their hands, and Martin Marietta has supposedly been doing everything right. Now in the last month we find out that they have been doing the same old stuff." "A PATTERN OF ABUSE" Natural World l',cws Savsu The firing of Karin Heiman (see Karuah Jour110l #31) as a US Forest Service botanist was not an random incidence of arbitrary authority. Repression against employees who arrive at conclusions contrary to agency policy has been a common occurrence in the Forest Service. This was uncovered in hearings held by the Howse of Representatives Civil Service subcommiuee, chaired by Rep. Gerry Sikorski (0-MN). The comnunee found that the Forest Service offered harsh punishment to whistleblowers, even when they were pointing out illegalities in Forest Service activities. At the close of the hearings on January 23. Rep. Sikorski said, "This needs to 1,c investigated by the Depanment of Justice. There is a pattern of abuse. There is a pattern of ignorance. There is a pattern of delay and retaliation." NATURAL WORLD NEWS BRIEFS NO RADIA TION...THIS TIME The truck was wheeling down I-26 on February 27 when just outside of Asheville, NC flame spouted out from one of the wheels. A Buncombe County sheriffs deputy pulled the truck over and Sgt. N. K. Goering of the State Highway Patrol appeared on the scene. It was just another breakdown. "It appears that it was a just a truck that broke down and this particular truck happened to be carrying a radioactive product." What?! Yes, radioactive waste, going from Northern State Power Co. in Monticello, MN to the Barnwell Waste Management Facility in Barnwell, SC. "Until I obtained all my readings, I was concerned," said Sgt. Goering. State troopers carry geiger counters in their vehicles? Apparently the possibility of a nculear accident has become accepted as a probability. "You never know what kind of wreck you might be called to," said Goering, "because you never know who is going up and down the highways." Maybe this is something we need to know. The fire m the radioactive waste truck was contained. No radiation was released. It was just another day on the highway...this time. tnforma1ion from ,~ Asheville Ci1i1.cn-T1mca or '1.mfn. "Warh.tod WatcMrs" art o,-ganizing to monitor move=nt of truck comY>ys carrying nuclear weapons maJcriaJs on 1-40 and 1-26 /OWdl'd tht Trilknl Submarine base in St. Mary's. GA. For in/ormolion on becoming a Warhead Watcher, call Amy Mozingo (704) 253-3854. • To protect imperiled aquatic species and their habitats, the NC Wildlife Resources Commission has submitted a proposal to the state Environmental Management Commission asking that portions of 33 watersheds in IO of the state's river basins be protected as High Quality Waters. Included are portions of the New, the Watauga, the Tuckasegee, the Linville. and the Little Tennessee Rivers. • The "Ballenger bill," proposed by conservative Rep. Cass Ballenger, a Republican from North Carolina's 10th District, has passed the House and awaits action by the Senate. The bill would protect the Lost Cove and Harper Creek areas in the Posgah National Forest. Sen. Terry Sanford (D-NC) has introduced a companion bill in support of Ballcnger's legislation. • Charles Taylor is the best friend the local timber industry has in Washingt0n. It's true - he said so himself before a meeting of the Multiple Use Council, a timber lobbying group. • A Superior Coun judge in Wake County ruled that the town of Highlands needs no environmental impact statement 10 build a sewage treatment plant that would dwnp 500,000 gallons of treated sewage a day in the Cullasnja River. The citizens group Save Our Rivers immediately appealed the judge's ruling and asked for a restraining order 10 stop work on the project until the appeal is heard • Ten otters were reintroduced into streams arounci the Great Smoky Mountains National Park last February. Six were released into Cataloochec Creek and two more pairs were released into Hazel Creek and the Little River. Three of the Otters released in Cataloochee were pregnant females expected to bear young this spring. NII/IJroJ World N~ws I, rdilrd •, e-m Crundit,:rr. �WHOSE RULES? The Drinking Water Protection Controversy in North Carolina "ll's the biggest cave-in in the history of the Environmental Management Commission. lt's remarkable that big money overpowered science and public suppon." This was the conclusion of Bill Holman, environmental lobbyist in the Nonh Carolina state legisl.nrure, about the change in the watershed protection rules proposed by the state's Environmental Management joined the campaign after it got going, but the finances and the strategy came largely from big urban developers in the three metropolitan areas. The development consortium had paid little attention to the 1990 public hearings. In 1991 they turned up the heat. They called up association. Carla DuPuy was formerly a eouniy commissioner in Mecklenburg County. Barnes is from Wilson, NC and Brady is a lawyer from Lenoir. . . ~Wc~s~ ~~~-~:f~~i~~f~:~ , . 'liearings on regulations adopted in 1990. The original regulations, created in 1990 under a mandate from the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act passed by the state legisl:uure in 1989, were designed to protect sources of pure drinking water for towns and cnies across the stale. They basically set up two areas around a lake or an intake point from a river from which drinking water was drawn: a critical area, one mile around the water supply point, and a protected area, five miles around the water supply point. Watershed iypcs were graded according to the amount and iype of development that would be allowed within the critical areas. A WS-1 watershed was the highest grade. in which the entire area was essentially publicly owned and development was not allowed. Residential developmenr was limited from one house per every two acres in a WS-Il area 10 one house per acre in a watershed graded WS-IV. Industrial and large commercial development, like large shopping malls, were prohibited in the critical areas or WS-Il and WS-ITI watersheds, which were designated as primarily residential or agricultural areas. These restrictions raised the ire of well-monied and powerful developers. ln the words of the Charlotre News and Observer, ''The developers realii.ed that the standards the commission approved in 1990 were real con1rols. They actually would protect the water permanently - and thus could threaten the making of forrunes of the quicker, dirtier son." The developers argued thru the EMC had substantially changed the rules since the public hearing, and therefore the commission should hold more hearings. Leadcrniip for the eonsonium came from a development project in Durham called Treybum. The two developers of that project are Clay Hamner and Terry Sanford. Jr.. Also involved were the North Carolina Homebuilders Associntion; Duke Power's Crescent Land and Timber Company; John Crosland, an intluential homebuilder in Chnrloue; the Cornwallis Development Company, which is a subsidiary of Coon Mills textile company; the backers of an0ther project called Watt Creek Park, an industrial development in the City of Burlington's watershed; and prominent developers in Guilford County. Most of the energy for this effort came from the Piedmont. Some of the smaller developers in the mountains, and some of the agricultural interests - like the Fann Bureau :KatilM Journm pO<Jf 26 connections, pulled strings, and contacted local builders and real estate companies across the state to pack the local hearings. As a result the hearings were divided · often bincrly (sec Koruah Journal #32). Because of the public interest, the EMC extended the comment period. They received 2,652 leuers, the most comment the commission had seen on any issue except hazardous waste. Ninety percent of the tellers were in favor of retaining the stricter watershed conirols. But apparently hearing rooms are not where government policy is formed. The developers pulled strings W1Lh the EMC and organized a campaign to frighten local officials about watershed regulation. lf the watershed protection regulations were kept in place, they maintained, economic development in the Stale of North Carolina would cease entirely. The members of 1he EMC wilted under the heal. They repudiated 1he1r fonner conclusions and offeted up a watered-down version of their own proposals. Of a panel of six hearing officers, four supported weakening the rules. and two were opposed. The four supporters were Virgil McBnde, Doug Boykin, Robert Griffith, Carla DuPuy, while Cllnrlic Brady and Michael Barnes opposed the changes. Boykin and Griffith are developers themselves. Virgil McBride was fom1crly a lobbyist. Although he never lobbied for development intercsis directly, he worked for industries closely connecting to development and construction, primarily the trucking Orawu,g by Midu,el Thompson In the end, by a vo1e of 11-5 the EMC cul the size of the critical area in half, from one mile to one-half mile in radius. The new rules doubled the amount of residential development allowed in WS-JI and WS-UJ areas, to one house per acre in WS-n areas and one house per one-half acre in WS-m areas. Under the new regulations industrial development and shopping malls are allowed in the WS-ll and WS-lll areas (only landfills are prohibited), if they do not discharge wastes directly into the streams and lakes from which people will be obtaining their drinking water. In a WS-IV area industrial discharge is allowed directly into the scream. The new, weakened regulations do not go mto effect until 1994, so developers have two years to begin projects that would not come under the junsdiction of any watershed protection rules. Bill Holman's assessment is that, ''The hearings were only for show. Big money working behind the scenes gulled the rules." Whereas the earlier watershed protection regulations were drafted with assistance from environmentalists, business people, local governments, and scientists, '"There was no technical basis in the hearing record for the changes that were made. There's nothing in the hearing record that said it was alright to double tl1e density of development in protected watersheds. There_ was n01hing in the hearing records that said u was alright to have indusoial developmenL The changes were totally political. h was government behind the scenes," Holman Sprl.nq, 1992 said. �Observations by commission mem~r Barnes seem to verify Holman's conclus10n. "I never saw any facts and figures 10 change what we passed in 1990 10 what we have here today," Barnes Lold the Asheville Citizen-Times. Holman said that conservation groups are going to appeal the EMC vote on the watershed protection regulations and that they are going back to the State legislature to ~sk for more specific drinking water protecnons 10 be enacted inLo law. The threat to people's health and well-being resulting from inadequate protection of drinking water supplies is real indeed. However, the drinking water controversy also brings to light broad questions about how decisions are made in Nonh Carolina. The Environmental Management Commission is the policy-making board for the Deparunent of Environmental Management (DEM), part of the Depanment of Health, Environment. and Resources. Many of the s1affo~the pEM have.scientific credentials, but their acnons are gwded by the EMC, which consists of lay people, chosen for their influence and political orientations more than their expertise. And chosen not by the people of the state, but by !h~ go,vernor, who appoints 13 of the comm1ss1on s 17 members, and by the lieutenant governo~ and the speaker of the house, who each appoint two. The Environmental Management Commission makes important decisions, as the present controversy shows. These appointed members of a government commission have great power over sia~e policy the future of the land, and the hves of many people. Yet the~ 3:e insulated ~ro.m informed scientific opinion and pubhc input. rn effect they constitute a ruling elite, ostensibly legal and aboveboard, duly . constituted by state law, yet more responsible 10 powerful special interest groups a_nd state power brokers than to any democrauc institutions or interest in the natural environment. The actions of commissions like the EMC are shielded from public panicipation and control, and are carried out largely unnoticed except in cases such as the drinking water proteetion controversy. The public does not often get to see the degree of power wielded by the members of _th: Enviromental Management Comnuss10~ and the others like them, much less to be pnvy to the directives coming from the high officials who appointed them. l~ their ~c~ons ~ere more visible, the resulung pohc1es rrught be quite different. People need clean drinking water. Aquatic habitats need protection from development. And the power of "government behind the scenes" must be broken. - by David Wheeler BIG IVY The hiker moves quietly, in awe of the great trees beneath which she walks: u_ntil she is brought up short by a splash ofbnlban1 color on the forest floor. A small cluster of the rare Gray's lily shine in the dim forest light. A short way down the the trail her eye is drawn by the bright yellow of broadleaf coropsis, and, there! - t~e pale be~uty of~ bleeding heart plant. This clearly 1s a special place. This is Big Ivy. . Located in the Black Mountains beneath the much-visited Craggy Gardens, the Big rvy area is less well-known but. in its own way, equally as beautiful and scientifically perhaps much greater in importance than the popular scenic attraction above. Big Ivy contains large areas of old-growth forest and a long list of rare plant and animal species. Thirty-two rare plants (including 18 listed as "rare" in the State of North Carolina and 14 species that are "watch-listed" in the state) and eight rare animal species inhabit the area. The large patches of old-growth forests, a disappearing habitnt in the Sou.thern Appalachians, account in part for the vanety of unique species in Big Ivy. But an unusual geological formation has given to the area soils that are "circumneutral," nearly neutral in pH, compared to ~e aci<l;ic soils gene~ly found in the mountains. This has resulted 10 a number of plants and plant as~iati~>ns n?t found in other areas of the Katuah b1oregion. Big Ivy is critical to the overall biodiversity of the Southern Appalachians. But all is not idyllic in Big Ivy. Because of its diversity, the area has c_ome under much scientific study, and sc1enus1s feel that conditions in Big Ivy are declining largely due to timber sates, which have caused loss of endangered habitats and rare species as well as fragmentation of the irreplaceable old growth forest. The area is at a critical Drawing by Mich11el Thomp,on Spri.NJ, 1992 moment: there are healthy habitats and populations yet in Big Ivy, but each succeeding activity in the forest m~es new inroads into already-threatened habitat areas and further tips the balance toward irrevocable destruction. The big trees, however, offer an irresistable lure co loggers and the US Forest Service which concrols the area. In July of 1991 th~ Toecane Ranger District rel~ a draft environmental assessment for a nmber sale in Sugarhouse Cove. The assessment designated approximately 2,3~ acres of timber in the project area as ''swtable f~r cutting." Mentioned in the plan altem~nves was the construction of about four miles of new road into a previously undisturbed area. The response from area scientists and environmentalists has been blunt and passionate. Local biologists and botanists in particular, have offered Lhe USFS the benefits of their research and learned opinions about how a logging ope~tion. would affect the rich diversity of this unique area. Among them is Jim Patrenka, a . biologist at the University ofNonh Carolina Asheville, who in a scoping letter.to the USFS informed the agency that his research indicates that every acre that is clearc~t in Sugarhouse Cove will mean the derruse of some 3 200 salamanders, including members of rare ~d threatened species. This is a death rate, according 10 Patrenka, that will ~ a chronic depression of salamander populanons in the area. Biologists in other specialties share Patrenka's concerns. In the past, accord!ng to local activist Haywood Greer, planned umber sales in the Big Ivy area hav~ caused. some friction between Forest Service officials and scientist.s working with the Nonh Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, who objected to the damage that would be done by the logging activities. Other i:e~hers have found lhm p1m timber upc:niu~~~ in the area have decimated local commumues of sensitive plant species, such as goldenseal, whose recovery has been very slow, if the species is recovering at all. Right now the proposed lo~ing in Sugarhouse Cove is on hold.~n~ng further studies of the plant commumn~,; 10 tJ:ie planned sales units. These s1ud1es will be carried out this spring. Hopefully they, combined with the weight of scientific_ opinion, will dissuade the Forest Se~1ce . from carrying out their plans to cut umber m Sugarhouse Cove. AnOLher action being considered by the Forest Service is the construction of riding trails through Big Ivy for the benefit ~fa nearby commercial riding stable. While.some people would be able to have pleasant rides through the old growth f~st areas, they would unwittingly be cau~m~ severe effects 10 the forest they were enJoying. Big Ivy does not need 10 be logged or suffer rides-for-pay 10 be of value. The area is of greater value as it is: This val_ue can be maintained by only one sunple acnon: to leave it alone. Big Ivy is just too special to end up being just another timber sale. • by Emmm Grw1djgger ond David W~elcr ~ �Wblz Wisdom (01' the Two Uggeds DRUMMING DearKatuah, I found your anicles on the past history and possible future desirability of human use of fire to influence Southern Appalachian ecology t0 be most interesting, and l believe that fire could be a valuable tool for ecosystem management At pxescnt we have 100 much early successional habitat in Kauiah, and we should, for now, lay down the tools (such as fire) that reverse succession. Organic matter is a critical element in the regeneration of new forest soil. The soil organic mauer harbors the life of the soil. It is where microorganisms live, grabbing nutrientS and cycling them back into plant growth, instead of losing them to erosion or leaching. Microorganism.~ also attack rock particles, breaking them down 10 create new soil. Organic mauer also keeps I.he soil cool and moist, protecting plants' fine root hairs and giving I.hem a fertile medium in which 10 grow, thus keeping up plant growth and production. Burning destroys organic mancr, and we should be encouraging and conserving it to nourish the next generation of I.he forest There is also I.he possibility that the greenhouse effect will result in massive fires. We need to protect the forest against that as well. Since the arrival of the white man, cool, moist habitatS have been greatly decreased, and xeric, hot sites have been greatly increased throughout the region as a whole. There arc plenty of overgrazed slopes near human habitations which would suppon pines and oaks. If we want pines, let's plant them on overgrazed hillsides. If we want oaks, let them invade our pines. Cool, moist, habitats are under auack in Katuah, while hot, dry ones are all too abundant Don't play with fire. Sincerely, Jesse Jones Asheville. Swannanoa River Watershed Dear Ka11lal1 staff, What I'd like 10 know is this: how do you do it?! lime after time you people keep coming up with inspiring themes and relevant materials and then laying it all out in visually inviting spreads which seem to get beucr and better all the time? David Wheeler's anicles in the recent Fire issue, as is usual with his work, speaks so clearly and comprehensively. Rob Mes~ick's excellent organic artwork produce depth and flow. I can't imagine the tremendous amount of work, much I'm sure donated, going into the production of each Katuah! What a sense of pride it must be for all involved when it finally slides together and goes to print. Being an "outsider" from over in the Ohio ruvcr Bioregion, I find the journal none the less relevant and immediluely meaningful. At our Solstice gathering l passed the latest issue around and many jotted down your address, so expect to hear from Lhem soon. (Raves on Rob's tunle on the back cover). Hoping the coming seasons bring all of you much peace and contentment, inspirations and joy. Sincerely, Dave Ort Phoc,, councsy or lhc Mounl.lDI Hcriiqc Center Dear Editors, l discovered Ka111ah Journal at Mountain Crossings in Blairsville, GA last summer. That well worn issue has been re-read on many occasions - its time 10 subscribe! While I currently don't reside in Katuah, this summer I'll be moving closer 10 Cherokee County, GA. r wani to rap into the Kauiah spirit and become aware of the environmental issues and concerned people of the area. The Appalachians have always been like home for me, maybe because I spent my childhood summers there. Keep up the good work and positive efforts. Piss not into the water, nor on any mother, child, or father. Water is not the proper medium to relieve repeated bladder tedium. Piss off the walk, path, pavement, or road, piss not on flowers, birds, or toads. Piss near, never on, the plants and trees where no one cares, hears, or secs. To kill poison ivy or athletes feet join Latinos: peace on cet. Never piss in the same spot twice, not anywhere that h's not nice, nor within the sight of prigs or wardens. Piss near borders, hedges, gardens. Piss on national, state, jurisdictionnl boundaries on conventional and nuclear weapons foundaries. Follow wolf and coyote 10 the reaches of your domain. Piss on dogturds and cowpies, mountain and plain. Piss not on the trail, campflIC, bed, or nursery, nor writing cursive, cursorial, or cursory. Piss not on any creature, especially fishes, nor hasty love, slow rage, good wishes. Piss not on tools, machines, electrical devices, electric fences, antennae, nor ho1wire splices, not TV sets nor video games, tho' temptation may be great. Piss on prejudice, injustice, hate. Piss on all oil spills and spillers. Piss on dream-, plant-, or animal killers. Piss on soil and compost heaps, never on sailers, flyers, or creeps. Piss on dirtied or painted stones on sca1tered or unburied bones. Put piss little by little where it belongs, nor in sink, creek, spring, or ponds. Give proper pisscrs privacy and honor. Piss on llfe-pissers, messers, conners. Piss on anyone caught on fire with anything less than true desire. Piss not intO Lhe wind nor in the water but on the idea that it doesn't mauer. - version read at Coifee House one night, Fall,1990 by Erbin Crow.from his legacy SPRJNG Sincerely, Nancy Moreland Kasuah Peoples, Another tender, angry, beautiful, and compelling year of Kamalr Journal! This last year's writings and illustrations were exceptionally insuuctive and reverent. In what other publication does lhis combination of an, education, acnvism, and prayer exist? 1 love you very much, Nancy Ligni12. Old winter has retreated 10 the nonh, her snowy remnants wasting into pools that feed the swelling bulbs and heave life fonh • all bursting cells and swarming molecules. · Caroline Rowe Marrens �SAVING WILD SEEDS by Lee Barnes Individuals should sttive to collect, preserve and increase their bioregions' remaining wild and cultivated plant genetic diversity. (See "Seed Saving to Preserve Biodiversity," Ka11,ah Journal# 32). While the best means of protecting a region's genetic heritage is by preservation of large areas of natural ecosystems, we can collect seeds and cuttings of useful wild plants and further increase these plants in our gardens and backyards. The most valuable, irreplaceable, and exportable resource of a region arc copies (seeds, cuttings, etc.) of its unique genetic heritage, the value of which far exceeds any mineral or energy wealth which could be exponed. Talce care not to collect over a quarter of an individual plant's seeds, leaving plenty for wild animals and natural seed disaibution and renewal. Wild-plant seed collection and germination techniques vary greatly from those commonly used with normally cultivated fruit and vegetables. Our cultivated varieties have long been genetically selected and modified over historical times by gardeners who selected for ease of harvest and unifonn germination. It is preferable to collect seeds of wild-plants which grow within one degree of latitude (about 70 miles) and from similar elevations to which they are to be grown. This is to maximize the favorable selection of locally adapted genetic traits which will result in winter hardiness, and other adaptations to local growing season and regional micro-climate. Wild seeds commonly mature and are released over periods of several weeks. These seeds are genetically programmed 10 be released, remain donnant through winter, and then germinate irregularly over long periods of time. This trait serves as generic insurance by preventing all seeds from sprouting at one time and perhaps be lost to a major natural catastrophe, such as major drought or fire. The simplest seeds for the wild seed-saver to collect and save a.re the "dry" fruit seeds (nuts, dry legumes, sunflower, cattail, grasses, etc.). These dry-fruits mature and release relatively "clean'' seeds which can be collected and stored with a minimum of cleaning and processing. Most seeds need 10 be cleaned of any remaining fruit pans (chafl) to reduce disease and insect damage during storage and germination. Most "dfy" seeds need to be dried to six 10 ten percent moisture, then stored at low temperatures and low humidities. Plant seeds which are usually "dry-processed" include apple, pine, spruce, fir, sumac, and grapes. The most important factors affecting seed life are humidity changes and storage temperatures. Seeds for planting should be stored in moisture-proof (also insect and animal-proof) containers. Save only "sound" and firm seeds and nuts. Some seed-savers place a bay leaf in their storage containers to repel bugs. (Anyone know of local herbs for ~is purpose?). Storage in wide-mouth glass Jars with rubber gaskets is ideal. Preferably, store these at low temperarures between Drawing by Rob Messick Spri.nq, 1992 40-32° F. - each 9° F. decrease in storage temperature below 80° F. (to 32°) will commonly double seed longevity. Plants which produce "fleshy" fruits, (such as persimmons, berries, jack-in-the-pulpit, etc.) require additional cleaning and processing. Aeshy fruits encourage natural disaibution by being "tasty" to animals and humans. These seeds often require additional processing by being passed through an animal's acidic gut, or by natural fermentation by microbes to remove the fleshy fruit tissues. Fleshy fruits (especially members of the Solanaceae plant family) can be processed by a honicultural process called "fennentation," whereby mashed-up fruits nre allowed to fennent to destroy pathogens and chemicals that inhibit germination. Then the seeds arc separated from the pulp, washed, dried, then stored. Another technique to separate small seeds from their fruit is called "floatation." Small fruits are "mashed" and soaked in water for several days, so that microorganisms can Stan 10 soften and digest the fruit pulp. This partially digested fruit pulp is then mixed with additional water and processed by being agitated in a blender using short "pulses" (or by rapid whipping with a whisk). Healthy small seeds then settle to the bottom where they can easily be collected by pouring off the floating "pulp" (some plants have seeds which normally float - look for whole, uniformly shaped and colored seeds). For better results, replace the steel blender blades with a shon piece of tire rubber so as to cause less damage to the seeds. This technique is successful with fruits of dogwood, strawberries, persimmon, holly, juniper, magnolia, and sassafras. Most wild seeds of temperate zone crops require additional handling to duplicate the natural conditions of cold winters. These seeds require a cold, moist "stratification" period to overcome genetic and environmental blocks to germination. Temperate wne plantS have biological means of counting time ("internal clocks"), and measuring day-length and "chilling" temperatures. These seeds will not grow until their internal clocks are satisfied with a sufficient number of genetically detennined hours of effective chilling (for example, requiring a minimum number of hours exposure - hundreds to possibly thousands of hours of temperatures between 4S O and 3S 0 ). Examples of plant seeds requiring moist stratification include beech, walnut, many oalcs, and filbens. It is especially imponam if you collect wild nut trees to be sure to collect seeds from areas which have similar numbers of chilling-hours as the location where you plan to grow them. Another factor to consider when choosing to grow plants from seeds is the mnturation period of many long-lived perennial plants (esp. fruit and nut trees). Perennial trees and shrubs must grow through a genetically influenced maturation period before they begin to flower and bear fruit (a son of transition from juvenile to sexually mature, adult phase). These plants are usually propagated by asexual means (not involving seeds, but by cuttings or grafting). Most of these plants produce seeds by cross-pollination, and do not reproduce "true-to-type" (the offspring are not necessarily similar to their parent-plants) from seeds, and may hove long maturation periods. By asexually propagating fruiting trees (cuttings, budding, etc.), one can select superior plants (such as with larger fruit, or tolerance to pests) and produce genetically identical rooted planrs. These rooted cuttings from marure trees will usually produce fruit in just a few years, thus skipping the I ~20 years (or more!) before fruiting if grown from seeds. Seed longevity (defined as the average period during which seeds can survive and then grow) falls into three categories slum-lived (need to be sewn immediately or within days/weeks of collection, and never allowed to completely dry out); medium-lived (months to S-10 + years); and /011g-lived seeds (which may remain viable IS to 100 years, and arc able to survive until environmental conditions are favorable for germination. Shon-lived varieties (spring-seeded maples, serviceberry, paw paw, persimmon, and sumac) - must not be allowed to totally dry or they will die. Some seeds must be sown immediately upon release from mature fruits to prevent funher development of growth-inhibiting chemicals which affect their ability to grow. This group includes Franklinia, trillium and many difficult-to-germinate seeds. Most medium-lived temperate wne plant seeds (most K.aruah native plants) require cold, moist stratification, whereby seeds are stored in moist conditions (in moist peat or sand) at 32-40° F. for two 10 three months to overcome internal blocks to (continued on p. 30) Xatuah Journot P°'J& 29 �germination. Ao easy way to treat these species is by mixing cleaned seeds with i:qual pans of moist sphagnum moss or coarse sand (in a medium that is moist, but not too wet squeeze out excess water!) in moisture retaining conrainers (zip-lock bags work well) stored at normal refrigerator 1emperarurcs (40-45° F). Many long-lived seeds (thick-seeded legumes, water lilies, morning glories) require physical thinning of thick seed coats by microorganisms, or hastened by partially filing, or nicking partially through the impervious seed coats to allow passage of gases and moisture to the donnant embryo. Saving wild seeds for home germination is the first step in establishing wild-food gardens in your back yard. (avoid trying to transplant mature plants from the "wild" - this is rarely successful due to massive root-damage, and also saips the natural habitats of productive wildlife foods and new plants). Native agriculturists first cultivated wild plants which natu:rally established themselves from seeds and discarded roots thrown onto their trash-heaps (original "compost" piles!) and disturbed areas (fire cleared areas, etc.). ff one can provide the proper growing conditions, the low-input culture of these planiS will allow easier plant gathering without excessive demands on the diminishing wild populations. Earing wild and "semi-wild/ semi-cultivated" plants in "season" will provide one with fresh, nutritious foods and a "reunion" with the cycles of nature. Eat weU and give thanks for 1he tasty gifts of our Green Spirits! C.S. Schopmeyer. 1974. Suds of Woody Plants in tM United States Fon:st Service, USDA Agriculture Hnndboolc No. 450. USDA. 883 pp. • TIIE reference for seed handling and gcrmin3tlon of 188 genera of woody plants ruuive or IUIIW'lll'faed in the U.S. Very detailed with additional rcfcn:nccs. fbrry Phillips. 198S. Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers. U.N.C. Press, 331 pp. $14.95 • especially well-written !llld beautifully illustraled rcforencc on seed nnd spore p~tion or native NC plants. Includes calendar of blooming d:ues and commercial plant production timetable. &ccllentl BURNING BUSHES Azaleas, with mouths aflame, Plant Propagation References Ignite the mountainside each spring: Hudson Hanmann and D. Kester. 197S. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practicer. 3rd Ed. Prwlic:c-Hall, 662 pp.• the defmilive text-book on plant propagation l The-Ory and practlcal inro. cry out In tongues no man can claim, lheir ancient message siuling. Michael Dirr and C. Heuser. 1987. Tiu! Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Sud to Tisiue Culture. A Practical Working Guide to the Propagation of Over I 100 Spt1cies, Varietit!f and Cultivars. Varsity Press, 239 pp. - TIIE guide 10 propagatlon or woody plants used in Nonh America. Includes prcfcmd l)l'Oll0gation ICChniques (seed, cuttings, cu:.}, as well as. seed treatmc,us and specific rooting percentages, etc. Caroline Rowe Martens ddu of the Big Cove dance tpeak• of traditions and tinp tb.c Booger Danu, Com Dance and • dotCJI 01hcrt with drum and ranle. c...,.n WHERE TIIE Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork you see in Katuah Journal. (Envelopes included.) byRobW~ck Send $11.25 postage paid to: Rob Messick P.O. BOX 2(,()1 BOONE, NC 28607 RA YENS ROOST ~ Chcrolcce traditional tonp of Wallcc:r Calhoun __,._...,..., CA.11111'1 ANO IOC*UT It WAIL Sil ....,.. ATTil&c:e,ru$JO MOI/NTAJN tlurrAGl ~ Wll'l'Ul< CAIIOUl'IA Utll\llllSITY Cuu.ow11D, NC l87ll (704)227-7129 Spring, 1992 �I•:.,,. tt•· r ,. 9 Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet: Annotated Resources These l'CS0W'0CS were nx:ommendcd by KJlumh ConlribulOl'S as their favorites. Price estimates are included for reference and may not be currcnL Most are in print or available from Inter-Library loans. A more complete liSt ( 11 pps. w/ 117 resowces) is available from Lee Barnes (P.O. Box 1303: Waynesville, NC 28786) for S2.50 ppd. or send five or more annOla!Cd resources for a liee copy. Ho! Sustaioab(c Agrirollocc Trauger M. Groh and S.S.H. McFadden. 1990. Farms ofTomorrow: Communiry Supporttd Farms; Farm Supported Communities. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Associalion. Inc. 169 pp. About $12.00 - begins with several essays on the philosophical underpinnings of CSA's (Community Sponsored Agriculture), then describes 7 successful farms, and concludes with practical info on slllrting and managing a CSA. Valuable to both CSA growers and sharers. Jeavons et al.1983. The BacJcyard llomuttad Mini-Farm. & Garden I.A)g Book. 10 Speed Press. 196 pp., 58.95 • gives economic data about intensive gatdening income profits. Eliot Coleman. 1989. The New Organic Grower. Chelsea Green. 269 pp., $19.95. excellent guide 10 beginning mlltket gardeners, stressing the 8-ycar crop rotnlion developed by Coleman, including inlClScedcd green manure crops, etc. Robert Rodale. 1971. The Basic BOQk of Organic Gardening. Rodalc Press. 377 pp•• a classic (and inexpensive) inlrO to organic gardening principles and techniques. If you buy only one Rodale Book, buy this one! Sustaioabtc Piel t FQQd PcrsccvaOoo Cherokee, 19th, and 20th Century recipes used by sculcr; on Hazel Creek, in Ille Cire.u Smoky Mounmins. Includes information on historical cooking Lechniqucs uulizing mostly regionally produced foods. Jerry Conner. 1991. Eats From IM Peaks Carolina Mountmn lleritage Cookvy. Ridgetop Assoc. Pubt.. 111 pp.• $14.95 - modern adap!Otions of trndilional recipes by n mastcr cheri Delicious! Mary Ulmer. 1951. Cherolc4!t Coolclore. Self-publ. 71 pp.· tradilional Cherokee recipes. Great mush! Stephen Facciola. 1990. Cornucopia: A Souru Book ofEdible Plants. Kam pong Pub!. 677 pp. $35.00 • i.ncrcdibte botanically arranged guide to edible plnnts, the best of its kind! Describes over 3000 edible plants Md lheir commercial .sources. Extensive review of cultivars of over 100 major food planlS. LislS 52 pages of domestic. foreign and commercial sowces for these plants. Exten~ive Bibliography and appendices. Chcclc It out! Lee Peterson. 1977. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Easttrn and Ctntral North America. 330 pp. $9.95 · illustrated with plant grouped by habitat where they can be found. Paul Hlltnel and Mary Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherout Plants and Their Use.s • a 400 Ytar 1/istory . Self-publ.. 65 pp•• reference to 450 plants used by the Cherokee, including botanical names and uses. Noc illustrntcd. Tom Brown, Jc. 1985. Tom Brown's Gui.de to \Vild Edible and Medicinal Plan1s. Berk.Icy Books. 241 pp. S7 .95 • another in a series of spiritually sensitive guides to co-surviving with wildness. H.ighly recommended! Stanley Schuler and E. Schuler. 1973. Preserving the Fruits of tht Earth; How to 'Put Up' Almost Evuy Food Grown in the United States in Almost Everyway. Galahad Books.· 234 pp.· general chapters on methods or food pre.wvation (drying. smoking. brining, etc.) followed by a most complete encyclopedia of foods and tl1eir common preservation methods. USDA. 1977. Canning, Freaing, Storing Garden Product. USDA Agric. Info. Bull 410.86 pp. Free· Excerpt from 1977 Yearbook of Agriculture. Gardening/or Food and Fun. Ovczview or canning and drying techniques • This is representative of nU/ll(l'()us free publications available through your Agricultural Extensioa Service. Be sure to chock out other tax-paid resoun:es available. Bcginnnl Cookbooks t wna-PJ;int Eocai:1011 John Freeman. 1985. Survival Gardening and Survival Gardening Coolcbook. John's Press, 102 pp., $10.95 ea. · excellent guides 10 sustaimtblc. healthy food growing and pre~n. Thorough coverage of human nulriti011:1.I needs and how to meet these using foods from the garden. DW1J1C Oliver. 1990. Cooking on /laze/ Creek: Tlit Best of Southern Mountain Cooking. Sclr-publishcd. 261 pp., $13.95 • ll'lldiLionaJ Spri.tuJ, 1992 Deborah Lee. 1989. Exploring Nature's Uncultiva~d Garden. Havelin Pub!. 195 pp. $14.50 • extmotdinary guide to wild foraging which deals with eastern and west.em philosophy and sensitivity to plants. Very highly recommended! Nccessruy Trading Company: Box 305; New Olstlc, VA 24127. offers wide vllricty of organic glltdcning supplies, naturnl pest controls, cover crop ~.etc. Sandy Mush Herb Nursery; RL 2, Surreu Cove Rd.: Leicester, NC 28748 (704) 683-2014 • extensive Iisling of herb plants, unusual perennials, CIC. (Cat. $4.00) Edible Landscaping; Box Tl; Arion, VA 22920 • specializing in locally-adaptCd, pest-resistant varieties of common and unusual fruits. Qcenoizatioos t Nmslcuccs t blaeazioes The Mountain GardtfU!r Ntwslt!Jtu from Organic Gardening Cooperative; Rt. 3, Box 409-N: Sylva, NC 28779 (ncw/monlhly). sponsors monthly moctings (3rd Wed.ncsdoy, 7:00 pm) at Jackson Co. Library (Sylva). Appropriate Technology Tranefu to Rural Areas. ATTRA 1991. ATTRA l-800-346-9140 -a fedemlly-funded resource organization aimed at tnilarcd information-search for assisling commercial and production-level clients (their funding limits their ability 10 help backyard, individual growers). Have helpful Resource LiSIS. "Videol:/Slides/Tapcs oo Sustainable Agriculuue• (18 pp). "Sustainable Agriculture Organizations and Publication LiSt (24 pp.), etc •• Also produce lnformation Packages on diverse info such as "Green Crops and Gtccn Mllnurcs; "Direct Marteting." CIC. Excellent resource! Writennd thnnlc your officials forconlinued funding of this experienced, J'eSOW'Ceful, enlhuswtic, and dedicated group. The Virginia Association for Biological Farming; Box '252; Flint Hlll, VA 22627 • non-profit organizalion, co-ocdimucs organic cenificalion, seminars, Flltm Held D3ys, and farmer-to-farmer networking. S25.00 year. Carolina Frum Stewardship Association; Box 511; PillSboro, NC 27312 -organic ccnification for both Carolinas. Involved in LISA grnnts, on-farm demos, and annual Farm F'ield Days. The U.S. Dispen.flltory. (any editioo prior 1930.) • invaluable info on plants, their makeup and how olficially used at the tum of the century (avail. for SS0-100 from used boolc dealets). Tennessee Alternative Growers Association; Rt. 2, Box 46-A-1; Indian Mound, lN 37079 Bceioool Sctd aoa r1001 Spoo(i«:cs Georgia Organic Growers Association: 1185 Bend Creek Trail; Suwanee, GA 30174 Southern Exposure Seed EJtchange; Box 158; North Garden, VA 22959 (804-973-4703) • specializes in heirloom varieties adapted to the Central Virginia Mountains. Recently founded "Seed Shares TM: The Gardener's Seed Bank", a project 10 distribute extremely rare plant Cultivars. Also sells Seed Saving Supplies. (OIL $3) ~ R.H. Shumway; Box I; Gmniteville, SC 29829 (C:u. $1.00) • dependable, well established (since 1870) seed house specializing in traditional varieties. Also southern ad:lpted fruit and nut variclies. Kalmia Farms: Box 3881: Chnrlotlc.sville, VA 22903 • spccialiJ.CS in multiplier onions. shallolS and garlic, )C.Qtuafl Journot J)O()C 31 �Parld~ Gardens (con:linocd Crom p. 4) - The (re)integration of needs: not to lhe market for food, the spa for exercise, the doctor for healing, theatre for entertainment, school for learning, studio 10 create, church for inspiration, etc., but to lhe garden for all these ar the same rime. - Enriching the garden with useful and beautiful species and learning to incocporate them into our lives. We begin, of course, with the present and potential natural vege1ation, to which may be added species introductions from similar areas worldwide; then sUgh1 modifications of the environment micro-habitat enhancement - and lhe resultant possibilities for new species: a paleue of plants, a Cornucopia• never available 10 previous generations. - Hand labor. We all have two hands, one lifetime, 24 hours in every day. These are "democratic" factors. Working by hand on a small piece of land we can create a Paradise with relevance for all. Money, and machines can not get us there any faster, in fact can't get us !here at all. They only lead us astray. ••• We live during a narrow window of opponuoity. Having come, at lase, to lhe realization that a revolutionary shift of consciousness and lifestyle is required, we find that we have only a few generations in which to complete the changes, before it will be too late to make a ttansition (environment degraded, resources depleted, species cxtinc1, soils eroded/polluted, population doubled ...). Our enemy is a paper tiger because it cannot deliver the goods. The world waits for examples: to be shown, llOI told, a better way. Paradise Gardening is vastly more meaningful than the 'biodomc' experiment, and anyone can play. We have been putting thls off for too many lifetimes now. Commuaity Sp(IIISC)ttd Agriculture (continued from p. 6) Blowing In the Wind Now we arc told that modem farm inputs make unprecedented levels of production possible. Without heavy spending on inputs lhe world supposedly could not suppon all its people. We have absurd quantities of petroleum and natural gas going into food production, leaving an eroded, salty, toxic wasteland behind. We should know beuer, no matter what our twin "big brothers" of government and industry say. The most basic rule is balance. We want balance between opposite polarities, heaven and canh, silica and Lime, grass and clover, bee and canhworm, give and take. This also means balance between people, plants, animals, microbes, and minerals. With balanced crops and livestock, rhythms and activities build up momentum within the fann organism. This rule implies that the greater the diversi1y the greater the health and stability of the farm. That is something to think abouL In the past five years hundreds of CSA's have sprung into being across lhe continenL It is an idea whose time has come. It is catching on. A few bits of land here and there arc being turned into healthy farms again. Wealth made at the expense of the countryside is seeking its return. In half a century we may no longer see com to the horizon in a toxic cloud. On lhe one hand we face slavery and ruin due to our own hypocrisy and moral poverty - giving ourselves up to the good old new world order. On the other hand more and more people are taking responsibility for their own Lives by way of home birthing, home schooling, alternative medicine, recycling, edible landscaping, and building energy smart, non-toxic homes. CSA's are a natural developmenL We have a choice. geographically and emotionally. Instantly we recognize in each other a shared experience that is purely American. intense, evocative, and yet of which very few people can speak. In !heir eyes I sec bitterness, guilt, denial and nos1algia all at the same time. Many of these ex-farmboys are very successful by city stanclards. They have no more tie to the land than a vague frustration of being tom without emotional healing from their roots. I have often thought that the way we, as a society, raise farmers is a very good way to raise the kind of farmer who so thoroughly hates the land that he would wish to wreak vengeance upon il for not giving him the life he wanted or was told 10 wanL At the very least these fannboys are suffering from heavy psychic wounds. War is a good analogy for what we have done to ourselves and our land. Clcarcuts and plowed prairies are devastated, barren places. Modem, environmental warfare, which threatens the fertility of the land, extends the acts of aggression to furure generations. Some of us have begun to sec the Earlh as sncrcd ground. We realize that whatever our occupation, farmer or not, we are sustained by lhe fruits of the Earth. The real challenge of Earth stewardship is not to rcrum 10 some slavish peasantry, wiling relentlessly upon the soil, but to sec the way (The Tao) in which the rhythms of the needs of man, can fit into the rhythms of nature. My vision of the future farmers of America is men and women who are able to combine the very best of themselves with the cultivation of the Earth. r would like to see farmers celebrate the fenility of the land. I would like to sec the balance between the needs of an individual and the getting of nourishment. I would like to see the plowing of a field done with grace, as an act oflove, quietly waiting for the right moment, then turning the earth gently,,., # reverently. fr llqh lo\lCI is a biodynamic and CSA/ar~r maruting in the Atlanta. GA ar~ At his/arm, Unu,n Agricu/11ua/ Institute; Rt. 4, Box"63S: Blairsvilk, GA 30512, llugh restarchn rtgtntrarive ogricult1Uc and is tk\lC/oping local cu/ti vars of ltafy g r ~ (continued from p. 19) "You see the beauty of my proposal is Jr needn't wait on general revolution I bid you ro a one-man revolution The only revolution tlUJJ is coming" (Robert Frost, "Build Soil") • Corn11COf11a. S. Facciola. Kampong Pub., 1870 Sunnse Dr., V1SU1, CA 92084. Astounding new pubhQltion. Three lhousand edible species, many more lhousnnds of culliva,s, sourocs of supply .ind infonnation for c.ich entry ltH /loll,s mttnds 10 product anothtr amclt dtalmg mL>rt wtth local practice. /It is also dn<tlopmg a ~,.sfe11u b) and/or fJ<fJOnJ, engaged ,n t!M! rtaliuuu,n cf Parodi~ os a gartkn PltOJt stnd ,a-nts. and sugg6tions UJ him at 3020 Wht1t Oai. Cruk Rd : Burn.rvtllt.NC 287/4 l'ho4o COUJ1eSy of Ille Mo11n1ain Hcn1.1sc Ccnll!r :>i:A\hmh Journot JXUJe 32 Spnng, 1992 �o. (continued from page 8) I J !4'1 , •ft -, .,. just keep the meat out in the smokehouse. It was nothing to kill two or three yearlings to make the beef. My grandfather, he know'd how to blister beef and hang it up. He'd bum hickory wood to where it would just be a-making the smoke. We would cure hog meat and smoke that as well. We'd cook a piece of that ham down, and it would naturally-born have brown gravy. Yeah! Not guessed at. I know by experience. We'd always make sure to have greens in the spring, greens in the fall. In August, when we was plowin' the com for the last time, we sowed late greens in amongst the com. We'd sow turnips and rutabagas mostly. As soon as everything was put up, we started fall plowin'. We didn't have these fast tractors that can plow everything in a day or two, so we'd plow whenever we got the chance. We tried to get as much done in the fall as we could. And we plowed in the winter, if we were able. I've plowed many a day and it was snowing. It was a lot of work, back then, growing all our own food. But everybody did it. If anyone wanted to go out and do that now, I'd have only one thing to say ro them: "Get busy!" Halph Garrell is 71 years old, still working as a mason, and still living in his hometown · Sylva, NC in the Tuckasegee Rivu watershed. This article was excerpted from a conversation with Ralph recorded by David Wheeler and Avram Friedman on Jarwary 29, /992. Painting by Susan Adam Kalmia Center, Inc. Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 Custom tilling, organic fe:rtilli:ers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. f'~.~11<\ "I told the Talking ua,-es isa mon1hly JOUfDA) of d~ ecology, inspired pm;onaJ aeriv1sm roo1ed Ill earthen sp,nruali1y. Pa.'il tSSUeS have fea1ured articles by Gary Snyder, Slarbawk, Jobn s-i, Joanna Macy, Bill Devall, Lone Wolf Circle!>, Barbara Mor, ecc. Ta/Jcj11g ua,-es ,peaks for the oarural world and for the rekindling of our oWD wild spmt. Subscriptions arc SI 8.00 one year/ S24.00 outSide U.S. Talking UOl't'S 1430 Willamette 11367 Eugene, OR 97401 503/342-2974 ,prl.n9, 1992 I.lo~. you "' 1n lfflc1 ul!ol9 me lo bllp UI tlluncll II ptOpitOOWIIUlnldol\1Alld I'm ""' ff I OIi lullw lllem I woutan I •Ill IO QIIN'CU!t II 111W datllls f«91' 11 TIii ll\S- IS IIO , - no!'' _.....,,..._'"'- Don't Pay Taxes for War ,fc,tlT'I It I\ 11'\d '"• 0 I! l National War Tex Resistance Coordinating Committee REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. PO Box 774 Monroe, ME 04951 WNCW- FM r.O. Box804 Spindale, NC 28160 12071525-7774 (704) 287-8000 �Si.las ~tcDowen -~n1inucd from p. II , , husbandry supplemented by a woolen cloth fac1ory. Are these the only iu:ms of new indusuies our moumain section is capable of?" He went on 10 suggest one more. "I have recently learned tha1 a man studied Fish culture, constructed him a lhree-acre pond near the city of Atlanta, Ga., and then from Florida procured a can of eggs of the Scaly Trout species." After hatching lhe eggs and raising lhe fish to marwity, lhe man realized an income of fifteen lhousand dollars in one year. Wanting to anempt a similar venlUie with mountain trout, McDowell had a small pond build amid a grove of oaks near his home. ',Oeir feed will consist of lhe waste from the kitchen and table, with all small animals tha1 come my way, chopped up fine, supplemented by a lazy ca1, in an emergency. 1bere is nOlhing but lhe lack of a pure srream and vim to hinder any man having a mountain fann, to do the same thing, and have fat trout for breakfast every day lbe year lbrough." McDowell lived long enough to see lhe impact of extractive industries on the mountain environment. When Western North Carolina's first corundum mine opened near McDowell's farm in 1871, he turned a disaster into a blessing. Thiny years before, a flood had swept across the best portion of his farm, "a fertile bonom field of about 50 acres." McDowell described the damage, " I found !hat field, on which I expected to make forty bushels of com to the acre, to be a miniature Sahara of white sand, and would no longer pay lhe expense of resetting and keeping up the fences." The field had remained in !his condition until the coming of the corundum mine, which was polluting the Cullasaja River. "As the mine was worked by means of a hose-pipe, a red stream of clay and water came running down the mountain's side defiling our beautiful river and Cb8$ing away lhe fish." •" • ·,• ft occurred to McDowell that he could protect the river and reclaim his field at lhc same time. ',Oanks to Sir Samuel Baker for his suggestions in relation 10 redeeming some of the African desens by silting chem with the muddy watc.rs of the Nile. And I forthwilh applied to Col Jenks, who controlled the mine, for leave to run a ditch down the mountain from lhc mine to my sands - a distance of three-fourths of a mile. The next thing I did, was to throw up a dike on the river side off the bottom, 10 hold on lhe sands the muddy waters until they are absorbed - a thing not hard 10 do, as the sands swallow them up very fast and 'thirst for more.' The water of my ditch performs the carrying service of ten dump cans, and does the thing for nothing and we may add, loads itself. This enterprise I view as my last act in life's drama, and I feel ambitious to do the lbing well, and make my bes! bow to my fellow-farmers as the curtain drops." Silas McDowell died in 1879. His life work, promoting agricultural practices appropriate to the region, endures. McDowell brought curiosity, ingenuity, perseverance and humor 10 the task, qualities that would enhance any effons to renew mountain agriculture as we approach the 21st century. 01992 Perry Eury and his wife, Laurel, are the founders of Kalrrua Center, Inc.. an org011iwtion devoted 10 Sfl!Will'dship of the land in •die,u;e to God Kalmia Center is a ,wn-profit organiu11ion ojferiflg sv.ices and produasfor abundant gardening and healthful living. Perry is completing a btx,i, entitled Appalachian Arcadia: Mouniain Fnrms and the _~ ProvidcnceofN31Un:. ~ HAWK'S HOOPS A unique experience in Designing, Creating, and Learning to Play your own Earth Instruments. SPfCIALIZING IN • OE.t}HS 0.:1oqon.,t .,nd Round • f.ATTLE5 Gouto .ind l!••h""' • ftUTE5 I!,,..,, am, and s.,mooo • t.AINHAKEIS c. 11,_1~ Sound l'l.lkm ttJWflUv,,t Rt l So• 2411 O.q,G•, NC 28fila '7041 26:11401 Jenti1ah Journal Pt196 34 REVIEW: "APPLE PIE IN YOUR FACE" as American as you a cassette by Robert Hoyl To paraphrase Edward Abbey, "lf you're going to fight for your country, you have to take on the government." Roben Hoyt remembers one moment that had a profound effect on bis life. He was leaving nonhem California after combatting corporate power and FBI harrassment as pan of the effon to save the old growth forest during Redwood Summer, 1990. A friend met during lhe action gave him a hug and said, "Roben, you're a good American." This insight crystalliz.ed in Roben's mind, and when he arrived back home in Georgia he wrote it down as a song: "All you good Americans read between the lines Help your siblings everywhere w open up closed minds Stand up to those who are ro blame For crimes commi11ed in our name, All you good Americans Things can't stay the same." Roben Hoyt "grew up a child of the military complex," moving from base to base. Yet somewhere along the way he found a vision of hope for a different kind of "American." His vision includes act.ion for peace, racial equality, and the environment; it involves compassion for animals and his fellow human beings. lt also involves outrage that lhe dreamkillers have a comer on the national vision. Roben has launched a personal crusade to assign a new meaning to the word "American." Robcn's original, guitar-driven music is about that struggle against the powers both internal and outside - that want to kill lhc world and stifle the human spirit. His newly-released cassette, as American as you, is a musical treat. The acoustic folk sound provided by Robcn, David Ormsby (bassist), and friends is fast-moving and crisp. Roben's unique singing voice is elecll'ic, charged with intensity and truth. His lyrics, too, are charged particles !hat do not abide a stagnant complacency, and if one harbors secre1 staShes of illusion, prejudice, or selfishness, they can sting. Yet to those whose hearts arc open to the world, the songs of Roben Hoyt arc energizing nnd enlightening. . The S~uth has a new regional pocL W1th his guuar, a paraplegic cat, and a lot to say, Roben is staning to travel more beyond his home city of Atlant3. Lisicn fOr him! We1I be hearing more from Roben Hoyt. -DW 'as American as you" is available on cassette/or $JO postpaid from Folk-the-Boat, 8 ox 2355; Decatur, GA 3003 I Spri-n9, 1992 �Emergency Appeal for European Seed-Saving Groups Political changes in Europe have not only upset govemmems. but have threatened the survival of over a dozen grassroot seed-saving and rare animal pre~rvation organizations. Nancy Arrowsmith, a well-published seed-saving promoter ~ow living in Austtia, repons that the resulung chaos threatens the survival of numerous non-governmental organizations (NGO's) involved in seed-saving projects and the potential loss of irreplaceable varieties of vegetables, grains and rare animal breeds. In her article, "Emergency Appeal For European Seed-Saving Groups"(l 991, Harvest Issue, Seed Savers Exchange), she outlines the activities of over a dozen organizations and provides contact addresses to which donations may be sent. These groups are solely responsible for the preservation and dissemination of open-pollinated, non-hybrid plants and rare animal breeds. For more information contact Nancy Arrowsmith, clo Noah's Arie; Postfach 139: A-3500 KreMU/ Donau, Austria. (DonaJions should bt! by checks made out in U.S. Currency). For a photocopy of the article men1ioned, write to Lu Barnes: P.O. Bo:;c 1303: Waynesville, NC. 28786. "The arc.i's old~ and larg~t natural foods grocery • Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wlieat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skill Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 (70-1) 264-5220 Listening to the Military "Save Our Rivers": The Armed Forces Listening Project, created by the Rural Southern Voice for Peace based in the Celo Community, Burnsville NC is looking for "a few good men and women" to survey active-duty soldiers at miJitary bases throughout the world. The Listening Project (see Kanlllh Journal #24) is an open-ended survey designed to involve both the listener and the speaker in a joint vemure of discovery. The Anned Forces Ustening Project is designed to stimulate nationaJ discussion about alternatives to violence, bridge ideological boundaries, and stimulate discussion about issues of personal responsibility and national ethics. Topics for this Listening Project will vary depending somewhat on the location, but will include: solving intemationaJ conflicts without violence; solutions to racial, religious, and ethnic strife, civilian-based defense, and especially questions generated by previous Armed Forces Listening Projects. The Arnled Forces Listening Project was begun at the US Marine base Camp LeJeune, where conscientious objectors to the Persian Gulf war were being court-manialed The Project subsequently traveled to naval bases at Norfolk, VA and St. Marys, GA. The Listeners found that sailors displayed "a strong streak of pragmatism." They were surprised that half the sailors interviewed were in disagreement with the Gulf War. HaJf the speakers also voiced suppon for nonviolent solutions to international conflict But as important as the stanling answers that they heard, were the effects on the interviewers of personal contacts with military personnel. Volunteer Lois Miller said, "The Listening Project was a revelation to me. I had no idea that I would encounter such depth of feeling from big, tough Marines." To take pan in future chapters of the Armed Forces Listening Project, write: Rural Southern Voice for Peace; 1898 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 or call {704) 675-5933. The Cassette Tape The Town of Highlands, NC_ h!IS obtained a permit to dump half a million gallons of wastewater per day int~ the scenic Cullasaja River. Appeals, both neighborly and legal, have so far proved futile. This river has always been used for recreation. Since ancient times it has been used for the Cherokee Indian ritual of Going to Water. Since 1837 local churches have held baptisms in lhe river. Local musicians have rallied and produced a tape containing original songs by Barbara Duncan and gospel runes sung by the Foxfire Boys. Barbara sings "Save Our Rivers," the group's theme song; "You Don't Miss Your Water Til Your Well Runs Dry," written years ago but unfonunately still timely; "Go Fishin'," "the only real love song she has ever written," according 10 her husband; and the beautiful ''Rainbow Springs." The Foxfire Boys were recorded live in a concen in Clayton, GA. The churches of Macon County, panicularly the Baptisis, have united in the effon to protect the Cullasaja. The tape "Save Our Rivers" is available for $10.00 postpaid from Save Our Rivers; Box. 122; Franklin, NC 28734. FUTONS ETC. ~~ ... the new al temative to the sleeper sofa with over 4,000 years of customer satisfaction built in. ~ ,. r/ 'Thu ~ S aru!JMush Htrb Nur-se,y WREATHS • POTPOURRI NATIVE FLUTES • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete I ferb Catalog - $4 Describes more titan 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Plione for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 Sprin<J, 1992 Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANI C P RODUCE 160 Broadway Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Asheville, North Carolina Rt 1, Box 172-l Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 )(.ati&an Joumm poge 35 �The Katuah Tapes TURTLE ISLAND BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS V POPULATION EXPLOSION "ln the next seven years the population of Nonh Carolina will explode. Are you ready? 'The August issue of MaIUTiry Market Perspectives predicted Nonh Carolina will be fifth in the nation as a retirement choice. This is in addition to the regular population movement from Florida to North Carolina. "Seeking to escape from a nightmare of pollution, high crime, water shonages, and traffic congestion, these re-retirees are heading north ..." This is not a warning to county commissioners and planners to have their 1.0ning ordinances in place. This is a call to action for developers and real estate investors from Green Watch, an environmental newsleuer for the real estate indusuy. (Environmental? Yes, "the financial environment of real estate." as the paper's masthead proclaims in green ink.) Another word of environmental wisdom from Green W01ch; "Remember, they aren't making any more Nonh Carolina." - - life's nec1:Ssitiesfarlas - - Tara Clayton, a long-time friend of the Kat1wh Journal from Rougemont., NC, is May 17-24 Camp Stewart, Kerrville, near San Antonio, Texas Every two years people gather from all the bioregions of the Turtle lsland continent 10 communicate and celebrate the bioregional movement at the Continental Bioregional Congress. This year the event is being held in south central Texas. The focus of the 1992 Congress is on Circles of Change. These are levels of work ar the gathering and in people's home bioregions: - Mapping and Organizing - Links of Communication - The BioregionaJ Story - Living at Home, and - Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration There will also be time devoted to sharing biorcgional cultures, men's and women's gatherings, and young people's activities. Admission will be by preregistration only and all registrations must be received before May l. Registration is $225-300 for adults, $100 per child aged 3- 11. All food and lodging are included for the entire week of the Congress. Checks should be made paynble to "Realistic Living· TIBC V." now recording the contents of each issue of the journal on cassette Ulpes "for the purpose of reaching elderly Native Americans in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Durham and for nursing homes as well." Others who are interested in procuring recorded versions of the Katuall Journal may be able to purchase tapes from Tara. Anyone who would like 10 send n donation to help this idea along is encouraged 10 do so, as funding for the project is limited. ConlOCt: TaraClayr.on Box461 Ballama, NC 27503 Mail to: Realistic Living; Box 140826; Dallas, TX 75214. FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co,oP 90 Bn.TMOR£ A ~ ~ AsKEvu.LE (704)255-7650 your community grr,«ry•tou ....,.,....,...... 10,_.. ....,....... ,,.. .................... EARTH KIN Programs to 81'1COU'oge 58lf and Earth oworeoess. celetl<allon. kl~p and hope O~<::?Jto c\....., S c ~ s l'\UI\"\..$ to""°'itlG- t.ool(.S CA.~~s ~086~ 1804 ~-\)~'l, M.c. Q.871$- • You1h Camp& • School Program, • Fam,ly Camp& • Teacher Tnalning • CommUOlly Union Acres Programs • Camp Slal1 Tra,n,ng • Ou1door Prog,.m Conl\Jllong An Alternative j PO 800C 130C> Gottinbl.fg. Teme~ 37738 61 S-43o-6203 NATURf\L MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BI.Jl..K FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT FREE FOODS• TAKE OlJT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265 2700 823 Blow,ng Rock Rd Boone, NC 28607 Acrolgtfur Salt - Smoky Mountain living with• focus on spiritlllll and «ologiclll tlQ/ues For more information: Contact C. Grant at Routt 1. &x 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 whole earth grocery • NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING -146 c J>.lrkway cr~ft center • suite 11 g;,tlinburg. tcnn~ 37738 615-436-6967 �ECHOES OF AVERY • a cassellC recording or songs writlen and performed by Avery Q>uniy, NC elementary school Sllldcnts with artis1 in residence Thad Beach. Historical songs with II regional flavor, lyric reciiaLion and singing. Casscuc liner includes lyrics. Send $4 .95 (includes posiage} io: Thad Beach; RL 2, Box 422, Waynesville. NC 28786. THE RJVER CANE RENDEZVOUS 1992 • is on April 28th - May 3rd a1 Unicoi Staie Park an Georgia featuring in-depth canhskills training, tools & techniques for living in the natural world. Over a dozen top.ranked instructors including Snow Bear, Dany Wood, Doug Elliot, Tammy Beane, Jim Riggs, John & Geri McPherson. Scott Jones, Sieve Wa:us and Oierolcee elders Walker Calhoun, Eva Bigwiteh and Eddie Bushyhead. $145.00 regisualion includes meals. For more info eontac1 Bob Slack c/o Unicoi SLalC Park; Helen, GA 30545 (404) 878-2201. BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK· supplemenled with two casseues. Slll:Sses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook wriuen for use in IC8Cbing and learning the Cherokee language. (346 pages) S39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Catalog also available with ca.~ . books. pipes, dance slicks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products and more. Craft supplies also available. (plcaso specify). Send $2.00 to the Muskrat Trader; P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke. VA 24018. HIGHLANDER CENTER - is a community-based educational organization whose purpose is to provide space for people to learn from each other. and to develop solutions to environmenlal problems based on their values. experiences. and aspirations. They also publish a quarterly newsletier called Highlander Reports. For more info contact Highlander Cerucr; 1959 Highlander Way: New Mankel, 1N 37820 (615) 933-3443 PCEDMOm' BIOREGlONAL INSTITIJTE · For those who Ii vc in the Piedmont area, there's a biorcg.ional effon well undc.way. Join Us! We would appreciate any dooalion or Lime or money to help meet opcra1ing expenses. For a gif1 of $25.00 or morc, we will send you a copy oCJohn Lawson's journal, A New Voyage to Carolina. Also come find ou1abou1 the Lawson Project PBI; 412 W Rosemary S1ree1; Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581. EARN $200-$500 • wcclcly mailing travel brochures. For informal.ion send a siampcd 3ddn:.sscd envelope to: Galaxy Travel, lnc.; P.O. Box 13106; Silver Springs, MD 20911. I WV£ TH£ EARTH - a casseue recording of environmental songs by the GrcaJ Smoky Mo110U1ins JnsLi1u1c at Tremont in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Eanh Day. Includes "SCAT rap," "Tho Garbage Blues; and morc. S9.95 plus $2.50 shipping for each tasSellC. Mail Otder plus check to Grea1 Smoky Mountains N&1uml History Associauon: 115 Park HcadqWlltCrs Rd.: G11Llinburg, TN 37738. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS Hnndcrafled Native American Ceremonial supplies, include Drums. Cus1om Pipes. Medicine B3gs, Swcctgnw, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide R:ur.Jes, Tobaccos. Pipe Bags, Native AuteS, and more! For free catalogue write: P.O. Box 1062-K Cherokee, NC28719. • Spf1,n9, J992 NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIAL HERBS • we offer a lllrge variety of sages, sweet gross, natural resins, and evcsything necessary for smudging. Native smoking mix1urcs, 0ute music, pow-wow tapes, and ceremonial songs. EssentW oils. and incenses specifically made for prayer, offering, and meditation. For catalog call or write: Essencial Dreams; Rt 3, Box 285; Eagle Fork; Hayesville, NC 28904 (704) 389-9898. SUMMER APPRENTICE WEEK JULY 3·9 Weekend opt.ion, July 3·5. Wtth Wise Woman Tradition leacher Whitewolf. Workshops, weed walks, harvesting medicinal hetbs, Moonlodge, Women's Spiri1uali1y. Beautiful location one bouJ from Asheville. Cornfonable dorm or tenting: vegelari3n meals included. Sljding scale. work-exchange avai.lable. Write: Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM· is an unconvenlional library, free and open to lhe public. Our collection interests include lhc envll'Ollllleni. social and poliLical issues, lhe media and peace. We have over 200 magazine suMCripLions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environmcot and political concems. Books and VCR's can be checked OUI. A VCR player is available for watehing films in lhc reading room. Located 812 Wall St #114: Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-Spm • Tues/Thur 1-8pm • Sat/Sun l-6pm COHOUSING COMMUNITY BEING FORMED· in lhe Asheville area Residenis organize, plan, and design a cooperative community where individual homes cluster around a common hoUS8 with shm.d facilities- laundry, workshops, children's room, dining room, cu:. Opponunitles for energy efficient, ecologically sound land use. Inquiries invited. Contact: John Senechal; P.O. Box 1176; Weaverville, NC287&7 (704) 658-3740. A VIDEO ABOUT LAND TRUSTS • has been produced by lhe Land Trust Alliance to explain in layman's tcnns what a land trust is. 2.7 million acres of land have been saved by nonproli1 land trust organizations in America, This video documents this movement's successes. Cos1 is S2l.00 for individuals and $14.SO for LTA members (include $4.SO for J)OSl3gc). Contact: The Land Trust Alliance; 900 17th SI. NW Suite 410: Washington, DC 20006 (202) 785-1410. HAWKWIND EARTH RENEWAL COOPERATIVE - is o 77 acre wilderness reucot locatcd on Lookout Mountain Parkway in norlhcm Alobama. Easy access, safe family camping, year round weekend programs fealUring Nalive American elders and earth teachers from around lhc world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discoun1 co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; rescrvali.ons rcqu.irod for all visits please. Childcare often available. Wriie: P.O. Box I I; Valley Head, AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quancrly ncwslcuer 1111d program updlucs send S10.00. TURTLE ISLAND PRESERVE· Summer Youth Camps nre a unique cnvironmcnlal education experience_ Learn primitive living skills, Appalachian Mountain living skills. ond Eanh awareness. • Boys Camp (ages 11-17) June 28 -July 11. •GirlsCamp(ages 11- 17)July 12-July 18. • Junior Youth Camp (ages 7-10) June 14 • 20. For more info conlaCt: EuslllCC Conway; RL I. Box 249-B; Deep Gap, NC 28618 (704) 265-2267. LIFETIMES & AGES - a new release from Bob Avery-Grubel full of new age vocal music ~ploring lhe mystery or life - lyrics included. Available on casseuc for SI0.00 plus :SJ.00 shipping, and oo CD for S 15.00 plus $1 .00 shipping. Send to: Bob Avery Grubel; Rt. I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24-091. DAVID & CATifY BROWN • known by lheir friends as Ahwi & Wohali arc looking 10 network wilh people who live in lhe Katuah area and who wan1 to form o community along tradilional Cherokee lines as closely as possible. They are both of Cherokee-Scots hcricage. They have lhree home-schooled boys who would like some pen )'31s. If you are inierestcd in ne1WOrking conlllCt: Ahwi & WohaU Brown: 1915 Buckley Sireet; Chattanooga. TN; Chickamaugan D1striel 37404. • Webworking costs! T~re is now a charge ofS2.JO (pre-paid) per entry of50 words or lus. Submit entries for Issue #35 by May 15th 199210: Rob Messick; Box 2(,(JJ; Boone.NC 28607. (704) 754-«>97. Alternatives ... The Diuctory of ln1tntio11al Conumu1111e., is lhe product or 1wo years of intensive rcscarcil, and is lhe mosl comprehensive and accuraic dirccLOry a,ailable. II documcnis the vi~ion nnd the daily hfc of more than 350 communi1ies in Nol'lh America, and more than 50 on other continenL~. Each community\ listing includes name, address, phone, and a dcscnJ)tlon of lhe group. Ex1CDs1vc cross-rclercnc mg and imkxmg makes the information =y 10 access for a wide vanc1y of users. Includes mnps, over 250 addiuonal Resource listings. and 40 rel3tcd a.rucles. 32!1 P3gcs 8-1/]:,.l l Perfectbound Ocwbcr 1990 ISBt,; Number: 0-9602714-1-4 $16.00 Adil S2.00 postage & h3Jldling for first book. S.50 for each additional; 40% discount on orders of 10 or more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood, OR (503J964--5l02 ... �18 GIU".AT SMOKU:S PARK ·Gourmc1 Gnvin' in Ille Great Smolucs· class will le:leh edible pl.int ID and preparation Pre-register S30. For mfo on this and other field courses, comact Smoky Mounlain Field School, Un1v~1y of Tcmiesscc, Non-Credit Programs, 600 Henley St.. Suite IOS, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885. 21 ASHEVILLE/CLEVELAND National Day of Outtage Against the US Forest Service. Let the forests live!! Demonstrations wiU be held at 11 am al Forest Service offices in Asheville, NC and Cleveland, TN. For infonnation about the Asheville action, call (704) 299-0860 or (704) 586-3146. For information about the Cleveland action, call (615) 524-4771. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Spring WildOowcr Pilgrimage. G u,ded walks to the bcs1 wlldOowcr Siu:.s in the Parle. lntcipretative prcscnllllions each evening. Conl3CL 23-25 evencs SWANNANOA, NC Annual Western North Carolina Environmental Summit will be hosted by Warren Wilson College and include infonnation on current issues, workshops and a legislative update. Pre-register: contaet WNC Alliance; Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814. (704) 258-8737. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC "Facing the Automobile Crisis" cransportation issues conference will examine NC's ttansponation priorities and feasible alternatives. Man:ia Lowe, senior researcher with Worldwatch institute, keynote speaker. Workshops, panels. Ar Camp Rockmont. Pre-register: $75-125 includes meals and lodging. Contact WNC Alliance (704) 258-8737 or (704) 689-5988. 4 28-5/3 MARCH 4 18 FULL MOON/ WORM MOON 21 SPRING EQUINOX 21 SWANNANOA,NC Foll Moon Sweat Lodge beg.ins at noon. Fat info about participaiing, and dau:.s of GSMNP; Gatlinburg, TN 37738. (61S) 436-1262. 24-26 Oilier monthly full moon lodge ccn:monies, con1a0t The Earth Cenlcr, 302 Old Fellowship Rd., Swannanoa, NC 28n8. (704) 298-3935. 27-29 BOONE, NC African Drumming Workshop, presented by Rhythm Alivcl at H1l11Dp Haven Rctrc3t Center. Prc-rcgi5uauon rcqwred: drums available eo rent for lbe woricshop with advllllCC notice. Coniac1 Akal Der Shatonnc 01 (704) 264-1384. for info on Olher dlUmming workshops and events, con111e1 Rhythm Alive!; Box 3331; Asheville, NC 28802. (704) 255-8020. KNOXVILLE, TN River Rescue - cleaning up the fLTSt 50 miles of the Tennessee River. Help the Clean Water Project clean up the river! For infonnation, call the Center for Global Sustainability at (615) 524-4771. 9 18-29 VALLEY HEAD, AL ASHEVILLF.., NC Forestry Commission Forum w1U Seventh generation Cherokee herbalist, Medicine Bear (D. Walt Burchcu) will :Juw knowledge abou1 lhc use or plants during a 1wo diay workshop. Pre-rcgisier: $125. For info on lhlS and n~~.ct WOllcshops, comact Hawkw,nd Eartb Renewal Cooperative; Box 11; Valley Head, AL 35989. inv11e di5cussion of forest use and wildlands preservation. Co-Sl)OnSOl'Cd by Sierra Club and other group~. Contact Nick Stcfanou at (704) 685-3881. (20S) 635-6304. Environmental and Earth Skills Famil)• Gruhcring, with Hawk and Ayal HW1'1. Fire by friction, uacl:ing and $Ulll<1ng, sptnt animal journeys, plant and medicine walks, llinllulapping, cordage nnd hide 13ruling. Adults: $80, chi~: S70. Contac:1 Long Bl'OIICh Environmcnwl Education Center: RL 2, Box 132; Lc1ces1cr, NC 28748. (704) 683-3662. APRIL 3-5 SWANNANOA,NC ApprcntJce cias:; with Morgan Eaglcbcar will e.tpl~ IJlc proper use of herbs and other '1calmg tools from the Native American perspective. First clllS.~ in a four-pan series. For info on Lhii and other classes, con1ae1 The Eanh Ccnlet. Sec 3/21. Xouiah JournaL p~ 38 ' 10-12 17 LEICESTER, NC HELEN, GA ''Rivercane Rendezvous" is Eanhskills !raining, tools, and techniques for living in the natural world. Instructors include Snow Bear, Drury Wood, Doug Elliott, Tammy Beane, Jim Riggs, and Cherokee elders Walker Calhoun, Eva Bigwitch and Eddie Bushyhead. Pre-register: $145 includes meals. Contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi State Park, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. MAY 1-3 TANASr RIDGE Bchane (May Day) Gatbc:ring BJ Morningstar Farm. May pole, song, dancing. Celebrate High Spnng! For informntion and uavcl directions, call (704) 586-3146. 1-3 ROAN MOUNTAJN, TN 34th Annual Roan Moun111m WildOowcr Tours and Birdwalks. Con111e1 Ro:in Moun111in Sl3le Park at (615) 7n-3303. Fl;LL MOON /PTNK MOOS Drawing by Rob Mel.Sick Spr~»9. 1992 �··:KATUAH 2 WFSTF.RN NORTH CAROLINA Clean SIJ'Callls Day will involve coordinated clean.up in Buncombe, Madison, Henderson and Transylvania counties. For info and lrnShbags, contac1 Quality Forward. Soc 4/6. MARSHALL, NC Spoon Carving WOl'kshop is an introduction 10 lmditional woodworking IOOls and rcchniqoes, iaughl by Drew Langsner. Pre-regis1cr: SISO includes meals and camping (dormilory also available). For info on this and other woodworking classes. conU1C1 Country Workshops, 90 Mill Creek Road, Marshall, NC 28753. (704) 656-2280. KONFUSION =· Rob Messic\<. coniact Great Smoky Mount:1ins lnslltulc at Tremoni; Rt I, Box 700; Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. JUNE HOT SPRINGS, NC "Taoist Medilation for Beginners" will include instruction, group mcdiuuion, and periods or silence. Led by Linda Gooding Md Sllaron Reif. Pre-register: S145 includes vegan meals Md lodging. For info on this and other retreats, conLaC1 Southern Dhnrma Rctre31 Center. RL I, Box 34-H,: H01 Springs, NC 28743. (704)622-7112. 5.7 16 FULL MOON / FLOWER MOON 2·3 9-10 VALLEY HEAD, AL Earth Slcills workshop with Darry Wood. "Wilh a knife. on axe, and a saw, I can mnke a life in lhe woods.· R~l and undcrsianding are what allow us lO live ligh1ly on lhe land. Hawkwind Earth Renewal Cooperative. See 3/28-29. 14-18 CHEROKEE NF Sou!hPAW Spring Council. Join the region's biocentric environmental group to plan forest rescue and !he Kan1ah evolutionary preserve. USFS appeals, paving moratorium, Earth skills, non-violence training for direct action, and more. At Jennings Creek area. For travel directions and info, caJI (615) 543-5107 or (704) 299-0860. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Spring Naturalis1 Wccl(cnd is a chance lO lewn about the natural hisiory oflhc park Crom local cxpertS. lnstruciors will include Dr. Mike PellOn, Dr. Fred Alsop, and Dr. Ed Clebsch. Pre-register: S75 includes meals Md lodging. For info on lhis and other progrnms, 15-17 KERRSVILLE, TX The Fifth Tunic Island Biorcgional Congress. Bioregional people from across the continent will gather 10 celebrate and sll':llCgi1.e an ecoccnlric way of living. Pre-register: $225-300 includes meals and lodging. ConlllCt: Realistic Living; Box 140826; Dallns, TX 75214. (903) 583-8252. 17-21 The Black Mountain Festival. Four days of great music with Goose Creek Symphony, Norman and Nancy Blake, Ada Korey, The Chicken Wire Gang, Brooks Williams, songs and stories for children wiLh Bob Rosentahl, Ian Bruce from Scot.land, Steelorama reggae, the Flying Mice, other performers, and more dancers than ever before! $65 for the duration. For more info, call (704) 669-2456. CHEROKEE, NC Sieve Moon, shell engravings. and Joel Queen, s10ne sculplUl'C and pouery, in a two-person show at lhe Musewn of lhc Cherokee Indian. 30 WAYNESVILLE, NC Bead Weaving workshop: me peyote stilCh for medicine or spirit bag weaving. Pre-register. $30 plus materials. For info on this and olhcr programs, conl3Ct Sl.il-Ligh1 Theosophical Retreat Center; RL I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-456 /, - Spr~. 1992 - ' Kaluah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick a1 (704) 754-6097 PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Regular Membership ........$10/yr. Address Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. State Zip FULL MOON 20 SUMMER SOLSTICE AMONG THE TREES Katunh Rainbow Tribe Solstice Gathering. Somewhere in lhe national forest brothas and sisters will gather 10 create a magical village or love and lighL Location Md exact dates 10 be annoWlCed. For information wriie lO HO! Newsle11er, Box 5455; Allania. GA 30307, or call Allanta Rainbow Light Line, (404) 662-6112. 17(?)-21 Enclosed is $::----- to give !his effort an extra boost 12-14 MASSANETT A SPGS., VA 6th Annual National Forest Refonn Pow Wow will include group discussions, workshops and field trips 10 view several forest management techniques. Pre-register: $76-122 includes meals and lodging or campsite. Contact Forest Reform Network; 5934 Royal Lane (Suite 223); Dallas, TX. 75230. (214) 368-1791. 3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-33 - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - Ke°UA~OURNAL Name 15 23-24 - -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- - --- - --- -- - -- City JOHNSON CITY, TN "Places and the Displaced" is drama inspired by lhe quinccntcnninl of Columbus's voyage, written and performed by The Road Company. Box 5278, Johnson City, 1N 37603. (615)926-7726. 22-25 BLACK MO UNTAIN, NC BACK ISSUFS OFKATUAH JOURNALAVAILABLE 34 9-13 ---- Back Issues; Issue# __@ $2.50 = s.--Jssue # __@ $2.50 = $•--Issue# __@ $2.50 = s.--lssue # __@ $2.50 = $____ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ __ postage paid $_ __ Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-32) postage paid @ $50.00 = $_ __ Phone Number XA~ JournaL page 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 34, Spring 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-fourth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on sustainable agriculture and regional diet. Authors and artists in this issue include: Joe Hollis, Hugh Lovel, Ralph Garrett, Peter Bane, Perry Eury, Allison C. Sutherland, Bear With Runs, Mark Schonbeck, John Ingress, Lee Barnes, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Emmett Greendigger, Michael Thompson, James Rhea, Dawn Shiner, Troy Setzler, Erbin Crow, Caroline Rowe Martens, and Susan Adam. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Paradise Gardening by Joe Hollis.......3<br /><br />Community Sponsored Agriculture by Hugh Lovel.......5<br /><br />"If You Didn't Grow It..." by Ralph Garrett.......7<br /><br />Eating Close to Home by Peter Bane.......9<br /><br />Silas McDowell's Vision by Perry Eury.......11<br /><br />Poems by Allison C. Sutherland.......12<br /><br />Native Foods by Bear with Runs.......13<br /><br />Cover Crops by Mark Schonbeck.......15<br /><br />Plan for Tomorrow: Hemp by John Ingress.......17<br /><br />Katúah Cultivars by Lee Barnes.......18<br /><br />Blowing in the Wind by Charlotte Homsher.......19<br /><br />The Web of Life: A Katúah Almanac by Lee Barnes and Rob Messick.......20<br /><br />Good Medicine.......22<br /><br />Natural World News.......24<br /><br />"Whose Rules?" by David Wheeler.......26<br /><br />Big Ivy by Emmett Greendigger and David Wheeler.......27<br /><br />Drumming.......28<br /><br />Saving Wild Seeds by Lee Barnes.......29<br /><br />Resources.......31<br /><br />Review: "Apple Pie in Your Face".......34<br /><br />Webworking.......37<br /><br />Events.......38<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Appalachians (People)--Social life and customs--History Community-supported agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs--History Cover crops--Appalachian Region, Southern Permaculture--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Health Katúah Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/501565e7337d54952a1f1a4f817e1d07.pdf e2930310495291405c931b80c288e056 PDF Text Text $ 2.00 ISSUE 35 SUMMER 1992 ..:··.:·'. .. .... ·· ······· ...... ....... ·..······· ·-·-:.··········· ····,. ..~.. ··..··,. �Drawing by Rob Messick ~UAHJOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 287 48 Postage Paid Bulk Mall Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 f .,c.\ e o,. @ C, ,l {IC () r. Printed on recycled papcT ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �eoNrENTs0 Consensus........................ 1 by Caroline Estes Decision-Making Process....... 4 by Joyce Johnson Problems with Consensus...... 5 by Rob Messick Tribal Council.................... 6 by Bear With Runs Elda................................ 9 by Lucinda Flodin The State of Franklin............ 11 by David Wheeler Where the Trees Outnumber the People.................... 14 by Stephen Wing In Council with All Beings..... 16 by Lee Barnes Steve Moon: Shell Engravings............ 17 Good Medicine................... 18 Natural World News............ 20 A Look Back..................... 23 by caroline Estes by Will Ashe Bason Are Bioregions Too Big? ....... 24 by Rob Messick Practices for Full Self- Rule... 25 by Clear Marks Drumming........................ 26 Jury Nullification................ 28 by Karen Fletcher Review: Beyond the limits............... 29 by Rob Messick Events............................. 32 Webworking..................... 34 Summer, 1992 Consensus is based on the belief that each person has some pan of the truth and no one has all of it (no matter how mui::h we would like to believe so) and on a respect for all persons involved in the decision that is being considered. ln our present-day society the governing idea is that we can trust no one, and therefore we must protect ourselves if we are to have any security in our decisions. The most we will be willing to do is compromise. This means we are willing to settle for less than the very best - and !hat we will always have a sense of dissatisfaction with any of our decisions unless we can somehow maneuver others involved in the process. This leads to a skewing of honesty and fonhrighmess in our relationships. In the consensus process, we start from a different basis. The assumption is that we are all truscwollhy (or at least can become so). The process allows each person complete power over the group. The central idea for the Quakers was the complete elimination of majorities and minorities. If there were differences of view at a Quaker meeting, as there were likely to be in such a body, the consideration of the question at issue would proceed, with long periods of solemn hush and meditation, until slowly the lines of thought drew together toward a point of unity. Then the clerk would frame a minute of conclusion, expressing the "sense of the meeting." Built into the consensual process is the belief that all persons have some part of the truth, or what in spiritual terms might be called "some part of God," in them. and that we will reach a better decision by putting all of the pieces of the truth together before proceeding. There are indeed limes when it appears that two pieces of the truth arc in · contradiction to each other, but with clear thinking and auention. the whole may be perceived which includes both pieces, or many pieces. The either/or type of argument does not advance this process. Instead, the process is a search for the very best solution to whatever is the problem. That does not mean that there is never room for error - but on the whole, in my experience, it is rare. This process also makes a direct application of the idea that all persons are equal. If we do indeed trust one another and do believe that we a!J have pans of the truth, then ac any time one person may know more or have access to more information • but at another time, others may know more or have more access or bett.cr understanding. Even when we have all the facts before us, it may be the spirit that is lacking and comes forth from another who secs the whole better than any of the persons who have some of the pans. All of these contributions are impo11ant. Decisions which all have helped shape and in which all can feel united make the canying out of the necessary action go Oraw111g by Rob Messick (contirwed on page 3) Xatimh Journat page 1 �~UAHJOURNAL EDITORIAL STAPH TIHS ISSUE: Maria Abbruzzi Lee Barnes Heather Blair Chris Davis Judith Hallock Charlotte Homsher Willow Johnson, lheQuwcctor Thanks to Jim Rob Messick Nancy Odell Michael Red Fox James Rhea Rodney Webb David Wheeler Houser for inspiring the "Councils" theme for this issue. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PUBLISHED BY: Karuah Journal Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Moumaineer Press EDITOR JAL OFFICE TI TTS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC WRITE US AT: Kattwh Journal Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748 Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land spealcs, we listen and we act We tune our lives 10 the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore lhe land We give !hanks for all that is good TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an important clement of bioreg,onnl ecology, both runuml and social. In accord with this principle Karuah Journal irics to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional isrucs. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and arc not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Jounial ediun or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-profit organiuition under section 501 (c)(3) of the lntemnl Revenue Code. All contributions to Katuah Journal arc deductible from personal income lllX. Ham1ony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. Articles appearing in KaJuahJournal may be reprinted in other publications with pcnnission from lhc Katuah Journal struT. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. Kattwh Joturwl sends a voice... with anicles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. 'LN VOCA.TLON - Empowering the Cowu:il Feather Great Spirit, Divine Mother, we know this feather came to us from you, we know it's first purpose in lhe Oeation is to fly empower it so !hat each of us who talces it in tum may look down as the great eagle circling over our Council, empower us so that each may speak as the wind speaks from our own comer of lhe Creation, looking down over the long shoulder of the horizon The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants to communicate your thoughts andfeelings to other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings. or plwtographs, etc. Please send your comriburions 10 us a1: Katuah Journal; P.O. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan,ah Province 28748. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be about the role of wood in lhe life of the mountains. Please send anicles evaluating the present timber industry. logging stories. and visions of ecological and sustainable ways to cut and use wood. Please also send pictures and drawings of trees. wood, and woodworkers. Deadline is August 8th 1992. - Stephen Wing/ '\'"' ..... ~ •1 \ • • t.,1 I • I •• J ' .. ... THE WINTER ISSUE will be an assortment including stories for good winter reading and possibly renewable energy systems. Deadline is October, 30th 1992. 8 ti b"• .\Jo/ I ~~~·/~~ �(continued from page I) forward wiLh more efficiency, power, and smoothness. This applies L persons, o communities, a.nd naLions. Given the enonnous issues and problems before us, we need LO use the ways thaL will best enable us to move forward Logether. The above is an ucerpt/rom an essay in Home: A Bioregional Reader, tdittd by Van Andruss, Christopher and Judith Plant, and Eleanor Wright (New Society Publishers, 1990). (First printed in The New Catalys1, 1tJ. Spring. 1986) Speaking with CAROLINE ESTES: A Phone InLerview - May, 1992 Kanwh: When you are faciliLating, how do you see yourself acting in the group? CE: As a servant LO the group; to help them come 10 the best decision they can make wiLh those present. Katlltlh: And 10 do that you have to be assiduously neutral. CE: That's right. Katuah: But it also goes beyond that, because when you are working at the Bioregional Congress, I feel you are putting out a lot of energy to...cemer yourself spiritually, could you say that? CE: Yes, you could say that. The way I put it is that when I am doing consensusmaking facilitation r try to keep myself as a clear stream. I am noL impeding; I have nothing in me that is directing. and yet l am there, in the spiritual sense, LO be as much help as l can possibly be. Ninety percent of facilitation is knowing your group on that level. Only te n percent of iL is knowing the subject matter and understanding the words and all of Lhat. MosL of what you are working wiLh is totally subjective and understanding the "vibes." l don't have all the new age tenninology down, but it's definitely true that as a facilitator of large groups. you have to be in tune with the group. If you're not, don'L facilitate. Karuah: It's not a mechanistic thing at all. CE: Absolutely. That's the reason I get slightly hysterical when people say anyone can facilitate. Katttal1: What is the most difficult job you ever had LO facilitate? CE: I can think of times when it didn't work, bu1 the one thot strained the group the most and we actually got the group Lhrough it, was at the second Bioregional Congress at Lake Leelanauw, Michigan when the group tried LO pass a spirituality statement. A resolution on spirituality was brought before the group. Everyone was favorably impressed and, I think, was preparing to Sum mer, 1992 i\...) . adopt it, when two people who had been on the fringe of the Congress all week moved forward 10 say that they blocked it. That was very hard 10 hear because they had not been integral Lo the Congress, and yet they had been there, and since the Congresses are open groups they had the right 10 do this. They were not articulate, so we could not figure out easily what Lhey wanted or why they were blocking it. I asked the . patience of the group for two or three minutes so I could dialogue with them directly, and in doing so after a few minutes it started 10 emerge that the problem we were looking at was the separation of church and state, which no one up until that point had thought about. Once that was articulated in a way that people could understand it. a numbc!r of people rose. including some who had been on the commiuee, and said that they would withdraw the statement. Others wanted 10 sign it in order to show support for it, but it could not move forward in the group. It was blocked. That was one of the most di fficuh ones in that we had a block from inarticulate people who "'eren't integrally pan of the group and were holding up a group decision that until then looked like it had a "go." l think that was the most lenmin& a group has done on why we have blocking. h also tested the paoence of the group the most. It showed a lot of things. It showed that sometimes Lhe facilitator needs 10 step in to try to find ouL what is really going on. It also tested the group in whether they re:illy believed in the consensual process enough that they allowed the time for it to happen even when it was at the end of an incredibly pushed day. . r,_ It got very emotional, but...the system worked! We hadn't thought about that point., and we needed to think about it before rushing into a decision that might have been 100 hasty. Kattlah Whar do you think is the imponnnce of the continental bioregional congress doing its work by consensus? CE: It's incredibly important. In a sense we have been co-opted by the larger society. Bioregionalism is now an accepted word. For instance, California is now looking at bioregionalism governmentally. They are starting to look at how they could break down the state into sub-regions, instead of towns, cities, and counties. And part of it is, 1 think, the power that goes behind any decision of any group that works consensually. You just have a lot more power behind what you say. Even if it doesn'L get into the mass media, it intrinsically has more power. when everybody in the group is behind a decision. Ka11tal1: That leads to the clincher question: which is the most imponant., the process or the result? CE: (Pause) I'd say Lhe process...if your process is flawed, your decision is going to be flawed_ When people don't want to use consensus it is usually because they are attached to their position. And they are right: if they are attached ro a position and unable to see or allow a better position L be brought o Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on next page) Xat.uah )o"i-l'IQ[. P<J9C' ·3 �(ron11nuoo from p;,i;c 3) resen·ations. Proposal is altered after reservation:, are considered, or it is accepted as is. forth, then they can't work within a consensus process. The resuhing position is not going to have the ~ame power. bu! that\ what's going to happen. I understand It. And I think that a second rea.~on that people don't use consensus. and I really . believe this, is that they don't understand n. Every time I teach a course, I'm teaching it 10 people who have used consensus for years, and they are just learning what it means. So I think that lhose are two points that people are blank about: they're attached 10 a position and/or they don't know the process. ,1greement with reservation recorded - Caroline Estes is a fo1utding member of the i111entio11ai community Alpha Farm in the Cascadia Bioregion of the Pacific Northwest. She lwfacilitated al/jive Turtle Island Bioregional Congresses held co date. People watching her ac work are awed by her strength and clarity. It has often been said that the ability ofthe continental Bioregio11al Congresses 10 operate on the basis of consensus has been due to Caroline's ability as a facilitator, a claim which Caroline vigorously denies. This will soon be put 10 the test, however.for Caroline has said that next year, when she 111rns 65 years old, she plans to discontinue facilitating the Bioregio,1111 Congresses and begin to actively ,,# organize in her bioregion. j7' Disagreement or reservations arc considered. Proposal is altered or is accepted, and reservations arc recorded. Unable 10 write - If one individual is unable to unite with a proposal and is unwilling to stand aside, then the chairperson must decide whether to delay action on the proposal or to ask the individual if he or she would be willing to be recorded as opposed. At the next meeting, very often. agreement is possible after more time 10 reflect on the proposal. Recorded by DW CONSENSUS DECISION MAKING PROCESS by Joyce Johnson Purpose: The group must have a unity of purpose and must clarify the purpose 10 all in the group. Everyone involved must have a clear understanding of the group's purpose. Members of the Group: The group must know and trust each other. That is essential for trust-building. Members must be willing to listen 10 each other with open minds. Willingness to learn from each other; participate in cooperative problem solving and conflict resolution if necessary. Members must believe in the consensus process or be open 1 the process if 0 unfamiliar with it Proposal: An individual or the chairperson can phrase this for presentation co the . group. Adequate time should be taken m order to ensure thorough understanding of the proposal. The proposal might not be clear at the begiMing. It is the responsibility of the chairperson to state the proposal so that everyone understands it. Responses to the proposal: Agreement - Agreement without reservation; consensus reached and proposal accepted. Agreement with reservations - Proposal is generally supported, but there are some Xotuofl Journot page 4 \'· j ,I f 1 I • 1 111/l,t Possible Decisions on Proposal: Accepted - Consensus with full agreement reached. Committee discussion - More information is needed before a decision can be reached. Those with strong opinions should attend this discus:;ion. Sometimes a commi11ee can be empowered 10 act. Usually it will then bring the proposal back 10 the whole group. Delay decision - Group not ready to make 1h1s decision now. Discussion tabled to later time. Dropped - Not enough interest at this time by the group 10 discuss this issue. Chairpcr~on (or "facilitator" or "clerk"): Good guidance is very 1mponan1 10 the consensus process. A good chairperson is very often the difference between a meeting working well or not working at all. There are a lot of tools that a chairperson can learn to use, but only experience can tell a chairperson which tool will work best in a given situation. issue warr.ints, cspec1ally if making a major policy change. • Discipline - Ask someone to cut shon 1hc1r comments if they arc repeating themselves or talking too long. Can also ask someone who has spoken on an issue to wait until others have had a chance 10 make comments. Diplomacy - Chairperson must be responsible for dealing with a chronic objector. Deal with this person considerately. This might be the time to say that we are aware of your disagreement, but it seems that the sense of the meeting is 10 accept this proposal. Be gracious but firm. Dialogue - Members should speak 10 the clerk and not dialogue with each other. Silence - Allow time 10 pause after decision before rushing on 10 the next agenda item. Call for silence if there is need 10 pause when there is conflict over an issue. This gives members a chance to think of a way to-.ephrase a statement or to cool off if angry. Clearness - It is sometimes important to ask the recording clerk to read back the decision to make sure it is clear to everyone what has been decided. Clearness Process - The clerk might ask for individuals 10 meet outside the meeting 10 resolve conflict or misunderstanding. Judging What Is Important - Be careful not 10 be so goal-oriented that the decision becomes more imponant than the process. Some decisions might need more time. After some discussion, the chairper~on might say, "I feel that the group is ready 10 make a decision of this proposal." If some feel that they arc not ready, this will give them an opportunity to say so. The Most lmporram Role of the Chairperson or Clerk is 10 judge the sense of the meeting. lt is the clerk's role 10 aniculatc the unity that he or she discovers in the community and to facilitate the formation of that unity. Consensus Does not Mean Unanimil): Consensus means reaching unity or concorda11ce. Tt has been described as a pianist blending complemenrary notes into a chord. It does not mean that everyone encl~ up on the same note, but 1ha1 complementary notes are blended into a chord. Consensus is not reaching the "lowest common denominator." It is instead the,_# "highest collective consciousness." fr Rt!.fources: Judith Webb and John Olsson, A Consensus Dccision-Makrng Model Miduzel J. Sheeran. Beyond t\.1ajority Ruic: Vo1clcss Decisions in the Religious Society of Friends Responsibilities of Chairperson: Agenda - Put issues in order; do not leave imponant decisions until the end. Try lo set time limits on each agenda item. Group can aid this process. Frame the question or proposal with neurrality. Elicit comments from silent members present. Have show of hands so that those members won't be intimidated by more vocal members. Poll participa111S - Go around the circle for comments from each member present if the Joyce Johnson is a ml!mbcr of the Ctlo CommUJJity and the Ctlo Fritnds Mteting. She i.r currtnily working a.rdevt!lopmtnt coordinator for tk Arthw Morgan School. Slrt has/ocilitated many meetings/or the Meeting and tilt! Arthur Morgan School and help.r the students there practice the consen.fu:r proce:rs 01 thtir sclu,o/ meetings. Joyce conducts workslu,ps on the con.•tnsu.f process/or inJtrt.fted groups She may be reached through 1hr Arthur Morgan School: 1901 /JanMh Branch Rd.; Burnsvillt, NC 28714 (7{},I) 675-4262. Oraw.ng by Rob M~s,ck Sum.mer, 1992 • . • •. ' ,'J, �Problems with Consensus I have finally found the major beef I have with the Consensus Process of group decision making. Namely il revolves around the fact that consensus can too easily boil down to Minority Rule, and this has a specific way of frustrating the proceedings wilhin a group or council. When one person or a minority can block consensus, or in effect decide an issue for Lhe group, then that is Minority Rule. How does this differ from Realms, which in truth are not councils at all but Monarchies? The struggle in human life between inLegrity and the corruption of power has raged for centuries, and we have yet 10 find means of reconciling the two into a process 1hat is both just and livable for all concerned. Consensus is often touted as a solution 10 the many problems of Majority Rule voting systems, such as Congresses or Parliaments, yet it seems co me tha1 this emphasis merely replaces one useless fonn of council with another. It is clear 10 me now that both Majority Rule and Minority Rule forms of council usually result in splintered groups. Is there any way to maintain unity among people or various groups in the human family? Perhaps noL It makes sense lo me that an oppressed individual or group would be attracted to a consensus form of council. Such people have surely been under-represented in the politics of the United States of America and elsewhere. Thus they seek compensatioR in small groups where they can insist that their position be adequately represented. or in some cases OVERLY represented. _l d<? not think that rigid Majority Rule or Minonry Rule systems of council will work in the long run in human group dynamics. I say lhis because we as a species have nasty hisLorical habiLS of not being able to share the power of decision making when people's opinions crystallize. There seems to be a much_ stronger potential for many people 10 ge1 behmd a mob, and get lost in it, than there is for individuals to think for Lhemselves or act on their own conscience. Majorities have a tendency to disregard the righls of minorities, often feeling justified in de~9!uing those who contradict the majority opm1on. How then can people participate in a form of Council that can accommodate the multiple concerns that modem human beings have? Scale becomes important to the accuracy of the decisions being made. Geographical size is also an imponant factor. A council 1hat is too small may nol have enough influence, yet a council that is too large may be irrelevant l0 local concerns. The village, which is composed of a limited number of households, is one of the best examples of an appropriate or workable scale of human council. When Lhese village groups are slable then larger councils can evolve that involve a limited cluster of villages, such as a county or shire. Consensus may have worked better in eras where villages were primary to a given cultural way of life. The consensus process may also have worked beuer when times were not as complicated, or when there were fewer decisions to be made. The Summer, 1992 consequences of decision making in the dislant pasl also were no1 as far reaching as they have become in the industrial era; wilness the existence of plutonium and television. It seems lo me that many small or medium sized groups of today could benefit from having a formal Mediator lo help guide the process of decision making; panicularly when difficulties emerge or when a group becomes deadlocked. This form of mediated debate would differ greatly from an ingrown strain of politics that has stagnated due to a few dominant inclividuals. Instead of bec_o~~g compl~tel~ i_mmersed in battling maJonues and nunonues, a good mediator or facilitator would remind participanLS of their common interesLS and emphasize the an of compromise where it is appropriate. Compromise is a learned skill that individuals in a small or medium sized group can develop to auempl to work out solutions 10 problems in a wa~ 1ha1 does noL leave out any responsible adult who wants to participate in the decision making process. In the case of family disputes a facilitator could assist in clarifying the rights of children as well as the rights of parems. Issues of fairness in a setting where no weapons are allowed would naturally become an ongoing concern. A valid council would not allow weapons a1 their proceedings. It is clear lo me now, Lhrough a beuer understanding of human behavior, thal there are some approaches 10 forming council that work beuer than others. Finding ways that panicipants can let go of the spirit of conquest and still be a pan of the group is primary to working toward a successful approach. There are cenainly no guarantees that this process would work over time, yet adequate spans of time seem to be necessary to forming councils that link people at least as much as they divide them. Most of the politics of today are 100 rushed and inconsistent to even begin to consider susLainability or future generations. Good facilitators would have the skill of being able to suspend their judgements enough, or be sufficiently impartial, to mediale lhe vested interests within a given group. A good facilitator would also be skilled in ways of building truSt among members of a group or council. Once such an atmosphere of trust has been created the various secret and obvious agendas touted by people within the group can be identified, slowly brought out into the open, and confronted. Even though solutions or decisions may not emerge spontaneously, at leasl a good faci.litator can provide a forum in which all posilions are aired. Members can go away from a meeting and contemplate the meaning of these positions. which become imponant lo dialogues in future meetings. Those individuals who are most auatched to their own agendas would probably balk the loudest at having a facilitator or "outSidcr" come into their group process. But, as is often the case in human psychology, it is those who refuse good medicine or good _ ,# council the strongcsl who need it most! J!7' · Rob Mes.sick Dnwing by Rob Messick X.Otunft Jouniat PIUJe 5 �TRIBAL COUNCIL • I n the center of each of the larger Cherokee villages were the square and the town house. In the larger villages the 1own house was buiJ1 in10 a large earthen mound. Seating areas were dug into the mound, so 1hat if you looked at ii from the top, without the roof on it, it looked Like a spiral coming up out of the ground. AI the bottom and !he center of the spiral was the sacred fire and !he seven poles that supported the building. The visible walls were only four feel high, and !he whole building was covered by an immense thatched roof. Some of the town houses at the major villages were enormous. The town house at Old Echota, for example, had 900 poles. Many of !hem were 18" through. A lot of them were locus1. They used the seven-pole construction all the way around and made 1he building very strong. But not every village had a town house. The smaller villages used the square for !heir mee1ing place. There would be seven arbors, traditionally called ''beds," arranged around the square, one for each of the clans. Four of !he beds were localed at the cardinal poinis, and !he others were loca1ed around 1hem. During meetings, all 1he members of the clan sat in their clan bed. In each village there were people who spen1 a lot of lime at the town house, in the square, or n1 1he chunky (a popular gambling game - ed.) grounds, which were locaied just to the side of 1he town house. The old men, in particular, spent a good deal of 1heir time there just talking. Thus, 1here was an ongoing meeting around the town house that was happening more or less all 1he 1ime. Sometimes the meeting got mor..: intense when everybody came to the 1own house to talk about some mauer of importance to the village, bu1 01her times ii was just the old men continually discussing the village affairs. When the whole council met, the meetings became more fonnal. Twelve of the elders sat around the sacred fire at the center of the town house. (In the smaller villages there was one representative from each clan.} The rest of the people of the viJJ~ge sat in the seats by clans. One member of the council represented "The Unborn Yet To Be," and spoke for their poin1 of view. II was important 10 the council tha1 in decision-making The Unborn Yet To Be were always taken into account. They don'1 do that any more. I wish 1hey would. They would talk about problems the village faced, like a bad com crop that year or another village which was requesting theuhelp to make war on the Creeks. Consensus was the way decisions were made. The old people in the center spoke first They did not give commands. They would make suggestions based on their wisdom. And oflen the people would follow that wisdom Part of their wisdom was taking into accoun1 the Unborn Yet To Be. Anyone could speak in the council, but it was done respectfully. The old people spoke firsi, 1hen the 01her people could speak. They had to wait until 1he conversation at the center was done, then they would Xati1nh Jo;ucnnfriP'-90i•i111X stand and wait to be recognized by one of the elders in the middle. They didn't scream or wave 1heir arms, they jus1 stood 10 be recognized. Women could speak in the council. Even a child could speak. Everyone had a right to speak their heart. Once I was privileged to sit at the ceremonial grounds wilh a group of old Cherokee men in Oklahoma while they talked about a problem in their village. l saw an example of how lhe old tribal councils made decisions by consensus. There were 12 or 15 old men in the group. The younges1 one, besides myself, was about 73. These were the people who used the Council House. They 100k into consideration The Unborn Yet To Be. The problem ai 1he time was not really clear to me, bu1 I remember tha1 everybody spoke. They sinned off with the younges1 man and went around the circle, each man speaking his piece and saying wha1 he had 10 say. It wasn'1 a "meeting" the way whi1e people run a meeting. They didn'1 hammer out a decision. In fact, 1hey did not come to any specific conclusion a1 all. If any white people had been presen1, 1hey would not have known tha1 a meeting was taking place at all. To a white person ii would have appeared 1hat some old men were silting in a circle talking casually about a mauer of common concern. They just talked aboul it. Each of them spoke abou1 the problem from his own point of view. The world tru1h among these people was the same, so they already shared a broad agreement By 1he time they went around the circle the silua1ion was so clear from every angle tha1 the answer was obvious. and the old men just got up and lef1. There was a consensus. It was all over. It was decided. I fell very fonuna1e 10 ge1 a glimpse of something that rarely happens anymore, With 1he advice of the elders, the council chose the chiefs, called uku's, for the village. There were two chiefs: a peace uku and a war uku. A person was chosen as an uku because he had a lot of personal integri1y and made good decisions. He was a person the people chose to follow and also a role model for the young people. A chief held his position until he made l01s of mistakes, and the people would choose 10 follow someone else. But if he made wise decisions, he could be chief for life. The war chief was probably the mos1 popular person in 1he village, bu1 he was also the mos1 vulnerable. ff he used bad judgmen1, his mistakes could cost many lives, and his career would be ended. The chief was a leader, bu, he did not tell people what to do. h was no1 like "OK, we'll all go 10 war 1oday," or "Everybody go pick com." Like the elders, a chief could only make suggestions. White people do not know anything about democracy and freedom until they know 1he way tha1 the native culture worked. by Bear With Runs Another important person chosen by the council was 1he Beloved Woman. She was chosen for the same reason as an uku: 1ha1 her character, as a woman, was highly regarded by the men and women of the village. Like an 11Jr.u, she would have to show in1eg:ity and personal power. At one time every village had a Beloved Woman, un1il after a 101 of white influence there came 10 be only one Beloved Woman for the whole tribe. The Beloved Woman could no1 start a war, but she could stop one. She decided what happened 10 captives. She spoke up when !he village was lllinking about moving i1s location, and she had a say on 1rea1ies. Other women came to her frequently for spiritual advice and help with everyday mauers. The Cherokee are called a nation, bu1 the word "nation," in the Western sense of the word, does not explain how the people saw rhemselves. They saw themselves as "The Human Beings" or "The People." In the early days of white contac1, the "nation" was only a very loose federation of individual villages. Each village was a power 10 i1self and could follow i1s own hean to a great extent. The tnbe had red villages (war villages) and while villages (peace villages}, and there were also special sanctuary villages. A person 'Yho committed a crime of passion in his own village could find safety if he could gel to a sanctuary village before being caught. He could s1ay in the sanctuary village without being molested by anybody until the following Green Corn Ceremony, when judgments were decided, and compensations were paid. People would have to make retribution for mistakes they had made. They might pay in com, or sometimes a person would indenture himself for a time of service to make retribution. The sanc1uary villages and the "cooling off period" were probably good ideas, because they allowed people's personal passions to wane somewhat, and judgments were made out of reason instead of hot anger. The Katuah village was a sanctuary. and also 1he Nikwasi village in Franklin, North Carolina. I believe tha1 the seven oldest, "mother" vilJages of the Cherokee were sanc1uary villages, although I am not sure of the status of Echota. There were a lot of warriors based 1here in la1er times. While the villages were self-determining political unilS, it was the shared ceremonies, lifestyles, customs, and world view that kept the tribe together. And there was also the influence of 1he clans. There were seven clans in the Cherokee tribe (ahhough a long time ago there were 14). PeOple were born in10 their mother's clan, and tha1 was 1heir clan for life. The women kepi crack of the lineages. Each clan had its own rules and i1s own taboos. The clans 100k care of 1heir own (tonhnucd on P•&c 8) Suni'ttttr, 11992 "" , �• DnWllli by James Rhea �(continued from p;,gc 6) members. They specialized life within the villages somewha1 and k:PI people ~rom marrying too close 10 theLr own family. A person could not marry within the same clan. Incest of any sort, eilher biological incest or clan incest, was lhe worst crime a person could commit The clan system kept out inbreeding. It also helped 10 govern lhings. Besides lhe family cornfields and lhe communal aibaJ cornfields, each clan would also have large clan cornfields. Any excess com from lhese fields would be given to the old and the elderly of that clan, if their families could nor provide for them. The clans also had somewhat dlfferem functions. The Wolf Clan was the warrior clan - the military and the police if that function was needed. The Wild Poiato Clan was more into agriculture. The Paints were interested in crafts. And the Bird Clan was probably hunters - birds, deer. Each clan had different rules and different taboos, depending on their function in lhe community. While the clan system did serve to sepanue things and provi_de some stru~rure within the village, on a different level tt also served 10 hold the tribe together as a whole. Clan members were obligated to care for each other. This was the basic rule of the clans. A traveler could go 10 a small outpost village up in Kcnrucky that he had never seen before and could find clan relatives who would take him in and care for him. lt held the people together. Even though the dialect they spoke might be different, they would still be clan relatives. They would still be Cherokee. And 1hen there was clan justice. This is often misunderstood. Any time the rights or person of a clan member were viol~ted, then everybody else in that clan was obligated to make swe retribution was paid for the cnme. For instance, if someone murdered a member of another clan, all the other members of that Xotimfl 1 ~ n l:1,.\ 'hll(Je 8 • 101m,nt ,f \""l~'T'!m 1,t I ~·1~,1..., (I i,1111 'lnn:mol 1lrilll \ clan helped 10 hunt that perso~ down and take his life in return. If the offending person ran to a sanctuary village. he could stay there, but if lhe clan members caught him first, it was au over. This was not revenge. This was the clan being responsible for its members based on our reality. The clans kept a balance between each other. That kept a balance wilhin the whole aibe. group - but at the same time they were ~iven tremendous freedom. There were areas m which an indjviduttl could get glory and personal recognition. Someone who was a great hunter was revered. and a gOO? provider was sought af1er by the lad1~s. There was glory for the young males 1n warfare. However, if someone did not conduct him- or herself properly, they did not receive any approval. People would just ignore them. In most cases, their behavior would be modified in a very short time. Native people wanted at all cost 10 avoid losing face and being shamed. Depriving someone of attention or ridiculing him or her was a powerful way 10 get a deviant person back into accord with the group. The ultimate threat of force was banishment from the village. An action that serious was carried out by the whole village council, because it required the support of the whole community. In that situation, somebody was put 0111 of the circle instead of into a jail or prison. The idea of cagin_ up g somebody's spirit was a totally alien idea. The purpose of this village justice was not 10 punish people, but tO change them. The Cherokee did believe in vengeance, but only against other aibes. fn the whi~e. people's system, people who caus<: mJury are punished. They are made to suffer m an equal amount to the harm they have caused - either by years of imprisonment or by ouaight execution. The dominant culture of today is actually a lot of confused culrural biases which share very little consensus as to what is true culture. Within our culture it was clear. There wasn't anything else. It was either this or nothing. If you didn't belong. it was terrible. The urge to belong was so str0ng, it governed the people's actions. Our consensus was based on a world view that was shared throughout the whole aibe. Because of that the Cherokee needed no couns, lawyers, judges, or prisons. We had very few laws. They were mostly just rational, reasonable rules.based on observation. There was a law agamst urinating in the river. There was a Jaw against defecating around the village. There was a law against talcing 100 many deer, because everybody knew thar if they killed too many deer, there would not be any left the next year. There were clear and obvious reasons for laws like that They were based on common sense rules that nature laid down in front of us. One of the biggest barriers between us and the white people was that we did not have any concept of privare property. • Possession meant that "when you were there it was yours." But the white people did a good job of teaching us differently. The word "fndian-giver" came from the fact that a white man would give some Indians a load or goods for their piece of land and the next day the Indians would be back. The Indians had not realized they ~ad sold their land. They had never had any idea of owning it! They took the presents because it would be rude to refuse gifts of friendship. It is hard for white people to understand our ways and how they worked, because they do not understand how the old Cherokees related 10 the aibe. The old culture was holistic. The tribe was the whole, and the loyalty toward the whole was very strong. The desire to contribute to the whole and to move evenly with the rest of the group was ingrained by many generations of cultural reinforcement ll was so much a part of the culture that it was quite abnonnal to ~ an individual. Cooperation was t~e governing force within the community, and m the old days, before we were too muc~ influenced by the whites. our personal integnty meant a lot more 10 us. People were rewnrcted for their cooperation by approval and love from the In the Cherokee aibe, spiritual life was not split a pan from the political l!fe of the village. It was always there. but It was not recognized as something separate. Because of the emphasis on character and personal integrity, the elders tended to be te~chers and spiritual leaders as well as leaders m the council. At one time there was a religion and a priest society in the Cherokee aibe. I ~ave heard stories about this from several different sources. My own thinking is that in !he tribe's early history when we first migrated south, we encountered the late stages of the deteriorating Mississippian culture. The Mississippian culture "."as ~ on M_ayan and Aztec beliefs. Tht1r pracoces, beliefs, .1l ,'J:n :, 1odcr_ 1..1~ · ~1111o•('to'(Q1 DrawinabvlamuRh~• r.r. ~ :),ill ra~, -..-UJ 1 U w • (Continued on page 30) ,.,, ,,r·.4a1, .JU i ~ ..1:~~ ,.'"1~-''·"M"" O\.\TnJ'TUrr"", l!J:J~ tll t1 ' l )~UHI • �O,.wing by Rob Messick © 1992 by Lucinda Flodin Maybe she's the reason I came to live in the mountains. I know she's the reason I swp when I'm near that panicular place. Sometimes I stop nowhere near that place because the feeling comes over me, and I stop. After all this time I still fookfor Elda ... In 1974 I spent the summer with friends in Limestone, Tennessee, recovering from a shattered romance. I would sit on the porch watching the mountains, but more often I would drive to the mountains and hike through long afternoons. On one of these hikes I became absorbed in following a liule stream and lost track or time. When r stopped to rest, I realized that it was getting late. Night came quickly in the forest and I found myself unable to negotiate the path, I finally stopped in a small clearing only to realize that r was now losr. Around me were trees and darkness and ever-increasing fear. A sound sent me into total panic. I had visions of bears and mountain lions and snakes and bugs! l tried 10 get a grip. I smacked a mosquito who was definitely out for blood. My hean started pounding wildly. I'd probably have a heart auack before a bear could even find me. I was hungry ... so thirsty... but there was no food anywhere... not a bite 10 be found! I leaned over to drink from the stream, but I had no idea where I was or what the origin of the water was. I knew I shouldn't drink any water in the wild unless I was at a spring head. How thirsty I was and I couldn't even drink the water! 1 sat and cried - no, yelled - at the trees around me about the unfairness or it all. Finally I ran out of energy and sat down. Just then the.moon came shimmering through the su-mmcr, 1992 ELDA trees, and I rudn't feel so alone. As I looked across the clearing, it seemed that if I just walked around the big tree in front of me, I could get a clear view of the moon's face. As I pushed away the low branches to duck around the tree, the Earth s11dde11/y fell away beneath me. There was nothing gradual about this moment. One second I was on the ground, the next I was in space - learning gravity as I'd never learned it before - tumbling, falling, rolling. It happened so quickly I had no time 10 fear as I bounced through bush and briar. I tried 10 clutch the Earth, but I wasn't sure where it was - sometimes above me, sometimes below, pounding at me wherever we met. Eternity was caught in a single moment. Would it ever stop? At last I became more of the eanh than the sky, and I rolled into a resiing spot in a patch or briars. Pain and eanh grJbbcd me back from space. My last thought was wondering if the spinning would ever cease ... Warm sunlight on my face, my bed felt so good. The dream had been so real. I'd never dreamt so vividly. I decided to grab the journal at my bedstand and write it down . before the memory faded. It was the reaching for this journal that brought abrupt physical pain. I tried to open my eyes. How I hurt! Oh, no! This wasn't my bed! This wasn't a dream! Hope crashing, I opened my eyes to the canopy of young tree growth above me. It hun to look ouL lt hun to breathe. The thought of moving hurt. Maybe I was dead. lf not. I surely would be soon. A tear burned down my face. I could feel my fingers. l could feel my toes. Pain filled them all and soon a strange sleep enveloped me. A sense of not being alone brought me back 10 consciousness. Was this the mountain lion I'd feared? As l tried to move, pain seared through my body. A voice like music. or was it the wind through the trees, said, "Don't move, young one, and don't be afraid. I won't hurt you." As I struggled tO tum toward the sound, r felt movement around me until a woman came into my sighL First I saw her hands, veined like the gnarly roots of an oak, yet wonderfuJJy supple. My eyes moved up to a face which surprised me with itS ancientness; somehow it didn't match those capable hands. The face was an intricate mnzc of lines and wrinkles - there were no flat planes. Then our eyes met and I felt myself falling int0 an ocean of blue clarity. Never had I experienced eyes like those - clearer, yet deeper, than a child's. Suddenly those eyes and her whole incredible face broke into a smile with more facets than a prism in sunlighL And that music - no, it was her voice. "You arc amazed, young one. Good, that amazement will help you to heal yourself." "Are you an angel? Am I dead?" Again that smile, followed by a laugh that would have made me laugh, too, except for how much it would have hun. "No, young one. I walk an Eanh path. Some call me Elda. I answered your frightened call in the moonlighL" I realiz.ed that I no longer was lying in briars. Hadn't I landed in briars? My eye caught a thiclcet of them a little way from when: I lay. (continued on ow page) )(.Qtimh JoUf'tlat PQIJI'- 9 �(CQitinued f'rom pego 9) "Briars don't make for sweet dreams; soft pine needles and grass make for more comfon. You'll rest easy in this baby forest, and the Eanh will help your healing. You have strong bones, none are broken. Your muscles are strained. Only a few of your cuts are deep. This gash is deep for it bleeds stil1, but it has bled enough. Feel it closing and healing in your thoughts, little one." She reached into a pouch at her side and took a pinch of some powder and blew it into the CUI. "What's that stuff?" "A pinch of puffball to stop the blood. It has bled enough now. You are curious? That is good. I like curiosity. I will teJJ you of the plants." I grew anxious at all these answers to unasked, sometimes uninfonned questions. "And you are afraid. Are you always afraid, little one? Breathe or hum a song. It will help." She took a bowl -1 think it was a bowl, though it may have been a hollowed-out tree gnarl - and with a feathery leaf began to wash my cuts. "This is yarrow, cooked in water in the sunlight. It will numb your pain and let us work on your injuries." As she gently washed them. I could feel the pain numbing, lessening. "Th.is will allow us to bathe them again." With the numbness, I was able to move to see myself. Everywhere I could see my skin, it was covered like a roadmap with scratches. The skin around the scratches was deepening as bruises formed. I wanted to throw up, but that would have required movement. "Skin mends, young one." "I'm not that young, and my name is Lucinda." "To me you are very young, Lucinda." As I looked at her ancientness, f felt silly at having snapped at her. Throughout the day as I moved in and out of sleep. I felt her near me. Her words wafted through my consciousness as she washed my legs with chickweed, little star woman, comfrey, burdock, more yarrow. She helped me sip red clover from a bowl. It all was like a confused dream. Sometimes r would hear her talking. Actually, it seemed that she was having two-way conversations with the plants. / must be mad' And then I'd doze again. "Are you magic?" I asked in a moment of lucidity. "No, child... Lucinda. I am a child of the Earth, like yourself. I've tended this forest garden, and it has tended me, for longer than 1 can even remember. We take care of each other." At dusk, a drink with a strong taste... "Skullcap, 10 mke the pain for a deeper sleep." I did sleep - deeply - and without fear. I could hear her voice as I drifted. "You are safe under the trees, on the Eanh, with the stars. Sleep sweetly. Dream wellness." I awoke to the twittering of birds. I stiU hun, but I could move. Again I wondered a1 ~~~ J?~~~. p~!Z ,10 ~e.reality of Elda. then she stepped into my v1s1on. Yes, she was really here. It was like she was invisible one moment and there the nexL Yet I knew she had really been there. She was real. I was overcome by the wisdom I sensed in her presence. "Today you might feel hungry. I've brought you food." She opened a giant leaf which I later learned was burdock filled with violets, clover blossoms and sweet-tasting leaves and berries. She would name them. "It's so much. I'll never remember them." "You don't learn them all at once, dear one. You learn one plant at a time. Each is your teacher." I contemed myself with the nourishment I felt pervading my body. AU that day Elda fed me and I told her of my journey. She only laughed when 1 got to the part of being so hungry and so far from food. She found that delightfully funny, and I felt foolish. But then r looked around, and I, too, was struck with the humor of it. Somehow it seemed that all the plants around us also laughed, but I wouldn't swear to that. Moving became easier as the day went on and I was amazed at how much better all my scratches were. Elda made a poultice (I remember her using that word) of plantain and elder for my bruises. I could feel the soothing relief and the healing begin. 'Tomorrow you will be able 10 travel," she said as the sun was gold in the west. We sat with a bowl of salve which tasted full and thick as soup. "I will show you a shoner route." I didn't want 10 go, but suddenly I thought of my friends, Dan and Ruby, and I knew they must be panicking by now. "I would like to know more about plants, Elda." "Well, talk to them, dear. They like to be remembered." I went to sleep imagining myself in conversation with a fem and wondering about my sani1y. Walking down the mountain \l.ith Elda in the morning was an adventure. It was a completely different path, I think. I wasn't really payiog much auention on the way. She pointed out plants, talked to them as friends. and treated them with re:;pect. Before I knew it, we were at my car She laughed, "Ah, just the friend you need now." And she told me to pick the sticky flowers growing around my car. "Calendula. Make them into a tea to soothe your wounds." "How do I thank you, Elda?" "You don't, dear one. You pick the flowers and make yourself strong." It seemed like just a moment later when a state trOOper stanled me. I looked toward Elda, but she was gone. My friends had reported me missing. He had been looking for me and had found my car. "Did you see that woman?" "No, miss. Just you here. No one Jives up in these pans. I'll drive you." I went home and healed up, though one scar remained on my leg as a reminder of the adventure. But 1 still thought about Elda and wanted to see her again. Several times that summer I returned to that area, but I could never again find that exact spot where I had met Elda. l asked campers and hikers, and I stopped at every house in the area. No one had heard of anyone sounding like Elda. They sent me up 10 Granny Pierson who was the oldest person around and who reponedly became confused at rimes. We talked. She drifted in and out of memory, a sharp contrast to the clearity of Elda's mind. She couldn't recollect much at first, but finally she began, "There was this old woman. What was here name? Something like that, but, Lord, hooey, hit's bin since l was a girl An old 'erb woman. She was old when I was a child. Lord, she'd be in the grave more'n seventy year now. J remember her, though, but my mind's leavin' me." My friends listened patiently, trying to be supponive, but occasionally suggesting that maybe I'd dreamed it. Maybe I'd made her up to keep myself alive. I don't know. Could I have made up the richness that was Elda? Her wiseness? I couldn't have made up her eyes! Thar was sixteen years ago. I live in the mountains now, in the same county tlwugh miles from where I met Elda. I dan't ask abolll her now, excepi when I meet old people. But as I walk tliroughfields and woods, gathering plants and learning abolll them, Ida think of her. In fields where flowers seem to be laughing, I sense her presence. I feel tit.at if I could just turn more qt~ickly, I'd see her there ware/ting me - her wise face full oflife, giving nouris/unent. . After all this time I still look for Elda. # P' There are stories from cullurcs around the world and from ns far back ns the Stone Ages about lhc elderberry. UsWllly lhey involve o woman who lives in the tree and ha~ powerful medicine 10 heal Iler children. (I created the feminine fonn Elda for !hi.~ cho.roclCJ'.) But she con be dangerous at times when she is not shown re,.c;pcct. Old supcn;lilions maimain lhat cuumg elder without pennission or the plant brings illnes,~ nnd/or death. Lucinda Flodin lives with her family in Katuah Province near Hampton, TN and is. among other things, an herbalist and a Mory!Alllcr. The story "Elda" is included oo a new audio tape cnlled Mountain Spirits available for SI0.00 ppd. from: Lucincm Flodin: Rt. I, Box 726; Hampton. TN 37658. �THE STATE OF FRANKLIN Land, Liberty... and Mastery by David Wheeler "A beautiful valley and the almost boundless West lay before them, beckoning all to adventure themselves. The thing most worthy of remark is the far reach and wide range of the vision and the plans of the people of Franklin, and the projective power that gave them and their descendants a very considerable mastery of men and measures througlwut the generations that /rave followed." - Samuel Cole Williams in The Lost State of Franklin they could hunt. They built their own log homes, provided their own clothing, and made their own whiskey. Work parties of neighbors built and maintained what roads !here were. The presence of the tax collectors was !he main evidence of the Norlh Carolina state government. The settlers were poorly represented in the state legislature. They had to cross the mountains to find a court in (1933) In the years immediately following the Revolutionary War the runnoil of the war years continued almost unabated in the former colonies. These were heady times the imperial power of England had been defeated, new theories of government were materializing, and a new continent lay open for the taking. In !he new nation, talk of politics was on everyone's lips, and "libeny" was the watchword. But in the minds of many people was the thought of land - land to be the material basis for their hard-won right to "the pursuit of happiness." In spite of such lofty hopes and dreams among the European settlers, however, the new country was in a shambles. The government of the State of North Carolina, in particular, was pauperized. The war had taken a heavy toll on !he personal resources of the former colonists, and !here had been much destruction and ill-feeling. The central government was weak: and in debt for promises made during the pressing struggle for independence. By its original charter, the jurisdiction of North Carolina extended west 10 the sea, but under the prevailing conditions it was lit lie wonder that those closest to the capital at Hillsborough received the most attention. The mountains of the Blue Ridge were still a formidable barrier at that time. Settlers following the Great Valley of !he Tennessee River had established a bastion in what is now the northeast comer of Tennessee. During the war they had shown themselves to be stalwan pattiotS, pro<ecting North Carolina's rear from hostile attacks by the Cherokee and Chiclcasaw tribes and turning the tide of the war in the South by surging over the mountains to play a decisive role in the battle of Kings Mountain, But now, not only were the wartime claims of these soldiers being ignored, but Nonh Carolina was levying heavy taxes on au its citizens to rebuild itS shattered infrastructure and restore its government. To the settlers in the west, this was blatant "taxation without representation" - just what they had fought 10 end! This feeling was justified. The lands west of the mountains were self-supponing, living off the crops they raised and the game summer, 1092 which to setlle their differences. Although constantly threatened by hostile natives, their state government would send no ll'OOpS across the mountains for their protection. But the worst blow came in 1783. In order to capitalize its recovery, the State of North Carolina passed a law offering land west of the mountains for sale to setllers and speculators. The bill put up for sale the land from 20 miles south of the town of Jonesborough 10 the French Broad and the Big Pigeon Rivers, conveniently ignoring the fact that this land had been guaranteed to the Cherokee in the Avery Treaty of 1777. This made the natives understandably restless, and in 1784, largely to avoid the expense of sending a military force to defend the western settlers from angry Cherokees, North Carolina passed a bill giving up its claim to the lands west of the mountains and ceding !hem to the newly-formed national Confederation Congress. Congress was too weak and 100 far away to protect the settlers over the mountains. Nonh Carolina had reneged on the task. The seulers were used to protecting and providing for themselves. A decade before, earlier settlers had even established the Watauga Association, the first "free and independent community on the continent," in the words of Theodore Roosevelt On August 23, 1784 delegates from the counties west of the Blue Ridge gathered and declared their area a free and independent state. Their declaration was immediately challenged. Norlh Carolinians were surprised and angered at this tum of events, and when a new legislature convened that autumn, North Carolina rescinded the C.ession Act and restated itS cl.aim to the western lands. It was a vain attempt. On December 14, 1784 a second convention at Jonesborough decided to name the new state after Benjamin Franklin and set about the work of drawing up a constitution. The following March, that work was continued, and John Sevier was elected governor of the State of Franklin and David Campbell was chosen as its chief justice and given the task of setting up a court system. John Sevier (pronounced se-VEER) had been at first reluctant 10 become involved with the movement for independence, but from 1784 he was a moving force in the history of the State of Franklin. By all accounts he was brave, charming, and handsome · a charismatic leader. He was a hero of the battle of Kings Mountain and was a renowned "lndian fighter." Instinctively, Sevier was a consummate politician. He knew the value of diplomacy and the power of force. In his dealings wilh whites he could use a winning smile and charming words to win his way; with the native people he was rulhlessly violent Although he was educated and articulate, Sevier's strongest support was always among the rough settlers on the frontiers of the whites' territory. These were his comrades in arms, the mythologized pioneers. It was moslly from these people that Sevier drew the militia for his campaigns against the natives. The backwoods whites loved and trusted Sevier. They counted on him for their defense, and he never let them down. For three years Sevier led the State of Franklin. In that turbulent era the exact powers and role of a state was unclear. Whether the states were to be semi-autonomous republics or divisions of a strong central government was as yet undecided. One thing was certain: "Liberty," meaning self-government, was the overriding ideal. During the three years that the State of Franklin existed, it set up its own govemrncntal scructure, electing delegates and appointing commissioners. It established a judiciary; minted coins; provided for schools; and, of course, designed a "great seal" and a flag. The frontiersmen were already organized as a de/aero militia, but that arrangement was officializcd. The State also began collecting taxes - frontier Style. "Be it enacted," decreed the state's first General Assembly, "that it shall and may be lawful for the aforesaid land tax, and all free polls, to be paid in the following manner: Good flax linen,... woolen and cotton linsey,...good, clean beaver skins,...cased otter sk.ins, ... rackoon (sic) and fox skins, ... bacon, well curcd,...good, clean tallow,...good, clean beeswax,... good distilled rye whiskey,...good peach or apple brandy,...good, country made (maple) (eontinucd on nc:ll page) Xati4af1 Journal: page 11 �(continued from page 11) sugar,...deer skins, ...good, neat and well managed tobacco, fit to be prized, that may pass inspection,..." In certain instances, Franklin also acted like a national power. The state made treaties wilh the native tribes, which in those times with the central government so weak and ~ id~ of self-government so strong in the mrnds of the people, was not unusual But in 1788, when the effort to maintain their ind~~dcn~ was falling apart, Sevier began a ~non wtth the government of Spain. w~ch held the mouth of the Mississippi River. To the Spanish representative Oardoqui, Sevier hinted that the citiuns of Frank.I.in might ally themselves with Spain in exchange for protection, money, and weapons. It was almost assuredly a bluff, but. even in those times, it was a bold bluff indeed. • The foundation of the "Liberty~ of the white immigrants was the very material ~sidcration of land. From the beginning of its history, the acquisition of land was the other driving force in the remarkable story of the State of Franklin. That the native inhabitants had clear tide to their lands that o~ten went back 1,000 years made no ~erence. The p~ure of the migration of whit.e Europeans from over the mountains was irresistible. Also, disagreements over the authority of the different states, the Confederation Congress, and the State of Franklin to sign treaties and ma.kc agreements added 10 the confusion (which was no doubt exploited when convenient). . Always ready 10 make agreements., the whites did not prove so willing to keep them, and the Cherokee in vain pointed to tteaty )CQtuQn )oumQC PQ<Je 12 after broken treaty. On the Cherokee side the Chickamauga villages, under the leadership of the war chief Dragging Canoe, believed in no treaties made with the whjtes and honored none. Their disbelief was quite correct but their actions gave the Europeans ample' reasons for reprisals. It was a war, 10 be sure, and each side could point 10 outrages and depredations committed by the other. But in this war the treaties were meaningless; the real power was in the superior numbers and weapons of the European occupiers, and they would take whatever their military strength could win. A fine tract of land in the Great Bend of the Tennessee (or "the Bent of the Tennessee"), near the present-day city of Muscle Shoals, Alabama was a lodestone to white investors. In 1784, a company of speculators, including John Sevier and prominent men in Nonh Carolina, arranged a "purchase" of the land from some of the native residents, although the area was deep in the territory guaranteed to the red people. Fro~ then on Sevier's eyes were always looking toward the south. It is felt that his initial opposition 10 the establishment of the State of Franklin stemmed from concern about the future of his investment in the Great Bend. When he came around 10 favor the s~ssion, he began to think that the new state could help his venture, and under his leadership the policies of the State of Franklin were always expansionist and pointed toward the south. Franklin encouraged immigration by whites, even when the government knew that the only available lands lay in Cherokee country. ~igration meant profits, yes. land speculanon was a booming industry in the ne.wly-opened lands to the west. But, more unportantly, immigration was crucial to the very survival of the fledgling state across the mountains. Cleared lands and dense settlements were the best protections against anacks by the natives. The Nonh Carolina Act of 1783 had violated the terms of the earlier Avery Treaty by !f!OVing the boundary claimed by the whnes down to the French Broad River. However. the act strictly prohibited entry or surveys by whites south of that line. But as soon as the State of Franklin was formed, settlers began 10 move south of the French Broad. They were encouraged by the state government. In fact, the State of Franklin had a land office in Jonesborough that raised revenue by taking purchase money for land claims granted south of the French Broad. Sevier felt that this siruation needed formal recognition, so he called together a meeting of Cherokee chiefs in May of 1785 and laid out the Treaty of Dumplin Creek, ~h~c~ moved .the ~undary south 10 the ridge diVJd1ng the Little River and the Little Tennessee River watersheds. However, it was only six months later that the United States' Confederation Congress felt that the central government should assert its authority and negotiated the Treaty of Hopewell with the Cherokee. This treaty moved the line back 10 the north . so far nonh that the town of Greeneville, which had just been named the capital of the State of Franklin, was made pan of the native territories! The treaty specifically repudiated the Dumplin Creek agreement and the Great Bend land purchase. It was intentionally vague about the status of the settlers occupying the lands north of the French Broad River, but it clearly stated that all other trespassers would have to leave in six months or lose the protection of the central government. lt appears that the State of Franklin simply ignored the Hopewell treaty. Certainly their defense of the settlers south of the French Broad was no less diligent. After fruitless appeals to the national government, the Cherokee took matters into their own hands and in the spring of 1786 began attacks on the settlements in ll)eir rightful territory. The FrankJinites responded by burning the Cherokee towns in the Hiwassee River Valley. Later in July, Sevier and 250 men revenged the killing of two other white men by b.uming another town. They then camped outs1de the central Cherokee village of P.chota and called the peaceful chiefs Hanging Maw and Tassel (Com Tassel) to make another treaty. Sevier minced no words. He told the chiefs that the whole country nonh of the Tennessee River as far west as the Cumberland Mountains would be setded by the whites who would take it "by the sword, which is the best right to all countries." Though the treaty contained ample references to peace, love, and brotherly friendship, it was obvious it was obtained under duress. Wiuh such a large armed force outside their gates, the chiefs had little choice but to sign. The historian Williams says in his book: The Los1 State of Franklin, "No act of the State of Franklin is Jess creditable to her than this Treaty ofCoyatee." During this time, the Franklin government was constantly pressing its case Summu, 1992 �; I I for recognition as a s1a1e before the Confederation Congress. Champion for the cause was William Cocke, a backwoodsman, marksman, and a fierce fighter, who had put himself through law school and had found a gift for inspired oratory. By all accountS he gave brilliant. impassioned presentations on behalf of 1he Sta1e of Franklin, bu1 it was no1 enough to shake the political support mustered by North Carolina to block Franklin's recognition. By 1786 the strain of carrying on the border wars single-handedly had begun to tell, and the firm resolve of the Franklinites began to waver. North Carolina cleverly exploited this shif1 in sentimenL Under the leadership of John Sevier's archrival, John Tipton, North Carolina attempted to hold an election 10 send representatives from "the western counties" to the state legislature. The Franklin government answered the move by holding their own elections for the North Carolina legislative seats. The Franklinites won overwhelmingly, but this recognition of North Carolina's authority proved 10 be the first stroke of the wedge that split open the Franklin government. Tipton also sponsored North Carolina couns, which operated parallel 10 Franklin courts, often in the same county. Vigilantes from both sides broke up court sessions and took valuable papers. There were angry public meetings, and some brawling took place, involving Tipton and Sevier themselves in one instance. The situation was fast deteriorating into civil violence.. John Sevier made several valiant attempts to save the faltering State of Franklin. Knowing the unifying value of war against the native people, he proposed one idea that would hopefully save his government, win the coveted Great Bend area for the_whites (and his investment company), and gain some respite for the settlers on the southwest frontier. At the time, the State of Georgia was continually at war with the Creeks. Sevier proposed 1ha1 in the spring of 1787 soldiers from Georgia and Franklin join together in a punitive campaign against th111 tribe, which jus1 happened to control the Great Bend are-a. Instead of cash payments, the soldiers who undertook the expedition would be rewarded with land grants in the Great Bend, which they would afterward help 10 retain. The plan never materialized, as Georgia made a temporary peace with the natives. Early in 1788 the sporadic hostilities between the two factions in Franklin flared up. John Tipton seized several of John Sevier's slaves under a Stale of Nonh Carolina court judgment and transported them 10 his home for safekeeping. Sevier was in the las1 few days of his governorship and was tired and discouraged, bu1 rhis was a slap in 1he face that could not be ignored. The separationists surrounded Tip1on's house in force and, although Sevier urged restraint, a melee erupted. Two men were killed and Sevier's two sons were capiured. Tipton wanted 10 hang the young men, but was persuaded to release 1hem. Sevier subsequently lef1 for the border wars on the frontier, "where no writs ran and lhe rough seulers were devoted to him," as John summer, 1992 VIRGINIA --------~.~~.r~ttf)lfWl~if1}r-------------..:::~-,.R-... 1-&KLiN·:·,::"' .. NORTH .-,::.\(}iY:.:\~f{/· CAROLINA _, ~,-- - - - ·- -.,, - - - - - - ------7,.... ' , '------,... ' ',, ' ', \ ' ', 11SS Map Preston Arthur commented. This is generally marked as the end of the State of Franklin. It was in 1790, with more wars with the Cherokees looming, that North Carolina finally gave up and ceded control of Franklin to the United Srates Congress as part of the "Southwest Territory." Franklin was finally admitted to the Union as pan of the State of Tennessee in 1796. The first elected governor of the Staie of Tennessee was, no1 surprisingly, John Sevier, and he la1er served as a congressman as well. appeared as I.he stubborn independence so admired in the Appalachian mountaineers. At other times, however, it appeared as 1he will for mastery, whether over the land, events, or those who would oppose them. Even today, we still see traces of this, the tangled legacy left by the early while seulers of the mountain region. Special thanks to Barbara Wickersham for the valuable research work she contributed to this article. Resources: The wild Appalachian lands brought out both the best and the worst in the firs1 Europeans to inhabit the Katuah Province. They were fiercely devoted 10 ideals of freedom and justice; they were at the same 1ime greedy and ruthless. A deep-seated detennination drove them. Sometimes this Gerson, Noel B.; Franklin: Atrurica·:r Lost State: Crowell-Collier Press (New York, 1968) Williams, Samuel Cole; Ilistory of the Lost State of Franlclin; The Press of the PiollCCIS (New York. 1933) Cornstalk Dreams Poverty is living in a shotgun house with chimney bookends Listening to rain tapping on a cheap tin roof Huddling around the fireplace like a dark medieval clan. Poverty is running barefoot through a maze of corn fields Splitting open a watermelon just for its heart Worrying until payday if we would be fed at least with butter beans and cornbread - Sandra McClinton - .. X.Otimh )ournnt page 13 �WHERE THE TREES OUTNUMBER THE PEOPLE: I<atuah's Regional Rainbow Gatherings In the Mtigical U1nd of the Rainbow, a neo-tribal culture is teacl1ing and learning the arts of Cooperation and Commu,1ity by Stephen Wing "Welcome Home!" The implications arc enormous. Somewhere back in the mythical mists of the Scvenries, a tribe of multicolored folJc called the Rainbow Family began to hold a "Gathering of the Tribes" every summer deep in the wilderness, where the trees oumumber the people. They were "Family" because they considered all people brothers and sisters; they were ''Rninbow" for the harmony of their many colors; and they called out "Welcome Home!" because wherever they gathered on the Mother Earth they were home again. Every Fourth of July lhey observed a silence, praying for Peace and Healing, each in their own way. They fasted and prayed and danced and drummed, and many magical stories have come down 10 us. In the nco-Plcistocene Eighties, our tribal ancestors founded the Katuah Rainbow clan and began to bold a solstice gathering every summer in the meadow below Sam's Knob. Because pan of their inspiration was lhe 1980 Rainbow Galhering in West Virginia, it became one of the first of many regional Rainbow gatherings. It carried on the Family consensus to be free and non-commen:ial, open to everyone, dedicated to cooperative, ecological living, without leaders or rules. It grew and flourished, and Xatuah Journal Pac.Je 14 was known as one of the strongest and most spiritual in the land of the Rainbow. Now at age 21, the Rainbow Family has grown into a large-scale, long-term, worldwide experiment in living out the ideals of the mythical Sixties: a full-fledged al temative culture, woven of many different spiritual, political, and philosophical strands. Outwardly. perhaps it imitates the Nntive American tribes; mwardly, it taps the biological vestiges of one million years of oi baJ ancestry. Everyone involved in Rainbow has their own vision of what it is and what it could be. The vision that is crystallizing for me lately is of a school. Everyone has something 10 teach in the magical land of Rainbow. And somcLhing to learn. Many of us are teachers of something already, perhaps, or know a special craft or skill or even a livelihood worth passing on. You learned your first rai chi step or bcadworlcing stitch from someone. Why not bring it 10 the gathering _and offer a free,. informal workshop? Think of the gathenng as a kindcrganen, not as a university. Even if you feel you have nothing 10 learn there, each of us has something 10 pass along to those following in our footsteps. But there's a deeper level of learning. 0..wUl&J by Rhea Ormond Running away like a bunch of kids playing hooky in the woods is like school turned inside out - a space in which we can a.U enter a kind of second childhood and re~ate ourselves. We heal ourselves instinctively by re-imagining society in a sane way, becoming each other's long-lost extended family, learning how to love and accept each other, and feel loved and accepted in turn • some for the first time our lives. It is incredibly therapeutic just to be in a place where it is okay to love. But in order 10 maintain this magical healing space, we have to work together 10 feed everyone, deal with sanitation, medical needs, children, authorities, parking, drinking water, and camp security. We have 10 make decisions that acknowledge everyone's poinl of view, including the trees, the streams, the wildlife, the genemtions 10 come. This is a yet deeper learning. We are learning to come together as a community, a circle, a tribe - rather than a collection of self-centered individuals - and act for the best interest of the whole instead of our little part. Few of us had the benefit of a tribal upbringing. Ninety percent or more of the ordinary families out there arc dysfunctional, studies now say, producing dysfunctional people. Our tribe is made up of refugees from that world; we cannot create World Peace without some healing. Most of the problems that plague the "national" Rainbow Gathering are problems of scale. But a few stubbornly show up al regionals, too. They are the chronic dysfunctions of the dominant culture, "Babylon": abuse of alcohol and drugs, scamming, inflated egos, male-female imbalance. These arc the things that we cannot leave behind when we leave our cities and cars. l ust4 to worry about them. But then l realized that it is okay. Rainbow is a school. These are our assignmenrs. That is why we leave all the civilized disu-actions behind: to focus on what counts. At the scale of a regional gathering we can do that - but not without a conscious commitmcnL I have seen miracles happen when the wisdom and the will of the people have been summoned to a serious council. Through the magical ans of passing a feather in a circle and listening, of communication and compromise, I believe we can learn 10 resolve any conflicL But we have to practice. And the presence nnd guidance of people who have done some of the inner work themselves is invaluable to those who might otherwise stumble over the same mistakes. Becoming a Tribe may not be an idealistic fantasy from the mythical Sixties forever. We are learning how to live without money, lawyers, governments, police· even gasoline - because it may soon be necessary. We arc learning it, 1 believe, because the future of our families down 10 the seventh generation depends on our learning 10 live together as a functional Family. I hope we are learning it in time. For dirtetioM to tM Ka11,ah Rainbows-, Solstiu Ga1hviltg, JUM 12-22, son~p/ace where the trees OUIIIUl1IMT IM people, coll the A1/a111a Rainbow Ughllillc: (404) 662--6112 or write 10 /IOI. address below. To help out In adllOIICe, contact Katu.ah Roillbow direc1/1 clo l.ulit Wagenheim: 996 Yellow Breeches Rd.; Cosby, TN 3m2 (615) 428-4633. Summu, l!IN �warp ancl "We Call It a Gathering..." At first sight, it seems to be pure magical anarchy in the woods. But there are levels you learn to see. Just under the swface is a layer of hard wolk: people who are not immediately vi~ble because they are in the kitchens, out hunnng firewood, al the parking lot, on a supply run. They carry lhe whole thing literally on their shoulders, often to the point of straining. As soon as we realize we are the tribe and volunteer, the whole thing is easy. Underlying everything we do is the consensus of the council, a periodic circle to pass a feather and listen 10 each person's perspective in turn. Daily councils are a chance to share what makes us different and what we have in common. When something comes up that requires a decision, we enter that siate of unified undersianding called consensus much more easily if we have been practicing. (If ~ere is no co~~cil,just ~u.t up a sign. "Main crrcle at noon 1s the tradit,ion.) Invisible everywhere are the Shann Sena - all of us who are conscious of health and safety and alen for trouble, who have learned to keep the peace in loving ways, deal with emergencies, communicate with authorities - and anyone willing to learn. You can pretend the gathering is a free ride or a carefree utopia; you can avoid the problems and still have a wonderful time. But "sister" and "brother" really begin to mean something when you accept responsibility for the well-being of the folks around you. Then there are the people who are praying. Our circles before meals, sweat lodges and Sufi dances, ceremonies at equinoxes and solstices, etc., carry the natural sense of community one step higher. Participating in the Divinity of each moment helps focus the natural srate of awareness called a tribe. Underneath it all is the root-system of our friendships. Slogans of peace and love do not make us brothers and sisters; a Family forms out of time spent together, real time. Year after year we work, eat, council, and celebrate together, between gatherings we live and travel together. We gather in the parks back home. Travelers come through. We grow 10 know and to trust each other. The Rainbow Family is a vast network of relations. a fabric woven by the physical s,unmcr , 1992 .. , 1 , ~pfrhtlal ~efi-of our•~n& tOgethet. . ruo ~!1-nrr . .-.- {·n· ~ rr·,77-,v.z We have over a generation of history between us now. We are much more than just a "counterculture.'' Traditions have developed, a slow evolution of consensus agreements, along with a tendency to keep evolving. Naturally we have our elders of the tribe - but in this tribe each one of us chooses our elders. Listen for the voice of experience. But don't take anybody's word for iL Look under the swface, and watch who's doing the work. People will be noticing the same about you. To some of us baby-boorners it's news, but work is necessary to survive anywhere. Babylon sacrifices the daily labor of millions to feed a privileged few; a tribe shares the work equally out of Jove for one another, so no one has to do too much. The people who created this magical village in the woods are working hard, making sure you will be safe, warm, and fed. But many of us grew up in middle c~s households where that much was a given we were the privileged few. Don't take it for granted in the woods. Join the dinner circle, pay attention to announcemenrs, spread the word! Go to council; remember to listen before you speak. Say your peace. And if you want to join the tribe, just find a place 10 piteh in and help. As for the panhandlers at our gate, the ego-wrestling and ripoffs, the truckloads of rrash, the bliss-ninnies and rainbozos - it's helpful to remember that compared to most tribes we're still in our awkward adolescence. Most of us weren't born in the Rainbow Family. We were,bom in Babylon. A lot of us got pretty messed up out there before we found our way Home. A lot of Babylon's mess got tracked in on o~r heels. Much of our effort to heal the Eanh 1s an ongoing struggle to heal ourselves and our relationships - to learn how to really be a "Family" - and to raise truly.healthy ki~~Meanwhile for better or worse, Its our Family. As Einst~in's mother put it, "Everyone is a relative." Getting to know o n ~ another over twenty-one years of gatherings ,,: has tended to substantiate the theory. Council Fire Pilgrimage to the old power spot, our abandoned council circle I meet all the pilgrims packing out their tents and trash-bags I find a giant fire-pit dug here since we counciled hard for three hours in the sun to move the council closer to the center of camp Three pilgrims rest here on a log: they too casually join the council of all vanished tribes around the coals of the original fire - Stephen Wing (E.xurp1ed. with "visions by the awhor.from 110!. a ~wsllove /mer to the Rainbow Tribes of the Southeast, Spring 1992 iss~. Contact llO! at Box 5455; At/0/lla, GA 30307) Sun, evening shadows, mist that drifts to rain: the food is ready and we join hands. It's only the clear day's light refracted through the wet nights that makes this Rainbow on the ground. Our circle makes a hole in the ground spirit rising like water in a well, falling like the light on a po11d, the round earth and the rolling sky joined in a circular kiss ... The Circle makes us Whole. Oraw,ng• b)I Ray Ramcs Poems wriuen by Stephen Willg at tire 16th a111111ol Rainbow Garhering, Nanw/,a/a National Forest, Kataoh Province, J11/y, 1987. ~ti1nfl )durnat pnqe IS �In Council With All Beings ;,· , -,r,~ :: •. 3TE by Lee Barnes Human(un)kind's ability to council with All Beings is limited by our human egos, our historical fall from Oneness-WithAJJ. Several "en-Lighten-ments" have aided my personal path towards council with All Beings, including accumulated personal experiences and insights from several books. Council comes to me when I rest my active brain and allow thoughts from All Beings to enter my mind. (Term this as you may - telepathy, insight, second-sight, etc.) We humans have not evolved in limbo from All Beings; rather, we have become insensitive and unconnected from our relations with the great Webs of Life which sustain us. From long experience, I realize that my thoughts (and deeds) do not remain restricted within my bony skull - we can and do touch other Beings with our thoughts. managing to interconnect, apparently without regard to time or distance. Time, mauer, and space appear to be complex illusions created by our physical and spiritual perceptions, historical and modem cultures, mammalian senses, and personal experiences. l totally accept the iraditional beliefs that all things (All Beings) a.re alive and interconnected. We can relate to the other Beings of the world with either an expansive or contractive "attitude." With an expansive "attitude," we can expand our consciousness and encompass All Beings within ourselves. A series of physical and spiritual experiences while hiking over 4000 miles in Katuah forests (and in other regions) has auuned my personal council with All Beings. Usually after about three days in the forest, away from modem "civilized" life, I find myself more in tune with the "real" world. l more closely follow changing day-lengths; more carefully realize the moonlight's effect on animals; better understand the words in the wind; hear the many voices in falling waters; feel the energy of metamorphic and igneous boulders; and recognize the individual tree within the con1ex1 of the forest. I am an unashamed tree-hugger, for trees, especially the forest giants ("wooden Grandfathers") do share energies, and focus Earth energies (although l have felt "indifference" from some trees... ). I have (infrequently) attuned with animal energies by watching hawks soar above, and suddenly becoming "one" with them, glicling over the valley. This was not empathetic daydreaming, but rather I was there in the sky, soaring on wings! I have shared the scene of the land through the eyes of another, equal Being! A specific experience that occurred within a guided group workshop influenced my insight into council with All Beings. During an early morning circle and council based on guidelines from the book Thi11king Like a Mountain: Towards a Cou,rcil of All Befogs (by John Seed and Joanna Macy, 1988, New Society Publishers), I was Xatuah Journnt pnge 16 greatly moved and led 10 a greater appreciation and communication with All Beings. Tllillking Like a Mountain is an inspiring collection of meditations, readings, and most imponan1ly, a guide 10 interspecies communications, which has led humans to greater empathy and union with All Beings. The workshop is usually led by a facili1a1or who guides individual participants 10 "voice" their (telepathic/etc.) thoughts from whichever Beings enter their minds. Typkally in these guided workshops, specific Beings are allowed to voice their cries and frusira1ions wilh human destrUction of their environment and 1be lack of human care about their council. In this particular circle, a "Talking Stick" (brought by a reacher and missionary from African cultures) was passed and used 10 designate each individual speaker. ln council, we heard from several Beings · circling hawks, lowly slugs. and even the voice of the Mountain bcnemh us. 111ese Beings were in anguish, voicing their ~uffcring at the hand of modem human "civilizations" - spoiled waters, fouled air, and their pained existence due 10 human(un)kind's actions. This council would have aroused great disgust towards our human selves, except for the positive counsel offered as 10 how to rcconnec1 with All Beings. While each instance of this method is unique, depending upon the specific seuing and the different panicipants, it remains a powerful personal experience. We two-lcggcds muse seek better council with the universe and with All Beings. We must open our hearts to council, reduce our wasteful over-consumption, and halt the destruction of our fragile planet. Live simply; use only what you need; recycl~ and in all decisions think how the next seven generations of All Beings will be affected. Give thanks 10 the water spirit.~: thanks to green spirits; thanks to the living soil spirits! Give prayer and thanks to All! And then you may learn through council witl1 AH Beings. I encourage all of the two-leggeds, especially the city-shocked brothers and sisters, 10 go simply into the the depths of your existence, leaving your egos (and every restrictive training) behind. and 10 seek open and unrestrictt.'<I council with All Beings. Be open 10 new insights and experiences: be rcspec1ful of all other Beings (whether, stone, fire, water, air...); and offer thanks for council with the rest of Creation. Voice prayers, offer thanks, and continue 10 seek council with All Beings.j - ' # Drawing by Mich11CI Thompson Ho. Sum,ncr, J 992 �STEVE MOON ·1 , " SHELL ENGRAVINGS" The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, a distinctive culture of the native First People, flourished from the east coast to Texas between 500 and 1600 AD. The culture was marked by mound building and elaborate rituals and ornamentation. Among the primary items produced were carved ceremonial drinking vessels and gorgets (chest ornaments hung around the neck) made of shell. Designs were often engraved on the concave or inner side of the shell, which is naturally smooth and glossy. They were sometimes rose tinted. These anifacts are now highly prized by collectors and many of the old mounds have been looted by avaricious grave robbers. Steve Moon is an artist and a defender of the native grave siteS. Descended from a Cherokee-Shawnee great-grandmother, he is proud of the native branch of his bloodline and works in the spirit of the ancient native artisans. He creates museum-quality reproductions of the old shell engravings and also creates original designs based on traditional motifs. "I just sit around and things come to me sometimes," says Steve. "I don't know why, but things pop into my mind, and 1 draw them on the shell and carve them. "It's like closing your eyes and letting the tool do the work. There's really no way to explain it. I just go down into the shell until the color looks right, and r don't go any further. Sometimes rcan control the color all the way around. "I may pick up a shell and it will look like an ordinary mussel shell; another time I will be able to acruaJly feel with my mind down into the shell. The shell gorgets and drinking bowls found in old grave sites were ceremonial objects carefully placed by the body during burial. 'They are sacred objects,'' says Steve, "and it's wrong for people to dig into graves to go after them. The old people were put in their graves to rest. They were not put there to be excavated. "On my father's side, 1 had some ancestors who served in the Civil War. I would be real mad if someone went to Flat Shoals Baptist Church and staned digging them up 10 get the buttons off their coats or something. "In Spiro, Oklahoma during the l 930's, grave robbers dug up a burial site. They were taking stuff out by the wheelbarrow-load to sell to the private collectors. When they found out that the State of Oklahoma was going to stop them, they packed the central burial chamber full of powder and blew it up. The chamber was made of cedar logs, and it had preserved cane mauing, textiles, even textiles made from woven rabbit fur. All of it was blown 10 smithereens. "I've talked 10 looters who went in with burlap bags, and I've talked to looters with doctor's degrees. What's the difference? They arc doing the same thing. 'The bowls and ornaments from the ancient mounds were grave goods. They were not lying around in a plowed field. TI1ey were taken off a skeleton. I think they should be left alone." For Steve, this is a hean-felt commitment. Ile offers 10 donate his work 10 collec1ors who will acc~pt reproductions in return for replacing shell artifacts in their original burial silcs. Steve Moon's reproductions and original carvings arc things ofhl!auty. They shine with a luster and a depth that photographs cannot convey. Their varying textures satisfy the hand that touches them. They truly are representations in tangible form of the spirit that moves Steve Moon 10 his creative work. the spirit that inspires his sense of mission. Stev,· Moo11 can /,c co11tacte,J at Rt. 1, Box 256; Cm,011, CA 30520. -DWA' ~ Original from Moundville, Alabama. Carved in the shell of a lightning whelk. Originals with this design were found in Tennessee, Missouri Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Carved in the shell of lightning whelk. Original from Carthage, TN. Carved in the shell of a lightning whelk Orig111al from Spiro, OK. (The design y, as also found at sites across Tennessee, Alabama. and north Georgia ) Carved in Mankillcr pearl shell. �visiting my grandparents occasionally. "MEDICINE TRAINING" (PARTII) These are the words of a traditional Cherokee medicine person. My gr.mdfather would direcl my training by saying, "You need 10 go spend some rime with this guy. You need to go see him." I would go sec that person. and he wouldn't even know I was going 10 show up. would have no idea at all why I was supposed to be there. I would show up, and I would jusl stay 1here for awhile. I would learn just by being there. It w~n·l at all structured, like lhis guy had Course Three for me or something, but after awhile l could tell when they were aclually going out of their way to teach me something. Some people were more theatrical than others, and they'd make me do crazy things. The strangest one was lhe chicken house. J had gotten 10 where I thought I was real special. I felt that I was really imponant, thal everyone ought to bow and scrape and just be honored lhat I was near them. J was making an ass oul of myself, and. ahhough I never recognized il, everyone else did. And my grandpa 1old me il was time 10 go stay with a man named George. He said that l would have to stay there for awhile. When I got to George's, I asked him, "Where am I going 10 stay?" and headed toward the house. He said, "Hey! C'mere." And I looked and said, "What d'ya want?" He said," You can't stay in the house. We've got lots of guests, and lots of people come by, and we need room for them. We should give 'em the best we have. You stay there." Xatuah Journat page to And he pointed toward a funky old sway-backed chicken house that had a patched-up roof and was about to fall down. r just looked on past it. All f could see was lhc rhododendron thickel behind it, but I thought maybe he had ano1her cabin or a building back there. He said, "Righi there. Goddamn chicken house. Yeah," "Chicken house?" He said. "Yeah. Lislen. that's all I can do." We walked over there. ll was about l5 feet long and about 10 feel wide, with big cracks between lhe boards, and chickens running all about He said, "These chickens are renl 1mponant lo us, we get eggs and meat from them, so I want you 10 use that pile of old lumber out in back, put up a partition, and fix up a room for yourself in the chicken house." I just couldn't believe it. A person of my caliber, my standing, in these conditions! Then I thoughl to myself, "They're trying 10 teach me something," but it was nol until a couple of months Inter that I actually realized what it was. Nobody lold me I was egotistical. I found out myself that I was egotistical. r found out after r had dug tons of chicken shit out of there, put up a wall, split shingles, fixed the roof, got lice. I was absolutely inundated by lice. Sol made lye and covered the whole chicken house with it to kill all the lice. I fixed that chicken house up beuer than it had ever been before. Heck, I didn't have anything else to do. In lhe process of fixing up the chicken house, I became the world's greatest expert on chicken conversation and habits. No one knows chickens any beuer than I do. I spent more than a year in that chicken house, I did chores and helped out, and rhat was the way I paid for my keep. Then people started asking me 10 doctor - small things like wounds and scrapes. After awhile, though, they would ask me questions like, "Johnny, he's off someplace, do you think he's okay?'' And I'd say, "Well, I need to think about this.'' And J staned to give them advice. I had seen the other men do it. 1 had seen Owl do it. I had seen how lhey lalked lO people and consoled them. I soon learned to separate true knowledge from knowledge that you pick up just by hearing things. True knowledge is something that you intuitively know from inside. My grandfather would call it "true knowledge magic." Knowledge that you hear on lhe side like you might have heard some other people lalking about how Johnny was al some whorehouse or in the county jail - thal klnd of knowledge I call "side knowledge." And I knew how Owl took that information and used it to make himself more powerful. He said that he only used medicine in one percent of his work. He said information is much easier to come by. He said that the more knowledge, lhe more magic, and the more power you have, lhe less you use it. When the elden; who had been training me thought I was prepared, they sem me out 10 spend time alone in lhe woods. When I relurned, they beld another nnming ceremony and gave me my true name, my medicine name, my spiritual name, that l never have told anybody. It was done at a campfire way out in the mountains, at sunrise on the new moon, a beginning time. We rook the black drink, vomited, and then we plunged in the creek. They collecled the woods and set the fire, smoked everybody who was 1here, then they sang songs and did different things. Then my true name was whispered in my ear, and I walked to each corner and the elder called the relatives. They would come 10 me, and I uttered my new name in my mind. It was hard lo remember, and I had to get used 10 it. These were men who had hand-raised me. They were all of lhe same generation. They were all old. I think the youngest Sumrm:r, 1992 �pi:rson of th:it group was .50, and he was ai I think that in anybody's hfe there is a the bouom in the pecking order t)f age. I le ~en!ie that things arc se1 out for you. The \\ns a fc1d1er and .i carrier. people who raise you have cenain They were very spiritual in the sense expec1a1ions of you, and if you have a that they followed the t.rndition. They lived loving, caring. nurturing, mutual son of everything that they believed. They had their relationship. you want 10 do everything in own son of reality, like they would leave your power 10 meet their expcc1a1ions. food for the Little People here and there, and You might have long fingers, so mama they talked 10 the spirits regularly. They thinks you ought co be a piano player, so she would all be holy people compared 10 the drives you to the piano. If she goes about it Cherokees of today, but they weren't like our in a good way, you might end up to be a Hollywood concept of a medicine man at au. concen pianist. But you may have been belier They were not what the anthropologists suited 10 be a plumber than to be a pianist. called "priests." They were a different group. You could go on until you are 50 years old The "priests" and famous medicine men lived and srill playing in honky-tonks before you closer 10 town. But these old people were all realize that the piano is not your calling. members of the Katuah Medicine Society. I received a lot of my understandings about Katuah from them, things that l am not ever at liberty to talk about. Because they were in the society, they considered themselves better than most people. They were actually arrogant about tha1. They considered themselves the true Ka1uahs, and there's probably pans of me that still feel a lirtle smug, because I grew up ,-: - with that cenainty. They had signs. Back then, everybody ~ wore a little feather in their hat. But the \ \ ~ ) Karoah people would take the marrow out of 1' ::,J\..... '• the feather, so that when they walked, the ( .r,,., feather would make a fluttering motion. That -\. was a sign. \., \\~. Another sign was a linle silver snake. Owl said his snake was made by Sequoyah. It could have been. Several 01hers had little \. silver snakes. They frequently wore old suit coaLS, welfare clothes donated by white people, and would carry the snake under the lapel. When Karuah Society people from Olclahoma would come, I would see old Owl lift his lapel for the briefest second and let ii fall back. And the other people would make an acknowledgment with their eyes without winking or doing anything obvious. I can't tell you how they did it, it just was I acknowledged. ' Then, without any other invitation, we would go back to the creek. and soon four or five of these people from Oklahoma would just show up I.here. They'd talk and smoke pipe and do Katuah ceremonies together. This would go on all night. I would usually fall asleep, because I was young then. But l am amazed about how much I learned by just hanging out. "Be invisible," grandpa would say. "Be invisible." When I look back at the good and the bad in my life, I always feel incredibly fonunate and content. Despite the pains and sufferings that everybody goes through in Life, I have aJways believed that I have affected my own destiny more than most people do. Sometimes l interfered in the process, and other times I just let the process happen to me. 1 give credit for that to the fact of my growing up experiences, all the things I learned from that strong circle of elders. If the spiriLS had not had another intention for me, I probably would srill be living near my childhood home among the offspring of those old people who raised me. I would either have been an alcoholic or struggling inside the system. '-I ·) i''\,-, ~mmcr, 1992 Drawing:, by Troy Sc,ILlc:r Jn my case, my grandfather saw ~omc physic.11 signs and m:1de an interpretation based on the sign5 and his knowledge. But it was still someone else's in1erprc1.1rion. Back when r was 10 years old, my grandfather taught me how 10 carve little animals out of soft basswood. I can remember that l was fascinated with that for a year or so. Then I went on to other things. That was the extent of my early carving career. The figures I made were crude, but a seed was set for something 10 come. The seed lay donnant until a few years ago when ! saw a carving on a shelf in a house I was visiting. I picked it up and held it. It didn't feel right. It seemed disproponionate and out of shape. The man said. "Can you carve anything?" I said, "I used to fool with it when I was a kid." After I left the house, I said to myself, "I can make something better than that." And so I made a bear. It was 001 very good, but it still was a little bener than the figure I had seen. I fooled around making different kinds of animals for a year, experimenting with different styles and expressions. The animals I made then aren't anything like the animals I carve now. They were somewhat similar in design, but not in quality. I went through the whole process. A lot of the techniques I learned were already known by people all over the world. I probably reinvented the wheel several times over. But I also developed a couple of ideas that, as far as I know, no one else has thought of. And when J finally made an animal that looked like it was alive, it just blew my mind. I said, "Look at this!" The next one I made came alive in my hands, 100. ! said, "Look at this! 1 did this! Mc! No one else! No one set me down and taught me 10 do this. No one told me." Now I am staning 10 get thunder from my carving. Thunder is when other people acknowledge your ability, and it's absolutely wonderful. But what has made all the difference is that r feel an inward drive and detcnninarion 10 do this that I have never felt about doing anything else. I have been detennined 10 accomplish other goals before, but this is purely an expression of myself. II is a force coming from inside of me. This was not/ preordained by anyone; this is the real -: person. Xatuah Journat JIOIJC 19 �BAD NEWS AND GOOD NEWS The j9b of t ~ government o(ficials is to protect the health or citiuns and or the environmenL At best. they have displayed an attitude or unconcern about their responsibilities. Al worst, they have wilfully misled lhe public about a matter of grave danger. Such disregard or Ille lives lhey arc supposed 10 protccl is unconscionable. This 1s a Sillllltion thnt needs to be thoroughly investigated at both the state and county level. Such flagrant irresponsibility must not be allowed to conunue. Nanni World New, Service The Burlington Industries CIIIJlCI plant at the hClldwaa.ers of lhe Little Tennessee River in Rabun County, GA is closing iis doors. That is bad news and good news. The plant employs about 425 people in Rabun and Macon Counties. The plant closing is bad news for~ people who will be summarily dismissed and left wi 1h no means of li vclihood in an increasingly competitive job marlccL However, &ho Burlington pbnl has long been a major polluter of lhe Liu.le Tennessee River, and Ille factory's demise will mean beuer heallh foc lhe river's aquatic ecosystem. '"The plant has been a severe, but not an acute, polluter," said aquatic biologist Dr. William Mcl.amey. '"There have been no fish kills, foe 111s1811CC, but cit tensive sampling of both fish and insect populations have shown that the plant has definitely had a negative effect on the river." If another company buys lhc Burlington plant, it will be regulated by stricter environmental laws than lhosc in effect when Burlingion staned diacharging into the river. Also, a newly-initiated citiun's monitoring group will be traclcing lhe wat.er quality al lhe planL "We will continue to lake samples above and below lhe Burlington plam until there is no noticeable difference between them.· said Mcl.amey. As long as our industrial system operates environmentally destructive means of production, Ille closing of worlcplaces will be at once bad news and good news. RAPE PREVENTION Natural World Newi Scrv,cc For the first time in the Southern Appalacluans, a federal lawsuit has been filed on behalf of biological diversity, challenging the Land and Resou= Manngerncnt Plan proposed for the Cherokee National forest by lhc US Forest Service. Representing a blood coalition of conservation groups. the lawsuit nled by the Southern Environmenl3l Legal Center (SELC) contcstS the Forest Service practice of below-cost timber sales. The suit also contends that Ille Jogging progrnm outlined in the pbn would do urepruablc domagc to native habitat and result an a corresponding loss of biolog,ical diversity in the Cherokee. D:ivid Carr or the SELC rcporis that the CWTCnt plan opens up 60% of lhe national forest to logging and ro:ld construction • much of it on steep slopes and mac=iblc terrain. By FOfCSI Service estimates, there arc presently 80,000 acres of potential wilderness in the forest; more than half of this vital lnnd b:lsc is open to desccr.mon under the plnn. By promoting rood building and cle:ucuumg, the Forest Service 1s practicing t.hc ecooom1cs or extinction. Peter Kub)', regional director of the Wildcrnc!..s Society, note~ lhat the Chcrolcc Plan threatens the extraO(dinary natur.il diversity or the foreM. Kirby points out that tl1e Cherokee Nauonal forest 1s home to 1,000 ~pccie., or flowering plants, 400 species or vcnebr-.uc,, and appl'oxm1atdy 13.S sp<lC IC$ of (hh, "[Ilic fore:,1 plan) calls for the logging of over one-hair of the cove h:lrdwood forcsis. an ccol<'lg1cal treasure trove in the Southern Appalachrnn,; he said. The new Fore.,t Plan wuuld also va.,tly mcn:..1~ rood density (which already exceeds lc(:111 guidelines) providing OC.CC.'i.~ for o greatly mclC:l.<cd amount of commcrci.il and recn:;itional :ict1vi1y - not to mention illegal poaching. Th~ Asheville Citizen-Tunes and Green Line - ~ r s provitkd ,nfor""11ion for this ortk~ USFS TO STOP APPEALS Nanni World News Service BUNCOMBE LANDFILL SCANDAL Nanni World News Environmental sleuihs from lhe Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League blew the cover olT what was apparently a conspiracy of silence among Sl8tc and local governmental officials about leaking contamination from the Buncombe County landfill. In October. 1991, investiga10rs from the Environmental Protection Agency sent a rcpon io Buncombe County saying th:11 u:st results showed "elevated coneentmtions or numerous volntile organic compounds and metals" in lhe groundwater around the Buncombe 1.nndflll. TheAshcvll/c Citiun-Timu reponed that monitoring wells showed six to 3S times Ille legal limit of live indUStrial solvenis - tnchlorcthylcne, benzene, dichlorelhane. methylene chloride, and dichloropropane. Water quality cxpen Richard Maas of the University of North Carolina Asheville told the newspaper lhat the contamination levels were "higher than several Supcrfund sites in the area. In my experience the.~ levels are surprisingly high." An estimated l,125 people living within four miles of the landfill site drink wnter from wells. Yet neither the State nor the county government made any public announcement about lhe landfull lenk or possible hazards to residents' drinking water. At an April 10, 1992 press conference, BREDL activistS dlSJ)layed papers they had dug out or state liles 1n Raleigh that proved that the l:mdlill wns leaking. This W$ the first word given to the public that anything wa~ amiss. Why did government officials not inform residents about the groundwater conUlmination1 County Manager Steve Metcalf blamed 11 on M.uvin Waddey, who w:is Director of County Engineering Service:. al the time. MclCOlf srud that he ju.~t pas.scd on Waddcy's assurance that there were no problems at the l:andlill. W:lddey has conveniently moved out or ~cue. Stale hydrologc.t Bob Lufty said that the ,utc h.id not informed anybody of lhc trouble< because of undcNtnffing. He wW Grun Line ncwspapcr that 1hc st.1tc hrul a two-person hydrology \taff to monitor 150 landlills, Half or thc.sc on: leaking wor;c than Buncombe's. he said, and the re.,idcnts of those commumues do not know nbout the danger.;. either. Now the ch~rn1cals arc moving toward the Fn:nch Broad R111i;r. 'The C,11:en-lim,•., stated lh:n l.ulty s:ud lh:11 lhe subl,unccs would reach the nvcr, · 1,c diluted and evcntually dcSU'oycd." llle solvents 111110l11cd are deailly and per:;islCIIL It may be hundreds of yc;tr.; before they nre ·eventually de.woyed." The US Forest Service has chosen to sell more and more of the last remaining virgin and old-growth fOl'CSIS to the timber industry. But concerned citizens have bad the right to challenge lhese sales through an adminis11'8ti..e appeals process. Many people have fe:irs that to continue ovctCUlting our forests will mean irreparable ecological harm. The appeols process has helped to bring some measure of accountability to the management policies and practices of the Forest Service. However. on Morch 20. 1992, Agriculture Secretary Edwnrd Madigan announced that the Forest Service was proposing to eliminate the appeals process. In ltne with the Bush administration's announced plruls to eliminate "unnc.cded" federal regulations, these appeals were deemed too time -cor.swning and costly, and it was decided that lhey would be replaced wilh a toothless •30 day pre-decisional notice and comment period.· The Forest Service is trying to ignore the fact that most of the appeals filed have resulted in improved dccisons, better management or the fOtcSts. and often citposc inodequat.e environmcnllll analyses. TI1e agency seems to think that any decisions it makes should go unchallenged, and the public should have little or no voice in how Ille Mlional foresis arc managed. ForesL~ arc more than vettical logs. It is insane to continue to cut our last few old-growth stands of timber and destroy native habitat communitlcs to feed the ever-hungry saw mills. The Forc.,;t Service often needs IO be remanded or this. PROTECTING AQUATIC HABITATS Nmural World News Service April 23. 1992, the Nonh Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NC WRC) held a public hearing in Boone, NC to consider a proposal origill3ting within the agency to dc.~ignatc 33 wawrshcds m IO of Nonh Carohnn's miuor river ba.~in.~ as critical habitat for species of mollusks and fish endangered m the Slate. The plan would offer protection a.s "High Quality Waters" 10 portions or the New. Watauga. Little Tenncs,;ce, Johns. and Linville nvcrs and the Warrior Forl; 111 the mounlaln area of the si;uc. Env1ronmcnt:1I acti'lsts present at the hc:iring IO support the mca~urc, commented that 11 was a pl~surc IO appear at a hC'..mng to compbmcnt the m1ua11vc of a ,1a1c ngcncy tn\lC.'ld or nJ1P(Xing iL llic comment J);nod on tl11! WIIJhfe Comm1ss1on's proposal extends until July I. Lener.; of suppon may be sent m: North CtJro/1fld ll'i/dlife RcJo:,ru; Commimon 512 N Salisbury .St. Raleigh. NC 2760-I .. . S11111111cr, lll!IZ a 6 t t I I 8 �.,. .. • WOLF' FLUNKS PILOT TEST Na.tural World News Service One of the four led wolves (Canis rufus) released in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park in November, 1991 was recaptured and penned, according to Park spokesperson Bob Miller. Red wolf Male (#219) was recapwrcd in JanWIJ')' because he showed undue tameness towards humans, and because he caught and killed a chicken in Cades Cove and several domestic turkeys just north of the Park. The livestock owners were reimbursed for their losses from an indemnity fund created specifically for such contingencies. Male #219 may have been a poor choic.e for release s:inc.e he had spent seven years in zoos, where he had become unnaturally tame. He was selected because he was sterile 10 ensure that a bl'eeding population was not established in the Park prior to the completion of the iniual study. He w :J most likely spend the rest of his life in captivi•y. Two new adult wolf pairs arc cum:ntly being acclimated to the area by being held in large pens for the next six months, and may be released in the Park in November. Members of the IVesttr11 North Carolina Alfiance gagged by the US Forest Service. The Alliance prot,:sted removal qJ the Forest Service's appeals process at a press conference held outside the USFS Ashevitte offices on April Phoio Laura Dcaton/WNCA 17.1992. ONE H O NEST MAN N.i1ural World Ncv,,s Sen ice When Dr.William Reid signed on as oncolog1st (cancer specialist) at tlic Mcthodi!il Medical Center in Oak Ridge. 1N early in 1991, he knew little about the production procc.-.scs al the Department of Energy\ nuclear weapons plants and less about the nuclear politics of Oak Ridge. But he did know a sick p:iticm when he saw one, and he saw four Cll'iC.'> of a rare kidney c:inccr, an unusual concentration for such a small popul3tion sampling. I le also saw a ~ignificant number of people exhibiting auto-immune system disorders. Exh of the p:mcnts wilh kidney disease h:id ~n exposed to ·major radiauon." Dr. Reid rcponcd. and the p:itients with auto-immune deficiencies showed "n consistent p.,ucm of blood irregularities." In August, 1991 Reid approached Dr. Daniel Conrad, the medical director for Martin-r-.1:uiCU3 Energy Systems, the priw1c conlJ'3clor for virtually all the opcrauons at the Oak Ridge Rc.'iervauon, 1uking for access to c.lal.l about pos.~ible metal toxicity al the Oak Ridge plants. "Th<.,rc are no problems wuh Mattin-Marictl3 employee~." Reid was told 1111d 11,~1~ ahruptly shown out of the olfice. The young doctCII' wa~ surpnsed ut the brush-ofr he n:cc1ved from Conrad, t>t11 he was more surpnsc-d ,;everal months btcr m December, 1991 when he w1Ls called before a medical review board at his 1nsu1uuon for "treuung pauent~ 100 aggressively," •spending too much money in the treatment of cancer patients." and :illcgcd complaints of incompetency. A<; a rcsult of the review, Dr. Reid WIL~ served ummcr, 1992 an ultimawm: either to pack up and leave Oak Ridge or have his name entered on the national medical black list known as the "National Pr'.icutioncr Data Bank for Adverse Information of Physicians and Other Health Pracutione11>." Since the review hearing. the hospital has p:iid to have another physician monuor all of Dr. Reid's cancer ueatments. Instead of caving in lO this blatant blackmail, Dr. Reid filed a lawsuit challenging the allegations agamst him and comc.~ting the consmutionaluy of the National Pr'dctitioner Dalll Bank. "Tilesc actions arc a ~ham," said Lewis Lcvm, Reid's attorney, of the hospu.1J's measure.~. "The)' were perpetrated again.,1 Dr. Reid only aft.er he refused to be intimidated by threats." And in the te.lt of I.he lawsuit, Levan st:ucd, "He (Reid) opposes the prcvuilmg lct-them-d,e attitude toward cancer puticnts. lie oppo5es dcni.31 of treatment even when 11 1s nOt fully covered by insurance payments. He oppose.~ those who refuse to seek the c.auscs of bi7.arrc patterns in the quality and quantity or cancer seen in Oak Ridge.• The lawsull goc, on to say, "The physicians and hospi111I who benefit from 1he generosity of tlJC Martin-Marietw health c:irc pl.ln 11.ant him to lc:ivc. 1hs p31icnts want him to st:ly. • Reid reports that he has nxc1ved many fate-night pl1one tj1lh from anon>mous supporters. Other caller.; have offered mfonn:iuon lo help llllCk down people suffcnng from health problems clue to radiation and heavy metals tox1C1l)·, His work· and the late-night lips. have shown results. Dr. Reid has found pockets of 1mmuno-supp,cs~ive disorders in the Oak Ridge area and even downstream as far as Kingston. TN. A NOTHER ONE FOR THE GOOD OL' BOYS NawnJ World News Service Yet another example of govcrnmenrav bureaucratic arrogance and insensitivity: the North Carolina Dcpanmem ofTranspocuuion (NC DOT) decided in May to postpOne public hearings scbcdulcd in May on the 1 Transponation Improvement 992 Program (TIP). While this mecis the leuer of the law requiring public hearings, it keeps citizens from having any input on 1992 transponation priorities - in effect canceling any value the hearings mighl have. Without public hearings, citiuns arc effectively blocked out of the decision-malcing process. This becomes even more dist.urbing when one realius that lhe Board ofTransponation iS appointed by Governor Jim Martin on the basis of political favors. It is the plum of state political appointments. Noticeably missing from the Board of Transpoltlltion arc tranSit advocateS, individuals with rail background. environmentalists, and reprc.senrativcs from communiLy groups, neighborhood associauons, and minorities. Perhaps the reason lhe DOT has decided to dispense with public hearings is that the importanl decisions have already been made. Journalist Barry Yeoman has produced a thoroughly researched s1udy publi.shed in the lndependem thal shows a close relationship belween the sources of large political contributions and where highway construction projects are built in the Srate of North Carolina Do you want the NC Department of Transportation to hold public Juuuings? Write to: Larry Goode: ChiefEngiuer (Programs); NC DOT; Box 25201; Raleigh. NC 27611. Reid ha.~ nlso received support from the 03k Ridge Envll"Ollmcntal and Peace Alliance (OREPA), which has accumulated experience in dealing with the authorities and tmcl.ing tOxiC emissions nt the Oak 1 Ridge Rc...crvntion. Stc,·e Smith ofOREPA and the Foundation for Global Sustain1bili1y. said, "This is the first lime a medical doctor within Oak Ridge ha.~ stepped forward 311d begun to identify :idvcrsc h~th cffCC1S in and around the Oak Ridge facilities. "When Dr. Reid first saw these pntu:ms emerging, he was acompletely di~inten:.stcd observer. He had no axe to grind with the DOE. He had no conccpuon of what he was getting mto when hc ~tarted work 111 Oak Ridge." Under pressure from the St:ltc of Tennessee, the DOE 113.S funded a panel of health e.\J)CttS to study cxpo:;urc to radiation among people Ii ,·ing around the Oak Ridge facilities. Dr. Reid has been appointed to that P3ncl, and will reveal hi~ tull fi11ding.q in the cour:.c of that invcsllgnti()n. Hiscao;e i, also under scrutiny by Sen. John Glenn's Government Affairs Commmcc and Rep. John Dingle's lnvcsugauon Subcommlltcc m the US I louse of Rcprc.'iCntJllvc.~. A rccC11t anicle in 1,me magazme c•uvmg H11ppdy ~eat a NuclearTr.ish Hc.ip," 5/l lfl2) ten1'ring on Dr. Reid nlso called aucnt.ion to the situation al Oak Ridge. Now thai the hd of secrecy 1s orr I.ht\ lode history 01 the Oak Ridge Reservation, 11 seems likely that dccJ)CI' probing will n:~ cal more c:uimplcs of abu!iC of the health of hum:ins 11ml the envllQnmcnL II L~ startling lO think that tl1is whole furor began because one person v. 1th true compa..sion entered unawwes mro the heart of the sordid nuclCJr we.1pons industry. It shows the pov.er ol one honcsl man. XGtuoh Jounmt pnqe 2 1 �REGION O'RAGIN' ,: ,. .. •, Nanni World News ServiClC April 21st brought not only a healthy dose or rain io 1.he region, but also a healthy dose of reality people in K:m1ah are outraged with the US Forest Sc,vice! As p:in of a national Earth Firsll effort honoring John Muir's birthday. protCStS organiz.cd by the environmental grollP SoulhPAW and il.S cohorts in Asheville, NC, Atlanlll. GA. and Oevel:md. TN were among lhe more than 30 prou:sts held ruitionwidc. Activists at the Forest Service Regionnl Hcadquaners m Allant.a mllied behind a 4S f00t banner that read: "Environmenlol Assessment of the US Forest Service- Finding of No Significant lnl.Cgrity." Twenty-five dcmonstraoors gathered outside lhc Cherokee National Forest HeadqumterS in Cleveland. while in Asheville 50 people chanted and hollered ouLSide the Pisgah/Nanlllhala National Forest offices. In each city, the message rang ou1. loud and clear: decision-making proc:essc$ which destroy thousands of aaes of habitat come from little cubicles inside concreie and Slecl office buildings. //'you'd liu to wim your frusuaJions with IM Fores, Service in a concerted effort, conJJJcl SowhPAW: Box 3/4/; Asheville, NC 28802. SENATOR WAFFLES Nau,,al World News Scrvia SenalOI' Terry Sanford is threatening lO give in the mauer of the Fontana road, the famous "Road IO Nowhere" in the Great Smoky Mountains National Palk in Swain County.NC. Sanford bas ptOp0.5td legislation I.hat would include aSl6 million payment to Swain County and allow consuuction of the comrovcrslal road. The road would destt0y the possibility of wilderness design:11ion for the southern end of the Parle and open the isolated area up IO possible (ulllrC developmenL Sanford stalTer Alan Thornbwg said 1h31. the Senat0r "just wanLS to pol lhis ITlllller behind us. He is willing lO do w~ver lhe county commissioners dcs1te in lh is local issue.• Sanford apparently does llOl undel'Sland that it is not jost a local issue any more. The s111tus of several thousand acres of h3biw and an imp0Clllllt wildlife migration routc are at stalce, and there are many visilOrS co the Parle who each year apprcciatc the qmet and rcl:ll.ive isolation of the north shore of Lake Foruana. Sanrord's move seems LO be an election year ploy to brcalc Helms' enclave or powct in Swain County. That he would scll out I.he future of a critical habitat area for a palll}' handful of VOies shows a skewed sense of values. lO Senator Jesse Helms' inll'BllSigcnce in To con1ac1 Stlllltor Ttrry SOft[ord abou, his proposal, write him QI 716 llart Senate Office Building: Washington. DC 20510. WE PAY FOR CLEARCUTS! Nlllnl World New• Serv~ Once again the U.S. Forest Servicc has issued a report stating the amount trutpaycrs pay tO subsidize timber sales on North Carolina na11onal foresLS. In 1991 U.S. citi7.ens paid $2.4 milhon ID order lO have roads buih and plOIS of national forest land clcrucut to the state. Even though less limber was harve.~ted in 1991 l.h:m m 1990 (there was a loss or S2 million in 1990), we paid even more to keep Congress nnd the timber IDlcrestS happy. Xnt(iari lournnt ,.,- r, l Z2 nmm lf ll f • If •r 6 t = • ~-WHEELERS ~AT POR&ST Nanni World New, S<tvicc All-terrain vehicles (ATV's) are a pcoblem in lhe region's national forcsLS. In lhc view of the US Forest Service. the desires of different human inteteSt groups lake precedence over protcetion of the rorcs1 ecosysiem. Thus, ATV joyriding is seen as a legitimate "mulitple use· of the forest, and the little bull-bouncers are permitted whetc no mot0ri2cd vehicles should be allowed co chum. Case in point: lhe Wayehutta (locally pronounced •worry-hut") Creek watershed or the Nanlllhala National Forest in Jackson County, NC is riddlcd witlt A TV irails. Sixtccn miles of old logging roads have been given over t0 the mud-slingers for their fun. But that is not cnoogh for the wheel jockeys. Now the Forest Service is considering a plan to add 20 more miles of ATV trails, pcneuating two more water.iheds. Internal combUSlion engines, especially obno11iously loud ones over four knobby-treaded tires, are incompatible witlt deep forest habiw needs. The acres that woold be impacted by the noise, debris. and massive erosion from ATV's are needed much IIIQle desperalCly by wild animal and plant life as homespace. or However, Uie ltanquillily lhis JX)rtion of wild land is tltrca1encd. Adjnce.n1 lO the city uact is the CliITs of Gla.\sie development, a 1,000 acre golf rcson. The Cliffs wants to buy 134 acres of 1bcciLy's propeny 10 expand their domain. The Greenville City Council was agreeable to the sale. but when local conservation groups he:lrd of the proposed transaction, tltey unilCd in vehement opposition. The local Bartram Group of the Sierra Club described the property and revealed the details of the sale in a televised press conference. The land had never been inventoried, said the group, and lhey insisted 1h31. a sludy of lhc area be done before any sale was considerod to dcterminc if it was habilat for any rare or endangered species. The TV broadcast provoked a flood of letterS from local citizens apposing the proposed sale. Under I.hat pressure, the city council bacud off. TI1ey agreed to inventory the 134 acres proposed for sale. Moreover, they have decided to study the biology of the whole watershed to consider a mnnagemcnt plan for the entire traeL The city might still try to sell tho area when the study is completed, but public pressure has proved co be a powerful LOOI. The Highlands Ranger District is scliciting commurls on the proposed A7V trail expansion. Write them 01: Rt. I, Box 247; Highlands. NC 28741. BUYING BAD AIR Namral World New. Scrvice The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is baying 10,000 cons of coxic nitrate and sulfaie compounds rrom the W l ~ Power and Li&hl Company co release inlO lhe air over the Tennessee Valley and the Soulhcrn Appalachians. Docs that sound LOO bimrre to be true? Not at all. Under a clause or the much-toulCd Clean Air Act or 1990, companies that are in •over.compliance" (companies that exceed the minimum smndnrds for air cleanliness set forth in the act) can seU "pollution credits" to polluting companies who don't want to clean up their operations. This provision is a safeguard bw11. into the law ID see that the air does not get cleaned up beyond a minimal level apparently on the theory lhal if air geLS too clean iL is bad for business. Money can buy off the legal system, but it cannot bring dead lJ'eeS back to life. nor can it make polluted air any hcallhicr for those organisms who have lO breathe u. "Pollution crcdiLS" may make TV A think that it has license tO pollute, but 11 will only worsen lite situation in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park where 96 plant species ore already in doclinc from niuogen•gcnerrucd owne and other atmospheric pollutanl.S. The grealeSl irony may be that rai.epaycrs puchasing power from TV A will now know tltn.t, instead of investing in air pollution controls, they ore buying themselves an extra helping of air IO~ichy. Comnu!nls may be stnt 10 the Ttnntssu Valley Aulhoriry; Norris. TN 37818. GOLF DESERT OR WILD WOODS? Nanni World New. Service The City of Greenville. SC own.~ 25,000 acre.\ of land in nonh Greenville County. The ll'3cl is a rugged and beauuful alC.'.l at the foot or the Blue Ridge CSClllplll(nL Bought bad ID lhe l 920·~. lhe land has not~ a bulldo1,er or a chain saw in 60 years. i4 D ACTIVISTS RALLY FOR CLEAN AIR N11unl World News Service A raucous crowd of about 50 people and one coswmed bear demonstralCd beforc the Great Smoky Mountains National Park's Suga.rlands VisilO( Center in GatJjnburg, TN on May 18. 1992. This time the activists or the group SolllhPA W were not protesting government actions, but ~ galhcrcd IO support lhc Dep:inmcnt of the Interior's policy of opposing any new insl.allations within 120 miles of the Great Smokies lluu would add lO air pollution -particularly low-level ozone - in the Park. Signs welcomed curious visitors lO the "Great Smoggy Mouniains" and decl3rcd "We Support the No-zone!• The dancing beat grophically demonslt3llld what happens when wildlife take on overlo:ids of air pollution. Atlanl.8 folksinger Robert Hoyt serenaded the Monday morning crowd with copical songs about the state of the environment and our society. The Soul.hPAW ac11v1s1.S wcce JOined by 20 eighth grade s1udcn1.S in the KARE (Kids Agamst 'Recking lhe Environment) Club at Bridgepon School m Newport, TN. The studcnl.S, who live in the watcrShed of Ilic Pigeon River, knew lin;tband about lite effects of waler pollution, but came 10 learn what air pollution docs co C(()~i.tems. They m:ide tl1c connections quickly and were soon parudpat mi; cntltus1asucally in 1.hc dcmonst.111tion. Su mm.er, ){192 uu �The first building constructed at Sycamore Branch was the community center. It had a large kitchen and dining/meeting area upstairs and ample bathing and laundry facilities downstairs. The next project was a complex that came to be called "the apanments." These were twelve good-sized rooms, each with a couple of sleeping lofts, arranged in two tiers going up the hill above the river. Many families lived for several years in the apartmenrs while they worked on their houses. Today the community rents them out to young couples, the elderly, and visitors. The people decided that most of the houses were to be built in a cluster near the community center. These houses were built by the homeowners who organized themselves into a masonry crew and a carpentry crew. Some homeowners hired replacements for themselves because they had jobs that would not allow for the necessary rime off. These clustered homes were connected by a common water, electrical, and sewer system. They were arranged and landscaped for maximum privacy, set into the hillside, and turned a little this way or that so that each home could have a small private garden. There were many outdoor decks and patios. Another eight homes were built in various places around the property. These homes were simple and designed to be low-impact, most of them lacking in conveniences. There was widespread unemployment as the old international economy collapsed. Many families who lived at Sycamore Branch lost their livelihood and the community started businesses to help. Soon after forming, the village started a cooperative that owned and ran a sawmill, a woodworking shop, and managed the community's garden and kitchen. People could belong to the cooperative that ran the garden and kitchen or they could buy meal tickets. Many people from outside the immediate community bought tickets and some joined the cooperative. Members of the cooperative are currently required to work 14 hours each week. In practice, about one fourth of the people chose to work these hours themselves, one fourth chose to pay, and half chose a combination, doing farmwork during the planting and harvest seasons. This arrangement allowed some people to make a liveli.hood almost entirely from farm or kitchen work. The Village Cooperative kept a small herd of cows and ran a small dairy that also A LOOK BACK by Will Ashe Bason processed milk from local farmers. A village bakery supplied fresh bread that was sold locally. Tofu and tempeh were made from beans that were obtained in trade from a community in a neighboring county that had a better season because of lower elevation. Twelve acres of blueberries were cultivated and most of the berries were dried and sold. There is a blueberry festival at harvest rime, and the entire community helps with the picking. One hundred fifty acres were planted to a mixture Lhal included chestnuts, black walnuts, black locust, and bramble fruits, and this has proved to be a very valuable asset over the years, with chestnut flour becoming a major source of income. Many local farmers and landowners planted blight resistant chestnuts that were supplied by the village and brought tons of dried chestnuts to the sheller and mill. Toe village woodworking shop produces drums, harps, dulcimers, guitars, and flutes. These products have gradually gathered a fine reputation among musicians far and wide, and the shop employs about one third of the people in the village. Sycamore Branch was of vital imponance to Floyd County during the economically unstable rimes of the late '90's and the primary years of this century. It helped formulate the plan for the decentralization of the county's schools and social services. The community has set up four small band saw mills in various parts of the county and organized a crafts collective that markets area crafts on a mail order basis through the satellite communication network. The community has provided blueberry plants, nut trees, shiitake mushroom spawn, and vegetable StartS at low cost (and sometimes free) to local farmers. Sycamore Branch gave technical assistance to many local communities that were creating their own power systems after the breakdowns of the late '90's. They powered several other villages directly and gave assistance 10 many more. There were many economic refugees in the late '90's, and Sycamore Branch offered a plan by which these folks could mostly house and feed themselves. They were influential in Habitat for Humanity's decision to build ecovillages with their own economics instead of isolated homes. The community produced a video series tilled "The Owner-Built Village" which was used by thousands of new cormnunities. The goals of Sycamore Branch, as stated in their by-laws, included not only being of service to the larger community in Floyd County but also reaching out on an international scale. This was accomplished through a sister community program that linked the village to other small communities around the world. Especially close tics were made with the Mayan village of Yonin. Young people from the communities were exchanged every year and sometimes older folk would go down for a year or so. Sycamore Branch marketed xylophones, weavings, and dried fruit from Yonin. Sycamore Branch has cooperated from the beginning with the UN's efforts lo set up international community-to-community trading and cultural contacts. The village has for years sponsored a team ofteehnicians who work to help upgrade poor communities by providing better water sources, waste treatment, and health care. Villagers from these communities are trained to run the solar satellite link and to access weather, health, and technical information in their own language. This gives them access to world markets within the limitations of the distribution system. There is an emphasis on self-sufficiency and the development of a few trade items that can be transponed to the nearest world irading center for shipment to irs ultimate destination through the UNPS network of freight dirigibles, trains, vans, and donkeys. The village of Sycamore Branch was a leader in the move by small communities to take over the economic role of the corporations. We now take it for granted thar small communities work together economically for their common betrermcnt. and we forget that there was a rime when this was an unusual pattern. The breakup of the corporate economy in the '90's left a vacuum that was naturally filled by small communities. The pauems developed in Sycamore Branch and similarcommuniti~# were a vital part of this process. fr Reprinted/rem Tek:iah newsleuer, which is available from the ln.sritwe for Sustainable Living; Windswept Fann; Rt. 1, Box 35; Check.VA 24072. Will Ashe Bason is a farmer and visionary who lives in the Floyd County, Virginia community. Mountain Counsel Blackberry bushes, heavily leaved, Bow as I approach; Offer bounteous gifts Deep black, soft and sweet. Yet remind me of the need To pick with gentle care Or else be pricked by thorns That spring from everywhere. And so it is with friends. - Taylor Reese DnlWUl& by Rob Mcs11ck Summa- , t 992 Xatoofl Journa! JIQ9C 23 �BUlTERFLY In a lazy larval state I ate Everything Fresh and green That lay before me Until I could consume No more DRUMMING Dear KaJuah, This is the sound of Nonh Carolina. ll is the voice of Kilmer Forest - it is the New River Gorge - it is the Haw River - it is ML Mitchell and the Black Range. Little Santeetlah Creek and the French Broad River also speak here. I am Native Choctaw-Scot-Nonh Carolinian and l dare speak in their names. From the mountains to the coast, I see areas rendered unrecognizable due to overdevelopment and misuse. It huns - the street lightS that ruin night vision, the litter, the washed out sides of previously pristine lakes due LO motor-boating. This is not the state I grew up in. What was attractive then is now the money maker of the day. Why do those who come here to "get away from it all" need LO "bring it all" with them? Back LO Nature? My family raised me that way - my grandfathers and greatgrandfathers fanned • a Choctaw greatgrandfather was a proud man in his community here in the Piedmont I still have the land he farmed. At age 37, I still practice what my ancestors left to me - a guardianship of property and the knowledge or how to do it. I love this state, but not what it is becoming. It needs help, and l feel we are losing. Last year I was a volunteer for the Kituwah Festival here in Asheville and will be there agnin this year. I would also like to work wherever possible for your staff on representing Katuah Journal - it has a place! Thank you, Nancy Odell Dear KaJuah, While I have enjoyed the Journal more than I can say, I have not sent in my subscription renewal because J feel you could help me a bit more than you have tried lO in the past. My Llfe's goal is to help re-establish the American Chestnut in the mountains, and to that end I've been trying to locate acreage on which to do this. I wortc with devotion on anything undertaken, but my problem is lack of money for purehasing the size acreage or farm needed to plant, nunurc, and monitor these seedlings to maturity. I sincerely felt there must be, among your readers, someone intersted in seeing this tree again reclaim our forests: some who may not have the time or inclination to do the work needed, but who may be financially more able and who would be willing to help. I would gladly give full accountability for any funding offered. I looked at Land last Saturday near Spruce Pine. Bui I would need some $26,500 to acquire it. along with giving some inherited fine jewelry 10 make up the difference. I'm willing to give everything I have, bu1 cash is something I don't have, unfonunately, and tha1 is what sellers wanL Truely. l felt your interest in this was as deep as mine. l am not some scam artist, simply a person with a limited amount of assets that will gladly give for the finacial help l need. Some of these assets are quite exciting, for instance, r have an original printing of the very first meeting of the Continental Congress (authenticated by the old books department of UNCC); an original copy of Washington's Farwell Address and many very old deeds, etc. l'm not wanting something for nothing, you see. I have quite endless energy and much determination. This determination would go into the raising or the chestnut If you do wish to help me get started (I'm looking at land from the Spruce Pine area west through Madison Counry), you will be proud of what l'II accomplish. Fat and sleepy I slep1 deeply Safe from a hungry world Alone in my own Silk cocoon bed That trembled and twirled Suspended by threads From slender limbs Overhead Waiting Until the warm suns Of summer come And I summon the courage To emerge Transformed and renewed Wings brightly-hued To carry me Free • Rebecca Wilson Hicks Sincerely yours, Dorothy Dickson 113 Autumn Lane Harrisburg, NC 28075 !f\ "he. 5UMe Y- -th e -fiowe.YS b\,oOM f- he beo.Y" w i 11 'rOMe VJ ; f\ 'f"'e 5qVi1TelS 1 e ()\ t WQ'f K °'WO\ifi "~ Wi "t e r Cold +or C\ T\d We+her l'llolobyR.-lyBall tre r 5 P\ in re~ Of Jee cl ".f'or the bi ue TS v\ nJ --fo'( -r~e crow -t~erf Cor Y\ Pl , n teu 0-f +1'.o.-1-· J (poem by Tiyo) age 9 Dear Karuah, I'd like to subscribe to your journal, finally. We love it most abundantly cover to cover. Couldn't bear to slash the graphics on #34, so I send this sheel of paper wilh this message. Beyond the garden, consensus decision making, and bioregionalism, my interest and vocation arc renewable energy systems and sheller. Our house is off the grid and soon our income will be, tOO. Please conac1 me if you ever do an issue on renewable energy in Ka1uah. Blessings 10 ya'II Star and Otter Summer. 1992 �Dear Kanwli, Thank you for the flood of pleasant !Demories evoked by your Spring, 1992 issue. As I pored through your pages, I could see my father pointing out things as we walked through the woods. I learned of wild onions, greens, mushrooms, persimmons, and beechnutS. Berries grew abundantly where I was raised - strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, and gooseberries. I was fortunate enough to live close to a small wooded area, an ecosystem all its own. To this day, I can tell an Oak from a Maple from a Birch from a Willow, etc. ' I'm still fascinated by the life forms in even a small creek. The fish, crawdads, leeches - I even learned to make suckers into a very fine substitue for salmon/mackerel patties. Thank you for bringing it back when I'm ready to see the deeper meanings of the Earth's give-and-take relationship with man. Keep up the good works, Mr. Messick. Stay on the Path, Jeff R. Zachary Dear KaullJh, This is still the best bioregional rag I've seen! Thanks for keeping me in touch with all the real news from home. Gene Dilwonh Dear Friends, I send to you all my thoughts of peace and well being... I hope that this Jen.er finds you all enjoying happiness and good health! I appreciate all your hard work in producing Ka1uali Journal and including Stil-Llght in your calendar of events. ll helps to keep us before the public eye. Thank you!! I am writing to comment on your recycle logo on the Spring, 1992 issue: "Recycle or Die." Recycling in and of itself and one hundred percent population will not solve our problems and create a sustainable economy. Recycling is at best a stop gap measure, something easily understood and do-able by the masses. Until we stop consuming and u111il we stop having so 1111Jny babies (especially in the more afj111e111 countries) we will continue 011 our collision course with exrinc1io11 as a species as we use up all our nomral resources. I agree that we should continue to reri:ind people to n;cycle because it helps, but crying wolf and usmg scare tactics hns never wo~ked. people only do that which is in their own selfish best interest. .. a sad commentary on human nature, but the truth. Just a few thoughts ... Your Friend and Brolher, Leon Frankel Summcr, 1992 Dear Ka11W1, Well, they've done it to us again! Praise be to the "Gcxl Squad" for overiding the couns and sentencing more forests out west 10 lhe saw? The sponed owl may be protected, but only by the edict of loggers and the Almighty Gospel of the U.S. Congress. r thought there was supposed to be a balance of power between the three (to name but a few) branches of our government. Where is the justice in taking a case to coun and then have the "Gcxl Squat" (sic) come and say "Praise the Lord. we gonna Lord it over every forest we can"? Constance Birch From the Groun d Up "You gotta start from the ground up ... " - That's what they've always said - and lhat's it in a nutshell - where civilization's gone wrong "If you don't have yo~ feet on the ground... Then where are you? How do you get sustenance without roots? "We're all going so fast we're gonna crash" - where? - on the ground? The Ground? We've put that in the hands of MEGA CONGLOMERATE ii-?tJ~~Wo.MILLIONAIRE, 20TH FLOOR HEADQUARTERED farmers - Who probably won't touch the ground even when they die But are buried up to lheir necks in their financial statementS - the only thing they care about And speaking of lhe ground... From the Earlh's point of view it must think we're made of rubber for that's all that touches it when we move. We're Gods of power... We have bulldozers to move mountains. A river can't flow without our permission We've gOL landfill expens - like our mission is to fill the land "Landfill" - like a free lunch for the Eanh! (ns if it liked the encrees) Many of the Earth's peoples worship Jesus, a man's creation of the universe (or Gcxl, if you will...) Who gave unceasingly of beauty and healing... even as he died slowly and painfully in the hands of the Earlh's people. If such as he were still alive would we try 10 save him? Or, would we treat him as we do her, lhe Earth? Dear Karuah, I read awhile back the article on the !-,ETS sy~tem and sent for the preliminary mformanon. lam real interested in seeing one get sra.rted in the Karuah region in rural mountain areas. At this time I have not the time, energy, and resources 10 start one by !11YSClf - l wonder if you know of other interested persons you could put me in touch ~th who have the whole study course who might let me borrow it. In the meantime I am starting a simple bancr networking newsletter in this local area (Bryso~ City, Sylva, Franklin). Perhaps you would like a ,~·rue:-up for the summer journal. The Spnng issue of Kauiuh Journal is by far the most interesting one to me in a long time - great articles intended for the already some~hat informed. Erbin Crow's pissing poem 1s a real gem. Airin Green P.O. Box 382 Whittier, NC 28789 Dear Karuah, I have enjoyed recieviog your paper, but there is one matter of deep concern l have. I have noticed several times in recent years the theories of Buckminster Fuller have been mentioned in a positive light, as if he were a worthy mentor for ecology-minded people (see John Ingress in Spring 1992). I recently went back and looked a1 Fuller's opus Critical Path (St Martins, N.Y., 1981), and was alanned to find it was even worse than I had remembered. In the preface he introduces lhe notion that human beings are so smart we can easily provide an "unprecedented higher standard of living for all Eanhians," and claims that "four billion billionaires" would be a worthwhile and admirable goal. Can you imagine how shredded to ribbons the Earth's ecosystems would with "billions of billionaires," a concept Fuller warmly endorses throughout his book?! The rest of Fuller's thesis is well known. High technology is the savior we have been waiting for. lo the future, humans will live packed in floating cities, space platforms, nnd so on, in fully automaied, controlled environments. On page 297 he claims "lhe power of the Amaz.on warershed will be harnessed and considered by designers as an integrated moving assembly line." On page 251 he gets so carried away he proclaims that man has now taken on "lhe competence of Gcxl." I could go on with such examples, but perhaps the point is made. I disagreed with the late Ed Abbey on some things, but in his evaluation of Buckminster Fuller, l lhink he was right on lhe money. ln the meantime there are lOLs of other writ tings on technology out lhere worth reading, such as Lewis Mumford, Jacques Ellul, or Jerry Mandcr's new book. Best Wishes. Bill McConnick • Breeze Burns Xorunfi Jottn«i( p09c 27 �Jury Nullification: Democracy at Work M ost of us have noticed that our rights arc being whittled and chopped away as surely and relentlessly as our foresis. But there is a little known right which can be a defense against an offensive government. II is a right we have because we are entilled to a jury trial. The Fourth Circuit Coun of Appeals in U.S. v. Moylan (1969) put it this way: '1f the jury feels the law is unjust, we recognize the undisputed power of the jury to acquit, even if its verdict is contrary co the law as given by a judge, and contrary 10 the evidence." People on a jury have the right to free people from laws they wouldn't want imposed on themselves. The right and the responsibility. Jury nullification, as this almost-secret right is known, goes way back. Back to ordinary men. Some of the ordinary men were the 12 who served on William Penn's jury in 1670. The British king proved beyond a doubt that Penn was "guilty." He had broken the law against preaching a religion other than that of the Anglican church in a public place. But the jury didn't wane to punish William Penn. They thought it would be a beuer idea to punish the law itself. The king's agent was furious and tried co convince them that the law was more imponant than their conscience. The judge did his convincing by imprisoning the jurors in the Tower of London until they agreed to convict Penn. But pubUc opinion - possibly related to the expense of imprisoning the jurors - forced the judge to let them go, and to admit that a jury had the right to decide not only whether someone has broken a law, but whether the law is just. The right of jury nullification bas consistently been upheld in British and American courts. According to Alan Sheflin and Jon Van Dyke in law and Concempory Problems 43, No. 4 (1980), 'The repeal of (prohibition] laws is traceable 10 the refusal of the juries 10 convict those accused of alcohol traffic." And Hagbard Celine points out in Trajecl()ries newsletter that "the anti-pot law, the silliest of all our drug laws, could not survive in a nation with at least 70 million pot-heads, if juries knew that they had the right of nullification." So what's happened? Back in the 1890's, the U.S. Supreme Court was about as freedom-loving as our current robes. They upheld Lhe right of jury nullification - but simultaneously ruled that Lhe judge not only doesn't have to tell the jury Lhey have this right - but can prevent the defense attorney from telling them that they have ii! power. Only Maryland has a state constitution which requires a judge to inform the jury that they may acquit if the facts prove a defendant technically guilty but the jury believes the law is wrong. (Lots of states, though, have elected judges.) There is a movement in many states to pass Fully Informed Jury (FU) Amendments to state constitutions. For more information, you can write to FUA; Box 59; Helmsville, MT 58843. Jury nullification is a secret that needs to be told. I asked my son if he knew his rights as a citizen. He looked at me and exclaimed, "Mom, I'm in school." Isn't the power of juries a fundamental part of how democratic government - of the people - works? I wonder what would happen even without an amendment if people knew that juries have the right to judge not only people, but laws? If the people knew the power of juries, and the power we would have a grassrootS movement - towards democracy? I am indebted to Robert Anton Wilson and Trajectories newsleuer (Vol. /, No. 8; Awwnn /990)/or m11cli of the infonnation in 1/iis article. Trajectories covers many spheres of interest. Write to them clo The Pennanenc Press; Box 700305; San Jose, CA 95170. - by Karen F/etc71er All juries have the power 10 nullify any law, but any government judge can do everything in her or his power to prevent them from knowing that they have this I: Reprintulfrom IM AuJumn, 1991 ,ssue of /. green light, Mwsleuer of the Cumberland-Grel!II Bioregional Counril; 2513 Essex Place; Nashville TN 37212. The Story of the Man Who Wanted to Become Moss He tried very hard he wore himself like French lace and went to the core of cells where the green lives and pulled out chlorophyll trying to reinvent his structure to take in the sun When he kissed his mother that lay in the moss When he washed his belly that lay in the moss When he sat outside himself that lay in the moss lay in the moss lay in the moss in the moss in the moss the moss moss moss - Jenny Bitner Sumtm:r, 1992 �BOOK REVIEW BEYOND THE LIMITS: Confronting Global Collapse Envisioning a Sustainable Future In I971 , a book was published called The Limits 10 Growth by Donella and Dennis Meadows and J(lrgen Randers. It was a landmark in ecological thinking in many ways, causing many people 10 debate and question the whole idea of unlimited growth in industrialized societies. The notion of growth as a cure for economic problems is deeply ingrained in many people, and this book questioned the very basis of such an assumption al its root. By using the Systems Approach to problem solving and taking a long look at trends in escalating human numbers and the subsequent pressures put on the Earth's resources, these three scientists proclaimed that if present trends continued within the next one hundred years there would be a steep decline in lhe ability of human societies to sustain themselves. This catastrophe could be changed, they argued, by creating a kind of steady-state where human populations and material needs would level off and a new balance achieved between binh and mortality and between extremes of wealth. It's twenty years later, and these same three folks have been working on the Systems Approach regarding the choices we have in creating a future that does not depend on growth as a means of propping up our economies. Their new book, Beyond the Limits, states clearly that human societies have already moved beyond the limits of what ecosystems of the Eanh can handle. Il does not make excuses in order to go lightly on industrialized countries. It radiates respect for the diversity of life in the world and offers some much-needed perspective about the human place in it. The authors are deeply moved by the severity of the problems we face, and yet in many ways they offer hope by providing paths we can follow to ease away from the trend toward collapse and simmer down into a mode of human economy that actS within the limits of Eanh's sustainability. I find that it is much clearer to use a Systems Approach with thorough explainations of feedback, exponential growth, overshoot and collapse, and planetary sources, throughputs, and sinks than the ambiguous notions surrounding human carrying capacity (as seen for instance in Issue #28 of Kat(wh Journal). Human beings are not exempt from limitS to material growth or the perils of overpopulation by any means, yet it is high time we recognized that we have exceeded many of the regulatory limits 1hat exist for other mammals and that we clearly have the capacity to overshoot this carrying capacity at any time. Cultural knowledge may not be enough to restrain our frenzied pace, but it can offer us some of the wisdom necessary co pull back and keep from overstressing life support systems. Whether we will paractice this wisdom remains to be seen. yet Beyond The limits offers some hard-earned distilled knowledge and should be read by those interested in learning how we can panem human societies within limits. We humans do have the potential to be effective problem solvers. Unfortunately we rarely choose the right problems to solve. Beyond The Limits is pub/is~ by Ch,!lsea Green Publishing Company: R1. I 13, Box 130: Posl Mill.f. Vf 05058. Please ccn1ae11km aboui ~ ,P" informtUion on the book. Rob Messick B~byJll!OIITucllct "I told the Prograns to encourage self and Earth awareness. celeblollon. kinship ond hope. • Youlh Camps • &;hool Programs • Family Campa· Tead!o, Training • Community Programs • Camp StaIf Tra111lng • Ouldoof Program Conwtt,ng Look. Y1111 Ill ill l ltld ISklnQ mt ti help kAI • Oonch ot Pffllll down tlltlt I don I k"°" Md I"m 11n ~ I did kMw u..m 1-lclnt wt/I ti ~1111 ti their dNIJII forgd l l TIii an,_ 11 no F«av11 no•·· -'Naly~lbon ..,_ Don ·t Pay Taxes for War Fo ntnrm11.1on ,if'ld o, ,1 c.;i, PO. Bo• 1300 Gotti'lburg. T e<Y'lessee 3n38 615-436-6203 National War Tax R esistance C oordinating Committee PO Bo~ 774 Munroe, ME 04951 1 2071525-7774 Summer , 1992 la'O!\: •nrr 1 ,t - REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNCW • FM P 0. Bo" 804 Spind.ik•, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 �(cootinuo,d from P"&C SJ and decorations were very sunilar. They carried out the same kind of sun worship. I think they were priest-ruled. The Louisiana nibes showed that influence strongly, and there is much evidence of that among the Creeks and Cherokees, probably more among the Cherokees. Because of that influence, we had a priest society for awhile. We became more sophisticated and more warlike and gathered up more territory and more people. But the priest society among the Cherokees became so arrogant and so barbaric that the people rose up against them. I think it must have been about the time when the clans dwindled from 14 to seven. The revolt centered in the Katuah village. The priest society was ovenhrown. After that episode, the spiritual functions of the nibe became more decentralir.cd. There were ceremonial medicine people, song keepers, and the chiefs of the ceremonial grounds. There was a medicine man who could give hunting formulas, and that's all he could do. Another one who could give fishing formulas. And women who lcoew how ro deliver babies, and soon. The medicine people still had influence. but they were not almighty. There were , definitely people who shone among those groups, and they gathered some degree of power, but that was because of ability, not because of their office. The people also gave more power 10 the village councils and balanced the influence of the clans within the villages. so that no one clan became dominant. Thus, it came about that when the white people came, they found us to be a loose federation of villages, more lroquoian in our government than most of the tribes around us. But our power was growing. I think that if the white people had waited 100 or 200 years they would have dealt with one or two governments in the Southeast. We were definitely influenced by the Iroquois. As it was, we were eventually forced by bitter expenence to adopt the white man's system of choosing one civil leader who had ultimate power. Then we got chiefs like John Ross, who passed a law saying no Cherokee could sell land. Until that time. each village acted on its own, and we were overwhelmed. / In spite of his droll pen 11ame. Bear Wirh Runs is a full-blooded member of the Cherokee cribe. He Jives in quiet a,umymity offthe Cherokee Indian ReservaJion. FREE CHEROKEE from Ahwi Brown What is a Free Cherokee? That's an honest question, and ru try ro give an honest answer. Most often a Free Cherokee is a person with a family legend about an "Indian" grandmother or grandfather. While these legends persist in famiUes throughout the land, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has made it virtually impossible to enroll these Free Cherokees on federal rolls. The Free Cherokees are seen by many of these Xotuah JPurnat page ao people as a way to go "home." We do not seek BIA recognition or any other benefit not available to other citizens. We do appeal to our BIA "approved" cousins to join with us in keeping our heritage strong and in resurrecting Tsalagi as a spoken language. It is the hope of this Free Cherokee that the more affluent of the Free Cherokee people talce advantage of the current recession and low interest rates to acquire land parcels in the Cherokee homeland, Katuah, with the intention of establishing Tsalagi kibb1uzim within the borders of the homeland. To explain the meaning of the liebrew word kibbwzim: the Jewish people used this same method to reacquire their ancestral homeland. It took them about 100 years to do it. I hope we can beat that! . . This idea may sound crazy, but so did Z1on1Sm 100 years ago. J reel that this is an idea whose time has come. I release it to the Ancient Red. Allw18rown Chic.kamaugan Band of Fru C~ro/cus 19/SBudleySt Clialtunoogo. TN 37404 Summer, l 992 �:BUN M-OU'.NTA.'L'.N (b. 1979 • d. l 992) It was over a dozen years ago that a man named Jerry staned cooking small batches of tofu in the back of a food co-op in downtown Boone, NC and distributing it around town. This effort was passed on to others who tried to expand the tofu, tempeh, and sprout market to the rest of the state. The soy dairy was small, but it had a wide distribution within North Carolina. A series of owners found it difficult to manage, and it was passed along until John Swan bought the business in 1987. He sought to make Bean Mountain into a viable business by moving it from the slowly dilapidating building it had been housed in for years to a new building in Weaverville, NC. The hope was that with bcner access to distribution routes and better facilities, larger contracts could be gained and the business would nourish. We have recently learned, however, that Bean Mountain could not make enough money to survive in today's market. Bean Mountain tofu and tempeh have been legendary not only in the southern mountains but also in many towns in the piedmont. h will be sorely missed by many people. Hats off 10 you, John Swan, for your gal/am effons to revive this most useful of services to the community. Thanks also to the men and women who put in their sweat and blood 10 keep it going. May the memory of all that good food linger in our hearts forever. - Rob Messick SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BLACK BEAR REHABILITATION AND RELEASE CENTER Or. Michael Pelton, a wildlife biologist from the University of Tennessee who specializes in black bear research, frequently receives calls from people who have found orphaned bear cubs. Panicularly in the spring when cubs are young and inexperienced, they are at risk if they are separated from their mother by poachers, free-ranging dogs, a flood in their den, or any of a number of other causes. Until now, there have not been adequate solutions for this situation. But a dream long held by Dr. Pelton seems about 10 mnterial ize. Under the auspices of the Dragonette Society for the Preservation of Endangered Animals, work is proceeding on the Southern Appalachian Black Bear Rehabilitation and Release Center. a facility specifically designed to renccustom and relocate orphaned, injured, or starving black bears into the wild. The Center is certified as a non-profit organization and has established a board of directors. Backers have donated a site for the project in Townsend, TN near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Architect Tom Caldwell volunteered his skills to draw up a plan for the facility, and the Oragoneue Society is now preparing for a fund-raising effon toward a $350,000 construction budget. The institution's primary focus would be 10 temporarily house and r.reat bears in order to re-establish 1hem in the wild as quickly as possible. "We want to do what we can in a confined situation to enhance the possibility of survival in the wild," said Dr. Pellon. Bears would be held for their protection only with as little contact with humans as possible. When they become strong, healthy, and acclimated enough to function in their natural habitat (a maximum of six to eight months), they would then be released 10 remote areas of the mountains or possibly in black bear reintroduction projects, like the one proposed for the Big South Fork area in Kentucky. The Dragonettt: Society for the Preservation ofEndangered Animals Box669606 Mariella, GA 30066 to"'°'ifka. IOO'U ~t\~S \ I ,-o &c>~ , a04 by Rob M, .. 0$.icl; v ( 7041 69~1 Q.8"118" An Alternative NATURAL MARKET WHOLE rooos • OULK FOODS • VITAMINF..S • Hf:R!lS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS• SNACKS• NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Ad Boone NC 28607 ~ » speaking fpr fhe earfh. --, Union Acres Rob Messick Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC 28645 't lllll • &.234 t1<nc1enonw,..,..c;ie1)!1 C~t\b~~, M.C. Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in Katuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: /•j i - - Acreage for Sale - Smol.y Mountain Living with a focus on spiritual and ecologie11I values For more informalio11: Contad C. Grant at Route 1. Box 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 whole earth gro~ery . ·. .;·,: .. ,, r,.. ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING 146 !.'.parkway craft .:<'ntcr • suit<' 11 gatlinburg, tcnncss"<' 37'738 615-436-6967 �JUNE 12-22 AMONG THE TREES Katuah Rainbow Tribe Solstice Gathering. Somewhere in the national forest. sisters and brothers will gather 10 create a magical village of love and light. Location to be announced. For information, write to HO! Newsletter; Box 5455; Atlanta, GA 30307; or call Atlanta Rainbow Light Linc at (404) 662-6112. €V€0t'S BLACKSBURG, VA Soc1e1y for Conservation Biology Annual Meeting. Symposia on biodiversity issues. Contact DepL or Fisheries and Wildlife: VPI & SU; Blacksburg, VA 2A061 27-7/1 HOT SPRII-.GS, NC "Jndcpcndcncc Week 7.en Holiday." wilh Genlci Snndy Stewart. Medi1ation rcU'C3t held in s1lcnce, culminating ma walk up lhe moum.am. Pre-register: S225 includes lodging and vegan meals. For info on lhi.~ and other rctreais, contact Soulhcm Dharma Retreat Center: RL I. Box 34-H; Hot Springs, NC28743. (704) 622-7112. 27,7/4 IS FULL MOON/ STRAWBERRY MOON 19 ASHEVILLE, NC • AFSEEE's Vision for N:lllon:il Foresis in the Southeast," a public meeting with Jeff DeBonis, founder of the Associalion or Fo~, Service Employees for EnvironmcnU!I Ethics. 7 pm at Humanities Lccwre Hall, Univers11y of North Cnrolinll • Asheville. For info, C31I Dr. Gary Miller, UNCA. (704) 221-6441. 28 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC "Sunday m the Park," a moveable reast of emenninmcnl, will be at Lake Tomahawk today at 2 p.m. Performers will include Jerry Read Smith, Lisa Smilh, and Bonnie Blue's puppcis. For info on this and other Sunday evcnis, call Quali1y f-orward. (704) 254-1776. JULY (INTER)NATIONAL Day of Action for the 07.one layer. Don a "radiation suit" and demand a ban on CFC's and HCFC's NOW! Picket your nearest EPA office. Local eoniacc John Johnson (615) 26S-67t3 ContincnUII comacc Rhys Roth (206) 943-7259 l 3.9 19-21 WILLIS, VA "The New Dance." an exploration of changing sexual identities with Dan Chesbro. Friday • workshop for men and women IO hcal old wounds, restore Ille balance of power and shnre our spiritwll oneness. SaL, Sun.• a l'CIICal for men wilh music, bodywon:, ceremony. Indian Val~y Rctrcat: RL 2. Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. (704) 789-4295. ASHEVILLE, NC ·wise Woman Tradition: Apprentice W~." will explore herbal knowledge and women's wisdom. For info, contact WhHewolf; Box 576: Asheville, NC 28802. LINVILLE, NC 371h Annual Highland Games and Galhering or the Sc«lish Clans 01 MacRae Field beneath Ornndfalher Mo11ntain. Scottish games, dancing, uilidh, bagpipes, more. For information. call Orandfalher Mountain Highland Carnes 01 (704) 898-5286 or write to Box 356; Banner Elk, NC WASHINGTON, DC First National Carrying Capacity Issues Conference. Discuss the basic issues underlying the CWTCnt environmental crisis with leading thinkers such as Gaylord Nelson, Herman Daly, Anne Ehrlich, Garrett Hardin, Hazel Henderson, and others. $100. Carrying Capacity Network; 1325 G St. NW (Suite 1003); Washington, DC 20005 (202) 879-3044. 20 SUMMER SOLSTICE GREAT SMOKIES PARK Naturali51. nnd Educa1or Week is for anyone who wanis 10 team more abou1 lhc outdoors nnd pass lhc knowledge along. Hiking, natural h1~tory, music, swunming... and Free Tune! Spce111I gucs1 will be Doug ElboU, storyu:ller/ naturalisL Prc-rcgisu:r: S200 includes lodging and meals. For more info about this and other programs, contact On::11 Smoky Mounlllins lns111111e at Tremont; R1. t, Box 700; Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. 22,27 "'1tt'1afi JournnC. pa9(" 32 18-19 GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Great Pandas in Chma and Wildlife in the Smokies" wilt use field lrips in lhc Park lllld group discussions to mnlcc ecological, cultural and conservation comparisons be1wccn Chinn and lhc Smokies. For info about lh1s nnd olher courses, con13e1 Smoky Mounlllin Field School: 600 Henley Su-eel, Suite 105; Knoxville, Tn 37902. 1-800.284-8885. 18-19 SWANNANOA, 1'C Anciem Sw Walke.rs" class led by Page BryanL Included will be 1hc m:iking or a stnr bundle, a Stnr Dance, 111lditional Native American siories nnd sky watching. Pre-register. $85. For info about lhis and other programs, eon1.1c1 The Earth Center. See 7/11. 19-25 SWANNANOA, NC "Old-Time Music nnd Dance Week" of the Swannnnoa Onlhcring 01 Wnrrcn Wilson College. Weck-tong instructional workshops on old-time liddle and guitnr, clogging and conu:i dancing, siorytelling, and more. Ralph BliZ7..ard and lhc New Solllhem Ramblers, David Holt, Don Pedi, and others. S220 + Sl40 meals 311d lodging. Sec 7/12-18. 20 ASHEVILLE, NC "Planetary Acupuncture: Power Points and Sacred Sites and the Healing of the Earth." Breath-taking sUdes and spirirual insights by anthropologist/photographer Martin Gray. 7 pm at Laurel Auditorium, Asheville-Buncombe Technical College. $10. 9-12 28604. 19-21 W-ESSER, 11.C ACA Open Canoe Nolionnl Championsb.ips will feature racers from nll over the U.S. in slnlom and wildwau:r courses on the Nanlllh3!3 River. For info on these and other whitewater evcnis. eoniact Nam.ahala Ou1door Cenu:r; 41 Hwy 19 West; Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. 15-17 10 BLACK MOUNTAJN, NC Robert Hoyt, a radical voice for a New Soulh, and The Billies, rhythmic harbingers or post-mdusuial living, play 31 McDibbs; I 19 ChClT)'. For more info, call (704) 669-2456. MARSUALL, NC "Toolmaking for Woodwoiters" is a class for lhosc intuesled in u-aditional woodwor1cing lechniques requiring IOOls no longer commercially available. SIUdcnts will team IO mnke and modify IOOls, including forge work, uiught by blacksmith Frank Turley. Pre-register. S390 includes meals and camping. with donn aceomodalion available. For info on lhis and olhcr woodworking workshops, conU1c1 Counuy Workshops; 90 Mlll Cree.le Road: Marshall, NC 28753. (704) 656-2280. 20-24 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge is a monlhly eveni; begins 111 noon. Fo, info abou1 panic1pa1ing m the sweat. conU1C1 The Earth Cenier. 302 Old Fellowship Rood: Swannanoa, NC 2377g_ (704) 298-3935. 11 12-18 SWANNANOA,NC "Scouish/Bluegrass Week" oflhc Swannanoa Orubcring 01 Warren Wilson College. Week-long instructional workshop on Scottish and bluegrass music styles with Brian McNcill, Z;in McLocd, the Lynn Moms Band, olhcrs. $220 + $140 meals and lodging. Wnu: The Swannano:i Gntbcring; WWC: Box 5299: Swannanoa, NC 28778. 14 PULL MOON/UUCK MOON Summer, t!l92 �.:!0-:!6 WILLIS, VA Seventh Annual Women's Wellness Weck. Sacred spat:c and mual, movement. sound, storytelling. more with Jane 20 Avery-Grubel, Katherine Chantal, Louise Kessel, Ise Williams. and mhcrs. Conmct Indian Valley Retreat; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380_ (703) 789-4295. -pericarp --seedcoal UUNCO\IBE COU:O,.TY. NC Organic SmaU Farm Tour w1fl provulc an orponunity to soc orgnnic producuon technique,, green m.murcs and pc$! control~ on working farm, m the al'l!a. Sponsored by Carolina Farm S1t:w:udship Ass«ia11on. For info, call Allison Arnold :it (704) 255-5522. FRANKLIN, NC Cnmping. canoeing. rafting. hiking. first aid instruction with a small group of bomcscboolcrs in the Nnntaha13 Mountains wilh the Hcadwntcrs Homcschoolcrs Outdoor Camp. S275. For more info. contact He.id waters at (704)369-6491 or write lO 68 Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin. NC 28734. 23-29 ASU1'; \'ILLE, NC Broom Making Workshop. Go tic one on with instructor Cnrt~n Tuule. For info on this and other craft workshops, contact Folk An Center: Box' 9545; Asheville, NC 28815. (704) 298-7928. 21-23 CULLOWII EE, NC •1..nndscaping with Nauve Plants" conference will offer lcc1urcs Md worbhops by landscapers and horticulturists. Pre-register: S50 + meals and lodging; rcgislCt separately for optional field trips on 7(22. For info, call Sue DcBord at West.em Carolina University. (704) 227-7397. 23-2S 23-8/2 SEPTEMBER Fmuru: 2. -Cn•lot1rn dc11tato, Amoricnn ch•olnul: lonld· ludinol ~ectlnn throu~h " nut, I.H x. WF,STERN NC Folkmoo1 USA brings folk dancers and mus,cinns from Hungary, Jamaica, Belgium. MCllico. Moldova, Panama. Sardinia. Ponugnl, Taiwan and Uzbcldst:111 to perform m various locauons in Kauiah. For schedule and price information, contact Folkmoot USA; Box 523: Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 457-2997. CELO COMMUNITY, NC RSVP Summer Celebration. Picnics, tubing, hiking, dancing with Katuah's homegrown pc:icc networking journal. For trove! directions or more info, call Joseph Heflin a1 Rural Southern Voice for Peace. (704) 675-5933. 7-8 ELIZABETHTON, TN Appalachian Folk Medicine Symposium will include lcc1urcs held al Sycamore Shoals Staie Historic Sile in Elizabethton, lllld demonsr.rations and hikes at Roan Mounlllin Siate Parle. For info. contact Jeff Wardeska. Roan Mountain Society; 4 Bingham Court; Johnson City. TN 37604. (615) 929-4453. FULL MOON/HARVFSf MOON 12-20 AUGUST 12 WESTERN NC River Week celebrates the French Broad River in four WNC counties. Community events will include a canoe trip, raft race, hotdog kayaking, river safety course, and riverside concert. To avoid- being left high and dry, get a schedule from the French Broad River Foundation. (704) 252-1097. 25-26 13 FULL MOON/ GREEN CORN MOON The nrc.1'5 oldest and targc..t natural foods grocery " Kalmia Center, Inc. FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co,op Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. (JOI) ......... .. 255-7650 your comnru1'1ly groury,1ou ._.,., ...,.,., ......... .... .. ,,,... ,... ,..., "'- 811/k Herl>s, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supphwents W11eat, Salt & Yeast-Fn•e Foods Dairy S11bstit11ti:s Hair & Skin Care Products Beer (.-f Wine Making S11J1plies 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 (7(») 26-1-5220 r;f diu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Summer, 1992 t ·,. ~ NATIVE FLUTES Two styles mode of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sam!JMush Herb Nurse.~ WREATHS •POTPOURRJ • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plm1ts from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �HJGHLANDER CENTER is a communily-bascd educational orgnnization whose purpose is 10 provide space for people 10 learn from each olher, and lO develop solutions 10 environmenllll problems based on lhcir values, experiences, and aspirations. They also pul oul a quarterly newsletter called Highlantkr RtportS. For more info contacl Highlander Center. 1959 Highlnnder Way; New Mankct, TN 37820 (615) 933-3443. FAMll.IES LEARNING TOGETHER exisls in North Carolina as a ne1work or homeschooling families who offer infonn:n.ion, experience, and encouragemcnl 10 each olher. &nelilS of FLT membership include a quarterly newslcllCI, fumily di.roclory, fnmily galhcrings twice a year, media resource file, and much more. If you would like 10 learn more about Ibis o~n group please contacl Tnsh Sc11Cnn or Doug Woodward :ll (704) 369-6491 or write 10 68 Wey Creek Rd.; Frank Im, NC 28734. PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE· For those who live m lhe Piedmonl area, there's a b10reg1onal cffOfl well underway. Join Us! We would appreciate any donation or time or money 10 help mee1 opera1ing expenses. For a gift or S25.00 or more, we will send )'OU a copy or John Lawson's journal, A New \foyage to Carolina. Also come fmd out about the Lnwson ProjccL PBl; 412 W Rosemary S=t: Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwha.nia Province. (919) 942-2581 THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM is an unconventional library; free and open 10 lhc public. Our coltecuon intereslS include the environment, social :ind political issues, the media ond peace. We have.over 200 mag3.1.ine substripiioos. The book and video collccuo~ also emphasii.e the cnvlltlllment and political concems. Books and videos can be checked OUL A video player i~ available for watching films in the ~ng room. Localed UJ 2 Wall SL (#114): Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. MoQ/Wed/Fri 6-Spm. Tuesffhur I-Rpm · Sal/Sun 1-6pm A VIDEO ABOUT LAND TRUSTS has been produced by lhe umd Trus1 Alliance 10 explain in lay 1erms whal a land lfUSI is. 2.7 million acres of land have been saved by non-profit land 1rus1 organi7.ntions in America This video docurnenlS lb.is movemcm's successes. Cost is 521.00 for individual and Sl4.50 for LTA members (include S4.50 for posmgc). Con!3CI: The Land Trust Alliance: 900 171h SL NW (Suite410); Washing10n, DC 20006 (202) 785-1410. ~Jli,~ J~~'[.'IOL P0:9.': ~ HAWKWlND EARTH Rl:.NEW AL COOPERATIVE is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcou1 Mounmin Parkway in northern Alabama. Easy access. safe family camping, year round weclc:end programs featuring Native American cldc:G and Eanh teachers from around lhe world. S1r0ng spiritual foundation wilh Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no chnrge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all vis11S, please. Childcnre o(lell avnilllble. Write: P.O. Box 11: Valley Head, AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For qU3flerly newsleuer and program updates send S 10.00. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONlALS - including handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, cuslOm pipes, medicine bags, swee1grass, sage, fcalhcrs. rawhide raules, IObnccos. pipe ~ . native flutes, and more! For free calalog send 10: Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. GOOD EARTH ORGANICS in Asheville has a network-mruketing plan which can provide a substantial prut·time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no !raining required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you slllrted in your own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. UFETIMES .re AGES· a new release from Bob Avery-Grubel, full of new age vocal music exploring I.he mystery of life . lyrics included. On casseue only: send SI0.00 plus Sl.00 for shipping and handling 10: Bob Avery Grubel; RI. I, Box 735; Floyd. VA 24091. BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK· supplemcnuxl wilh 1wo casscues. Sll'CSSCS alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in teaching and learning 1he Cherokee language. (346 pages). S39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. analog also available wilh mpes, books, pipes, dance slicks. drums. feathers. furs, buffalo products and more. Crafl supplies also available (please specify). Send S2.00 10 the Muskrat Trader, Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. COHOUSING COMMUNlTY being formed in lhe Asheville area. ResideoJS organu.e, plan, and design a coopc:rntive community where individual homes cluster around n common house wilh shnred facilities-· laundry, workshops. children's room, dining room, etc. Opportunities ror energy efficient, ecologically sound land use. Inquiries inviled. Coouict: John Senechal: P.O. Box 1176: Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 658-3740. LAND SURVEYOR seeks land conscrvW1Cy, community land trust. and other alternative community and green proJccts. Licensed in LA, ME, NC, NH, TN. Contact Rantbll Orr. RI . 3, Boit 345; Sneedville, TN 37869 (615) 2n-0416. HEADWATERS helps both individu:ils ond families dcvcl0p their outdoor ~kills wilh an awurcness of lhc value or our nmural world. We offer a diver.ily of experiences, rncluding family advcnwrcs, Homc!ilChoolcrs Outdoor Camp, mstruclion m kayaking, canoeing, backpacking. bicycle touring, nmwc ph01ogrophy, and wilderness rafung. For program mformalion, COlllllCt Trish Severin and Doug Woodward nt (704) 369~91 or wntc 10 68 Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin, NC 28734. ETHER IC ANALYSIS • most complete rcpon on chak.ras and emouons as Ibey an:: effecung your being. Include.~ pcrsooalii:cd Gem Elixer 10 balance Auric Body. Mail five hai~ (plucked from your head), name, address, and S55.00 10: Dawn: Rt. 3. Box 9; Llncsvillc, PA 16424. MAGICAL HERBS • planlS, books, and fTCC newsletter. Send 10 Wi7.ard's Way; 75 Broadway; Asheville, NC 28801. Alternatives ... The Dir«1 of ln1enrional Communities is lhc prodory uct or two years of intenS"ive research, and is lhe most comJ]fdlensive and accura1e dircc10ry available. fl documenlS lhc vision and lhc daily life of more lhan 350 communities in Nonh America, and more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address, phone, ond a description of the group. Extensive cross-rercrencmg and indexing male.es themfonnation easy 10 access for a wide variety or users. Includes maps. over 250 additional Resource listings. and 40 related aruclcs. 328 pages 8-1/2xl I Perfcclbound October 1990 ISBN Number: 0-9602714- 1-4 $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & hnndling for first book, $.50 for each additionnl; 40% discount on orders of 10 or more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (503) 964-6102 RSVP SUMMER CELEBRATION - July 25-26th at I.he home of Rum! Southern Voice for Peace in lhe Cclo Comrnuruty. Picnics, 1ubmg, fishing, hilang, dancing, fine food and music! Fnmily Cun for childn:n or all ages. Mark lhe date on your calendar now! Call Joseph Heflin at RSVP ror information and schedule or weekend even is (704) 675-5933. • Webworking costs: There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) for each Webworking entry of 50 words or less. Submit entries for Issue #36 by August, 15th 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. . Summer, 1992 �BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE t ISSUE FOUR-SUMMER 1984 Water Orum • Water Quality· Kudzu - Solar Eclipse - Clearcu1ting - Trout - Going 10 Water - Ram Pumps - Microhydro - Poems: Bennie lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest· Old Ways in Cherokee- Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregion:ilism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Darkness - Politics or Parucipa1ion ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984·85 Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming or lhe Light - Log Cabin Roots· Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Willirun Taylor - The Future or lhe Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRlNG 1985 Susia.inable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing Working m Ille Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life- Ko1uah 18.000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - f'olk Arts m lhc Schools· Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer • Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalochia? lSSUE NINE· PALL 1985 The Waldcc Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Starting a Tree Crop Urban Trees - Acom Bread • Mylll Time ISSUE TEN - WlNTER 1985·86 Ka1e Rogers· Circles of S10ne • Internal Mylhmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places · 111e Ukterui's Talc Crystal Magic - "Dreamspcuking" ISSUE THIRTEEN· FALL 1986 Center For Awakening· Elizabeth Callari - A Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan· Ocaling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake. The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wild· woods Wisdom· Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WlNTER 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owle • Boogers and Mummers - All Species Day - Cabin Fever UniVCISi1y • Homeless in Katuah - Homemade Hot Waw • S1 ovemaker's Narmtive - Good Medicine: Jnu:rspecies Communication The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE TWENTY-SIX· WINTER, 1989-90 The Ecozoic Era - Kids S:iving Rainforest - Kids Treccycling Company· Connict Resolution - , ~UA~OURNAL 35 PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097 Name Regular Membership........$] 0/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contnbutor .....................$50/yr. Address State City Summer, 1992 If ISSUE FIFTEEN· SPRING 1987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife - Alternative Contraception - Biosexuality • Biorcgionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malrinrchal Cul111re - Ptarl ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision Qucsl - First Flow - lni1iaLion - Leaming in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vemncular Architccture - Dreams in Wood and S10ne - Mountain Hoene • Earth Energies • Earlll-Shehcred Livmg • Membrane Houses - Brush Shcltcr. Poems: October Dusi,; • Good Medicine: "Shell.Cr" ISSUE NINETEEN - SPRING 1988 Pcrelandra Garden· Spring Tonics· Blueberries· Wildflower Gardens - Granny I lcrbalist . Flower Essences - "The Origin of lhe Animals:• Story • Good Medicine: "Poww-" - Be A Tree ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Prc.c;crvc AppamchiAII Wilderness. Highlands of Roan - Celo Community - L'llld Trust • Arthur Morgan School - ZOning Issue - "The Ridge· • Farmers and lhe Farm Bill - Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain - Duke's Power Play - Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988·89 Global Warming - Fire This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" - Earlll Exercise - Kor~ Loy McWhirtcr. An Abundance or Empuness - LETS· Chronicles or Floyd. Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE TWENTY-THREE· SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village. Planet An. Green City. Poplar Appeal· "Clear Sky"·" A New Earlll" - Black Swnn - Wild lovely Days· Reviews: Sacred lond Sacred Sex. Ice Age - Poem: "Sudden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in A10mic City - Direct Action! - Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers - Ethnic Survival· Pairing Project· "Baulesong" - Growing Pc:icc in Cultures - Review: I Phone Number Zip Enclosed is$._ _ _ _ 10 give this effort an extra boost Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power - Magic of Puppetry - Home Schooling· Naming Ceremony. Mother Earth's Classroom - Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN - SPRING. 1990 Transformation. Healing Power - Peace to Their Ashes - Healing in Kauiah - Poem: "When Left to Grow" - Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Forest ISSUE TWENTY-NINE - FALl./WlNTER 1990 From !he Mountains 10 the Sea - Profile of The L1ule Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology· "II All Comes Down Lo Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic Habitats· Dawn Watche:s • Good Medicine: The Long Humnn Being - The North Shore Road - Katu:lh Sells Ou1 • WatcrShcd Mop or Ille KlllWlh Province ISSUE THIRTY - SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology - Ways 10 a Rcgencrauve Economy - "Money is the Lowest Form of Weallll" • Clarksville Miracle - TI1c Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy"· Shellon Laurel • LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE - SUMMER 1991 Dowsing - Responsibilities of Dowsing· Electrical Life or the Earth • Kaluah and the Earlll Grid - Call of 1he Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: "On Aggression" - Time 10 Take the Time to Take the Time. Whole Science. Tuning Tn ISSUE THIRTY-TWO - FALL 1991 Bringing back the Fire - A Bi1 or Mountain Levity Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah· Walking Disianec - Good Mc.dicinc: "Serving lhe Great Life" · The Granola Journal • Paintings: "Mountain Stories" - Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-TiiREE- WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - What Is Natural • Fire and Forge The First Fire • Hearth and Fire in Ille Mountains · Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" - Midwinter Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam - Litmus Lichens ISSUE TI-URTY-FOUR • SPRlNG 1992 Pnradisc Gardening - CommuniLy Sponsoccd Agricut111rc • Eluting Close to Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops· Kou1ah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Kaniah Almanx - Good Medicine "Med_icinc Training" • Poems by Allison Sutherland Back Issues: Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ postage paid $_ __ , Complete Set: (3- 10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-34) postage paid @ $50.00 = $._ __ Xntuoh )otimitt page'35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 35, Summer 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-fifth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on councils and consensus in governance and making decisions for the future. Authors and artists in this issue include: Caroline Estes, Joyce Johnson, Rob Messick, Bear With Runs, Lucinda Flodin, David Wheeler, Stephen Wing, Lee Barnes, Will Ashe Bason, Clear Marks, Karen Fletcher, James Rhea, Rhea Ormond, Ray Barnes, Michael Thompson, Troy Setzler, Taylor Reese, Rebecca Wilson Hicks, Jenny Bitner, and Ahwi Brown. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Consensus by Caroline Estes.......1<br /><br />Decision-Making Process by Joyce Johnson.......4<br /><br />Problems with Consensus by Rob Messick.......5<br /><br />Tribal Council by Bear With Runs........6<br /><br />Elda by Lucinda Flodin.......9<br /><br />The State of Franklin by David Wheeler.......11<br /><br />Where the Trees Outnumber the People by Stephen Wing.......14<br /><br />In Council with All Beings by Lee Barnes.......16<br /><br />Steve Moon: Shell Engravings.......17<br /><br />Good Medicine.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />A Look Back by Will Ashe Bason.......23<br /><br />Are Bioregions Too Big? by Rob Messick.......24<br /><br />Practices for Full Self-Rule by Clear Marks.......25<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Jury Nullification by Karen Fletcher.......28<br /><br />Review: Beyond the Limits by Rob Messick.......29<br /><br />Events........32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs--History Consensus (Social Sciences) Tennessee, East--History Folklore--Appalachian Region, Southern Cooperation--Virginia--Floyd County--History Human ecology--Religious aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Community Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d6750f94c0a18f40bca5af30e17a5990.pdf 5e1986979bd6644b0725bad9148dd445 PDF Text Text ISSUE 36 FALL 1992 $2.00 ,.·········~···-..... ...,! ........ I" ? . ~-- -- '··~---.. ..,..•.... •r.--,.•,.--... ···-···_;:) WORKING WITH WOOD �PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 New Address Inside! Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 _. "1''e o,. .,,,. C, () I' Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Using Wood............................... Appalachian Logging..................... 4 by Lee Barnes Old Logging Days......................... 7 by Frank Hodgin Working the Woodlands................. 9 by David Wheeler Wood Products and Western Nonh Carolina.................. 10 by Dr. John Wade 13 USING WOOD Logging with Horses.......·-··········· 15 'Thi! ecoMmic base ofthe area is rapidly changing from agriculture and primary industry 10 service-related indJAS1ry. especially tourism." Natural World News..................... 16 Invasion of the Giants.................... 19 Depletion for Dollars...................... by Harley Wessman by Nancy McIntyre • The Dra!I Land and Rcsouroe Management Pl.an for lhe Nanlahala-Pisgah National Forests by Buzz Williams From Industry to Endeavor.............. 20 by David Wheele.r Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship.............. 21 by Robcn T. Pershcel Forest S1ewardship Programs........... 22 by Jesse Jones Ecological Foresay for Renewable Forest Values................. 23 by Leon S. Minckler Drumming.................................. 25 The Chair in the Tree...................... 27 by Tucker Windover Reading the Grove........................ 29 by Charloue Homsher Events....................................... 32 Webworking............................... 33 Drawing by Hope Walker f'a(L, 1992 Fanning and logging were the traditional mainstays of the mountain economy. Working with the land was for a long time the only way to live in the remote mountains. Isolated from the national economy more by poor transportation routes than by distance, the white mountaineers lived independently, each family deriving their own living from the fields and forests of their inherited cove lands. The fields grew food; the forests provided additional food sources, as well as a source of wood. The white mountain folk almost literally built their lives out of wood. As well as fuel, it was also used in the making of shelter, tools and utensils, storage containers, and wagon bodies. 11 was even necessary in the manufacruring of the leather that harnessed the horses. The arrival of the railroads changed all that. A flood of ou1side capital rode into the mountains on the rails and the primary objec1 of the corporate desire was the wood growing on 1he mountainsides. Many mountain people drew their first paychecks at the logging camps that sprung up in the hills at lhe tum of the century. The logging boom was in lhe voracious style of capilalism that characteriz.ed that era - it was short and intense, and lhen it was over. The great trees were gone and so were lhe timber barons with their paychecks. But the lives of the mountain people were irrevocably changed. They were integrated into the cash economy and could not go back. Many people left the mountains to follow the logging companies to the Pacific Nonhwest; others migrated to the Piedmont to work at the textile mills. Logging continued, but it was once again small operations cutting primarily for local use. The fanning lifestyle persisted into the 1940's, but once the region was opened to the flow of cash and goods, people increasingly preferred to buy food with wages than to scratch the ever more crowded hillsides for their living. Another transportation breakthrough brought another influx of oucside money and culture and tightened the bonds that held the region into the dominant national economy. The construction of the interstate highways opened the mountains to throngs of people attracted by the region's natural beauty. People came 10 visit, as tourisls and second-home owners, or they came to live, like the many retirees and professional people who found it was much more pleasan1 to live in the mountains than in the crowded cities. Service jobs, taking care of the needs of the visitors and the well-to-do new arrivals, rose sharply and are stiJI climbing. Employment in service occupations is th. e dominant factor in the region's economic picture. Farm employment has dwindled. Most of those who call themselves farmers now work the land only part-time and make the bulk of their living at wage jobs. About the same number of people are employed in the wood products industries as were 30 Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on page 3) "4tuah JournaC page 1 �' ""' ~/ ,, ,I MAST HEADS THIS ISSUE: Sherman Bamford Becky Barwick Charlotte Homsher Steve Lee Pegi L- - - - - -- - - - '/ ,, - ., ./ .•.. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 PUBLISHED BY: Kat1mh Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mowitaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC (love that basil!) WRITE us AT: Kanmh Journal Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-(IJ97 Diversity is an imponant element of biorcgional ecology, both natural and social. In accord with this principle Ka1uah Journal tries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Journal edil.OlS or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-prolil organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributioos to Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income mx. Articles appearing in Ka1uah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuah Journal siaff. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. ..... . ...,.... ,.. ., ,<'o .,..l.\..,,>" o'\J\),~ ...,to-~ ., ~~'"' .,... ( _., ... ~· ,,,.:~ ,.. . .,._ • ... . .r••••· · .. ., t: · --t··-------- --'.••! I - J. - - - - - - - - - - "" - .,.,,•., . •: , 6';-,. \- . ' I 1,....._··,•• _,,.A: ~..,·:·.....J..,·. .. · .. . -, .... ... ••• ••r'f'· . , .., •..->4·· , - .. ,' ,..,_ ,., •_.... _ _ . •~.. ..;-•.._....,_ -- , ;•• .,.•.~····:!,-" · ... .,__.. , · . --: ' .•... ..,/.:-=---- --- ----:-:,...-i~- ----- - ,.,-::..· : _ ---- Lee Barnes . -~· ,,,- ' ... ~ - -.. . -.. . ,_,.,, ,-' . .••_....;.• ••--!· : .;.;J Heather Blair Jesse Jones Rob Messick David Wheeler ( \ -------- ---~, STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once 1he Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Soulhem Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela. the Eanh Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of lhe land. We bring this connection into lhe being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. 'LNVOCA.'JWN Oh, trees, Dear sisters and brothers, We stand here To honor you. We acknowledge our kinship to you. We are because you are. You are a part of us, And we are a part of you. We revere your life-giving gifts, Your beauty and your chemistry, Your stability and flexibility. We cherish your life And feel blessed to live with you. Karuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants ro comm1111icare yo11r tltoughts and feelings 10 the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to LIS as leuers, poems, stories, arricles, drawings, or photographs, ere. Please send your contribwions 10 11s at: Kafliah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323: Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 286-15. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. Images will be the language of this issue. Your contribution is requested. Deadline is November 15th, 1992. Send to Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. THE SPRING ISSUE will be dedicated to sustainable tourism and transport, including green alternatives to uavel. The deadline is February 1st, 1993. OUR LAST ISSUE will be an index to the 38 issues of Katuah Journal, and a listing of bioregional organizations. '.Katimh Journa! pti9e 2 f'aU:, 1992 �(c:ontinUc4 flOltl pqa I) years ago (and to a great extent they arc members of the same families), but the relative percentage of those working with forest products has shrunk as the region's population and employment in other sectors has increased. Today the land-based occupations have faded from their former prominence in the regional economy. The rapacious timber barons arc gone, but the logging companies still arc often seen as the villains in local national forest land use controversies, as logging is the primary on-the-ground activity destroying the old growth forest and degrading native habitats. Logging frequently causes environmental damage on private lands as well. At best a logging site is messy and ugly for some years after the wodc is completed, but poor silviculture and careless cutting practices can leave a poor mix of unhealthy ~ . compacted and eroded soil, herbicide poisoning, and silted creeks. However, we cannot simply wish away wood use, one of our primary land-based occupations. Mountains, forests, rocks, and clear running water are what exist naturally in this place. If we arc going to grow a society that is bioregional, tied closely to the land and based on natural cycles, it will be nourished on food grown in our own fields and orchards. If we arc going to build a regional economy here, it will be built - like that of the early white mountain people - largely of wood. We must restore these "primary industries." Our central challenge in finding our place in any region is: can we live in a good relation with the land? In the Katuah bioregional province, this increasingly comes back to us as the question: working in a right way, can we use wood? In this issue of the Katuah Journal we look at how we arc using the mountain hardwoods. We will examine the wood products industry working in the upland forests today, partly to gain a better understanding of a powerful force in the region's economic and political landscape, but also to sec what changes we must make to create a beneficial and harmonious forestry that could be of benefit to all. The first school of forestry was founded here in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It would only be right for the Southern Appalachians to be the place where we start over and create another school of forestry practice, this one based on the region's native vegetation and natural patterns of growth. Such a field - or forest - of endeavor, done rightly, could be of positive ecological benefit to the bioregion. It could also be a paradigm for a healthy society. "Putting down roots" is the first prerequisite of biorcgional consciousness. When we arc really here, truly aware, we live with future generations in mind. The trees grow from 150 to 500 years in age, or five to 16 human generations. Thinking in those terms would cenainly transfonn our relationship with the land. To people measuring their lives in this time frame, it would be absurd 10 degrade or destroy their - and their descendants' - natural TaCL, 1992 Phoro by Rob Messiclc life suppon processes for the sake of shon-term gain. They would be as unlikely to "high-grade" the forest (cut the best trees and leave the inferior stock) as to pave it over for another shopping mall. To these people, it would also be patently obvious that they should defend the life web from all hann, whether it be the insidious intrusion of atmospheric pollution or disruptive activities . by their fellow humans. When we arc really here, truly aware, we also see the breadth and depth of relationships that keep this land alive. Biodiversity, this is called. The trees arc not the forest, but they arc the greatest plants that grow there. It takes a balancing of myriads of lives, many of them great, many more of them infinitesimally small, to create each living tree. An ecologically realistic viewpoint would see each tree as a culmination of these dynamic relationships. Tall buckeyes and stout beeches are not isolated phenomena that can be divorced from their surroundings. They are integral partS of their life community, and true forestry nunures the health and balance of the whole community to promote the health and growth of its trees. We can learn from true foresters what they learn from the trees: stand tall, grow slowly, develop strong roots, be open to both rain and sun, be green, be of service. Gregory Bateson, who combined careers in biology, anthropology, and psychiatry and is thought by many to be one of the great thinkers of the 20th century, was fond of retelling this story from England: "New College, Oxford, is of rather late foundation, hence the name. It was probably founded around the late 16th century. It has, like other colleges, a great dining hall with big oak beams across the top. These might be eighteen inches square, twenty feet long. "Some five to ten years ago, so I am told, some busy entomologist went up into· the roof of the dining hall with a penknife and poked at the beams and found that they were full of beetles. This was reponed to the College Council, who met in some dismay, because where would they get beams of that caliber nowadays? "One of the Junior Fellows stuck his neck out and suggested that there might be on College lands some oak. These colleges arc endowed with pieces of land scattered across the country. So they called in the College Forester, who of course had not been near the college itself for some years. and asked him about oaks. "And he pulled his forelock and said, 'Well sirs, we was wondrin' when you'd be askin'.' "Upon funher inquiry it was discovered that when the College was founded, a grove of oaks had been planted to replace the beams in the dining hall when they became bcetly, because oak beams always become bcetly in the end. This plan had been passed down from one Forester to the next for four hundred years: 'You don't cut them oaks. Them's for the College Hall.'" "A nice story. That's the way to run a culture," Gregory Bateson would comment . ne F.Alitrrs New Colugutory q/lQlff wllli pm,tissionfr- / ~Nes1 Whole Eanh Catalog (1980). x.at.i&ah Journal pMJe 3 �APPAL?\CHr~N , by Lee Barnes The original forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains contained the greatest diversity of hardwood trees on the con?nent. The majority of the Southern Appalachian trees are hardwood species, with interspersed stands of softwoods, primarily hemlock and pine. These forests occur in natural associations: Upland Hardwood Forest (oaks, hickories, and other species), Cove Hardwood Forest (yellow poplar, ash, red maple, basswood, and other species), Oak-Pine Forest mixtures, Boreal Hardwood Forest (Birch, beech, sugar maple and associated species), and high-altitude Spruce-Fir Forests, which occur in almost pure stands at elevations above 6000 feet. The Spruce-Fir forests are currently under rapid decline due to insect attack and atmospheric pollution. Prior to the twentieth century, the American chestnut was a dominant species in the mid-elevation forests. In 1909, American chestnuts were estimated to compose an average 27% of the trees in the entire Appalachian forest. As late as 1925, 43% of the trees in Buncombe County, NC were chesmuts. Following the introduction of the chestnut blight in the early 1900's, chestn~t trees were eliminated during a 30 year penod as a dominant forest canopy, timber, and important mast tree (one producing wild nuts of acorns). While chestnut root sprouts and seedlings are still occasionally seen in the forest understory, lhese only grow for 10-20 years and then die. Historically, Native Americans used wildfires to modify the forest by clearing shrub tinderstories 10 increase habitat and browse for game animals, especially deer and bear. Fire was used to clear harvested com fields of weeds and insect pests, and to return nutrients to the stream-bottom fields. Forest trees provided the native inhabitants with edible fruits and nuts, medicinals and ceremonial and construction woods. Th~ natural properties of individual woods were well known and utilized by the Indians. For the Indians, each tree, each plant had its parpose - its blessing. Several types of wood were sacred to the Indians, and were not cut or damaged except for ceremonial uses. Ceremonial prayers, gifts, and thanks always accompanied the "taking" of plants and animals. The noted anthropologist James Moody recorded many of the uses and rituals associated with plants native to the southern Appalachians, noting that eastern red cedar was the most.sacred tree to the Cherokees. European settlers entered Western North Carolina forests in large numbers between 1790 and the 1820's. The dense forests were considered as a hindrance by the Xatt'.uin Jou.rnaf; page 4 early settlers who needed sunlight for their domestic crops. Small fields were prepared for planting by killi~g the trees by_ "~rdling," cutting through the mner layer of livmg cells all around the trunk. First season crops were often planted between the leafless girdled trees, which were later cut for household fires or burned in field-side piles. The first settlers had only hand tools such as falling saws and falling axes, and perhaps, a broad axe for trimming and making rough boards. Early homes were built of logs or rough timber, with sawn lumber used primarily for coffins. The surrounding forestS provided.the settlers with wood for fuel. timber, utensils, bowls, and baskets. The settlers quickly learned from the Indians which woods were best for particular purposes. Metal tools were rare and . expensive, so many of the parts for sunple tools and machinery were made from wood. The original forests provided abundant"mast for free-ranging hogs and game animals. Hog and bear meat was best in the fall after the animals browsed on the nutS and acorns, particularly chestnuts, scattered on the forest floor. After clearing lands for homestead and agricultural parposes, the early settlers "high-graded" (cut the best of) the more valuable hardwoods for their own use and the local market. Woods such as black walnut, butternut, white oak and cherry were cut and dragged out of the forest by oxen_ and ho~es. The most desirable trees, those with supenor characteristics (size, straightness of trunk, freedom from excessive lower branches etc.) were cut first from the forestS, with no thought to the loss of gen~tically s~peryor seed-parents. This early ~1gh-grading 1 _s believed to have resulted in a decrease 10 genetically superior or "select" trees, while inferior trees were often left to release their seeds to create the next generation forest. Logging and lumber production in the Southern Mountains was accomplished using only hand tools until the late 1700's, when small-scale water driven "sash" or "gate" saws were introduced. These, too, gradually became obsolete after the introduction of steam-powered circular saws during the latter pan of the nineteenth century. Wood was dragged from the forest by horses, sometimes along constructed "pole roads" made of small diameter poles laid across the path. Logs were also "b~ooted," rolled and tumbled down the mountains, which was very damaging to the understory plants. Later, the horse dragging technique was modified to include specially constructed V-shaped troughs or water-driven flumes. Horses were used to start the downward momentum of the logs, but were hitched so that when sufficient momentum was gained, they could step aside onto "side-out" paths, and the logs would continue sliding down the mountain. Many logs were floated out o~ the . mountains along streams above wh.tch special "splash-dams" were constructed. The dams were built to entrap sufficient water to be quickly released through special flood-gates to flash-flood cut logs down streams where they were collected behind floating booms and then fed into sawmills. The splash dam technique was inefficient and very destructive to plant and animal life in the stream bed. But a shadow was looming over the mountains. Industrial progress was at hand. By the 1860's, the great forests of the northern and middle Atlantic states had been felled to build and fuel the rapidly developing Yan:, 1992 �t;OGGING COUl'IU)' Joraboro Museum. Washington Co1tt1ty TN East Coast cities, and large commercial steam-driven sawmills were slicing up the virgin forests of nonhern Pennsylvania. They were expanding into West Virginia by the 1870's. By the turn of the twentieth century, the original forests in Maine and the Great Lakes states had also fallen before the saw. In 1855, the North Carolina Legislature granted a chaner to the Greenville and French Broad Railroad Co. (GFB RR) to consm.ict a rail line into Western Nonh Carolina. Actual track laying from Greenville, SC to points nonh and west began in 1873. The line reached Asheville Junction (then named "Best") in 1880, 10 years after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The imponant timber and pulp town of Canton, NC was established in 1883 following the extension of the railroad from Asheville. A new age of technology had arrived. Timber interests had spent the last decade buying up lands in the mountains. Now they lost no time in connecting their properties to the main railroad lines. In I 873 Ephraim Shay of Ohio had invented the Shay engine. This railroad engine had horizontally mounted, gear-driven wheels which allowed greater traction to pull heavy loads and climb slopes of nearly 60°. The Shay engine was reported to be able to pull itself back onto the tracts following minor derailments. This unique gear-driven engine was soon nicknamed "Sidewinder." With the introduction of the Shay engine, railroads could now access huge are3S of the mountain forests which had previously been closed to logging. The narrow-gauge logging railroad lines were never safe. Train wreaks were common, and were widely reponed and photographed. Many lives were lost due to :fa[L, 1992 run-away engines and major derailments. But they enabled timber barons to make fortunes in the mountain coves and hollers. To cut the logs coming off the little trains, the well-financed timber companies also installed large steam-driven band saws, which were capable of producing over 100 thousand board feet of lumber per day. Once, long ago, two men had typically sawn 100 sawn board feet in one day and water-powered mills had produced 1,000 board feet per day. The late 1880's saw the beginnings of the US Forest Service. The US Division of Forestry was created in 1881, at the urgings of forest specialists Charles Sargent and Gifford Pinchot, by President Grover Cleveland. The first "forest reserve" (predecessor to our current national forests) was established in 1891. The Organic Administration Act of 1897 defined the purposes of the forest reserves as "securing favorable conditions for water flow, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States." In 1911, the Weeks Acl authorized federal funding to acquire "forested, cut-over, or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams..." The first national forestland in the east was the Pisgah National Forest which was established in 1916 from the land holdings of George Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt's widow sold the denuded land for $5 per acre, after previously selling the timber rights for $12 per acre. Several associated railroads and logging companies co-developed in the Appalachian forests in the early 1900's. Numerous northern and foreign-financed logging companies quickly established themselves in the Southern Appalachians including Suncresl, Crestmont, Bemis Lumber Co., Ritter Lumber Co., Little River Lumber Co., Scottish Carolina Timber and Land Co., Champion Fiber Co., and dozens of smaller companies. Their output was tremendous. An estimated 1 billion board feet of lumber were cut by the Little River Lumber Co. at its Townsend, TN mill; 200 million board feet by a Ritter Co. mill at Proctor, NC; Champion produced 5 million board feet a month at Sunburst in Haywood County, NC; and The Perley and Crockeu Lumber Mill near Black Mountain, NC cut 250 million board feet. Wood too small for lumber was generally used for pulpwood - especially the softwoods, spruce and white pine. Champion Fiber Company's Sunburst community boasted the largest double-band sawmill in the region. Buih along the west fork of the Pigeon River above Canton, NC, the company town consisted of the sawmill, houses, pose office, schools, churches, and had rail passenger service lo and from Canton. Interviews with retired workers from that mill repon thal between 140,000 and 160,000 board feet of sawn lumber were produced daily during typical work days, with a one-day record of 250,000 board feet. The mill burned once in the early i 920's and then was completely destroyed by a massive fire in 1925, along with most of the railroad bridges, logging camps, and the surrounding mountainsides. Not only were the forests and mountainsides forever changed by the industrial logging, but so were the mountaineers, who in the three or four decades of the logging boom grew accustomed 10 steady employment and living a more contemporary lifestyle in the newly consm.icted milltowns. The mountaineers were introduced to electricity, phones, regular health services, community theaters, motion picture theaters, barber shops, and even soda fountains. During this period, a unique private School of Forestry developed. The Biltmore School of Forestry, founded by Dr. Carl Schenck, was the first organized school of modem forestry in the United States (informally founded in 1898 prior to the nation's first Forestry School at Yale University). Dr. Schenck based his lectures on forest management upon his experiences as a student in European forestry and his hands-on experience as the Chief Forester of the Vanderbilts' Pisgah Forest. Schenck was brought to America by George Vanderbilt to manage his newly acquired 125,000 acre forest. Schenck was a student of Sir Dietrich Brandis, one of the first modem European foresters, and succeeded Gifford Pinchot as Chief Forester at the Biltmore estate when Pinchot left to guide the political changes (continued on next page) :K.ati«m Jou.mat page S �were cut, the industrial timber interests set out for the west coast to continue their rampage. For decades after the boom was over, timbering in the Southern Appalachians was canied oo by small, local logging operations who picked over the scraps of forest the big companies had inadvertently missed. Through natural growth and the stewardship of the public lands by the US Forest Service, the forest is returning. Now it faces another crisis as it nears economic maturity once again. ln summary, our region's current publjc and private forests have been greatly modified by humankind, resulting in woodlands greatly changed in composition and character. Our philosophies on forest and wood-use must be expanded to encompass all the values of the forest - sustainability, lum1?Cr, habitat, species diversity, water quality, recreational and spiritual values. Historical destruction and modification of the original forests have resulted in our present forests which continue 10 be damaged by our over-consumption and lack of empathy with the forest's inhabitants. Photo US National Archive (continued from page 5) needed to establish the United States Division of Forestry. Through trial and error, Dr. Schenck discovered that modem forest management D?USt be unique to each specific forest and cucumstance. He continually not.ed that forestry techniques were lightly linked to the availability of inexpensive transportation. Schenck was the first teacher to link classr~m ~eo!Y with hands-on, practical expenence tn different forest settings, and took great care to establish and monitor e~erimental management techniques on different forest plots. He realized that forestry manage!Dent must include not only timber producnon but also mineral, wildlife (hunting and fi_shing) and recreational (hiking, c~pmg) management. Early studentS of The B_ ll~ore Forest School were soon widely clistnbu1ed among the Forest Service and held leadership roles in developing forestry programs for the state universities. About 1914 the steam-driven, "Clyde Overhead Skidder" was developed. This machine consisted of a reinforced. stationary tower-boom with huge cable reels connected to a movable double cable trolley system. Mile-long, 2 inch thick cables could be positioned to "skid" four or five logs up to 40 feet long nearly one mile through the woods to a loading area where they could then be loaded onto railroad cars for transpon to nearby sawmills. The steam-powered McGiffert Log Loader was capable of loading huge logs onto train cars. and even had the ability to "lift iLSelf by the bootstraps." Huge areas of forest were cut using these machines, which carelessly wreaked havoc upon small crees and other vegetation in the drag-lanes. It was reported that one skidder remained working at the same site on Sam's Knob above Sunburst for two years. While huge quantities of timber were >Cat.uah )ournm page 6 removed using overhead skidders, these foreslS were often later scarred by huge forest fires, _often started _by SJ?arks from the heavy machinery, or by lightmng, or deliberately set fires (caused by displaced bootleggers, it was sometimes said) which raced through the slash left behind the logging operations. The massive grassy balds in Shining Rock Wilderness Area, along the Blue Ridge Parkway above Canton, are the result of skidder logging followed by a great frre in 1925. There are reports of fires burning continuously for three weeks. One logger stated that "they burned up more timber than they ever cut." The great fires of the industrial logging period influenced to this day the plant and animal associations found in the Southern Appalachians. When the last stands of the great trees We must see our southern forests as more than a timber base in order 10 realize th~ir full value. Our remaining public and pnvate forests are not just timber and mineral resources. These forests are the biological reservoirs of the land. Woodlands are the lungs and kidneys of the planet, producing oxygen, and cleansing the air we breath and the waters we drink. The forests are our region's greatest biological asset. They need to be managed for the benefit of all species. The living forests shelter us all. They must provide for our need for wood, but they must also proteet the biological diversity which can never be replaced. The sustainability of o ~ forests is everyone's responsibility. ~ Lee Barnes is a botanist and an avid backpacker who has hiked over a thousand miles in the Smokies, including over a hundred miles along trails which were once railroad grades (although he prefers trails through old growrhforests ). �OLD LOGGING DAYS by Frank Hodgin When I was young we lived on Canoogcchayc Creek in Macon County, NC, My daddy was gone, and my mother took care of us children. She never took a job. She just took care of the house and helped us in the fields. We all worked. There's no mistake about it. We all had a job. After school, we'd go to the corn field and work there until dark. If we got behind in the hoeing, I would stay home from school for a day or two and get caught up. That's the way it went. When I was about 14 years old, I swapped our mule for a horse, swapped that horse for a yoke of cattle, and went to work in the woods. I got a wagon, and I hauled telephone poles, "acid wood" (wood like chestnut or red oak from which tannic acid was extracted to use in tanning leather - ed.), and pulp wood. I had to haul it eiiht miles. The other kids and I would go up into the mountains, cue a load in one day, get it on the wagon, and bring it home. The next day I would drive it into town. I'd get back late in the evening and the next day we would cut another load, unless we had quit a few days to work a crop. That was how we bought our coffee, sugar, and the other linle things we needed. When I turned 15 years old, I went to work for a man who had bought a boundary of telephone poles on the government property up in the mountains above our house. l was making $1.25 for 10 hours of work a day. Lord, I thought I was making money. The owner had three yoke of cattle, and not long after I started working for him, the man who was driving cattle for him quit. He let me try driving 'cm, and those cattle and I got along real well together. I got in some tight places, but I never let one of his animals get hun, and I got his telephone poles out. He had a man doing the cutting, and that man would help me rig 'cm. I drove them out to the main road, where they were loaded onto a wagon and hauled to the station where they would put 'cm on railroad cars. I could make two trips a day, carrying five or six poles in each load. When I was 17 years old and of pretty good size, the Blackwood Lumber Company started cutting timber here. My brother and I went to work for Blackwood. We worked for them for years. I worked for the company longer than he did, off and on. I worked through to the back end of "Canady" (Little Canada - the headwaters of the north fork of the Tuckasegee River - ed.), and all over Rough Butt and Piney Mountain. We stayed in their logging camp back up in the woods. It was a big camp with 75 or80 men. Most of the time I drove a team for 'em, skidding logs. We'd get up at 5:30, feed the horses, put the harness on 'em, and at 6:00 a gong rnng for breakfast. At 7:00 the camp foremen turned us out into the woods. We worked all the time. If you didn't work, you didn't stay. We worked differently than the way they do now. There weren't any coffee breaks. We worked from 7:00until 12:00. We had until 1:00offfor 'FPCL, 1992 lunch, and then we worked until 6:00 that evening. It usually took about an hour to get back to camp. We would cat supper, and then the teamsters had to water their horses, curry 'em down, and put in plenty of hay. We Counuy of lhc Atchives of Appaltchia. ETSU didn't have time to relax or do anything after supper, we just went to bed, because at 5:30 the next morning they rang a gong to get the teamsters out of bed and back to the barn again. They always turned us loose at 4:00 on Saturday. They gave us two hours off on Saturday, and we didn't work on Sunday. It took a whole day to travel to Macon County, so we would usually stay at camp for a month or six weeks at a rime before we would go back home. Lacer on, I got married, and we moved to Caney Fork. Then I would walk home through the mountains every weekend. There were trails all through these mounuuns then. In the camp, we lived in long wooden shacks. They had double bunks on each side for the men to sleep in. The kitchen was built off one of the shacks. It was a long building with two long tables running the length of it. Most of the time the tables was just as full of men as they could be. They had good cooks, and whatever you wanted to eat, they had it on the table. For breakfast, they had ham and eggs, and biscuits. They'd have flapjacks, and they made gravy every morning. They'd make fried 'taters, and that gravy would go over 'cm, and there was applesauce on the side. They had peaches, they had jelly, and all kinds of meats on the table. It was good food, but it cost $1.00 a day. Of the $3.00 I made every day, I bad to pay $ LOO for board. That left me $2.00 in wages. Of course, if we stayed in camp on Sunday, we still had to pay for board, so when I stayed over, I made only$ 1.00 for my work on Monday. At lunchtime, if we were close enough to the camp we would go back for lunch. But up on Caney Fork, when we were away from camp, they would load the lunch on a railroad car and a "cookie" from the kitchen brought it out and set it all out in the woods - just like we were having a picnic. After everybody had eaten, he would gather up the dishes, and 1918 after they had loaded the car, he would set all his equipment on the back and ride out. Or perhaps he would walk out, because they ran those trains fast, and sometimes they would jump the track. It was dangerous driving one of those narrow-gauge trains. If one went off the track, it would tear up creation. Sometimes I drove oxen. Sometimes I drove horses. I'd drive six of them - three yokes. The biggest log I ever skidded was a 14 foot log that had 2700 board feet of lumber in it. It was bigger around lhan I was tall. There used to be some big timber in these mountains. I usually hauled a seven-log rig. I'd set the logs up in a line behind the teams. The front log had two J-grabs on it, so that if the logs started to run, you could turn your horses out of the road, the spread hooks would slip off, and the logs would go on by. Sometimes they'd leave the road, and it would be a time getting 'em back on if the ground was slick and icy. They'd get all tangled up, break loose, spread all over the mountain. That was some "rough doin'." I have seen it foul up - logs. horses, and all - and go over the bank. That didn't feel good when I saw what happened. It hun the horses. Some of 'cm got skinned up pretty badly. Some of 'em would get crippled, and they would have to kill 'em. Of course the company didn't care, they had insurance on 'em. I've been in lots of close places. A lot of times the logs would crowd me against a (continued on next page) X.Otuc:an Journot pOCJ", 7 �(continued from page 7) tree or a rock cliff. I had just one chance then. We wore cork boots (with sruds on the bottom - ed.), and I'd jump up on a log and jump off on the other side. Then when I got past the bad spot, I could cross back. It never got too rough to slow down. It didn't matter how deep the snow was or how thlck the ice was, we went out just the same. The foreman would turn us out on a rainy day just like on a good one. We could come back in if we wanted to, and he Most camps weren't as big as ours. Camps usually bunked 30-60 men. There weren't just timber cutters and teamsters. There were a lot of other jobs to do. Back then, they didn't have a bulldozer to make the roads, they made 'em with manpower. They took picks and shovels and dug 'em out The men who worked on the roads were called "road monkeys." They all had manocks and shovels. Where there was rock, they had to blow it out with dynamite. They had one crew that did the drilling and the shooting. Cowtcsy of the Arcluves ol Appal&ehia; ETSU wouldn't say anything about it; it was his job to turn us out, but if we wanted to work, that was up to us. It never got too muddy or too slick to haul the wood out. The railroad would run in any kind of weather. I skinned logs many a time when the road wasn't anything but a sheet of blue ice. It was dangerous. Back then, 1 was young, and didn't pay any attention to it, but looking back on it now, I can see those dangerous places, and it makes me tremble sometimes to think of some of the places I got into. I drove cattle and horses nearly all my life. I've been in some of the roughest places a man can put a team, but I never did get one hurt l guess 1 had enough practice at it. I followed 'em for years. I've worked some real good horses, and I've worked some that were as mean as they could be. Of course, if I got of one of those bad teams, I wouldn't stay long. I'd just move out. I'd go somewhere else, or I'd stay out a day or two and come back and get a different team. I'd haul the logs out of the forest to the narrow-gauge railroad where they would pick 'em up. The narrow-gauge train pulled about five cars, and it would bring the logs down to the top of Indian Camp Branch, where there was a big skidder. They called it the "drop out machine." It would book to one car at a time, and lower it down over a waterfall to the main line. They would unload the wood, give a signal, and the skidder would pull the empty car back and book onto another load. The wood went down the main line to East LaPone, at the bonom of Caney Fork where it joins the Tuckasegee River. Blackwood had two band mills down there. Each of them would cut 30,000 feet per day. That took a lot of logs. Xotiuih Journat p~ B Back at camp there was a saw filer who stayed at the saw-filing shack. In the evening, the cuners took their saws to the shack, and the next morning he gave them sharp saws to take out. There were cooks, and one feller caUed the "lobby hog" who would make up the beds in the morning and would get the wood in and keep the fires burning in the winter. He would get up early in the morning and build a fire to get everything warm before the men got up. They would generally run about five or six sawing crews. They would cut those big trees with that old cross-cut saw, the "misery whip." That's some rough work. Back then they just took the best timber. It had to be number one material. They would get two logs off some trees, but most of the time they would just cut one good log off and leave the rest to rot That's just the way they logged back then. They wasted more timber than they cut. They liked yellow poplar and what they called mountain oak. Of course, they would cut everything big enough to make a log white oak, black oak, basswood, maple, whatever it was. There were a few white pine trees and a linle hemlock up that way, but the yellow poplar and the mountain oaks would bring more money than any other kinds. Working in that big timber was dangerous, no mistake about it Sometimes a man would get bun, and every once in a while, a man would be killed, but not often. It was usually somebody who didn't understand how a tree was going to bust We had a few killed. Someone cutting that oak timber had to know just how to put a lead in it and how to saw it. Otherwise, it would " slab up," break off way up high, and part of that tree would head straight for the ground. If a man wasn't out of the way, it was just too bad. Three men worked on each cutting crew. One man did the "chipping" and the "measuring off." The other two didn't do anything but saw. Almost every tree leans just a little. The chipper had an axe, and he kept it sharp as a razor. He would cut a big notch in the tree right under that lean, 10 or 14 inches deep in a big tree, and then he would stand back and keep watch while the others began sawing behind the notch and cut the tree down from behind. When the tree hit the ground, the chipper measured off the logs they could get off it, and the cutters would saw them off while the chipper started chopping a lead in another tree. People were killed by falling limbs, too. Sometimes while they were cutting a tree, a dead limb would come off and would catch somewhere high in the branches. If they were lucky, they could go cut another tree, and it would come loose and fall. But they couldn't walk off and leave a tree. Eventually they had to go back and get it. The chipper would watch out for the cutters while they sawed the tree and got out. Sometimes, though, it wouldn't be five minutes before the dead limb would fall, and the cutters would have to dive out of the way. People got killed that way, not getting out from under a limb. They had a timber foreman, a road foreman, and a foreman in charge of the whole camp. The big bosses stayed down in the company offices at East LaPone, where the mill was. There's very little down there now, but East LaPorte was a mill town back then. There were more than 100 houses for the people who lived and worked there. The houses went up to the top of the ridge. They had a store down there, but they also had commissaries all up Caney Porlc for the working people. We would buy goods with scrip notes that the company issued. They would give us as much scrip as we wanted and then take it out of our checks down at the the main office. The commissaries had groceries, tools, shoes, boots, clothes - anything a person wanted. It was like a general store. They weren't more expensive than the Sylva Supply store in town. They were just about like any of the stores. Logging has changed a lot since my time. They don't do it now like we were doing it. It used to be an old cross-cut and "get 'em the hard way," but now it's all done with bulldozers, skidders, and chain saws. Chain saws started coming in during the forties. I bought my first chain saw in 1951 or 1952. Early on, some of 'em worked, and some of 'em were mighty sorry. Most of the early ones were two-man saws. They were big ones. They worked pretty well, but they were hard to carry through the woods. We used that kind until the companies put out the one-man chain saw. They were heavy when they first came out, but the loggers still thought they were bener than pulling on the cross-cut all day. They have improved on them a lot since they first staned making them. Things have gotten a little easier, anyway. Those old loggers, they sure had a time. ~ 1'aU, 1992 �WORKING THE WOODLANDS by David Wheeler Western North Carolilltl is abour 76% forest. What we do, how we manage these f oresrs - or how we mismanage them determines our destiny. We can't drill for oil; we can't catch sabrwn; we can't grow wheat. Forests are what we've got. - Charles Woodard,foresrer Looking out from over a high cliff in Katuah Province, one's vision moves across sweeps of green-mantled mountains flowing out to the horizon. Trees in such number and such variety are seen in few other places in the world. It is clear that lhe natural growth in this bioregion is forest. If left to grow, the old hills would be covered almost completely with a bewildering variety of tall trees and the wide diversity of other plant and animal species associated with them. Great and small, each species contributes to the health of lhe forest and makes it what it is. We are positioned between the warm Gulf air currents to the south, and the cold Canadian air currents to the north. The land climbs more than 5,000 feet in elevation change. In some parts of the region rainfall is 40 inches per year, while in others it is more than 90. The wide variety of influences causes a wide diversity of species. More than 140 species of trees are known here. There are, of course, all grades of sites, but on good sites many species of trees find their highest expression in the Blue Ridge. In 1901, H.B. Ayres and W.W. Ashe were sent by the federal government to inventory the Southern Appalachian forest. Of the area around the Great Smoky Mountains, they wrote: "The forests are chiefly of hardwoods, with a large amount of coniferous growth around lhe higher summits and in the deep, cool hollows. On the drier slopes, and especially on the south sides, oak and chestnut form the greater part of the timber, with some black and yellow pine on the ridges. The timber in the hollows is more varied and the stand is heavier, poplar, birch, Jinn, and buckeye being associated with the oak and chestnut. The finest and largest bodies of spruce in the southern Appalachians occur here, along the crest of the ridge and the north slope... " Just as the trees are a central feature of the ecology of the area, they have also historically been a central feature in the lives of the people who lived close to the land. And if we are to re-establish a balanced habitation of this area once again, our relationship with the trees will again be a primary fact of our ex.istence here. Seventy percent of the Southern Appalachian lands are still in forest. Some people hazard the guess that more land is in forest now than 100 years ago when each family had to clear off the acres they needed to grow all their own food. Many of the trees growing in the mountains are hardwoods. f"aU, 1992 Photo US National Archive Since the loss of the American chestnut from the forest canopy, yellow poplar is the most common species, though it does not dominate the region as the mighty chestnut once did. Sixty-four percent of the region is considered "timberland," which is technically defined as sites that would suppon timber utilization. By US Forest Service estimates, there are 16.7 billion cubic feet of "growing stock" (trees that are of a size to produce sawtimber) in the region. There is an estimated 54.6 billion board feet of sawtimber growing in the region according to the latest Forest Service surveys. With the mild climate, abundant rainfall, and dark forest soils, this bioregion is well situated to produce quality sawtimber. For the region, that is a blessing and a curse. For as long as they have been here, people have used wood from the forest trees sometimes carefully, sometimes in a manner that was wantonly destructive. The forest is only now recovering from the onslaught of industrial capital which ravaged the area in search of precious big timber at the turn of the century. The timber barons looted the region both economically and ecologically, and when their plundering was done they fled with their wealth to pillage elsewhere. The timber industry of today is making a positive economic contribution to the region, but often at the expense of environmental integrity - an expensive price. Logging and roadbuilding in the national forests penetrates into the last old growth stands left in the mountains and cuts t0 the bean of the last great habitat area left in the southeastern forest zone. Papennaking pays some of the highest wages in the region, but the Champion mi11 in the town of Canton is killing the Pigeon River with a toxic effluent that contains the deadly chemical compound dioxin. According to latest Forest Service surveys of the region, the industry is annually cutting 747,520,000 board feet (bf) of sawtimber, 1,851,000 cords of pulpwood, and wood for manufacturing 24,332,000 board feet of composite board. Wood is also cut for poles, fence postS, and a resurgent firewood trade. According to North Carolina State University's College of Forest Resources, the value of the timber cut in western North Carolina alone equals $129,231,000. This timber, according to Bureau of the Census figures for 1988, supported 51,354 employees in lumber and wood productS, furniture, and paper-making occupation's in the region. This was 7% of the employment in the whole region. High-grade hardwood sawtimber from the Southern Appalachian forests goes mostly to making furniture, lumber, facing veneers, and ornamental moundings. Some is exported overseas, largely to foreign furniture plantS. Lower-grade hardwoods go into the inside layers of plywood, flooring, pallets, railroad ties, and mine supports. Chips from small or poor quality trees are used in making oriented strand board and pulped for paper, paperboard, and coated stock. (continued on page 11) :K.cituan Journat PCMJe 9 �,,,l:1 'PhtIT ..:rmi1 1:,3wl '{d Juo lllguod ~-J,f 1''tti ~, T" ~;J•, :,~iif·... & n.- bid ru;:i 1ol1C1J11o:J lli:.m?. 11 '{t.UOJ n~•,, bna '-· ., .. ,.. .,,, ;. ,.. , with employment and earnings in the lumber fon:ed to zero. Lumber was chosen since it provides the raw material for fumilUIC and paper. Furniture and paper were not forced to zero values in the Model This is a well established Slalistical teehnique for answering "what ii" types of questions as the one posed here, but it should be in no way taken to mean that the author advocates the elimination or the lumber industry in any way. • On average, lOl3I earnings in the region would decline by over one percent if the lumber industry were losL Disposable per capita income would decline by almost as much. The most affected industry would be paper with losses in earnings and employment in lumbt:r on other industries as captured by the Model, Lotal employment in manufacturing in Western North Carolina would decline approximately two pcrcenL While these losses may not seem great, they are the stuff of strong recessions if comparable losses were to occur at the national level. br" ,f:,n,i,'\ qv Ilg, ri->ti! bl"JI ?Ir,:>.,.,,.,..,.,,, Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade (about 200) over this time period. (In other words. the increase in fumilUrC (300 jobs) and lumber (400.jobs) arc more than offset by the losses in paper industry jobs.) A beuer picture of job trends in these throe wood products industries can be had by looking at the relative position of these industries to the toial picture in Western Nonh Carolina, as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the disparity in job growth in the wood producis industry (lumber, furniture and paper combined) and agricultural occupations with the rest of Wesiem North Carolina. The numbers used in the graph do not represent actual numbers of jobs. Rather. the sectors have been indexed, so they all sharc a common starting point in 1969 that is set equal to one. This is done so that change in the different sectors can be pictured on the same graph. · Total employment in Western Nonh Carolina and employment in the service industry is much greater than in agriculture and wood producis. For example, in 1988 there was a total of slightly over 400,000 jobs in the region of which 16,240 jobs (or 4%) were in the wood products industries. The values on the vertical axis show the percentage change in employment over time. Employment in the service sector has grown by almost 70 percent between 1969 and 1988. Toial employmenl has increased by about 55 percent. In comparison, wood products jobs have been quiie stagnant, evidencing no growth during this time Depanmenr of Economics and F'JNl'IU, School ofBu.rincn, Wcsran Carolina University The trend of the~ few decades towards growing environmenial awareness in the United SUIICS has engulfed Western Nonh Carolina and made some of iis lnldilional industties controversial. An excellent example is in the wood producis area whose lumbering practices have come wider increasing scrutiny from environmentalists. Here we take a two-fold look at the wood producis industries (which are comprised of the lumber, fumitwe and paper industries). F'USl, historical data for employment &om the WNC Ecooometric Model at Western Carolina University and which is fwided by Tennessee Valley Authority is presented to place these industries' role in Western North Carolina economy in perspective. Second, simulations from the Model arc used 10 answer some what if type of questions such as what impact does lumber have on the Western North Carolina economy? EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Figure ] depicts employment in the three wood products industries in Weslern North Carolina Io all three, employment is quite cyclical or sensitive to downturns in economic activity, although paper is somewhat mOR stable than its wood products couoterpans. Although paper employment is stable, it shows a Sleady decline in jobs from over 5700 in 1969 to slightly more than 4700 jobs in 1988, a loss of approximately 1000 jobs. The loss of jobs in paper is economically significant since jobs in the paper indusuy are some of the highest paying manufacturing jobs in the area In fact, none of the wood i-ooucts industries in Weste.m Nonh Carolina could be characterized as a growth iodusuy as far as number of jobs is concerned. The entire group experienced a slight loss in jobs CONCLUSJONS Wood products are a significant pan of the Wesiern North Carolina economy, although their importance is slowly diminishing as fastu growing sectors of the regional economy continue to expand. The regional economy bas already been hun by the loss of jobs in the paper industry which arc among the highest paying in manufacturing. The source of dala for lhis article is lhe Western North Carolina Economclric Model maintained by Professor Wilk al We5tem Carolina Univemty under conlJ'aet &om lhe T"'11\C$SCC Valley Aulhority. The Model cons.isl$ of over 80 equations designed lo show lhc interrelationships among seciors in Western North Carolina Ind between seciors in Wutem Nonh Carolina and lhc TVA md nalion.aJ economics. The UNWlCC of Edward Su=u is grarefully period. "WHAT IF?" CONSIDERATIONS aclcnowledgcd. The views md conclusions in !his article do not nccasarily rellect lhosc of lhe TVA. The Western North Carolina Econometric Model can also be used to answer "what ii" typeS of questions. To further ascertain the value of the wood products industries to Western North Carolina, the Model was used to simulate the regional economy WNC EMPLOYMENT For lhe pwposcs of lhis article Western Nonh Carolina is defined u the fiftu:n counties of Nonh ..,~ Carolina in lhc Tcnnasee Valley watershed. fr INDEXED WNC EMPLOYMENT FURNITURE, LUMBER & PAPER: :1969-1988 BASE YEAR 1969 1.1·~-----------------------, 1.o+-- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -7"--i 1.5•-+--- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - --:7':~--1 1.4.l----- -- - -- - - - ---------,,....,11:-----1 1.3+-- - -- -- - -";p;'e:.i!i::::~~~=--- ----l 1.2+ - - -- -- ---1iil~~~~- =----=:::::::ra,;:----I +--- -~~~--1--~ __.,l!l:::ll!~~ ~---=-'""=-..llb.--Di 1.1 0.9·+ - ..?:::.;,j:.......::..__ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --1 0 .81.J......-.--,---,--,--,----,---,,--,-,---r--.--..-----.---,--,.--,---r---.--.-' 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 YEARS Figure I. Xat-1'.iah Jou.mat pQCJe 10 1984 1987 1-- 1972 SERVICES 1975 1978 YEARS 1981 1984 1987 - - TOTAL EMP. ---- WOOD PRO. -e- AG~I. Figure 2. 1-"0U., 1992 �(continued mxn page 9) Nearly 50% of the furniture manufacturers in the United States and the same percentage of the hardwood plywood and veneer manufacturing operations are located within the five states that include the Katuah bioregion. Much of the furniture-making activity is concentrated on the North Carolina piedmont. That location was chosen because it was close to the mountains, which supply 65% of the industry's raw materials, but still on flat land and accessible to major trade routes. Columbia-Carolina Corporation located a plant in Marion. NC specifically to gain access to Appalachian yellow poplar for plywood manufacturing and now uses 28 million board feet wood per year. AFG Industries in Knoxville employs a large workforce making wooden containers. The Champion International plant in Haywood County is a major purchaser of pulpwood in itS area, and there is a Bowater Southern paper plant in McMinn County, TN and a Mead Company paper plant in Kingspon, TN. Federal Paperboard and a large Westvaco plant in Covington, VA utilize pulp to manufacture paperboard. Abitibi-Price Corporation makes hardboard siding at its Roaring River plant in Wilkes County, NC and Weyerhauser Company turns out more than 50,000 board feet of oriented strand board per day at its factory in Elkins, NC. Most of these companies are on the periphery of the Southern Appalachians and draw only part of their raw materials from the mountains. The smaller sawmills like the large operations for the added markets that they create for lower-grade material. Sawtimber companies, for example, do not like to cut puJpwood; but if they have to cut it, they want to be able to sell it. Charles Woodard, director of the industry group the MuJtiple Use Council, said, ''When we heard that Columbia Carolina was building a facility, everybody said, 'Hallelujah!' because they came for exactly what we were having a hard rime getting rid of - the low-grade poplar lumber." It is obvious that the pulp and chip sectors of the forest productS industry are dominated by the industrial giants. Reducing wood to biomass and processing it into productS is a question of moving huge volumes of material efficiently. This is a job best suited for large-scale, automated, energy-intensive machinery. The investment is substantial, and a high degree of regularity is required. This is the scale of economy at which the giant, centralized corporations like to keep their operations. Most of the smaller, independent companies cut and process sawrimber. This is less complicated and does not require large investments in sophisticated technologies. Sawtimbcr is still an important component of the mountain wood economy, and the wood products industry still retains much of its traditional autonomy and independence in the region. Of the 521 lumber and wood products companies listed for the Southern Appalachian region in the Department of Commerce's Counry Business Pa11erns, 66% employ less than 10 people, 92% employ less than 50. A small logging operation requires less capital than most business operations, J'tlft, 1992 and even today a small contractor can bid a timber sale and then ca1J up friends and family members to help cut it There still are part-time sawmills back in the hills that start up operation when the price of lumber is good, sell a bit, and then cease operation bought out by larger fums. "It's just like anything else. Those who do a good job, keep up with the technology, and keep track of market trends are going to do alright. "There probably some people who can Counesy Jone.sboro Museum, Washington County TN when the price goes down. The mountain forest produc1s industry seems to be generally in good health. There is stiff competition among furniture company buyers for Appalachian hardwood, and no company seems to have an undue advantage in setting prices. The timber industry in the mountains is itself quite decentralized. Most sawmills, for instance, are small to medium-sized by national standards. Many of them are family-owned. A sawmill that supports l 00 workers is viewed as a large operation in the Appalachians. For instance, among the biggest buyers of timber stumpage east of the Great Smoky Mountains are the Parton Lumber Company, T & S Hardwoods, and WNC Pallet. Parton employs 75 workers at the mill and works 80 loggers in the forest. T & S has 54 millworkers and 50 loggers working on contract WNC Pallet employs 120 people at their mill at Candler. AJthough they are independent and fiercely competitive among themselves, the Appalachian loggers and mill owners arc cJannish and as a group wield considerable economic and political power in the region. But changes arc happening within the forest products industry. Dr. Larry Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Wood and Paper Science at Nonh Carolina State University, says: "There are still many small, independently-owned mills operating in Nonh Carolina. However, th.e trend over the last 10-15 years is that operations which are inefficient or which don't adapt to new technologies either go out of business or are cut just for the local market and be successful at it, but the business has become more sophisticated. Operators have to keep tabs on what is happening, always be looking for market niches, and must keep a constant awareness that they are dealing in an inrernational market and must be producing the best product that they can. Because it's much more competitive than it was years ago. h's a tough business. It's very competitive." Loggers, too, arc feeling the same pressures. "It talces so much invesunent in this modem, mechanized equipment, the little feller can't afford to get into it. They are pressed to move a certain volume of wood, because insurance and mechanization costs are putting them in a real bind," says Frank Norris, publisher of the market bulletin Timber Mart South and a veteran forester of 50 years experience. "It's becoming more sophisticated all the time. It's surprising how many loggers...the wife runs a computer and does the bookkeeping for 'em. They don't do it off a paper sack anymore. "They have to go further for wood, and to run the highways now they have to have better trucks. So their costs have gone up quite a bit. "They're being squeezed between their costs and what they can get for their product, so they're going to have to be more efficient or more of 'em will go out. Both of those things are happening. That's the reason you see fewer of 'em in it There's quite a few less than there were 20 years ago." (continued on next page) X.cu:uah ) O\U'nCIC paCJe 11 �t I'• f":. ~ t•• • I • .... -·... l i;""!! (continued (mm page 11) Other changes are going on outside the industry that also affect its future. One of the most influential of these changes is in the growth of the population in the region and the shift in its composition. Currently, most of the growth in population is the result of in-migration from outside the bioregion. The newcomers bring with them new attitudes and different ideas - including different occupations and different approaches to land use. One of the strengths of the independent operators has been that, since the depanurc of the early timber interests in the 1930's, forest products work has been locally controlled. The people working in the industry today arc not the offspring of the timber barons, but arc much more likely to be descendants of the people who worked for them. In fact, the timber industry has become a bastion of economic support for the local people of the region. If the industry were to die, a lot of the local culture would die with it. Today, the strength in this stabiliiy may turn out to be a handicap. The regional economy is changing. As the graph on this page shows, regional employment is rising. The rise in employment in the service occupations is on the same curve, which suggests that it is this sector which is driving the upswing. But while total employment and employment in service jobs arc rising, the number of people working in the wood products jobs is holding steady. And while workers are more likely to be operating a band saw than pulling a crosscut saw in the woods, they arc likely to be members of the same families who have traditionally worked with wood. Thus, while employment in wood products jobs is staying even, their percent of influence in the changing economy of the mountain region is declining. "This change is oocwring panJy :l(otuah JournaL p<M)e 12 because of the changing mix of population ...Fewer people are working in agricultural jobs; more are employed in the government, service, and retail trade sectors. The number in manufacturing has increased slightly in the last decade, but it is a much smaller percentage of the total number holding jobs. There is now less employment in jobs dependent on forest products, such as wood, than in the past. Tourism, however, is an increasingly irnponam pan of the economy," wrote the authors of the Draft land and Resource Management Plan/or the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests in 1985. Another aspect of the change in the region's population profile is the change in land ownership. The newcomers arc buying ll_P the land. Unlike the timber and pulp • 'c3rporations on the coastal plain who own their industrial forests, the mountain sawmills cut mostly on other people's land. In the past the landowners were fanners who depended on their woodlots to provide extra cash and so were glad to have them cut as soon as they were of sawlog size. Now people arc moving in who wish to escape from the industrial madness to a forest retreat. They arc well-to-do and want trees, not stumpage payments. This is sure to tighten the supply of timber in the region. What about the future? The agreement is unanimous that over the long term the demand for hardwoods, and thus their price, will only increase. High-grade sawtimber is especially desired. In the broad outlook. conditions are quite advantageous for the forest products trade. Locally, however, forecasts are that the amount of forest products operations that the region can suppon will shrink somewhat. And the shrinkage will take place in the number of the smaller companies that do not have strong financial backing. The corporate style of operation is not suited 10 the mountains - or anywhere in the natural world, for that matter. The smaller, more flexible timber companies have the potential for working in a way that is much more appropriate. The only question is whether the people in forest products occupations arc willing to adapt to the changes that are currently taking place. Replacing local people with newcomers who embody the new corporate attitudes is no solution. Working with wood offers a cultural reference point and a way local people can keep their place on the land. But exploitative attitudes toward the land, particularly when tranSlated into exploitative ways of working in the forest, will no longer suffice. It is not sustainable to support our species' life at the expense of the life of the land. Let us hope we can learn the lessons of ecology and put them to work. We want people to develop, not tum their backs o~'# their ties to this place. fr J'Alt, 1992 �Jj' ! 'J,1 DEPLETION FOR DOLLARS: THE ECONOMICS OF CHIP MILLS . · . i _ -·. ~J . . ( . .,,.:-_ • , :t... ,_ 1· ...,,-~ ., •l-Ao:~ . , ••.,.:-.~ ,..~_:,,;_ . '-!< • • -- . .: ~ . 1r-· · --- -- _-:.r.- The chip mill issue can be framed as a question of how to utilize the Tennessee River Valley region's forest resources to the best advantage of its residents. One option is to maintain the health of the established hardwood industry by keeping out the remote chip mills. This existing option can be characterized as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable system whose market demand is based predominantly on regional economics. A second option, that of bringing in remote, high capacity chip mills, can be characterized as a mechanized, unacceptable, and regionally non-sustainable system whose marlcet demand is based essentially on global economics. Backlf'OUDd To understand the chip mill issue it is essential to understand the forest products industry structure and the resource base upon which it depends. There are basically two divisions of the industry: the solid wood segment - which requires a continuous supply of mature trees to supply lumber for manufactured goods; and the paper segment • which requires a maximum volume of wood fiber to manufacrure paper products. In order to insure a continuous supply of mature trees, the solid wood segment uses the environmentally sound practice of selective harvesting in which only the older trees are harvested from a site, and many middle-aged and young trccS are left for the next harvest in 15 to 20 years. The selective harvest method can be abused by "high grading," a practice in which only the best trees are taken and no cull cuts are made to insure that commercially valuable species will be available for the next cuL On the other hand, chip mills, in order to obtain maximum fiber volume at minimum cost for the paper industry, generally use the environmentally degrading clearcutting method, clearing all protective cover from the land. If reforestation is planned, it is done with bulldozers and herbicides to insure that f'aU, 1992 the new crop of commercial trees are "released." All chip mills are not the same. There are chip mills associated with sawmills and manufacturers which process mill and facrory "residues" so that they can be utilized as "residue chips" in the manufacture of paper. There are "whole tree chippers" which can be carried from site to site and process whole trees. And then there are high capacity chip mills, sometimes called "remote" or "satellite" chip mills, which are set up to supply a primary facility (pulp or paper mill) that is in another region or country. These "high capacity chip mills" are the chip mills that have applied to the Tennessee Valley Authority (IV A) for permits to locate along the Tennessee River at South Pinsburg, TN. Any further mention of chip mills will refer to these remote, high capacity mills. High capacity chip mills cost approximately $3 million to $5 million, excluding site preparation. They have a mechanical life expectaney of three to ten years, depending on how heavily they are used They generally employ eight people or less. Advocates of chip mills usually try to claim that new jobs are created by log harvesting employmenL However, it is documented in both North Carolina and Alabama that much of the harvesting employment already exists and is occupied supplying established regional industries. Because of the high volume contracts, the lower handling costs, and the high value for the commodity on the world market, loggers and haulers often abandon existing industries and go to work for the chip mills. Harvestin& Impacts Comprehending the purpose, the nature, and the amount of tree consumption by the chip mills is essential to decision making because the region already has a very large manufacturing economy based upon the hardwood resource. The fundamental purpose of the chip mills is to supply fiber for pulp and paper mills ourside our region. TVA estimates that landowners will be paid a $1 to $4 per ton "stumpage" price by the chip mills for their timber as it stands. Following estimates by Charles McGee in the article "Low Quality Hardwood Stands," this is not enough to pay for reforestation. High grade hardwood timber is noc likely to regenerate without management costs. ff the owner is not willing to reinvest funds the resulting stand will likely be suitable only for use as pulpwood. Trees are harvested and delivered to the chip mill (for $18 per ton in my Alabama study area), and then chipped and sold for around $23 or $24 per ton. At that point the resource will be gone from our region with little value added. A ton of hardwood chips brings approximately $122, delivered to Japan. Contrast this "regional chip mill resource return" with our established, value-adding hardwood industries. The landowner is first paid a stumpage price for the timber, the logs are delivered to a mill which saws them into rough lumber; the rough lumber is made into finished lumber, marketed, and transported to a manufacturing facility where it is made into a wood product; this is then marketed and transported to a wholesaler or retailer, who markets it one more time. Value is added at each stage of the process. It should be obvious that when compared to the established hardwood industry "multiplier" for employment, the chip mill employment "multiplier" becomes a tremendous employment "reducer." It is also obvious that there is no value added in the region. Another point is that the chip mills are going to utiliz.e a much greater amount of wood than has been previously estimated. TVA stated that each mill would consume 300,000 tons of chips per year per mill. However, Steve Loveland of Georgia-Pacific Corporation in an article entitled "South Atlantic Chip Supply," said, "Any chip mill (continued on nCJ1l page) xawah Journat poc,e 13 �(continued fro;;. ·page 13) l , f t ,l 1, ,,a .. ; ' can double or ttiple irs chipping ourput by adding shifts and can be virtually run around the clock, seven days a week if necessary." This Statement shows that the figure on which TV A is basing its calculations is a minimum figure. Acrual production for one chip mill could easily be three times that much if economic conditions warranted. In other words, if TV A chose to permit only one chip mill, it alone could consume as much as TV A's predicted level for three chip mills. Another factor that skews predictions of ecological and economic impacts is that the chip mills are committed to providing a steady volume of chips regardless of local prices. There is a large capital investment involved in each of the mills, and many of them are owned by paper mills or are under binding "take-or-pay" supply contracts, meaning that they have to pay cash if they do not meet agreed-upon supply quotas. This artificially-maintained production depresses the price of residue chips produced by sawmills in the region, and is also inconsistent with wise resource and environmental management. Chip mills can also serve in a secondary economic capacity: that of liquidating the regional resource into readily available capital for transnational corporations that are sttuggling to keep their heads above water in troubled economic times. In simpler terms, the chip mills are to provide ready cash to their troubled corporate parents by trying, as rapidly as possible, to tum trees into money. This is particularly devastating to the established regional industries and the local environment. The chip mills do not care if "the regional resource"is liquidated because their mechanical life will essentially be over by the time the trees are gone. The Boise Cascade Corporation is one ~xample. Like most of the paper and pulp mdustry, before the recession hit Boise Csacade made large capital invesnnents to increase their capacity. Now the corporation is saddled with high interest payments in the face of a decreased market demand. Furthermore, due to the tremendous amounts of chip exports from the Nonhwest 10 the Japanese, they are being squeezed by chip prices in their operations in the Pacific Nonhwesr. (Condensed from The Value Line). In fact, according to the December, 1991 PaperandPu/p, Boise Cascade suffered a "$32.6 million loss in the second quarter" of 1991, and third quanereamings sank "to a $49.4 million deficit." As a solution to their predicament, Boise Cascade plans to sacrifice the region's hardwood forests, upon which many local people have depended for decades. Many foreign nations have a labor advantage over the United States on the open international market. The United States maintains its competirve position because of a superior supply of resources. It is clearly a good economic strategy for foreign companies to cur as much pulpwood as possible. If they can use much of the United States' resource, the United States will be that much more vulnerable on the open market By chipping our trees, foreign competitors are improving their long term X-citiuih JouTna£ page 14 I exporting market position. American business and government should be thinking ahead. Our competitors are. tnnuence of Market Conditions Developments in the regional and world markets helped 10 create this confrontation in the Tennessee River Valley between established regional wood producrs industries and transnational corporations. The first was a rise in the domestic demand for hardwoods. Because of a slowdown in the growth of softwood trees, overharvesring, an obvious supply of cheap hardwoods, and the development of new technology for using hardwoods in the making of pulp, the paper companies staned using a significant amount of hardwood chips in the mid-eighties. (The current mix is approximately 31% hardwoods and 69% softwood.) The overseas demand for hardwoods has also boomed. Several deepwater ports, like the Pon of Mobile in Alabama, invested heavily in chip exporting facilities during the 1980's. The federal government also invested $2 billion of the taxpayer's money 10 build the Tenn-Tom Waterway to create a direct route between the Tennessee River and the Gulf. It is ironic that the foreign corporations would be much less competitive with our regional industries if the government had oot subsidized their transportation system. Also during this time many well-meaning foresc industry people decided that they needed to "create" additional markets for our low-grade hardwoods by developing expon markets. They should have known better than to think that they could tamper with the market without creating serious repercussions in the existing hardwood economy of the region. This confluence of trends adds up to a radical market change which today could devastate the resource base upon which the sustainable, labor intensive, value-adding, regional hardwood industries of the Tennessee River Valley depend. Nature of the Chip Mil! Harvest The nature of the chip mill harvest is symptomatic of the market demand that drives it. The original intent behind the chip mills was to create a market for low-grade hardwoods. However, clearcutting for the chip mills takes all the hardwoods - poor ones, deformed ones, plus the well-formed young trees that would have grown up to make high-grade sawtimber. If extensive areas in the Tennessee Valley are clearcut, as they have been _in Alabama, it will be at least 70 to 80 years before any hardwood sawtimber matures. No one seems concerned about what will happen to the small local operators in the meantime. On a more immediate note, the low-grade sawmills and pallet makers find themselves shutting down or operating at a loss because the world chip market demand has driven low grade timber prices out of their reach. A sawmill owner in a nonhwestem Alabama county, where chip mill resource depletion has occurred and the sawmills have been shut down, said ruefully that any sawmill owner would be committing economic suicide to allow a hardwood chip - mill within theit ~ . A visit to the areas of Alabama already clearcut is probably the most convincing economic or environmental argument that can be made against the permitting of the chip mills. Competition for the Forest Resource Does our region have plenty of hardwoods to spare? AU the numbers presented by TV A say that we are growing twice as much as we are harvesting. But there is also the question of availabiliry: all the growing trees are not available for industrial consumption. How much of that volume is actually available for harvesr after figuring in operability factors such as steep slopes and year round water problems, and landowners who do not want to sell their limber? Thomas R. Reed of Champion International Corporation in his article "Industrial Perspective on Hardwood Use," said that roughly 50% of the hardwoods are available. This estimate is considered high by some observers. But TV A neglected to do any kind of availability discounting. They assumed in their calculations that all the hardwood trees in the region were available. The regional hardwood industries already depend on those growing trees. The bottom line is that although we may be growing a lot of hardwoods, we are not growing enough to supply the existing hardwood sawmills, the existing regional paper mills, which are increasing their use of low-grade hardwoods, AND the remote chip mills who are here to harvest the hardwoods of the region for the rest of the world. The domestic paper companies are large and well-financed and will probably survive the crisis, but the small milling operations, which employ roughly 85% of the Valley's forest products workers, will inevitably be sacrificed for the chip mills that will siphon off the region's wealth for huge transnational corporations. In terms of the eovironmeotal impact, or the economic impact oo tourism, the region will be trading the incredible scenery and diverse ecological community that accompanies a selectively harvested, mature hardwood forest for a pulpwood lot checkered with constant clearcuts. If one considers aesthetics as imponant, the impact ori southeastern Tennessee is going to be devastating. The scenery will be a politician's nighnnare: graphic evidence of a bad decision that gets worse, and becomes more visible to the public, with every passing year. ~ - Harley Wessman lnforma1ion for this article was provided by Robert Mitchell. coordinator of the Tennessee Valley liardwood Alliance. a coalition of small hardwood lumber manufacturers whose livelihoods are threatened by the chip mill operations that are seeking permits to operate in the Tennessee River Valley. Contact the TeMessee Valley Hardwood Alliance; clo R.C. Mitchell; 2850 McCa//ie Ave.; Cha11anooga, TN 37404. For more information on how to stop the chip mill invasion, c<>ntact T.A.G.E.R.; Box 764; Souih Pi11sburg, TN 37380. 1"aU, 1992 �LOGGING WITH HORSES by Nancy McIntyre "It's a win/win solution," says Jason Rutledge. He is talking about horse logging, a low-impact and sustainable timber harvesting method. Environmentalists call for timber harvesting to stop on public lands. The timber industry pushes ro cut marketable trees and to harvest them in the cheapest way, preferably clearcurting. Logging with draft horses offers another choice that addresses concerns of both groups. Conventional timbering requires building logging roads, often at public expense - roads that are large enough to accommodate tractor-trailer rigs and which damage the environment. Horse logging needs no road building and leaves minimal disturbance, even in steep or remote areas. Rutledge describes horse logging as a superior technology, "an evolved approach that marries science to culture." He goes on to say that "cUITCnt horse logging is a modem effort that employs specifically-bred heavy draft horses that are harnessed with nylon components and work in multiple hitches with several teams in tandem like the Budweiser Clydesdales, except that I use horses of the Suffolk Punch breed. The teams pull a steel log arch, which has high flotation pneumatic tires that provide front end suspension of long tree stems. This log extraction technique, along with directional felling, creates extremely low environmental and visual impact." Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company, started by Rutledge and based in southwestern Virginia, has harvested over 200,000 board feet of timber from national forests in Virginia. Using "real horsepower," Rutledge and his parmer John Thornton have removed trees from the Jefferson National Forest by the single tree selection method. Defined as balanced, uneven-aged management, this least-damaging, sustained-yield harvesting technique cuts a few peak trees per acre. Tree age, species, site, soil type, grade exposure, remaining growth, and wildlife habitat are among the aspects considered in tree selection. Rutledge explains that "this method of harvesting closely imitates nature's own selection process. Each tree is recognized as part of the interconnected whole. Top wood from cut trees and some trees of undesired species are left lying on the forest floor, while desired species remain standing in varying ages and become dominant in population and size." He adds that the Forest Service and agricultural colleges have many expens who can mark timber for this type of harvesting. "Modern conventional logging equipment does too much damage to the environment to go into the forest on a 10 to 20 year harvest rotation to remove a few peak trees per acre. With horses you can do this, and everyone wins something," Rutledge emphasizes. "Tunber is harvested without clearcutting, and there is never removaJ of den treeS or the total destruction of the forest canopy. Therefore, wildlife habitat is preserved while the forest is still contributing to immediate human needs of building 1-"aU, 1992 materials, furniture, paper, etc. "A healthy forest is maintained and helps to protect water and air. yet jobs in the logging business continue, and forest products still enter the manufacturing channels, though coming in smaller loads from smaller tracts and smaller operators. With horse logging, there is less ground for resistance and appeals from environmentalists and a bener opportunity to avoid below-cost timber sales. Governments in other parts of the world have already recognized the extensive knowledge and teach others," Chaffee says. Rutledge offers formal instruction and apprenticeships, but cautions, "Logging is one of the most dangerous occupations in the country." To learn chain saw use, he strongly recommends the Soran Erickson Game of Logging School, sponsored by the Stihl Company. (Inquire with local forestry deparunents for this nationwide instruction.) "Such instruction can save lives, countless Counesy of lhc Archives of Appalachia, ETSU benefits of animal-powered skidding techniques and have chosen this timber harvesting method for a portion of their timber removal." "Draft horses have other uses in the forest," Rutledge adds. "My first Suffolk, Forest Spring Red Samson, and his brother Forest Spring Bill, under the steady hands of Mr. Thornton, recently pulled materials deep into the national forest for the consauction of a rest area and overnight shelter on the Appalachian Trail." David Chaffee of Pittsboro, North Carolina, a commercial airline pilot and farmer who also breeds Suffolk Punch horses, says, "All you have to do is take four photographs. Take one of an area just logged by horses and another six months later. Compare them with photographs of an area timbered with large equipment, now and six months later. You're going to see erosion with the conventional timbering using large machinery. "In regard to jobs,"Chaffee continues, "horse logging involves more people, noc only the Joggers themselves, but also those raising draft horses and raising feed. These are internally-generated jo~s. whereas with conventional timbering, the heavy equipment is made outside of the United States and the energy is imponed. Jobs in the timber industry can be sustained by logging in a different way." Chaffee has twice stayed at Jason Rutledge's farm in Floyd County, Virginia to work with him and learn horse-logging skills for use on his own land. "Jason seems very willing to share his hours, and many bills," Rutledge says. Jason Rutledge is writing a book on Beginner's Use of Draft Horses for the Twenty-first Century. In articles recently printed in The Small Farmer's Journal and The Draft Horse Journal, he tells that he was raised by his illiterate grandfather "who was a hoss trader and, without an outline or agenda, taught the dignity of what a welJ-tended pair of work animals could do for a man who would work too." Jason adds that he is "determined to maintain the dignity of work animals and working man." Rutledge describes himself as an environmental actualist who has spent most of his life working toward the restoration of a cultural ethic or stewardship. "This ethic of planetary stewardship has to translate into everyday life and, for most folks, into the economic reaJity of making a living. Faith is the bridge between belief and action, and I'm going 10 cross that bridge/# with a horse!" fr For further infonnation: Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company Jason Rutledge and John Thornton 2050 Blue Ridge Turnpike Fincastle. VA 24090 Nancy Mclntyre lives on a beauliful ridge-top farm in Floyd County, VA. She is an energetic clean air and water activist and recently spent time educating people to the harmful effects of chemical biocides as part of the Agricultural Resources Center/ Pesticide Education Project. �ROADTHREAT AN APPEALING ISSUE·· ·· N--1 World Ne... $erYice N--1 World Ne... S.-,ice The Forest Service decision on the abolition of limber sale appcalJ bas noc been released 11 press Lime. In the inlerim, Congress has gouen involved with the appeals question. On July I, Sena10r Wyche Fowler (D.QA) introduced a bill co-sponsored by Pat Leahy, Al Gore, and Olhm that guaranu,cd the right to appeal Forest Service decisions. This bill passed in the Senate by a margin of 57-38. The strength of the Fowler bill indicaics that the,e is support for the appeals process as a chcclc against poor decision making. Laier in the summer, however, Larry Craig (R-ID} inuoduccd a v.akencd substitute for the Fowler bill The Craig measure was passed successfully early in August Under Craig's bill, the lime limit for filing appeals and for the Forest Servtce ~iuon of appeals would be shoncncd to 30 days apiece. It would force appellants to travel to the vicinity of the forest to make their case. The Craig bill would also require appellants to make comments in order to have s&anding. These appear to be minor changes, but the biU is in1e11lionally vague on many points. For example, the,e is some question as to whether or nOI the person who reviews the appeal can be the person who made the initial decision, thus creating a conflict of inrcrcst The changes proposed by the Forest Service are far-reaching and go beyond appeals. Acconting to the Sierra Club Legal Deteme Fund, the new appeals regulalions would eliminale the right to know about and comment on sates of lllllds affCCICd by insects and diseases. The lwldling of insect• and discae-relatcd sales has been subject to abuse in the past. In addition, the proposed changes would make it impossible even IO team about limber sales if one does noc sub!lcribe IO a variety of small newspapers. These and other consttaincs would make it much harder to conuibule meaningful comments or even stay informed about activities in nearby lllllional On May 21, the Virginia Transpor1alioo Board announced the prefen-cd IOULC for U.S. RL 58, a new fow--tane that would spai the southwcaem edge of Virginia between Maninsville and Cumberland Gap. The route would bisect the ML Rogers National Rccl'Cllion Area along Corners Crcett. a cascade-filled IIOUl Slmllll Pond Mountain and Hurricane Mountain. The Mount Rogers area is home to a number of rare animal species, including endangered mussels, rare salamanders, bog turtles, gray bats, and northern flying squirrels. Funher east, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VD01) would have Rt 58 cross the Blue Ridge Mountains berwcen Meadows of Dan and Stuart, Virginia, an area that Includes two waterways that are eligible for scenic river status. Highway consuucuon will destroy ll\3lly homes and farms along the way. Some cilizens con1e11d that the project will be the death knell for downtowns in small communities along the way. In order to respond to the threat to the ML Rogers area (and perhaps 10 ocher threatened areas), the Mountain Heritage Alliance has been formed. Members have begun a national letier wriling and petition drive. The group wishes 10 arrange a meeting with VOOT since VDOT has recently met with backers of a popular but desuuctive altcmalive passing through the highlands around Straight Branch, Whiietop l...aurel, and Grems Cove Creek. The group will iqe VDOT 10 IOUIC the highway along existing highways 1-77 and 1-81. They cite a Virginia Depanmenl of COllltlValion and Recreation recommendation against the highway and the findings of a Virginia Tech cconomiSl who predic1ed thal few CCUICllJlic baldiU would be derived from the road. forests. At the same time the Depanrnent of Agriculture is lobbying Congress to end judicial review of Forest Service decisions. Secretary of Agriculture Madigan told Congress. "We could manage bencr if we were free from the inletference of the caur1S [and] we urge Congress IO do that expeditiously." A few such bills have appeared before Congress but they have been unsuccessful so far. BAN CHIP MILLS Narura1 Wotld News Service Residents of the Tennessee Valley spoke overwhelmingly against pcnn1ts for chip mill facllities along the Tennessee River during two summer public hearings. SpcaJc.crs asked that TV A , stop Donghac, Channel Ch1p/P:lrker Towing, and Boise Cascade from construcung loading clocks and facilities along the upper Tenn-Tom Waterway, which TVA comrols. They told TV A th:11 the ini.cnsive clcarculting associated with chip manufacturing would result m a decline in the biodiversity and hardwood manufacturing economic base of the region. TV A omcials repon th:11 they are "swamped with tcuus· responding 10 the permit issue. The baule may have just begun, however. Boise Cascade Company announced shonly after the hearings I.hat they would open a chip mill without a pcnnit and ltUclc the chips overland to port. For more information, contaet TAGER; Box 764; South Pittsburg, 1N 37380. Xatuah )ouma£ PQIJ"- l 6 CLOSING IN ON CHEOAH NIil.ira! World News Service In a decision notice released lasl month, District Ranger Glen McConnell announced plans to log the Checab Mountains again. Over the past live years, the lofty mountain range that surrounds Checab Bald has seen more than its share or roadbuilding, road-indllccd landslides. and clearcutling. Exrensive logging bas tatm its toll on the forests around Oicoah's Shell Stand Creek, Stecoah Gap, Simp Oap, Grassy Gap, Wesc, and lower sections of Ben Creek. McConnell now plans to penetrate further into the wa&cnhcds of Bert and Franks Creeks to the southwest of Cheoab Bald. According 10 the environmental assessment for the Ben Creek Timber Sale, the Forest Service would build 1.2 miles of roads and harvest limber on more than 300 aaes. Even-aged logging is the silviculrural method of choice for most of the sale unit Activists an: concerned that the limber sale will cause further fragmenlalion of habiw in an area · thal is prime black bear babirat Over one thin! of the stands robe cul are over 100 years old. Fragmentation is also a pocential threat to the cerulean warbler and the goshawk. IWO Endangered Species Act candidates likely 10 be found ll the Bert Creek site. SIUdies have shown Iha the cerulean warbler needs at least 1600 acres of contiguous forest Other rare species at risk include the Indiana bat, East.cm wood rat, and hellbender. An additional issue of concern is the possible occurance of pyrue, a substance that produces a dangerous acid when leached out or a roadcut or log landing by rainwater. Oak decline, a phenomenon that causes a die-off o{ malllre oaks due to drought, infcsta.tJOn, and other su-esscs, is the pretext for the sale. but acuv1stS say the Stands are quite healthy. They claim that few loggers would bid on the umber if they had to share the full costs of F.S. 208 and other access roods built at LUpayer expense a few years ago. During the late 1970s, the RARE D Study recommended the Chcoah Bald area as one of the prem ier road.less areas in the Southern Appalachians. lt has since been opened to developmenL The arc3 still has tremendous beauty and tremendous wildland potential One has only to loolt out from the high ridges above Ben Creek to the Great Smokies in the distance to see what the future could hold. To procest the Ben Crnek Tunber Sale, write Glen McConnell, District Ranger; RL '· Box 16-A, Robbinsville, NC 28771. In order to become part of the national petition drive 10 save ML Rogers, write: Gary Stemp: Mountain Heritage Alliance; Rt 3, Box 589; Marion, VA 24354. TRANSREGIONAL POWER Nwral World News Service Attempts to build a high-voltage powerline through West Virginia and Virginia have hit a snag. Appalachian Power Company (APCO), a subsidiary ofthecoal-fued giant, American Electric Power (AEP), asked for a pcnnit to build a 765 kilowatt powcrline Crom southern West Virginia to a substation outside of Roonokc, Virginia, but it hns been forced to withdraw its applicauon with the We~l Virginia Public Service Commission until an acceptable environmental impact statement is p!'Cllll'Cd. Elsewhere, in a hearing before the Vi.rgini3 Utility Commission, expcn witneSSCS for Citi.zcns for the Preservation of Craig County (Virginia) said that APCO should not be given the right of eminent domain for a transmission line built solely for the purpose of ~ling off unusable excess power at a profiL The powerline would transfer power from the Midwest to the urban crescent of CllSLCm Virginia. Opponents say that the powerhne would cul across the Jefferson N31J01131 Forest between \.1ounuun Lake Wildcmcss and two wilderness areas several miles to the east They claun that the powerline will pass through hundreds of ocres of forest and farm land, lowcnng real CSlllle vallleS and conl8lllJll8lJllg springs with herbicides along the v.;3y They worry about the health effects of elecu-omagnetic fields, citing recent medical research on the subject J"aCL, 1992 �APdH &a'iler'f.~'•-tiftini envuonmenl3l siewardship reicon1. Many residenlS or the Southern Appalachians remember APCO's effort to dam the New River in Nonh Carolina. A few years ago, Appalachian Trail club members discovered dw APCO had built an unapproved access road lhrough the Appalachian Trail corridor. The club concluded that APCO was unable IO - g e their own utility corridor, so it reached an agn:anent with thc utility to manage pan or the power corridor themselves. In lhe meantime, APCO has begun a million dollar program promoting thc use or elecll'ic heal pumps. The figbl against the powertine has reached lhe national level U.S. Represeniatives Nick Rahall (WV) and Frederick Boucbcr (VA) have sponsored a bill that would pro!CCI federally-owned land along lhe New River, blocking access to one of the only f~ible rou1CS. The bill ha1 had sll'Ollg suppon in the House or Reprcsenwives. Hearings on the issue will begin SOOD in thc SenalC. Wrice Cilil.cns to Preserve Craig County; Box 291; New Casile, VA 2A I 27 and lhe National Commilltle for thc New River, Bluestone Project CommiUtJe; Box 103S; Athens, WV 24712. Also wrice your legislalorS. DECISION ON BIG IVY Nlhlnl Wodd News Savice In I.ale July, Ranger Paul Bradley ol the Toecane DiSlricl or thc Pisgah Nllional Forcsi. issued a decision oo the controversial Sugarhouse Cove Timber Sale, proposed for thc Big Ivy arca in BU1100111be County, nordleul of Asbeville.. Big Ivy is III an:a oC unusual circumneutral soils, rare planl communities, and excellent examples of old growth foreaa (see Ka,/Jalt JollnlOl 134), and lbe proposcd sale was bigbly CClllll'O¥a1ial. Bradley was leaning IOWll'd a decision 1h11 would have deVll.1Ulled a unique roadies., area conraining in:es measuring four feet in dialnder and examples of many rare plant species. ScienlislS and IIClivislS r.niliar with the sea rushed to ils defense, informing the Forest Service that die proposcd logging and road building would resull in unaccq,18blc damage. The eovironmeulal group SoudlPAW initialed a teuer writing campaip that brougb1 hundreds of lcuers and petition signaiurcs opposing the sale. Womansong, a choral group from Asbeville, 1111g for the forest outside die Forest Service otricea. garnering media coverage for Big Ivy. In response, Bradley scaled back his logging plans for the waaenhed. He eliminal.ed four of thc five areas scheduled IO be cut and reduced the timber sale volume by 80%. The remaining sale unils are in an abandoned homcSICad, an area that is already relatively degraded. Surprisingly. the Forest Service ~ the Sugarhouse Cove portion, after which the limber sale was named, as a Rcsean::h Natur81 Area. The analysis process resulted in designations of large pans or Big Ivy as either old growth habitat or as "unsuitable for umber producoon." Bradley dampened a poccntially explosive si1ua1ton. Many cnvirorunenl31istS feel lhal the Bag Ivy wau:rsbcd should be scqucsu:rod as a biological rc.o;crve. ActivistS are divided as to whclher to nppcal the timber sale or to turn !heir aucntion to other assaults on Kaluah's biodiversity. JUSI lhree weeks lalcr, Bradley allayed coocems that his districl might llOI meet its timber wgel by issuing a decision to log another scelion of lhe Toccanc. The sice is near Seven Mile Ridge along lhe Blue Ridge Partway. 1'cdl, 1992 1-26 HEARING HEATS UP Namnl World News Service Oo Joly 21, more than a hundred area citizens packed Mars HiU Elcmenwy School to give the NC Deparuneot ol Transportation (001) officials their views oo the proposed Inu:rswe 26 segment between Mars Hill, N.C. and die Tennessee border. Although opponents of the project were in thc minority, they represented about half of those speaking. One of lhe most moving prcserualions was a slide show by Bruce Oarlt showing whole moumainsides deliberalcly logged. deooded. and gouged away on the Tennessee section of the project, which has been underway for more than a year. To dace neither of the SlalC DOTs have fully considered the impaa or the projecl beyond swe borders or oulSide the immediate project area despi lC the fact that the projecl would increase tralfx:, cause displJlcemcnt, and destroy CICCS)'Slel!IS lhroughou1 the • region. Area citizens warned lhe DOT of the pol.Clltial for erosion, runoff, and wucc disposal problems associaled with large-scale "cul and fill" operations. They said lhal the project would disturb wedands and black bear migration corridors along the way. They suggested thal DOT explofe alremative uansponation sys1CRIS like freight uains and mass transiL networts before it embarks on a COSIiy projecl that the swe and federal governments, both in debt. canno( affonl. One speaker ciled a tcuu lhal the DOT sent to Monce Cunningham ol thc WNC Alliance. The 1cucr said lhal U.S. 23 is 1101 dangerous enough to justify mating expendilurea for Ind sand trapS and other safety improvements that Cunningham suggested.. In spice or this the DOT proposes spending nearly a q11111er of a billion dollars on a four-laae projec1 tbll will have no al«y benefilS until it is completed n1111y years bc:nce. The,e and other glaring inconsislmcies ha"VC 1od many citizens to believe that the DOT is • agency that plays by no rules except ilS own. WORKING FOR ALARKA Nanni World News Service Efforts are Slill underway to pr0ICCI the Big Laurel ttact in Swain County, a piece of land also known as AJaita Laurel. The Trust for Public Lands, a foundalion dial buys land and uansfers ii to government agencies. is hoping that ii can facilitate the purchase or the trac1. Officials II the 1JUS1 say !hey want people from Nonh Carolina to decide how bes1 to use the Big Laurel lJ1ICI. The llUSI has negotiated an option to buy the land. Local rcsidenlS have used the Alarka Crcelc watcnhed for horseback riding, camping, picnicking, SCOUl outings. and hunting for generations. According to resident Carl Queen, most or the people in the area "would like 1 see it kept in the pristine 0 Sl3ce that II is in.• The 2,080 acre traet contains a spruce bog. a wetland along Alarka Crnck, and a hctbacoous bog. The red spruce forest in Big Laurel is arguably lhc soulhcmmost on lhe continenL It is unusual because 11 has no1 shown any decline, as m Olher locales. and ii appears to be expanding in10 an area lhal was previously logged. Bag Laurel is also known for populations of brook uou1, pigmy salamander, and other rare ~ies. The Natural Hen1age Program has yet 10 do a survey of lhe area. According to Dr. William McL.amey, lhe area is I crucial mign11ory corridor. It is ~ible to descend from Big L.aurel at 4,600 feet to the LiUle Tennessee Gorge, then proceed to Wesser Bald on the olhcr side, and remain under foresled cover throughout lhejoumey. Shape Notes This little curl of smoke shows where some wood was. From thick tree trunk right down to tiny twig all gave up this cycle's shape to keep those beings in the cabin warm. Now this gray smoke stains the blue sky. It floats up up. Maybe someday in a different cycle those beings in the cabin will do some singing, some shape changing for the wood. Julia Vansclow Mutat Aliquid Ergo Sum (For Dylan-September, 1989) More often, now, the fog at dawn seeps deep into the hollow; creeps up the rodcy Eastern slope with a silent hint of Fall. It settles over everything, so near and distant hills are out of focus, dreamy, and hushed. 1ne first few leaves are spinning down; the Walnut's dropped its fruit. I hardly remember Spring at all when Summer's so dose to Fall, but Winter's hazy memory sits chill on the still night air that drips and drops a sparkling sheen in the haloed morning sun. 1ne last of Summer's fullness fills cicadas, crickets, tree frogs, until late morning melts the shade, dissolves the rainbow dew The Goldfinch canary yellow is dimmed. The last of the Hummingbirds are migrants navigating South. It's a lime we know there are no words that thought can fonn in mouth to really sing the song that sings the music of change, the IIWQTtneSS of things Frank Vogel Drawing by Michael Thompson x.atilah Jownat JJQ9"- 17 �Natural World News THE FOREST PLAN IS OUT! SPECIAL REPORT The US Forest Service bas just released its proposed Draft Suppleme111 (() the Final Environmental Impact Statement (DS-FEIS) for the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan. When the original plan was released in 1987 there were four appeals of its provisions, and the Chief of the US Forest Service remanded the plan back to the region for changes, specifically those concerning questions about old-growth forest areas, clearcutting vs. uneven-aged managemen1., protection of unroaded areas, below-cost timber sales, and protection of biodiversity. The proposed amendment is controversiaJ, arousing opposition from both environmentalists and the wood products industry. Public comment will be received through December 16, after which a new plan will be developed. The draft supplement describes the amendments to the Forest Management Plan and how the various alternatives were developed, giving more details concerning the affected environment and environmental consequences. The lengthy document is the result of much work, but it falls short of addressing public concerns about the mismanagement of the public forests. In the short "Highlights" of the Plan, rhe Forest Service statements appear to offer positive solutions to environmental concerns, but further investigation of the "fine print" does not support this initial impression. Much of the discussion focuses on the allowable sale quantity (ASQ) of timber to be cut each year. The ASQ has always been a ceiling for timber cutting, with the actual timber targets falling well below that level. For instance, the present ASQ is 75 million board feet per year, but the agency actua!Jy cut onJy 55 million board feet in the past year. In the draft, the annual ASQ in the Forest Service's alternative is reduced by an impressive margin, from 75 million board feet to 45 million board feet However, subsequent statements by Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl assure industry representatives that the amount of timber actually cut wouJd not fall very much, because "45 million board feet is not that much below 55 million board feet," intimating that the ASQ is no longer going to be the ceiling, but the target for each year's annual cut (CHAGRIN IS IN) trees are left standing on the site only to be removed in a second cut 15-20 years later. The Western North Carolina Alliance, a citizens' group which has vigorously opposed clearcutting in the national forests, is bitterly disappointed by this move. Members point out that they have consistently campaigned for uneven-aged management of the forests for years. Shelterwood cuts, like clearcuts, are a form of even-aged management. which yields a stock of trees that are all of the same age. To Alliance members, the agency's change is simply a change in rhetoric. "Shelterwood is simply a rwo-stage clearcut,'' observes one member. Only a very small pan (about 12%) of the total acreage 10 be cut would be logged by single tree or group selection to produce true uneven-aged management. To lessen the problem of below-cost timber sales that has plagued the agency in past years, the Forest Service promises timber interests that they will offer more lucrative sales containing large sawtimber trees and fewer sales containing pulpwood (undesirable trees that bring a low price). These custom-tailored sales still would not turn a profit for the government; at best the Forest Service could promise only that they might break even. Figures elsewhere in the draft show that the Forest Service plans to increase the profitability of their sales by increasing environmental costs. Despite earlier assurances, only 3.3% of the national forest lands would receive additional protection from road construction and logging. Some 44,000 acres of unprotected roadless areas (called "semi-primitive, nonmotorized areas") and nearJy 45,000 acres of land inventoried as possible old-growth would be opened to logging under the preferred alternative. Instead of treating below-cost sales as a signal to improve forest management by saving old-growth and potential old-growth habitats, the Forest Service is using below-cost sales as an excuse to sell those areas off! The Wilderness Society also noted that the Forest Service showed that their interest is not in stopping below-cost timber sales by putting into the timber base over 100,000 acres of land which would not tum a profit, according to agency analyses. Much effort was made to identify and inventory old-growth stands, but the criteria for determining old-growth presence were vastly oversimplified. In the draft supplement, the mere presence of trees older than 100 years indicated old growth. And the old-growth inventory was an empty gesture; while 133,456 acres were identified as old growth, only 5% of the total forest acreage wouJd be reserved for "future old growth values." Wood products industry representatives are expressing great concern about job losses, lower profits, and potential changes in logging techniques. However, the draft supplement estimates that the preferred alternative would offer only 100 less "jobs'' (actually hourly equivalents) than the number offered in the original plan. The new draft supplement shows that the Forest Service has indeed changed and become more skillful and sopb.isticated in its management techniques - it has changed its techniques of managing numbers and manipulating language to more skillfully cover the fact that out in the forest, it's business a.s usual! • by Lee Barnes and David Wheeler Copies of the Draft Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Suuement of the Nanlahala-Pisgah Land and Resource Managt!mellt Plan can ~ st1e11 al most public libraries ill westt1r11 Nor1h CarolillO or may~ reqllt!sted by phoning (704) 257-4200. Send comments ~fore December 16. 1992 to Nantalrala!Pisgah Planning Team; Na1io110I Forests ill North Carolina; Box 2750; Asheville, NC 2 ~ .....-::::::==:::::-.___ The draft supplement proudly announces a significant reduction in the acres of national forest to be clearcut annually: from the 4,500 acres called for in the original plan to 1,500 acres, one-third of the original amount Substituted for clearcutting was the shelterwood method, which in the preferred alternative would be practiced on 2,320 acres of the forest. Under this method, part of the Xatuah Joumat p09e 18 Drawing by Timbcrly Ashe :fa{!, 19112 �INVASION OF THE CORPORATE GIANTS by Buzz Williams Like many others who have chosen to make my home in the province of Katuah, I am keenly appreciative of the incredible beauty and diversity of the native Appalachian hardwood forest. But after living here for some time, one soon becomes aware that these forests, which are the cornerstone of our ecosystem, have been severely impacted by the human presence. For me, the fulfillment of finding my "sense of place" has been tempered with a kind of sadness when I think of what we have lost. But to lament over the past is certainly not productive; nor is the popular notion that further degradation of our environment is necessary for the well-being of our species. On the contrary, recent scientific studies tell us that the maintenance of healthy ecosystems is more than simply leaving a bener place for future generations - it is the key to our future survival. We are learning that a healthy economy is dependent upon a self-sustaining environment. Aldo Leopold stated it this way: "...a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends 10 ignore, and thus evenrually to eliminate, many elements in the land commurury that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning." Leopold's extension of our concept of ethics to include the protection of all plants and animals, what be called the "third element," must now be embraced if we arc to prevent the further degradation of our forests. After devastating the Southern Appalachian forests, the big timber companies moved to the Pacific Northwest. They acquired huge tracts of territory, and the timber supply from that area was instrumental in meeting the increased lumber demands during World War II and the decades of prosperity immediately following. During those years, the US Forest Service became increasingly timber oriented. From 1950 to 1968 timber harvest volumes from our national forests increased from 5.6 to 12.8 billion board feet. Several theories have developed as to why the Forest Service has so willingly become an ally of the timber industry, but the most plausible seems to center on a process called "logrolling." The timber industry financed and helped to seat CongressionaJ legislators who won positions on strategic subcommittees which govern Forest Service activities. including budget appropriations. These lawmakers have been in office for long periods of time and have built up strong concentrations of power in the halls of Congress. Their close connections to the timber industry are not hidden. Sen. James McClure (R-ID) went straight to a seat on the board of the Boise Cascade Company upon his retirement from the Senate. The press statements of Sen. Mark Hatfield (D-OR) read almost exactly like industry statements from the corporations in his state. This year Senate Majority Leader Tom Foley (D-WA) effectively stopped consideration ofH.R. 1-"all, 1992 1969, a bill which would have outlawed clearcutting in the national forests. Power such as this has brought the l!S Forest Service into line with the policies of the timber industry. Pacific Nonhwest. Io addition, the Appalachian hardwood forests were recovering from previous over-cutting. With recently-developed technology that allowed the use of hardwood fiber for making paper products, the Southeast was once again ripe for pluckin~. Cheap land and non-union labor costs m an area closer to their markets were further inc.entives to the timber giants to move south. As early as the 1950's, Georgia Pacific Company was already buying up land in the South. In 1982 it moved its headquarters from Portland, Oregon to Atlanta, Georgia. Others followed. The Forest Trust recently reponed that since 1978, seven of the largest timber comparues in the Pacific Northwest had increased their mill capacity in the South by 121%. They are coming from other directions as well. Bowater Corporation, the largest newsprint producer in the country, announced in Marcb,1992 that it would move its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Greenville, South Carolina. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, local conservation groups arc currently fighting applications for barge permits by three chip mill companies which would produce over 1.7 million tons of green chips per year. One of the companies, Donghae, is based in Korea, and all the companies plan to expon their chips directly to the Far East (see page 13). The addition of these powerful competitors for timber in the Southeast is In 1990 the fate of the threatened spotted owl became the focal point of the battle to save the remaining 10% of the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest The timber industry screamed that protection of the owl would cost thousands of jobs, but investigative studies found that they were using the spotted owl issue as a smokescreen to cover their own activities. One study found that, even before the owl was listed, 26,000 timber-related jobs had been lost to automation in Washington and Oregon, and, further, that between 1980 and 1989 the practic.e of log exporting had cost 19,200 timber workers their jobs. Closer scrutiny of the timber industries revealed that they were making huge profits at the expense of their employees and the loggers who supplied the mills. Their long-term strategy was obvious: they had overcut their private lands, just as they had done in the Southern Appalachians, and were now liquidating their timber "assets" to produce the capital to relocate to the Southeast, which had begun to recover from earlier exploitation and was out-producing the Pacific Northwest. Acre per acre, the southeastern coastal plains were producing about 1.7 times as many board feet in a 65 year period as the Dnwing by Michael ThompsQn (continued on p,tgc 26)' Xatuah Joumat page 19 �FROM INDUSTRY TO ENDEAVOR .:Forestry is the one area where the inappropriateness ofboth large-scale technology and the slum tenn prof11 motive is most apparent. For this reason, it may be an ideal place to begin to tlUn the tide." - Robert Brothers Timber extraction as it is presently accomplished is a primary cause of ecological degradation in the Karua.h bioregional province. Given that a land-based economy in the forested mountains will depend heavily on the use of wood products, how much wood can we use and how can we use it in a beuerway? Changing the way we think about the land and our conceptions of our role in the bioregion would change our relationship to the land and the way we use the products of the land. New definitions and new values would lead to new institutions and new ways of working. The first and most basic recognition is that we are pan of the natural oommunity and that the needs of the natural community must come first Aldo Leopold, a forester who truly cared for the natural world. stated it thus: "We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." In the Katuah Province, this means first and foremost that the public lands are held as a bioregional reserve, inviolate from logging or other intensive commercial use. It must be understood that all the forestry proposals that follow are for the lands surrounding and buffering the bioregional reserve, and that the reserve proper is to be left as habitat for the native plants and animals, wild and free forever. In its proper place, a buffer zone which includes large areas of sensitively managed timberlands would be a positive ecological benefit, extending the forest cover and protecting the core habitat area from disturbance. Even outside the core reserve area we must constantly remember that "the land is a community to which we belong," and that forests are complex and heterogeneous life communities. In the upland hardwood forests in particular, industrial forestry is not an appropriate practice. We must change the model of forestry 10 one that follows a biological panern rather than a panern of mechanical_production. Forestry is not farming. It is, as the local wisdom puts it, "living off the increase" of the natural forest community. Recognizing this, !t is clear that sustainable forestry does not Sllllply refer to the number of growing trees, but concerns the integrity of lhe forest community as a whole. Continued sustainability of the forest requires that biomass be returned to the soil to maintain soil fertility and site quality. The Institute for Sustainable Forestry in Redway, CA bas defined sustainable forestry as "forestry that can safely be practiced while X.ntuQft. Jou.mat p1i9e 20 by David Wheeler ensuring that the forest's needs are met before any biomass is removed in the form of harvested trees." Silviculture would then mean, as it is supposed to, the art of caring for aforest; not "growing trees" as it is currently defined. A Southem Appalachian Sustainable Forestry Association, designed on the California model, could promote this awareness. Like its western counterpart, it could draw on a wide variety of experience to devise standards for ecologically produced lumber and other forest products. Trained and accredited logging ooottactors and foresters could be given eoological cenification for timbering practices that are both ecologically and eoonomically sound. The group would also do public education, research and development of sustainable forestry practices, restoration forestry, and research on marketing, value-adding processing, and wood product ideas. At present, the greatest hindrance to a sensitive forestry in the Karuah Province is the notion that the land is a oommodity for speculation. Rising land prices and increasing fragmentation of landholdings are discouraging private landowners from becoming involved in forestry. If the land market will not support forestry, the only solution is to remove large areas of land from the market. Non-profit farmland and forest mists allow habitation and use for land-based activities, but free the land from oppressive tax burdens and protect it from the threat of development This arrangement would offer a strong economic incentive to those who wanted land for use and enjoyment rather than for speculation. ~nother neces~ conceptual change is to revise our ooncepnon of a demand-driven market to one that is based on the ability of the forest to provide. Measures to moderate the use of wood products (not including the substitution of plastics or other synthetics for natural materials) could help to lessen the demand. Companies could also utilize the wood that is available more efficiently and more C(:Onomically by ensuring the highest value uses and creating new ways to use pieces that might otherwise be wasted. At the other end of the process, consumers could help to lower demand through the re-use and recycling of wood. "Adding value" is another key concept that could change the face of the timber business. Supplying the furniture industry seems appropriate for the bulk of the timber cut in the mountains, but the growing export market threatens to draw timber- away from the region. It would be of the greatest benefit to the regional economy to emphasize wood products rather than wood as a raw material for a faceless global market Specialty products - hand-crafted wood furniture, wood carvings, boat lumber, musical insttuments, wooden toys and gifts, etc. - offer opportunities for creative entrepreneurs and support small shops that employ only a ~w people each. individually, they seem to be inoonsequential, but studies in the Pacific Northwest are showing that the cumulative economic impact of specialty shops is substantial. Another key word that oould SJ)C1ll great changes in the region's timber trade is "cooperation." Small loggers could oombine to sell their products. They oould thus reach bener markets and sell their wood for highest value. By pooling their capital, they could be more competitive and stay better informed about market conditions. They could also cushion expensive bonding guarantees and equipment repairs. By lightening the money pressure, they could afford to do a bener job in the forest. If the cooperative owned a sawmill, they oould eliminate cheating at the scales, could pocket the increased value of their product, and could provide work hours during periods when they could not go into the woods. Such ventures would be prime targets for community eooaomic development efforts. Another approach would be to organize landowners into cooperative groups, as forest management is organiz.ed in Switzerland. Lislott Harbens, a forester of Swiss extraction, said, "I know of two or three cases where larger landowners are considering pooling their resources and employing somebody to do their work for them" The changes listed above foreshadow a wood products market that is oomprised of smaller businesses that are more decentralized and more individualiz.ed. In light of present Ta(t, 1992 �~ • L by Robert T. Perscher ~ ~ I' • • .._ r.. ,1 f I ~~ • ..._ Pioneering a New Human/Nahµ'e- Relationship ~- - ~ (Thefolwwing is uzlunjrom a report commissioned in 19')() by the New England Section of1he &>ciety ofAmerican Foresters as part of ti~ process ofdrafting anew tnis.sion stare~ntfor the group.) The ex.isling forestry doctrine focused on wood production no longer serves our profession, society, or the Earth. The profession, therefore, needs to develop a new doctrine/philosophy embracing a land ethic and philosophy of ecosystem managemen1. This approach necessitates a reassessment of the adequacy of our ex.isting scienllfic foundations. Our mission must be expanded to the widest possible cooteitt: the preservation of life on Earrh. As foresters we are charged with this mission because we have accepted the role as stewards of what is perhaps the most critical 30% of the Earth's (land) surface. Our srewardshlp responsibility includes some of the most exuberant eitpressions of nature: the trends, this seems to be the direction in which the industry needs to move in the Southern Appalachians to be mon: sustainable over the long term and more regionally responsive. These changes would be only part of a necessary ongoing social and economic shift in the n:gion. Any economy, particularly in a forested area, that is growing faster than the trees can grow is moving too fast. An economy that kills its biological suppon system with toxic chemical pollutants needs to find new methods of production. Any area in which the local species cannot find secluded habitat is overpopulated and overdeveloped. These ills are obvious when our society is compared to the forest, the self-supporting, biological model for growth in our region. A sustainable forest products trade will not be attained immediately. The transition stage is critical. We can take immediate steps toward a more sustainable forestry: 1) Invest in the growth of high-grade hardwoods. This move appears risky in terms of the present economic climate. But the present economic climate is notoriously short-sighted, and long-term trends appear to justify this investment Landowners, however, do need to be educated about the value of improving timber sites and stands, as welJ as more careful logging in order to attain a sustained yield. 2) Provide tax relief for timberlands. Land that is currently being used for agriculture or forestry should be assessed at lower rates than development propenies. "Highest use assessment," in which land is assessed according to the most expensive use to which it could be put (usually subdivisions), virtually assures that the land will be put to that use. At present rates of interest., the only method that pays in the short term is to climax ecosystems of a green and .flowering world. They tend to suppor!_greater stocks of bi?mass and harbor a grea~er number of species than any other ~logic!'1 zone. ~orests play a ~Jor role ir· planetary recycbng of Carix?n, mtrogen anc.l o~g~n. They help detenrune temperature and nuofall. They constitute the major gene reservoirs of our planet, and they are-the main sites of emergence of new species. Life on_ Earth as we know it, human or non-human, IS dependent on our forests. And we, who call ourselves foresters_. are the . protectors of the ecosystems which make this incredi~le l~gacy of ?iversit)'. (>?SSibte. Ir [that protccnon] 1s our ulumate llllSs1on and, as such, must define and embrace all that we do as professionals. To fulfill this expanded mission we must rise to the challenge of recreating our relationship with the forest. We must now establish, as nearly as possible, a direct contact with our place within nature and begin to make our forest management decisions from that place. To accept this quickly clearcut all the young trees in a stand before they have had a chance to make their full growth. In the long run, careful and ecological logging that produces a sustained yield will pay off, but the initial returns are lower as the landowner improves the site and conditions the growing stock. Long-term, low-interest government loans or a capital gains tax differential for income on timber produced by ecological methods would help to make those methods competitive with industrial forestry practices and would make timber investments more competitive with other long-term investments for private owners. 3) States need to train and certify loggers. Two states in the bioregion are taking hesitant first steps in this direction. ~~ - ,.. challenge means that each of us must refuse t.o iux:ept.the least common dcno,;ninaror the loweit level of awareness of the forest that all membc;rs of our society can agree to, for this stifles change and persona) expansion. We must be willing to move beyond th.e comfortable and generally accepted doctrine the profession still clings to and forge a new _relationship that will permeate all levels of the profession. -. To accomplish this change wemust draw on the elemental energy within each of us _th~t originally drew us to this profession. Wuhin the SOlll"Ce of this energy some of us will find a fierce compassion and a true affection for the entire forest ecosystem. These are the fundamental fotees that will now drive our profession. The old doctrines of profit, fiber production, and primary loyalty ro employers will not disappear, but will be subsumed and integrated in their rightful place within the far more expansive vision of preserving life... • Excerptedfrom the April, 1991 issue of1"4 Journal of Foresuy. th4 publicauan of the Society of American Foresters. ~ Tennessee is one of several states that has received funding through the federal eittension service to start pilot logger education programs. Two one-week instruction courses run by the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service in cooperation with other groups and government agencies will provide training in ecological principles, best management practices, forest management, and safety practices. The North Carolina Forestry Association is also considering co-sp0nsoring training workshops for loggmg contractors with the state Division of Forest Resolll"CCs. Attendees would receive certificates of training and their names would be made available to landowners inquiring about responsible loggers. 4) Forest workers must defend the forests. Said Dr. George Weaver, head of the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Tennessee, "The forest products industry, like anyone else who has a stake in a resource, has to be responsible for maintaining and perpetuating that resource." Although he was speaking in a different context, his words ring true. Foresters should be some of our strongest environmentalists. Trees are pan of the forest community (or ecosystem); it is only logical that to protect the trees, one protects the forest that produces them. In the mountains, foresters and loggers should be vigorously "protecting the resource," in particular from the dangers of atmospheric deposition and the pressures of continuing land development. Forest scientists in the piedmont areas are already concerned that atm0spheric pollution might be affecting the growth·of softwoods there, and several studies have tested that connection. Other studies have (continued on page 22) :Fa£!, 1992 :Katuah )ournat p09e 21 �{continued from page 21) documented a connection between atmospheric pollution and spruce decline in the high-elevation coniferous forests. A clear cause-and-effect connection has not been conclusively proven between atmospheric deposition and Fraser fir die-offs, oak decline, dogwood blight, butternut blight, and hemlock decline. However, there is a common suspicion that pollution is implicated in the widespread and severe forest die-back. Other ecological macro-events, such as the gypsy moth invasion, global climate change, and the orone hole, are going to affect the condition of the forest, and foresters need to feel responsibility for these issues as well. . Aldo Leop<>ld spoke of our relationship with th 7forest m terms of "love and respect." Todar It would seem incongruous for a prominent ~orester to use such tenninology. What pracncal value could notions like "love" and "respect" have in forestry? Upon reflection, however, it can be seen that these are of the utmost value. They are, in fact, the very f~undation of a forestry that is truly sansfying and truly sustainable. The First People had been living in these mountains for 2,000 years of unbroken OC<:upation when they were discovered by the w~te settlers. Eve_n though it had supponed the1r culture for millennia, the forest still stood with a grandeur that awed the whites who centuries ago had sacrificed the ' European forests as "resources." There were - intentionally - less of the native people inhabiting the mountains, but that was not the sole reason for their longevity as a people. Their culture was based on love and respect for their bioregion and the other "nations" or species that shared the land with them. They directly addressed the spirits of the other beings tllTough song. Before hunting they addressed their prey in song, and after making a kill, they performed a brief ritual and offered a song of thanks. Recently the environmental group SouthPAW caused great amusement in the timber industry because they suggested in a Forest Service timber sale appeal that singing to the trees be used as a forest management technique. The group protested that the puiyose of their proposal was, of course, sanncal. They wanted to show that, whatever loggers thought of singing to the trees, it was preferable 10 the destructiveness of clearcutting. However, the South PAW proposal, so gleefully ridiculed in timber trade publications, hits directly home. Unless we have that sense of love and respect for the forest and the trees, well communicated by singing to them as the hunters of old sang to their prey, we wiJI not be able to develop a truly sustainable way of using wood in the Southern Appalachians. The day yet may come when loggers stand before a tree and, either silently or aloud, offer thanks for its life. We will know then that we are in balance with the forest and that we are well on the way toward a long-lived human culture here in the southern mountains. ~ Rick Parrish of the Southern Environmental Law Center is investigating the possibilities for initiating a Southeastern Institute for Sustainable Forestry. All those interested in supporting this effort may contact him at 201 W. Main St. (Suite 14); Charlottesville, VA 22901 (804) 977-4090. Forest Stewardship Programs # Two new programs offi:J help 10 landowners who wish lO mana11c their Corests wisely. The Forest S1ewardship Program helps landowners to devel~ s1ewardS.hip management plans for their folCSiS. The Siewardship Incentive Program offors financial help 10 enable Jandowntrs to carry out stewardship plans. Bolh programs wc,e created by the federal Fann Bill of 1990. and are supervised by SJ.ate forcsuy ai:encics, so they vary slightly from state to siate. Federal and sta1e forestry assisl311ce 10 pi:iva1e landowners is not new. What is new abont the Foresl Stewanlship/lncentive programs is the increased emphasis on non-timber val~. the degree 10 which these programs seek IO enable private landowners to ~cvc:lop and implement c0111prehensive plans to conservu wide range of land values, and the dcgteC of commitmel)L requ~ o! landowner.: participating in I.he programs. The new programs ~led in past from the growing controversies over public Jan4 managemt111 in the US. The public lands cannot meet all of our needs for wnber, wildlife (including non-game and endangered spocics) habitat, ~igh quality water nows, recreation. and beauty. Much or~ mosl potcnliaUy productive forestJs he.Id by priv.io landowners. This land could be bcuec managed. ~stewarclsbip -progrnms arc predicated on the bcijef lhat ll\ally privalC landoW!MJ.S will take good ¥ ol their f01C$1S it'they are given educatiollll, ,echnlcal, a,'ld financial help,~ some.recognition. .Landowners owning forested l!ICtS of Oan 10 to 1,000 a~ m a y ~ in ~stcwar~ programs;tQ ~ allllldo"1'tf mukt.naati: some senous comm~: • eqdgrsing tJfc ).)'Sign the •sie~ip aieecr s t ~ i p ~ti;! pledge tO Collow lbeir .slO'l¥8[~ip plan. ~L Z) Commit co improving at lc:&9l dne ol rou I"' ,d vp categ()qi:s ( wildlife_. soi.1/wAJet: timli<:r, '.& a,e f ~ ) and ~ n Ql'Pf1'{cct (l«ber values, ~) ~ i t ;t~d land w)Lfiin the tract~ Sl~ship.1118118~t. ' 41 Actively patficipate in sLe'IYirdsblp jlr.n develQl)llleru. 5) Abide by S1ale and (edc,:al JaW$ affcttin1 for~ activities. , In exe1iangc, for IIJ¢ sicw~blp comrnitmellt, Jhe atate will~ ~wnci, il'I clcveloping a st~dship plan lbat reflCClS thcu- desires fur thcit land. The plan would bedc-vel()pCd either by g(lvemment l1)SOIJroC' mQMgers or by private consuhanis, tunded through the: Stewardsllip l1*:nlive Program. °Tht" foreSUtef,'lltdship program.,; lll'O in &licit in(ancy, and it is diJTieulr tojudge wha{ the loilg-torm lmpaet,w1II be. &tate foresters in TCMe$SCC, North Carolina, South Carol:i'na, and G ~ reportlhat 110 10 l!ID sm-warw:liip plans ha~ been ~l&ed in each of lhesc sillies, and more are bcing-prcparc(1. -Je~JontS For /'/l(Jre informacio11 on 1/te;Fote,-1 Stewardship Pro_grams1n your arta. contacr-yowr stare Jor.estry dBenq, f"n(t, 1992 �,-- -.~ ·----·· ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY FOR RENEWABLE FOREST VALUES by Leon S. Minckler First, what is forest management? Traditionally, it has meant an array of practices designed to produce the most and cheapest timber products. The Society of American Foresters describes silviculmre as the science of "growing" forests. Unfonunately, this concept is widely prevalent. However, true forest management must encompass the whole forest ecosystem, including all its biological and physical factors. Forest management also needs 10 be sensitive to the preservation of the natural rhythms of the earth and the environmental and spiritual values desired and needed by mankind. The key word for forestry should be ecology: an awareness of the interconnections of species, site, climate, soil and soil organisms, water, topography, stress factors, and biological diversity. The real "products" of the forest include commodities and non-timber environmental values. The first objective of forest management must be the sustainability of the forest ecosystem itSelf. This is known as "land ethics." It's not a new concept, but it appears to be one many in forestry profession have drifted away from. Toe land ethic means that we do not "own" the land and waters. Instead, in a very real sense they own us by making life itself possible. The adulteration of natural processes and the overuse of natural resources impinges on our basic needs and desires and gradually renders the earth unlivable. Thus, forest managers can no longer afford to separate environmental and long term economic concerns. ON THE VARIABILITY OF FORESTS Ecological forestry is composed. of the following treatmentS: weeding, thinning, improvement cutting (fSI) and final harvest or regeneration cutting. When used sensitively, these practices are compatible with land ethics and can be implemented to attain biological diversity, aesthetics, water recreation, wild.life habitat, and spiritual benefits. Most foresters make timber production the prime objective of their forest management operations. Often, these foresters are only concerned with maximizing immediate economic returns. Unfortunately, many industry and public foresters confuse short-term profits with long-term sustainable economic returns and therefore ignore environmental valoes. How much is six inches of topsoil worth? How much is two weeks of forest recreation worth? Can aspects of Jove and enjoyment in a natural landscape even be tranSlated into dollars? We have reached the point in our industrialized society where these so-called amenity valoes must be thought about by the people who manage our forests to achieve these multiple values? Well, there is no one way to manage all fo~ts. This should be f"af.t, 1992 obvious, but contemporary production forestry has taken a different path: clear-cutting or single-dimension, one-shot forestry. The relationship between a patient and a doctor is a good metaphor to illuminate the way a forester should approach the management of a forest ecosystem. We must study and evaluate the forest's vital signs - its hydrology, productivity, and climate. We must think long and hard about the forest's internal structure and how we want the forest to appear now and many years into the future. We must decide what we want the forest to provide. And, most importantly, we must carefully consider how to preserve its longevity and natural health. Forests are heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Forests are vibrant and diverse, not streamlined plantations. Forest type, climate, elevation, aspect, past history (natural and human), soil-site, age class, and ecological interconnections are just some of the variables that distinguish each forest from another. CLEARCUTTING VERSUS GROUP SELECTION "Good silviculture emulates nature, but on a different scale." The ecological truth of this statement is borne out by long experience in the woods. By the practice of managing a forest for multiple objectives. By the careful cultivation of the environmental and commodity values of the ecosystem. My experience is mainly with the management of central, southern, and Appalachian mixed hardwood forests and I will focos on them; however, these same principles apply everywhere. Western and southern conifers, and pioneer species like aspen, poplar, and mid-west northern pines, have different ecological characteristics. They each have different ecological requirements and different responses to disturbance. Therefore, our silvicultural treatments must be individually tailored. Simply put, clearcutting does not emulate nature in the mixed hardwoods. These forests are naturally uneven-aged and highly diversified. They contain a wide range of species, age and size classes. They grow in a variety of site conditions. Group selection, however, imitates natural mortality and windthrow. Oearcutting advocates argue that clearcuts replicate wildfire bum patches. This statement is questionable in the arid West and almost irrelevant in the humid East where large, high-intensity forest fires rarely occur. More problematic is the fact that the nature and species composition of completely clearcut stands cannot be accurately predicted. On some sites pioneer species may regenerate. On other sites regeneration may be dominated by coppice sprouting from the root systems of the harvested trees. Still other sites may be entirely covered by maple or tulip poplar seedlings spread by the wind from a single source tree. In the end, however, clearcutting means conversion. It means that the species composition of the regenerated stand will be greatly altered by the end of the next rotation. It means the stand's native diversity and internal structure will be simplified and streamlined. While clearcutting may seem to be the cheap way to go, its long-term costs are excessively high. In order to control composition and growth, clearcut stands most be entered several times. Investments must be made for intensive forestry, fire protection, and intermediate cuttings. Moreover, the end product of clearcutting is a homogeneous forest with few large, high-quality trees. In the East, the Forest Service, and some other land managers, seem to be moving away from large clearcuts toward smaller patch cuts where two to five acres are harvested. Some may call this "group Drawing by Pegi (continued on next page) Xatuah Journat ~ 23 �(continued from page 23) selection," but in reality patch cutting is just a variation of clearcutting. Control is by area and the sites are cut without regard to tree size, species, or stand condition. This is an entirely artificial technique with no basis in ecological concepts. Wide-spread application of patch cutting will result in very peculiar forests. THE PRACTICE OF GROUP SELECTION Group selection is based on the same general concepts as single-tree selection. However, group selection is always combined with stand improvement cuts and efforts are consciously made to make small openings for new regeneration. The key word for the practice of group selection is flexibility. In preparation for group selection management. an inventory of the stand is made and trees are classified as growing stock, financially mature, low quality, undesirable species, high risk, unmerchantable culls, and wildlife trees. The growing stock (rotation potential) trees, from saplings to immature sawtimber and special wildlife trees, are left behind to grow. The others are cut or killed. Foresters base the size and spacing of the harvest opening on the condition of the forest. not mechanical, pre-determined patches of area. In general, shade tolerance, the ability to reproduce in the limited sunlight of the understory, is greater for northern hardwoods: American beech; birch; maple; and hemlock. Appalachian and central hardwood species (oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, ash, and cherry) exhibit an intermediate level of shade tolerance. Often they require more sunlight for successful regeneration than the northern species, but they will regenerate and grow vigorously in openings that are at least as wide as the height of the swrounding residual trees. Larger openings, one and a half to two times the size of the surrounding trees, produces better early growth. It is better to make detenninations of the opening widths based on the heights of swrounding trees, rather than arbitrary acreages, because it provides a more accurate means of measuring how much light is received and how large an opening will be required for adequate regeneration. The novel structure and ecological character of eastern mixed hardwoods makes it easy to create openings in one or two cutting cycles that favor the regeneration of native, site-adapted species. After harvest the whole forest, including the regenerated areas, is then subject to intermediate treatments, such as weeding, release, thinning and stand improvement, for example, scarification of openings on good sites by tractors can result in abundant yellow-poplar regeneration if seed sources are or have been present THE KASKASKIA EXAMPLE In my experience as a research forester on the Kaskaskia Experiment Forest, in southern Illinois' Shawnee National Forest, the worst of the forest's thirty-eight compartment's was a twenty-one acre tract of "poor farm woodland." It was a central hardwood forest with a history of two or three partial cuttings-- mostly what we now call "high grading" with no stand improvement If this stand had been clearcut in 1952 it would have yielded 3048 board feet of sawtimber per acre. However, instead of clearcutting this tract, as many contemporary production foresters no doubt would recommend, we chose to apply a series of ecological group selection and improvement cuttings. Drawing by Michael Thompson In 1952 and 1959, group selection volume cutting on the tract yielded a total of 1762 board feet per acre and killed sixty-seven cull trees (five inches in diameter breast height and larger) per acre. By I967, the forest- now a diverse mix of oaks, hickory and yellow-poplar-was a fully stocked stand of good growing poles and small sawtimber. Fifteen yea.rs after the first intensive group selection and stand improvement treatments, this poor farm woodland tract contained 3167 board feet of sawtimber and fifty-nine good growing stock pole trees five to ten inches in diameter per acre. Obviously, the role of in-growth was very imponant I returned to this stand in 1988 to find a beautiful forest of mixed hardwoods. Diversity was high and quality was unusually good because the poor trees had been eliminated. The differences between a silvacultural clearcut and the intensive group selection from the original stand are easy to calculate. Clearcutting would have yielded a total of 3048 board feet per acre and would have had no market for the many five inch to ten inch diameter poles trees cut Intensive group selection, on the other hand, yielded 1762 board feet ofsawtimber per acre harvested in 1952 and 1959 and left behind by 1967 a volume of3167 board feet of sawtimber per acre. The total volume for the fifteen year group selection was 4929 board feet per acre (1881 board feet more than the cleaicut would have produced), plus many healthy saplings, and living and dead wildlife trees. After forty years, the differences between the two alternative treatments in terms of non-timber environmental values would be astonishing. The group selection cut stand will provide a tall canopied, diverse forest, while the clearcut will be covered by twenty-five to thirty foot tall saplings and poles. The group selection stand will be managed as an uneven-aged forest with volume and diameter distribution controls, while the clearcut will be managed as even-aged stand with area controls. In the long run, clearcutting mixed hardwood forest ecosystems seldom can be justified for amenity, environmental, or timber values. Let me emphasize again that different forest ecosystems should not be treated in exactly the same manner. But foresters must make a choice. They can follow ecological laws and care for the creation or they can disrupt the ecological trends of the forest ecosystem for quick profits and ease of operation. The best regional example of this type ofcareful forestry is Walton and Dee Smith's Waldee Forest in Macon County, NC (see report in Katuah Journal #9). Leon S. Minc/cler is a consultant in tnvironmental fortstry from Blaclc.sburg, Virginia. Dr. Minckler spent 33 years with the Forest Service at four eastern Forest Expuimtm Stations doing research in the silvicuiture and ecology of hardwoods. ExcerptedfromForest Watch magazine. Nov.-Dec., 1990. Forest Watch is published by Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants (CHEC): 3758 SE Milwaukie; f'ortland, OR 97202. I 1 1'"a££, 1992 �DearKatuah, I was musing the other day on the fact that billions of people refuse to see that we're all one big group, and the verse ~mposed itself which, in tum brought to Ol.l.Od the inte~ined lines which should represent our goal of coming together, of a common mind, to begin to heal Ela, Mother Earth. I'm an incurable optimist- it will happen, sooner or later, when enough caring people wakeup. Keep on the path, Jeffery R. Zachary DRUMMI NG What the Big Trees Say Come. Don't be afraid. We were once small and skittish too. Now we have lived so long, stretched our arms so high, loved intensely our own piece of land, loved it so much that we stay fiercely, intimately attached to it, never leaving. Fidelity is an important value in our community. Stay true to your lovers, the sky, the sun, the Earth. We watch over the young things, bearing our leaves, giving them time to grow before we sprout our spring. We don't let young things grow too fast - we shade them from the sun after a while. We know that growth, the best kind of growth happens slowly. We grow just the way you do our hearts expand year after year as our trunks get wider. That's the real growth, you know. Our roots mix more with the Earth while our tops stretch more toward the sun. We span and measure the distance between the sun and the Earth, between the darkness and the light. The gift we bring you is the gift of growing beyond youth, the gift of being in one place so long that your heart spreads wisdom wide, each_ year encircling more and more. We bnng maturity, a sense of deep belonging to an environment. We bring the courage to stand strong and alone as individuals, yet work together with the other plants, animals, rocks, soils and trees in our community. We can teach you how not to become stunted jn your growth, how to seek out the light places where the sun lets you grow. When you cut us down you remove that wisdom we hold for you: Maturity, Depth, Growth, a Widening Heart. Susan Klimczak Dear Katuah, Only just recently have I ~me aware of your flourishing ex_istence - picked you up on a table at the Tunle Island Bioregional Congress V near Hunt, Tens - didn't meet the folks who brought you there. Then a few days lacer I met one Billy of the Billys (of "Billy Home and Gardens, Ashevi~e") - but just briefly. Issue #34 was a hum~ger sustainable agriculture is a hot topic on my personal agenda. Articles by Bane, Hollis, Barnes, et al really cut to the core of the matter. I'm excited to imagine how much more material you have coverd with a similar depth of understanding and presentation. I want to take you up on your offer of back issues - find check enclosed. I'd like to bob with the ripples you're sending across the pond. Truly, Hal Strickland Johnson City, TX Drawing by Jeff Zachary ran:. 1992 Dear Katitalt, Is prescribed burning really best for our forests? I question this. What is the real answer? Sam Booher • Is prescribed burning best for our forests? That is still very much an open question. A careful reading of Karuah Jour_ nal #33 will reveal that it appears that the species composition of today's forest has been influenced by excessive human-caused ~s. particularly in the wake of the greatloggmg boom. For species such as Table Mountain pine, that is not such an i?'1pon~t . consideration. One of their specific ecological functions is to recolonize areas burned by fire. But how about oak trees? There is . accwnulating evidence that their presence 1s somehow linked 10, or at least encouraged by, fire. If fire were removed completely, ii might inhibit the presence of oaks considerably. Since the loss of the chestnut, oaks are a critical mast producer; many (continued on next pagcl �}ccrlllnl*I fmm pea• 1S) wildlife species, including black bears, depend heavily on acorns for their livelihood. Until the chestnut returns. we need to mainmin the oak trccS, and it might require fire to do it This is just one prominent example among many. So, while we all lOYC the feel of deep humus developed under a long-standiJ?g grove of old-growth trccS, we cannot issue a blanket condemnation of fire and its role in the forest. Naturally derived or not, the forest may have come to depend somewhat on fire. We may have to utili2.c fire 1 make a . 0 ttansition to a more narural system. It 1 also s possible that we will have to maintain it indefinitely. . What is narural? A provocanve question. There probably is no final answer. READING RESOURCES LOGGING Books raw stumps jut up through layers of autumn, ! Bwuon, Barry, and Malinda Cruu:htidd, eds.; The Great Fou st: An AppalachiDII Story (The Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1985) whole~han$ in potential falling throufl' live limbs sttairung to break, board-length ttunks cut clean of appendages lie in parallel murder wounds Japing from chain teeth Clary, David; Timber and the Forest Service (Univeisity Press or KllrlsM, Lawrence, 1986) de Steigucr, J.E.; L.W. Hayden; D.L. Holley, Jr.; W.G. Luppold; W.G. Manin; D.H. Newman; and R.M. Shelfield; Southern AppalacNOII Tunbtr Sru.dy, (US Forest Service, Soulheasicm Forcs1Expcrimcn1 Station, General Technical Report SE-56) Susan Parker Weatherford -OW Eller, Ronald. D.; Miners, Mil/hands, and I THINK OF THOSE Mountai~ers: /ndu.srriallzation of the Appalachian Souih, 1880-1930 (University or Dear Karuah, Hello and Thanks! Please keep me on I think of those who have lost the luck your mailing list. I read both issues from They will never sec again, cover to cover. I am in the process of How the hours dwindle down to so much dust simplifying my life. I wan_t to.live i!' hru:mony And the evenings arc stow and labored with nature and your pubhcanon will bring Like a dying man's breathing, me much needed information along with a How the morning comes tacking promise sense of connectedness with others of like With sunshine hidden behind clouds. mind. l lhink of those who have tried to break The life-long spell of neglect; Thank you, I think of the conquered, Blessing and Light The ones who sought the prize and were lert, . MacClarlc Solitary performers, reciting thei r lines to an audience of air. .. Tennessee Press; Knoxville: 1982) Fri12, Edwo,d C.; Clearcutting . A Crime Against Nature (Eakin Press, Austtn, 1989) I Hllrris, Larry 0.: Tht Fragmented Forest: ls/Md Biogeography and the Preserwmon of Biotic Diversiry (Universi1y or Chicago Press: Chicago: 1984) Jackson. Laura E.; Mo11111au1 Treasures at Risk. The Fuiure ef the Southern Appalachian National Forests (The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC, 1989) ' Leopold, Aldo; A Sand CounJy Almanac (Od ord University Press; Cambridge: 1949) (continued &om peg• 19) causing political and economic friction . ~ nee again, as in the Pacific Northwest, the big companies are victimizing the small operations which are more dependent on the national forests and are caught in the squeeze between greater competition for timber and a growing concern for sustainable forest management As they did bef~ the large~ companies are employmg scare tactJcs by lhrearening massive job reductions and making accusations that conservation groups are advocating socialist control of privllC lands. Their aim is to use these claims to detraet from the true issue: that new scientific evidence is showing that current forest management of both public and priva1e lands is not sustainable and lb.at swiu:hing to a more natural form of management. such as selection silvicuhure, would create new jobs for smaller companies while at the same time protecting our native ccosysaems. Fonwwely, we in the Southeast have an advantage against cuporatc effons to divide our people. For ~ l e , in T ~ an alliance rl 40 hardwood timber comparues has organized to fight the chip mills. Indications are that the communities are realizing that if we are to ldcqualely proccct our forests we must accomplish tw0 things: we must embrace a new land ethic, and we must support our neighbors in the timber business who along with the environment have been the real p= ~JoumaL palJB28 victims of bad management policy. We must push f~r posi~ve incentive~ for our local industnes until they can adJust to a form of forest management more compatible with our environment I Minckler, Leon S.: WoodlaNI Ecology: Envirorrmtlll4I Forestry for the Small l.aNwwnu. (Syracuse University Press; Syracuse; 1975) Perlin, John; A Foru t Jouniq: TM Role ef Wood in In conclusion, we must listen to the words of Leopold, who once said, "~n ethical obligation on the pan of the pnvate land owner is the only visible remedy for these situations." Stated another way, the key to good forest management, w ~ it be~ ~blic or private land, will ulbmalCly be individual involvement The evidence of past abuse and the conclusions drawn from recent scientific research combine to support the case for a revision of policy based on a shift in values. We must change our priorities from a focus on short term commodity output to an emphasis on sustainable commun~ : The remedies we use to correct these policies must include choosing the wisest I ~. treating our land with respect, and abstaining from oven:onsumpcion. The choioe is a matter of ethics. Buzz Williams was formerly employed as afortst technician/or the US Forut Service but lost his job wlten lte protested excessive timber salu. He is now working as rite Southeastern Program Director efthe Association of Forest Service Employees f or Eff'llironmelllDl Ethics (AFSEEE). , tht Dtvtlopment ofCivilizalion (Nonon: 1989) Robinson, Gonion: T/te Forest a1ld tht Trtts: .4 Gllidt to Excellent Forestry (lsland Press; 1988) Schenck. Cart A.: TIie Birtli ef Forutry ilt "1Mrica · TIie Biltmore Forut School 1898-1913 (The ; Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1974) Sloane, Eric; .4 Rtvtmice f or Wood (Henry Hoh & Co., l990edilion) Te,cll, Hugh and Bedlel Jr. High School Eighth GradeClals. SoNJ1110:ValleyofthtMoon: • Sut&btust (historical interviews with former woatas • the Sunburst Lumber Co., 1978) Articles Brothers. Robert; "Respectful Forestty," in In Con/Ul, Winter, 1984 ·ean Foresras Romance a Land Elbie?". theme of April, 1991 issueoClheJollTMl efForestry. L...-------------Falt, 1992 �THE CHAIR IN THE TREE There is a special advantage to working with green wood in doing joinery, the assembling of the chair. I use mortise and tenon joints. The mortise is simply a hole partway through the vertical post and the tenon is a tongue on the horizontal rung that fits into the hole. I put the rungs into a small 1ciln for a couple of days to get them bone dry befOl'C I make the tenons. To form the tenons, I have a cutter that works on my brace. The ten0n cutter is matched to my drill size to give an extremely close tolerance. It forms a tenon that is oversiud by about 1/U)() of an inch. I make the mortises while the post is still green. Green wood shrinks as it dries, so after the pieces are joined the mortises dry around the tenons and lock them into place. That makes a tighter joint than anything that can be done with kiln dried lumber. Assembling the chair can be tense, but it is satisfying. I use a rawhide mallet ro . 1moclc the pieces into place. It's a fine feeling to watch all those pans that I made laboriously one by one come together to become a whole chair. I protect the finished chair frame with a few coats of tung oil. I like the natural colors of the different woods, so I don't use any stains. The chairs darlcen slowly and evenly as they age. by Tucker Windover I live now in Madison County and I have been working wood for nearly two years. For me, interest and somc~s inspiration come from the wc:><x! 1~lf - from walking in the woods, from sphnmg firewood. or from seeing a fine table or cabineL Different woods have their own smells and textures. When you become curious about wood, and begin woodworking with a ttcc, you can never be sure exactly what you are getting into. Any piece of wood could contain hidden knots, a twisted grain, or a beautiful curly figure. There is wide variety, even within the same species, so you can't know what to ex~. The cha.irmaking process stanS with finding wood in the fo_rcsL ~u~ting wood reminds me of fly-fishing - n gives me an excuse to be out in the woods. I find myself wandering around looking for tn:CS, or sometimes just wandering around. I remember those moments as I go through the process of buil~g ~ chair. -ro ~p that connection in mind 1 very sansfying. s Like any logger, I am usually looking for trees more than 14 inches in diameter. I search for oak and hick<X')'. Occasionally I have found ash in this area, but I have never used iL Black walnut is always a nice possibility, if you can luck into iL I don't saw the logs into boards. Instead, I split the log into four even sections or qlWterS with wedges and a sledge hammer. Every time I open up a log, I feel anticipation as I drive in one wedge after another until it spliu apart. Ideally tl';C log. splits into two perfect halves. Sometimes n snaps open with a sharp "crack!," and.the two halves roll apan as ncally as opemng a book. Sometimes I fight and tear and cuss and finally have to haul out the axe to get the stubborn log to spliL So~ are hopes and disaPt>Ointments. I never know what experiences lie inside a given ~. and I n~ know bow many chairs a log will make until all the pans are shaved down to their final sizes. Finding good chair legs and rungs in a log is tricky business. To get my "rough stock" (wood which is roughly the siz.e of my finished chair pans), I split the quarters by a process called "riving," which is carefully CO!'trolled splitting. Trees such as oak, hickory, and ash arc called "ring porous woods" aDC;1 are the easiest to split this way, due to their pattern of annual growth. Their spring and early . summer growth consists of large-por:ed. airy cells. while their late season growth 1s dense. The ttcc thus becomes a wrapping of well-defined strong and weak layers. Splitting along these layers is controllable and reasonably predictable. I ming this rough stoelc to the shaving horse - a low bench with a jaw that grasps the wood just below the c~ lev_l of someone c sining on the horse. The Jaw is opened and closed with a foot treadle. With the stoelc held Falt, 1992 steady in the jaw, I carefully shape out the chair pans with a drawlcnife and a spokeshave. A spokeshave is a small to0l that has a mounted blade with a handle on either side. It is designed especially for working rounded surfaces. lt was first used to make wagon wheels - hence its name. I work the wood while it is still greeg. Wood is much softer when it is green and thus men suitable for working with hand tools. I measure and mule my pieces. but I also have to rely on my hands and my eyes. To get a really fine finish on my chairs. I use a finely tuned spokeshave. Sandpaper abrades wood. To get a clean finished surf~ on wood most chainnakas use a lcecn-cutbng hand plane or spokeshave. A good spokeshave can cut a shaving that is thinner than tissue paper. It is simple in design. but it is a remmbblc IDOL Wood shaved by hand has a texture which 1alhcd wood lacks. It sometimes rcuins curves or pccutiarim that are reminiscent of the ttcc's original growth. There might be a tiulc knot, a little bit of twist, or a wormhole. Different woods feel different in your hands when you arc working th~ They give differently under the drawknife. Some are troublesome and can be a challenge ro shave down to a clean surface. Red oak can be very coarse, while hickory shavings tend to be more even and smooth. You can 1eam to recognize green woods by their smell as well as by their feel. Walnut is a favorite wood of mine. It has a wonderful smell It's greaa to have a ~e of walnut shavings in the shop. Red oak lS sometimes called "piss-oak" because of its smell. But it never bodlcn me. I like bow wood smells. Hickory bark is my favorite ma1eria1 for making chair seats. The bark must be harvested in the spring or early summer. At that time of year, when ~ is rapid growth and lots of moisture in the tree, the bark is tender and easy to wark. I choose a sapling (CClllliaad cm Mlll pap) �~continued rrom page 27) make any sense. I recently saw a videotape of an old man from Switzerland, a cooper. He was obviously a master craftsperson. Although he had great dexterity and technical expenise, what impressed me the most was how completely this man was absorbed in his work. While he was working in his shop, he was in his place. This clement of crafunanship - this combination of composure and concentration - is what work is about. If that element of lhe craft is lacking, lhen our labor is incomplete. Fine craftsmanship requires complete attention. But to achieve lhis level of attention, a woodworker needs to understand - to see and to experience - the whole process of lhe object he has wrought, from the forest to the finished piece. There are times when I feel at home with my work. Of course, some days it just feels like hard work. But there are other days when it is sweet, so sweet, to listen to and shave off the outer bark, exposing the inner bark, which is quite pretty. I score lines one inch apan the length of the tree with a jackknife, and peel off the inner bark one strip at a time. I use this inner bark to weave the chair seat. Any woodworker learns quickly that in order to make a living, the hand tool must be dropped at some point and the electric powered tool needs to be used. The process of building a single chair is simply too labor intensive. For myself, however, I am not sure how to define the line where handwork drops off and machine work begins. Machines make production many times easier and faster; but what good is there in having so many cheap mass-produced objects? The real concern is: to what extent have machine tools improved crafrsmo.nship? Here, we need to understand what craftsmanship really is, which is hard to do because there are so few craftspeople around any more. To find someone who can take clay or glass or wool and turn it into something that is beautiful and functional as well, that is a truly wonderful thing. Machines have not made better craftspeople; they have eliminated them, which does not sh,viog, ,,.., off <he woode/ ~ Drawing by Hope Walker Plwto by Elmu Holl "The area's oldest and latgcst natural foodsgroo?fY " c.o"'°'illG- •oo~ Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies CA.~~s ,ao &6~ aaoc,. C"-\\~~lt,N.C. 2.1-,,r Ill l)•llc,c234 -NC287J9 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 ~)6934>l35 speaking f2.r..the earth. whole earth grocery dclcr of Big Cove 1pealu of tndiliom and 1inp the Booger Dance, Crcco Coro Dance and ' ·, .·. '\ I r1 .. NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT PREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Rd. Boone. NC 28607 Xotilah Jou.mat page 28 ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVlNG 446 e.parkway aaft center • suite 11 gatlinburg, tennessee 37738 615-436-6967 ~ 14,\ othen with drum and rattk. WHERE THE RAVENS ROOS1 .:.: f'ril (704) 264-5220 Cherokee traditional tongs of Walker Calhoun Sn£Cnsx> AS Ml OOl"STAl,'l)fl,IQ RlUt R£coaDrNQ 8Y THE UIIMltT 0/F• Talking Leaves is a moothly journal of deep ecology, inspired penoual activism rooted in wthm spirituality. Past issues have featured articles by Gary Snyder, Swbawk, Jobo Seed, Joanoa Macy, Bill Devall, Looe Wolf Circles. Barbara Mor, etc. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a speus for the oannl world and for the rekindlioa of our own wild spirit COH(IJIBSS CMmn AND IIOOICLIT S 12 Moul<TAIN HDITA<lt CDrn:ll WIS"lnN CAllOLIN,\ UNTVtUlTY Cuu.ow8i:!, NC 28723 Subscriptions arc $18.00 one year/ SZA.00 outside U.S. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a 1430 Willamette 1'361 Eu,-, OR 97401 503/342-2974 Taft, 199rz �Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher These are some of my observations on how to study trees in a grove with an eye to recognizing che invisible forces at work. In order co find a grove, the first thing you have to do is gee off the main trail. Hiking trails are almost always arbitrary cues that slice across the forest. Exceptions to this are the Indian trails which were the original animal runs or bison trails. Trees do eventually accommodate the presence of the artificial trails, but this is a process that can take several generations of human lifetimes. To get to a grove, I recommend walking barefoot to minimii.e the impact on the forest floor and also to stimulate one's sensual awareness by immediate, direct contact with the earth. Finding a magic grove is something like searching for morel mushrooms. It requires quiet observation, stealth, and perseverance. The object is to find a grove where the trees have no particular relationship with humans but are primarily connected in a group with each other. A grove is defined by specific physical boundaries which may be water, rock formations, or an abrupt change in vegetati9n. The shape of a grove is usually circular. I can most easily recognize a grove if I am looking for a nature spirit home or settlement. To some there may be a question of whether the nature spirits created a grove in a particular way to accommodate themselves or whether a certain panem of tree growth attracted the nature spirits. I think it is co-creation of both the trees and the spirits or of the visible and the invisible. I do recognize a grove as having specific character which changes even a few feet away. A grove supports more variety of life than the trees immediately outside the grove. lfl want to understand the relationships of trees to each other in a grove, I need to stay very quiet and observe as a detached outsider. The tree itself is an interface of superimposed spatial realities. There is energy at every level of the tree, from the deepest taproot all the way up the trunk into the canopy and above the crown. These energies can be felt, or seen as color and/or shape. Those who can see nature spirits describe this creative energy as a variety of spirits which live on one tree. (I am thirucing particularly of Geoffrey Hodson who watched nature spirits change shape and size as they fluidly dissolved in and out of the solid mass of the tree.) Auras of trees blend with each other. Mature trees have expansive auras which bathe nearby younger trees in their light. l believe this is a generational nourishing and teaching process in which the older trees influence the younger trees. Like people, trees can take on a predominate level of energy which can be defined as chakra level or specific role playing. Native Americans referred to trees as the Standing Men because, like us, trees ThC£, 1992 stand upright between heaven and earth. A grove is a family group of separate beings that at the same time creates the one Standing Man represented by all the trees playing different pans to make the whole. What I call the grounded tree is analogous to the grandmother or grandfather and may be the oldest, largest tree. Much like the function of the feet of humiµ1s, this tree is particularly adept at bringing earth energy up through the roots and trunk and making this earth nourishment available to the plant life in the immediate vicinity. It helps in the nourishing process as does the binhing tree, the mother tree. The seeds from the mother tree are particularly potent. There may be more nature spirit activity around these trees, especially of the kind of nature spirit interested in seed saving and propagation. The mother tree supports an abundance of life of every kind. Birds and forest animals are attracted to the mother tree. Moss and growth of all kinds will be abundant on the trunk. The boughs of the tree may extend to neighboring trees in a nesting kind of way. Unusually lush patches of wildflowers or many sapling trees will grow close to the mother tree. The beauty tree is particularly graceful in form and is a joy and inspiration to all the other trees. The speaker rree is the communicator and the mediator. It understands the language of many life forms and relays information. Of all the trees in the grove the speaker tree is the one most likely to speak to humans. If one spends a long enough time under a speaker tree, the tree will begin to influence one's thoughts. It has listened to the stories of woodland animals and migrating birds. It knows about the health of its species and about trees in other parts of the world. The spire tree is the tree in the grove most resp~>nsible for bringu'!g in the cosmic energies. It is usually the talfest tree. It has the most far-reaching view. It helps open up the species or the grove itself into inter-dimensional reality. The reaching bough trees are the good neighbors, the loving trees. They intertwine their limbs with nearby trees and twist their trunks toward their neighbors. They extend the wannth and comfon of their being to the other trees. Not every grove will contain all these types of trees. This is only an indication of the outward form of what I think is an awareness of trees for each other. Young trees do not have enough character to have assumed importance in the relationships of the grove. But if a mature tree is destroyed, then a younger tree, even an understory tree, can be groomed by the nature spirits to replace the old tree. If this happens, the characteristic traits of the mature tree will begin to manifest in the smaller, chosen tree, which may be of a different species. I·know of one grove in which several prominent "trees" are actually old-growth ,,# rhododendron. p Drawing by Pegi �The North Carolina American Chestnut Foundation If the American Chestnut tree is to once again compliment the mountains of the Katuah bioregion, your help will be needed. This is not a hybrid tree. Planted here on a half-acre of land are some forty-seven true American chestnut seedlings. But they cannot grow on such a limited piece of land. They need many acres on which to spread their magnificence; where both human and animal can enjoy their fruits. This is a hypovirulent strain, and therefore blight-resistant. Such trees usually survive attack by the fungus Endotlua parasirica. These seedlings have come from old trees that have resisted the virus. By constant checking and proper nunuring, we may re-establish this tree in our moutains. Will you help? These seedlings must be transplanted into their permanent home no later than February or March of 1993. They are three year old seedlings. and doing just fine now, but they will need land to mature on. Money (for more trees and help in bringing them to maturity) is needed and so is a great deal of acreage. The more land available, the more of these special trees can be grown, and the more the land and wildlife will gain. Are there old farms no longer being fanned for whatever reason? ls their acreage unused? Are there landowners who have no children to leave their land to, who would rather see it go to something beneficial to the Earth and the many animals for whom the chestnut was a staple food? Would you be interested in supporting the chestnut rather than have your land go to the State where, too often, wealth or political power, permit clear-cutting and destruction instead of caring? This work is not for profit. Do you remember as a child the beauty of the tree, and the unmatchable flavor of chestnuts cooked in an iron skillet over an open fire? That beauty and the joy of chestnuts can be shared with today's young people, and tomorrow's. We must have a deep and abiding faith that God will touch the hearts of those who can help this effort to allow these trees their full potential. If you want to help and be a part of this worthwhile goal, generations to come will be forever grateful. Dorothy Diclcson The North Carolina Amtrican Chestnut Foundation l l ] Awumn lane llarri.sonburg, NC 28075 (The North Carolina Amtrican ChestnUJ Foundation is not offiliattd in any woy wirh the American Chestnut FoundallOn.) RARE SPEOES NEED HELP! The Biodiversity Legal Foundation (BLF) is calling on grassroots environmenral activists with a strong biological interest and legal orientation to develop comprehensive reviews of the biological status and distribution of inadequately protected rare and endangered species in the East. Information cpllected in these status reviews will be used to develop and implement effective administrative, legal, and public education programs on behalf of the species or subspecies. These are all species that the Biodiversity Legal Foundation considers to be biologically threatened or endangered. but that have not been added to the official list of federally protected species under the Endangered Species Act Species of special concern requiring priority status reviews in the Appalachian states include: Brachymenium andersonii Cy/indrocolea andersoni Psoralea macroplcylla (scurf-pea) Solidago plumosa lesquerella perf orata (Spring Creek bladder pod) Lesquerella sronensis (Stones River bladder pod) The Biodiversity Legal Foundation conducts biological research to identify species that are in need of protection under the Endangered Species Act and provide the necessary documentation to press petitions before the US Fish and Wildlife Service for endangered species status. BLF staff will cooperate in the development of conservation and recovery plans for petitioned and listed specie:s or will develop legal actions to compel federal and state agencies to comply with the laws intended to protect natural diversity, as is appropriate. Contact: The Biodivusiry ugal Foundation Boz 18327 Boulder, CO 80308 ~vl-~,~-,~ w -~ V' Alternatives ... The Dirt1ctnry of lntt-ntional ConfJ,wnlllt!. is lhe prod· < uct of two years of intensive research. and is lhe most comprehensive and accurate di.rectory available. It documcnis lhe vision and lhc daily ltfc of more lhan 350 communities in North America, aud more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address. phone. and a dcsc,ip•Jon of lhc group. Extensive cross-rcfcrcnr,ni; and mil'-• ing makes lhe infonnation easy to access for., wide vancty of users. Includes maps, over 250 atldit.ional kesourcc listings, and 40 rclared articles. Programs to encourage self ond Earth oworeness. celeblolion. kinship ond hope. Covi~ffiN'i·1·11·~~ Perfcctbouud • Youth Camps • School Programs • Famlly Camps· Te&cher Tra,n,ng • Community Program• • Camp Slaff Training • Outdoot Program Consulting Octobu I990 ISBN Number: 0 9602714-1-4 .~°P P.O. Box 1306 Gon.,burg. Temessee 3n33 6 15--436-6203 328 pages 11-1/hll ~ • •L ~: w t $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & handling ror first book. $.50 for each aJdt1ionJl; 4u% <l rM:ount on orders of 111 w more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (509)~5102 REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNO/II· FM P.O. Box 804 Spindolc, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 ,=-on, l 992 �TRANSFORM Transportation in NC The Four Directions: Native Literary Magazine The Snowbird Publishing Company of TelJico Plains, TN is owned by Native American Indians and publishes works by native people. Now !he company is offering The Four Directions American Indian literary Quarterly. The magazine will make available the poetry, short stories, anicles, historic narratives, and artwork of the native peoples. Tt will also fearure commentary on issues facing the native tribes today: education, health, women's issues, thefts of native artifacts ("professional" as well as "amateur), and environmental issues. The first two issues of The Four Directions Literary Quarterly are now on sale. Snowbird Publishing Company is owned by Joanna and William Meyer of Tellico Plains. Joanna is Cherokee/Navajo; William is Cherokee/Creek. Between them, the two have much experience in writing, editing, and publishing, as well as working in native communities on issues of concern to the native people. William has been assistant editor and reporter for the American Indian Historical Society and its newspaper Wassaja. He was also editor of publications for fndigena, Inc., an international organi7.ation of native peoples based in Berkeley, CA. With Burke Armstrong, he co-founded American Indian News Team, the first national Indian news agency. TM Four Directions A=rican Indian literary Quarterly is available for $21.00 for four issues from Snowbird Publishing company; Box 729; Tellico plains, TN 37385. CaU (615) 546-7001. POWER TO THE PESSIMISTS! "What's happ'nin'?" Here's how to find out - what's cool and what's not, what's drab and what's hot. lt's Power 10 the Pessimists, a rare glimpse into the mind of (some ot) today's young people, freely offered by the students themselves. The mystery publisher of P llJ the P is identified only as Monrovia, thought to be a student at the Mountain Heritage High School in Burnsville, NC. The stapled newsletter is all '90's - xerographies, paper gra.fitti, poems, personal (very!) statements, random decorative art pieces (doodles), and lots of tenth grade wit and wisdom This paper even has "sensitive boy poets!" - and you thought they were dead! Young people will want to check out Power to the Pessimists as valuable communication. Older people will relish,the perspective it offers on the world as the coming generation sees it. (So, obviously, it's a publication for everyone.) Entertaining and insightful, P co the P is.. .is.. Js... fresh! And definitely worth picking up on. Contacl Power 10 IM Pessimists al: 1890 Hannah Branch Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714 (IL's only $5.00 for one year - bu1 !hey deserve better lhan lhaL) Spurred by a recent series of articles published in the North Carolina Independent, a group of North Carolina citizens gathered on the lawn of the state capitol in Raleigh September 10 10 announce the formation of the NC Alliance for Transportation Reform. The group consists of individuals from many different backgrounds. Some members are veteran road-fighters who want to protect their yards or neighborhoods from intrusive projects. Some are people who see our automotive lifestyle as one that the natural world cannot afford. Others believe they should not be paying the high tax rates that come with unneeded highway projects. The statewide group proposes that the the current system of political favoritism be replaced with <?ne that gives o~ary ci~ens, environmental1sts, planners, pubhc transit advocates, and the scientific community more authority. Transponation Reform would abolish the Highway Trust Fund (transponation funding would be subject to the same rules and budget procedures as all other state projects), and it would require the DOT to use environmental standards that meet or exceed federal regulations. The group will target gubernatorial and legislative candidates during the 1992 election and it will ask the two candidates for state auditor to commit to an in-depth performance audit of the DOT. For more information, write: N.C. Alliance for Transportation Reform; Box 1002; Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514, or call western North Carolina contact Rusty Sivils at (704) 258-8737. Drawing by Hope Walker 1492-1992: NEW VISIONS NEW ALLIANCFS Wbile many ,cc the issues ofColwnbus' invasioa u SOO )UIS in lhc past. llw:rc by ~ob Messick Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in I<atuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: Rob Messick Rt.8, Box323 Lenoir, NC 28645 Tact, 1992 arc about 1.4 million original North ~ among us loday. They Olce • wide range or life and death issues lo which newer Americans ue o'14I blind. 1491,1991.- NEW VJSJONS, NEW ALLJ. AJ.K:ES provides insights Ullo lhe Europe from ~b Columbus Jmmcbed bis Y(Tj· ages, a mon: realistic portrayal of North American histoiy followmg lhe European mvasioa. and ccamplcs of lhc battles Native AmcritaDS musl still f'3hl lod3y. 30 pp. S4 each. Sl.SO for IS or more. ENERGY rooLS ·l·lfMJ~G, WAWDS· MtD ICIN€ BAGS C.RYSTALS•TI\Ll<INC:i STICl(S • DRU~.S • MEDI C.INE STAFFS•SiONES ANO MO~ ASHEVILLE. NC 704-158- tt'l~I Return to: Mobilization for SUrvival 328 Flatbush Ave., Suite 155 Brooklyn, NY 11238 Drawing by Michael Thompson '.K.atuah Jou.mat page 31 �events 'l WAYNESVILLE, NC Meditation Retreat gives you the chance IO spend the weekend with your reflective self. Leon Frankel, resident managet of Stil-Light Theosophical Retrea1 Center, will offer instruction in basic breath-awareness meditation toclmiques. Pre-register: $40 plus meals and lodging. For more info on this and other programs, contaet Stil-Lighl, Route I, Box 326, Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-4569. ASHEVILLE, NC Reading the Inner Tree is a short course on tuning into tree energy. Learn to recognize special trees and magic groves with facilitator Oiarlotte Homsher. Pre-register. S35 for beginners' two-session class on Ociober 3 and IO. Advanced class will be Octobu 24, and cost $25. For more info, call (704) 253-5917. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Southeast Light Linlc '92 is a regional network gathering for those involved in planetary uansformation. The agenda includes large and small cucles to share ideas, resources, visions ... no workshops! Pre-register.$115 includes meals and lodging. For info, contact Anne Gillis, 4311 Harvest Hill Road, Memphis, TN 38141. (901) 761-3435 or (901) 362-8431. 27-29 CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival at the Ceremonial Grounds. Traditional dancing and costumes, dance competitions. For info, call (800) 438-1601. 6-10 30-11/1 WESSER, NC 10th Guest Appreciation Festival and Used Equipment Sale will include music, mini-courses and general family fun. For info on this and other events, CODll!Cl the Nantahala OuldoorCcntcr, 41 Hwy 19 West., Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. NORRIS, TN Tennessee Fall Homecoming is a celebration of traditional mountain culture at the }fuscum of Appalachia. Music, crafts and demonstrations of rural life skills, in addition IO the Museum's regular exhibits. For info, call the Museum at (615) 494-7680. 7-11 SEPTEMBER 18-30 WASHBURN, TN Intensive Pennaculture for the Southeast is an intensive course offering practical training in the design of agricultural ecosystems with the diversity and long-term sustainability of the natural world.Course will be held at Narrow Ridge Farm and will focus on strategies and techniques for the Katuah bioregion. Contact: Chuck Marsh; Box 1488; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-3535. ASHEVJLLE, NC "Kituwah" - the second annual iniertribal Native American culrural celebration. Drumming and dance competition, traditional crafts sale, juried fine ans show and an educational program for kids will all happen at the Asheville Civic Center. Admission: $5-10. For mo.re info, call (704) 252-3881. SWANNANOA,NC Drum andRanle Making Wodcshop with Hawk Hurst. For more info about this and other programs, contaet the Earth Center. See 10/10. 23-25 3 ASHEVILLE, NC WNC Alliance Annual Membership Meeting is open IO the public as the Alliance marts its lCllth anniversary. Agenda includes workshops and legislative update. Pre-register. SIS includes lunch. For info, contact the AlJjance, 70 Woodfin Place, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 258-8737. 3 1 7-JS NOVEMBER 6-8 10 SWANNANOA, NC Dance for the Ancestors will follow the monthly Full Moon Lodge at the Earth Center. All-night dancing, singing and drumming to honor the Native People, five hundred years after Columbus. Families are encouraged to come. For more info, contact the Eanh Center, 302 Old Fellowship Road, Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. ~ GREAT SMOKIES PARK Appalachian Crafl Jubilee will provide an oppornmity IO learn traditional mountain craft techniques in basketry, pottery, weaving and other crafts. Pre-register: $100 includes meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contac1 Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont, Rt I, Box 700, Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-67()() 7 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge begins at noon each month, followed by a shared meal. cau the Earth Center for more info. See 10/10. 24-27 CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day is a celebcation of the music, dance, crafts and folklifc of Katuah. Shape-note singers, gunsmiths, storytellers. quilters and others will be on hand, in addition to the Mountain Heritage Center's exhibits. For more info, contact the Center at Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723. (704) 227-7234. 26 11 FULL MOON/ HUNTERS MOON 10 FULL MOON/ BEAVER MOON DECEMBER HELEN, GA Falling Leaves Rendezvous will offer serious instruction in the ans and lifeways of indigenous people. Skills include making fire by friction, stallcing and tracking, tool making, plant identification. lnstuctors will be Darry Wood, Snowbear, and others. For info, contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi Stare Part, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. 15-18 2-6 HOT SPRINGS, NC From Confusion IO Enlightenment is the title of a meditative retreat led by Thubten Chodron. an American Tibetan Buddhist nun. Pre-register: S 150 includes vegan meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contact Southern Dharma Rcireat Center, RL I, Box 34H, Rot Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. S-6 OCTOBER JONESBORO, TN 20th Annual National Storytelling Festival will feawre the best yam-spinners and tall-tale-tellers from all ovet. For info, call the National Association for the Preservation and PerpctuAtion of Storytelling at (615) 753-2171. 2-4 Drawing by Rob Messick 16-18 NEW MARKET, TN STP School is a periodic weekend gathering designed to "benefit members of grassroots groups currenlly working on concrete environmental issues." This session will focus on environmental litigation. Pre-register: cost is low and negotiable. For info about this and other programs, coniac1 the Highlander Center, 1959 Highlander Way, New Market TN 37820. (615) 933-3443. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Winter Highcountry Camping in a backcountry shelter. For info on this and other field COl11'SCS, contact Smoky Mountam Field School, 600 Henley Street., Suite 105, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885 or (615) 974-0150. 9 FULL MOON ralC., 1992 �GOOD EAR1H .ORGANJ~ - in Asheville has a nctWOrk-~eting p~-wh)ch can provide a substantial part-time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no training required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you started in yoor own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. RAW. CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY • with comb or withoUL Tulip poplar and Sourwood honey from the foresis of Patrick County, VA. No chemical. no white sugar, no heal - ever. Strained through cheesecloth and packed in glass. Limited quantities. Call or write for prices and availability. Wade Buckholts - Bull Mountain Beelreepers; Rt 2, Box 1516: Stuart. VA 24171. (703) 694-4571. WISE WOMAN TRADmON • herbal healing workshops with Wh.itewolf. • Sept 12-13: Campout and weed walks, Waynesville, NC. • Sept 29 • Oct 4: Apprentice Week near Atlanta, GA. • Nov. 6-8: Fall Rootwork Weekend in NC mountains. Root digging, medicine-making, inner journeying. Sliding scale, work-exchange. Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. TI-IE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM. is an unconventional library; free and open 10 the public. Our collection interests include the environment, social and political issues, the media and peace. We have over 200 magazine subscriptions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environment and political concerns. Books and VCR's can be checked out A video player is available for watch.ing films in the reading room. Located at 2 Wall St. #114; Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-8 pm - Tues/Sol I0-6pm - Sat/Sun l-6pm BEGINN1NG CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOKNATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS • include handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, Custom Pipes, Medlcine Bags, SweetgraSs, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide Raules, Tobaccos, Pipe Bags, Native Autes, and more! For lice catalog send to: P.O. Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. TREE PLANTERS NEEDED - Men, Women, families. Hare! work (much done for paper & timber co's.) for great pay. December through March in the Southeast Mobile camper rt.quired (pick-up with camper, trailer, van, bus, etc.) Send resume to: Eclcerman Forestry Service; RLI, Box 290-D: Wam:nsville, NC 28693. (919) 385-6838. BACK TO THE SOURCE - is an advenwre in the spectacular beauty of our remaining wilderness and is the highest quality baclcpaclcing guide service available. We specialize in small group, minimal impact journeys into the most remote wildlands in America. For a brochure write: Back to the Source, Lee Mercer; 361 I White Ave; Baltimore, MD 21206. (410) 426-6016. - - life's n=essitiesfor less - - FRENCH BROAD Fooo supplemented with two cassettes. Stresses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in ieaching and learning the Cherolcee language. (346 pages) $39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Calalog also available with tapes., books, pipes, dance sticks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products, and more. Craft supplies also available. (please specify). Send $200 to the Muskrat Trader, P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. HAWKWIND EAR1H RENEWAL COOPERATIVE • is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcout Mountain Parkway in northern Alabama Easy ~ . safe family camping, year round weekend programs featuring Native American elders and Eanh teachers from around the world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all visits, please. Childcare often available. Write: P.O. Box 11; Valley Head. AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quarterly newsleuer and program updates send $10.00. • There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) per entry of 50 words or less in Webworking. Submit entries for Issue #37 by November 15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323· Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. • Co,op Kalmia Center, Inc. 90 8u.TMOR£ A ~ 00WIJTOVIN AsHEv!ui Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 ('104) yr,,,r ammumity Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. 255-7650 .....,.,,.,,.,_,,... groary stare ..... ~F--,•t .... •lpm. ......,.laa D f llffi. rl :Thu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm fnll, 1992 NATIVE FLUTES Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sa"'!)' Mush Herb Nursto/ WREATHS•POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 2874S Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �D ear Members of Katuah Journal, After nearly 10 years of service to the Karuah Bioregional Province, the Katuah Journal newspaper will be ceasing publication in the summer of 1993. We have not been able to find enough people able to take long term responsibility for a project of this scale on a volunteer basis. While we are stopping the journal, we will keep the non-profit organization "Karuah" alive in order to have the.option of carrying out future bioregional projects. The Board of Directors for the Karuah organization will consist of: David Wheeler, Rob Messick, and Lee Barnes. We will meet at least once a year to keep track of organization business and to discuss future options. Any member who has project ideas or is interested in participating in this process should write us at: Karuah Futures; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645 or call (704) 754-6097. The winter issue of Katuah Journal #37 will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. In the spring we will publish an issue devoted to alternative transportation in the Karuah bioregion. The final summer issue will contain an index to the Katuah Journal, a listing of other bioregionally-oriented organizations in the province, and tie up loose ends. Thank you for your generous support of Katuah Journal over the years. Without your help the paper would not have been as vibrant or as vital as it has been . We d ecided to end the tradition of publishing the journal with some measure of strength, rather than watch it slowly fizzle out. If you have comments or suggestions for the future, we w ould like to hear from you. Sincerely, Katuah Journal Staff /1 I would like to order issues: #37 (Winter 1992-93) "Bio-visions" #38 (Spring 1993) Alternative Transportation #39 (Summer 1993) Index & Resources Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ For a total value of $7.50 Katuah Journal Rt. 8 Box 323 Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 Issue #39 of the Ka Mah Journal will contain a resource guide to groups and organizations devoted to protecting and restoring the natural world in the bioregion and working to sustain the web of life and our human economic and social systems in Katuah. We have postulated the following categories of activity: Regional Economy Health and Healing Appropriate Technology Appropriate TranspoTtation Councils &: Decision Making Peace Issues &: Conflict Resolution Xatuaf, Jour naC page 34 Shelter Education Agriculture Spiritual Life Natural Ecology Drawing by Rob Messick Town _ _ _ _ _ State_ _ Zip _ _ __ The success of this project will depend on your participation. Please send us information about your group and other groups that are working in your area. Offer other categories, if you like. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary. Give name, address, phone number, a one paragraph description of their work, and possibly a brief quote expressing their purpose. Enclose a copy of the organizational logo, if possible, and any photographs or drawings of group activities or the products of their work. Please also enclose your name, address, and phone in case there is a need for follow-up contacts. Submissions must be received by April 31, 1993. Mail to Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. rau., 1992 �··:KAT UAH KON FU S\ON :.. b-:, Rob MessicK BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE-SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture. Sunflowers· Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens' Education· Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics· Little People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR· SUMMER 1984 Water Drum· Walef Quality. Kudzu · Solar Eclipse • Clearculling • Trout • Going IO Water • Ram Pumps· MicrohydJO. Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee. Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Dnnmess - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX • WINTER 1984-8S Winter Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 198S Sustainable Economics. Hot Springs· Worker Ownership-The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life lSSUE EIGI-IT • SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life- Katuah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Follc Arts in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center. Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE - FALL 198S The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Slllrting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Myth Time ISSUE TEN- WINTER 198S-86 Kate Rogers. Circles of Stone . lntcmal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places - The Uklena's Talc • Crystal Magic - "Dreamspealcing• ISSUE THIRTEEN - FALL 1986 Center For Awakening • Elizabeth Callari • A Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dcnling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake· The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Dr! Owlc • Boogers and Mummers· All Species Day - Cabin Fever University· Homeless m Kmiiah • Homemade H01 Wa!Cf • Stovcmakcr's N:ur.:ilivc • Good Medicine: lntcrspCCics Communication We have limited 11umbers of particular back issues. Order back issues soo11 lo insure availability. There are no more entire sets of KatuahJournal available. The near complete set of back issues will be diminishi11g as limited copies sell out. rtiCL, 1992 ISSUE FlFTEE.N • SPRING 1 987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception • Biosexuality • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malriarchal Culture • Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite • Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Quest • Fll'St Flow - Initiation • Learning in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge • "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular Architcclure. Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home · Earth Energies • Earth-Sheltered Living • Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter Poems: Octo~r Du.sic· Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE NINETEEN· SPRING 1988 Perelandra Garden • Spring Tonics • Blueberries • WildO.ower Gardens • Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals:• Story. Good Medicine: "Power• • Be AT~ ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wildcmess - Highlands of Roan • Celo Communily - Land Trust - Arthur Morgan School • Zoning lssue. "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Farm Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain • Dulce's Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988--89 Global Wanning • Ftre This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" • Earth Exercise . Kore Loy McWhirter • An Abundance of Emptiness· LETS • Chronicles of Floyd • Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WENTY-THREE • SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Planet Art· Green City. Poplar Appeal • "Clear Sky" · •A New Earth" • Black Swan • Wild lovely Days • Reviews: Sacred !And Sacred Su, Ice Age - Poem: "S udden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR - SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in Alomic City • Direct Action! • Tree of Peace • Community Building • Peacemakers· Ellm1c Survival • Pairing Pro.,ec1. "Baulesong• • Growing Peace in Cultures • Review: The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE 1WENTY-SIX • WINTER, 1989-90 The B:oroic Era· Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company· Conmc1 Resolution Developing Creati vc Spirit • Birth Power • Magic of Puppetry • Home Schooling • Naming Ceremony Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN· SPRING. 1990 Transformation • Healing Power • Peace LO Their Ashes • Healing in Katuah • Poem: "When Left LO Grow• • Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Foresl ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FAU/WINTER 1990 From the Mountains to the Sea · Profile of The LlUle Tennessee River • Headwaters Ecology • "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic HabitaLS - Dawn Watchers • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Road· Kaulah Sells Out. Watershed Map of the Kaliiah Province ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology • Ways to a Regenerative Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" • Clarksville Miracle • The Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy" • Shelton Laurel· LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE· SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities of Dowsing • Electrical Life of the Earth • Katuah and the Earth Grid - Call of the Ancient Ones • Good Medicine: "On Aggression" · Time to Take the Time to Take the Time - Whole Science • Tuning In ISSUE THIRTY-TWO · FALL 1991 Bringing bac.k the Fue • A Bit of Mountain Levity • Climax Never Came · "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah . Walking Distance • Good Medicine: "Serving the Great Life" · The Granola Journal · Paintings: "Mountain Stories"· Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-THREE· WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - Whal Is Natural • Fire and Forge • The First Fire - Hearth and Fire in the Mountains • Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" • Midwinlef Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam • Litmus Lichens ISSUE THIRTY-FOUR· SPRING 1992 Paradise Gardening· Community Sponsored Agriculture - Ealing Close 10 Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops. Katuah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac - Good Medicine "Medicine Training• • Poems by Allison Sutherland ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE· SUMMER 1992 Consensus • Problems with Consensus. Tribal Council - Elda • The State of Franklin - Regional Rainbow • Steve Moon: Shell Engravings • Good Medicme "Medicine Training rr·. A Look Back Back Issues: Issue# _ _ @ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $,_ __ Issue#_@ $3.00 = $._ _ _ postage paid $._ __ Name Address City State Zip Near Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-35) postage paid @ $50.00 =$,_ __ Katuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 28645 • (704) 754-6097 '.Kati.ulfl Jourrn:1( pnge 3S � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 36, Fall 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-sixth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on wood and its role in mountain life: logging, wood products, and forest stewardship. There is also an announcement that publication of the journal will cease in 1993. Authors and artists in this issue include: Lee Barnes, Frank Hodgin, David Wheeler, Dr. John Wade, Harley Wessman, Nancy McIntyre, Buzz Williams, Robert T. Pershcel, Jesse Jones, Leon S. Minckler, Tucker Windover, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, Julia Vanselow, Frank Vogel, Michael Thompson, Susan Klimczak, Jeff Zachary, Susan Parker Weatherford, Mark Anderson, Hope Walker, and "Pegi." <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Using Wood.......1<br /><br />Appalachian Logging by Lee Barnes.......4<br /><br />Old Logging Days by Frank Hodgin.......7<br /><br />Working the Woodlands by David Wheeler.......9<br /><br />Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade.......13<br /><br />Depletion for Dollars by Harley Wessman.......13<br /><br />Logging with Horses by Nancy McIntyre.......15<br /><br />Natural World News.......16<br /><br />Invasion of the Giants by Buzz Williams........19<br /><br />From Industry to Endeavor by David Wheeler.......20<br /><br />Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship by Robert T. Perschel.......21<br /><br />Forest Stewardship Programs by Jesse Jones.......22<br /><br />Ecological Forestry for Renewable Forest Values by Leon S. Minckler.......23<br /><br />Drumming........25<br /><br />The Chair in the Tree by Tucker Windover.......27<br /><br />Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher........29<br /><br />Events.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......33<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest products industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Logging--Appalachian Region, Southern Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/8b28bad70c563af988d313aa9367f9f6.pdf 8097a88c117a588a76a65bf9c99a6059 PDF Text Text URNAL ISSUE 38 SPRING 1993 SUSTAINABLE TOURING $2.00 �������TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives by Michal Smith I am Michal Smith, a writer, editor and researcher. I presently live and work in the state of Kentucky. Since the mid- 1980's I have specialized in workplace studies, including case studi~ of employee involvement processes in the manufacturing sector for the U.S. Department of Labor and the United Nations, a study of the safety implications of the petrochemical industry's growing reliance upon contract workers for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a regional economic development study for the state of Texas, and a study of the impact of tourism development. which I am here today t0 discuss. Specifically, my testimony is based upon a study, conducted from 1988 to 1989, of the impact of t0urism development on local people, particularly rural women, who routinely form the backbone of this industry. The study focused on rural counties in 12 southeastern StalCS, including North Carolina. h concluded that the presumed "opportunities" associated with tourism development are marginal and minimal. In fact, people who live and work in JCot.uah ~naL JX!9e 6 1\1 1 u nuoc ,, w,:,Ju 1 tourism economies suffer the ultimate irony, contributing tax dollars to help promote and support an industry that has done litde, possibly nothing to improve their quality of life. They have watched hotels, restaurants, highways, shops and amusement parks consume their communities while "human infrastructure" -- meaningful jobs, training, health care and child care - has suffered the consequences of government neglect and indifference. Funded by the Ford Foundation, its Aspen Institute Rural Economic Policy Program and the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, my study included a selected county-level comparative analysis of Census data from 1970 and 1980 and a case study of Sevier County, Tennessee, home of Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, perhaps the most successful rural tourism development in the southeastern United States. The 84 rural counties examined in the study were selected based upon 1970 and 1984 employment data reponcd in Colllll)' Business Patterns as compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Census. These counties were identified as having experienced high employment growth in the hotel indusay, which is clearly associated with the expansion of a tourism or travel industry. Twenty-three of the "high-growth" counties identified experienced hotel industry employment growth in excess of 500 perccnL Broadly, I found that beyond the small pool of management and short-term, male-dominated construction industry jobs, tourism economics are sustained by food servers, maids and retail clerks. Traditionally held by women, these jobs almost invariably offer minimum wages, no benefits and virtually no opportunity for advancemenL Among the study's findings about these 84 booming rural tourism developments were: • Uncmploymentcontinued to rise steadily from 1970 to 1984 in virtually every county identified by the study. - Women continued to experience higher unemployment rates than men in rural tourism counties in spite of the indusay's heavy reliance upon a female labor force. - While overall poverty rates declined for families in general in the counties studied. poor families headed by women increased ������������������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal</em>,&nbsp;was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name,&nbsp;</span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.&nbsp;</span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the&nbsp;<em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 38, Spring 1993 Description An account of the resource The thirty-eighth, and final, issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on sustainable tourism and transportation that is environmentally and culturally responsible. Authors and artists in this issue include: Marcus L. Endicott, Michal Smith, Lee Barnes, Patrick Clark, Mark Schimmoeller, Billy Jonas, Renee Binder, Charlotte Homsher, Douglas A. Rossman, Robert H. Rufa, David Cohen, Brownie Newman, Jasper Carlton, Danielle Droitsch, Stephen Wing, Jan Adkins, Elizabeth Howard, Denise K. Simon, EarthStar, Wade Buckholts, and Rob Messick. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Toward Sustainable Tourism in Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......1<br /><br />A History of Tourism to Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......4<br /><br />Tourism Development: Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives by Michal Smith.......6<br /><br />Camping &amp; Touring Through Katúah Forests by Lee Barnes.......8<br /><br />Bicycle Touring in Katúah by Patrick Clark.......10<br /><br />Unicycle Revolutions by Mark Schimmoeller.......12<br /><br />The Bicycle Band: Appropriate Road Mode by Billy Jonas.......12<br /><br />Poems by Elizabeth Howard and Denise K. Simon.......13<br /><br />Sustainability of Whitewater Recreation by Renee Binder.......14<br /><br />Sacred Lands by Charlotte Homsher.......16<br /><br />Cherokee Mythic Sites by Douglas A. Rossman.......17<br /><br />Napping by Rob Messick.......18<br /><br />Why Travel? by Robert H. Rufa.......20<br /><br />Natural World News.......22<br /><br />Drumming.......24<br /><br />Events.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......33<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable tourism--Appalachian Region, Southern Outdoor recreation industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Bicycle touring--Appalachian Region, Southern Sacred space--Appalachian Region, Southern Tourism--North Carolina, Western--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Cherokees Community Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Pigeon River Poems Politics Reading Resources Sacred Sites South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance