1 50 16 https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/bd92e4fbc33066336189ab94cb2cebd3.pdf faafa5c5af75e827adb96e85cb965890 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993 Description An account of the resource This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of <a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>.   Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,  later simplified to  Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes North Carolina, Western Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rob Messick Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource periodical indexes PDF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Death and Dying Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies European Immigration Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Geography Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Hunting Katúah Katúah Organization Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Sacred Sites Shelter South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/4d450fedff98db51d827ad2d6b6eb05e.pdf 17a990be6fc8c33627511b8f4ccfd428 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 7, Spring 1985 Description An account of the resource The seventh issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the culture of economics and work. This issue features an essay on economy by poet, novelist, and environmentalist Wendell Berry. Other authors and artists in this issue include: Donna Obrecht, Elizabeth Squire, Becky Wellborn, Sparrel Wood, Mark Friedrich, Rick Murray, Thomas Rain Crowe, Chip Smith, C. B. Squire, Robert Penn Warren, Barbara Reimensnyder, and Michael Hockaday. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Looking to the Future.......1 Sustainable Economics.......1 The Great Economy by Wendell Berry.......3 Native Village Economy.......4 Hot Springs.......5 Worker-Ownership.......6 Busy Needle.......7 Working in the Web of Life.......8 Spring Creek.......12 Self-Help Credit Union.......13 Responsible Investing.......15 Madison County.......16 Wild Turkey.......18 Update: Forest Service Plan.......20 Nuclear Waste Update.......22 The Gift Economy.......23 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Regional economics Sustainable development--Appalachian Region, Southern Cooperative societies--North Carolina, Western Barter--Appalachian Region, Southern Investments--Moral and ethical aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Children's Page Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Glossaries Good Medicine Habitat Hunting Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Turtle Island Villages Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/962957d2fbc58ba3d1a81a382fb3c3bc.pdf cc384e642678c5ef0ae41167bc6ca93f PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 8, Summer 1985 Description An account of the resource The eighth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the theme of celebration of life and community. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Dan Pittillo, Bill Oldham, Hilda Downer, Donna Obrecht, Barbara Reimensnyder, B.J. Bach, Jay Wentworth, Lowell Hayes, and Thomas Rain Crowe. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Celebration: Way of Life.......1 Katúah 18,000 Years Ago.......3 Poetry by Hilda Downer.......6 Cherokee Heritage Center.......7 Farmers Ball.......9 Celebrating Folk Arts in the Schools.......10 The Simple Tools of Healing.......12 Paintings by Lowell Hayes Poetry by Jay Wentworth.......13 Good Medicine: "Summer Solstice".......14 Sacred Sites Project.......15 Sun Cycle, Moon Cycle (Centerfold).......16 Wild Turkey Part 2.......18 Natural News Update.......20 A Children's Page.......23 Reviews: Minstral of the Appalachians Who Owns Appalachia?.......24 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee art Turkey Hunting--North Carolina, Western Folklore and education--North Carolina, Western Cherokee Indians--History Appalachians (People)--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Health Hunting Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Sacred Sites Turtle Island Water Quality Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/39d9d512c1f257fe72c22bdc7c6a515e.pdf 6dc3d7ae52ba2691f94e33c1cdd16861 PDF Text Text ---4 AT.U AR PUBLISHED QUARTERLY ISSUE X WINTER 1985 -86 Healing/ Earthplace �MEDICINE TRADITIONS NEAR HOME . ... ... . .. . ... 1 KATE ROGERS AND HER MOUNTAIN MEDICALS . .. . 3 !"') N CIRCLES OF STONE . ... . .... .. . . . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. 4 ...... 00 N INTERNAL MYTHMAKING: AN INTERVIEW WITH MARLENE MOUNTAIN . . 6 (.) z ' ~ ~ Q :i:: " THIS IS HERESY!" HOLISTIC HEALING ON TRIAL. .. 9 TWO POEMS by STEVE KNAUTH . .. . .. .. .. ....... 10 CHEROKEE MYTH IC PLACES ..... .. . . ............ 11 THE UKTENA'S TALE . .. .. .. . . ....... .. .. .. . . . . .. 15 CRYSTAL MAGIC ...... . .. .. . ....... .. .. ..... .. . 19 GOOD MEDICINE: "WHAT MAKES A PLACE SACRED?" 20 REVIEW: DEEP ECOLOGY ...... .. .. ........ .. ... . . 21 NATURAL WORLD NEWS . . ...... . ... .. ... ... .. ... 22 "DREAMSPEAKING" ......... . . ... . .. .. ... .. ... ... 24 ., FALL KATUAH GATHERING . ........ . ..... .. ...... 27 f4 f4 ~ = ~ = 0 M M ::::> (.) !"') ...... 00 >< 0 al . 0 . p.. Ul . ~ 8} 0 ~ ... t; a u 0 U> Ul ti Q ~ �ISSUE X WINTER 1985 - 86 MEDICINE TRADITIONS NEAR HOME eaU.ng ..iA an Olf.ganic., e.ve1tp11.uent p11.oeu6--- :w..i~~not jU-6t 06 the. human body bu;t 06 ail .U6e. 60~ '°' 011 OWL plana . WouncUi, qu.i..te. m)JuJ.cu1.oU-6ly, he.al-- e.ve.n wouncUi in.6Uc.ted on OWL e.aJl:thplacu . The. Jt.oo.t 06 'he.al' and 'he.ali:h' ..iA 'whole.'. To he.al lite.ILD.ll.y me.an.\ '.to ~ke. whole. 011. Liound' . Whole.null comu not jU-6t 611.0m phyLi.i..cal well-bung bu.t 611.0m the. w.i..de.11. Li.ta.te. 06 one' ll be.in.g---one. '" Liell6e. 06 .tlw.e, .i..Me.11. LipiJr.,Uu.a.1. balance. an~ 06 Motednuli. lloote.dnMli comu 6AOm a Lie.Me. 06 conne.ctlon- -.to place. and to corrrnun,.Uy. So the. w.i..de.11. c..bt.cle. 11.ee.cUi to be. gJt.Ow.lng .tollXIJl.<U whole.nuli a.6 well a.6 the. in.d.i..v.i..dutd.. Wlwle.nuli o 6 'place.' ..iA v.Ual .to .in.d.i..v.i..dutd. he.ali:h. Th~ q~y 06 a..i.11., the qua!Uy 06 tOO.te.11., .the. quatuy 06 Lio.i..l ~IJ e.66e.ct the. weU-be.in.g 06 ail the. in.habaan.th 06 tha.t place. Whole.nuli alho comu 6Jt.Om a Lie.Me 06 licale.---a Lie.Me. 06 JU.ght 1te.la.t.i.on to the. 'ou.t.6.i.de.' 6am.i..l1J 611..i.e.ncUi, ~ce, all owr. 11.e.la.t.i.ollh. Not llo laJt.ge. tha.t one. ' cannot phyl>A..Callyr0 e.e.l' .the. conne.c.t.i.on, a b.i011.e.g.i..on ..iA ~he. '~ght Li.ize.' t~ 11.e.la.te. .to • •. be.in.g 91te.a.teill"hanone. '" ,(J)l!71e.d.i..a.te. llUM.owtd.i..ngli bu..t not a.6 oveltWhe..fm.lng a.6 a con.t.ine.n.t Olt the. e.n.t.iJte. planet. Whole.null 06 'communUy' ..iA alho vUal .to .i.nd.i..v.icfu.al he.al.th. 1n olde.11. cul..twr.u, a C!Oll'lllun.i.ty 'Li Jt.Oo.te.dn.uli ""1.l> ce.lelJJta..te.d .thltough M,tual. and U:.6 un.i.ve.Jt.6al conne.ct.i..on IAl'U .11.eme.mbe.1ted ~ugh myth. My~a.IU.ng hah o.1.wayli be.e.n a g.i6.t 06 .the. .6peuu--a way 06 1-0e.av-<.ng owr. de.e.p-Lie.a.te.d inn.ell. con.6c.i..oU-6ne.6ll w.i..th that wh.lc.h ..iA 'ou.t.6.i.de.' o 6 OWl.6 e.lvu. Commun.il.y Jr1.;tu..ah, alho encompa.Med the dll.e.amwolli.d .the. n.i.ght .the. ~null, -0e. 6e.aM. Thue Mpe.c.U 06 :the ~ye.he. we.1te. ~~ -<.ncluded ,(.11 .the ~u ' heali.ng p11.ac.t.<.cu. V11.e.am6 , v-<-6.Wn.6 would o6te.n b1Ung he.ali:hy hOlu.t.i..on.\ 60.ll. .i..nd.i..v.icfu.al a.6 well ah C!Ornmu.n.i.tlj a.i..lmen.th. The g1te.a.t :te.mple. a.t Ep.i.da.wr.U-6 in liouthe.11.11 Gft.eece. ~ a place whe.11.e people came .to 4f.eep, dll.e.am v..iA.i..on.\, and be cUJLe.d. He.al.th alho a.t t.Unu 1te.Uu on ' me.d.i..c.ine' and aga.in 'place.' ..iA .impoJt.:tan.t. •'Place' hah p11.0v.i.ded plan.th 'c.l.ay.6 ' ~~ 601t .me.cl<;c.in.al 11.emed.i..u 60.11. .thoU-6and6 06 . P.fo.ce. hah ,(.rthP<)l.ed .60ngli. 06.te.n U-6ed .i.n anc.ie.n.t t.Unu ah 'me.d.i..c.i..ne '•• ._.and hah p11.ov.i.de.d .image.Jty 6011. .the 'li.tu66' 06 dll.e.am med.i..C,,(.rte. In .tli.i..6 ..iAllue 06 Ka;t{Ul}i---owr. w.i..n.te.Jt. .i.hllue.-- -we. .take the. t.Une. .to colth.ide.11. the .i.mpoJt.:tance. 06 .the. heali.ng pll.OC!Uli and owr. 911.a.t.i...tude 6011. U. We hope. U w.i..U move. U-6 de.epe.Jt .into OWL cormiltme.n.t .to pll.Ue.Ji.ve. the. whole.null 06 .the. 'place' we. call Ka.:tdah . ---The. Ed.i...toM 1 ye.aM . ' People have always doctored themselves. Archaelogists find traces of plants that people used for medicine forty thousand years ago. Animals doctored themselves with plants too. Everyone has seen cats and dogs eat grass to clean out their stomachs and horses will graze through comf rey once in a while for a tonic ... Most people in the world today use plants for medicine. And the 'wonder drugs' of our westeTn world have saved many lives in the last fifty years. But these drugs are unavailable or impractical for many people, because of the high cost of pharmaceuticals and because of the technology needed to administer them (doctors living in remote regions , or the technology necessary to store them such as refrigerators for penicillin in Africa.) Communities have always had medical specialists--someone who could deliver babies; someone who could set a bone, pull a tooth; someone who could straighten out a bent back, or doctor the animals; someone who could talk to the troubled--yet always , in our history as humans, we have looked to the world of the spirit for healing. Monks in the Middle Ages said a prayer for each plant they picked for medicine. Native American medicine people pray to the spirit of the plant. People in hospitals pray for improved health, and even have healing visions on the operating table! So what is 'folk medicine?' I believe that whatever people do to doctor themselves and others is 'medicine. • M.D. 's rely heavily on books, studies, and statistics for information but they also rely on oral traditi~ns learned from the professors and from other physicians. Illiterate mountain herbalists expand on their knowledge-passed down through several generations ~by doing experiments on plants and then analyzing the results. As different as these approaches might seem, it ' s all a part of the same cont:inuum--using books and oral tradit . ions in varying proportions; using plants in their distilled, synthesized, or whole forms; or calling on physical (con.t.il'ILl.e.d on p. 3I �~-· 'J\..ATUAH) a IMClifiliJ#MMiflllillMie!M'llMtlllllti!lfl dPP1!i d'#"j1&'hnz EDITORIAL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Scott Bird David Reed Richard Ciccarelli Barbara Reimensnyder Th011as Rain Crowe Chip Smith Judith Hallock Brad Stanback J. Linn Mackey Martha Tree Marnie Muller David Wheeler Michael Red Fox EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Cathy Danna Jeff Fobes Kathleen McLaughlin Bill Melanson Sally Roark Sarah Jane Thomas Mark Yancey FIREKEEPER: Joe Roberts EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: 309 Kenilworth Asheville, NC PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co. Sylva, NC WRITE US AT: Katuah TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 'ii0i'8'73 Cullowhee, NC 28723 Spe.c..i.a.l .tlw.ntu. to Va /wt Ma.I> 4 ~ 6°"- .the. il.lLL4tlrJJ.ti.o n6 on p:tg u 14 and 20 COVER: "The Blues Pass through" by Marlene Mountain , painted in acrylics on 2' x 2' masonite (Healing Series 15, 1983). Adapted by Martha Tree. r-r .' ~ JRV0CllT:10H RAISE THE FRUIT " ~ ~,I· ! I ./~ . In the. w.i.nte11. 4ol.4.t,lc.e. .the. 11.e-twi.n.btg 4t.ln 81Wtg4 .the. e.no1UT10U4 and pe.1t.pe.:tual. haltvut In hunge.11. and dMkne.44 We. dM.nk .the. ccrmiu.na.l Ught IU.4.ing w.Uh all. e11.e.a.twt.u , .into .the. peJt.pe.:tual. ILU.ing .sun. IU.4.ing .in ancu.tJta.t dU4t 611.om 6UMO'~ 06 rh.tfl9 and blood. Out o6 @4 enc e. TU.4.ing .in poUe.n we. rum.it each o.the.11.. Ea/I.th 1t.OCL4ed wlU bll..Utg IL4 home. .in 4e.etf and pollen. Va.nee. .the. ceJU!mon.<al toge..the.11. .in .the. e.n.ti.11.e. 4oltvt. Ug ht. Swt 4 h.in.ing on all. 6Jt,.le.nd4 • 0 me.et me. .in the. unbombe.d vil.lagu 06 the. Wtth. In cob4 06 coll.n In the. du6t 6luh In .the. 11.UUM.e.cted idiea.t Fo11g.ive. the. Jt.Oot and ..\4.i4 e. .the. f1r.ui.,t ! ,.- KA'[\;AH - -Meridel LeSeur page 2 HeJLe. .in the. .sou.the.11.11-mo.st he.a.11.tt.o.nd 06 .the. Appab.cMP.n moun.t.aW, the. oldu.t moun.t4.in Jtange. on OILll. con.t.inui.t, Tws.t/.e. l.sla.nd, a. .sma.U bu.t 911.0w.ing gMup ha.4 be.gun to .ta.he. on a .se.n..se. o~ Jte.4 po n 4.ib.<.Uty 6011. .the. .i.mpl.i.ctJ.Uonlt 06 tha..t ge.og11JJ.ph.U:.a.l a.nd cu.ltuJLa1. heJL.ita.g e.. Th.<.4 4 e.rt4 e. o6 11.U po nlii..bil.Uy ce.MeA.6 on the. conce.pt 06 Uv.ing wlthi.n the. lla.twt.a.l. 4ca.le. a.nd balance. 06 u.A.lve.Jt.4a.l 4q4tem4 a.nd la.W6. We. beg.in by .invo/Ung .tlte. CheJtOlle.e. name. "Ka..W.a.h" 44 .th£. old/nw na.me. 6011. .tlt.i4 a.11.e.a. 06 .the. moun.t.a..i.n4 and ~ 011. it4 j olJllJltl.l. 44 wen. The. e.d.U.o!WJ.t. p!ti.oll.Ulu 6011. IL4 a.11.e. to coUe.ct and .i.tt6OJtma.t.ioR and e.rt'-/tgy wh..i.ch pe/lW.n4 4pe.c...i.6~ to tJi.i4 Melt, a.nd to 604.te.Jt .the. 1114W1.e.llU4 tha..t the. la.nd .<A 4 Uv.ing be..ing du eJLv.ing o6 olLlt. ltJve. and 11.upe.&. L.i.v.ing .in th.i4 ma.nne.11. .<A the. only '41!/ to e.1141Llt.e. .the. 41L4.to.i.nabil..ltl( 0 ~ OILll. b.io.Sphe.11.e. a.rid a. la.4.t.ing place. 6011. ot411.4e.lvu .in U4 con.ti.ntWtg evocLi.64 em.i.na.tt luli.oMJt.y p'WCe.44. We. 6e.e.m to ha.ve. 11.eo.c.he.d the. 6uWwm po.int 06 a "do 011. d.ie." 4Uua.t.lon .in .tVUll6 06 a. cont.inue.d quo..li.ty 4ta.nda.Jt.d 06 U6e. on .th.U. pl.a.net. It .i4 .the. a..i.m 06 th.i4 jolLlt.nal. to do it4 pall.t .in the. 11.e.-.inha.b.<..t:a.Uon a.nd 11.e.-cultwi.a.U..on 06 the. Ka..tW:ih pitav.ince. 06 .the. Sou..the.Jtn Appab.cMP.114 . ThM pitav.irtce. .<A .irtdlc.ttte.d by U4 na.twr.a.t. bou.nd.alt...i.u : .the. Ne.w IU.veJL v.ic.in.i.tv to the. nolt.th; the. ~oothil..t.4 o~ .the. ple.dmon.t a.11.e.a. to .the. eJUt; Yona Mowita..ln a.nd .the. Ge.o11.g.i.o. hil..t.4 to .the. .sou.th; a.nd .the. Te.rtnuHe IU.veJL Va.U~ to the. wut. Hwnbl!f, 44 4e.l6-a.ppo.inted .ste.cm.Jt.d,t. IAlUh. 4a.J!Jl.e.d .into piwte.c.t and pllU'-11.ve. it4 4a.J!Jl.e.dnU4, we. a.dvoca..te. a. cuite.11.e.d a.pp!tOa.ch to .the. con.cE.pt 06 dtte.ntlla.l..i.za:t.ion a.hd hope. to becomE. a. .suppolt..t 4!f4te.m 6011. .tho4e. a.cce.pt.ing the c.ha.lt.e.nge. 06 ~IL4ta..i.na.bil.Uy and .the. e11.e.a...t.ion 06 ha.Jt.mony and bo.la.nce. .in a. to.ta.l Hll4e., heJLe. .in th.i4 pta.cE.. 4.tJt.ILc..t,ion1t 44 "nw na..t.i.vu'' We. wdcome. aJ.1. COMUponde.nce., CJLi..tic.i.4111, peJl.t.i.nVl.t .in6o.\ma.Uon, OJt.t.<du, llJl.t.woltk, E..tc. wlth hopu .tha.t Ka.Oia.h wlU 911.0w to .se.11.ve .the. but .inte.Jtt.4t4 o6 / th.i4 ~ a.nd a.U .lt4 Uv.ing, blt.e.a.thi.ng 6"1fl.i.t.!/ me.mbelt.4. - The EcLltolt.4 The Internal Revenue Service has declared a non-profit organization under section 50l(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to Kat uah ar e deductible from personal income tax-.-- Kat~ah Winter 1985-86 �•• • NEAR HOME ( cont.i.llued 611.Dm p. 11 remedies and spiritual powers. The Native American people say that medicine is everything: religion, psychology, politics, ecology, philosophy, plants, ceremonies, community--all things that we seem to need separate words for, in English. Here in the mountains, the Cherokee have evolved and still practice a complex system of medicine. In their practice , they use the plants--which include over 75% of all the medicinal plants in America~from tropical passiflora vines in the river bottoms to tundra lichens on the high peaks. Cherokee medicine also uses a sophisticated understanding of human nature, and of our 'place in the world.' Ceremonies address our relationship with 'the whole '. The white people--English, Scots, Irish, and Cerman--wbo established communities in the mountains about 150 years ago learned about medicinal plants from the Cherokee. They brought their knowledge of European plants and beliefs as well--everything from ustng seeds and root cuttings, to formulas for removing warts, taking the fire out of burns, and even putting a knife under the bed to ease the pain of childbirth. Today mountain communities have hospitals, M.D.'s, chiropractors, ministers, psychologists, and other healing practitioners. And yet another wave of newcomers in the mountains of Katuah have been working to establish healing centers, holistic health farms, and centers for psychic research. In the 1960's , throughout the country, people began to take back responsibility for their own health care. In the eighties it seems that perhaps our greatest challenge is to take responsibility for the health of the earth! Our mountains are threatened by acid rain (what government agencies mildly call "atmospheric deposition") , threatened by the deposit of nuclear wastes , by clear-cutting and poisoning of the forests, by development that erodes land and silts streams and places burdens on water and sewage treatment in those communities. All of us who have felt the healing power of the mountains, of the earth-if only the 'peacefulness' that comes from sitting by the side of a mountain stream--need to respond now to the mountains' need for Health. We must open up and expand our definitions of ' medicine ' to include the earth and all peoples as a Whole so that we cannot only survive, but BE WELL. Barbara Reimensnyder, PhD BaJtbaM Re.<me.nMtydeJL, a. 11.e.gulalt. contM.bu.to.11. .to Ka.ttra.h, ,(A 4 6ol.Jtt.OIW..t who ti.vu .in"1iaCon Coun.ty, NC. 1n .tJi.i..6 nut <Vt.ti.c.le., 4 he. 4 ha.11.u c.ui..th U4 4ome. 06 he.A .ti.me. 4pe.nt c.ui..th Ka.te. RogeJt.b, one. 06 .the. ol.dut plUlC.uti.oneJt.b o6 6o.tk me.cLi.c.i.ne. he11.e. .in .thue. moun.ta..in4 . , N\TrAH - page 3 KATE ROGERS and her mountain medicals The following exerpts come from a book that Kate Rogers and I have been working on for several years , Kate was born in 1905 in the Ellijay co111111unity outside of Franklin, North carolina, where she grew up and where she now lives, near her large family. In addition to knowing and using over two hundred plants for medicine, Kate also sings old ballads and shape-note hymns and takes an active part in her church. She and her husband celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary last year. When I first made a tape with Kate, she started out, "Hy name is Kate Minervy Rogers. I was named after both my grandmothers, Kate Henry and Minervy Moses--tbat was Dr. Athan Hoses' wife. Hy grandfather was a herb doctor, Dr. Athan Hoses. And Mama used herbs; she knowed everything we ought to do when one was sick--just go and git this and go and git that." I asked Kate how she first began to learn about plants. She said , "I started in quite young. We bad big fields, about twenty acres, and I carried the water from a little spring way over in the woods at the aide of the field. I was the waterjack, I guess you'd call it. I carried water to where they was hoeing corn." "See , on new ground , you can't plow it and do too good. They laid off a little first with oxen , but part of the way was so rough they had to dig boles to plant the corn. So they'd dig up all the bloodroot and may apples as they was agoing." "And I would put them on top of a stump, and then I'd run and carry them, every bit , to the house. I would run as fast as I could. It was over half a mile to walk from the field, and a lot of it was uphill ss ye come back. If I didn't get to wash the roots then and put them out to dry , why I would that evening." Kate's uncle , John Henry, had a store where he sold general goods to the co-unity , and in turn bought or traded for beeswax, roots, herbs, corn, chestnuts, and other natural products. Kate said , "I could take a pound of bloodroot, and Uncle John, he sold five cent calico , so I would get a yard of calico for a pound of bloodroot and Mama could make me a lc.ont.inue.d on nut page.) W inter 1985-86 �continued from page 3 dress out of it." Kate was five years old at that ti.me. "And then I learned about herbs from Mama. She was Dr. Athan Hoses' daughter, and she knowed a lot about them. She knowed that poplar bark, the root bark, was good to kill worms, and she'd give it to us. One'd cry with his stomach hurting, and Mama would say, 'Go and get some poplar bark, Kate.' (She always sent me, I don't know why ). But I'd dig in by them big roots that went down in the bank of the road. And I'd get the poplar bark and take it to the house. And usually when I got in with it I'd wash it and fix the tea for the children." "Kate digs plants to make her own garden of medicinal plants - 'medicals'." Kate grew up collecting roots to sell from the woods and newly cleared ground of her family and gathering roots and herbs as needed to doctor her family. She has continued these two kinds of activities ever since--she finds and grows herbs to doctor herself and her husband and others as needed. She also regards medicinal plants as a source of income, digging them to sell at the flea market and through the mail, which she bas done for years. Her grandfather too did a substantial mail order business in herbs in the late 1800's. In addition Kate digs plants from the woods and gets seed to make her own garden of medicinal plants- "medicals". Throughout the years she bas worked as postmistress, in factories, bas run ruby mines, taken in boarders, and done a variety of jobs while raising three children, caring for her extended family, making gardens, sewing, quilting, taking an active part in her church , and doctoring anyone lolho needs help. Although she has always helped to support her family, Kate says, "Every ti.me I pick something for somebody, I just give it to them. Wben I tell people what to use for medicine,it's just free, gratis. One person the other day, they didn't give me nothing, and I didn't expect nothing, but I know they'll be good to me." Kate continually adds to her knowledge of plants by reading books, experi.menting--mostly on herselfKAWAI:! - page 4 and growing new plants or bringing them in from the woods. She said, "They ' re a lot of herbs in these mountains, but I ain't never found out what they're all good for. I know two hundred and fifty, but I don't know where they're all at. Two hundred and fifty that I've used then around here close." "I grow some, and I find some in the woods, all along the roads and so on. And some I bring back and set out to where they'll grow, it's like they're alive to me. Well, they ate alive! But it's like they're a pet. I love them, each one." "One day, when I was a child, Mama done a good deed for me and the plants too. I pulled the flowers. I'd come in with everyone that I could hold in my hands, the pretty little flowers. And Kam.a said, 'I want to tell you something.' She said, 'Every one of them pretty little flowers would have raised seed if you'd a left them.' She said, 'If everybody done like you're doing, everybody could pull up every flower, and when they got the flowers pulled, there wouldn't be no seed to fall back and come up. That's just a-robbing everything. ' Well, now I'm so particular about pulling things I want to make seed-I won't pu11 them just because they're pretty. Because I want them to keep coming, because they're so many good plants. And the more I learn about them, the more I want to learn." Kate's great granddaughter already makes tea for her brothers and sisters using some of the plants her great grandmother bas shown her. In the last several years Kate bas spoken to garden clubs and 4-H groups and participated in local festivals like Mountain Heritage Day and the Macon County Folk Artists in Schools Program. One day Kate said, "Hy tea, I think that helped my arthritis, but I'll tell ye: try to stay happy. That's one of the best remedies ye can find. One day there was a girl come to me, and she was wanting to know bow to stay young. And I said, 'Why are you asking me? You sure get old, you can't do a thing about that. And she said they had told her to ask me. So I said , 'Well, just try and be a happy person. Never do anything you know is wrong. If you know it's wrong, just avoid it. You don' t have to do wrong. ' You know there's always things that will happen --none of us ain't perfect. I've been sad, and I've had trouble that made me mad a few times, but it's all in life. You just I.ave to let the worst go and live for the better." "I'm trying to live a natural life, use the natural things. We're just learning more about nature all the ti.me. The Lord put it all here, and put it here to work, and that's nature." Kate Rogers and Barbara Reimensnyder , PhD. © 1985 I.t .i.6 .the. moJuthtg o 6 .the. win.tVL 4 olJ..ti.ce: New G.ltange., lite.land - A COll.e.6u.lty du-4Jne.d wtde119.it.ound Ji.tone 6.tli.uetwr.e Jiil.I. 6.il.e.nilq in .the. daJtk.ne.t.6, ~ .i.ng, 116 ..it luu. done. 6011. .thoiu.and6 o 6 60Jt. thM moJUl,(ng '6 6ttMMe.. I.t ha.6 be.en Cillle.d a ".tomb", 6011. bod.i.u 06 .the de.ad weA.e C411..e.6u.ltq .i.nljllOJl.6, .te.Me.d .the11.e., bu..t .the me.an.<.ng and pwi. po6 e. o6 .tlilt. dolmen, 116 .thu e. 4.tJr.uc .twi.u a11.e. Cillle.d, Me. 6M mO-'le .than .tha.t, 116 .the. 6.i.Ju>.t 1t.O..IJ6 o 6 .the JL.i..6.i.ng 6wt 11.eveal. They b!JIL6t .th.lt.Ough .the open en.tltancema.y and Uhun.i.na.te. .the. .twe.n.ty6oot-h.igh back c.u:tU 06 .the. 6.tone.Une.d pit, whi.c.h .i.6 COVVl.e.d with de.6'4Jrl6 and pe.t.Jt.Oglyph6 to.bo!Lloiu.ty callve.d by Ji.tone-age 1111160116 .to ce.leblta.te. tlUI. VeJUf moment:, 601t .the. .light .touchu .them 601t onl..tj a 6e.w hoWl.6 a !le.all p.'l.e.c.iJ. e.ly a.t .the. time. o6 .the win.tVL 4 oU.t.i.ce.. Wha-t .the. 6ymbol6 mean 6pe.c..i.6.i.Cillly .i.6 .the C4U.6e. 06 much conje.ctwr.e. and debate, but .tJW. 6.Ue.nt ceJt.emony, 6011. whlch .the 6.t4ge &a1.6 4 e.t 4. 000 !fe,a.Jtl, be.601te. modeJl.n c..i.v.i..Uza.t.i.on, 6.i.ng6 06 11.UUM.tct.i.on and 11.e.b.iA.th. ••••• i ~ ~ i 4ii\ ~ <:9' flw 'f ~ ~ • : ~ ~ .., ~ G i S\IV ~ ~ ~ ;:F< Ancient societies all across the face of the Earth, but particularly in the British Isles and the northwestern coast of Europe, have left enduring remnants of their presence 1n the form of earthen mounds and barrows, stone structures, and great boulders raised on end in patterns or standing alone. The great stone circles in particular, such as the familiar Avebury and Stonehenge circles, have caught the modern imagination and are tantalizing clues to the minds of the old ones, the "megalithic peoples," as these societies of builders are called. Living in the period from 5,000 to 2,000 B.C. before the Celtic tribes overran Europe, the megalithic peoples based their life on a subsistence agriculture largely dependent on domestic animals. Apparently the lands were sparsely populated at that ti.me, and there was plenty to eat, but their living conditions would have seemed rough and crude to us, with little to indicate the extraordinary capabilities required to transport and raise the great boulders in precise patterns and aligments. Time bas shrouded the monuments 1n mystery , and there are many guesses--some academic, some psychic, and some purely inventive--as to their original nature and purpose. Since Professor Gerald Hawkins of Boston University discovered in 1963 that the Stonehenge circle was used as a huge astronomical obser- ~,0,j@>~@ljOeJ~~~~ Winter 1985-86 �~~<@'~~~~,i@~~,~~S~@ijfbeJ@~~~~B~".W-~@~G(@W~' vatory, it has become coaunon knowl edge that solar , l unar , and stell a r sightings are a pa rt of th e f unction of many of the megalith ic ston e figures . Yet as mor e is revealed about this function of t he stones , astronomers marvel at t he knowl edge these a ncien t people had of our universe, and are amazed at t he a ccur a cy of the observation s that are poasibl e with the g rea t s tones , wh:Lch a t fi r s t look seem so clumsy . Enginee r s wo nd e r how t he bouldere were moved over long distances, a nd how t hey wer e raised with the tools these stone-age people had at hand. Professor Alexander Thom, Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Oxford University, has demonstrated that a common unit of measure, the "megalithic yard" as he calls it, was the basis of the stone figures throughout the British Isles. He has spoken of the sophisticated geometry evident in the design of the stone figures, and the mathematical precision with which they were laid out and put into place - by a people of a rustic and illiterate culture! But while academics can point out the astonishing accomplish·. ments of this ancient people, the attraction of the stones, particularly to peo! · ple of Eur o pean descent, is a pers onal one, for the stones represent a part of ourselves. They are a · .; part of our ancestral peo-~ between t hem. The s uns ets are emphas ized because the smal.l val.ley sight s west, giving a long view of the western horizon. Lylich i s descend ed from peo ple who lived in Scotland and northwes tern Europ e . He fel t that bu ilding a circle and experiencing the mind of the builder s wa s t he best way to understand their f eelings and motives. "My primary reason for building a stone circle, besides wanting to see what it was all about, was to make a ceremonial area, just as I believe my ancestors did . It's a place to go and be serious, a place set aside as sacred ground. ''Some people might think it rash of me to meddle with megalithic .·:: · • '· •· ... ··. · .:{::_. . • American t r i bes , even the Chinese pl e ha ve stone monuments in their c ul·i tu ral his to r y . It is a t r adition that i s found among ancient peoples all over the world . " I n this wa y i t i s a bridge be- ~ t ween us whit e peo ple and the na t ive (@)) Indians that we f ound l iving here :ii when we came. It is clear t hat among 'G th eir oth er functions, the pre-Celtic ~ stone circles in Europe were calendare~ measuring the moon cycles and the ~ yearly solar cycles. The medicine wheels discovered in this country werf ~ the same. We can trace the solstices ~ and equino.xes through them, so we know th;lt they were calendar3 for the fl, native peopl e of this continent. '8 "The fire-pit at the center of & our circle i s one element that we , ~ borrowed from the Native American medicine wheels. It's a funny thing, but none of the pre-Celtic circles has a fire-pit. All the alignments pass through the center of the circles, but they left it un~ marked. I figure they left it I~ clear for their ceremonies or for sacred contests · ··· and games. "It is natural that the old European . l . ·; • tribespeople com(@ · -_.. · bined the functions ~ ..:·. .. of sacred sites if) and sacred calen~ dars in their ··· circles. The peo··. · · ple obviously had to know when a celebration was coming. They ~ sometimes had to ~ tTavel miles to get there, and they '4i> li- I ~~;:~~E~~~i:~:;~h~~ '·:-:~:~:\\?:~;<~Y}'~~~!r;~<'\~·~ '::~-;~.-:: ·.-.·:=:I.;·; ::~~~=~· -~-s:·?:}:~~ .:}!"~~:~:: :~~%:;~):fil.~C1. -~~~Ft!~:::~t~~:;~ ~::!,'!:·~~! :.."!: something we once · '' · . <:~(? c1.-.n·cLeS were - something we have lost. If we ~could only unravel the mystery of the ·. standing stones, we know we would be face to face with ourselves at the other end, looking into our own eyes with new understanding. One person living today in Katuah, who wishes only to be known by his Celtic name, Lylich Crabawr, decided to do some experiential research to try to fathom the true meanings of the old megaliths. In bis small valley, close to the center of his five-acre property, he has erected a circle of stones. The four largest ones mark the four cardinal points of the compass and are ins cribed with carved pictures of the plant and animal kingdoms c orresponding to the powers of each of the four directi.o ns. Beyond the circle, outlying s tones mark the positions of the sols t i c e s unrises, and the sunsets f or the sols tices, the equinoxes, and the ''\:~~;~;t, a~ ' ''>i('?F sro ·· stone circles, but I feel that I have an ancestral right to follow this path . The bloodlines and the cultural roots of the white people living on this continent lie back in the tribal homelands of Europe. White people have only been a presence in the "New World" for 400 years, whereas our ancestors have inhabited Europe since antiquity and developed a long his- · tory and strong cultural traditions there. "I don't always feel comfortable adopting some other people's ceremony. It would be clearly out of place for me to take up the Sun Dance. I couldn 't build one or run one of thos e . But I feel that I have some authority to do some thing in this area. We all do. European people , Nat i v e Ameri can 1 thore •:.;•:,:::."!~of ; They had to know ~~ ~ in advance. Y'"'\~ when the sunSo was ~ I~~ almost in the ~ right place, • they would know ~ that there was about a week until ~ the solstice, and they'd go over there and gather. "It was also impor tant for an agricultural people to have a calendar. ~ They needed to know when to plant, when to breed their livestock, etc. It was a simple matter to set some stakes or a few rocks in the ground, sighting ~ on some prominent feature of the landscape, and nove them every few days until one day they didn ' t have to move them again. With rocks 200 feet apart, one can measure to within a few days of the solstice. With sights five miles apart, it can be done precisely. "We used that method to l ay out our alignments. Once we had a megalithic stone c ircle, it was easy to (@J s e t up outlying stones. Sighting over ~ the fire -pit at the center of the cir- if1J 'li- I I ¥< jj' ~:;;~;;~;;:_a(G~j;~~~~;~*:;;;'®~~~~};~;(O:~ ~ KATL<hl>' - •pa[i.<e > Wint~ L'9&5-8'6. �111 (j,rcleJ 7owarJ f-/e.a/1n9: mtwlene m~~ ~ wnttui "''/U.#t of h~ ~ f'r#wtl""J fh17Ct44 /Alfu°Vh- IJ,(.f,IJ#fa;n,lf4 hey f/Xkitn't . ''4W --~ r "Jw,.t a l..lttle. a6.teJr. he.U.o, he. 6a.IJ6 I 've. got 6ome.th.Utg " - -t®Lte.veJr. .U .U, .U hUILtl> Wl.e. 6.ilr.e.. Tlvte.e. thoMa.nd dothvi.6 woJLth 06 tu.a. 6atJ a tu .ion on .the. mtje.li.n 4he.a.th 06 mtJ 6p.i.na.l c.oll.d.. MS 6U6pe.c..t. (It taku .two lu.i..on.6 .to name. .U comple.te.ltj. J Mo.11.e. pa.ht, e.x.CJW.Wlling, hantU. a.ll.m6, ba.nd a..11.~und c.hu.t. We.aknU6, c.an'.t d!Uve., l(l16h mlj ha.ur., pa.ht.t, no.11. hold .th.Utg6 ve..11.tj we.U.. Bad 6e.e.li.ng .ln my leg6. Oh no. Con6U6.i..on. Fe.a..11.. D.11.e.o.d. One. e.ve.n.lng a 6.!Ue.nd v.U.li.6. She. .U a m.i.di.ul6e. a.nd I a.Ilk hell abou.t me.dUa..t.lon. She. 6li.6 on the. bed, pu.tll he.11. hand on mlj 6011.e.he.ad, 6ay6 a 600.th.lng woll.d. 011. .two. I n6tantly mlJ m.lnd e.xpandl. a.nd theJr.e. i6 a. 4.tllange. 6e.n6a..t.i..on I a.m ou.tll.lde. 06 my6 e.f.6. Some.th.lng ma.g.lca.l .U happe.n.lng, 40me.th.lng handed down 611.0m .the. old day4 o 6 owr. 4.U..te.11.6 , .the. w.ltc.hu/he.a.le.11.6. She. a.6/l.6 me. .to v.UuaUz.e. the. demon (li. i6 an UfJly glob, a "b.ig e.a..te.11.," I a.m la.tell. .to wtde.ll.6tandl , .to MU the. pa.ht bi.to a ba.ll (wh.ic.h be.c.omu 40 l.tvige. a.nd he.o.vy I'm una.ble. .to U6.t .U 611.0m my c.hu.t, bu.t can 6Uc.k au:n.y pa.JLt6 o 6 .U I and .to 6.lnd a 4a6e. ptac.e. (Hve..11.a.f. appe.a..11. bu.t a..11.e. nl,,t .!Ugh.ti • By now I a.m .la.ugh.Utg, e.11.y.lng, talking, c.wr.6.lng. Eve.ntu.aU.y the. 6a.6e. pto.ce. be.c.omu the. loweA pa.JLt o 6 a .t.11.e.e.. F loa.t.&tg ne.a..11. me, li.6 11.0ot.6 a11.e. e.xpo6 e.d and li.6 dangl.lng 11.0ot ha.cA6 a.tta.ch .to mtJ a.ll.m6 • I .t appe.o..11.6 they a..11.e. .t.11.y.lng .to dJuwJ ou.t the. pa.ht. Get ou:t .the. rne.o.n-6hli. 4.tu.6 6, I ca.ll ou:t. Ove.11. a.nd ove.11., get out, go aJAXJ.y I The. v.U..i..on 6adu and I a.m 6W1. m.iAe..11.0.ble.. Some.th<.ng, howe.ve.11., i..6 cU.6 6Vte.n.t. The. 11.e.leiu.e. 06 a.nge.11., the. mowr.n.lng 06 lo66 , the. nam.lng 06 e.vil., have. le.6t empty 6pac.u in.to wh.lch c.an c.om po6.Ue. .ive. 60Jt.cu. A. .twuWlg po.ln.t. The. .t.11.e.e., tho1J9h, t®Lt dou .U m e.an, Jte..11.e. dou .U come. 611.0m'I She. po.lnt.6 .to my .ta.6.t pa.in.t.lng, 611.0m a. 4 e.M.u o6 women' 4 anc.le.nt 6ymbol4, a .t.11.e.e.. A. 6.tyUz.e.d du.ign 6JLOm old Ca.naan 06 the. 6acAe.d .t.11.e.e.: the. body 06 the. goddU4. ( La..te.11. I l1lft .to 11.e.a.Uze. I had be.en a.6Jt.a..id 06 #wJtU.ng the. .t.11.e..e., 06 luiv.ing my ptLi.rt go in.to .U--how Wfte. did I unde.ll.6tand. J The. n.ighl: i6 long and halt.6h, moll.rl.ing I 41Qlke. and the. e.xCJWc..Ut.tin.g pa.ht .U gone.. Gone.! V.ld the. .t.11.e.e. take. .U'! You know .U d.id. The. pa.ht .t"4.t .U le.6.t .U be.o.Jta.ble., not we.lc.ome., bu.t be.a.11.11ble.. One. a.6.te..11.noon I a.m able. .to M.t.a.x dee.ply (.to 6.lnk .ln.to the. be.di, a.nd the.11.e. i6 anothe.11. v.U.i..on. Fo.!t. 6ome. Jte.a.60n I unn.t .to be. .in my Uttle. gall.d.e.n. I .t.11.y a.nd .t.11.y bu:t I c.an' .t get the.Ile.. I qu.i.t .t.11.y.lng a.nd 6udde.nly I a.m the11.e.. That i6 , mlj leg4 , wh.i.c.h luive. be.en hwr..t.ing, a11.e. the.11.e., ly.ing among the. we.e.d6 and with the. we.e.d6 glWwing out 06 the.m. W.ith .inv.U.i.ble. hand6 I beg.in to weed the. ga.11.d.e.n, and oddly e.no1J9h, my l.e.g6. Iv:. e.o.ch we.e.d comu ou:t, 60 dou 6ome. 06 the. pa.in, 6ome. 06 the. 6e.a.ll.. 1 weed 6011. a long t.ime.. It .U anothe.11. ba.d dD..y. I 6 e.e. my4 e.f.6 ly.lng .in be.d, 6ull 06 bad 4.tu.66. I unn.t .U ou.t. The11.e. if, a co1r.k .in the. 6ma.U 06 my ba.c.k. I pull .U out and the. ba.d 4.tu.66 be.g.in.6 .to dfia..Ot. A ho6e. a..ttac.he.d .to a (c.on.t.inue.d on next page.I Winter 1985-86 �v151onJ · Jownfur,e-5 aff1rmatton5 ·;ournf!tj5 .tUllJ moon appe411.6 on mlJ bel.ly. The. moon ,(,/, 6ult. 06 good 1>tLL66 land ,(,!, dJuuuUtg Lt 611.0m a moon 1>1J111bol .i.n one. 06 mlJ pa.i.nti.ng1> l . The. ho1>e. weMI> .it.6e.l6 .i.nto mlJ Mvel and 6.ill.h me wlth good 1>.tu66. I am bet.tell.. Some. 1>ay MS doun 't h.ulLt, othe/Lb 1>a1J U dou. MIJ le.g1> (though .the. tu.ion ,(,!, ne.M. mlJ ne.cld, ho.ve. pa.i.n. 1 1>e.e. .i.M.lde. .th e.m. TheJte. ,(,!, a caJuiboM.d 1>.tM.p .i.n e.ach. Slowl.IJ one. o 6 the. 4.tlUP" be.g.i.nl> to /LOU .i.n.to a .tube.. A6 U 11.oli.4, U catchu up pa.in .i.'1.41..d.e. U. In ano.theJt v,(,/,.i.on I 1>e.e. mlJ back, .the.n a wooden table., and on U a ti.nlJ papeJt m.i.nt cup. A 4poon appe.M.b. Some.how U 4COOpl> bad gunk 6/tOm mlJ 4p.i.ne. and 6.il.lb .the. cup. Ano.the.IL cup appe.M.b, and 6.i.Ub. Ano:tlteJt, ano.the.11., ano.theJt. 81J now rruch 06 mlJ 4.tll.e.ng.th, coolLCLina;Uon ,(,/, back. A pa.i.ntell 611..i.end 4uggutl> 1 pa.i.nt .the. v,(,/,.i.onl>. Tho1>e. we.iAd :tki.Jtg4? lmpo1>1>.i.ble. 1 1>ay, IJU, almo1>.t a4 .i.6 to .i.nl>,(,t,.t, .the. tlte.e. 11.e.appe.a11.1>--U ,(,!, 1uhole. th,(,t, ti.me.. Then U 1Le.p1t.odu.cu .U:.6 e.l.6 .i.n.to llldnlJ .tll.e.u • They tll.an1> 60M1 .i.nto a clwnp, a g11.ove., and look "~ .to one. 1 pa.i.nte.d ove.11. .twe.ntlj IJe.M.b ago. Ago..i.n, ha.i.11.li hang down and a11.e. like. pe.a v.i.ne. te.nclllil.b. The.If be.g.i.n attac.h.i.ng to my bodtj. 1 am not a6Jta..Ui 06 hull..tU1g .the. .tll.e.u. MIJ mind pu.tb .the. ha.i.lll> .i.nto pl.a.cu that hUll.t, two 011. tlvte.e. .i.n 4ome. pl.acu. Even .i.r. pl.a.cu that jUL>.t Uch. I talk, olwy, now 1 am go.i.ng a4le.e.p, .i.6 1 move. oJt .tull.n ovell .the. ho..i.11.4 will. 1>.tay .i.n place.. 1 wilt 6e.e.l. be.tte.11. cdt e.n 1 <U1n ke.. Much o 6 .the. po..i.n and 6e.aJt go u thllough .the. Motl>, .i.nto .the. .tll.unk, and out .thllough .the. le.a.vu- -11.e.clJcle.d. Somet.i.mu .the. bluu get to me.. 1n one. po..i.nt.i.ng I am undellg1tound--.i.n 6ac.t, dcwn de.e.p .i.n a g.11.0und hog de.n--unde.Jt mlJ hoUL>e./moun.ta..i.n la 1>ymbol .i.n p11.e.v.i.0U1> pa.i.nt.i.ngl> J . Thelle. 1 1>.tay 6011. 1>e.veMl da1J1> and t«tU out :t.he. mood. One. da1J my Jtoom Hentl> .to 6.i.U w<..th 6loa.ti.ng whe.e.lcha.i.11.li and 1 am 4Ull.Jtounde.d. Sca11.e.d. Haunted. Ske..tch .the. .&nage., du<.gn U, pa.i.nt U. Name. .the. 6e.a.1t. 1 am lu1> 1>CaJte.d. 1 look at my po..i.nti.ngl>. 1n mo1>.t 1 am llj.i.ng down. What ,(,!, th,(,!,? 1 can w:tlk, ca"' .t I? I get m1J1>e.l6 up, embJtace. the. moon, 1>he. pu.tb out hell aJIJl14 and g.i.vu me. a b.i.g hug. I be.g.i.n a 1>e.Jt.i.e.1> 06 joUJr.11e.y1>, dJtawn .in.to .the. pa.6.t, back to uiome.n '" anc.i.e.nt 1>ymboU. (The. p!t.e.v.i.oUI> 1>e.Jt.i.u ha4 be.e.n 11.uume.d and «n.& 6.i.n,(,t,he.d, Oil 1>0 1 ltad thought:. l Now 1 am llteMlllJ w<..th .the. "1>ymbol6," bu.ld.e. .the.m, tallU.ttg w.i.th them, l,(,t,.te.n.ing .to them. 1 come. upon the. temple. 06 A6talt.te.; 1>U at the. 6e.d 06 goddu1>u .i.n .the. Salto.Jta; 4tand at the. al.taJt o 6 Mothe.11. Goddu1> .i.n C11.ete. and call. to lte.Jt along w<..th one. 06 hell p!Uu.tu1>u; dance. and 1>.i.ng w.Uh o.the.11. women o 6 the. woll.l.d. Back home. 1 6.i.nd goddU4U. have. taken up 11.u<.de.nce. to watch ove.Jt me.. One. n.i.gh.t I am 1>Uti.ng on .the. poJr.Ch, Nut, .the. EglJp.t.i.an 1>k1J godd.u1> 4Ull.Jtound.i.ng . p11.ote.cti.ng. 1 be.come. <Ulnlte. .that the. j 0U11.ne.1J1> .i.nto .the. pa.6.t have. g.i.ve.K me. COUii.age. 6011. .the. p.\Ue.nt, 6011. the. 6utUJte.. Me.h·Ull.t, a ve.Jtlj anc.i.e.nt cow/4 kif godd.u1>, W'.lnde/Lb .i.n to v.i.l>U. All.Ound he.11. ne.ck lb the. Me.na.t, a 1>ymbol c6 1>.tll.e.ngth, 1>e.xual. ple.abUJte., and ph1J4.i.cal we.U-be..i.ng. - Mall.l.e.ne. Mounta.i.n :. ~ c .. ..- ~ U NE DllAWINO$ ADAl'TW aY MARTHA TllQ 'J ' r1'1 f s MOON FILL f,(i9ht~ of~ "I don't even know what r&ade me sic.It," related Marlene to us , "I think it was the stress and not talking to people, being bottled up with pressures and it came out ( in MS symptoms ) and I went through a bad period. But maybe that was to be. I'm still not able to settle down. I'm on fire. But I've had a warning .•• and the healing. I didn't have anything to do with it--it just happened and it was a major healing process that I don't know how to explain." We as~d Marlene to describe, as best she could, her healing experience--"! don't even meditate and that evening I said, 'Let's meditate tonight, Cindy (midwife/friend) ' not even knowing really what it was--it was a weird experience and it happened several times afterward. And it basn 't happened since (the healing) but it got me through a period. I guess you could call it a miracle but not in the old-fashioned sense. I'd love for it to happen again but I don't know if it would be the same form." Marlene continued, "What happened to me ... I know it was from women's past--ancient Goddess energy. I certainly wouldn't have known anything like that would have happened or was going to happen. I don't have fantasies , I don't have rituals, I don't have anything li~ that .. • and then all of a sudden something absolutely abnormal happened to me . The midwife, Cindy, says I did it myself. I don't think I could have ever done it. But it was at the po:lnt that something had to happen." From these visions, Marlene felt compelled to paint the images in a series of healing paintings.( see 'In Circles', opposite page) Throughout our visit, Marlene spoke of releasing her anger and her fears. In speaking of her wheelchair painting, Marlene conJ:ided, "By the time I was finished painting , I didn't have that fear anymore and it has not come back. Maybe I just had to deal with that fear and my being visual, it came out visually. ~y fear and painting it through and putting myself in the midst of it was empowering." In conversing with Harlene, there is a strong sense that the expression of rage in s creative way and a positive vision of healing can co-exist. Some of her 'outrageous' expressions include her series lcon.t.i.nue.d on ne.x.t page.I ~<(] KATUAH - page 7 Winter 1985-86 �WEEDING PAIN & FEAR \:ifiiJ \I of paintings entitled: "a woman's non- commemorative stamp collection". "They are 'stamps' which will never be real stamps , " said Marlene. The 'stamps' speak to the annihilation of native peoples , the environment, rape, incest, war and nuclear extinction. One simply reads 'women and minorities'. "It's incredible," continued Marlene, "that in America in the 80' s that phrase should even exist . " Besides creatively expressing through the visual art of painting, Marlene is also a recognized poet of haiku. Conventionally, haiku is viewed as an apolitical, pure/objective art form. Marlene though differs with this view and creatively allows her 'grumblings' to come through this mediUlll as well. She feels that haiku offers a great deal to women in particular as an art form. In terms of her paintings, Marlene ' s most recent series is called "Cross Words". The paintings , all 13 of them, are of crossword puzzles filled in with words of what women are called ..• the animals women are called .. . the food ... the slang body parts, and so on. "I 'd say that most of my paintings are for women, but I want men to be involved too. I think they're called things that they don't want to be called. If they could see what women are called and start thinking about what they are called and what they are supposed to be doing in life, it helps. We all have to be in it together." Cross Words" allows us to see the disturbing words in a "playful" and dynamically contained way, effectively taking away their 'power'. One of Marlene's older series of paintings called "the Other" portrays ancient women symbols , which she spent a great deal of time researching. Another series is a "female alphabet" which she herself 'made up'. She felt the need for this kind of alphabet and one night the images started coming to her, all except the 'y' and the 'n' which came the next day. "For a while I would write letters in 'female ' and translate poems into 'female'. The alphabet just c ame out of nowhere ... or rather it came out of somewhere, I just wasn't aware of it. I had to paint them." IDher early days of being an artist , Marlene was not aware that there was any avenue in art other than what she, for convenience, would refer to as the 'male art of New York'. "I bad become dissatisfied with those attitudes." Harlene painted ten years, got her degree, quit for ten years , then started again . I n renewing her art again, there was a period during which she painted a painting every day for one month based on the theme of the mountain and the moon. The mountain wasn't a specific landform--it was from within. "I just identified with i t somehow. A f riend said, 'what 's the name of ~~ ~••<ain' and I didn'< know. I g•••• i< <•~•• out that it's me ... It was something that took a long time. I wanted to change my name to that and that's partly what the piece is about. ~hat's my art name and poetry name. That's my real name (Mountain)'' Marlene is not interested in selling any of her work. Seldom does sbe paint a ' single ' painting. Mostly, her paintings are in a series of 20 to 40 pictures which need to be displayed together. In asking Marlene how a ' series' develops, she offered, "For the "stamp" series, I did a sketch in my sketchbook of a little perforated thing •.• ! don't know where the image was ••• and then all of a S1.1dden i t was a series. And t he alphabet just 'popped' out so I don't know if there is a process. You have to 'go' with it, you know." Marlene's work and scope extend far beyond her own personal realm. She in particular speaks to women and their sense of wellbeing . "Women need," she insists, "to develop a collection of positive images with which to enrich their art as well as their psyche. For me, reference to the mountain and the moon as female is a necessary element in building an aesthetic vocabulary as well as personal identification . Women have a tremendous amount of underlying texture from which to draw, but due to distortion, inversion and removal of archetypes, we haves long journey of rediscovery and reclamation." ' :;; .! . .. . " i.. ~ ~ " BENEATH THE SACRED GROVE Harlene envisions a return of the Mother Goddess qualities , both on a personal and a social scale . This return which she feels is happening ("I feel I'm in the revolution, even out here") is more a process of "searching for rather than giv!!!s .!!.P.· No doubt, though , there-must be a certiiTn amount of sifting and sorting, declining and accepting, and balancing. There are many more concepts to discover and to embrace than there are to negate." "I feel", Marlene continues,"it 's quite valid to call specific attention to what women create ..• I'd say it' s very necessary until there is a truer under s tanding of female sensibilities and her offerings--and, beyond that, of individuality. Today's woman has much to offer and, I feel, has an obliga tion to give voice. Adrienne Rich aptly says, ' Women have often felt insane when cleaving to the truth of our experience. Our future depends on the sanity of each of us, and we have a profound stake, beyond the personal, in the project of describing our reality as candidly and fully as we can to each other'." Marlene ' s journey of personal inner healing s uggests an approach towards a wider community healing where visions, dreams and sensations prompt us towards health. Her organic imagery of mountain, moon , roots , rock, s leep, sac red grove ..... and of heslinQ , entering , passing throu gh .. . remind us that , we a r e all roo t ed deepl y i n t he natural proce~ '\fiN-; -- M.M. S J. H. _'\L_ © ~v " 0 KATUAH : ~ eg~,e 8 ii ~ ex c<JW Winter 1985-86 - HA ~ �"This is Heresy! HOLISTIC HEALING ON TRIAL "The Constitution of this Republic should make special provision for Medical Freedom as well as Religious Freedom . . . To restrict the art of healing to one class of men (people), and deny equal privileges to others will constitute the Bast1lle of medical science. All such laws are unAmerican Md despotic." -Be.n.jamht RU6h, M.V., SW!fJe.on Geneltlll 06 the. U.S. AlurilJ 6 a 6.lgneJL 06 the. Vec.ftvta,Uon 06 1nde.pe.n.de.nc.e. [7745-1813) "Backed by vast sums of money and the intellectual prestige of great universities, decked in all the trappings of modern laboratory science, and supported by an impressive record of clinical success, allopathic medicine exerts an influence on our lives and thinking equal to that of law and religion. So dominant is it that many of its adherents are surprised to learn that other systems of treatment even exist." -AndJtew WeU, M. V., .&t h.l6 boola He..alih 6 ~: UndeJr..6.tancWtg ~o ~ Mecac:Lne. - AU.e11.na.:ti.ve In a scene more reminiscent of the Salem witch trials or the Spanish Inquisition than the informed and enlightened l980' s, Dr. George Guess of Asheville appeared Dec. 2 for a hearing before the N.C. Medical Licensing Review Board on a charge that his practice of homeopathic medicine conflicted with his orthodox practice of family medicine . Three other physicians-Dr. John Laird MD of Leicester, NC; Dr. Logan Pobertson, MD of Canton and Asheville; and Dr. Ted Rozema, MD of Landrum, SChave also been threatened with loss of their medical licenses for practicing chelation therapy with their standard orthodox techniques. The unfortunate result of this investigation may be the loss of valuable health services to our communities and the loss of our right to choose medical treatment that meets our needs. These four men are sincere, canpetent practioners devoted to the ideal of healing others the most effective way they can. But even being called before the Medical Licensing Review Board brings their intentions and abilities into question. The four physicians have already been pressured by their medical insurance ~ompanies into dropping their malpractice insurance. George Guess, M.n., D.Ht . received his medical training at the Medical College of Virginia and Southern Illinois University. He was licensed as an M.D. in 1978. Soon after entering family practice, he realized KArUAH - page 9 the shortcomings of allopathic medicine. Be discovered that attaining broad knowledge, experience, and sensitivity to choose the appropriate technique for treatment offered the most benefit to the sick. Following these ideals he studied at the International Foundation for Homeopathy, completing their postgraduate course in 1980. Since then he has studied intensively with the renowned George Vithoullu!s of the Athenian Center of Homeopathic Medicine in Athens, Greece. In addition to his private practice in Katuah, Dr. Guess has also served on the board of directors of the National Center for Homeopatt.y and as convener for the National Council for Homeopathic Education. He is a diplomate of the American Board of Bomeotherapeutics and a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, as well. "Homeopathy," be says, "is a 200year-old science of healing that utilizes the healing properties inherent in naturally-derived products to stimulate the body's defensive mechanisms to overcome disease symptoms. "The homeopathic physician utilizes non-toxic, gentle substances adminiscered according to the 'law of similars', which states that 'like is cured by like' (or that bodily symptoms are cured by natural substances which produce similar effects). "A focal point for the homeopathic physician is the uniqueness of the individual patient. Typically, before focussing on local symptoms, such as ulcers or arthritis, the homeopath concerns him/herself with the total psycho-physical (mental, emotional, and physical) state of the patient. "It is hoped as an end result of homeopathic treatment that health is restored gently, speedily, and permanently." At the recent hearing, Dr. Guess spent a grueling 8 hours defending his practice . The hearing evolved into a basic introduction to the principles of homeopatlrl.c medicine. At one point a board member, impatient with Dr. Guess's car eful and complete descriptions of how he treated his patients, lamented, "You ' re losing me, I really must go on to something else. I know you understand what you are saying, but I don't." Throughout the hearing the Medical Review Board displayed a total ignorance of the basis and the techniques of homeopathic medicine, raising the question that perhaps the Medical Board is not qualified to judge a method they know nothing about. CHELATION THERAPY Dr. John Laird, founder and director of the Great Smokies Medical Center in Leicester, NC , is another holistic healer threatened by the II Tho cadu.c~1.1•. the phr•icbft'• abln1 n .. •111bot of .flnak._ cc.e• fta. • pr•Hd lanlc 1n1ke cult and oracle of ancient Ct•..C•. hur taken ov•t by the cult of M.c Jeplo1 1 vho h conaide:red the patTon of at'dlclne. Medical Review Board for his practice of chelation therapy. Laird describes this technique as "an intravenous therapy of prescription medicines and nutritional supplements that is known to inhibit degenerative symptoms in the body, such as hardening of the arteries, arthritis, and such." Dr. Laird graduated with honors from Dartmouth College in 1969 and Dartmouth Medical School in 1976. He ·worked in the MAHEC Family Medicine Residency Program in Asheville before starting the Great Smokies Clinic. He now specializes in nutritional and preventative medicine. Be has directed a variety of national and international symposia on holistic approaches to health care. In addition, be lectures to both health professionals an.d the non-medical public. He is a founder and the executive director of the Raphaelite Institute, as well as a member of the Amer ican Holistic Medical Association and the American Academy of Medical Preventics. In assessing the dis-ease of the orthodox medical establishment, Dr. Laird looks first within himself. "I ask what I ' ve done to draw them into my life. Part of my response is to understand inwardly what is going on, and the other part is to try to figure out a way to reconcile the situation, because we are all One. " In the course of all this, I've learned a lot about arrogance. We must express forgiveness without resentment so that we can be more free ourselves. The need of this age is tolerance and that is a function of the heart." intinued page 10) Winter 1985-86 �(continued from p. 9) Dr. Laird believes that there must be a recognition that both sides of this question have contributions to make . The quacks and the unscrupulous charlatans will always be with us, and Laird maintains that there is a place for an impartial panel of experts to defend medical ethics and to set minimum standards to protect the public from imposters who would take advantage of people's debilities for personal gain. But these hear ings, with George Guess ' s careful and patient presentation on the one hand, and board members ' professed ignorance on the other, calls into question the competency of the Medical Boar:! of Re· view more than the abilities of the physicians called before it. At present, the Board is composed solely of licensed physicians who are nominated by the North Carolina Medical Society, except for one lay member who is appointed by the governor. "The Board should be protective, but not exclusive", says Dr. Laird. The scope and techniques of medical practice are expanding at an everaccelerating rate. The breakthroughs in healing will come from those who dare to pioneer new approaches and new techniques. It would be a positive step to have the Medical Licensing Reiew Board be composed of vell-educated, unbiased physicians familiar with lternative techniques of healing as ell as allopathic medicine. The oard ' s composition could be balanced to include practitioners of alternative medicine to better evaluate the merits of different methods of nonconventional healing. Ever since medical licensing was initiated in England in the 17th century, the procedure has been used to maintain the hegemony of the practititioners of allopathic medicine. That system has such a str ong hold on the JOHN LAIRD, MO minds and belief of the people of today, that medical associations have taken on the nature and trappings of a priesthood that will brook no challenge to its authority. But it apparently is time for a change. 88 people attended a meeting at the Unity Church in Arden, NC cal.led to discuss "Medical Freedom of Choice". Chad O'Shea, church minister, sai that he plans to convene a larger meeting at UNC-Asheville somettme during the winter to present a panel of speakers representing both sides of the alternative medicine issue. "Our basic attitude," said O'Shea, "is: 'Let's get together and share some understanding. Let's look at the facts' . "I think that some people's preoccupation with money and material things has blinded them to some wonderful medical methods that they perhaps should be not only supporting, but maybe practicing as well! "For instance, in the view of the A.M.A., heart by-pass surgery is seen as an acceptable risk, even though it is known that 2 out of 100 patients die on the operating table. It is estimated that there will be 200,000 to 300,000 heart by-pass operations next year. That means that there will be 4,000 - 6,000 fatalities outright as a consequence of this technique. "That is not necessarily bad in itsel f. Yet chelation therapy, which bas not been known to harm anyone, and which bas done a lot of good for a lot of people, is not acceptable to the A.M.A .. ~ is that? "We need to explore hard questions like this one and bring them into the light of day." �A QUEST FOR CHEROKEE MYTHIC PLACES· By Douglas A. Rossman Many European-Americans, long separated both physically and spiritually from their own mythological roots, may find it difficult to comprehend how mythically alive the American landscape has been--<>nd, to some extent, still is--to Native Americans. When the famous ethnologist James Mooney made his collection of Ea.s tern Cherokee myths and legends just before the turn of the century, more than fifty of the stories were associated with specific locations in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. Mooney's classic publication, Myths of The Cherokee (1900) , provided detailed descriptions of these locations but included a photograph of only one of them, Nikwasi Mound, in Franklin, North Carolina. I first read Mooney's book in the late 60's, was fascinated by the stories, and longed to see the settings in which they had come into existence. The lack of time, finances, and adequate camera equipment prevented me from pursuing my personal quest in other than a sporadic and incidental fashion until 1983 , by which time it had occurred to me that other people in the region-both residents and visitors--might enjoy seeing and benefiting from learning about the significance of those mythic sites that could still be visited. Thus was born the idea for Where Legends Live : A Pictorial Guide to Cherokee Mythic Places. Subsequently the project acquired a principal photographer, William E. Sanderson, and an illustrator, Nancy-Lou Patterson. Bill, a former graduate student of mine, shared my interest in Cherokee culture, and Nancy-Lou, herself the author of a book on Canadian native art, had previously illustrated my dictionary of Norse mythology, The Nine Worlds (1983). How to present the Cherokee Names for the sites and the mythical beings associated with them posed a real problem. Cherokee was not a written language until the early 1800's when the brilliant mind of Sequoyah devised an alphabet of 85 letters to rep- FORT MOUNTAIN STATE PARK, GA. . WH ITESIDE MOUNTAIN, N.C. i 0 resent the sounds of spoken Cherokee. This system is, unfortunately, unintelligible to readers of English, for whom Cherokee names have inevitably been rendered phonetically . Over the years a number of phonetic systems have been used (same without explanation) , but no standard usage has been established . I decided to go straight to the source, so to speak, and was extremely fortunate to obtain the generous cooperation of Cherokee linguist Robert Bushyhead. He converted the names given by Mooney into the phonetic system devised by Bushyhead and Bill Cook, veri£ied or modified the translations of the names given by Mooney, and provided translations for the "ames not translated by Mooney. Ris patience, enthusiasm , and good humor were a delight and an inspiration, and the results of his efforts adtt inuneasurably to the usefulness of the book. It is a measure of Mooney's thoroughness a.nd preciseness that I was able to approximate the locations of the sites on detailed topographic maps and subsequently go to these places and find something that fit the appropriate description. In several instances involving sites in or near Cherokee, North Carolina, I was able to verify the locations with either Robert Bushyhead or Tom Onderwood, a lifelong resident of the area and a student of Cherokee culture. For Bill Sanderson and myself, the quest for mythic sites did not prove to be a routine, dispassionate cataloguing of spots on a map. Like all true quests,ours had internal as well as external dimensions, and the places we experienced and the people we met in our search for the sites contributed to our own spiritual growth. Despite the disappearances of many sites beneath TVA lakes and the alteration of some by still other manifestations of "progress", several of the places we visited still possess the ability to arouse in a receptive visitor the sense of (continued next page) Winter 1985-,86 �CHEROKEE MYTHIC PLACES being in the presence of sooething outside the ordinary. 1 most vividly recall the visits to Fort Mountain --home of the great Uktena-in the path of an approaching thunderstorm; T!!llSsee Bald- -home of the slant-eyed giant Tsulkala-in early spring with the golden leaves crunching underfoot; and Pilot Mountain--home of K.anati and Selu, the thunder and corn spirits, respectively--with a golden eagle soaring past the summit in the crisp October wind to help (continued from previous page) celebrate "Creation Day." It seems almost inevitable that such places would have myths connected with them. Cherokee mythology has its share of monsters and none is associated with more places than the Uktena, the giant horned (antlered?) serpent that bears a magical crystal-the Uluhsati -- on its head. There seem to have been many different individual uktenas, but the greatest of them lived in the Cohutta mountains of north-central Georgia, apparently at the site of ULUHTU, THE SPEARFINGER present-day Fort Mountain State Park. One of the longest and most complex of the Cherokee myths concerns a "search and destroy" mission directed toward this particular serpent. The ensuing events are briefly swmnarized in~ Legends Live: "Only one man is known to have succeeeded in killing an Uktena and securing the magic crystal. He was a war captive of the Cherokee, a great Shawnee conjurer named Oganunitsi. The Cherokee were going to kill him, but they released him when be pledged to seek out and secure the Uluhsati. He searched the entire length of the Great Smokies and beyond, encountering a series of giant reptileR, amphibians, and fishes along the way, but it wasn' t until he reached Cohutta Mountain . • • that he finally found the Uktena be had been seeking. Oganunitsi built a circular trench in the mountainside, set fire to the pine cones encircling the trench, and then shot an arrow into the seventh spot on the body pattern of the Uktena, which had been sleeping on the mountaintop. He evaded the rush of the mortally wounded serpent and leaping beyond the fire and trench, was protected from the stream of venom spewed out by the Oktena in its death throes. After seven days had passed, the birds of the forest had stripped the carcass so completely that only the Oluhsati remained. Oganunitsi carried the magic crystal back to the Cherokee, who were said by Mooney to still have it in their possession as recently as 1890. " The 855 foot-long rock wall that meanders across the southern face of Fort Mountain does not fit the description of the circular trench within which Oganunitsi took refuge, but some of the larger "gunpits" along the wall might. Although the surviving version of the myth relates that the birds consumed the dead Uktena's bones as well as its flesh, this seems unlikely and one wonders if, in an earlier version, the wall might not have represented the giant snake's skeleton. The serpentine wall does remind one somewhat of the Great Serpent mound in Ohio. No sampling of Cherokee mythical monsters is adequate that fails to mention the infamous Utluhtu, or Spearfinger; a shape changer who usually appeared in the form of an old woman. Utluhtu had a long, bony forefinger on her right hand with which she would stab and extract the liver from her unsuspecting victim, often a child who saw her only as a kindly old grand- --- - - Wint_!?r )..98!)-86 �mother. Frequently the victim was unaware his liver had been stolen until he began to weaken for no apparent reason, and by then his death was inevitable. Spearfinger wande.ed far and wide through Cherokee country, but her favorite haunts seem to be the Nantahala Gorge and near the Little Tennessee River, where it passes around tbe foot of Chilowee Mountain. On one occasion, to make her travels easier, she started to build a bridge of rocks up through the sky from Tree Rock on the Hiwassee River to Whiteside Mountain. She bad the job well underway when lightning shattered the bridge, breaking off it's foundation on the western end of Whiteside Mountain. Apparently, the thunders had taken offense at Spearfinger's bridge, or her behavior in general, or both. The Cherokee eventually trapped and killed Spearfinger, but the mythwise traveler still glances uneasily over his shoulder when passing through the Nantahala Gorge on a misty morning. Or perhaps what he senses is the shadowy presence of the inchworm-like Uwtsuhta serpent as it stretches from one rim of the gorge to the other. Not all mythic creatures that threaten mankind are earthbound. The Tlanuwa is a giant falcon capable of carrying off a man, a deer, or even a bear. In Chattanooga and on the Little Tennessee River below Tallasee are cliffs where these huge birds were said to nest . These cliff faces are still marked with vertical white streaks that resemble nothing so much as bird droppings. Most of the other beings associated with the surviving mythic sites are more favorably disposed toward the Cherokee; for example: Tsulkala, the slant-eyed giant; Kanati and the other thunders; and the Nuhnehi, the usually invisible '"those who have always been here", who have a number of underground dwelling places throughout Cherokee country -- Blood Mountain, Shining Rock, and Pilot Mountain are the best known mountains that contain lodges of the Nuhnehi. Nikwasi Mound also contains one of their lodges and on one occasion, when the Cherokee were hard pressed by their enemies, the Nuhnehi emerged from the mound to rescue the Cherokee from their attackers. Nikwasi Mound is one of only three Cherokee mythic places to have been protected and identified with a marker. Kituhwa Mound* between Cherokee and Bryson City has not been KA'rfae - page 13 @ DOUGLAS A ROSSMAN so fortunate. Although it probably was once the principal ceremonial center of the Cherokee (the "People of Kituhwa" as they sometimes called themselves), repeated cultivation has eroded it very badly. Unless 16 lJOU. all.e. .i..nt:eJLU.te.d .(.n he.lp.i.ng steps are taken iDDDediately to pro.to .lde.n:ti.6y a.nd p11.o.te.c.t CheJLoke.e. 1ncii.an ha.Cl!.ed hilU .in t<a..tU.o.h , c.onto.c.t: tect what is left, the mound will Thoma.h Ra..ln Cltowe., c./o Ka..tUa.h , P.O.Box disappear altogether. I hope that 873, Cui.towhee., NC 28723 one of the things Where Legends Live might accomplish is to arouse sufficient local interest and concern that the "endangered" mythic sites/ . such as Ki tuhwa Mound can be saved . _,, * Kituhwa is another spelling of Katu~. THE UKTENA �\U' "' ..._ ,.,. --- .. �Esta'sai (pronounced es-TAB-say) was a beautiful young woman of the ancient Cherokee Indian people. She ~was a cheerful light among the people of her village , and many of the young men of her village , and from towns far away desired her, but she had thus far remained unmarried . ~ That was what was bothering her this day, and was why ~ she had come to a forbidden place to pick the berries to add to her dried pemmican. She wanted to be alone, and so she had come to the / ~ cliffs high above the Nantahala, the "river of the midday 1 o/ sun , " called thus because _the gorge was so deep and the cliffs so straight that the sun did not shine on the waters of the river until noon of the day. Somewhere, deep in that gorge, it was said, dwelled a fearsome creature, the uktena, a great snake with a horned head; massive jaws--;;ncasing huge , murderous fangs; • a great body covered with scales that glittered like fire ./.~ --impenetrable to spear or arrow, except for one small area on its seventh ring where its heart lay below a soft spot, the one flaw in its armor. The beast's breath was noisome and poisonous, and its eyesight was legendary. 1 / It was from its keen sight that the monster derived its name, uktena,"it examines closely ". OntiieC°reature's head was a huge, transparent quartz crystal, the Ulunsu'ti, the greatest of its kind, of which it was said it would bring wisdom, foresight, and great power to whomever possessed it. The crystal had such power that no human's mind could stand before , it, and whomever beheld the stone was drawn to it, wheth&j er by desire or enchantment, like a moth to a flame. The bottom of the river gorge was littered with the bones of hunters and conjurers who had attempted to kill the uktena to win the Ulunsu'ti talisman for themselves. k{j All this Esta' sai knew, but she had never met anyone r who had actually seen the uktena,and , in truth, she only half believed the stories herself, although she had heard them many times from old ones around the winter fires. ~ The stories did not trouble her that day, for she ~ was young, the sun was bright , and her heart was disturbed by thoughts of romance. "I am as silly as a ten- year-old girl , " she thought , aimlessly flipping a few berries into her bark basket. "Alitak 'wa , (pronounced ah-lee-TAK-wah) the strongest, ,- most handsome, and bravest young warrior of our village, seeks me out, and I turn away from him with foolish /11. words of dreams and visions that I have seen in my sleep" She remembered him I panting hot and amorously into her ear as he spoke, and she bad pulled her fur wrap more closely about her and turned demurely away. ~ "No," she had said. "In a dream I saw myself married · to a white-headed man, not to you." '1: "You mock me!" he had shouted, recoiling as if he had been struck. Although be had said nothing more, she knew, /}1. as he whirled and stalked away, that he had almost lost ~control of the passion and anger within him. "Why did I say that?" her mind wondered . "The words were out before I could think. They were a great insult ft: to a young brave. ~:fr "t would have had much prestige as the wife of such a warrior, one who maybe would later be a war chief in the village." ~ But in her heart, Esta'sai knew she did not desire ~ ! ,, --- A, •r "r 4.~ the warrior Alitak'wa. Re tolas overbearing and haughty, and it seemed that all he could talk about were his own grandiose exploits. "But , " argued her mind , "the nice things be would bring you ... " Suddenly she was oppressed by the sun's brightness , the heat of the day , and the war going on in her own body . She stamped her foot and gave a snort of disgust. Over her shoulder she heard a chuckle , and from behind a rock glided the lit he figure of Alitak'wa , Esta'sai spun around to face him . The sun gleamed on his body. Re was beautiful , to be sure, but the smile on his face u, was twisted and ugly . ~~ "So the young doe begins to feel some passion for her buck," he said insinuatingly, as he slowly came closer. "No!" she said firmly. Her fear gave strength to her words. "I told you last night, and I tell you again: there is nothing between us . " "In a moment," he said , "there will be nothing between us, for one way or another, I am going to have you. I came to you honorably, and you have tarnished my honor and my reputation. Now I am going to have my way." "No," she repeated, stepping away . "Someone will find out. Someone will know. You will be punished," "There is no one here to know." Ris body was trem'f bling as he stepped toward her again. "No, no." Tears came to her eyes as she shrank away· from him. Her foot felt nothingness. To her horror she realized she was at the brink of the cliff. The world went white and swam before her eyes . "No-o-ol" she shrieked, and threw herself backwards, away from his clutching hands. Esta'sai braced herself for the crushing pain of impact, but strangely enough , it did not come, The cliff walls grew darker and darker around her , until she could see nothing, and it seemed like she was falling through ~ a dream. Time slowed. Her body felt weightless. I t seemed 1-fj that she would fall eternally. Ber reverie was jarred by a sudden splash! into chill ing water. But instead of the hard stones of a shallow ;f j river bottom that she expected, Esta' sai felt herself go- ~ ing deeper and deeper into the waters of a seemingly bottomless pool. Her mind rebelled. It was impossible for such a deep pool to be in the shallow river bed. But by lft instinct her body kicked and struggled upwards until she ~ bA �reached of air. t~ surface, panting, faint from shock and lack now, withholding nothing. "I am out of my time. I am the last of my line, and I know my doom is near, so I am going to tell you of my She looked about her. It seemed as if she had fallen kind that it may serve to guide your species, which has into a different time, mournful and darkened by the shadcome to be dominant upon the Earth in this age." J~ ows of a gloomy past. She looked upwards. Framed in the In her mind Esta'sai felt a comnand to remain silent. ~narrow slit between the sheer walls, she could see the She listened. light of her own world. It was unreachable to her now , ''1 am but a shadow of the greatness of my kind. Long , but it was still a comfort to see. Somehow, inexplicably, long ago, before 'time' was, even, my ancestors, the deep in the bright blue sky of full day, a single star dragons, the greatest and most glorious creatures ever to 71 shown brightly. live in this realm of being, swam and played in the eleThe sight gave Esta'sai hope. The slow current carments. At that time the elements were three: air, fire, ried her against huge rocks, and she clung to one and and water~and the dragons were the center. ~i lay across it gasping. Weakened and exhausted, she slept. "The world was unformed then. There were no tides or 'f' In her sleep the single star still hung before her vision. directions by which to order the world. The dragons were She was awakened by a low rumbling like thunder. She themselves, but they kept the sense of everything within thought she could still see the star before her eyes , themselves. It was through them that the world continued ~ but then it began to wobble and sway as if it were movto exist. The world was theirs, and they were free to fly ~ ing slowly, ponderously , toward her. The cavern walls through the swirling winds, dive into boomed, and Esta'sai realized that she was in the presence fettered oceans, and bathe and play in the surging, unfree-burning of the ~· Her eyes were riveted by the shining crysfire." tal in the monster's forehead. She could not take her gaze off of it. The creature's presence filled her mind. She had The uktena's gaze withdrew behind its heavy-lidded eyes. Its voice grew distant. ~~o~::~ses. Her own mind was laid bare to its probing "They were magnificent to behold. Their every moveA ment and their very being was an expression of freedom. ~ She could smell the uktena's foul breath. She could They were greater, indescribably greater, and brighter, o/ feel its strange, alien nature and the blood of the many humans it had devoured. Yet, through all the loathing she indescribably brighter, than I. It is impossible to tell how they were, for they could change their aspect as need instinctively felt, Esta'sai was drawn to the creature, or desire arose. In the fires they would blaze brilliant ~ not only by the power of the Ulunsu'ti stone, but also by ed !fa sense of aloneness so deep i t had become a part of the r and orange, rising up huge over the flames. They ~· 9 very being. Esta'sai, born and reared in the prowould become long and slender, shimmering blue and green tective circle of the tribe , always among her friends and in their scales as they knifed through the waters. They _a kin, felt a pang of sadness in her heart for the solitude could disappear into the skies in the lightest and pur~ the uktena had endured . est of blues, or they could stand out sharply as a rain, 'fiie"iiiOnster dragged itself near her. Its great head bow of bold colors arcing through the realm of the winds. ~ loomed over her, blocking out the surface world. The Ulun''I can imagine it: the sheer delight of my ancestors, & au 'ti sparkled in the darkness of the chasm. The colors dancing among elements that were completely wild and un~ Ofthe uktena 's thoughts swam hypnotically in the intertamed except for their unifying presence. They breathed ior of the great stone , binding Esta'sai's attention. the living dragon-fire, the breath of life for all of She stood slack-jawed, staring at the jewel, not even creation. noticing the uktena 's breath, hot and rank, curling about "In each of the dragons, the elemental knowledge of her body like smoke. The great serpent slithered nearer the world was joined, and therefore they knew everything to her until its bead was quite close , and it scrutinized in its purest form. Thus, I am able to know everything in her closely with one baleful red eye--an eye that was this world, even as you do now, because everything is but cold, calculating, and completely amoral. The uktena a combination and a transmutation of these basic elements. hung its massive head over a huge boulder and iitiir';;(i at "That is why the dragons were aware that they were the maiden for a long time, as if looking into her bringing about the downfall of their race even as they thoughts. Then , almost casually, it lifted one of its wer~ accomplishing it. scales with one of the four long and deadly claws on its "Their life-principle was the dragon-fire. It burned .~right foreleg and scratched its own leathery skin, prowithin them, and was also their breath--shooting out in ducing a drop of blood so red it was almost luminous in magnificent streams of flame. Instinctively the dragons the shadowy pit. The uktena reached forward and touched knew that their fire and the water should not mix, but if the reddened claw to her lips. they flew low over the waters and shot down a burst of Instantly Esta'sai's head was alive with visions , fire like a lightning bolt from the sky, they would feel strange sights, sounds, and sensations that flitted by a shock of intense, ecstatic energy that coursed through so rapidly they made her head swim: great winged creatheir bodies as the connection was made. It was sheer tures of beautiful, shining colors cavorting in the pleasure, satisfying and fulfilling. Every part of their skies; the rush of wind, the touch of cloud; red volbeing was renewed , and they would scream and moan with canoes; pain, violence, and the stench of burning delight. They knew that this was the beginning of their flesh; and strangest of all, she could hear all the own decline, but that was not a time for limits, for that voices of her own world, distant yet iamediate, all at was no 'time' at all, and limits were unknown. once and yet each distinctly--rabbits thumping in their "So it had to be. 'The seed that brings to birth burrows ; the hawk calling to its mate; grass stretching contains its own destruction,' it is said. Yet, if things upwards in the sunlight; tree roots penetrating ever had not been exactly so, the dragons might have continued deeper into the earth; and the quiet, even song of the to evolve in harmony with the world, and maybe the dominriver flowing through its bed~all these and everything ant species now would have been beautiful, enormous dragelse she heard and knew. She was not surprised in looking on-creatures ... " into the serpent's red eye that she knew it as well. The uktena's eyes glowed like embers for an instant, "Yes-s-s," the creature's sibilant votce spoke in the Ulunsu'ti flashed a defiant red and then faded. her mind, although its mouth did not move, "the uktena"But it could not be so. For the stars are different sense is yours now. You are connected to us who are--th'e now, and the dragons have been bound like the other ele4:1 very roots of the Earth, and through us to everything ments of the world. of the Earth." The voice was even and unsentimental. If For when the living fire of the dragons touched the there was any pain in its loneliness, the creature had waters, it created a new element and new forms of 1 tie mastered it completely . never before seen in the world. A new chain of evolution "They say among those of your race that an uktena was begun. always speaks truly, but it only tells what it ~its "Invisible at first, this new life wave spread. As it istener to know, and there is always a purpose behind spread, it began to coalesce. And as it came together, ~ the telling. This is true, but I speak plainly to you the new element did what had never been done before: it 4.1 ~-"'~~~~ -~ ~~. ~ ~ -~~~' ~--~--~~ ~ �-~>< ~~~- found its own center and began to define a shape. "First, there was a p1ace to stand, aod then there was something standing there. Something huge, dark, and forbidding--doom for the wise, shining dragons. It was the first of the giants. The element earth was present in the world, aod the giants were the embodiment orrt. "There was enmity between the Biants and the dragons immediately. It was unavoidable. The sight of the bri1liant dragons pained and blinded the giants, so recently emerged from the depths of the waters. The dragon-fire touching the water jolted them with a painful shock, so they would strike out in fear and anguish. When one happened to hit a dragon , that creature would scorch him with a blast of hot fire or rake hill with its claws. In this way , struggle against the dragons became a part of the giants' very nature. ''As soon as they could stand upright, the giants would pick up rocks of the new-made earth and throw them at the dragons. At first they were clumsy, and their eyesight was poor, so they could not see where they were aiming. But they acclimated rapidly to their conditions. Their enmity for the dragon race was the impetus for their evloution. "Evolution," the uktena continued, "demands the presence of time, and so the idea of limits came into the world. The limiting factor for the dragons was the giants. Their blind flailing grew more deadly, and in time they picked up the stone clubs that later --carved , fashioned, and even crudely decorated~ became so much a part of them that they were almost extensions of their stony bodies. "They would stand waist-deep in the oceans and knock the glittering dragons from the skies. Eventually, they built themselves continents to stand and move about on. "They could never k:Ul the dragons. The dragon's immortality is too strong for that. Their primordial minds are linked with the basic elements of the world, and if the dragons should die, this world would disintegrate until new elements of life appear in the cosmos. "But the giants did bring down the beautiful flying creatures. They turned the Earth into a prison for the dragons. They put them in deep holes, covered them over with earth, and sealed them with the power of their earth spirit. The mountains of today outline the sinuous dragon forms buried below. But the life-giving dragonfire is inexhaustible. It sti11 burns, even today , in the depths of the Earth, I t turns the plain rock into caverns of beautiful jewels. It flows through the Earth into all things that live, and the dragon's mountain sepulchers are places of special power. "Sometimes water flows to the surface from sources so deep that it is warmed by the dragon-fires and comes from the Earth hot to the touch. This water has special healing and rejuvenating powers, because it has been touched by the vitalizing dragon-fire . 'Other water carries a sulphurous, fiery taste, and in other places the Earth herself is on fire deep underground. "The giants passed on in their time, never knowing why they acted as they did or of their role in the evolution of the world, But they prepared the land for the spirits that inhabit it today, and now it is the time of the humans. "The old ones of your people knew the Earth power that comes from the dragons, and they revered my ancestors. In those times the northern star, the center of the sky, was in the eye of the dragon constellation. Things are different now, different influences are abroad, and the people have forgotten. "I am just a shadow of the great ones who were before me. Centuries of enmity and loathing have turned me into this creature who lives in the dark, shadowy places of the world, resembling some worm more than my own ancestors, the dragons of old, who sailed the free winds." The uktena spoke flatly, without bitterness. 11 0ne of your kind is coming soon to kill 1te. He will rip the Ulunsu'ti from my forehead. It is a11 over. I go now to Gahuti (Cohutta Mountain) to meet him. They will never know how things might have been. We will never meet in council between our races. Never will chosen leaders among the humans tsste the uktena blood, as you have done, and know the secret lives of the things of the world." The monster spat , and its spittle landed on a rock and sizzled as it burned a hole into its core. ''The mind of the human species is a circle, just as the world is a circle, and the combined mind of the human race encompasses the being of the world, just as the mind of an individual dragon encompassed all its world. So you join together and live in tribes to make your prayers stronger and to gain a wider understanding among you , and it is good for you to do this. "There is another change being made which will be evident to you soon, but it is not clearly defined as yet. It is not for you to know �DAVID WHEELER Drawings by ROGER STEPHENS �ocigi.nal drawta.a by lichard Cicc.ar·e.111 Q.WVLtz CJt.yi..tai..6 a11.e. 6owu:C heJte. .in Ka.ta.ah and had an. .i.mpoltto.n..t plac.e. .in tlte. myt.h and i. p.ilt.l;tual .U6e. o6 tlte. na.t.<.ve. pe.ople. heJte.. The. CheJtoke.e. me.d-i.c-i.n.e. pe.ople., who had a t.tlt.ong IWVl.e.ne.u and a clot. e. k.ini. ILi.p wUh ;th. e. poweM and e.n eJtg.lu o 6 .th.l6 a11.e.a., ui. e.d .the.m e.x.te.ni..i.vel.y .ln CeJte.mon.lu 6011. c.le4M.lng, he.a.Ung, and cUv.lna.t.<.on. The. poweJt 06 CJt.yi..tai..6 .l-6 t..tlU ava4.a.ble. .to u.i. .toda.y. Tapp.lng t.h.a..t poweJt dou not 1r.e.qu..iAe. i.pe.ciJLt .tlr.a..ln.lng oJt h.ldde.n, uo.teJl..lc knowte.dge.. It t..i.mply 1r.e.qu..iAu .tu. .lng" - be.com.lng n 6am.iU.alt wUh a CJtqhta.l and ope.n.lng to ,(,U, 11.neJtg.i.U • 11 Quartz crystals are a natural formation resulting from a combination of silicon dioxide and oxygen atoms forming a solid unit of light. Clear quartz has a natural ability to resonate with other crystalline structures that can enhance the function of the human body, restoring natural balance. Quartz is considered the stone of the White Light and the First Ray and can serve better than any other mineral for balance and healing. They remove blocks in energy fields and can be used in areas where negativity has congested the atmosphere. Crystals clear the way with light. Used in meditation and healing, crystals can bring on change by their interaction with the psychi.c centers of our beings. The crystal has an effect on the physical body as its subtle electrical energy vibrates with the electrical pulses of the body structure. CLEANSING A crystal must be cleansed before being used. The simplest method is to place the crystal in an uncontaminated, free-running stream for seven days. Another method is to make a solution of one cup of sea salt, one cup of cider vineg'ar, and one gallon of spring or distilled water. Soak the crystal in this solution for ten . minutes of more. Use only as much solution as needed and reserve the rest for another time. "Charging" a crystal will advance the frequency of the crystal and allow the keeper to achi.eve goals that the mind bas yet to discover. When a planet moves into the area of 26 degrees from any zodiac sign, a galactic activation for the crystal can take place. Check an ephemeris to find when the Sun or other planets are at 26 degrees. Tllis degree marks a frequency centered by cosmic law. The energy of the Sun is used for magnification, so the Sun's midpoint in the sky (noon) is the best time for charging a crystal. Knowing that the entire life force of this planet depends of the energy coming directly from the Sun, one will see the significance of charging crystals during the Sun's midheaven. An hour is a good length of time to leave the crystal to the Sun ' s energy. After the process . is complete, bring the crystal indoors and wrap it in a soft, dark, cotton cloth. sew ENERGY Crystallography is a culmination of a variety of sciences all interwoven. The 26 degree galactic activation point not only relates to the angles of a crystal in its molecular structuring but also to the dynamic point of the galactic center. This in itself displays a triangle effect, and capturing that pattern in the crystal will allow the crystal to emanate a standing columnar wave (SCW) energy. It is believed that the technology of Atlantis was based on the use of SCW energy, as opposed to the technology of today which is based on the Rertzian wave. Wind funnels, elec~rical storms, cyclones, and tornadoes are all examples of SCW energy patterns. Much of the electrical phenomena of the human body, such as brain waves and nerve impulses, are also forms of sew energy. When using crystals for healing, color and sound can be incorporated into the stones to focus energy on a certain area of the body, particularly the spinal chakras. The healing potential of charged crystals can be maximized when color and sound are added to the program. The following is a method used to program a crystal for a specific purpose in the healing arts. Other methods of progr amming will come to one who opens the imagination to the possibilities of crystals. Take a set of seven crystals , and place them one at a time in a pyramidal structure at the verg negatif , the area known as the " king ' s chamber" . This is the point of highest concentration of sew energy . Use seven colored transpar encies in a proj ector or affixed to a desk lamp to power the seven crystals . As each crystal is lit , sound the note that relates to that color. The harmonics of a guitar or the sound of a flute work well . PRIMARY MUSICAL NOTE COLORS CllAKRA red root c orange spleen D yellow solar plexus E green heart F blue throat G indigo brow A violet crown B Each crystal should receive three to five minutes of color and sound programndng. Done daily for seven days, this will insure that total mergence of all the frequencies has taken place. Once a set of seven crystals is completed, wrap them indiVidually in dark cotton cloths, using colored thread to code each wrapped crystal. By attaching a string to each crystal with silicon glue, they can be used as pendulums to heal by opening and closing the energy centers. Use the crystal corresponding to the chakra and hold it over the energy center, allowing it to become filled with the heali.ng frequency from the crystal. PRAYER AND MEDITATION Quartz crystals may also be used to advantage in prayer and meditation. Crystals have a propensity to bend light rays to a bO degree angle, so a triangle of light can be constructed using three quartz crystals, all facing the same direction. Focus can be placed on the triunal formation by establishing a connection between the mind ' s eye, the light center, and a Visualization of the projected thought. The possible uses for quar tz are limitless. It would appear t hat the quart z crystal is an opening door to a new dimension in consciousness . Through it one can see the many facets of exist ence and per haps discover the secr ets frozen in its light . -excerpted from the bookl et Quartz Crystals and Other Gemstones by Diannah Beauregard �;,_ I\ I• I '. WHAT MAKES A PLACE SACRED Thi.6 .i.66ue.' l> "Good Me.cli.c.i.ne." .U. e.xeJtpte.d 6Mm a lUteJt we. Ae.ce..lve.d 6Jtom a .tll.ad.U.iona.l CheJtoke.e. .li.v.lng ht Ka.tifuh to the. U.S. F011.ut SeJtv.i.ce. conc.e.Jmi.ng theht plan6 60Jt c.letlll.-c.utl> and t.i.mbeJr. l>a.le.l> .i.n Me.al> aJLOund Ata.11.ka Fa.U.6 and the. Raven C.li.6 66 ht the. Cowee. c.omrrKJ.ni,ty 06 Mac.on County, N.C. I'd like to say when I look at a tree I see it as one of my own relations, and I se7 it's natural beauty, and I see it giving me the ve:y air that I breati:ie· I see a house in that tree, chairs and tools and firewood for cooking and heating. 'PG we all have many purposes, so does a tree . .And that's what makes things sacred. The Cherokee people traditional~y see the :iver~ and streams as living beings. With it we had life.Without it we had death .. So that entity or energy in that water that gives life we called a 'spirit'. 1\nything that has a spirit is alive.We call it the 'long human being' or the 'long person'. There are m~ny taboos about the river. That's the reason the rivers were clean and fresh when the non-Indians came here. The 'long human being's' head l~es i~ th7se mountains. 'JIB it rushes down the mountains, it gives power and life to all living things. The legs, the torso, the arms of ' the long human being' are diseased, but the head is still alive and reasonably disease free, due to the Forest Service and National Park Service . l\ATIJAH - page 20 What I would like to see, since we can't do much about the rest of the body, is to keep this part of the body healthy and strong. When the head dies, we all die. If all I have said does not explain why the head of the 'long human being' is sacred, then I don't understand the meaning of 'sacred ' , I look at it this way: The Indian people were placed in this land as caretakers . I think that the Indian people understood that and saw that as part of their purpose, or the Europeans would not have found such a bounty when they came here--a bounty based on their value systems. Now the Europeans are caretakers and a lot of our people have forgotten that purpose and only dwell on the wrongs that happen to them. I think that our purpose is quite clear: we are still c aretakers, but another burden has been placed upon us, and that 's to teach you to become caretakers. The area of the Alarka Falls ("Raven Falls" or "Kalanu Falls" ) and the waterfalls i tself are sacred to us; as are the Raven Cliffs ("Raven Place" or "Kalanun'yi"). Those places have been used for years beyond memory. The falls were used as plunging and fasting places . The Raven Cliffs was a place where bad stuff was taken, buried, or was sent there ... What makes these places sacred to us is their personality. 1\nd their personality is made up by physical structure: by the four leggeds, the two leggeds, the wingeds , the roots, the insects and water creatures. The combination of these things gives a place its personality. Ind then these personalities sometimes attract spirits, which have their 'personality.' When people practice medicine and they need a certain personality to use in healing ceremonies, conjuring, or just to help the People, all the things above make this place sacred. /.lnd if you're a person that needs to bring something bad--a disease or the badness taken from someone and buried there--if you need to do the ceremonies that make this stuff stay here, and you go to this place and the personality which you sought is no longer there, because some of the medicine has been removed, where do you go then? There are fewer and fewer of these places for us to go. Our places are narrowing every day ... , Winter 1985-86 �REVIEW: By J. Linn Mackey Deep Ecology or Shallow Moralism? Deep Ecology:Living As If Nature Hattered:Bill Devall and George Sessions (Salt Lake City, Ut; Gibbs M. Smith, Inc.1985)$15.95 The very term Deep Ecology is apt to send shivers of anticipation throuRh the bre.ast of a bioregionalist. It seems to prollise to unite two bases which lie at the heart of the bioregional movement. One basis is the insight emerging from the science of ecology which informs our minds on both the dangers of a growth orientQd industr ial culture and points us toward a practice of how to live in harmony with the structure and process of nature of w hich we are a part. The second basis is a profound spiritual union with nature which deeply touches our intuition and hearts so that we want to act out of awe and reverence to preserve the natural world. Unfortunately, a great title does not a great book make. This review will argue that Deep Ecol~ does not deliver on the promise of its title. This is because the authors both sever our deep intuitive communion with nature from specific religious traditions and reduce the complex and subtle interactions revealed by ecology to a few moral principles. We end up then in this book not with a deep ecology but a shallow moralism. Let me hasten to add that I applaud the authors' radical critique of the antiecological practice and attendant "environmentalist" rationalizations of the dominant culture. I suspect that most bioregionalists would support the authors' radical programs for preserving and expanding wilderness and "letting nature be" in place of resource development. Indeed , the strongest part of Deep Ecology is what the authors have to say in their critique and on these issues. Neither am I questioning the depth and co111Ditment of Devall and Session's personal stance toward nature. What I am questioning is whether the authors have delivered on the promise of their title, i.e. , to unite a deep spiritual union with nature with a sophisticated and subtle science of ecology. Central to the author's conception of deep ecology are the ideas of holism, the interconnectedness of everything, and biocentric equity, by which they mean that "all organisms and .mtities in the ecosphere, as parts of the interrelated whole, are equal in intrinsic worth." Devall and Sessions would have us believe that there is what they call a minority tradition in history that emphasizes these notions. In fact, there is no single minority tradition; there are only minority traditions. It is not honest histography nor does it give an accurate picture of the way the world works to go bunting through the past in search of certain concepts or key words and, when finding such, to claim a significant or causal connection. Scientists (not historians, who know better) have attempted to write a hi~tory of science that way , searching back through the past for any thinker, for example, who used the word "atom", then arranging these chronologically, as if this said something meaningful about the development of the modern concept of the atom. It doesn't! Yet this is akin to what Devall and Sessions have done. They have searched through past and present thinkers and movements looking for advocacy of holiam and/or biocentricism. They find one or both of these notions in a diverse group of past and present thinkers sod movements. But what have we learned by assembling such a collection? I would argue very little indeed. It does not tell us how these notions of holism and biocentrism arise and function within a belief or philosophical system or how the philosophical or belief systems arise and function within a whole cultural matrix. But until we know this, we have only meaningless juxtaposition and vacuous abstraction, not real life. We need more, much more , than this if we are to move to a culture that lives and develops harmoniously with nature. We need to understand the subtle dialectics between a culture's values , practices and the specific natural world in which it is embedded. We need a bioregional analysis. Devall and Sessions seem to believe that they can set up some moral principles and change the world. No doubt a society dominated by a biocentric value system would treat wilderness and resource development radically different than one holding homocentric (human centered) values. The problem before us though, is how to move from a culture totally dominated by homocentric practice and ideology to a society dominated by biocentric values and practice. What do the authors have to off er us toward the solution of this absolutely crucial problem? They propose that we ask "deep questions" and that we cultivate "meditative experience" . The problem here is that these approaches have been standard in the Western tradition since the time of the Greeks. While it is true that they sometimes lead to biocentricism, they more importantly have lead to our current bomocentric and profoundly antiecological society. In the end then, Devall and Sessions are proclaiming an abstracted moral principle of biocentricism in a society in which homocentricism and domination of nature reigns and is procl aimed through every organ, institution and media of society. One suspects that Deep Ecology is not going t o change the world, offer any reali stic hope for such a change, or even make any converts to a biocentric position, At beat it is mo r alizing to the already moral! Deep Ecology suffers from diftuae and disconnected roots and a lack of hard-beaded analysis. It suffers from a double amputation. Religion , philosophy and ideology are first severed from the cultures in which they are intrinsically embedded and then certain principles like biocentricism are further excised from the religious and philosophical systems in which they are intrinsically interwoven (a totally unecological act). In so doing, the heart 1a amputated from the body, the spirit from muscle and sinew . Deep Ecology takes us in the opposite direction from wh:ich we must go to really change society. That direction is to reunite spiritual intuition and values with practice in a specific place. This is the way of bioregionalism. Deep Ecology mentions bioregionalism favorably in several places and would draw bioregionalism into deep ecology. I would argue that bioregionalism has little to learn from this book . Bior egionalism is a movement to reconstruct culture harmoniously within a specific, natural region. As such it is a practical hol1811. Culture means material practice---providing the necessities of food , clothing and shelter as well as politics, customs, law, morality, values and religion. It is human existence and meaning in its fullness and totality, not simply some principles abstracted from religion or philosophy. As such, it is real people in real life embedded in specific place in real day-by-day, nitty-gritty existence. It is only here--in the totality and fullness of practical living in a place, not in some set of doubly abstracted principles, that an evolving and harmonious dialectic with nature can be constructed. ~ Winter 1985-86 - iL' rAA �o~ NATURAL WORLD NEWS PROTECTING SACRED SITES Jla"'ral Vodd lew s....,k• Elders of the Eastern Band of the Cherokees have appealed to the USFS to stop the Little Laurel Timber sale in Macon County, NC as it will "desecrate" two sacred sites adjacent the sale: the Alarka Falls and Raven 'Cliffs. Appeals 1570 asks the USPS not to log or use herbecides near these sites and justifies the request via the Native American Religious Freedom Act. It was also stressed that the USFS needs to realize the importance of sacred sites to all peoples and that the issue here is not how a forest should be managed but rather how the integrity and power of sacred sites should be upheld. The Appeal was turned down by the National Forests Supervisor for NC and is in the hands of Regional Forester John Alcock in Atlanta. While the offical comment per iod is closed, continued support is important . Write: John Alcock Regional Forester, USFS 1720 Peachtree Rd. , NW Atlanta, Ga. 30367 KArUAR - pllgi! 122 DOE PLANS FALTER, COMMUNITIES ORGA NIZE In Nove111ber of 1985 the Department of Energy was to have narrowed its choice of Nuclear Waste Suppositor y sites from the 236 under study to 20 "possible" locations. Widespread public involvement and the Department's own negative findings have caused the DOE to postpone, until January 1986 their annoucement of selection. This is their second postponement since November 1985. While Oak Ridge, Tennessee is the most likely site for the Monitored Retrieva ble Stora ge facility (the HRS is a way station for waste headed to the Suppository). the associated transportation routes are still under study and the DOE has admitted that they are open to negotiation. Strategy and organizational meetings along the "likely" routes are becoming more numerous. The Highlander Center hosted such a meeting for community action leaders from east ern NC to western Tennessee. Over three hundred citizens of Madison County , NC met this november, providing another voice in this effort to stop the DOE's part in this country ' s nuclear energy policy . EPA SEARCHES FOR ACID RAIN CLUES ~lnu.ral WOl'ld Mew Strvic• Rumor has it that the EPA has contracted with private research groups and other government agencies to find where and to what extent "Acid Deposition" is affecting the Southern Appalachians. Similar studies have recently been conducted in New England and the Northwest. The work here will be conducted in 30 to 40 watersheds located in east Tennessee, western North Carolina, north Georgia and northeastern South Carolina. This study consists of the gathering of data in the following areas: forest cover types, land use, soil and water chemistry and the various climatic factors affecting this area. This information will be comcompiled by the EPA , plugged into its data base and analyzed. While no public information is presently available, it is speculated that the results of this study will be used to trace "Acid Deposition" back to its source and later used in court actions aimed at "cleaning up" the problem. ONLY YOU CAN SAVE THE BEARS M.atu.ral *>rl.4 tf-"'9 Se.rvic• According to biologists at the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Conmission, poaching and other illegal bear hunting is an old and intractable problem. The biggest threat to bear populations, as for most wildlife , is continuing habitat destruction. Even if poaching remains at a constant level, it spells disaster for the bears as habitat shrinks due to increased clearcutting and road building. The survival of large predators and omnivores such as bears requires vast,roadless areas where contact with humans is kept to a minimum. Forest Service logging roads make bear habitat more accessible to poachers and slob hunters. In North Carolina, the Wildlife · Resources Commission's primary means of measuring the bear population is the number of legal kills reported each year. With shrinking habitat and increased road access, the few remaining bears are vulnerable to hunting pressure. The effect of this is that the kill level stays high while the population declines, possibly beyond the point of recovery. Using bait to attract bears is a popular slob hunting practice that has recently been made illegal. The usual technique is to hang sacks of food, sweets, or rotten meat on trees , attracting bears to an accessible area where dogs can pick up the scent. Hunters then monitor the dogs' posi- tion from access roads using vehicles, CB radios, and even radio collars on the dogs. Hunters don't need to leave the saftey and colD.fort of their vehicles until the dogs ' baying indicates that the bear has been treed and can be shot with a minimum of effort and skill on the part of the hunters. Baitin_Jt was often used at the edge of bear sanctuaries to draw protected bears out where they could be letally killed. A new law that went into effect October l makes it illegal to use bait to attract bears on public or private land. Wildlife enforcement officers say it is impossible to control poaching and baiting without help from concerned local citizens. Some states have toll-free hotlines to report hunting violations, and can dispatch an enforcement officer to the scene quickly. In North Carolina, call 1-800-662-7137, South Carolina 1-800922-5431, Tennessee 1-800-262-6704, Georgia 1-800-241-4113. A number for Virgina could not be determined. To participate in the Bear Action Network to document incidences of poaching and other illegal bear hunting activities, contact: .'aul Gallimore Long Branch Enviornmental Ed. Center Big Sandy Mush Creek Leicester, NC (704)6e3-3662 .. Wintq.r _1985-86 �HORSEPASTURE RI VER TO FLOW ON: SMOKE GETS IN A GRASSROOTS SUCCESS STORY YOUR EYES Ntituu.J Morld Nev• ~ erv 1c. Spruce Pine-Mitchell Systems Inc . , an incinerator plant owned by Charles Foushee continues to burn hazardous wastes. The smoke causes irritation of eyes, nose, and throat. People have developed "allergies" since it opened five years ago. It has burned corn crops nearby. The heavy metals coming out of the smokestacks are above permissible standsrds set when its permit was reissued early in 1985. Fores~ Service botanists have linked the emissions to tree deaths surrounding the plant. Homes remain un- Since the spring of 1984 a grassroots group, Friends of the Horsepasture, have rallied support for the protection of the Horsepasture River and her 5 waterfalls from an out of state invesbnent group, who plan to build a hydroelectric dam. While this ill-fated tax write off has faded, further public support for the Borsepasture has brought about Natural and Scenic River designation by the North Carolina General Assembly and most recently, appropriation of funds by the U.S. Congress to the United States Forest sold, land values are dropping, water Service for purchase of the 350 acre is becoming contaminated. Because of these gross violations of all applicable standards, Mitchell Systems has been fined, has had its air quality permit revoked and was issued an order of compliance when it was discovered that its environmental liability insurance coverage was no longer in effect. Since it did not comply with regulations as of December 2nd, the N.C. Department of Human Resources ordered the plant closed. On December 5th a local resident brought a $250,000 lawsuit against Mitchell Systems alleging that discharges and odors f ran the plant make his home unfit for human habitation. Community response has been escalating rapidly. 150 people from all over Mitchell county gathered at a recent meeting to air their demands and frustrations. Outside professional consultants have been hired and they are learning what program consultant Millie Buchanan called "effective involvement." Citizens are bringing pressure on state officials to release information, they are helping the legal and technical consultants collect data, and they have exposed a large flaw in due process procedures regulating waste disposal. Why is the incinerator still burning? No insurance, no permit, and still the smoke settles on cars, houses, children and streams. Local people in Mitchell county are fighting national problems: lack of control and an inability to enforce laws governing the disposal of hazardous wastes. Charles Foushee has appealed both the insurance compliance order and the air quality permit revocation. Until these appeals have been decided upon, Mitchell Systems is free to burn wastes. "If be operated a bar and served alcohol to minors he would be shut down immediately and kept shut during the appeals process:• said one involved person. Why is Charles Foushee still allowed to serve emissions hazardous to the health of Mitchell county? Leder tract. This will allow for protection of Turtleback, Rainbow and Stairway Falls (the others are owned by Duke Power.) Bill Thomas, Chairperson of the Friends o f the Horsepasture, points out that a special thanks goes to the private conservation group, Trust for Public Lands. The Trust, through its own funds, secured an option to buy the Leder property at a Forest service appraised price. This protected K.\Tl'.\11 - !Mge :!3 the river from develo?11ent while Congressional appropriations were sought. In doing so, Thomas says, TPL has incured a $70,000. debt primarily in option costs, which will not be refunded by the Congressional appropriations. It is the hope that all the "Friends" will continue their support by sending tax deductable donations to the Trust via FROTH so they can continue their preservation efforts. Most recently, the N.C. Department of Natural Resources and Community oevelopnent is preparing a management plan to "preserve" the river in its natural state and offer guidelines for recreational use. This is the first step in" placing the river under the protection offered by the National Wild and Scenic River Systems. Gov. Martin is expected to request Interior Secretary, Don Hodel, for this status. Hore info: FRIENDS OF THE HORSEPASTORll P.O.Box ·272 Cedar Hountain,NC 287lij A QUESTION OF STANDARDS CHAMPION WASTE PERMIT ){U'U.rAl ~ld N...,. Suvi.c:• As of mid-November, the EPA has stepped in to resolve differences between the states of Tennessee and North Carolina and the color of water in the Pigeon River at the state line. Being contested is the NC Division of Enviornmental Management ' s 1985 waste water discharge permit for Champion International ' s Canton paper mill: the amount of color in its ef f ulent and its affect on water quality down stream. This summer the EPA voided this perlllit and informed the DEM that the permit did not canply with the required federal Clean Water Act guidelines . DEM countered by saying it might not have statutory authority to implement all of the EPA's recommendations. Tennessee has filed suit against NC and Champion stating that the 111111 should be required to meet their clean water standards . It is here we find the crux of the legal and political debate. Water quality in Tennessee is based on a "narrative standard" which states that color units in waste water shall not exceed "background levels" which can be treated by conventional methods. They have further "interpreted" this color standard and assigned a value of 50 ppm. Paul Wilms, Director of the DEM states that all of the EPA recommedations have been met except those that pertain to the 50 ppm . color standard. It is their feeling that Champio~'s new Ultrafiltration test system and oxygen enrichment equipment will maintain water quality and thus cOlllply with the NC permit. They also contest Tennesse's 50 ppm. color standard stating that it has been arbitrarily derived and not scientifically based and as a result no~ legally enforceable here in NC. At present, NC has not assigned numerical standards for color levels in waste water. Champion is presently filling out its EPA perlllit application and is legally operating under the DEM permit. They have also signed a "Special Order of Consent" requiring further testing of color removal technology with a review by DEM personnel this spring. EPA is expected to draft a new permit this spring with a public comment period to follow. (NWN continued next page) Winter 1985-86 c �. - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . , - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,W!@\Yf@\Vl@Wr@Wf@\Yl®\V!@\Yl@\YI@ O;t NATURAL VIRUS CHALLENGES CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT NATURAL WORLD NEWS continued PROJECT FIREHAT AWARENESS TRAINING Each year, firefighters in North Carolina risk exposure to hazardous chemicals. As first responders, firefighters and other emergency response teams are the front line in dealing with hazardous materials. They and their communities particularly need to be more aware of potential hazards in households, in agricultural operations, and at Slllall businesses. The dangers these chemicals pose can be reduced if firefighters ar e more prepared for specific risks and have appropriate resour ces available to handle them. L8ck of information at the local level has been identified repeatedly as a problem in emergency response planning for hazardous material incidents. Project FIRERAT (Hazardous Awareness Teamwork), funded by a grant from T.V.A. to the University of North Carolina at \sheville has recently been started in WNC . It's aim is to assist Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson and Madison counties by collecting information on risks in the COlllDunity. Through a series of workshops with local volunteer fire departments, FIREHAT addresses specific areas of concern identified by local, regional , and state emergency response professionals. Some of the topics covered are: laws governing handling of agricultural chemicals, transportation of hazardous materials and the new North Carolina Right-To-Know Act. Future plans include 3 video to further inform f i r"ef ighters and public alike . For mor e information contact; PROJECT FIREHAT 102 Tacoma Cir . Asheville, NC 28801 Cam Metcalf Millie Buchanan 254- 4414 253-4423 Scientists at Michigan State University have discovered a virus which inhibits the American chestnut blight. An estimated 3.5 billion trees died between 1904 and the early 1950's. With the demise of the chestnut came a decline in bear populations due to a marked decrease in available mast each fall. Being studied is a naturally occurring virus which infects the chestnut blight fungus. The fungus damages the tree under the bark but does not affect the roots. Keeping the fungus in check allows the roots to send up sprouts then allowed to form healthy trees. The origin of the virus remains a myster y. "POST NO BILLS" • n w ""ve' U • cva c•l S~ Billboard landscapes blocking your view? Then write to your U. S.Senators and urge them to support Senator John Glenn's proposed legislation which would in effect abolish billboards . The bill would prohibit destruction of vegetation along highways in front of billboards, close loopholes in the current law which allow for signs in rural areas, and ban new signs from zoned and unzoned co11111ercial and industrial areas. It would also establish a 5-yenr moratorium on signs in unzoned commercial or industrial areas made "non-conforming" by this bill and would require them to come down following the 5year period. Write: Senator , U.S.Senate Washington, DC 20510 NATIVE BEARS THREATENED BY RUSSIAN BOA RS Unchecked populations of wild boar s in the Great Smoky Mountains Nat ional Park are depriving native animals (especially bears) from sixt y per cent of the acorns needed to s urvive the winter months . In an attempt to secure an ecological balance in the park , rangers trap the boar and release them outside the park wher e hunting is permitted. Local hunting organizations and some rangers would like to see the trappings increase . Alr eady five organizations have co-signed an appeal against widening the present range of the boars and thus keeping their destructive ways confined. Raving received national attention has taken the appeal to Washington. But the real issue is back in the park where the ever increasing population needs definite thinning . Perhaps re-establishing a native wolf population in the park would allo~ for a more natural Karen Paquette "The Mo.g.<.ca.i. Chil.d" ht al.£ o6 .the chil.d who dlt.eam.6 a.uxlke oWt. memo.11.y 06 whe.11.e ~ beg.in ... .the chil.d tL6. • • who dJL~ aunke. the. g11.e.a.t 'comhtg .to9e.the.11. place' on owt EaJLth Mo.the11.. HO/" We a.11.e a.t.t. chil.dlt.en .to9e.the.11.. --Scout tee How important is it to pay attention to dreams? Peoples from al.most all societies and cultures on earth throughout time have used dreams to deepen awareness, explain reality, and foretell the future. These have been characterized by 'culture pattern dreams', visions, and ordinary individual dreams consisting of cultural phenomena or subjective personal experience. Much attention has been paid to every physiological and psychological aspect: poets bespeak dreams, mythmakers spin them, and visionaries live them ••. The importance of 'dreamspeaking' is becoming more evident as creative consciousness is accepted as a valid process in a world where science and mysticism are finding common ground. If we look at the essence of what it ia to dre11111 and not 'means', we come closer to understanding the power and the process of the dream's potential. ' Night dreaming ' is a bodiless experience . It is a networking of dimensions unhindered by ear thplace exi stence . Here, we are guided by our leaders , goaded by our 'monsters ' , and sung to by our muses ..• On the other hand, ' daydreaming' is the experience of fantasy, of creative visualization, and of reverie. The former is usually receptive; the latter, creative. If our 'somewhere over the rainbow ' dreams are not coming true for us, perhaps i t is because we have 'pu t aw the things of the child' in ay us too securely. As adults we must learn ~o allow ourselves to be re-enchanted--to look to the child, the one we once were who is still within us, and to the child who walks beside us as son, daughter or friend. Can we rememher when the simplic- preda~~ L---------;,.;.-...:~--:.&,.••ey-• --y s• em ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...,. Wl@\Vl@\Yf@Wl@\V(@\'(/@'r(f@\Vl@ WI@ pr • eco• s • t•• Winter 1985-86 �ity of our ' higher' visions were cloud scapes changing with the breeze? When our ladder to higher consciousness was a tree limb? The abandonment of lying face-up, open and vulnerable to the greater expanse of the sky let our imagination be free. It was easy to absorb the knowledge of hidden things, represented by clouds, into the more imaginative parts of our being. Remember the joy? The Adventure! ... If we can relive that ma&ical moment in time, remembering that the child we once were is still there (covered, now, by our layers of 'adulthood'), we can tap into the 'stuff that dreams are made of' anytime. Remembering dreams not only means remembering sleep consciousness but also means capturing the essence of the creative proc ess (i.e., the 'magic momenta') that are the energy structure of our visions. Knowing we can still 'p13y' is essential to our life's work of manifesting our dreams ss reality. In structuring our future we must also look to the generations to come-to the children. We can help our sons and daughters stay open to their creative processes by encouraging their 'daydreaming'. We can do this by way of a morning ritual: of sharing dreams upon awakening. Doing this, we find it becomes progressively easier and more natural for our children to remember the nightland visited if we do it regularly with them. This practice adds another d1mension to the life we share with our children. It is important not to dismiss our children's nightmareil'With only reassurances. Children have a great ability to understand symbols and inner meanings. If we complement their own fantasies with simple 'truths' we might find that they will begin to look forward to their nightly adventures. In this way we give our children a way to experience and accept their 'inner life ' in a way which m any of us adults were not allowed to do at a younger age. Perhaps John Prine, during a recent visit to our Katuah region (Asheville Music Hall, 10/31/85), summed it up best in this way: WE WERE TN A HOUSE WTTH BOTH OF OUR VTNTNG ROOM TABLES PUSHEV TOGETHER ANV VAV'S HOUSE ANV MOM'S HOUSE PUSHEV TOGETHER. WE WERE ALL GETTING REAVY TO HAVE SUPPER TOGETHER ANV ETHAN WAS TN COLLEGE ANV GRANVIi.A WAS IN HER APARTMENT. I WANTEV TO FLY ANV GET THEM BECAUSE WE WERE HAVING A BTG PARTY AT OUR HOUSE ANV SO T WALKEV OUT THE VOOR ANV 1 FLEW TO ETHAN'S COLLEGE ANV 1 GOT HIM. I HELPEV HTM FLY BACK TO GRANVMA'S HOUSE. 1 GOT HER ANV BOTH OF THEM VIVN'T KNOW HOW TO FLY ANV SO I HAV THEM HOLV MY HANVS AS 1 FLEW. WHEN WE GOT BACK TO OUR HOUSE WE SAT VOWN AT THE TABLE ANV SAW A BIG CAKE ON IT. WE VIVN'T KNOW THERE WAS GOING TO BE A CAKE THERE. WE ATE THE CAKE ANV THEN WE WENT INTO THE LIVING ROOM ANV HAV A FAMILY HUG. Ab.i.ga.il., age g, who4e pa.II.en.ti. cUVOIJ..Ced when 4he 11n.t> 6oWL. "Dream in' comes easy, Like the first breath of a baby~ Like sunshine feedin' daisies-Like the love hidden deep in your heart.'' ... as does the following dream by this e ight year old: A CHILDREN'S PAGE ~ \\@JA\©JA\@JA\@/A\@IA\(i)JA\ @JA\@/Jt.\~/ A\®Jh._JA\@J) \VJA\@/A\@JA\@:/}.\@11'\@IA\®IA\@11'\@l/\\®IA\@IA\.®IA\®IA\@JA\®IA\®® , K.~ 7L oil- \ H - pa i;<? 8P 1 °J 1a.tW ~5 Winter 1985-86 �DRUMMING ,, LETTERS TO KATUAH • Dear Folk Thanks for the latest KatGah, with the pertinant articles on the threats to this area's life. Acid rain and nuclear waste are not metaphors for apocalypse, they are part of it . I am still stirred by memories of the sullUller solstice ceremony at Sam's Knob. The dominant image in my mind is of a people-crystal hung in a rainbow pouch above one of Gaia' a vital organs now in need. The crystal is a little chipped and sort of jagged on one end, and it has cracks in it, but it works. I don't know how it works, but I know it works. We had a fall equinox celebration here involving sweats at Zephyr in their huge blue sweat lodge. People wove wreaths out of vines and flowers. Each year people bring whatever ripe fruits are on hand, and Bob AveryGrubel takes them and makes them into wine. Around the fire this year we drank wine from the two previous years. We chanted all our chants and sang a lot of songs. I read a poem which went something like: We are allies and can ill afford to fight amongst ourcellves we can ill afford to fight amongst ourcellves Dear Katuah I have been thinking about the humans' connection with nature, mainly because I am concerned about my relationship with the Earth. The past two years I have been able to begin fulfilling a dream - a dream of achieving harmony with and awareness of the Earth, her native spirits, muses, plants, and animals •.... the Great Spirit that breathes through all, beyond tangible boundaries. Last year and this past summer were especially profound and strengthening, living in the mystical mountains of Katuab with people who understood and were striving to live i n harmony too . Working in a garden, harvesting her fruit, feeling the sun, rain, early morning fog and dew; sensing my emerging woman. I found that the Earth is full of surprises boundless knowledge, unsurpassable strength. Waking up as darkness rotated into dawn, meeting a companion in the pasture by the saw mill as the Sun burst through the trees over the mountains. Sleeping outside , sensing the roundness of the all-powerful sphere beneath my body. "Woman" is a powerful sense, I found, feeling the cycles and circles and the bond between myself and the Earth ...•• growing . Such strength and insight can be gained from active involvement with Mother Earth! Knowledge that can only be felt and inwardly heard, beyond human words. Now I sit in the morning sun upon the western part of this continent. In this changed atmosphere , it is easy to forget, easy to become passive and let Mother Earth with her unlimited knowledge and opportunity, her infiniteness, slip away. I will continue to strive for my goal, which I hope will always be just beyond my reach, forever expanding. My "environment" is wherever the River leads me. A human being can be forever hopeful. I make sure not to miss the new day's da~"!l ....• Peace, Celia Wissler Central California After seeing the cover picture on the fall issue of K.atuah, my lady and I went to the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest. We thought that i f those two poplar trees in the picture were still there, then we would find the bodies of the chestnut trees there, too. Sure enough, lying behind those two old poplars were three huge chestnuts. They were covered with moss, and we could climb up on them and walk a long way! It must have been amazing to see them standing. Ralph Morgan Webster, NC There's plenty but there's not enough to spill it on the ground when we work together love will reach around We are allies and can i l l afford to fight amongst ourcellves we can ill afford to fight amongst ourcellves Take Heart ~ Will Ashe Bason Travianna Farm Check, VA !<.ATl'..\H - page 26 Winter 1985-86 �On Swtday, Oc..tobe11. 13, 1985, tfWi;ty-6.<.ve. people. came. toge.the11. 6011. the. annua.l l<a.tLulh Fall Ga-theM.ng . We. had a c.hanc.e. to .6 e.e. .6ome. 6ac.u be.h.<.nd namu we. had known 6011. a long ilme ... and we. had a c.hanc.e. to tatk wUh. ea.eh othe11.. We. .&poke. abou:t oWtAe.l.vu .<.n 11.e.Wi.on to th.<..6 land: _A._~:Jr 1t;~·~ .~-f (J ":~'\ ' '' "I live down in Georgia. The land down there is so poisoned, that we can't even be sure about the drinking water. I want to grow an organic garden , but a garden can 't be certified down there, because there's no telling what was put on the land when it was planted in cotton. "We came up here to Katuah because the land seems so much less disturbed. This seems like a powerful place to get in touch with the land. 1 hope everybody who lives here remembers how they are blessed and will protect this land to keep it alive and healthy." - Morgan "For a long time I was looking inside myself for a spiritual change and a spiritual experience. Now l feel myself coming out, and I am moved by concern for the Earth and her creatures. Once again I am feeling earthiness. l think that now l need to bring my spiritual part to a practical level, working on the Earth, being of service. In doing this, every thought we think is important, because thought is creative . It brings the spiritual down to the material level. "Each of us has a purpose for being here. For myself, I want my actions to come from the heart. I want to make permanent changes in others and in myself - changes that bring us toward unity, not separation. "People and groups can teach each other. Every little bit is illportant. I f we leave out anything,. then it's not whole. I'• looking to see whole people and a whole Barth. It's good to know a little bit aore of ay purpose." - Linda "Looking around us we see ecological disaster, and looking at our society we see a great spiritual void. The two are interconnected. We can't ever be whole on the spiritual level unless we are biologically well. "For example: I don't like clearcuts. I heard once that it takes 40 acres of trees to print one issue of the N.Y. Times. Since then I haven't bought another newspaper-:-r-go to the library if I want to see a paper. That may seem insignificant, but it's an exam;ie of an action moving from the spiritual to the mental to the political realms." - Donald ' "This is an age of personal transformation. Our personal change is a metaphor for the changes the Earth and our universe are going through. l want to learn and listen, a.nd translate these lessons into my life and work. 11 - Les "Those who care about life have to come together to reinforce each other in a multitude of ways to make us all strong enough to live through the coming changes. We must do thia if we are to survive as a species . "We have to keep in mind that this culture is real. It exists. It is not people, it is not a government. It is an energy form, and it stands against everything we value. "We need to be strong and dedicated . We need to have the will to stay together, to keep our ideals, and to make our visions happen. Otherwise it won't happen. If we believe something, we have to eat that way, think that way, live that way." - Andy " We need to have a positive dream, a positive vision. We need to focus on that and head for it straight as an arrow. "Looking around me, I see others changing, and I see myself changing. We need to take the world as it is, the good with the bad, and, starting with this, to make it new. We need to affirm a positive future and our ability to create it. We need to affirm our ability to dream." - Judith It ~ an .<.Mpi.11..i.ng da.y ••••••• Le.t' .6 aU 06 U6 ge.t .toge.the.11. 60.I!. the. Katful.h Sp!Ung Ga-thell..<.ng. See. you the.n! #" "-~TUAH - page 27 Winter 1985-86 �cfReLes cle, I began with small stones and sticks that I stuck in the ground at the right time on the right days. Later when I found a good rock and I had the time, I'd haul it back there and stick it in. "This is the most primitive way of making the simplest types of observations. It is now known that the ancient Europeans could predict eclipses by watching the moon. This is remarkable, because the key to predicting an eclipse is a slight wobble in the moon's orbit, and this wobble is visible only every 9. 3 years when the moon is at the northernmost and southernmost points of her orbit. These people were considered illiterate! Bow could they have kept that information long enough to establish a repeating pattern of observations?" THE PATIERNS IN NATURE The stone circles acted as a bridge between the Earth and the sky for the early peoples. l:lumankind is ever searching for patterns. It seems to be in our nature to seek out the order in our ever-changing world. In their role as astronomical observatories, the rock monuments_pass on to us the excitement the ancients felt in discovering the cosmic order in the movements of the heavens. "At one time," said Lylich, "when it turned winter, people didn't kn.ow if it was going to be spring again or ot. But when they could look at the sun, and see it turn back, they could say, 'Look! It ' s following the same pattern it did last year!', and they'd know everything was going· long alright.'' (continued from p. 5) There is also a power in the Earth. Whether physical and/or spiritual it is capable of turning dowsers' rods or making an electromagnetic charge measurable on a gaussometer. The Cherokee Indians of Katuah were aware of this and recognized sacred sites that were sources of spiritual •power here in this land (see page 11). It is said that th~ standing stones of pre-Celtic Europe were also conductors for this mysterious Earth energy, sometimes called the "dragon power" and symbolically represented on the great stones by spiral designs chiseled with great care onto so many of the monuments. It is surmised that this power was readily perceptible to the ancestors through senses that we have lost to civilization, and that generating and using this energy was a central feature of the ceremonies and rituals held at the sites. "I hear stories," said Lylich, "of people who touch big standing stones and feel a tingle or a shock, or who ·lose their balance and fall to the ground. There are also stories of strange electromagnetic effects or weird weather associated with them. "No one has told me that they have felt that in our circle. Mostly what I feel is a solid, massive, rooted-in-the-Earth, basic-type feeling. Maybe that's what we need today." This could very well be so, The movements of the heavenly bodies, which so transfixed the old ones, are now proven and documented to the point of being commonplace. But the connection to the Earth that the old ones took for granted is only now being rediscovered by Mother Ela's children. Perhaps by helping us to remember, the stones are helping in a healing. "Making this megalithic stone circle was slow, but it wasn't difficult," said Lylich. "The time was right and it felt like we were moving with a flow of something already happening. "The number four is a sacred number to the Cherokees, and it seemed to be important in the construction of this circle . I was 40 last year when we built it, and that was the 400th year of European settlement in North America--dating from the lost colony of Manteo. It was also the 444th year since DeSoto's expedition in 1540, which was the first time white people penetrated these mountains. We have had our way with this con-· tinent for 400 years.The four directions, the four seasons, the four rounds of a sweat lodge; 1n many ways the number four signifies a completed cycle. I think it means that we've had our time here, and that now it's time for something else to happen. "It's time for a change 1n our attitude. We've been screwing it up for 400 yef.rs, maybe now it ' s time to straighten it back for 400 years. That ' s about how long it would take to restore the wild places the continent had when we first approached its shores." RESOURCE READING: Earth Magic by Francis Hitchings (Wm. Morrow & Company, New York City, 1977) - D.W. Ly.Uch (;)[.(tba.wtL may be cont.ac.te.d tlvt.ough Ka;tUah; Sox 873; CuLlowhee, NC 2872;-- Pmvidin~ Pen<>n.1l Sttvicc Allin~ Your Boal< N..,.U 704.264.5866 In Speciali:od Fields Books Q,.J ThingsL~ ... GARY HEMSOTH !loolutlJ..- ?08 Blowu>g Rock Road Boone, Nonh Camlonn Ul607 A \'ARIF.TY OF WHOJ.F.Sot!E BAKED coons SOI AH PllOUlJCTS WAIER ANALYSIS RAN UAL l C lANIER 704 293 5912 :{AITAH - page 28 llWY. 101 Rf. 68 BOX 125 CULLOWllEE, NC 28723 Winter 1985-86 �WINTER SOLSTICE-YULE The longest night, light is born. This is a time for community earth ceremonies and celebration. See Kat6ah issue 06 for a suggested Winter Solstice Earth ceremony. CULLOWHEE, NC "The G eat Forest: An Appalr achian Story," ongoing through January 6, 1986. At The Mountain Heritage Center. 17 ASHEVILLE, NC Dr. H. Ray Evers of the Evers Clinic, Cottonwood , AL, one of the most successful institutions offering alternative medical treatment in the country , to speak on "Holistic Healing and Freedom of Choice"· UNC-A, Humanities Lecture Hall· ' 7:30 pm. ' 19 ASHEVILLE , NC Christmas Caroling at Craggy State Prison. Bring flashlights, songsheets provided. Parking limited Please carpool. (ABCCM Jail and Prison Ministry). 7-8 pm. HOT SPRINGS, NC. Southern Dharma Retreat Center will sponsor a 7-day meditation retreat, which will be led by John Orr, a former Buddhist monk who now lives and teaches in the DurhamChapel Hill area of N,C. The retreat will cost $190., which includes all meals and lodging. For further info call 704-622-7112 or 704-254-1351. 28 3 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC. David Wilcox-original and traditional folk tunes. Exceptional guitarist, storyteller , singer and songwriter. McDibbs, $2.00 9pm , 16 BLACK M1'N. 1 NC . Harriet Witt Miller-slides on Halley ' s Comet, McDibbs, $2.00, 9pm , Children free , No smoking. 18 ASHEVILLE , NC. Martin Luther King, Jr. prayer breakfast. Key speaker-Shirley Chisholm. Call 253-37ll FEBRUARY 28 ASHEVILLE,NC. A concert in the Great Hall by The Community Chorus of UNC-Asheville. Free Admission. Grove Park Inn.4:00-5:00 pm. BLACK HISTORY MONTH For event info, call Y,M.I. Cultural Center (704) 252-4614 29 2 CANDLEMAS-the light quickens. GROUNDHOG DAY 7 MARS BILL, NC. ASHEVILLE, NC. A concert in the Great Ball by The Asheville Junior Symphony . Free Admission. Grove Park Inn. 4:00-5:00 pm. • Opening night of The G e.s t r Forest: An Appalachian Story Exhibi at Rural Life Museum. Public Showing Feb . 8-April 29. 9 HALLEY'S COMET reaches perihelion .•. its closest point to the sun. Earth, though , will be on the opposite aide of the sun from Balley' a Comet so it will be impossible for us to see it. Dr. Robert A. Resnick CHIROPRACTIC PHYSI C IAN MARCH ..;....we/ve,, now l'Y\oved to 01.At"' Y\CW off1ve .....)( NATURAL FOOD STORE & DELI CELEBRATING OUR 10th YEAR '3'3S Me-vv imon Ave. Ashe.vii le NG z~eo1 (704 ) 255. 6333 160 Broadway Ashev ille, N.C. 28801 Open 1 Days A Week Monday • Friday (704) 253-7656 9:00 a .m. · 8:00 p.m. Where Broadway Meets Merrlmon And 1 ·240 9:00 a .m. · 6:30 p.m. Saturday Sunday 1:00 .m. · 5:00 .m. 2-15 WOMEN'S HISTORY CELEBRATION Events at UNC-Asheville ( cal (704) 258-6588) and A.S.U., Boone ( call (704) 262-2170) & elsewhere . 8-21 HALLEY ' S COMET. Look south in the sky before sunrise. 18-25 CENTRAL AMERICA WEEK For program info, call (704) 252-9167 21-23 BOONE , NC. Appalachian Studies Conferenc Center for Continuing Education , Appalachian State University , herbs , na tive pla nt s, pere nnials, flowers, fruit trees, bulbs, bedd ing pla n ts. 80 Lakeside Drive 8/ IOl hs of a mile from Hdrdee'!> in Franklin, N.C . fo r informdlion call 524·3321 M ALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/ CAFE BOOKS - CARDS - RECOROS 81 H4YWOOO ST. ASHEVlllE. NC 29801 704-254-8734 KA7f A - pa ge 29 H Winter 1985-86 £ �LIFE DESIGN: A counseling/consultant service; addressing communication , cooperation and a centered, focused approach to ENJOYING your life! Group Workshops , Individual and Family Sessions. Located at 5 Ravenscroft ~. Asheville. Phone Cat Gilliam at 254-8140 or Lorra Streifel at 2535575. RURAL SOUTRERN VOICE for PEACE (R.S.V.P.) is a network of people in rural/small city communities in the Southeast who are working to build the nonviolent alternative systems and lifestyles that can bring peace to our world. Publishes RSVP Newsletter. More info : RSVP, Rt 5 Box 335, Burnsville , NC 28714 NICARAGUAN COFFEE. Delicious, roasted coffee beans or ground coffee available for $6.00 a lb. Contact: Steve Livingston (704) 257-3019 IN 17th YEAR OF PUBLICATION, Akwesasne Notes is a Journal for Native and Natural Peoples, covering world events which effect indigenous peoples. For subscriptions or tax-deductible contributions: AKWESASNE NOTES, P.O. Box 196, Mohawk Nation , Rooseveltown , NY 13683-0196. liEADWATERS: What is your experience with water? Would you share your experience in your own means of expression (poetry, story, dance, music) for a performance and recording to explore and celebrate the beauty and purity of the mountain headwaters? We will focus on water in all its aspects-our goal is harmony. If you would like to be in a core group to create this production, contact Bill Melanson, P.O. Box 628, Asheville, NC 28802 T'AI CHI , a philosophy you can dance to. Mondays 7:30-9:30 pm at 70 Lexington Ave . Asheville with Harold Miller. APPALACHIAN GINSENG COMPANY. Stratfiied Seeds, Seedlings, 2-5 year old Roots. P.O . Box 547 , Dillsboro ,NC. 28725 ALTERNATIVE METHODS for controlling garden pests- send $2 . 00 to Joe Armstrong, Rt. l,Box 121 , Bardstown , KY. 40004 . If you have experience with methods of pest control that do not rely on synthetic pesticides, send your contributions to the "Alternative Methods of Pest Control" list being compiled by Joe Armstrong. Copies of the list available for $2.00 and a long SASE from address above SELF-RELP CREDIT UNION has now opened a branch office in Western North Carolina through the State Employees Credit Union system. For more info: Write: S.R.C.U., P.O. Box 3259, Durham, NC 27705, Or go by: State Employees Credit Union, 200 All Souls Crescent, Asheville, NC/telephone: (704) 274-4200 We are makers of Bamboo Flutes, Each of our flutes is capable of a twooctave range. They are electronically tuned, burnished, and lacquered. For prices and more information, write: Wood Song Rob Yard Route 3, Box 120-3 Floyd, VA. 24091 BACKROADS TOURS - A 32 page collection of self-guided motor tours through the rural areas of the Virginia Blue Ridge -$2.75 Laurel Publications Route 1 Meadows of Dan , VA 24120 WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions to: Katuah P.O.BOX 873 CULLOWREE, NC 28723 ·waterman ram pumps Q I ,t • .. • I • ~age, > 1\~ll~I ~a-Wr~ I ... , ' I t - • • I ' I T -SHIRTS E:1c h ori11 i n;il •• lf@~ia:n hand screened in 5 colors on lhe line~l 100% pre-shrunk cotton PaY "why to pump water when a ram pump wiil do it for free ?" Send for free brochure C. Hollifield 355 Cedar Creek Road Black Mountain, NC 28711 (704) 669-6821 ~ '<ATI:..\H - page 30 short a nd long sleeve t·shirts. I Sho11 Sleeve •1 ppcl S&P C/f£CJ<.H.a,"'41( I 0 1 CNA lt<;c 11" J ong Sf'eve indudes h owlc leol hers b eorpow') ' M r p d. Nome Ad dress _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ f l ong Sleeve Bloclc Beor 0 Silver 0 Ton 0 White Phone Moslercord Viso t1 Red-Tniled Howle 0 Ec111 0 SilvN O Too Mallle· Rld10Rtmoodl•~"''' E-,.-p-d-:-n_l_ _ __ _ . e 1033''> 911s... Rd w , ....111 •• lfr.7Al~R .. • Shor! long S·M· l ·XL n 1><11•56 JOOJ or wnle for brochure 0 0 Winter 1985-86 �OUR ERROR We neglected to put the by-line on the excellent article on "Acorn Bread" in the fall issue of Katuab. The article was written by S~ ·Bear - herbalist, counselor, and co-director of the Pepperland Farm Swi:lit.sfi 8 Degi .:l>l11xk .JJ(ai.."1;1' ~i~ 8 1'.Jfaril!J 13afa11ct1~/ Cerrffi£cl Camp. 628-1537 GET BACK! ISSUES OF KATUAH ISSUE TWO - WINTER 1983-84 ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Yona • Bear Hunters •Pigeon River • Another Way With Animals • Alma: Poems • Becoming Politically Effective • Mountain Woodlands • Katuah Under The Dril l • Spiritual Warriors Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony • Horsepasture River • Coming of Light • Log Cabin Roots • Mountain Agriculture-The Right Crop• William Taylor • Forest's Future ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985 ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984 Sustainable Economics • Bot Springs • Worker ownership • The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Onion • Wil d Turkey • Responsible Investing • Working In The Web Of Life Sustainable Agriculture • Sunflower_, • Human Impact On The Forest • Childrens ' Education • veronica Nicholas : Woman In Politics • Little People • Medicine Allies ISSUE EIGHT - SOMMER 1985 ISSUE FOUR - SOMMER 1984 Celebration: A Way of Life• Katuah 18,000 Years Ago • Sacred Sites • Folk Arts in the Schools ·Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Hilda Downer• Cherokee Heritage Center• Who Owns Appalachia? water Orum • Water Quality • Kudzu • Solar Eclipse • Clearcutting • Trout • Going To Water•Ram Pumps • Microhydro • Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985 ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984 The Waldee Forest • The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests • Horse Logging • Starting A Tree crop • Orban Trees • J.\corn Bread • Myth Time Harvest • Old Ways In Cherokee • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism Past, Present, And Future • John Wilnoty • Healing Darkness • Politics Of Participation I KATUAH: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalach ians B~x 873; Cul l owhee, N~rth Carolina 28723 ORDER FORM For more i n fo : call Marn ie Muller (70 4) 252- 916 7 Name Regular Membership ••• • • $10/ yr . Sponsor • • .••••..•• •• • •• $20/ y r . Contr ibutor • • . • •• ••• ••• $50/ yr . Add r ess Enclou .d .i4 , .t~.l.4 t66o~t c ity Area Code State Zip $ 4n txt~A .to 9.ivt bo o4.t Back Issue s Issue 2 Issue 3 Issue 4 Issue 5 Issue 6 Issue 7 Issue 8 Issue 9 @ $2 . 0 0 = $ @ $2.00 .. $- @ $2.00 = s-- @ $2. 00 • $- - @ $2.00 • @ $2 . 00 @ $2 . 00 @ $2.00 TOTAL PRICE • postage p a id $-$= $ $== $_ _ I can be a local contact peraon for m area y Phone NUilber KA rf AH - pa~e 31 Wint er 1985-86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 10, Winter 1985-1986 Description An account of the resource The theme of the tenth issue of the Katúah Journal is on holistic healing, folk medicine traditions, and sacred places. Authors and artists in this issue include: Meridel LeSeur, Kate Rogers, Barbara Reimensnyder, Marlene Mountain, Stephen Knauth, Douglas A. Rossman, Nancy-Lou Patterson, D. Massey, David Wheeler, Roger Stephens, Richard Ciccarelli, Diannah Beauregard, J. Linn Mackey, and Karen Paquette. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-1986 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Medicine Traditions Near Home.......1 Kate Rogers and Her Mountain Medicals.......3 Circles of Stone.......4 Internal Mythmaking: An Interview with Marlene Mountain.......6 "This is Heresy!" Holistic Healing on Trial.......9 Two Poems by Steve Knauth.......10 Cherokee Mythic Places.......11 The Uktena's Tale.......15 Crystal Magic.......19 Good Medicine: "What Makes a Place Sacred?".......20 Review: Deep Ecology.......21 Natural World News.......22 "Dreamspeaking".......24 Fall Katúah Gathering.......27 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Holistic medicine Alternative medicine--North Carolina, Western Art Therapy Visions Herbs-Therapeutic use--North Carolina, Western Dream interpretation Sacred space Stone circles North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Acid Deposition Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Earth Energies European Immigration Folklore and Ceremony Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Katúah Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Sacred Sites Turtle Island Water Quality Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/cb0662a1107e02a736e92f90cdc2f90f.pdf ef8b9a0b28d5d27d2222512b00b4eb12 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 11, Spring 1986 Description An account of the resource The eleventh issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on community planning for a sustainable future: what, why, and how. Floyd County in Virginia is highlighted as an example of a progressive community. Authors and artists in this issue include: Judith Hallock, Marnie Muller, J. Linn Mackey, Tom Hendricks, Rob Messick, Will Ashe Bason, Jane Avery-Grubel, Katherine Chantal, Judy Cox, Rob Yard, Cotton, Colleen Redman-Copus, Michael Red Fox, and David Wheeler. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Why Community Planning.......1 Digging In: A Model.......2 Cities and the Bioregional Vision.......6 Recycling: Garbage in Transition.......7 Community Gardening.......9 The World Village: A Poem.......10 Seeing the Future Village.......10 Floyd County, VA.......12 Gasohol.......14 Two Bioregional Views.......15 Earthquake: The Nuclear Supplement Natural World News.......18 Good Medicine: Visions.......20 The Children's Page.......21 Review: Foxfire Games.......23 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Community life--Appalachian Region, Southern Community development, Urban--North Carolina, Western Radioactive waste disposal--Appalachian Region, Southern Community garden--North Carolina--Asheville Floyd County (Va.) North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. https://www.geonames.org/4759449/floyd-county.html Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Floyd County (Va.) Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Alternative Energy Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Education Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Turtle Island Villages https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/a1feba40871ce614a08133c6846cda92.pdf 9ea20a95b097d62eeecabfc775e81415 PDF Text Text ---~ ATUAB $JOO ~ ISSUE XII ) " SUMMER 1986 �LIVI~ IN 'THE GARC>EN..............................................•...•...............1 r.c Tl-E Nl.n.EAR FEFERENDl.M..---···..····----·······-··········-···.3 SHIIT'Ali<E•••.••.•..•.•..•.......•......••••..•........................................................4 "Tl-E WATER CYCLE": A PC:EM...................................................•..6 'THE SACRE.D SCA,RAB.•...•...•...........................................................7 CIRCl.ES ~UNICATIC:>l'il-................................................•...8 a= fEVIEW: JHEWISE VOMN HERBAL FOO Tl-IE Cl-tll.DBEARI~ YEAR...........................................9 REVBV: 1HE SMALL-scAl..E AQ.JACULTI.JAE BOOK..........10 C3C:XD MEDONE: TOOA,COO.........................................................12 SUN ROOT.....•...................................................................................14 POEM: "THE HCMESTEAD ~ HORN MCX.JNTAIN"....-.............14 "HD..AHl'VlJ_.": THE FORMATIQ\J OF 1HE APPAl..ACl-tlAN ~NTAINS.............................................15 NATIJRAL ~ NEWS..............................................................19 '1l£ WIUDNTIEE": ACHILDREN'S STORY......-.................25 •. ,·,· i.~ '" NABC II...............................................................................................:;., M N ,.... Q) N ~ H ...l 0 ~ u i5 ~ ~ tj ~ g u M• ,.... co t< :i Q co = g 11111 ti ~ ... fj a 8 fll co a a ~ �...... ATUAH ~ Tf£ ffiSSlBLE ffiMOlst: LtUING 1 THE: GAPlOc(\) N "The garden", as it is known in the community below, occupies a small clearing among the folded ridges of the Black Mountains. In the summer the Rarden blooms profusely. Flowers, shrubs, vegetables, and trees crowd toget~r in what first appears to be a wild disarray of diverse colors and textures falling over the stone terraces stacked up the hillside. A tiny log cabin and gnomish yurt stand at the edge of the trees to one side, while "the pavilion", a large buildmg that is both work space and community danc~ hall looms above. In the midst ofthe riot of Rrowth, partners Joe Hollis and Rhea Rose Orm1Jnd work, looking like the small human figures in the middle of a Chinese paiflling. Joe has been on this site for 15 years now, intuitively creating an enviroMMnt to meet his particular needs of habitation, and consciously attuning and adapting himself to his chosen niche. KATUAH - page 1 ISSUE XII SUMMm 1986 by Joe Hollis illustrations by Rhea Rose Ormond "I came here with an idea to start a garden. It took: me a couple of years to clear trees and to build this cabin where I live now. But then I started to garden. I started right in front of the cabin, and I've been working out since then. The soil is good here; there's a lot of leaf mold in it. But it took: a lot of clearing to get out the roots, the stumps, the black:benies and the rocks. It is extremely rocky in this hollow. Some kind of landslide ended up here. The rocks are all jumbled; you can see how they ended up on top of each other. As I began to dig them out. I made rock piles. Then. to get rid of the rock piles, I made walls. Now this whole hillside is a tcrraccd garden, and the terraces are still growing. There arc rock piles down there right now waiting to get laid up. "I started with the standard flowering percnniaJ plants poppy, Sweet William, bulbs. All good, sturdy local varieties that I'd get by trading with old ladies down in the neighborhood. Then when I bad some walls laid up, I got the idea to put strawberries among the stones. Once I had the notion that plants could help tie the walls together, I stumbled into the world of rock gardening. For many people, rock - continued on p. 13 Summer 1986 �' 2!2·,·!l·.·#jW:·,·H:l U¢iijiJ@ld!#lt·UO,. · il!ll. EDITORIAL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Rob Messick Martha Tree Martha Overlock J. Linn Mackey David Wheeler Will Ashe Bason Chip Smith Mamie Muller Michael Red Fox Scott Bird Brad Stanback Judith Hallock EDITORIAL ASSISIANCE: Joe Roberts Brooks Michael Jeff Fobes EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Asheville, NC PRINTEPBY: Sylva lk.rsls1 Publishing Co. Sylva, NC WEITEUSAI: TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 Kmih Box 873 Cullowbee, NC 28723 COVER· Rob Messick JR\10CllTJ0R 'fthf!""--. ~ Wt:. c.o.J£ ~ Cl..~E 'f~f'lhs: . . wf. CD.fl Live 'f~t::.f:h.Ef" . . . 'ti£ f ~r -.- CJ).N or Uu5t 'WE COil W E eDN 'f~lher .. . wrz 'f~ will OlrsdW:S. \w;al. ~ E"ARt\\ · T~ ... '11€ ~ bir-th f~ .. . paicE. our bo.bes. ~ ~ ~'4ES ~K as ONE". .. _ 'ti£ wi\\ uvf. oor clIEoJftS . Statement ofPurpose Here in the southern-most heanland of the Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turtle Island, a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibiliry for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibiliry centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and laws. We begin by invoking the Cherokee name "Kariiah" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The editorial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this area, and to foster the awareness that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is the only way to ensure the sustainability of our biosphere and a lasting place for~ ourselves in its contifll4ing evolutionary process. ) , We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a "db or die" situation in terms of a contilll4ed quality standard of life on this planet. It is the aim ofthis journal tO db its part in the re-inhabitation and re-culturation of the Kamah province of the Southern Appalachians. This province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the New River vicinity to the north; the foothills ofthe piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hill.s to the south; and the Tennessee River Valley to the west. Humbly, as self-appointed stewards with sacred instructions as "new natives" to protect and preserve its sacredness, we advocate a centered approach to the concept of decentralization and hope to become a support system for those accepting the challenge of sustainabiliry and the creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this plaa. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent informa1ion, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that K1l1fJ.gh will grow to serve the best interests of this region and all its living, breathing family members. • The Editors The Internal Revenue Service has declared K.aWAh a non-profit organization under section 50J(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to KilWlb. are deductible from personal income tax. Summer 19 6 �I THE IMPORTANCE OF SAYING "NO" ' THE NORTH CAROLINA NUCLEAR WASTE REFERENDUM by Avram Friedman On May 6, 1986, 93% of the electorate in North Carolina rejected the location of a high level nuclear waste and spent fuel repository in that state. At first glance' this event may not seem astounding, but its political significance is potentially far-reaching and could mean a watershed of good news for environmentalists on the local, state, regional, and national levels. The news of this referendum is still so fresh that as of yet many organiz.ations, active individuals, and politicians have not grasped the meaning of what has happened. A Powerful New Tool For Local Organizations A powerful tool has just been handed to anti-nuclear waste, anti-nuclear energy, and environmental organiz.ations in North Carolina State officials and politicians who have their fingers lifted to the winds to sense the public mood, just ran into a hurricane. 1t is now a matter of public record that Nonh Carolinians almost unanimously reject participation in one part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Politicians can now be effectively pressured into taking further environmentally responsible actions. For example, since the referendum, the Citizens for a Choice on Nuclear Waste (CCNW), of Jackson County, has informed every state legislator that North Carolina should not enter into a "compact" with other southeastern states that would result in this state receiving all th~low-level radioactive waste produced by the entire region. CCNW told the politicians that the public would be informed how each legislator votes on the issue when the decision is made this July in Raleigh. Will politicians dare to stand against 93% of the public in an election year? Although the entire 93% cannot necessarily be transferred from one related issue to the next, a politician can only use the information available to him/her to draw assumptions about the public mood. The only concrete indication available at this time, concerning nuclear issues, is the waste referendum. Combined with the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April, the THERE WILL BE NO "SUSPENSION"OF To those who have worked on the related issues of the nuclear waste dump, the Monitored Retrievable Storage Facility (MRS), and the transportation of nuclear waste through the mountains of KatUah, it is blatantly obvious that the recent announcemer.t l.>y Energy Secretary John Herrington that the search for an eastern waste suppository has been "suspended" is a political move designed to take the heat off the incumbent administration until after the next presidential elections, at which time the hunt for the second nuclear waste suppository will be continued at full force. It is hard to believe the degree of callousness of those who would toy in this way with the hopes, the dreams, and the expectations of the people who live in the affected areas. Ultimately, their scheme will backfire, because eventually the people will know that they have been disenfranchised by the machinations of the technocrats who seem to wield so much power in government While it may put people to sleep for a time, in the end it will serve only to drive home the realization that doing away with nuclear involvement altogether is the only permanent solution to the problem of nuclear waste. Besides the obvious goal of manipulating the electoral vote, the strategic purposes of this move, the "suspension announcement", are twofold: First, the nuclear consortium hopes to divide the anti-waste movement They hope KA AH-page 3 that by offering a false security to the residents of the eastern states, they can increase the pressure on the western states to force a nuclear waste dump on them. Onoe this is accomplished, they will then tum their full attention to the goal of establishing a second dump site in the east The bureaucrats' second purpose is to create a lull in which they might establish an MRS facility in eastern Tennessee. The MRS always has been and still is the !'mt step in the strategy to bring a nuclear waste dump into the Appalachians. Allowing the MRS to be emplaced would constitute an engraved invitation to emplant a nuclear waste suppository in Katfiah sometime in the future. In one way the "suspension" announcement is helpful. It makes clear the difference between the politicians who are working in the interests of the people of this area and in the interests of the land itself and those politicians who are working strictly in their own interest or on behalf of large corporations in other parts of the country. Those who do not care about this land and its people are parading about crowing, "It's over! We've won! It's all finished now!" They are trying to disarm us and put us to sleep in the face of an impending nuclear catastrophe. But the leaders who have the interests of the people at heart are cautioning that the mountain interstates are stiJJ prime routes for the transportation of nuclear wastes and still referendum bas dramatically shifted the burden of popular support to the nuclear industry. Anti-nuclear groups will find it much easier to convince politicians that the safe political ground lies in opposing nukes. In addition to the political leverage gained in dealing with legislative action, anti-dump groups and individuals will now find it much easier and safer to carry out further actions against the U.S. Department · continued on . 26 DISBELIEF opposing the MRS. A truly conscientious leader would exhibit the courage to call for a moratorium on the construction and operation of all new nuclear facilities, but a leader of such caliber has not yet stepped forward. The "suspension" of the nuclear waste dump plan in the east does not mean a suspension of interest on the part of the DOE, but rather the suspension of a panicular strategic approach that has proved a failure. The DOE is simply going to approach its self-chosen task more carefully, trying to diYide and then conquer the anti-suppository movement and to disarm the people of Katuab in hopes they would awaken one day in the future to be faced with afait accompli in the form of an MRS facility installed in Tennessee just waiting to package high-level radioactive wastes for a second waste suppository in Appalachia. If this country is to have a nuclear future, and there is no doubt that this is what the DOE, the present political administration, and the giant energy corporations desire, there will necessarily have to be a second nuclear waste dump. The recent "suspension" of activity makes clear our task: to expose the actual environmental and economic costs of nuclear power and to promote the development of a more viable fuel to power our future. , ummer 1986 �by Michael Red Fox The generic name is Lentinus e®des, but say "shc-i-ta'-kee" if you want people to know that you arc talking about an oriental mushroom that has become a popular item in western urban gourmet cuisine. Long known in both China and Japan as "The Emperor's Food" and jealously guarded by Samurai warriors, shiitake today offers the more democratic promise of being a low-cost way to diversify small farm income and to improve the health of regular users. Demand for the dark brown, wide-gilled shiitakc mushrooms far exceeds the present supply. Why the demand? Because as well as being renowned for its flavor, the easily grown mush.room resists bruising and spoiling and can be quickly pickled, canned, or dried (remaining nutritious for 13 months). Using beat to dry shiitakc enhances certain popular navor characteristics. Shiitakc rehydrates well and when cooked maintains its color and impartS a smokey. full-bodied, aromatic navor while maintaining a delightfully delicate, fleshy texture. It can be added to any dish which uses the familiar white mushroom, though much Jess shiitakc is needed. Shiitakc has twice the protein value of the common mushroom and contains all eight essential amino acids in proportions similar to that or milk and animal nesh. It is low in calorics and contains large amounts of B vitamins and minerals. For centuries, the Japanese have priud the health· giving benefits of shiitake. Now modern research shows that shiitake reduces scrum cholesterol, strengthens the immune system against viral diseases, and bas prevented or caused remission of certain typeS of tumors in mice. Sbiitake already generates more than $1 billion annually in export sales for Japan. There arc nearly 200,000 shiitake growers in Japan raising 161,000 metric tons of shlitake every year. Toby Farris, head of the USDA Mushroom Project in Asheville, NC, estimates that small farms in KatUah can increase their incomes 30% by growing shiitakc. But he suggests that small farmers gradually develop shiitakc cultivation as a stabilizing second income rather than trying to turn it into a get-rich.quick scheme. Market price of fresh shiitake is anywhere from $4.00 - 20.00 per pound. This price varies according to the quality of GROWING SHIITAKE - HERE'S HOW There arc six key cultivation phases in growing shiitakc, each of which requires careful attention. These arc: 1) obtaining viable inoculum (spawn) in pure culture and storing it until use, 2) preparing logs for cultivation, 3) inoculation, 4) laying the logs to favor fungal growth, 5) raising the spawn to favor fruiting, and 6) harvesting and storing the crop. Spawn: Shiitakc spawn is usually grown on small dowel or peg-like pieces of wood 3/8 to 3/4 inches in length that are supplied in sealed autoclaved plastic containers. Occasionally it is grown on sawdust. The spawn should be moist, generally white, and appear rather fuzzy. Spawn may be kept as long as one year under refrigeration. The retail cost of spawn varies widely, so it would pay to carefully check different prices and quality. the product and the location of the market A com of oak firewood can sell for as little as $30.00. That same cord of wood could produce between $1,000 - 2,000 of shiitake during the average five-year life cycle. Preparing the logs: The most important ingredient of a good shHtakc farm is a sustainable source of hardwoods, prefcrabTy oak,. 6CCCii, or hornbeam. Softer hardwoods, such as poplar and maple arc being used experimentally to nurture shiitakc mushrooms, but whether they have a commercial future is still uncertain. White, black, northern red, and chestnut oak wilJ hold onto their bark and maintain the proper moisture content for shiitake. Thick-barked trees, such as locust, hamper the inoculations and spread of the shiitakc spawn. A growing area is necessary that provides protection from direct sunlight (70-85% shade is best) and from strong winds. Nearby there must be a good source of clean water. Shiitake is a non-pathogenic fungus and will not grow on living tissues. It survives on dead wood only and must establish itself before competitive fungi colonize the wood. For these reasons, only live trees arc cut for shiitakc cultivation. Cutting the live tree is best done in the fall or winter to capture the supply of sugar stored in the dormant wood. Also the bark tends to stay on the logs longer if the trees arc cut when the leaves arc gone. Keeping the bark on the logs and keeping it intact is �critical for proper moisture control and to block competitive "weed" fungi Logs are cut to 3-5 foot lengths and may be 2-8 inches in diameter. Branches may also be used. Seal the ends of the logs with a latex paint or soft wax to provide a moisture barrier and to keep out the "weed fungi". It is important to keep the exposed log ends from coming in contact with the soil. Therefore, never skid the logs from the forest. Soil contact greatly increases contamination of the logs. Stack the logs off the ground for six weeks to allow the natural defense mechanism against fungi to die off and allow the moisture level to adjust to 50-70%. How will you know when the logs have reached the proper moisture level? It can be measured by slicing off the end of a log and weighing it This figure is the net weight Weigh the cut end again after it has been dried overnight in a warm oven. This figure is the dry weight. Subtracting the dry weight from net weight gives the weight of the water in the slice. Dividing that figure by the net weight of the piece gives the percent of moisture in the log. Before inoculation, scrape lichen, mosses and debris off the logs without damaging the barlc. Inoculation: Inoculation is best done when daytime temperatures are 50-60 degrees F and the coldest weather is past. March and April are the best times to inoculate. Inoculation should be done in a shaded area to avoid direct exposure of the spawn to sunlight To inoculate the logs, drill holes 6-8 inches apart in a row along the length of the log. Insert a dowel in each hole immediately after drilling. Space the rows so that the holes are staggered and 2-3 inches apart around the citcumfercnce of the log. Tap the dowels in gently with a hammer and immediately brush over the plug with a thin layer of wax. Growth begins almost immediately under favorable conditions. If sawdust-grown spawn is used, the holes should be completely filled with the sawdust-and-spawn mixture. Laying: In practice, most failures in shiitake cultivation have been traced to incorrect stacking of the logs in the "laying yard" that creates conditions that favor "weed fungi" instead of the shiitake. Logs should be laid at a 45 degree angle to encourage growth of the shiitake mycelia. They should be reversed every 2-4 months to encourage even mycelial growth. In addition, the logs may be soaked in water for 18-24 hours if necessary during exceptionally dry periods. The optimum conditions in the laying yard are temperatures between 59-82 degrees F and a relative humidity of 80-85%. Raising: The following winter the logs can be moved to the "raising yard". There they arc laid nearly upright or stacked log cabin style and kept shaded and moist until fruiting. A relatively dry log surface will help discourage the growth of surface molds. Therefore, if logs are watered artificially, they should be watered thoroughly for a relatively short period of time. Studies show that if motsture is maintained near 70%, a 50% increase in production will result, but light, frequent waterings should be avoided. In commercial production, dehydration of the logs followed by soaking in cool water 55-70 degrees F is often done to stimulate fruiting. Logs that have been dehydrated usually produce bumper crops within a week of being soaked! Soaking also tends to eliminate cerUin kinds of pests. Any logs that lose their bark should be discarded. Old logs should be disposed of in a separate location a good distance from the cultivation site. logs ca.n provide 3-5 years of consistent cropping of shiitake mushrooms. Cultivated in the Orient for more than 400 years and praised as the "ginseng of mushrooms" and "elixir of life'', shiitake offers special promise for small farmers in Katuah. Happy 'shrooming! SOURCES OF SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SPAWN AND CULTIVATION AIDS: Fruiting: Shiitake is capable of fruiting only after the mycelia have completely colonized the log. First fruiting usually occurs early in spring or in late fall of the year following inoculation. At this time, a fuzzy white fungal growth can be seen at the cut ends of the Jog in the sapwood area, especially just under the bark. From this time on, conditions should be altered w favor fruiting. To fruit, the fungus requires abundant moisture, sufficient air movement, and little exposure to light Fruiting is favored by cool nights of 46-72 degrees F followed by warm days and a constantly high relative humidity of 85-90%. When the mushrooms appear, the caps begin as round buttons and flatten out as the mushroom matures. They will eventually reach a size of 2-6 inches in diameter. A flush of shiitake may last a week. Harvesting: Mushrooms are harvested as the cap begins to open to expose the gills. Fresh shiitake can be stored under refrigeration in ventilated containers for 2 weeks. Continuing Harvests: After ceasing to produce mushrooms, the logs must be rested for 3-6 months in an environment similar to the raising conditions. Winter conditions in KatUah ordinarily would not damage the mycelia as they lay dormant, ready to flush again during the next spring and again the following fall. Properly treated and cured, American Forest Mushroom Association P.O. Box 1362 Asheville, NC 28802 Ellie Corporation Route 1 Arvonia, VA 23004 Mushroompeople P.O. Box 158 Inverness, CA 94937 Dr. Yoo Farm P.O. Box 290 College Park, MD 20740 REFERENCES: Shiitake News ($25 I year) from Forest Resource Center Route 2, Box 156-A Lanesboro, MN 55949 Shiitake Oardcnine and Fannin& by Bob Harris ($3.00) CUltiyation of Shiitake The Japanese forest Mushroom. on Loes by Gary Leatham ($1.50) How to erow Forest Mushrooms CShiitakel by Daniel D. Kuo and Maw H. Kuo ($10.45) (Books listed above are available from Mushroompeople) " �KATUAH - page 6 Sum.mer 1986 �I have been _successfully experimenting with scandt1'cctles and their larvae as an answer to the problem of disposing of human waste. After eight years of 'field research', I feel I can now pass on what I have uncovered to .Ka.1Wih readers. Scarab beetle larvae eat fecal matter with a vengeance, turning it into a flaky, dry, odorless substance, which can later be used as a fertilizer. It is an extremely sanitary process, and no flies venture near the scarab beetle's domain, as they'll eat fly eggs too. The waste becomes so broken down or compacted that an individual could not fill a two foot square bole for many years no matter how much food be consumed. A change of location will not confuse the beetles, provided it is not too far away. All you need do is dig a new hole and bait it, and when spring has been around for a while, the beetles will be in the base of the hole awaiting your return. They will roll the fecal matter into little balls and lay their eggs. You may cover the hole with the luxury of an outhouse, or simply cover it with plywood so the scarabs won't drown when it rains. And as a matter of courtesy I avoid urinating on them. An empty jar will suffice for thaL Also avoid using lime. In peak summer months, one visit to the outhouse will be disposed of in a matter of minutes, provided you have built up a good population. They slow down activity when the nights get below freezing, and when the days no longer hold wannth they become dormant, not noticeably becoming efficient again until late spring or early summer. I know one fellow who kept his larvae warm enough to keep them active throughout the year so that there was no gap. I have an alternative outhouse that I use a few months out of the year. This past year my larvae did not close up shop until early January, but I kept a number of the larvae alive on into the winter by placing a large frying pan over them. On cold ni~hts this was warmed by a candle I placed m a jar covered by a metal lid punched with holes. I would pull it all off in the mornings and all the little things would be huddled under the operation. But I began to worry that I might be interfering with their normal life cycle or that when the new adults came, they might cat the balls with the eggs. In any case, on the coldest night of the year they perished. Either the candle went out, or after setting up my little rig, trembling, with a flashlight in my mouth, I forgot to light the candle. They must have cocooned or died thinking I was crazy. I think they can be kept alive in the KA AH-page 7 winter, but at this time I would recommend keeping a batch to survive the winter and a batch to keep their natural cycle for this region. Facts on scarab beetles arc mentioned in some texts, but utilizing their undertakings has never been considered, nor their effectiveness realized. At least not since the Egyptians, who regarded both beetles and their larvae as sacred. My variety of beetle is indigenous to the piedmont of South Carolina. They arc black and arc about the size of a quarter. A smaller, colorful variety has infiltrated their ranks in lesser numbers. I do not have any good pictures of them. I have a very overexposed slide of one beetle. The slide was taken under far too powerful a flash. The photographer should have gone with a bright light (but be was stressfully lazy). Usually they arc very gentle and docile, but this poor beetle must have bu.med its retinas out, for it went berserk - I never knew they could move that fast I put it back in the gallon jar to take it back home, but somehow it escaped, probably into the environs of the car, and I have felt quite sick about it ever since. When you get to know them, you will know that this is no joke. I have never considered turning this operation into a business, though the right person with the right setup could easily do so. If the dung ball gets rolling I could bask in the knowledge that I had done humankind, Mother Earth, and life itself a great service. I do not really eat enough to punch them out in vast quantities, though I do have more than enough, and usually feel obligated to make sure they get enough to eat during their active cycles. If I bad a larger setup a.n d more active, shitting humans, populations would soar. And I could go to Europe! I personally started with about 60 larvae. I expect 7- 10,000 by late summer, but it could be in the millions with more food. Sending larvae is a way to start a herd. They arc clean and easy to ship. I am willing to give away starter colonies maybe for a $10.00 mailing and handling fee. And if someone is enterprising enough to get a business going, a bumble royalty would not insult my virtues. Neither the larvae nor the beetles arc offensive to the sight or in any other manner. They are man (sic) and beast at their finest hour. For more information, contact Corry P.O. Box 5242 Columbia, SC 29250 The ancien1 Egyptians Wt!refascinated by the small scarab beetle. The scarab beetle, Scarabeus sggr, "lays its eggs in a ball of dung some two inches across,· this it subsequen1ly pushes around with its rear legs with great determination, loohng for a suitable crevice in which to deposit it. Inside the ball, the larvaefud on the dung until they eventually break through the ball to freedom. This was regarded by the ancienr Egyptians as a most mysterious process of self-generation: the young butlu appearing from a ball qfdung aµr they had been helped only by a single scarab butle. Jn a grand analogy, ii was a beetle thal was seen to be rolling the sun itself over the eastern horizon, as the climax to the self generative processes thal had taken place during the night. The beetle itself became a symbol for the change of state from deaJh to rebirth, which was ofprimary interest to the ancienl theologians, who described it in sorru: ofthe long tats ofthe royal tombs in considerable detail. The beetle also became one ofthe most popular symbols of ancien1 Egypt and small scarab seals were made in mi/JWns, a tradition thal continues to this day. It seems too, that parts of the mysterious functions of this beetle have never been lost since ancien1 times; early in the presen1 cenJUry the village women of Thebes ate these harny black insects which were supposed to aid their fertility, and many properties similar to the ancient symbolisms are attributed to Scarabeus sacer in the writings of the mediaeval alchemists." from valley Qf tbc Kines. byJohnRorru:r, 1981. ~ Summer 1986 �"-"X.1.NB NEW FR.1.ENDI HAV\NCl J'UNI J'1.JU:I "11.'JlU>UT '1.o\'J'Cf(£1 J'ORAB1.NB "11.LD FOODI CONCf:N'Jll..tTI.ON •.. .• CR.ljlTALI ... . . tC&U.1.NB 11.NCl'lNCl D.ANC1.NCl DR.WU 1.N TH£ 11"1£.U LOME . •••• KAWAH - page 8 J'1.ND'lNCl "1KO "1£ ~ Summer I 986 �Review Wise Woman Herb al Childbearing Year for the by Susun S. Weed published by Ashtree Publishing, POB 64, Woodstock, NY 12498 ($ 6.95 plus $ 2.00 for shipping & handling) reviewed by Ise Williams For more than a million years Wise Women have used herbs - ga1hered, eaten, tended, loved herbs - and taughl their daughters the wisdom of herbs in the cllildbean·ng year. In Europe, five hundred years ago, men tortured and burned the Wise Women who healed with herbs, the midwives, the ones who celebrated the cyclical ways. Calling them witches, they burned them in millions and broke the flow of mother-to-daughter transmission. In the Americas, their sons in later years killed the medicine women and c11randeras. the Wise Women of the New World. Then they denied the existence of Wise Wome" in history. Without our connections ro each other and the Earth, withollt our mothers' wisdom, we forgot our power. When we were told that we had no souls, and no minds, and no sisters, we believed it was true. When they cold us that childbearing was too difficult for women, midwives, and herbs, we believed it was true. Bm the Wise Women live in our dreams, our visions, our deepest munories. We hear their whispers, and we listen.. Wise Women herbalists see the whole herb, the physical forces and the subtle forces, and respect the wholeness. Wise Women make use of rite color, form, spirit, and substance of a plant, using it as a whole, not dividing it into parts and seeing power only in the HactiveH principle. Wise Women lcnbw thaJ we are each whole and unique, in an individu.a l, everchanging, symbiotic relationship with herbs. Wise Woman healing is grounded, earthed, rooted. The Wise Woman accepts herself and her changes, her moods, and her bleedings. She tends to birthing and dying withaur alienaiion from herself or rite ones site helps. Site is open to the life song surrounding her, she ~ the secrets of the herbs. Fairies appear to her; devas bless her. All that she needs for health and well-being grows within the fall of her foot. This book speaks to the Wise Woman in you - the pregnant woman - aT1d to the Wise Woman in your mare, lover, midwife, doctor, childbinh educator, and friends. It is based on the belief that you are capable of observing yo1u own body, heart, and mind, responding to the messages you receive during the childbearing year, and caring/or yourself in a context of loving s11ppon and assistance. ·from the introduction Thie; is a wonderful herbal. one that I'm sure will become the companion of many a pregnant woman, and also a resource that goes far beyond lhe childbearing year. Since pregnancy is a period of growth which couches on all aspeccs of our lives, I find many of the issues covered are also applicable to the situations of my non-pregnant friends, women and men alike. The dedication makes clear the spirit m which lhe book is written: May the six directzons empower tlus medicine work. May it be pleasing to my grandmothers, the a11ciem ones. And may it be of benefic to all beings. One of lhe chapters, titled "Herbal Pharmacy", covers very concisely how co respectfully encounter planes in our environment and how to safely tum them into water-. alcohol and oil-based herbal medicines. le is an excellent and comprehensive guide for everyone desiring to take responsibility for their own health care. KATUAH - page 9 The book is written in the Wise Woman tradition, which views everything as cyclical and deeply interconnected. In these ancient traditions, once owned by each tribe and each people, women were the gacherers and growers of herbs, the nunurers, and the healers. Today more and more men are beginning to work out of the same stream of consciousness. However, in our society the oral tradition has been brutally interrupted by the medieval witch burnings. A large body of knowledge was destroyed and losL We are only now beginning to reclaim it. Healing ways evencually were narrowed down co male-dominated allopathic medicine, which is linear in Lhink.ing and promotes a world view of black and white, of sickness versus health. Wise Woman healing begins with nourishing and nurturing and reseIVes dramatic interventions as the last reson. "Wise Women understand the attunement built into our cells after thousands of generations nourished on wild foods, the special kinship our bodies have with the vital elements condensed in herbs", says Susun Weed. Consequently you'll find in this Wjse Woman Herbal references to other pertinent publications, addresses of conscientious herb businesses, appendices that list herbal soun:es of vitamins and minerals, and recipes for herbal preparations. There are lovingly handwritten notes in the margins that give the names of herbs in different languages - including Russian and Chinese! A comprehensive index makes it easy to locate specific information. Susun's knowledge cenainly could fill many a volume. I hope that Susun will find the time to be a prolific writer, besides being an avid gardener, homesteader, naturalist, feminist artist, and travelling lecturer/workshop facilitator. Presently, her busy schedule takes ber from coast to coast, attending herbalists' conferences and sharing the knowledge extracted from 20 years of studying and working with medicinal herbs. The Wjse Woman Herbal is written with compassion and from direct experience. It is not just another compilation /;:;41" of facts retrieved from other books. What a blessing! p '* Elder The fragile, cream-colored flowers of Sambucus species, when tinctured., provide a superb remedy for treating infants' fevers. Elder blossom tincture seems to encourage balance in the mechanism which regulates temperature. It reduces frighteningly high fevers without fail. Put one drop per pound of body weight directly under your baby's tongue, or slide the dropper alongside your nipple and administer the drops while the baby is nursing. (Measure the drops into a spoon, then take the correct dose into the empty dropper.) The dose may be repeated as often as needed; it is completely harmless. The fever usually begins to decrease within a few hours of the first dose. Stories abound about the dangerous Elder. And there is a story told all over the world, in different cultures and various versions, of the woman who lives in the Elder. Sometimes she is called the Elder Lady, sometimes Elder Woman, but my favorite name for her is Elda Mor. The stories say that Elda Mor is a Wise Woman who has taken the shape of a tree in order to heal her children. She is powerful and she demands respect. If you wish to have her help, you must honor her. If you abuse her, or fail to ask her permission to take part of her, Elda Mor will poison you. Elder grows somewhere near you; look and ask for her. When you find an Elder bush, develop a relationship with Elda Mor. Visit with her from time to time. Then, when the Elder blooms, go out in the moonlight and tell her of your desire to heal with her magic and her knowledge. She wilJ respond, granting permission for you to take her sweet flowers. Thank her and put up your tincture immediately, capturing moon beams, Elder dreams, and the ancient wisdom of women in your bottle. From The Wjse Woman Herbal for the Chjldbearine Year �Review: THE FRESHWATER AQUACU LT URE BOOK A handbook for small scale fish culture in North America The Freshwater Aguaculture Book· A Handbook for Small Scale Fish Culture jn Noah America; William McLamey (Point Roberts, WA 98281; Box 147; Hartley and Marks, 1984) 600 pp. 150 illustrations; appendices, index. available from the publisher for $40.00 plus $1.00 handling. The need/or aquaculture arises from the same root as thaJ for agriculture. It is commonly accepted thaJ it would be impossible to supply human demands for meat solely on the basis of hunring wild game, or to provide all our fruits and vegetables by foraging in the naJUral environment. Yet most of the world still obtains fish in this manner, through traditional "capture" fisheries based on natural stocks ..... The current world harvest of about seventy million metric tons per year is not nearly enough to go around, much less to keep pace with the demands imposed by a still-increasing human population. The obvious solution is oquacubure. - The Freshwater Aquaculture Boole Bill McLarney was trained as a fisheries biologist at John Carroll University and the University of Michigan. He was a co-founder and director of aquaculture studies at the New Alchemy Institute in Massachusetts, which for 20 years has done pioneer experiments in ecological living. He presently divides his time between Fran.k lin, NC in Katiiab and Costa Rica, where he is director of New Alchemy's Central America project In the l 970's McLarney and his co-workers at New Alchemy developed innovative techniques for small-scale, low-budget fish culture. Because of their careful study, observation, and creativity, many of the methods developed then still stand as the simplest and most efficient available today. McLamey has distilled his years of experience and research into The Freshwater Aguaculturc Book. He has taken on an ambitious project, and has succeeded in giving us a highly useful tool: a comprehensive manual for raising all known varieties of food fish (as well as some types of aquatic animals) in all the areas of Turtle Island where fish-raising is feasible. There are also sections on greenhouse and closed system culture. McLamey's work is by far the most complete collection of factual material on the topic to date, but it is also of importance that he writes from a perspective that respects the needs and conditions of local ecologies and the "hidden" economic value and practicality of the efforts of small producers. This makes The freshwater Aquacul!ure Book eminently appropriate and a very valuable resource for people who choose to worJc in the context of their own particular locale. WORLD AQUACULTURE The introduction to the book is a brief survey of the history and practice of aquaculture around the world. But in the course of the world overview, McLarney breaks down these two primary values, ecological awareness and decentralization, into a set of principles which underpin the information he presents throughout the book. Illustrative examples are drawn mainly from the Chinese aquaculture system, which McLamey regards as the most highly develo~ in terms of simplicity, productivity, efficiency, and minimal environmental disruption. But although the language is "fish culture", the principles expressed could serve as well to ensure the sound operation and long-term survival of any type of bioregional enterprise. Keep in mind thaJ part ofthe secret ofChinese fish culture is in making the best use of a given local ecology and materials. However, consider this: The currem average production of traditional pond polyculture in China is said to be over 4 ,000 lb/acre/year (4,412 kg/ha/yr). (Much higher yields are achieved in southern China and in southeast Asia, where the growing season is year-round.) This is accomplished primarily through the use of fertilizers, with no processed feeds whatsoever, with virtually no technology, and using ancient methods developed without benefit of scientific research . The products of Chinese pond polyculture have traditionally been available widely and cheaply; they are an important factor in the nutrition of the Chinese people, as well as in Chinese high cuisine. Chinese aquaculture may also be regarded as ecologically beneficial, as it provides a facility f or recycling organic "wastes". The effect of s.kik must be considered for any enterprise in terms of economics, necessary labor, and relation to the surrounding environment to determine what is truly the most effective and appropriate system. l l i Freshwater Aquaculture Book emphasizes the simplest possible systems that require the least capital investment and are easiest to construcL INTEGRATED FARMSTEAD _ _ , _..,.,..... a. ,.....,. ... ,.. ....... .. -------.!_ ----___ -_ __ _ --.--......----_ __ - --............................... ......... .__ ...._. .. .......... , ,..... .. ··- ~ ._ 11. T... _ _ _ ,.... _ _ · --- _ - _____ ,.... ----·--...... ,_,~ 12. ~ ... - . . - - , _ ...... ta.- ..... - - - - . - 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -~----- ,.._...--. ,.. "·- ------"-Cont---. -19. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21.21.IU_...._ 24........W--._,..... KAWAH - page JO Surnrnerl986 �From the many aquatic habitars available, rite Chinese chose the small pond as providing the best combination of prod11ctiviry and manageability. Though aquaculrure has subseque111ly been pracriced in virmally every orher type of aquaric environmen.t, the truth of this rarely acknowledged insighr remains. Ponds are nawrally present in many localities and may be constructed, by hand labor if necessary, in nwst other places. As compared to larger laJces and the oceans, a higher percentage of pond warer is relatively shallow, hence more productive and easier to harvesr. Srreams represent a rheorerically more productive environment, but use of flowing waler often raises comperirive situations with regard to water righ1s,j1Shing, pollution, ere culrure or eaJ comnu:m carp, and aquaculrurisrs had to seek other fishJo raise. It was found rhar if one stocked several kinds offish - say one which fed on the botrom, one which fed in mid-water, and one which could eat green leaves provided by the farmer - grearer yields would be achieved rhan if one stocked the same number of common carp only. This was the beginning ofpolyculture. Through trial and error and observation, Chinese fish culrurists eventually developed much more complex polyculrures, in some cases including as many as a dozen species. These culrure systems are ofren unique to a particular locality, having taken advantage of local conditions, availability of stocks ofj1Sh, feed, or ferrilizer marerials. WASTE UTILIZATION What we wish to create are living systems, but it must be remembered that these living systems are always parts of greater ecosystems or natural communities and can only be considered as parts of the larger whole. This concept Mclarney calls jntemrion. It is nor customary in Norrh America 10 rlunk of bodies of water used for intensive aquaculture as parrs of a total farm ecosystem. A commercial fish/arm is afHh.farm period. Yet inregrarion of terrestrial and aquaric crops and byproducrs is part and parcel of many rraditional Oriental food-producing systems. The Oriental approach, which is more ecologically sensirive and less dependent on technology, may be difficult to adapt to a large-scale commercial situation in North America, but the small, diversified/armer, parricularly the/armer for whom fish is a subsistence crop, would do well to study it. The related principlcS' of diversity and~ are basic m considering any living community. Application of these two ideas can work to stabilize and maximize the productivity of a fish farm, as they do in nature. It happened that the family name of the Tang emperors was Lee, which has the same sound as the Chinese word/or the common carp. For a time it was considered sacrilegious to trout, e totem spirit of the Appalachian The cul tu waters, is well covered in The Freshwater AQuaculturc .RQQk, and author Bill McLamey emphasizes methods that are suitable and affordable for the small farmer and homesteader. Bass-bluegill combinations do well in ponds in all but the highest elevations of Katuah, but trout will always be most in demand as the pre-eminent Appalachian food fish and as representative of the cold, pristine waters beneath forested slopes that so many people come here to find. Trout have special requirements for their culture and require strict adherence to certain conditions to do well. They thrive only in cold water (50-60 degrees F) and require a high dissolved oxygen content (7 ppm) to simulate the freshness of a running stream - moving water is the best habitat. Trout are almost exclusively carnivorous and therefore require high-protein feeds. Because they favor cold water, they grow more slowly than do other fish species, and they are very sensitive to excessive handling and pollution. Cold water environments have a low nutrient-carrying capacity, so cold water food chains are shortened. Few intermediate-size or vegetarian fish share natural trout habitats. Therefore, trout ponds are essentially monoculture situations, which seems to violate the principle of diversifying the fishpond, but trout are virtually the only accepted food fish that can be grown in cold water, and their popularity makes their culture worthwhile. Because The Freshwater Aguaculture Book is a compendium of information covering fish-raising throughout Turtle Island, no one fish farmer will be able to use all the information the book contains. The best way to use the book KA AH - page 11 It is said in the study of ecology that a climax system, the most stable community possible at a given location, develops many layers of use for available materials, so that very little energy leaks out of the system. In human terms, this is stated as "Recycle!", and an important negative cntcrion of a system's effectiveness is the amount of waste it generates. A system truly integrated within itself and in the natural surroundings produces a rninimum of waste. The Chinese seem to have recognized rhe value of pond fertility early on, and to have understood thatfish could be grown more cheaply through fenilizarion with "wastes" than by direct feeding with marerials which could be eaten by other livesrock or by people. These basic principles, which are also basic to the ideas we choose to call "bioregional", are underlying assumptions to the text of The Freshwater AQuaculture Book and are inherent even in the structure of the book itself. For in presenting fish culture, McLamey does not set out pat formulas or a dogmatic school of practice. Rather, he 1) introduces the fish and their habitat requirements, 2) gives - continued on p. 24 is to read it through one time to get an overview of aquaculture, the conditions that need to be considered, and the options available, then to go back, aided by the comprehensive index, and look up the special requirements of the fish to be raised and find the most appropriate methods. Whether one wants to raise trout commercially for sale to restaurants, operate a catch-your-own trout pond, or just have a convenient source for a quick supper in the back yard, trout raising has a place on almost any small farm in Katilah where flowing water is available. Among trout species, the rainbow trout (Sa/mo gafrdneri ) responds best to culture. The native brook trout (Sa/mo fontinalis) are smaller, prefer colder water, and grow more slowly. They are therefore raised only when the farmer has a specific market or a specific personal preference for them. Brown trout (Salnw trutta ) are the preferred fish in commercial hatcheries for stream stocking. Of the three species, brown crout are the hardest to catch, most tolerant of pollution, and attain the greatest size where food is plentiful. But the browns are sensitive to overcrowding and the least favored for eating, and so a.re not widely cultured as a food source. DESIGNING A TROUT FARM The type of enclosure in which the fish are contained is determined by the amount of moving water available and the size of the operation desired. Ponds are easiest and most economical to construct for the amount of water contained, but raceways (defined by McLamey as any enclosure where there is a constantly moving CWTCnt perceptible throughout) as used in commercial hatcheries, can produce more fish in a given area of available space. McLamcy discusses the advantages of each and gives siting and design considerations. Trout feeding is another important variable that is - continued on . 21 Summer 1986 �TOBACCO We have been told that no non-food plant has had so great an impact on humans as tobacco. It has affected the whole world. It is a plant native to this continent, Turtle Island, but now there is not a country in the world that does not use tobacco in some fonn or other. The elders say that tobacco is an ancient planL The native Cherokee people call it the Old One or Tsal Agayun1i. They believe that after the lichen, moss and fem that the fU'St plant was ginseng and the second plant was tobacco. Native people consider plants to have a gender and a personality like people. Medicine plants are plants used for direct healing by treating a disease of the body or by altering a person spiritually. European science would say that it is the "active principle" in the drug that makes one well Native people call the healing power of plants the "spiritual personality" of the planL Healing with plants was based on the principle of using something positive to get rid of the negative or bad thing causing sickness. The spiritual personality of tobacco used in the traditional way was female and positive. We have been told that there were two original types of tobacco used by native people. The old tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, has yellow blossoms, the other, Nicoriana tabacwn, has pink blossoms. The old tobacco has about ten times the nicotine content of the tobacco raised commercially today. The old tobacco was jealously protected by the Cherokee. It was not usually traded with other tribes, but the pink-flowered tobacco was a common trade item. We have been told that the old tobacco was used for ritual and medicine purposes. It was raised in a special way. A medicine person would go into the woods and plant the tobacco seed in a spot he would clear by burning. They might plant eight or ten of these patches so that no one would see the tobacco. The tobacco would lose its power if someone else saw it growing. We have been told that tobacco was smoked in a ritual at the beginning of any important councils. The hopes and prayers of the people were sent up to all of the creation as the smoke rose to the heavens. It was also the custom to smoke tobacco when someone visited another person's lodge. The pipe was brought out and liL It would be passed around and everyone would take one or two puffs of the sacred smoke before the conversation would begin. We have been told that tobacco was used also in fasting and on vision quests. It helped a person fast because it cwbed the appetite and suppressed the need to sleep. The old tobacco of the Cherokees also helped to bring dreams and visions. We have been told that the pipes in which tobacco is smoked arc important Native people have medicine pipes and social pipes. Social pipes are made from clay or stone. - page 12 Medicine pipes are carved from soapstone. The Cherokee carved pipes are made from red or black soapstone. The red stone is preferred, but it is hard to come by so that most medfoine pipes are black. Images, say of a totem spirit or animal teacher are carved on Cherokee pipes. A medicine pipe never "belongs" to an individual. It is given to a person by someone who thinks they are ready for the pipe. Sometimes the pipe is a new one carved by the giver. Sometimes the pipe bas been passed through several hands. An individual is considered the caretaker, not the owner, of the pipe. It is their responsibility to see that the pipe is passed on in a good way. "A good way" means that the pipe's new caretaker will take care of the pipe, use it responsibly, and in tum pass it on. We have been told that tobacco was an integral part of a special ceremony to protect a sick person from "liver eaters". These were people that bad the power to create an illusion. They did not actually have the power to tum themselves into an owl or raven, but they could create this illusion. That is bow they moved abouL They would come into a lodge and kiss a sick person or a person nea.r death to taste the sweetness of their breath. The liver eater would then draw the power from the liver of the suffering person. This would immediately kill the person and the liver eater would receive however much time that person had been fated to live to extend its own evil life. We arc told that in the ceremony to protect the sick person, the medicine people would drive four sourwood stakes around the lodge. They would then go into the sick person's lodge and make a fire with sourwood or wood from a tree that had been struck by lightning and had lived. They would heap up the hot coals into a pile. Then they would take a pinch of fine-ground "old" tobacco and hold it over the coals. When the tobacco was dropped. it would fall in the direction from which the liver eater was coming. If it hit directly on center, then the liver eater was in the room or above the roof. Theo another pinch of tobacco was dropped. If it sparked or made an explosion, a person in the community would die in four or five days, and that person was the liver eater. That was how they killed the liver eaters. We have been told that native people used the old tobacco as an insect repellant on plants. It works well on everything except tomatoes. Tobacco extract was spread on beans and on the silks of the com. If insects eat the sprayed parts they die, but usually the scent confuses the insects so that they are not attracted. The only thing that eats tobacco is the tobacco worm. Native people used the extract of the nightshade plant to kill the tobacco worm. The extract was made by boiling the nightshade plant in water and spraying the water on the tobacco plants. We have been told that tobacco was also used as a poison. Pure nicotine is deadly in a dose as small as 100 milligrams. The nicotine was used on blow darts for revenge killing. The darts would be soaked in nicotine for a long time before they were used. The blow gun and poisoned dart were used only in this way. They were never used in war. It is true that native people never used tobacco as a personal drug as it is frequently used today. It was taken into the body only sparingly as part of a ceremony or ritual. Used in this way, it promoted healing. The way it is used today causes addiction and illness. We have been told that among the Cherokee there are tribal secrets about tobacco that cannot be revealed. When these secrets are taught within the tribe, the one who receives the knowledge promises not to reveal iL Keeping this lore hidden is done not for the sake of the knowledge itself, but as an obligation to the person who passed on the secret teachings. ~ Summer 1986 �THE GARDEN - continued from p.l gardening is a lesson in applied ecology. It deals mainly with alpine plants, and rock gardeners go to extreme lengths to duplicate exactly the conditions we have here: lots of tumbled-down rocks and perfect drainage, yet deep moisture. "In the terraces I was planting shrubs and vegetables, and a few trees as l could obtain them, so it was all progressing at the same time. All these beds are mixed flowers and vegetables now. They say flowers help the vegetables, but that is a meaningless distinction. They all flower. They all should be here in as much diversity as possible. "A lot of my training has been learning by mistakes. My gardening plan is simply to set out plants that I like, of all different varieties and types and see what naturalizes and multiplies. The plants you see here are the plants that have survived a natural selection process at this site. I've used a lot of self-seeding annuals. They pop up each year, and I leave them where they're appropriate and pull them up where they're in the way. They fill in all the holes. "Berries are a good crop for around here. This is good nut and berry country. It's easy to see, they grow so well in the wild. Did you know that blueberries only became a domesticated crop during the l 940's? Before that, people found all they needed on the hilltops. The plant was brought under cultivation under the auspices of the TVA right in this area. They gave kids a piece of cardboard with a hole punched in it If the kids could find a bush with berries that wouldn't fit through the hole and could lead the growers to it, they would earn $1.00. That's how they developed the first cultivated varieties of blueberries. "We're going to grow a lot more strawberries. We became acquainted with an everbearing variety that produced right up to Thanksgiving last year. Really good fruit! We also have bush cherries, lots of currants, rosehips, barberries - lots of food for wildlife. That helps to blur the line between cultivated and uncultivated aspects of the garden. "I've found that the easiest way to work is to use the natural energy flows. For instance, we get some colloidal phosphate, some lime, and some cottonseed meal for fertilizers, but we try to bring as few materials up the hill as possible. We plant rye in some of the beds in the fall and in the springtime we turn it in with handforks. We pile the weeds we pull out of the garden - it seems to generate a big heap every three weeks. "The creek that flows through the garden brings down leaves during the spring floods. The stream is normally buried by the landslide, but if it rains hard enough the stream rises to the surface. [f it rains mal1:t hard, the stream will flow right through the garden and on down the hill. But if I wait until it's raining enough so that the stream recedes back among the rocks inside the garden, I can go uphill and rake leaves into the water and they'll be dropped off right where I need them. They are deposited as wads of leaves mixed with silt. I have to collect them quickly because the mixture rots fairly fast. If I come back too late, it's already part of the soil. It's a wonderful system: during one short season in spring I can skim off a little of the surplus fertility." ~-.,, '{·~ . r,. . -..- ..:<::" - ~ - ~~~ ' k. " . " /- ~~ ~ • Joe is a quiet individual. He can be goaded to excitemmt when talking abour the plant.s or the people thaJ he Loves, bur he is generally content to let the obvious evitknce of the garden speak for him. He has spent marry moonlit nights and many winter months thinking about his relationship to the garden and the natural mountain landscape, however, and this shows up when he can be coaxed to speak ofthe deeper levels of his garden experience: "The garden is a mandala (a circular design) that expresses our understanding of the place we live. This garden is my conscious attempt to live in the context of nature. 'Paradise' means 'to be perfectly integrated in nature'. The prevalent vision in western culture of a life in accord with nature is the Garden of Eden, where human.kind, Adam and Eve, were given the garden and charged to 'dress and keep it' in the beautiful words of the King James version of the Bible <Genesis 2: 15). "But 'paradise' does not have to be an idealized place. It is a way of living here, wherever we're at right now. It is a co-evolutionary process - we change together. Living and learning, 1 transform myself to live as this place demands, and as part of the process I also transform this place into my personal paradise. "Eugene Odom had a more technical vision of the ideal human niche, which he called 'the ecosystem manager' whose function is to maximize the productivity and perpetuate the survival of the system. The ecosystem manager rearranges the growth of the natural environment a little - snipping something here, starting something over there - and s/he gets paid a little bit by all the diversity of other creatures in the system "It's a similar position to that of a bear or a wolf. If there's too much of something, that's what the bear or the wolf gets to eat that year. The service they perfonn for that plant or animal is selection and population control, which is to the benefit of that species. By keeping ecological balance, the manager gets enough off the top to keep him or her alive and functioning. By caring for the ecological principal, one gets to live off the ecological interest An unlimited number of people could devote themselves to that task, and it would provide for all of them. "Odom's somewhat mechanistic definition hinges on food supply as the determining factor. This is basic, but the idea of creating a niche also has to do with being surrounded by beautiful things when one walks out the door. Our aesthetic sense is a natural organizing system. It is a fine form of positive feedback that is much underrated in our culture. In this society the basic standard is the economic one which is expressed in terms of profit and loss. But what I'm saying is: 'Enjoy it!' Be spontaneous in gardening. Trust that intuitive sense of rightness that we all have in us. It is at least as true an indicator as the profit sheet of the health and productivity of a natural community. "Historically, some anthropologists believe that the 'Paradise' myth refers to the transition from a hunter/gatherer economy to an agricultural economy. Rindos, in his book 7J;=---:;:::::=~~~~ar·(iSth'-~:BF:::::_.--,r - continued on next page �- continued from p.13 THE GARDEN The Orieins of Amcu!ture. puts the changeover into the context of co-evolution, saying that there were changes on both sides. The hunter/gatherers were working with plants maybe by weeding preferred crops or by planting some selected seeds - and while the plants were changed to be more what the people wanted, the people were also changed as they developed certain behaviors to encourage these plants - disturbing the ground, staying in one place, experimentation, selection, and observation. These two processes together produced the gradual development of the agroecosystem. "I think to some extent the people were seduced into it Perhaps it was the plants who domesticated the people. I like to think that certain plants tricked us into devoting our lives to changing the world for their benefit One could look at it either way. "The food surplus produced by agricultural techniques had the effect of increasing human population. This resulted in a new context for human life as specialization developed and people became more involved within the framework of human society and less involved in the wider circle of nature. The human sphere continues to expand. It is replacing the diversity of nature with human diversity, and we are the worse off for it "A 'niche' is a way of describing an organism from the ecosystem's point of view: it is the relationship of the organism to its environment and the flows of energy and matter. Because there have been no effective natural checks on the human population, we have created an unhealthy niche for ourselves, called 'civilization'. "'Paradise' is a genetic memory of a time when humanity was integrated into the natural environment. It could be summed up as a continuing, spontaneous, intuitive response to the world. But that spontaneous response to the real conditions of life is buried under millenia of accretion of cultural elaborations on the distinction 'good/evil'. "The garden as you see it here is a conscious attempt to invent and occupy an appropriate niche. Using the knowledge of modern civilization, I am attempting to work a way back through centuries of physical and behavioral programming (our 'needs') to a real relationship with the Earth, a transition to a natural support system. "More and more," Joe reflected, "I'm beginning to feel I should specialize in the flora of the Black Mountains. It's such a beautiful habitat, and no one else has taken it on. I need to get out there, spend more time in the woods, find the specimens with the biggest fruits find the particular clones, the things that should be propagated, and work with them, get really involved....." - recorded by DW SUN ROOTS The Sun Root is a native American vegetable which was under cultivation by many tribes, including the Cherokee, when white people arrived here. These white people, for mysterious reasons, ignored this Indian name and called it Jerusalem Artichoke. The Latin name is /leliaruhus tuberousus, which means "sunflower full of swellings". This is an accurate label because Sun Roots are a sunflower with large, edible roots. By whatever name, this is one of the world's most practical and easiest to cultivate vegetables. They are started from a piece of tuber in the spring, much like potatoes, and are perennial in practice since even a very careful harvest leaves enough tubers for the next year's crop. The stalks are 6 to 12 feet high and are topped by beautiful brown and yellow flowers which smell a little like chocolate. Most varieties produce mature tubers in 120 days, but the Columbia and Stampede varieties are about 30 days earlier. Tubers can be harvested any time during the fall, winter, or early spring when the ground is not frozen. Nutritionally, Sun Roots are interesting because they have very little starch. Their carbohydrates are stored in the form of inulin, which is composed of fructose molecules. Humans lack the enzyme inulase which is necessary to break down this inulin, so most of the calories of Sun Roots pass through our systems unused. What is used is the protein, which is of very high quality and high in lysine, and the iron which is present in large quantity. These qualities, along with their good taste, high quality fiber, and satisfying crunch make Sun Roots a very good, low calorie snack food. There are people at work developing the "artichip". Sun Roots are an excellent feedstock for fuel alcohol stills because of their large yields and the fact that inulin, unlike starch, does not need to be broken down before fermentation. They are also a very good potential source of commercial fructose. A flour made from dried sun roots is good tasting and high in protein. A protein extract can be taken from sun roots which is 60- 70% high quality protein and could be used to feed the world's hungry people. The tops of this versatile vegetable are already finding commercial use as an animal feed (This information is taken from The ArticboJce Connection; Rt 2, Box 157; Spartansburg, PA 16434. Subscriptions are $10 a year and it comes out on a quarterly basis.) THE HOMESTEAD ON HORN MOUNTAIN Long ago someone climbed to the top of this mountain and dug a well. This is the place, marked by an elderly pine. I part a way through the overgrowth with my stick to the black brackish water in its circle of stones. This is mystery: the circle, older than the pine, stone more ancient than the mountain: water as eternal as all circles. Someone lived here and drank that water and disappeared under moss and bramble. The ground is littered with rocks of a fallen homestead. The well is a shaft of memory sunk in the ground. Turning to scribble a note to myself I start to the sound ofa motor. since I last climbed Hom Mountain somebody has cut a road just above the old homestead, I can see the cigarette in the driver's hand as a yellow truck comes trundling past - r duck below the bramble like the spirit of ruin that haunts this place, diving back down the black shaft of undrinkable remembrance past the names of mountains and roots of pines down to the fertile aquifer of earth's forgetfulness. Stephen Wingeier ;e:t' ~ KAfUAH - page 14 ))t Summer 1986 �by 4 cords hanging down · the island earth from the sky vault suspended of solid rock east west floating north south in a sea of water �0 750 MILLION ON1CF. - 650 MILU ON I '"\I'\ r., LG v.. n ·'""'......., .. . A(~ The southern Appalachians have evolved in a series of collisions of fragments of continental or island-an: material at the eastern edge of North America. About 750 million years ago magma rising deep from the interior of the earth split a megacontinental expanse into at least two large continents Laurentia or proto-North America Gondwana or proto-Africa and at least two continental fragments that included the Inner Piedmont-Blue Ridge fragment and the Carolina slate belt fragment ... Volcanism started in the island an: of the Carolina slate belt fragment some 650 million years ago. ...500 million years ago the basin between proto-North America and the Inner-Piedmont-Blue Ridge fragments began to close... beyond the arch in Galunlati above when all was water the animals were very crowded and wanting more room they wondered what was below the water Dayunisi, the little Water-beetle offered to go down and see if he could learn It darted over the surface in every direction but could find no firm place to rest Then it dived to the bottom and came up with some soft mud which began to grow and spread on every side until it became the island Earth 500 MILLION Most of the rocks at the swface of the southern Appalachians are highly defonned metamorphic ones ... older than or contemporaneous with the horizontal sedimentary strata under them ... suggesting that roughly 415 million years ago the swface rocks began to be transported as a thin sheet for at least 260 kilometers over the eastern continental margin of the land mass that was to become North America. ...from 300 million to 250 million years ago, the last major compressional event was the Alleghenian orogeny. This mountain-building episode can be attributed to the collision of proto-North America and proto-Africa (or perhaps South America) to form the supen:ontinent of Pangaea. ...a segment of the African (or South American) continental shelf underthrust the eastern margin of the Carolina slate belt fragment resulting in a fold-and-thrust belt that went in the opposite direction...the southern Appalachians... ...western Africa and northern South America all have belts of folding and thrusting... The Mauritanide mountain chain of western Africa is characterized east to west by a series of belts that are similar in some ways to the Appalachian belts. ... the Mauritanids are a mirror image of the Appalachians... �~75 MILLION 200 MILLION 300 .. 250MILLION ··.... '····· ....... at first the earth was flat and very soft and wet ... -~{_,:.:,+~. - .· the animals were anxious to get down and sent out different birds to see if it was dry but they found no place to alight and returned to Galunlati .....• ,,· t •• at last it seemed to be time and they sent out the Buzzard and told him to go and make ready for them . ·············· ········· : ..·········. '7.. \ ~ ....·· ... ·············· the Great Buzzard flew over the earth low down near the ground when he reached Cherokee Country he was very tired and his wings began to flap and strike the ground ... .· ..··· and wherever they struck the earth was a valley and where they turned up there was a mountain ... ... ...the continents that now border the Atlantic were joined 200 million years ago like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle to fonn one huge expanse of land ... a megacontinent Pangaea... At that time North America began to separate from Europe, Africa, and South America. · As the continents drifted apart the Atlantic Ocean was left in their wake. As the Atlantic grew the current continental shelf was built up off the eastern coast of North America (and off the western coast of Africa and the northern coast of Sou~ America). when the animals above saw this they were afraid the whole world would be mountains so they called him back but the Cherokee Country remains full of mountains until this day ...· .· ..... .· •• . �-- .. ( J . :• ...······ . ... .·· .,...• when the world grows old and the earth will sink the people will die down into the ocean and the cord will break and all will be water again written by Jeny Trivette drawings by Rob Messick �0 --" NATURAL WORLD NEWS NANTAHALACO.BROUGHTTO U.S. SUPREME COURT Natunl World News Service Since 1976, when Henry Truett of Bryson City, NC filed suit against the Nantahala Power Company to protest the high costs resulting from hydroelectricity being drained from the mountains of KatUah to fuel the Alcoa aluminum plant in Marysville, TN, the question "Who owns the mountain water power?" has been a botJy-contested issue in this region (see Ki1V.ah #3). . The dispute came to a head April 21 as arguments were heard in the US Supreme Court from attorneys for Alcoa and for the Committee for Low-Cost Power, a citizens' group from five counties in Ka!Uah. The case was an appeal by Alcoa of a North Carolina State Suptcme Court ruling handed down last July that awarded $29 million in refunds to Nantahala customers because of practices by the company ~t .led to excessive rate costs. Two other surular decisions by the court awarded the ratepayers another $16 million in refunds. The conflict goes back to the very beginnings of the ~ant~hala Power Company and Tapoco, its sister company which operates two hydroelectric dams on the Santeetlah and Cheoah Rivers. Both companies arc registered as public utilities, but both arc also wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Alcoa Corporation. All the power from the Tapoco Company has gone to operate Alcoa smelters in Tennessee, although since its inception th7 coml?any ~ been receiving the benefits of us des1gnanon as a utility. Tapoco has never be~n responsible to regional customers, and 1n 1960 even tried to sell its high-power transmission lines to the Duke Power Company. But while "fapoco power .has been flowing down the nver to Marysville, the Nantahala Power Company has been supplementing its hydroelectric power with expensive, imported, nuclear power generated in Tennessee .by the.-rv:A. The North Carolina court recnfied this difference by declaring that North Carolina ratepayers should retroactively be charged as though the cheaper Tapoco power were available to them, which would result in a total of $45 million in refunds. Alcoa attorneys maintained in the Supreme Court hearings that the Nort!1 Carolina courts had overstepped the1t boundaries and were trying to set rates for power generation between states, citing a KATUAH - page 19 1971 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ruling that Tapoco had no obligation to make its power available to the Nantahala Company. Alcoa attorney Rex Lee stated before the court, "What North Carolina has done ... is to take from Tennessee a share of power which properly belongs to Tennessee." But William Crisp, a Raleigh lawyer who has worked with Nantahala ratepayers for 25 years, explained meticulously and eloquentJy that this was not a case of one state's interest against another's, but "a flagrant example of a corporate giant, a multinational. taking over public assets for its own benefit" Pointing out that the ruling of the NC Supreme Court did not actually divert any power, but instead created a "roll-in" where both companies were considered as one for ratemalcing purposes, Crisp made it clear that the issue was whether the hydroelectric resources of the mountains shouJd be used for public service or private profit. Alcoa has attempted to develop its subsidiary company Tapoco solely to divert water resources from Kanfah strictly for its own benefit, Crisp maintained, which in effect has forced the ratepayers in the mountains to pay the difference for Alcoa's cheap hydroelectric power. Alcoa has threatened that if they do not win continued access to the mountain water power, they would close their Marysville plant, terminating o~er l,~ jobs in East Tennessee. Responding to this threat, the US Steelworkers Union, Local 309, which represents the Alcoa plant workers, joined the corporate appeal as a "friend of the court". "If they had known the true facts of the case," said Veronica Nicholas, Jackson County commissioner and witness to the Supreme Court hearing, "I don 't believe they wouJd have taken that position. If we could talk with them people-to-people, I thinlc they would see that the corporation is trying to victimize us all in pursuit of its interests." , BIG MOUNTAIN UPDATE Na!W'al World News Service The Big Mountain issue - the proposed removal of 10,000 to 15 ,~ Navajo (Dineh) and Hopi Indians from their ancient homeland • remains critical. In 1974 Congtcss passed legislation (P.L. 93-531) to settJe a so-called "land dispute" between the two tribes calling for the removal by July 7, 1986 (see Kutfah #11). CoincidentJy, this area known as the Four Corners is extremely rich with high-quality coal and uranium deposits. Peabody Coal Co., among other energy giants, is extremely interested in the resources o~ the area. It appears, however, that a rrunor victory has been won. In early May, 1986, Ross Swimmer of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Ivan Sidney, Hopi Tribal Chairperson, said that they wouJd not forcibly remove Najajos (Dineh) from what they and the U.S. Government call "disputed land". The Hopi Tribal Council is a creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the traditional people feel that the Tribal Council is a sham and docs not represent their interests. Swimmer sought an opinion from the U.S. Solicitor General who s.Ud that July, 1986 was merely a target date and was not cited within the actual law. Sidney commented, "We do want those Navajo off our land." This delay in the forced .remo~al ~s just that - a delay. Perhaps the intention 1s to allow the media and public attention on the issue to subside. The Big Mountain Legal Defense is still urging citiz.cns to ~te letters to U.S. Senators and Represent.aUves demanding the repeal of P.L. 93-531. If you write a letter and receive a form response, BMLD is asking that you wr!te and write again to establish dialogue with those in power. Send copies of your letters as well as copies of responses to: Big Mountain (JUA) Legal D/O Committee 2501 N. 4th St Suite 18 Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Write them also for updates and local contactinformation,orcall(602)7~ LOWER WEST SLOPE OF GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN UP FOR SALE N11unl World News Sctvice AIRPORT PLANNED FOR JULIAN PRICE PARK Nllunl Wor1d News Service The Watauga County Commission is trying to build a county airport in Julian Price Park, part of the Blue Ridge Parkway near Blowing Rock, NC. The National Park Service is strongly opposed to an airport on Park Service land, but much of the lobbying for the airport is going on over their heads at the Department of Interior in Washington. The secret agenda ~or the airport is a new highway connec~g the high country ski and resort are~ directly with the Charlotte metropolitan area. National Parle land couJd not be obtained for the construction of a highway, but ~ere is apparently some precedent for putnng an airport in a National Park. Once the airport was OK'd, the highway could be put in to provide access to it and the developers would have their way. The lower west side of Grandfather Mountain in Avery County is up for sale and threatened with development as a ski resort Hugh Morton, one of Grandfather Mountain's owners, is adamant about protecting the upper elevations of the mountain, which is designated as a North Carolina Natural Heritage Area. A new hiking trail is being construe~ t~ ~la?C the classic Shanty Spring trail which 1s in the area to be sold. , ~ _ . ' J ...~~,fii;·}...... ~. '~"'-~ . - ,/., '<.. :. ' , ..\IV' ---~ - continued on next page Summer 1 86 �.· USFS 50-YEAR PLAN IN THE MAKING OUR "CHAMPION" IN COURT Nalllnl World News Service The dispute over the discharge standards of the Champion Paper Company plant in Canton, NC is heating up. In recent months charges and countercllargcs have been flying, there llas been a furious shllffiing of papers, and two solemn collrt decrees have been ordered. Yet the Pigeon River is still smelly, mllfky, and rolling with foam as it flows into Tennessee. On March 31 Judge David Scntclle of U.S. District Court in Asheville declared that the Champion Paper Company would have to apply for a federal wastewater discllarge pennit from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) while litigation continues in the controversy over the quality of the Pigeon River waters. The decision arose from an unprecedented move by the EPA, which in November of 1985 stepped in and superseded the right of the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission (EMC) to issue Champion a wastewater discllarge permit (as reported in KaW1h. #10). Under the national Clean Water Act, the issuance of discharge permits was placed under the jurisdiction of the EPA, but the agency has traditionally delegated that power to state environmental regulatory agencies and acted only in a supervisory capacity. In January of this year Champion responded to the EPA's action by filing suit in the District Court to void the agency's authority in the Pigeon River dispute. The company simultaneously filed a motion for a tctnporary restraining order to release Champion from obtaining a federal permit while the primary lawsuit was in the courts. It was this motion that was struck down, compelling Champion to apply to the EPA for a permit to operate until a ve.r dict on the request for a permanent injunction is reaclled. The EPA move to strip the state EMC of its power to dispense a permit to Champion implied that the federal government saw extraordinary neglect in enforcement of basic environmental standards by the state agency. In a prepared statement read last January, Champion manager Oliver Blackwell disagreed with that assessment, praising the state for a "professional job" of determining operating standards for the factory. This may have to do with the fact that in recent years the EMC has issued "variances" and "special consent orders" which have allowed Champion to operate below existing norms in the most controversial areas of regulation, water temperature and color, instead of comprehensive and enforceable discllarge directives. Apparent neglect on the part of the state environmental agency turned into apparent collusion as state attorneys sat at the same table with Champion lawyers in the district courtroom to argue that the corporate giant should be allowed to have its way with the Pigeon River without federal interference. "They shouldn't have taken the power away from the state," said assistant state attorney general Don Oakley. Although Champion did reluctantly comply with the judge's order to submit an application to the EPA, the company's pending suit will definitely delay a stringent The US Forest Service (USFS) is soliciting active citizen input on its revised version of the 50-ycar management plan for the Pisgah and Nantahala National Forests. According to Bob Cunningham, US Forest Service planner in the Asheville office, Forest Service staff have reorganized their data and are now compiling the preliminary results for their new plan. During the latter part of June and July, Cunningham will meet with individuals or representatives of any interest groups who wish to discuss the data at the Forest Service office in Asheville. "We're going to be building the new plan as we interact with the public on it," said Cunningham. Maps and brochures interpreting the environmental effects of each of the Forest Service plans will be available to the public at the USFS District Offices free upon request The Forest Service is inviting comment on the new plan. Take them up on it! Although they would like people to come to their Asheville office, cards and letters from those who cannot go to the city Yi.ill make a difference. Let the Forest Service serve us. Tell them how you feel about their policies, either in person or in writing: George Olson, Forest Supervisor US Forest Service Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 ~ (704) 257-4200 P' KA AH - page 20 Natutal Wodd News SeMcc permiL "It reveals the company's true stripes," said Pigeon River Action Group activist Jim Harrison. "They won't spend a nickel on the environment unless they're absolutely forced to. The money (and paper) they arc squandering on legal entanglement would be far better spent for real action to restore the river." In another collrtroOm in Nashville, the Tennessee State Supreme Court on April 21 threw out a lawsuit brought in 1983 by the government of that state against Champion that wollld have required the paper company to pay civil damages of $10,000 per day since 1977 to compensate for the degradation of the river in heu of a total river cleanup. The suit, as argued by Tennessee deputy attorney general Frank Scanlon, was based on Tennessee environmental protection laws, particularly clauses regulating water color standards, which are much stricter than the North Carolina laws tlnder which the Champion plant is operating. But the collrt ruled that one state has no jurisdiction or control over another state's environmental laws, even if laxness or environmental neglect causes damage tllat extends over state lines. After receiving the disappointing ruling of the Tennessee high court, deputy attorney general Scanlon vowed to carry the case on to the U.S. Supreme Collrt. There would seem to be some basis for this, for, short of discarding the whole patchwork system of state governments, there needs to be some remedy found to accommodate the blatant disregard by the natural clements of the illegitimate state boundaries. It would be unfortunate if this ruling were allowed to remain as a precedent, for the whole issue of atmospheric deposition ("acid rain") hinges on the ability of one region to convince the hllman inhabitants of a different region of their accountability for destruction of a distant habitaL In this ever-shrinking world, it is imperative that we recognize the evidences of Ollf close interdependence. Much is at stake. WRITE! There is sometlling we can do to help the Pigeon. The conditions of Champion's operating permit are being decided right now by the EPA. Write to: Jack Ravan, Regional Administrator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 345 Courtland SL NE Atlanta, GA 30365 Ask that the new permit determine the maximum limits for color and water temperature, and that minimum levels of dissolved oxygen be maintained. Please send a copy of your letter to: Dick Mullinix c/o Pigeon River Action Group P.O. Box 105 WaynesviUc, NC 28786 Summer 1986 �COMMUNITY ALERT: BUNCOMBECO.THREATENED BY WASTE INCINERATOR Natun.I World News Service The Buncombe County Commissioners are being pressured to pursue a co-incinerator (for burning both municipal sewage sludge and solid waste) as a means to relieve the growing problems of sewage sludge and over 600 tons per day of solid waste going into the landfill on the French Broad River. In order to qualify for a $5 million EPA grant to help with new sewage treatment facilities, the Commissioners must decide prior to June 31, 1986 whether to pursue the technology of incineration. URGENT NEED FOR PUBLIC HEARINGS! Please write the commissioners, Curtis Ratcliff, Jesse Ledbetter, Wayne Montgomery, Tom Sobol, and Doris Giezentanner to request that a series of public hearings be held on the question of mcineration to examine the potential health risks from: • Hazardous air emissions (dioxin, dibenzo-furans, acid gasses, ethylene dichloride, toxic metals, etc.) • The disposal of toxic ash residue (heavy metals and other contaminants) • The inability to adequately screen out hazardous wastes from entering the incinerator Buncombe County Commissioners POB 7435 Asheville, NC 28807 252-5536 CLEARCUTTING BATTLE MOVES TO JACKSON COUNfY from a repon by Pcny Eul)' Proposed clcarcuts in the Nantahala National Forest in Jackson County have led residents to organize a county chapter of the Western North Carolina Alliance to preserve the natural diversity of the forest Sites on Greens Creek are scheduled to be clearcut this fall if citizen action cannot change the Forest Service's plans. Other clearcuts adding up to an estimated 300 acres of land are planned during the coming decade in the Sheeps Knob, Dicks Creek, Terrapin Mountain, Buckeye Gap, Fall Cliff, and Pinhook areas. Petitions bearing the names of over 300 Jackson County residents demanding that the Forest Service change its cutting methods have been sent to the USFS Regional Office in Atlanta. The next move in the campaign to save the Jackson County forest areas depends on the response of the Forest Service to the petitions. Clarence Hall, head of the Jackson County group, said, "I walked the area they plan to cut on Greens Creek with Marcus Moore and some of the Forest Service people. They acted real nice and were much easier to talk with than they have been in the past. They made some changes for us smaller areas to be clearcut, leaving some spots of timber, things like that "They seemed like they were very willing to compromise, but I think that the Gramm-Rudman Act has hit them hard, and they're not going to compromise any further than what they've been cut back to already." WNC Alliance SOURCE SEPARATION, RECYCLING, AND COMPOSTING ARE PROVEN - ~ALTERNATIVF.S! , ..p repared by Long Branch Environmen~ Education Center (704) 683-3662 /:"' HERE WE GLOW AGAIN! Natural World News Service Five western North Carolina counties are being seriously considered in the search for a suitable site to receive the low-level radioactive waste (LLW's) from eight southeastern states. The eight states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, South Carolina, and Nonh Carolina) have joined a Southeastern Compact to deal jointly with the waste problem, but many North Carolina citizens are demanding that North Carolina withdraw from the compact if the burden of waste disposal is to be shouldered by that state alone. The compact will choose one of its member states as the host for the low-level waste dump site by July 14, 1986 and locations in Burke, Cleveland, McDowell, Polk, and Rutherford counties are being closely examined for a potential low-level nuclear waste dump site. The term "low-level" is actually a mis-nomer as the category is defined as all radioactive wastes that are not specifically classified as "high-level". This encompasses a wide range of materials, many of which arc as deadly as high-level KATUAH- page 21 P.O. Box 117 Murphy, NC 28906 Call Clarence Hall at (704) 586-2056 for / more infonnation. wastes. LLW s can in fact be potentially more dangerous in many cases because there are no stringent safety standards for the handling of low-level radioactive materials. The most massive and most dangerous of the low-level wastes produced in North Carolina come mainly from the nuclear power plants which account for approximately 87% of the volume and 97% of the radioactivity. Citizen groups are suggesting that power plants manage their own waste in safe, on-site, storage facilities at their own expense. The remaining wastes - mostly medical, industrial and research wastes - a lot of which are short-lived - could be managed by the state in a small storage facility. It is important, the groups advise, that there be fi2 landfills and that various low-level wastes be separated according to radioactive life-span and managed in above-ground, monitored, retrievable storage facilities. For more info, contact - continued from p. 11 TROUT FARMING dependent on the size of the operation and the intensity of culture employed. Most trout farmers now use dry commercial feeds because of the high protein requirement of trout, but live foods are often less expensive, can sometimes be produced on the site, and have the advantage of producing trout flesh that is pink in color and tastier than that of commercially-fed fish, which is white in color. McLamey discusses several possibilities, including feeding trout meat wastes or slaughterhouse offal, starting a worm-raising operation to complement the home fish farm, using "bug lights" to capture insects, and even the trick of putting a rotting log upstream to be a free, natural culture medium for live trout food. Feeding times, feeding amount, and many other specifics are also covered. Methods of harvesting and handling fish are outlined in detail in the book. Trout can be harvested by seining, various kinds of trapping nets, or by draining the pond to capture all the fish. An "umbrella net" dangled under the feeding place is an easy alternative for a partial harvest, but the fishing rod will never be totally replaced for the home pond. McLarncy gives suggestions and complete instructions for the use of various nets and traps. Pests, predators, diseases, and contamination by silt and pollution are also discussed. Appendices to the book give additional infonnation on cooking the fish, a summary of their characteristics, and resource information on standard reference works and sources for supplies and further advice. "Experience is the best teacher", but The Freshwater Agyacutwre Book is an excellent place to start a fish-raising operation. Bill McLarney is offering an aquaculture consulting service for fish farmers in KatUah. Inquire by letter to: 1176 Bryson City Rd. Franklin, NC 28734 ~ j:Y h erbs, nct t ive plcsnl!;, f1erennidl:., flow~rs, fruit lrees, bulbs, bedding planl:.. 80 lakeside Drive 8/I01hs of a mile from turdee'li in Franklin, N.C. for infurmdlion c:all 524·3321 Millie Buch;man, Clca.n Water Fund ~ (704) 253-4423 /:"' Summer 1986 �RUMMING .. LETTERS TO KATUAH In Dwellers jn the L,and. Kirkpatrick Sale states: "What makes the bioregional vision different -- in any foreseeable future, anyway -- is that it asks nothing of the Federal government and needs no national legislation, no governmental regulation, no Presidential dispensation" (p. 169). But it seems to me that the bioregional movement cannot simply wait for the exhaustion of the world's supplies of fossil fuels to make long-distance transportation uneconomical and thus force the world to adopt bioregional economies. The carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil and biomass fuels will so drastically change the climate of all pans of the earth as to fundamentally alter the biotic potential of every bioregion. In order to prevent that, it would be necessary for all industrial nations to begin ~ to phase out the petroleum, coal, automobile, railroad, and merchant marine industries. That would require political action, since those industries will not voluntary go out of business. How else could a liveable bioregional world be brought into being? Ed Price Sylva, NC Dear Friends, I have r;ad and enjoyed the K.aWah. I am broadcasting on WUM radio on Sundays at 1:45 P.M. I sing sacred songs, read poems, Bible, and etc. I am sending some home remedies from an old New York doctor book published 1919. Kate Rogers Franklin, NC LEMONS Heartburn - Slowly suck the juice from one to two lemons, which is generally sufficient to give relief. Colds - Add the juice of two lemons to the same quantity of strained honey, and mix thoroughly. Take a teaspoonful of this mixture every ten or fifteen minutes. Rheumatism - Take the juice of several lemons every day and in a short time all signs of rheumatism will disappear. Corns - Bind a piece of lemon over the com every night for four or five nights. Asthma - Persons suffering from asthma should drink the juice of two or three lemons every day. Headache - The juice from half a lemon added to a cup of hot water sweetened with honey will generally relieve the most severe headache. (For more on Kare Rogers, see Kmfil.lb.1110 - Eds.) KA 1 offer you a quote that has been a source of great power for me: Remember thaJ you live always wuler the protection of some mysterious force. T.hi.s...ffU« i~ ~.Therefore, true self-defense does not stop with defending oneself against others, but strives to make oneself worthy of defense by nature herself ... When your mind and your acts become OIU! with narure, then narure will protect you. Fear no enemy; fear only to be separated from the mind of nature. If you are on the right path, nature will protect you and you need not fear anything. Trust nanlre and do not worry. Leave both your mind and body to narure. Do not recognize friend or foe in your mind. In your heart, let tlwre be generosiry as large as the sea, which accepts both clean and unclean water. Let your mind be as merciful as namre, which loves the smallest tree or blade of grass. Let your mind be strong with sincerity thaJ can pierce iron or srone. Repay the favors of nature, work/or the good of all, and make yourself a person whom nature is pleased to let live. Koichi Tohei (in Ajkjdo, The Art of Self-Defense I The spirit and practice of the martial art of Aikido can give us some idea of principles that can successfully be used in political resistance. My knowledge and understandfog of Aikido are limited, so I speak as no expert, but to my understanding Aik.ido works with the "flow" of energy and does not confront force with force. Instead, it allows the opposing force its expression and then moves to turn the opposing force to its own disadvantage. The Aikido practitioner will allow an attacker to lunge and with a simple movement will use the attackers own energy to send him reeling. Aikido works with centering and directing the body's energy or ,Ki. That's an oversimplistic explanation, but it might give you an idea. Translating the principles into action is what presents the challenge. Obviously we can't match force with the nuclear power industry, the chemical industry, or the technological forces which are killing our Mother Earth. The Indians tried to stop it with force years ago, and look what happened So how do we keep it from happening and stay sane at the same time? First, maybe we have to give up the notion that ~ have to keep it from happening. If this crazy absurdity of the modem world were not a part of the Great Spirit's plan, it would not be happening. And maybe it's going to have to get even crazier before the majority of humans arc going to pay attention. Once during a discourse with a "psychic being", l expressed a great deal of concern about the rampant commercial development that was placing all our best food growing land under concrete and asphalt I was advised that the disease must run its course and not to base my life on fighting the disease, for if I did, when the disease vanished so would my life. So do we just give it up as hopeless? Absolutely not. F. Scott Fitzgerald once said, "The test of a first rate intelligence is to hold cwo opposed ideas in your mind at the same time and still retain your capacity to function. You should, for example, be able to sec that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise." It sounds a lot easier than it really is. Once we begin the work in earnest in our own hearts, then the Great Spirit may guide us to other action. If we try to tackle the "evil" without purifying our own hearts, then we simply give it more energy and make it stronger. We are not alone. Many people all over this planet are facing similar situations. We live in a world that is extremely unbalanced and full of great suffering. For this reason we must develop and hold a clear vision of the world as we wish it to be - happy, healthy, and filled with life. Affirm that vision every day. Don't let negatives get in the way. Our vision is our prayer. Keep the vision foremost and clear. And we must not wish ill on our perceived "enemies" -- this is not Good Medicine. Pray for happiness, health and peace for all beings on the Earth Mother. Dan Vega Fayetteville, Arkansas Summer 1986 �Dear Folks, l am writing you concerning your promotional material for your Spring Gathering. I think .K..iUia.h is a great publication and I think your having a gathering is a good idea. Snow Bear came to our Fall Gathering last year and was on the teaching staff with Grandfather Wallace Black Elk, Grandmother Grace Spotted Eagle, Buck Ghost Horse, Ron Evans, and others. We really like Snow Bear and promote his camp through our newsletter. The way you have stated "SACRED SWEAT LODGE" on your promotional material can be easily interpreted to mean that you are selling the sweat lodge. I hope you are clear about what you are doing. I don't believe that Snow Bear would in fact charge money for a sweat. SeUing ceremonies of this type is as offensjve as having Christian sacraments offered on a sale basis. Advertising sweats as a prominent clement of a for-sale program is also offensive to many people. I wish you no harm. Several of your staff know me personally. I would appreciate some cla. ification on these r matters. We all make errors and it seems that errors of advertising and pubHcation are very easy to make and once made propagate rapidly. Sincerely, Art Horn Marietta, GA An, As the person who drew up the flyer for the ~ Spring Ga1hering, I am the person to respond to your letter. Thonks very much/or raising the issue. We appreciate your lerrer and the spirit in which it was offered. We did nor consider the Gathering as something that was for sale when we put together the flyer. The money mentioned represented our guess as to the minimum amount we would require from each participant ro cover our basic expenses for renting the camp and providing our food. All work on the Gathering was volunteer, as is all work on the Kiufimljournal. Nobody took any money home, unlike a lot of spiritual seminars put on by some white people (and a few native people, too, who have been mentioned/or Hselling" sacred gatherings and sacred objects). If we had been fasting in a wilderness area, the Ka1Uilh Gathering would have been free. I did not show the flyer to Snow Bear before sending it out. If I had, he said he would have advised me 10 take the sweat lodge off the page. He had some good words about that. He said that regardless of our circumstances, it is an historical fact that white people have consistently taken the tra&tions ofthe native people and abused them. We cenainly do not want to do that. On rlie contrary, I mentioned the proposed sweat lodge so people would know that we were seeking the highest possible spiritual level for our meeting, not to produce the opposite effect. So with that in mind, we thank you for poillling our attention to this mistake, and I rrust we won't re,,ea1 it. David Wheeler ~Friends, It seems desirable to consider some positive alternatives to the wasteful and dangerous burial of high level nuclear waste in "solid" rock. So, here is an alternative pattern that seems worth consideration: ( 1) Instead of transporting dangerous nuclear waste to an individual repository, why not keep the waste at the site where it is produced, thus avoiding the danger of transporting these dangerous materials. If persons in a given location produce such waste, and probably benefit financially from the operation, it seems only fair that those same people should deal with the waste; not persons in some distant location. (2) High level nuclear waste contains a great deal of energy. Instead of heating rock with that energy, it is suggested that the energy be converted directly to some useful form. (e.g., it is estimated that the 70,000 tons of waste proposed for burial in a permanent repository would yield, in a 256 year period, over 60 billion dollars worth of energy at $.035 per kwh.) (3) The present method of using thermal fission processes, with the demonstrated danger of catastrophic meltdown, is a relatively inefficient means of obtaining electrical energy. It is possible to ~izc direct coo version to electrical energy by slowing the beta and alpha particles in an electric field. The direct conversion could be used with suitably processed waste as weU as with nuclear fuel now being used in wasteful and dangerous thermal fission reactors. (Note: Some of the nuclear physicists who demonstrated the conversion of matter to energy in the early experiments with Fermi wanted to develop safer, more efficient conversion schemes for commercial use. The politics of that situation led to the present dangerous and wasteful methods, rather than the safer and more efficient processes proposed by those early pioneers in nuclear physics. It may be time to pay attention to the suggestions of those expert and creative persons.) (4) Placing large amounts of collected waste in a localized region is contrary to the teaching of the old ones. The forests, meadows, waters, winds, and earth processes tend to scatter and diffuse matter. Large concentrations may be an expression of humankind that is destructive and hannful when out-of-tune with nature. (5) Instead of spending over 9 billion dollars to place dangerous waste in the ground, why not spend that money on research and development that would use the waste for useful purposes and help to preserve the natural ways given to us? (6) Those of us in Katuah (Katuahins?) can come together to encourage alternative, more constructive patterns. The epic of nuclear processes on earth demonstrates again the power of the mind to rcaHze signillcant new patterns. That power of the mind can be used to help form these new patterns into beautiful and useful configurations. Fear, greed, and ignorance can be replaced by peace, fairness, and understanding. Harmony is a possible alternative. Ho, Peregrine Falcon KATIJAH - page 23 John Artley Hot Springs, NC - continued on p. 24 �- continued from p. 23 Dear Folks at~ Dear~. I wrote to the President of the United States and enclosed the pullout section on the nuclear dump plan from the spring K.ci.ah. Yesterday, I recieved a two page typed letter written "on behalf of President Reagan" in response to my letter "regarding the Nation's second repository program." The letter and a folder of materials came from the Department of Energy. According to the letter, "the DOE evaluated, with State assi.stance, existing publicly available geologic and envuonmental data ... to identify preliminary candidate areas.'' In my opinion, North Carolinians should be asking, "Where was Gevemor Martin during the time that South Carolina's Governor was in Washington, D.C. fighting to protect that state from being dumped on more than they already have beenr' Arc the people aware that Governor Martin is from South Carolina? Also, the people should be made aware that Congressman Bill Hendon accepted campaign funds from 18 out-of-state nuclear power companies of $250.00 each plus donations from in-state companies. Isn't it reasonable to assume that he would feel obligated to them rather than the people of this state? Isn't it possible that he may not be well-informed on the potential threat to the lives of the people in thC: vicinity of a hazardous nuclear waste dump as we arc? Consider the fact that he recently made a "mistake" in voting [Qr the MRS budget and that he has not been successful in getting one bill through Congress in over three years. If we are to be successful in protecting ourselves and future generations from a nuclear holocaust, we must get involved in the political process and elect public officials who w~ be responsive to our urgent requests to protect our envuonment DOE anticipates "recommending to the President three sites for characterization for a second repository in the early 1990's." Let's be sure that the people of wesrcrn North Carolina have someone in Washington, D.C. to care for YJnotjust big industry. Sincerely, Esther c. Cunningham Franklin, NC - continued from p. 11 'I . . . I am mtei:ested in_ proi:notin~ home music-making -smgmg & playing music with friends and writing songs. Those of us who were not born where we have put down roo~ become part of local culture, and can bring our insights & light co a place ... music is my way of doing it. I love spontaneous music-making & sharing. rt turns us away from mass culture (TV & MTV, etc.) and gives us a beauty and richness we can share. Als~>, in a mystic~! sense, our singing and playing adds music of a human kind 10 a place long after the music has stopped. M~st of my son~s sing about nature anyway. Human bemgs neeg to sing. Nature loves the singing. Thank you for .Katlulh's song. Love, Cindy Crossen Pittsboro, NC Dear friends at Kill!.ah. We appreciate your kind words for our publication and the Backroads column. We have seen young people, families, older people, and combinations of all of the above taking those tours. They occasionally stop by to say hello and all of them have been very nice people who appreciate the very things we would like to preserve about the Blue Ridge. We know that, like everywhere else, growth is inevitablC:, _but we hope to ~ abl~ to guide that growth along more posittve, non-destrucuve hnes. We feel one way is to create an awareness of what is here and has been here. In the past two years, The Mountain I.aurel has attracted national attention, so we must be on the right track. We have no degrees in journalism, but follow only our instincts. We try to present mountain people and their ways and mountain places in their true light and give people a "taste" of what mountain life is really like. Susan Thigpen, Editor The Mountain I.aurel: Monthly Journal of Mountain Life Route I MeadowsofDan, VA 24120 ,,# ,P' AQUACULTURE basic background information for each stage of the fish-raising process, and 3) offers a variety of techniques to handle the different fish species in different fish farm situations. The result is that fish farmers are able to design their own individual aquaculture operations that arc tailored to the particular conditions of their environment and the scale at which they want to work. The freshwater Aguaculture Book is a multi-leveled statement In its form and in its content it speaks to the question of what arc the true and enduring values that will make fish culture or any other enterprise a truly satisfying and life-enhancing occupation. Many people will benefit from the practical infonnation and advice McLamey offers on fish-raising. It can only be hoped that some will respond as well to the deeper discourse that seeks to define what is truly appropriate and lasting. Ultimately, these values can only be realized through experimentation and practice as part of a continuing process of maintaining our "place", the point where we arc in balance with the natural world, but il is most helpful to have a guidebook to help point the way. If we are to speak of an aquaculture for small groups and individuals, it will ultimately be up to us, as small groups and individuals, to create it. Fortuna1ely, despite the gaps in our knowledge, there is much that we can do right now. Some of what we can do is contained in this book. The implementaJion of this information and the testing of these ideas will be an important step toward a more diverse and imponant future for aquaculture in North America. reviewed by David Wheeler, KA AH-page 4 1 ,, . ~• l:11mmer 1986 �A CHILDREN'S PAGE W.l ow +he_.,; W,//ow~ r ~ f'P) ~ f ~ -"Jf' ~ 8/1.1,ru ze B , \ (l;;Y P/ /( ~ 111t1e /he AH - page 25 a11J Once fhere w,.~if. Su~ Sec.A a IN' S e>ri " COCA/J not /;,,.., 5o 11,c PltN.f a!iked WinJ. KA f to blow if 0'1 If. +k :fe°'r +o earlh. "'@ c::> ~ �.. - continued from p. 3 SA YING "NO!" of Energy. With the knowledge that the citizenry of this state is solidly behind them, activists can organize without fear of local h~tility from state officials. More people will be likely to participate in civil disobedience, for example, if it comes down to ~at It's nice to know you're in friendly temtory. Rererendums on Other Issues? When the Nonh Carolina legislature decided to place the high-level nuclear waste issue on the ballot, it broke a longstanding rule against holding referendums. Indeed, it was the first referendum in the history of the state on anything but a Constitutional Amendment or a bond issue, both of which are required by state law. Many other groups, representing a multitude of causes, have been clamoring for state-wide referendums on their issues, only to be rejected by the state legislature on the grounds that North Carolina traditionally has a "representative form of government". This means that the people elect officials who in turn are supposed to make all the important decisions for them. This is an archaic interpretation of democratic government which amounts to tight fisted, autocratic control and discourages a participatory role by the citizenry. This philosophy of government has ruled North Carolina and the entire Southeast since the Revolutionary War, and kept this state in the political dark ages. Many states, by contrast, have instated an "Initiative Process" whereby any group or individual can circulate a petition for a referendum and. once the required number of signatures has been achieved, it is placed on the st.ate-wide ballot In some states, such as Oregon and Maine, initiatives become binding laws if voted on and passed by a majority of the people. Now that the North Carolina State Legislature has broken with tradition by placing one referendum on the ballot, it will be hard to rationalize the denial of others. The pressure from lobbying groups will be enormous. Perhaps the stranglehold of authoritarian rule is finally beginning to lose its grip and a new political age is dawning. National Significance On a national level, the results of this referendum have great meaning. . As much as the ~t of Energy denies that politics enters its decision-making process, politics will be the ~iding factor in where, if anywhere, a high-level nuclear waste repository will go. There is no safe method to bury nuclear waste and there is no safe place for nuclear waste. No geological location is suitable. Everywhere is on top of some water table. The DOE is merely in the process of finding out where they can put the repository so that it will be economically suitable for the nuclear industry and where people will let them put it without major political upheaval. They have now discovered, to their disappointment, that Nonh Carolina is not that place. In addition to putting the DOE on notice, the waste referendum has sent out a signal. to the rest of the country which is of great importance. North Carolina and the southeast is not known for its leadership in en.~ental issues. Quite to the contrary, this region has been the most politically conservative and industry-oriented. The fact that this state has taken such an overwhelming stand in opposition to nuclear waste bas particular significance. The referendum has given North Carolina leadership potential on a national basis in regard to the nuclear waste issue. The less conservative st.ates, threatened with the dump, will in all probability, hold similar referendums of their own in the near future. (Wisconsin held a referendum prior to No~ .Carolina and rejc:cted the dump with a maJOnty of 89%.) This turn of events will create a block of st.ates from different regions of the ceuntry in alliance with each other. and ~pposcd to the misguided process that 1s being used to deal with nuclear waste. Io essence these states will spearhead a national movement which could lead to the demise of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. •.»o0 • A variety 1J{ ~f,..i""'"" wholesome baked goods OC4 Chesterfte!d tttU next IO French Broad Trading Co.op Potential is the Key Word The referendum in North Carolina has come and gone. Those of us who worked bard to make it a reality have tasted a small measure of success. But the real fruits of our labor are yet to come, and it will involve a committment to years of hard work to bring this saga to a happy conclusion. The referendum has generated a great potential to bring about all the benefits outlined here, but the potential will not be realized unless people make a concerted effort to take advantage of the momentum we presently have, to direct that momentum, and to create the future scenario we desire. Let's use this referendum for what it's worth. If you live in a state other than North Carolina and wish to help instigate a referendum in your state, CCNW might be a good source of infonnation for you. Write: NATIJRAL FOOD STORE &DELI CCNW P.O. Box 653 Dillsboro, NC 28725 Avram FriMman and the CCNW group first initiated the idea of a NC nuclear waste referendwn this past winter (see ~ #ll). , Open 7 Days A Week 160 Broadway Asheville, NC 28801 Monday - Friday 9:00 a.rn. - 8:00 p.m. Saturday 9:00 a.m. - 6:30 p.m. Sunday 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.rn. (704) 253-7656 Where Broadway Meets Merrimoo And 1-240 ACUPUNCTURE ASSOCIATES of ASHEVILLE Mary C. Majebc 258-9016 KurtKochek 258-0837 Naoki Kubota 254-9236 Acupuncture, Nutritional Counselling, Chinese Herbology, Shiatsu Summer 1986 �N'flBe. tJ. - --ea-t L alces r- g-on-. C a- ca - Sh-asta, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.:..,__ Gr - - - e i - s -dia, _ 'The larger functi.oning of bjoregions leads to a consideration that the Earth be view~d pr~marily as an inlt!r-related system of b1oreg1ons and only secondarily as a community of nations. 'The more massive bureaucratic nations of the world have lost their inner vitality because they can no longer respond to the particular functioning of the various bioregions within their borders. A second difficulty within the massive nations is the exploitation of some bioregions for the advantage of others. A third difficulty is the threate~ devastalWn of the entire planel by the conflict ofmassive bureaucratic nations with their weaponry capable of continental and even planetary devastation . To break these nations down into their appropriate bioregiona/ communities could be a possible way to peace. 'This bioregional mode of thinking and acting is presently one of the most vigorous movements taking place anywhere on the North American continent. Its comprehensive concern is leading toward a rt!()rdering ofall our existing establishmenrs: the political-legal, the commercial-industrial communications, educational and religio~ establishmenrs. N Upper Sonoran, Ohio River basin Hudson River Estuary, and Katuah as ' well as others. The regions themselves were reercsented - the land, the plants, the animals, as well as the humans. The focus of the Congress was on the whole ecological community of North America Turtle Island. At the final plenary session ofNABC I it was unanimously agreed that a second North American Bioregional Congress should convene in 1986. Now plans are underway for NABC 1I! It will be hosted by the Great Lakes Bioregional Congress (GLBC) from August 25-29, 1986. There will be a conference style format at the beginning of the week followed by the convening of the formal Congress later in the week. Some major areas of ecologically-based work which will be represented at NABC D are: ~xhibit ~air. The format of the Congress itself will .be at the discretion of the representallves. The NABC I was structured to include NABC Standing Committees (Agriculture/Permaculture Econ?mics, Forests, Culture & Arts, etc.} ~ectln~ on a regular basis plus small d!scus~1on .groups meeting to discuss b1orcg1onal 1ssues and practical strategies as well as plenary sessions. ' Throughout the week there will be amp!~ . time for informal networking, socializing, and celebrating. I_'. contingency from Kat6ah will be a~tendi.ng NABC II and is developing a b1orc;g1onal .presentation and exhibit for sharing with the other bioregions. ~ponsors of NABC II from Appalachia include: Katiiab: Bjorc~onal Journal of the Southern Appalachjans. Indian Valley Ce~~r for Holistic Living and Learning (Wilhs, VA), Lon~ Branch Environmental Educatio~ Cen~ (S~dy Mush, NC), and A~p~ach1a-Sc1ence 10 the Public Interest ~LIVlng~ton, KY). For additional mfonnaoon, contact Mamie Muller ~ (704) 252-9167 P"' All Species Rights Appropriate Technology, An:hirecture, and Design Bioregionalisrn...Cooperatives/Communities Cul1we/Ans •• .Ecological Politics/Green Ec~Feminism'Posl patriarchlal values Politics Educalioo...Environmental DefensdConservatioo Forestry/Agrofaesuy Holistic Health Care/Healing Land Stewardship...Native People's Rights Organic Agricu ltute/Pennaculture - Thomas Berry in Bjoregjons.· The Context for Rejnhabjtjng the Eqrth. 1984 Peace/Equality/Justice...Regional Planning In May of 1984, over 200 participants from all over the continent attended the first North American Bi~egional Congress ... representatives from bloregional, ecological an~ sustain~bility-oriented groups, and nauve and tnbal organizations. Bioregional areas represented included the Prairie Ozarks, Cumberland-Green watershed' ' Renewable Resource Development Responsible lnves1rnent Spiriruallty/Sacredne.WCeremony Sustainable F.conomics/BU$iness Water Quality ....• as weU as others. The Conference time will include papers,. panels and special b1oregional presentauons,and a bioregional "".orks~ops, ~a~e, ~~ T-SHI RTS Each ori2inal desi 2n hand screened in 5 colors on the finest 100% pre-shrunk cotton Short SIMVe Long SIHVe short and lon2 sleeve t-shirts. 110 ppd. rSEJIP CJrFOC s14 pd l P CNA1t9E' • Na me Black Bear D Silver 0 Tan 0 While Red-failed Hawk D Ecru long Short 0 0 a l'f, a ,r , J long sleeve Includes hawk feat'-s /L__ _ ) ,.....,po~ Address '"&::::;:=~;:;;;~;::::::::::::= Mastercard v· " _T_,,......_........ flt.one Silver 0 Tan S·M-L-Xl .., r,,,..ti.. • ~( 1-· O(M,~:;1~.,. ISO -------Exp. date w.,....ui.,11en7M olltu dalgns_o - .-lob-1.e__ #Nlfar o lxocJuuc ULTRAVIOLET PURIFICATION ANO FILTERING SYSTE"IS SOLAR PRODUCTS WATER ANAlYSIS RANDALL C. LAN IER 704 29359 12 H W Y 107 RT. 68 BOX 125 CUL LOW HEE, N C 28 723 KAT AH - page 27 Joe Roberts 258-1038 734 Town Mountain Rd , 01vrd Reed 253 2846 Ashtville. NC 28805 . nmml'r IQRI'\ �20-22 e v € n t' 5 13-18 Slippery Rock, PA A People's Conference on the Fate of Our Forests. Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA; sponsored by The Earth Regeneration and Reforestation Association (fERRA); More info: TERRA c/o Elfin Permacu!ture; P.O. Box 202; Orange, MA 01364; (617) 544-7810. 28 20-25 28-July 5 Burnsville, NC Southern Appalachian Wilderness Encounter led by Doug Elliott; hiking camping, foraging in the mountains - for info, write or call: Doug Elliott; Rt 4, Box 137; Burnsville, NC 28714 (704) 682-9263. Nantahala River Nantaha!a River Festiya! - River cleanup, environmental awareness programs, biking, Bartram Trail walks, swimming. Free camping; meals available. Reply to: Brett Poirier; US 19W, Box 41; Bryson City, NC 28713. 21 Summer Solstice-Full Moon Celo Community, NC Full Moon Party - Drumming, dancing; bring instruments, snacks, high spirits; "Mountain Gardens," 3020 Whiteoak Creek Rd. (704) 675-5664. Pre-register: Southern Dharma Retreat Center; Rt. 1, Box 34H; Hot Springs, NC 28743. 28 Great Smokies Park Greeory Bald Azalea Hike Smoky Mountain Field School, see 6121-22 28 Banner Elk, NC R2an Mountain Hike North Carolina Nature Conservancy; P.O. Box 805; Chapel Hill, NC 27514. 21 21 Swannanoa, NC O_penine Concert of Swannanoa Oamber Festival at Warxcn Wi1son Co!!cze William Nelson and Werner John. 8:00 P.M., Kittredge Theater, WWC. Hot Sprlngs, NC Goddesses Arnone Us: An Empowr;rment Retreat for Meo and Women Black Mountain, NC Timmy Abell Irish & Traditional. McDibbs, see 6121. 28-29 Great Smokies Park Mt. LeConte Lodee Hjke & Oyernieht Research Qn Wild Mammals Qf the Sm2kies: A Hands-On Course Qn Animal Life jn SmQky Mountain Streams Smoley Mountain Field School, see 6121-22 Il1LY ~ July Genius Qf fubn Juliys WilnQty Cherokee Heritage Center. 21 Black Mountain, NC John Pabey Conte.mporary of Leo Kottke. McDibbs; 119 Cherry St; B!aclc Mountain, NC 28711. 21-22 13-15 Farner, TN Herbal Retreat at PeJ>perland Fann Camp; herb walks, foraging for wild foods, identifying medicinal plants, etc. $65.00 meals & lodging/adults; children 6-16, $15; under 6, free. (704) 494-2353. Leicester, NC "Positively StQppine tbe Dump" Celebration - Fuodraiser. Music, food, volleyball and information. Sandy Mush Community Center 12:00 Noon - 8:00 PM. 14 Great Smokies Park Identification of Fems Smoky Mountain Field School. Non-credit programs. 2016 Lake Ave.; University of Tennessee; Knoxville, 1N 37996. 22-28 Brasstown, NC June Dance Week English, American & Scottish country dance and song. Tuition $130 plus lodging and meals. John C. Campbell Folk School, see 6/15. 14-22 Sam's Knob Mountain Reeional Rainbow Summer Solstice Celebration Contact: David Recd, (704) 253-2846 (before 9:30 P.M.). Brasstown, NC June Festival Choice of classes in mountain singing, recorder, and dulcimer; or crafts. Tuition $130 plus meals and lodging. John C. Campbell Fol.le School; Rt. l; Brasstown, NC 28902. (704) 837-2775. 5 Alum Ridge, VA Psycho Chiroloey Seminar on psychological hand interpretation with Muzawir. $25 or barter, free camping. Pre-register: Penny Royal Educational Center; Rt. H C 67, Box 171 ; Alum Ridge, VA 24051 (703)763-3728. 6-7 Turtle Island "Circle Qf Lieht" - Prayers for protection of the Hopis and Dineb threatened with forced removal from their sacred land by the U.S. Government. From midnight July 6 throughout the removal deadline date of July 7. 15-21 23-27 Horsepasture River Pretty Pictures & Politics: visual Environmentalism Appalachian Environmental Arts Center; P.O. Drawer 580; Highlands, NC 28741. 6-7 Celo Community, NC "Mountain Gardens" tour and perennial plant sale; 3020 Whiteoak Creek Rd., (704) 675-5664. 18-21 Bakersville, NC RhQdQdendrnn Festival TRAC; Spruce Pine, NC 28777. Raleigh, NC l.ow-Jeyel Radiation Waste Rally to urge the NC General Assembly to get out of SE Compact (see ~ p.21) Maio speaker: Brost Schori, biosafety radiation officer at Dartmouth Medical Center. At State Capitol, starts 9:00 am. more info: (919) 832-7491. 17 25-26 Raleigh, NC NC Al!ematiye Faonine Fjeld Jlu. Promising new approaches for a sustainable agriculture. More info: Dr. R. H. Miller; Dept of Soil Science; P.O. Box 7619, NC State University; Raleigh, NC 27695-7619. 26-29 Swannanoa, NC SwQCds intQ Plowshares Peace Studies programs in higher education. Warren Wilson College. Swannanoa, NC 298-3325 (x231). 10-Aug 3 Blue Ridge Parkway MQuntain Sweet Talk Two-act play by The Folkte!Jers. Folk Art Center Theater. More info: Mountain Sweet Talk; c/o The Fol.lctellers; P.O. Box 2898; Asheville, NC 28802 (704) 258-1113. �11- 19 Alum Ridge, VA Psychic Allunement Seminar with Tom Williams and Muzawir. Explore the self-healing abilities we all possess. S200 or barter; bring food, pre-register. sec 115. '? ,·..~ ..~ .. · {u-~~ ~ • ~) ... ~~ :~ . ). :t ' '. ~-- . - . - r.:- _,. - ~~ - ~ 9-10 Willis, VA The Herbal Medjcjne Chest with Susun S. Weed. Contact: Indian Valley Holistic Center. Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. 11-17 Willis, VA Women's Wellness Week Bodywork, herbal medicine and medical self-help, see 8/9. 12 West Jefferson, NC Bluff Mountain Hike North Carolina Nature Conservancy, see 6128. 14-25 Elkins, WV Augusta Heritage Arts fair food, crafts, and !otsa music! (3 workshops by Doug Elliott as well: herbs, woodslore, basketmaking) call : (304) 636-1903 for info. As heville, NC 39th Annya! Soythem Hiehlands Handicraft Guild Fair. Asheville Civic Center, (704) 298-7928. 16 Alum Ridge, VA Environmental Harmony Workshop with Edward J. Kesgen of Sunshine Weavers. Cost $35 per person, $55 per couple; bring food. Pre-register by 8/8. see 11 5. 19 13-20 Asheville, NC French Broad River Weck, Featuring: Sept. 13 RIVERFEST - AU-day event on the Asheville waterfront celebrating the French Broad River - raft rides, games, crafts, displays. Music by Mike Cross and local musicians. Celo Community, NC full Moon Paay - sec 612 ! . 17-20 19 Celo Community, NC full Moon Paey - see 612 l. Great Lakes Bioregion North American Bjoregional Coneress 11 NABC 11 Office; Bioregional Project; New Life Farm, Inc. Box 3; Brixey, MO 65618. Regionally: (704) 252-9167. 25-31 Banner Elk, NC Bie Yellow Mountain Hike NC Nature Conservancy, sec 6128. Also raft and canoe trips, hikes, displays, contests, river clean-up throughout French Broad River Weck. Dates not set at publication time. Call or write: Bill Eaker Land of Sky Regional Council 19 25 Heritage Drive Asheville, NC 28806 (704) 254-8131 for dates and details. SEPTEMBER 7-8 20-26 Brasstown, NC Multi-Media Week I Basketry, Pottery, Blacksmithing & more. John C. Campbell Folk School, sec 6/15. Celo Community, NC "Mountain Gardens" tour and perennial plant sale; see July 6-7. 18 21-25 Swannanoa, NC The Many faces of PeacemaJcjng, Elderhostel class on global understanding. Warren Wilson College; More info: 298-3325 (x231). ,.st3~ .~CJ,_ . -. Swannanoa, NC Facine the Nuclear Winter Njght: Options and Actjons. World Affairs Institute. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC (919) 786-5233. 25-27 Modica! Sell-Help 30-Aug 3 Swannanoa, NC fellowship of Reconcjliation National Conference Key speakers include Wendell Berry, Dorothy Cotton and Miles Honon. Contact: Rural Southern Voice for Peace; 190 I Hannah Branch Road; Burnsville, NC 28714. Celo Community, NC "Moyntajn Gardens" tour and perennial plant sale; sec July 6-7. 3-16 Brasstown, NC Mountain Traditions Stone Carving, Dulcimer & more. John C. Campbell Folk School, see 6/15. 8 Brasstown, NC Mountain Music Concert with Homer Ledford. John C. Campbell Folk School, see 6/15. - J:J11da J"!J G>tik S1'1'C.//Jfi (} fXtp ~(11.1<tf ~f.1.wqr :R!t~ ti 'R.;faritJ 'f3.1f..111rn~q - A llA!rlng Ind '-"'II mou,_, _ Cm!f"" August 11·17 Wldl H-S-WMd, c.,..,_ M_.t, MD. Hd 8od1 w...... udMlllklM Mtndldl Mclno..a "!ltffJ D:<'\1u_y.u .W•11 255-19M IHDIAH VALU!Y RETREAT - 2ao.sa.w... vA2-110317- , ff 13- 18 Ib' 20 -22 27-29 July 4-6 11- 13 6211-15J7 SOUTHE:RN DHARMJ\ RE:TRE:J\T CE:NTE:R SUMMER SCHEDULE Q11ddcuu Eamgy,~DJKn& AUGUST 3-4 / ~ HMology P•- . l l S - WOQIXD1'8 w.a&Jll!a W%llX Asheville, NC Bele Cher Festival; Downtown Asheville. f(1 ~ S""'"'9 w.....,_ 25-27 Celo Community, NC Full Moon Paey - sec 6121. ama111 Lii Ao B'-lttll Cm M= 1Dd Wgmm with Roger Woolger. Ao iouoductloo to the universal feminine archeiypcs aod ao exploration or their meaoiog to us. :Cai Cb! Cb11m - Ihc E11cmlm E11cm with Harold Miller. A wec.ltend CllploratioD ioto the way of oot-doiog, or dancing the Mystic Spiral, or creating your own Formless Form. A ~iRllllDI MGdllllhlD Yl';ks=Dd with Rodney Smith. RodDCy will provide useM guidlll(:e aod instruction in medication aod will be available as teacber-io-re11dence June 30 through July 3 for those who wish to do private retreats. 2S-27 SRWL with Harruoo HobU~lle, Ph.D. A weekend or mediUtiOD aod discuuioo ~latlog Buddhitm and ChriJtlaoil:y. Miad[11lan1 Mcdi111l11a with S11110 Augenstein. Medlutlon aod momnt to momen1 awareness are the focUJ or this week.cod. Aqust Xllll !Qt Xlllll Wb11lc l.iCI< with BODDe Kelly. Adaptiog yoga to daily 1etivitia aod individual needs. 22- 24 A Bjau! z,o Wi:ckmd with S&ody Stewar1. The way or the selllesa self. 29 . ~ Hs:1lia1 I•:r Imi11 Mt:dilltiSZD IDd Cal Sept I K.11.u. with Anna Joy Oaybeart. A comp~hens lve ioll'Oductlon to Ille ll)(:le111 Taoist pr1ellces. 12-14 I2iss<cD1laa lb' Cbd11 Seed l1!'.ilbia with A ~ilHlllDI Mcdllaliaa W"l"ad with John YungbluL Exploring Christlaoi1y and Rodney Smith. relatiag the mystical upcrieoce of Christ to lcsi1b1 Mcdi111i11n IDd lb' Li!c ac 1bc meditatioo and. cootempla11ve prayer. Southern Obarma Retreat Center is localed in a ~moie area of the Smoley M ountains near Asheville, North Carolina. For further information about Southern Ohanna or about aoy or the programs above, call or write: SOtrrH.ERN DRARMA RETREAT CENTER 8-10 RLI, Boll 34-H; Roi Sprio&J, NC 28743 (704) 622-7112 �Hoaldeas GARDENING NEWSLETTER - A monthly review gleaning the mos1 practical and innovative ideas from hundreds of teehnical iniemational horticuhural publications - S 10 per year; sample copy: SI. Route I; Gravel Swhch, KY 40328. ACCESS is a free lelephone infonnation service on peace issues including mili1ary spending, environ.menial impacts of miliiary activity, conflicl resolution, elC. Your only charge is your long-distance phone call. ACCESS I is (202) 328-2323. ln!m!arianal pmnacuhgrc Seeti Yearbook - The annual bulletin, direciory, and resource guide for pen:nacultvre practitionen; $10.00; Box 202; Onnge,MA 01364. DRUM WORKSHOPS - for children of all ages. lherapeutic massage - Relaxes lhe body & mind...Call Martha for more info 11 (704) 252-2420. MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves, tincnues, & oils for birthing & family heallh. For brochu~ please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I, Box 726; Hampton. TN 37658 HOLOGRAPHIC ASTROLOGY - Every part of a hologram con1J1ins all !he info abou1 the en1ire hologram, and each ctll in your body contains all !he genetic data about your whole body. Similarly, every body conlains all Ille infounation about lhe entire solar sysiern - you are !he solar sysiem and each of your planeu is ooe of your potentials. Olan & Consul11tion, SS0.00 Harrie1 Witt Miller (704) 689-4617. FAIRGLEN FARMS offen organic, biological feniliz.ers for fmn md garden. Send SASE for price lisL Biologically-grown produce IO sell? We SC interested in acting IS cooperalive nwketing agenlS with other growers. Wriie: Rouie 1, Box 319; Clyde, NC 28721. HOW - TO - BOOKS: "Gemstones, Crysials & Healing" by The.Ima Isaacs - 30 mineral families cl oompleie descriptions ($8.00); "NllUJ'e's Pantty" by David Wilson - 100 wild edible foods ($3.00); "The Soler Energy N0tebook" by Rankins cl Wilson use lhe sun for home heating ($6.00}. Please add $I ~:Jpping per order. Lorien House, POB 1112, Black Mounlain, NC 28711. 1HE RAINBOW LODGE, a conference ctnier and reirea1 facility, is available for workshops, reueais, ete. - Write: RL 4, Boll 4636; BWrsville, GA 30512. CRAFTS FROM SALVADORAN AND GUATEMALAN REFUGEES IN NICARAGUA: Cards, plaques, boxes, puzzles, patt:bes; This irade benefits refugees directly. Brochure from: Dry Creek Cooperative Trading 918 Jennings CL Woodbu.ry, TN 37190 a oon-profil oraaniz.ation. UGHTWORKS - luminous fabric window pieces by Cathy Scou; 734 Town Mountain Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. FRIENDS OF 1lfE MOUNTAINS is a grassrOOlS organization involved in !he conservation and proiection of !he soulhem Appalachian highlands. RL 2, Box 2279; ClaylOll, GA 30525. CHEROKEE CLEANSING lEA - over a doz.en herbs (makes app. one gallon) - $1 .SO from Medicine Canoe Products; RL2, Box 90-E; Old Fon. NC 28762. ELACHEE NATURE SCIENCE CENTER dedicaled IO !he undemanding and apjX1!Cialion of lhe nawral world. For membership or visiting info, write P.O. Boll 2771 ; Gainesville, GA 30503. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS - Comfrey, Eucalypws, or Golden Seal Salve, Lemon or Lavender Pace Cream. Made wilh nawral and essential oils and love. Send for brochure: RL 1, Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091. AMERICAN MINOR BREEDS CONSERVANCY is saving endangered breeds of farm liveslOCk. If you keep any minor breeds or know of olhen who do, please lei AMBC know. $10 10 join. AMBC; P.O. Box 477; PillSboro, NC 27312. CUSTOM CELTIC HARPS - A'Coun Bason; Travianna F1rn1; RL 1; Check. VA 24072. Shares for sale in FLOYD AORICULTURAL ENERGY CO-OP; par valued at $100 each. Will Bason; Travianna Farm; Rt I ; Check, VA 24002. •AS WE ARE" - Women's music by Pomegrana1e Rose, a four-woman group playing lively original music. Casse11e llpe avail.able for $9.00 ppd. from RL 2, Box 435; Piusboro, NC 27312. INDIAN VALLEY RETREATS - We offer individual or group reireats on our 140 acteS of rolling meadows, wooded r:raiJs, fresh waier streams and clean air in the majestic Blue Ridge Mountains of Soulhwes1 Virginia, IS miles norlh of !he Blue Ridge Parkway. Reireats can be lailorcd 10 your needs, wilh as much or as little guidanct and social imerx1ion as you wish. We have rustic cabins, privaie or semi-private rooms or camping. $10 per nigh1 per person, bed and breakfasL Indian Valley Holistic Center; RL 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380 (703) 789-4295. THE LONE RECYQ ER -- Comic book advenwres of humankind's early suuggle to combat was1efulness. $4.00 pp. from Long Branch Environmenlal Education Cenicr; RL 2, Boll 132; ~._~.•::~~o "" Send submissions io: K.o.DWi P.O. Boll 873 Cniiownee, NC 28723 BIG MOUNTAIN - 10,000 traditional Navajo people lhreaiened with removal by US govemmenl IO make way for coal and uranium mines. Support and donations needed. Write: Big Mountain Legal Defense/Offense Committ.ee; 2501 N. 41h SI., Suile 18; Flags1aff, AZ 86001 (602) 774-5233. At ARTIIUR MORGAN SCHOOL 24 swdents and 14 staff learn iogelher by living in community. Curriculum includes creative academics. group decision-making, a work program, servict projects, extensive field trips, challenging ou1door ellperiencts. Write: 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714. GREEN RIVER RESEARCH JOURNAL exploring lhe connections beiween body. cools, and land. Send $1.00 for sample copy io: Boit 1919; Brattleboro, VT 05301. APPALACHIAN GINSENG CO. - Cuhivaied American ginseng, siratlfied seeds, seedling roots T-Shins wilh ginseng logo, $9.00 ppd from P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro, NC 28725. KA AH - page 30 MALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/CAFE BOOKS - CARDS - RECORDS FOUR WINDS VlLLAGE - health and spiri1ua1 reireat; home for children in need. For visiting info, write: Boll 112; Tiger, GA 30576. 61 HAYWOOD ST., ASHEVILLE, NC 28801 (704) 254-6734 Summerl986 �K1Hfiah. wants to communicate your thoughts and f eelings 10 the other people in the bioregiona/ provirlce. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, drawings, or pho tographs. Please send your contributions to us at: Kmflgh; Box 873; Cullowhee, NC 28723. The fall Kitiiah, Issue XIll, will collect our thoughts and experiences of "Death and Dying". The deadline for all submissions for that issue is August I. Please send your ideas for a theme for the winter issue of .Kat:Y.im. Medicine-- .Allies GET BACK! issues of Katuah full color T-sfiirts In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today are only diminutive fonns of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it. These beings are called with reverence "grandfathers". And of them, the strongest are KfilWi, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati. the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi Usdj, "the little man", as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from th.e underworld. Each is the strongest power in its own domain. Together they are allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing power of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Katiiah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top-quality, all-cotton shirts, they are available now in all adult sii.es from the Km.ah journal. "To show r espect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in turn become an ally in the continuing process of maintaining harmony and balance here in the mountains ofKatUah." To order, use the form below. ISSUE TWO - WTNTER 1983-84 Yona - But Huniers - Pigeon River Another Way With Animals - Alma Becoming Polilically Erreclive • Mountain Woodlands - Katii.ab Under lhc Drill - Spiritual Warriors ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984 SUstainable Agriculture - SuoOowers Human lm.pect oo the Forest • Childrens' Education - Veronica Nicbolas:Woman in Politics - Little People - Medicine Allies ISSUE NINE - FAll 198S The Waldec Forest - The Trees Speak Migrating Foresu - Horse Logging Starting a Tree Crop - Urban Trees Acom Bread · Myth Tune ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 Waier Oram - Water Quality - Kudzu Solar Eclipse - Clcarcuttin8 - Trout · Going to Water • Ram Pumps Microhydro - Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE TEN - WINTER 198S-86 Kale Rogers - Circles of Stone • Internal Mylhmakiog - Holistic Hcalln8 on Trial - Poems: Sieve Koauth - Mythic Places The Uktena's Tale - Crystal Magic "Dreamspeaking" ISSUE FIVE- FAll 1984 Harvest • Old Ways in Cherokee Ginseng - Nuclear Wasie - Our Celtic Heritage - Biore8ionaliJm: Past, Present, and Future - John Wllnoty - Healio8 Oarlcness • Politics of Participation ISSUE EL£VSN - SPRING 1986 Community Planning · Cities and the Bioregional Vision - Recycling • Community Gardening· Floyd County, VA • Gasohol • Two Bioregiooal Views Nuclear Supplement - Foxfire Gamca -Good Medicine: Visions ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85 Winter Solstice Barth Ceremony Horsepastu.re River • Com.log of lhe Light - Log Cabin Roou - Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN · SPRING 19&S Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs Worker Ownership - The Great Economy • Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey Responsible Investing • Working in the Web of Life KATUAH: Bjoreeional Journal of the Southern Ap_palacbjans Box 873; Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723 For more info: call Marnie Muller (704) 252-9167 Regular Membership........$10/yr. Sponsor.......................$20/yr. Contributor...................$50/yr. Name ISSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Ka!Uab 18,000 Years Ago • Sacred Siles - Folk Ans in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Center · Who Owns Appalachia? Address Back Issues Issue# @ $2.00 = $ Issue# - -@ $2.00 = $ - Issue#--@ $2.00 = $ - Issue#--@ $2.00 = $- Issue#--@ $2.00 = $ - Complete Set (2-11) -@ $15.00 = $_ _ T-Shirts: specify quantity color: tan M Enclosed is$ to give this effort an extra boost I can be a local contact person for my area State City Area Code Phone Number KATUAH - page 31 S L @ $9.50 each ............$_ _ XL Zip TOTAL PRICE = postage paid $_ _ Summer 1986 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 12, Summer 1986 Description An account of the resource The twelfth issue of the Katúah Journal covers a variety of topics, including, nuclear energy issues, shiitake mushrooms, trout farms, and the Cherokee people's historic use of tobacco. Authors and artists in this issue include: Joe Hollis, Rhea Rose Ormond, Avram Friedman, Michael Red Fox, D. Newton Smith, Rob Messick, Corry, Ise Williams, David Wheeler, Stephen Wingeier, Jerry Trivette, Perry Eury, and Marnie Muller. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Living in the Garden.......1 The NC Nuclear Referendum.......3 Shiitake.......4 "The Water Cycle": A Poem.......6 The Sacred Scarab.......7 Circles of Communication.......8 Review: The Wise Woman Herbal For the Childbearing Year.......9 Review: The Small-Scale Aquaculture Book.......10 Good Medicine: Tobacco.......12 Sun Root.......14 Poem: "The Homestead on Horn Mountain".......14 "Hilahi'Yu...": The Formation of the Appalachian Mountains.......15 Natural World News.......19 "The Willow Tree": A Children's Story.......25 NABC II.......27 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Beginning Human ecology Radioactive waste disposal--Appalachian Region, Southern Shiitake--Appalachian Region, Southern Dung beetles Cherokee Indians--Tobacco use--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Community Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Health Katúah Pigeon River Poems Radioactive Waste Stories Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/9c9bcfa84bab600d115a13527a96a8e5.pdf ba44c7456e39946ba15dc380372c8e1e PDF Text Text $JOO ISSUE XIII FALL 1986 Will the Circle Be Unbroken ..... �ci u CC~ N 2 wt::-tflM 0 ~ .. . CJ~t-J::N ~a::io~:O ~ a:: N (I) oz~j ~ 0 ::> 2 u M N ,... CIO N THE CENTER FOR AWAKENING.....................................................1 INTERVIEW WITH ELIZABETH CALLARl.. .................................3 REVIEW: A GENTI.E OEAru............................................................ 5 J-OSPICE...............................................................................................6 REVIEW: PEALING CREATIVELY WITH DEATH ........................7 INTERVIEW WITH ERNEST MORGAN...........................................7 J-OME BlJRIAL BOX. ...........................................................................9 THE WAK..E.........................................................................................11 STORY: "GOOD NIGHT FROM SHADOWS FALL"......................13 POEM: "THE RAVEN MOCKER".....................................................15 GOOD MEDICINE: THE SWEAT LODGE. ......................................16 NATURAL WORLD NEWS.............................................................. 18 REVIEW: WQQOSLQBE AND W!LDWOOQS WISOQM.............. 21 ~ .... s Q ~ w E-t en g ~ A: 0 z tl .. ~ tj ~ g tJ ._ 0 M a u u M ,... CIO en >< t! Q i en .. ' ~ �ISSUE XIII FALL 1986 ,, ~ ... .. --- i\~ Death is an ,l . • .. i~ti,;,ate, integral pan of the whole Life cycle. Not just part of the human experience, it is part and :i parcel of a.ll life -- from the microscopic to the macroscopic. The rhythms of life and death pulse through every chord of the universe...as the exchange of life from one form to another continues and continues. Death, then, is a process to be appreciated and respected ...and even, when held in awe, celebrated. However, in this culture which surrounds us, death is frightening to many ...avoided by most. This culture escorts us past the reality of death and attempts to insulate us from its comings and goings. Only isolated instances "pop" out, every once in a while, and serve as reminders of a greater Truth. The "pushing through" from life to death and beyond...the "pushing through" from fetus to the birthing and beyond...How different can they be...how much the same. This issue is devoted to sharing with each other in a community exploration into death and dying. It is also an attempt to understand how we here in KatUah can together tie the celebrated mystery of death and dying back into our lives and our human culture. A ~- . .. VISIT TO THE CENTER FOR AWAKENING The Center for Awakening rests in fifty-seven acres of rolling foolhills between the Brushy Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains in Boomer, North Carolina. The Center was founded by Elizabeth Callari, R.N. as a place where people can "consciously live and consciously die". Herc, tenninally ill people can come, when their life expectancy is measured in weeks rather than months, 10 receive the emotional, physical and spiritual suppon they need to make the uansirion inro death. Whatever one's belief system, race, sex, age, diagnosis - all arc welcome. The program of care includes music as well as good food, beautiful rural environment, meditation, massage therapy, use of color, imagery, humor, and medication prescribed by the guest's physician. The emphasis is on death as "the final stage of growth" (Kubler-Ross). It is regarded as a natural life experience in which love and caring suppon plays a vital role. A "tour" of the Center includes, first, a visit to the hill where a grove of seven stately trees arc firmly rooted in the earth, beaconing out to the whole vicinity. This is the "male energy" spot, as Elizabeth describes it. Then, a visit to the deeply peaceful Holy Hill where the "female energy" resides. Here a towering oak greets you - it has been snuck with lightning at least four rimes, but the scars seem only to add to its strength and beauty. Coming down from the hill, you see the beginnings of the Gaian gardens which arc being nunured and humored by Herb Appell, a volunteer. He plans to use biodynamic methods which have been so successful at Findhom. A grant from the Broyhill Foundation is helping to develop this project. Next is the old fannhousc where a large butterlly - the Center's emblem - hovers on the second story. This old - conlinutd on page 3 KATIJAH - page 1 Fall 1986 �EDITORIAL STAFF nns ISSUE: Rob Messick Scott Bird Manha Overlock Chip Smith Manha Tree Judith Hallock David Wheeler Mamie Muller Michael Red Fox Brad Stanback EDITQRIAL ASSISTANCE: Tom Hendricks Brooks Michael Jeff Fobes Special thanks to Tom Schulz J. Linn Mackey Sara Jane Thomas IIDITQRIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Asheville, NC PRIN'TED BY: Sylva fu!s!Q Publishing Co. Sylva, NC WRITE US AT: TELEPHONE: (704) 252-9167 KlnWl Box 873 Cullowhee, NC 28723 SUJ1emen1 ofPurpose The ln1emal Revenue Service hu declared~ a non-profi1 oraanization under section SOl(c)(3) or the lniemal RcYCnuc Code. All contributions lo Kl1ftJ.h arc deductible from personal income w. JR\1E>C:lll'l0R Here in the sowhern-most heartland of w ApJXJlachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent, Turtle Island, a small but growing group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the concept of living within the natural scale and balance of universal systems and laws. We begin by invoking the Cherokee name HKatllahH as the old/Mw name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The editorial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this area, and to foster the awareness that the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. Living in this manner is the only way to ensure the sustainability of our biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in its conti11ui11g evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum poim of a "do or die" situation in terms of a continued quality srandard of life 011 this planet. It is the aim ofthis journal tO <k> itS part in the re-inhabitation and re-culturation of the KatU.Oh province of the Sow/tern Appalachians. This province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the New River vicinity to the north; the foothills ofthe piedmont area to the east; Yono Mountain and the Georgia hills to the sowh; and the Tennessee River Valley to the west. Humbly, as self-appointed stewards with sacred instructions as "new nativesH to protect and preserve its sacredness, we advocate a centered approach tO the concept of decenrralization and hope to become a support system/or those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the creation of harmony and balance in a rotal sense, here in this place. Ever desireless, one can see the mystery Ever desiring, one can see the manifestation These two spring from the same source but differ in name; This appears as darkness. Darkness within darkness. The gate to all mystery. We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with hopes that KIHfulh will grow to serve the be.st interests ofthis region and all its living, breathing family members. • The Edirors • The Tao Tc Cbinr (as translated b;y Gia Fu-Feng) KATUAH ·page 2 Fall 1986 �- continued rom p. J homestead has been completely renovated and is where some of the volunteers reside. Then, there is the new modular home where staff person Greg Burazer and his family live. Last year, the Center received a $63,900 grant from the Kate RENOVATED FAR.\1HOUSE AT CESTER B. Reynolds Health Care Trust Fund to help with this building project. On up the hill is a mobile home donated by an individual as a volunteer residence. At the crest of the hill overlooking the valleys arc Elizabeth's home, the Center's office, the shared dfoing area and the guests' quarters - all in one complex. It's a double-wide mobile home with an addition. There is a large deck, bordered by well-cared for garden an:as, laden with flowers. These flowers were put in and cared for by Elizabeth's mother, Hilde Spittler, who is able to come and volunteer at the Center for part of each year. The guest area can accommodate up to three guests which is the total number for which the Center is currently licensed. Outside the guests' quarters is a fenced-in area for any pets that guests may want to bring with them. They arc encouraged to do so. The Center is more than just a place for dying. rt also serves as a place for enriching the quality of life of those living. Weekend retreats are held here by church groups and study groups. Periodically, the Center itself hosts retreats and workshops designed to heighten consciousness. The Center is incorporated as a non-profit, tax-exempt organization whose administration is supervised by a Board of Directors. Board members include homemakers, nurses, a banker, a clergyperson, a funeral director, a school teacher, an attorney, a physician's assistant and o ther business and health care professionals from Wilkes and nearby counties. Elizabeth Callari serves as director of the Center and is assisted by staff Shirley Brinks and Greg Burazcr and a core of dedicated volunteers like Abbie Echerd (see photo, next page). Volunteers arc invited to give hours, ~. years in exchange for lodging and meals and the e sfaction of working in such a rewarding environment. There are no charges to the guests or their families for room, meals or for nursing care. They are only responsible for the costs of medicaJ, legaJ, funeral, and personal expenses. Visitors are always welcome to come to the Center, but it is imponant to call or write in advance: Center f or Awakening, P.O.Box 46, Boomer, NC 28606; (919)~ 921-2228. , KatUah editor Marnie Muller visited Lhe Center for Awakening and shares with us these two articles - one on the Center, the other an interview with 1he Center's founder, Elizabeth Callari. (photos by Mamie Muller) CENTER FOR AWAKENING An Interview with Elizabeth Callari Elizabeth S. Callari, RN, is founder and direcwr of the Center for Awakening. Here she tells the story of the Center's growth in her own words: Abou1 ten or eleven years ago, I met Elizabeth Kubler-Ross - actually I was pushed into her path because I had such a fear of death. It had interfered with my life to the point where I could not function. I had experienced six immediate family deaths within a two-year period and there was no one to help me. I began to question - what is going on in our country that we have such a fear of death, that a clergyperson can't talk about it, a doctor cen ai nly can't talk about iL Your friends don't want to talk about it because they don't want to see you in pain and hurting so they choose not to talk about it and pull away. What is goi ng on here that this is such a fearful life experience? Then I spent a week with Kubler-Ross and she helped me get some of these feelings out on the table. I was brought up in a family where your personal feelings, you keep to yourself and you just "be good". If someone dies and you're feeling sad, don ' t cry ...everything's okay. Well, it's not okay. There arc feelings that everyone of us has, no matter how deep or how superficial the relationship is with that person. There arc still feelings that need to be addressed and recognized and you need to be allowed to express them. So afte r I spent a week with Elizabeth she then basically pushed me out the door and said "It's time for you to stan a hospice" and I said, "How do you spell it?". That's how basic it was. I guess th at was a little more than ten years ago... well, the hospice I started in the Tampa Bay-Clearwater area is having its 10th anoiversary...so ten years ago . A group of KA TUAH • page 3 LARGE BELL ON DECK AT CENTER five of us got together and staned that hospicc--the first one in Florida and probably the third in the United States. We were very new at it and didn't really have anyone to go to for guidelines ...so it was a struggle - but it was a wonderful struggle. In 1982, I knew I had to leave Florida but I didn't know where I was going. I had started writing a book and thought "Well, I think I'm going to try the mountains of Nonh Carolina". I had never even been to North Carolina. I - continued on next page Fall 1986 �• continued Crom page 3 we.n t up there and found a nice little house to rent near Blowing Rock and then returned back to Florida. The day after Christmas of that year, I was visiting relatives on the east coast of Florida. Driving back home, there was an incredible rainstorm and a young man pulls out from the other lane and hits me head-on. At the moment of impact, I knew I had a choice -1 could leave or I could stay. And I remember saying out loud, "Okay, God, here I come" and then there was like a switch "No, I'm going to stay." But it was such a profound experience. The next moment, I found myself under the dashboard, almost laughing, saying "I wonder what's waiting for me now". Nothing is coincidence, everything has a purpose. And as confusing as this whole thing was - being there and experiencing paramedics, experiencing curious people, my leg being crushed, my arm split open...going "you know, this is interesting" - it was like I was watching everybody act and react. Finally, I was brought to the hospital and went through all the fear and pain that most people go through but yet inside was very peaceful, very peaceful. A few days later, the doctors said that I probably would not walk again. A few years before that I was told that I had cancer and probably bad only a year to live - and I didn't buy into it. So I dismissed that statement immediately and started to heal myself...with music .. and color and imagery. I still have problems in this leg, but I'm walking! So the next step was getting to North Carolina where basically I wanted to retire - semi-retire - finish writing my book and do mostly lecruring. No more taking care of the individual person who was dying. That was the ego speaking. As a result of the accident, the spiritual pan of me became very real...and I got in touch with h ...and when I was in the greatest pain one night going "Oh my goodness, North Carolina, what am I going to do when I get there? I have this little house in the mountains. It doesn't have a ramp. What am I going to do in the snow? " All this, then my mind became very quiet and I received a clear, audio message - only one - and it was very clear that I was being given an opportunity to do something else...but I had a choice. I had a choice, and they said if you choose to do this work you will get all the help you need. And that was such an incredibly deep cballenge,1 didn't know how I could say 'no'. They gave me the name for this place and the work that would be done. And I simply put it down on paper so it was all written down. The next morning 1 looked at it and I was just amazed. You know, even now, I feel myself reacting to it. So, I made a decision that yes, I would go ahead and start this place which would be called The Center for Awakening and it would be a place where people could live and die consciously. One of the most difficult things I've found in sitting with people who are dying is being there and not getting caught up in their space of "why did I go through life this way? Why didn't I do the things I really wanted to do? Here I am dying and I haven't even lived!" Consciously living and consciously dying is what this center is all about. With the help of some friends, I moved into my little house in Blowing Rock in April and the next day we had a six inch snowfall, which was really interesting because 1 had just spent seven years in Florida and I thought it was wonderful! As soon as I could get out, I mentioned to an acquaintance up there that I was looking for some land. He said that he had just put some land on the market in a town called Boomer. So he took me on this land. It was the first time I had been in a pickup truck and he put me on the tailgate because my leg wouldn't bend enough to get into the cab. He took me on the top of this bill and there were seven trees ... and I knew. I was always asking "please show me some sign" because here I am an urban person, having lived in the big city, coming out here onto land that I know nothing about. So I said "please show me a sign where I'll know without any doubt that this is the piece of land that the work is supposed to be done on." So there were the seven trees and that to me was clear....and the land itself felt very good tome. The next day I came down here by myself and then I talked with the owner about the cost and how to finance it and be insisted that we have twenty thousand cash before we could close on it. l knew I was going to be getting some money as a result of the accident - that's really the main KATUAH - page 4 purpose of the accident because that money helped Stan this place. But, I didn't know where twenty thousand was coming from. That night I got really quiet and the thought came in, "call your brother-in-Jaw". Before my father died, he set up a foundation, some 18 or 19 years ago. The monies were to be used for non-profit organizations that served humanity. I asked my brother-in-law how much money was left in this foundation. He said, "we have twenty thousand dollars." That was the second affirmation for me. I didn't need any more. Seven trees and exactly the money that we needed. So I went ahead and bought the land. I did a Jot of paperwork the first year. I stayed in Blowing Rock because the place was totally neglected here - the old farmhouse bad been used for raising hogs, there was no water, no electricity, and so on. So I stayed in Blowing Rock and did the paperwork in terms of becoming tax-exempt, getting the state's approval to take care of the dying, and everything else you have to do. And then three years ago, I moved our. Two and a half years ago, we opened the doors to take our first terminally ill VOLUNTEER ABBIE ECHERD ASSISTS GUEST AT CENTER guest. And in two and a half years we have cared for founeen dying people. Most of them have made their transition here. One man got well enough and he went back home. Another man who came here specifically to die quickly rather than in a hospital died in four days. Except for him, everyone who has come here has had a period of remission that was not medically anticipated. And I can tell you that that is a direct result of having caring people around you. You change the environment and you'll change the nature of the disease. There's no doubt in my mind. Even though the medical doctors want to argue with me, I don't argue with them. They want to argue with me and say 'that's not possible'. That's fine. I don't have to prove anything to them. I just know that people who have come here have lived quality time that they would not have lived in another setting. Let me back up a little and let you know how we got water here. We contracted with a well-drilling company and they came out with their equipment, which was astounding to me. I had never seen equipment like that. I didn't know what was involved in drilling a well. And they came out and said to me 'where would you like us to drill the well?'. And I said, 'anywhere you'd like'. And he said to me, 'Lady, it doesn't work that way. You're paying us. You have to decide. lfwe choose a place and you don't get water, you're not going to want to pay.' How am I going to find a place to drill the well? So I told them that I would be be back in a few minutes. I drove my car up to that hill with the seven trees and really received some remarkable guidance. I came back down and I said to them, 'drill right here' almost where they were - within a few feet. And I still wasn't sure. You know, the guidance was very clear but I was still very skeptical at that time. I was still learning a lot about guidance - spiritual guidance. So I went back up the hill and I said, 'are you sure?' and I closed my eyes and I saw water gushing, just gushing over a rock ledge and that's when the peace came. You know, I didn't Fall 1986 �OAK TREE AT HOLY mu. understand i~ but I felt peaceful. I had to leave because I had a dentist appointment so I told Jay, who was here at the time, 'I'll call you around 4:30 and let me know if they get water.' They had told me that at 300 feet they would stop drilling. I called him at 4:30 and he said, 'do we have water!'. At 268 feet they hit a rock ledge, they had to change the drill bit, they went through the rock and hit a vein ...and we now have 85 gallons of water a minute.' And that's the way things have been happening! Last year was a year of building. The old farmhouse got refurbished, a new home for volunteers got built This year is a time for developing the staff, time for pulling all these loose ends together and really focussing on what we want to do. I really believe that dying is only one part of this Center. I think birthing and healing is going to be part of it also. So what you do is you welcome in the new soul and tell them you're glad that they're here with us, then you help them stay well, and then when it's time to drop the body, you help them do that - and let them know that they're waiting on the other side for you. And you do it with as much love as you have in your hean. No judging. No judging. no expectations. One of the first things I tell people who come here because they're dying is 'the doctor has said you have a life expectancy of at the most three months. You don't have to buy into thaL' Most of the people who come here have spent their lives allowing other people to tell them what to think, do, everything. They come here and we say to them, 'Here is your autonomy. You're g(>ing to make the decision and we're going to support you in whatever it is you will allow yourself to do.' And I think this is one of the reasons, again, why they go into this period of "remission", for lack of a better word. 'If I want to be a dying person, I can be a dying person. If I am a person who wants to live until I die - really ~. I can do that, too.' So that's the basis for it. Of course the basis or bottom line of everything is unconditional love. If you can give unconditional love. you will receive that back tenfold, as they say. When I came into this community for the first time, I was told by many people here, 'you'll never make it' 'Who are you coming in from a place like Florida... buying this beautiful land and doing something so bizarre. It's not going to work.' And I just stayed in my space and said 'someday'.. .'let me just do what I have to do and then see how you feel about it' And so very, very quietly, I just took one step at a time. And I let them come to me, rather than going out and saying, 'okay, this is who I am, accept me as who I am. I'm not uying 10 do anything to you people.' No, I just did everything very quietly. And so they smrted coming, one right after the other. rirst, they would get as far as the porch. They didn't want to come inside. And then they started coming inside. And then they started bringing me produce from their gardens. And then, they started calling me up in the winter saying,'it's supposed to freeze tonight. This is what you need to do so your pipes don't break.' And it has grown ... We're supported through United Way of Wilkes County. They give us some of our budget money to take care of the terminally ill - not to be used for anything else. Then, KATUAH - page 5 we're supponed through donations. There's a basket there. People drop money in the basket. They send checks. I speak and usually bring back money to the Center as a result of that. I've just written a book and I donated the first hundred copies, that I published myself, to the Center. Now a national publishing company has picked it up, so now it's a "real" book. It's called A Gentle Death (see sidebar), and it's about my experiences in caring for the dying and my own personal experiences that have brought me here. And it's only personal experiences that have brought me here. Nothing else. I wanted to get away from death. I didn't want anything to do with it. So when I went back into nursing, I chose labor & delivery because that's a happy time, that's one of the biggest rewards. The first delivery was a stillborn. And there it was for me to face again. And that's really when I stopped because I couldn't ignore it any longer - that that was the issue. So coming from a labor & delivery nurse to a person who takes care of the dying person has given me this 'whole circle' feeling. The soul gets pushed out of the body in death just as the fetus gets pushed out at birth. The body goes through contractions. just as the uterus goes through contractions. • continued on page 21 A Geotle Death: Personal Careeivine Io The Ieaninally III, by Elizabeth S. Callari, R.N., Tudor Publishers Inc., Greensboro, N.C., 1986, 123pg., $7.95 pp. Death is one of life's most mysterious and intimate experiences. It is not "good" nor "bad" and it is not an enemy, as the medical profession would like us to believe - death simply is an unchanging fact, an experience for awakening. Elizabeth Callari has directed her life's efforts to unveiling the truth about death. It is, as she says, "important to remember that dying is not an illness to be medicated, excised, and cured; it is a process whereby the soul transcends the physical plane for the spiritual one." In this slim, easy to read (big print}, guidebook Ms. CaJlari, an R.N. (Chemotherapy), reveals her personal experiences of overcoming deadly cancer, the denial of her beloved father's death, and the death of her marriage. She explores the three grea1 fears: Pain, Abandonment, and Helplessness, and gently reassures us that there is hope. "What I do as a counselor for the dying is to give love. Without conditions... .! open my heart and learn from the dying." "I leave my intellect outside the door and put my anns around the person I'm worlcjng with and say, 'I've never died before, so I can't imagine how you must be feeling. I'd like to become more comfortable with death myself, and I need your help to do this. Please share with me.' How the doors open! The dying are often our greatest teachers; shon on time but long on the will to speak straight from the heart.'' This healing book is more than a moving collection of death experiences. It is a valuable guide for the "caregiver" to overcome feelings of depression, worry, and anxiety which accompany terminal illness and are often more debilitating than the disease itself. A Gentle Death offers simple rituals and practical techniques to serve simply and with compassion. It outlines methods for survivors to overcome grief and deal with guilt Techniques arc suggested which allow a dying person to keep control of their life and their dignity. There are strategies to provide a total care program for the physical, emotional. and spiritual needs of the loved one. ''This book offers new hope. Rather than experiencing despair at the inevitability of physical death we can be uplifted by the hope of an easy, conscious death for a loved one. "We can share thls hope with others surrounding the dying person and thus be instrumental in their comfort and growth." -MRF blfl' ,P" Fall 1986 �HOSPICE by Nena Parkerson The definition of the word "Hospice" is a community of people with a common goal..... to care for travelers along the way. The first hoSP.i~ w~re organized as way stations for pilgnms m the !U'St ~nuy._In medieval times they funcnoned in maJor European cities as m?"85tic h~tages at mountain passes and nver c:rossmp. In the most modem context, hospice has been defined in this way: "A program providing palliative and support;ive for terminally ill patients and their fanuhes, ....an organiz.ed program of care for people going thrc?ugh !ife's last stati.on. The whole family is considered the umt ~f care, and care extends through the mourmng process. Emphasis is placed on symptom control, preparation for death and suppon before and after death. The Mountain Area Hospice Program, which serves Buncombe County, N.C.• recognizes that the dyin~ and those clo~e to them have special physical, psychologi~al. spiritual, and practical n~s. The ~osp1ce staff provides skilled medical, nursmg ~d counseling care in the warm, supporove atmosphere of the individual's home. When persons cannot be cured, hospice offe~ care... .loving, respectful, tender care. Their primary objectives are effective pain ~n~l. management of other S)'.'Dptoms, allevta~on of loneliness, and pracncal help and adVlce with the business of life that must go on for the families involved. The goal of hospice is to enable the patient and family to retain control over their lives and to maintain the maximum quality of life possible. Hospice can be administered within a facility but the trend is toward home care nursing and suppon. Also, although the program is defined for those with terminal illnesses, cancer patients are the usual recipients. A team of persons - doctors, nurse~. social workers, clergy, and volunteers, 1s committed to these goals and objectives 24 hours a day 7 days a week. No one is ever turned aw;y because of an inability to pay..... hospice is based on need. Patients are usually recommended f~r hospice care by their physician when their life expectancy is no more than six months. Then a staff supervisor and social worker visit the patient in the home to make an initial patient/family ~s~essment .. A staff nurse is assigned and v1s1ts the panent on a regular basis. much like a doctor on munds at the hospital, except the nurse often travels rural roads car:-. The volunteers do whatever they can. Perhaps they might sit with the patient while the primary careg!ver ~andles n~e.ssary business, or they might pick up medicine at the pharmacy, mow the lawn, do errands, read to the patient, or do anything else that might be helpful to the patient and family .. The medical team, clergy, and social worker are prepared for their jobs ~rough intensive education before actually being put to the test through experience. Although the footing of the volunteers is less sure, the remainder of the team is always supportive and tenderly leads the way by a series of 10 classes specifically designed to prepare them for service as part of the hospice program. Patients, family members and staff come to see that all are both strong and weak, givers and receivers, and that strength comes from close bonds created between persons as well as from one's inner resources. Most decidedly, this is a team effort. . In addition to the care given dunng the patient's illness, there is also a bereavement program after the death of the patient At the time of death, a nurse and possibly other team members, visit the home and attend the funeral, wake, memorial, or other appropriate service. Several days later, there is usually a call or visit to give the family an opportunity to revi.ew t~e de~th, .ask any questions that may linger in ~tr llllnds, ~d to assure the family that they did everything possible. This is also an opponuruty for hospice staff to detect any problems the Hospice of Yancy Coun1y 2119 Hwy. 80 South Burnsville. NC 28714 Coniacc Sally L Burrowes Phone: (704) 675-5518 ,,,.......-:: Appalachian Hospice P.O. Box 647 Hayesville, NC 28904 Contact: William ff. Bell Phone: (704) 389-6831 Hospice of Hcndersoo County P.O. Box 2395 Hendersonville. NC 28793 Coniaci: Mary Ocary Phone: (704) 692-6178 Hospice of Ashe Counly P.O. Box 216 Jerrerson, NC 28640 Coniacc Roland Mullinix Phone:(919)246-4542 Home Heallh Hospice CJ. Harris Community Hospital 59 Hospital Road family may have with ~h~ grief process. Periodic calls and/or v1s1ts are made as necessary and at ~ app~priate .time an invitation to the survtvors might be issued to anend monthly social gatherings. The focus of these gatherings is on the bereaved helping each other through the stages of grief although staff will be present. The famUy is assured that even after discharge, they may feel free to call the hospice if problems occur. In a recent newspaper article, one of the staff nurses of the Mountain Area Hospice was quoted as saying, "My personal relationship with G.od extends ~o my patients. Whether 1 sit and pray wuh my patient or not doesn't mean the love of God doesn't flow through my touch and presence." I feel sure that sentiment is deeply shared by all of us. Hospice.... the loving touch, to make the path less lonely. Nena Parkerson is a one-on-one hospice volwueer in Asheville, NC. KATUAH- page 6 Mountain Alea Hospice 40 CbW"Ch Suut Asheville, NC 28801 Coruaci: Judith L. North, RN Phone: (704) 255.()231 Sylva, NC 28TI9 Contaei: Maureen Hydaket Phone: (704) 586-7410 HOISIC>n Valley Hospice P.O. Box 238 Kingsport, TN 37662 Coniacc Barbara Gipe, RN Phone: (615) 246-3322 SL Mary's Hospital Hospice Oak Hill Avenue Knoxville, TN 37917 Conl3CC David Balcer Phone: (615) 971-7531 Hospice of lhe Soulh 993 Johnson Ferry Rd; Bldg. F Atlanta, GA 30342 Conmci: Arlhur S. Boo1h, Jr. Phone: (404) 252-0503 Hamilion Medical Center Hospice P.O. Box 11.68 Dalton. GA 30720 Contact Florence Brem, BSN Phone: (404) 278-2105 Fall 1986 �DEALING CREATIVELY WITH DEATH "THE MANUAL" Dealine Crearively with Death· A Manual of Death ErJucatjon and Simole Burial (Bumsville, NC; Gelo Press; 10th edition, 1984). Dealine Creatively with Death is available for $6.50 postpaid from Gelo Press; 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 To many of its users Ernest Morgan's book Dealin& Creatively wjth Death: A Manual of Death Education and Simple lkda.l is known simply as "The Manual", attesting to its usefulness and the high regard in which this book is held in its field. This most poignant of "how-to" books presents a topic that is of great practical as well as psychological and spiritual imponance. The theses of the book are that it is empowering and spiritually fulfilling to care for our own dead and that a sensitive funeral process that involves the bereaved as panicipants can do much to heal the wounds of loss and grief. But under the tenns of today's "funeral industry", a family could also save itself from $1,000 to several thousand dollars by following any of the several alternative courses outlined in "The Manual". But the main point of the book, that is emphasized again and again, is that individuals and families should be able to choose the method most satisfying to them to care for the remains and the memory of a loved one. In our culture, the standard funeral is offered as a consumer item, a spectator event, and laws, health regulations. insurance, and advertising work together to back a business monopoly over this segment of our life circle. Funeral homes offer service that is quick, efficient, and as gaudy as the family can afford. The only thing they do not offer is a choice. Ernest Morgan in Pealing Creatively with I2cal.b accepts this challenge. Tastefully, the book first takes up death issues ("Living with the Dying", "Bereavement", "The Right to Die") to provide background to the later discussions of the alternatives available to those who want to panicipate more fully in funeral services. Options presented in the book run from joining a memorial society, which is a group of people organized to encourage advance planning of funerals and to mediate relations with funeral directors, to "simple burial", as a funeral that Is organized and carried out by the family and friends of the deceased has come to be called. The book also touches on the pros and cons of cremation, and gives advice and help in planning a personalized and effective death ceremony. Care of the dying is also discussed, and Morgan speaks of the emerging hospice movement and home care of the dying by family members. Morgan comes out strongly for making an anatomical gift of the body or individual organs 10 a medical school or organ bank, which may offend the spiri1ual sensibilities of some, but generally throughout the book he carefully takes the stance of advising the - continued on p. 9 KATUAH - page 7 AN INTERVIEW WITH ERNEST MORGAN "A human being is part of the whole, called by us the 'universe', a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself. his thoughts and feelings, as something separated from the rest - an optical illusion of his consciousness. "This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison, to widen our circle of compassion, and to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. Nobody is able to achieve this completely, but striving for such achievement is in itself a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security." - Albert Einstein Ernest Morgan: I wan1ed to begin with this quotation, because it has been very important to me in reaching an understanding of death and the death process. In Einstein's view we arc each a particle, a thread in the fabric of life. Each particular thread begins and ends, but the fabric goes on, and the individual threads give it color, strength, and continuity. Without these 1breads, there would be no fabric. The threads give continuity 10 the fabric; the fabric gives meaning to the thread. I would like my life to add color and strength to this fabric of life. Then my life will have been a resource, an asset to this process, not just a filler. Through the experience of death we overcome the "optical illusion" Einstein was UllJcing abouL We realize that 'Tm not here very long, either. What's it all about?" And somehow we feel a closer identity with what it's all about. In our daily lives, we tend to take our family and friends for granted. We assume tha1 they will be here permanently. We see everything around us as permanent, and we deal as best we can within this circle. But nothing is permanent. It's all temporary, and the best we can do is to be a part of the on-going lluman life. This will last. And what will last is what we do to enrich human life, the quality of human life, and of the environment., too. That's what really helps to make this life wonhwhile. Katuah: But i1 is hard 10 endure the loss of someone we truly love. What help is there for people who nave to make it through a time such as tba1? EM: My mother died when 1 was a few months old. My dad, Arthur Morgan, was totally devoted to her, and after her death bis affection, caring, and gentleness found other channels, because he transfonned his emotional energy, his grief and his suffering. and reached out in caring to other people. He was a tremendou, ly caring person. and this experience develuped that. I bad a very warm and close relationship with my father. and chat reflect in pan, 1 1bink, on my mother's death. for as my father said, "When someone you love dies, your love for them doesn't d1.:; it gets redistributed." That is a very pos1dve aspect of death. After my mother died, I wao; cared for and raised by my aunt. She dit:d when 1 was in my 'teens, and it was a very hard thing for me. What gave me the most comfon was a feeling of identification I felt with her, which made me feel I could carry on the things I admired most in her life. I spoke of this once in a funeral talk for a young man who had been a close friend. His parents had come to church crushed at the loss of their son, but they wem out almost radiant with this feeling of identily with all the young people in the audience who were inspired to carry on their son's life. This makes death a benefactor. Katiiah: What is the role or imponance of death in our society from a cultural standpoint? E M : As I said in "The Manual", l am strongly commined 10 creative social change, and this needs 10 be rooted in our social and elhical concepts, our philosophy, and our values. Social change is 001 just changing the adjustments of a machine. We are changing consciousness; we are - continued on p. 8 Fall 1986 �- .;ontinued from p. 7 Katuah: What are some of the things a family should remember to have the best kind of ceremony for the deceased'? changing motivation. We need to have a whole new feeling. And nowhere in a person"s life is one more prone to think of values, of ideals, than when there's a death. That's when we are realJy open to creative change. "What am I here for?" we ask. 'What am I doing?" I consider it a rare opponunity. If we can deal with a deaih in the right way, we will find comfon, inspiration, strength, courage, meaning, and the enrichment and refinement of life values. All these qualities arc at the base of social change. If we don't reach inside ourselves and find these qualities at the time of a death, that death is panialJy wasted. Don't let death go to waste. Katuah : It seems that it is most imponant that the living experience a death, to feel it personally when it occurs. Yet we shy away from those who are dying and give tremendous amounts of money to funeral directors to insulate us from the experience of death. EM: That is what 'The Manual" is all about, but one thing it's valuable 10 keep in mind is: everyone needs to know the plans! Get things clear ahead of time. There is no substi1utc for advance planning and having the people adjusted to the idea beforehand. lf you have the idea of doing your own burial, thrash out the idea while everybody's healthy. Get around to visit the county health office, and say, "We want to do this arrangement, and we wanr to dig the grave. What do we need to do?" Find out what the regula1ions ahd what the requirements are. We had a young friend whose mother died. He had her body cremated and arranged for a memorial service. My wife and I went to see him, and when we arrived, he was cleaning house. Well, when you go to visit somebody whose mother has just died and they're cleaning house, the proper thing to do is 10 grab a broom. So we were cleaning house when the mother's two sisters arrived. They were EM: One thing l think is very important is the matter of social involvement. At the time of death, as in a marriage, we want social involvement. This is partly for the support of the bereaved, and partly an affirmation of our social nature. It helps to mature us. If we rorn our back on reality, if we tum our back on committment and on this kind of stress, we arc reducing life to a sort of a game, and upholding a pretense that death is the enemy. Death can be a misfonune when it 1s misplaced or ill-timed, but death js necessary. Jessica Mitford (noted for her investigation of the funeral industry • ed.) once told me jokingly that her position on death was: "I'm against it!" I said, "Don't abolish death, or we'll have to have a government permit to have a baby!" Death is pan of the whole life cycle. It helps us to remember that we are a pan of the whole life cycle. It is importanr that at the time of death the bereaved persons have involvement. Anything that they can do to help with the fun~ral arrangements is good. The more they can do, the healthier it is for them. It's a spiritual exercise and very imponant. But :t's also important not to push people into it, but rather to encourage them. When my wife died, I helped lift the body into the box, I drove the vehicle to the burial ground, l helped lower the box. and I recited one of her favorite poems over the grave. Then, when we bad a memorial service, I talked for an hour and 20 minutes. I wanted to. I needed to. In our culture men don't cry easily, but we can talk, and so I did. We had another service for my wife in Yellow Springs, Ohio, where we had spent many years. At that time I only talked for 40 minutes. I was gaining. I was feeling better by then. Viewing the remains is also desirable for the immediate family. But again, they shouldn't be pushed, they should be encouraged. As for putting the remains on public display and prettying them up to look like they're taking an afternoon nap, I don't think much of that idea. KATUAH - page 8 business rather rhan a spirirual basis, and it still operates on that basis roday. Mosr of the funeral regulatory bo:irds are composed of funeral directors, so they set up regula1ions that are in rhe interests of funeral directors. I'd say that most of the laws regulating the funeral industry are drawn up as much in the interests of the industry as they arc in the interests of public health and safety. That's how it works. Law is a human instrument, and it is subject to human interpretation and enforcement. You can check on a law, but don't be buffaloed by it. Funeral directors don't have to know much about the lav.. but when anything gets our of the ordinary, they are quick to claim that what is happening is illegal. For instance, when some people were fonning a memorial society in Dayton, Ohio, they received a letter from a funeral direcror which said, "What you are doing is strictly illegal." But by accident his secretary had enclosed in the envelope a memo from the director's lawyer which said, "Tell them anything that sounds good." If you want to do a burial yourself and you are a substantial citizen, obviously honest and obviously sincere, and you carry out the details of death certificates, lransponation permits, and any other necessary forms, they will think twice before they begin any prosecution. Katua h : Do you see any changes, beneficial or otherwise, in our society's attitudes toward death, now tha1 it is becoming more acceptable to talk about death and its meaning in our lives'? EM : aggressive women. The first thing they said was: "Where's Marie?" "I had mother cremated, and we're having the ceremony this afternoon," the young man said. "You did what? We wanted to see her!" they said. We didn't let him out of our sight, for fear the women would tear him apan. We took them all out to lunch. and afterwards we went to the ceremony and had a nice memorial. The sisters then left, and everything was fine. But the lesson we learned was to get those things cleared in advance! Katuah: How about legal arrangements'? Aren't they major obstacles in carrying out a simple burial'? EM: OriginalJy, furniture stores used to carry a coffin or two, and people would sometimes buy a coffin instead of making one themselves. Then 1he furniture store man offered to help with the burial. and after a while it became a full-time job and the person who made the arrangements became the funeral director The "funeral industry". as It is call eel ~tarted on a The general tendency in the professions is still to regard dea1h as an enemy and to regard any death as a failure. They feel defeated by death. I have a bookplate that was made in Germany for doctors, and it shows the figure of a woman doctor wrestling with a skeleton. That little picture sums up the whole a1titude to me. The hospice movement has come up fast, and we've made some progress in the area of bequeathal of bodies to medical schools. Fewer of the schools are paying tr3llsponation now. Apparently they're not as desperate as they were to obtain bodies for anatomical study, and I think "The Manual" has had a definite impact on that. On the other hand, one concern I have now is that the forum for death education and counseling is getting increasingly professional. Professionalization is also coming into the hospice movement more and more. Now there are licensing procedures, and to get a license there has to he a team available around the clock. etc.. etc., until they ge1 to where they are in Asheville, where they are working with a budget of something like $80,000 per year. Nonsense! Absolute nonsense! That's our culture cn:eping back in again. The hospice in Yancy County recruited volunteers, trained them, put them in the field, and they went out and helped families. Jn rheir financial appeal last year the organization estimated they saved half a million dollars in hospital costs in 18 months. This was done by the aid of volunteers helping to keep people in their homes. That is a good thing. "The Manual" is to ... I don't like to say "combat" professionalism, but to counterbalance it. lt is a miniature Fall 1986 �encyclopedia for non-professionals. There is infonnation useful to professionals. but the book 1s aimed at the volunteer non-professional. ll emphasizes the idea of family participation and srresses the ideas of simplicity, dignity, and economy. I hope that for some people ii will communicate the positive potential of death, and maybe show that a bereavement, if it is well-handled, can be a creative experience. recorded by D.W. , .# ff' Ernest Morgan, now a continentally-known authority on death and the dying process, lives in the Celo Comml4nity near Burnsville, NC with his wife Christine Ml4ch of the profit from the sale of~ Creatively with Death has gone coward the Artluu Morgan Sc/roof in Celo. A SIMPLE - continued from p. 7 reader's choice rather than thrusting some particular alternative upon us. The result is a highl)' s.eositive, compassionate treatment of a very difficult subject. Detailed points of information are frequently illustrated by stories from the author's own experiences in death situation'S, and the book is supplemented by 65 pages of appendices that are revised and updated with each edition, making this a current and practical reference book. ln recent years a groundswell movement has arisen to reclaim the birthing process from the cold hands of the hospitals and the medical establishment. This has brought important feelings of empowerment to individual women and communities. There BURIAL : has also been much criticism of the "funeral industry", but Pealing Creatively with Death' is the first book to show lay people in clear and simple terms how they can get a hand in the funeral process. This book is a first step in reclaiming community control of our dying as well as our birthing. In its unobtrusive way, Dealing Creatively with Death challenges the taboo enforced by the major institutions of this society that says that death is not to be touched or even to be discussed. Ernest Morgan quietly and effectively does away with the notion that death is the enemy, to be hated and feared, and shows the richness the presence of death can create in our lives if it is confronted face-to-face and accepted with all the attendant emotions it brings. MAKING BURIAL excerpted from Ernest Morgan's book Dealing Creatively with Dr.at h BOXES A large end piece will be left over.This can be used to make an extra top and side of Child Size for possible future use. The following information is intended for families or groups who wish to carry out their own arrangements without a funeral director. Ordinarily, funeral directors expect to provide a casket unless some understanding has been arrived at to the contrary. Inexpensive Plywood Boxes: We offer here instructions for making four sizes of plywood boxes which are inexpensive, compact and easy to build. These boxes are not suitable for body ttansponation by common carrier or for keeping an unembalmed body for any length of time. If used at a funeral they may be placed on a low bench or other support, covered by a cloth (pall). Still Needed: The second side for the Large Size. If the lumber yard has part of a sheet from which this can be cut, fine. If not. a fourth sheet will be needed. [n that case, the rest of the sheet can be cut into spare parts and stored with the boxes for possible later use. Also Needed: Two side scrips of 3/4" lumber for Large Size (5" x 6'4 1/2").Two side strips of 3/4" lumber for Medium Size, (5' x 5'10 1/2"). Two side strips of 3/4" lumber for Small Size (4" x5'4 1/2"). (Side strips for Child Size were included in previous cut.) From the hardware store, get some 7/8" nails, and some 4- and 8-penny box nails and six chest handles for each box. The handles should be of the kind that hang down when not in use and stay in horizontal position when lifted. Don't forget to get screws for these. SIZES Of IUAIAl BOXES Nail a narrow strip to each side piece, flush with the edge and the end, using 4-penny nails. The good side of the plywood should be out. - continued on p. 25 S!o!All SIZE O•lllelt H .. •21 .. ll3W" S'4Yl .. •20Vt"' 21" 11311.. S'4Vt""•'311 .. $'6"121 .. 3'9Vt'"r1SVt"' ,,..,,°".. )'9\11""110l4.. 3'11 ..111 4' I s·w,.. ,,.. nw aJ lot'°' S'4\11 00 119" a1Z\11 00 CHllO SIZE ~3 " 11 .. llf"" all "" I - J'tVt" 114"" a10"" 0 00 0 __ ,,...,. .. 00 ~ Instructions: These four boxes can be made from two sheets of 3/4" plywood and 3 1/2 sheets of 1/4" plywood. Order the necessary parts from the lumber yard, cut accurately to size. Anyone moderately experienced with tools can assemble the boxes. __ ,,_. --- CMGS... . .- .I ! • ; I .. _ I 1)\11" !"10\11' ! Cutting instructions for 1/4" plywood (no diagrams needed): Second Sheet: Top for Medium Size (6' x 21 "),and two sides (5'10 1/2" x 13 3/4"). Cut long way. Two sides for Child Size (3'9 1/2" x 10 3/4"). Cut from end piece. ' ! ,.y,. Chart for Cutting Plywood Sheets: Two sheets of 3/4" 4'x8' plywood, cut as shown in the two diagrams below, will provide all the 3/4" plywood parts needed to build the four sizes of boxes listed above. The 1/4" plywood is simpler and needs no cutting chart, so we have simply explained below how it should be cut. First Sheet (4' x 8'); Top for Large Box (6'6" x 26"), and one side (6'4 1/2" x 15 3/4"). Cut long way. Top for Chlld Size (3'11" x 16"). Cut from remaining end. _ 8 $Ntt 1-----"8'-" \ ll'---- - - l l I - -lJoll• ~! 1 11--~-----l~ Third Sheet: Top for Small Size (5'6" x 21 "), and two sides (5'4 l/2" x 13 1/4"). Cut long way. KATUAH - page 9 Fall 1986 �HOW TO HELP CHILDREN HANDLE DEATH others). When a loved pe1 dies, children learn to mourr.. The mock funeral ceremonies teach rituals and allow the children to work out their feelings and fears. But don't replace the pet immediately as children must learn the deceased cannot be replaced easily. Death is universal, so no one remains unaffected by it. Yet many people believe that children should be shielded from it. But since one out of 20 children loses a parent before s/he finishes elementary school and will inevitably face the deaths of friends and family, there is really no way to hide death from children. Experts are now advising that children be exposed to the concept of death befo re it occurs. Often we think of children as too young to understand the meaning of death. This isn't always true. Children as young as two and a half years old have been found to have some idea of death. Sheltering children often gives them confusing messages; if they do not understand that death is a natural part of the life cycle, then they'll have a greater difficulty in coping with death in later life. How, then, should children be told about death? And how can we, as parents and friends, help the child deal with Joss when it occurs? The following are some practical guidelines that may offer help. Produced by TO UFE, this article is one in a series of articles which discuss how to better deal with grief and loss. The author of this particular article is Patsy Albrecht, (1983). © TOLIFE TO LIFE is a non-profit educational organization in Charlotte, NC which provides support services and counseling in the areas of grief, loss and life enhancement. Founded in 1979 by Alexis Jay Stein and Howard Winokuer, TO LIFE assists individuals in handling those experiences that result in grief: death of someone c lose to you, separation and divorce, loss of employment, retirement, physical trauma, and other circumstances. Through regional and national workshops, seminars, conferences as well as publications and counseling, TO LIFE concentrates on integrating the different dimensions of life--physical, mental and spiritual-which have become fragmented by the experience of loss. TO LIFE, P.O.Box 9354, Charlotte, NC 28299. (704) 332-LIFE. Don ' t be a fra id to men t ion d eath. Disrant friends' or relatives' deaths should be discussed so the child is gradually introduced to the subject. S/he will then be belier prepared to cope with death when it hits closer to home. W hen talkin g a bout death, don 't u se e uph emis m s. Tell the truth. Any beating around the bush can confuse, frighten, or hann the child, because s/he isn't able to understand the underlying meaning of what you say. Consider these examples from a child's viewpoint: 1. Grandpa died because he was sick. "Will l die if I gel a cold? Mommy's going to the hospital--is she dying?" Children can't differentiate between serious and mild illnesses, and can associate all hospital nips and illness with death. 2. Aunt Sarah went to sle®. "When I go to sleep, I might not ever wake up again." Teach with animals. If a child sees a dead bird or other animal, this is a good time to explain what has happened. Pets are also recommended for this reason (and · continued on page 2.S SUGGESTED READINGS ON DEATH AND DYING Than.ks 10 TO LIFE and HOSPICE and CENTER FOR AWAKENING GENERAL READING: Levine, Stephen Who Djes? Doubleday, 1982. Ewens, James & Henington, Palricia Ram Dass How Can I Help? Knopf, 1985. Lewis, C.S. A Grief Observed, Bantam Books, 1963. von Franz, Marie-Louise On Dreams & Death. Shambhala, 1984. Westberg. Granger E. Gooc! Grief, Fonress Press. Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth Death· The Final Stage of Growth, Prentice Hall, 1975. On DeaJh and Dying, Macmillan, 1969. Working It Through. Macmillan, 1982. Iibe!an Book Qfthe Dead. Ollford University Press, 1957. Jampolslci, Jerry Teach Onlv Love. Bantam, 1983, Le Shan, Eda I.earning to Say Gooc!bye When a P;ucm Dies. Avon, 1978. Kushner, Harold S. When Bad Thin gs Happen to Goo!I People Schocken Books, 1981. ~Bear & Co., 1982. Mowatt, Farley The Snow Walker, Little, Brown & C.O.• 1976. FOR CHILDREN: Miles, Miska Annie and the Old One, Little, Brown & Co., 1985 (1972). Craven, Margaret I Heard the Owl Call My Name. A Totem Book, 1967. Saunders, Cecily Beyond All Pain. SPCK. 1983. Carter, Forrest The Educatjon of Little Tree, U. of New Mexico Press. 1976. Moody, Raymond Life Afler Life, Bantam Books, 1975. White, E.B. Cbnc(oue's Web. Harper and Row. 1952. KAWAH- page 10 Fall 1986 �Old women are specialistS in those critical moments when the designs of culture are threatened by a breakthrough of nature binh, illness, and death - momenrs when we are reminded of our animal origins and human limits. Women of advanced age are healers, midwives, dressers of corpses ..... r HE Barbara Myerhojf Parabola Magazine, 113; p.89 The wake, or "setung-up" as it is called in the mountains today, means an all-night gathering to mark the passing of a friend or family member. The custom originated in Ireland long before Christian times. In the great migration from Ulster the Scotch-Irish settlers canied the practice with them into the Appalachian mountains. We can imagine the wild revels auending the death of a wanior who died in battle in Celtic Ireland. This was seen as the goal of life and was eagerly sought after, so while the women would mourn, the men would carouse in genuine celebration, ccnain in their belief that their comrade had auained a place of honor in a better world. Warriors that they were, they were also gathered to watch over the spirit of the deceased to see that no mishaps occurred during its voyage, for the dark spirits were many who would want to steal the soul of a warrior on its journey to the Fields of the Valiant The spirit of the original wakes lived on in the Irish celebrations, moderated and solemnified only somewhat by the Christian church. "The Church was suspicious of the wake. It had strains of paganism, much drunkeness. and frcquenc dancing - and the Church was very suspicious of dancing," said Andrew Greeley in his book That Most Distressful Narjon. , But "that national institution" of the Irish could not be stopped. It was a crue expression of the Irish character. It was "an extraordinary phenomenon," as Greeley described it, "both heartless and reassuring, melancholy and rejoicing, unbearably painful and stubbornly hopeful." The wild ouipouring of emotion at the wake served the family and the community on several levels. For individuals, it was cathartic and eased the pain of a loved one's passing. By coming together in a wild celebration, the grieving was confronted, even accelerated, and not repressed, so the survivors could work through it and resume their everyday lives. It was also an important community event, for at each binh and each death the community grows and changes. The community would instinchvely encll'Cle the family of the deceased and suppon them by creating an environment in which emotions could flow - whether they wanted to cry, pray, drink, dance, or fight. At the time of anyone's death, the "veil between the worlds" is thin, and there surely was an element of bravado in the boisterousness of the wake. It was unspoken knowledge that the community came together to share courage in the presence of the spectre of death. Light, music, and laughter all helped to banish the spirit of the Dark One from the world of the living. T hese times were definitely "breakthroughs of nature" when the briule veneer of civilization crumbled, and the Irish people, who repressed so much in their Jives, would nm tty to hold back the rush of emotions. Death played an imponant role in their lives simply by liberating these feelings. DYING IN THE MOUNTA.INS The wake 1ook on a new importance when the Ulster Protestants transplanted it to the New World. Here in Appalachia, shadowed beneath the forbidding ridges and rugged cliffs of the mountains, death was a real and close presence that made the white settlers feel isolated, vulnerable, and far from home. A1 all critical times the community came together, and a "seuin'-up" was an imponant community function. "The wake was intended to be a gathering of sympathetic relatives and friends in the home of" the deceased, for paying respects to the dead, and to dispel partially the gloom and loneliness that had settled upon the members of rhe family, but it came abou t that the all-night vigil demanded a degree of amusement and restrained gaiety. As time passed, it often became, after a preliminary time of solemnity, a period of song, laughter, games, gossip, courtship, and what-not..... " CNonh Carolina Mountain Folklore and Miscellany, by Horton Cooper) During t he early years of white settlement, caring for the dead was a communitv resoonsibilitv. Undertakers were out of the question then. "Pally" Davis, who lives on Nation's Oeek near Sylva, N.C., remembers how it was: "You don't know what it was like back then. It seemed like folks was better to each other. When someone got ~1ck, they didn't go right into the hospital, like they do now. No! The doctor'd come to their house. They'd stay in their own bed, and people would come over and help cook, and they'd bring some food to cook, and do dishes, and they'd set up with someone. There'd always be somebody settin'-up with them from the time they got real sick until the time they died. "And then people would set up with the body until it was buried. Some people in the neighborhood would dig the grave where the family wanted it, and they'd bring food, and everybody would gather around the family. They wouldn't go to the undenaker's back then. Nobody had the money. "When Daddy passed away, they made him the nicest coffin. It was made of oak - oak or poplar, one - but it was the prettiest thing. Big, wide lumber - like this (18"). And they lined it inside with cotton stuffing and put a nice cotton cloth around it with lace and a little pillow, and when he was all washed and dressed, they put him in iL "He'd had that lumber all saved out for his coffin, and enough for Momma's, too, and so when he finally died, two fellows back up on the hill there (pointing) took that lumber up and made his coffin, and set handles on it, and varnished it nice and, oh, it was the prettiest thing. Much prettier than you can get now at the undenaker's. "Momma lived thirty years after him, and by the time she died, they said that the coffin wood Daddy'd saved out for her had gotten wonny, so they had to get some more for her. "They're buried right over there in the - continued on p. 25 �GOOD MGHT mot1 SHADOWS fill by Turrin Keye Sera Jean Samuels gently laid her fingers to the withered brow, feeling for the pulse that still trembled within the old man. The wrinkled eyelids flickered open, and she looked again into the increasing vacancy which was overcoming the laughter she had known. "I'm going to leave you now, Gran'pa. Is there anything you need?" she asked, trying to find a softness in her voice while increasing its intensity to cut through to the old man's brain. The tired eyes only closed in reply. Thiny-six days. No ooe would have thought it would take so long. But even in death, there was no predicting the old man. Sera Jean tucked the quilt up around him and checked the steaming cauldron of herbs to be sure there was water to last through the night. She pushed the stick fire, piling embers up against the cauldron's belly. It was late September, and she felt no cold at all, but she did not want him to want for warmth. She gathered her things into a basket and backed out of the small srickhouse. She pushed the rickety door shut, being less silent than she wished to, as it flopped badly on its shoeleather hinges. She made it fast against any wandering animals that might bother the old man in the night. She had not believed be would make it through this day. But he had. From where she stood in front of the stickhouse, poplars blocked the view of the far mountains. But she knew the distant ridge lines could be seen from the rick where they would lay his body. Hewn of locust poles, bound with copper wire, there was oo reason why it should not stand for a long time. Longer than the guard they had erected to frighten away birds. The scarecrow had been her mother's idea, but even Gran'pa had not cared to have his body picked over by crows. Sera Jean inspected the dummy, dressed in some of the old man's clothes. She righted the head which had shrugged down into its flannel shin. All be had to offer in his shin sleeve hands was a shon bun round of locust tree with the old man's name burned into it It had seemed no more than fun when Gran'pa had brought her up here almost a year ago and they had spent the most of two weeks clearing the site, building the stick house, and preparing the rick. He had worked with patience and care, but still he had joked about morbidity and poked fun at Sera Jean's youth. Her father had commanded her to help the old mao, mostly to be sure he did not hun himself. She stayed out of school a couple of days and her mother had called it all foolishness and said that it would come to nothing. But, though the old man had presented it as quirkiness, it was obvious to them all that KA11JAH - page 12 he was deadly serious. But then Gran'pa had fallen in the winter, breaking his hip. The old bones had refused to mend. His every movement had become painful and his disposition sour. He chose to die rather than continue toward further dilapidation. No ooe supponed his choice. He stopped eating and became crankier still. But it was not until he began spending every day trying to climb the ridge to his stickhouse, that anyone took his death wish to purpose. Sera Jean and her mother had brought his frail old body there. It bad seemed to Sera Jean that he could not, and therefore would not, stay. But each time he refused her gentle persuasions to come down. He seemed more at peace, there on the ridge, regaining some of his impish laughter. But it was only a brief respite before the old man bad sunk to the level of the sleeping mat in the stickhouse, never to rise again. He ate nothing, drank little, and for the past two weeks Sera Jean had stayed out of school, believing each succeeding day would be the old man's last. It had become an ordeal for everyone. The last of the dying sun winked at her through the foliage of the western ridge, and it prompted her to continue on to her home. She lifted her basket to her bead and staned down the narrow, steep trail that wound its way down from the ridge. She came out in the upper pastures which joined the nut orchard further down. The trees hung heavy, and harvest was not far away. Soon everyone would be up here where there was no one now. There would be basket lunches and calling between the trees, and she would be climbing up the tallest chestnut to put nuts in her shoulder sling and gaze at the ridges in the clearest of fall days. She \\ aS nl\ssing through the lower fields now, where the tr.iii had become a lane and the trickling water had grown into a stream that sang a rhythm for the day's end. The lane brought her down into fields in succession of growth - some recently harvested, some already fuzzy where the winter cover had been planted. Sera Jean turned to see a dark, tall woman coming up the hill toward her, flowing gracefully over the broken terrain on bare feet "Auntie Peg!" Sera Jean greeted her as the woman pulled up before her, flashing her warm smile. "Have you been all day on the ridge?" Peggy asked. "l picked some mushrooms, some greens. But mostly I stayed with Gran'pa," Sera Jean replied. "I'm surprised he's still alive." "I don't know why or how. He seems to get no worse. But I.can't believe he could ever get better." "Perhaps he would not agree with you. It may be hard for him now but I believe he expects things to get better." "Peg, what do you believe about life after death?" Peggy smiled. "Sera Jean, I don't think that's something you need to bring to the power of beliefs. Living things die all the rime. There is stilJ the same here as before. You shouldn't let it occupy too much thought. Just accept what it offers. "I remember," she continued, "when I went to Malaysia as a rural nurse. I spent some time with some of the mountain people, the first I'd ever met. They would wrap their dead in a rauan mat and secure the whole thing into a special tree high on the ridge. They would do intricate things and leave specific reverences to the body, but when I asked what ii all meant, they replied, To get below the smell, as it rises.'" "It sounds like they just wanted to get out of the way." "Well, you may be right. To get in the way of death would be a very foolish thing. And that would get in the way of life." "But it won't ever be the same without Gran'pa." Fall 1986 �Peggy smiled comfort for the girl's anguish. In a voice feminine and strong she asked, "And was i1 ever the same wi1h him?" Sera Jean slopped, puzzled by her aunl's question. "No-o-o ..... I don't know. I don'1 know wha1 you mean by 'same'." "Perhaps you should look more closely then. Think abou1 whar's the same and wha1's differen1, and maybe you can sec 1ha1 what's really imponan1 to you hasn'1 changed al all." "My love for Gran'pa?" Sera Jean wondered about Peggy's question. "Don'1 forget his love for you." "Bui his love is dying!" "Sera, are you no1 alive and well and growing?" The young girl's slale-blue eyes blinked in assent. "Then his love is not dying. His love, your love, are one. Having grown ou1 of the things you have shared. Those things are gone. So is Gran'pa. But you embody it all. Flesh and bone are different. They change • 1hey come and they go like the sun and the wind.They mean almost nothing. But, Sera. wha1 doesn't change? What is always the same?" Sera Jean screwed up her face, feeling close upon a threshold. "God?" she tried. "Love? Life maybe?" "Maybe so," Peggy said seriously. Then a shine of mischief glinted in her eyes. "Maybe not. Maybe chicken soup and sno1." Sera Jean joined with her in reciting the final line of the rhyme they had shared so many times before. Their chant broke up into girlish laughter. "Come 10 supper, Sera. I've dug some sweet po1atoes and Jerrell will build a fire." Sera Jean smiled and looked up at the cabin tha1 Jerrell and Peggy shared 10 see a puff of bluish smoke rise from the chimney and knew tha1 Jerrell was already hard a1 work on the season's first fire. And hard a1 work at being man to woman. "No, 1hank you anyway, Auntie Peg. I'd beuer go on home. I haven't seen much of my own family these days." They left each other wi1h brigh1ness. Sera Jean continued up the trail. She 1urned around a bend of hemlocks to catch sight of the house, old now, grown into the side of the slope, barely, seemingly just barely, not a to1al part of il ..Started by Gran'pa so many years ago, i1 was high up in the cove, dangling on lhe end of a sometimes road, sometimes lane, sometimes nei1her, like a balloon on a string. II was se11led comfonably now after turning over a genera1ion of human beings. Sera Jean s1epped over the worn s1ones, through the doors, and walked the few steps along the stone passage into the kitchen. Felici1y, her mother, looked up from 1he ccmcr table as Sera Jean set her basket upon the big black cookstove. She sough1 1he girl's face for an answer 10 everybody's ques1ion and, knowing her daugh1er so well, voiced tha1 answer back to Sera Jean. "Hmph. He's still alive." Her eyes broke away briefly in priva1e 1hought, bu1 flashed back green and quick and omo everyday. "Well, I guess ils for lhe bes1. You and your father will be all by yourselves for dinner tonight. I'm going over to Marjorie's 10 do a sweat for Elise. If you had come KATUAH - page 13 down sooner, I'd have invited you along. But I can't wait for you 10 ge1 it togelher now. You'll jus1 have 10 keep Duane company." Sera Jean was a1 first a li11le disappointed a1 missing an all-woman sweat for a pregnan1 friend, but she knew that Felicity had only said that to lessen lhe harshness of denying her the chance to go. By the look of her mo1her's light step and the quickness of her fingers, Sera Jean could tell !hat Felicity was feeling young, excited, and ready to excite - girlish in her flaunt, womanly in her bearing. She was dressed in complements, and her countenance was no longer at home, but already out the door, before the public, not telling all, but keeping a reserved depth of femininity. "Sera, I won't be back 'til late," she said, pulling a flashlight from a drawer and tossing it into a shoulder bag. She slung it into place and turned to face her daughter. "You tell Duane when he comes in, would you? Sera Jean nodded as her mother brushed past her, starting down the walk. "There's mung beans soaking and a melon !hat needs to be eaten. Enjoy." The telephone rang on the counter beside Sera Jean. "Oh, damn! Be not for me," Felicity wailed to lhe plants of her greenhouse as she spun to look back at Sera Jean, her multi-colored skirt flowing wide about her calves. "Get that Sera, would you? And, unless il's a dire emergency, I'm gone." Sera Jean lifted lhe reciever as it rang a second time. "Yes? ..... Oh, hello, Mrs. Benson ..... No, rm fine ..... He's still alive, yes, ma'am ..... He's ... he's not at lhe hospital, ma'am .....I..... " Her eyes came up to find her molher's. "Just a minute, ma'am." She pulled the receiver away, whispering to her mother, "It's my teacher. She wants to talk with you." Felicity rook a deep breath. "Alright, I have to be a parent sometime." She dropped her shoulder bag to lhe stone by a diffenbachia plant and stepped near Sera Jean. Felicity coiled against the kitchen counter, brushing against Sera Jean, mother to daughter, as she rook the receiver. Sera Jean reached fingers to touch her. "Hello?..... Yes, I'm fine ..... No. My falher has prepared us well for his passing ..... Well, we're missing her, too, ma'am. She's spending most of her time with her grandfather..... No, I wouldn't say she's taking it hard. I think she's doing very well. My father and she are very close.....He has no panicular ailment. He's just worn out.. ... Yes, that's true, he's not at a hospital. Is there a law that says you must die in a hospital?..... No, we're not doing everything to keep him alive. We're doing all we can to help him die in peace ..... Yes, I think Sera is very important for that. Besides, it's her choice..... Well, I can't say I agree wilh you. I think she's having a learning experience that far outweighs anything she might learn in your school... ..I don't think I'm undervaluing her education. I believe I've got it in proper perspective. And no disrespect intended, but I'm convinced her grandfather is a far better teacher .... .! think Sera has proven herself an adequate student of what your school has to offer and I have no complaints about her deveioproent....J lhink she has lhe ability to choose where she wants to be. I trust her to be responsive every day, and I believe she does well. I don't think it's a mauer of life or death if she misses some school. If she chose to remain out all year, no one would be happier than I.. ...Send the truant officer, and he will be most welcome, but l don't think he will change things ..... Funeral? No, lhat would make no difference eilher..... Where my falher will be bur- laid to rest is no business of yours, ma'am.....Excuse me !hen, but Sera will not be encouraged to do anything more than what she herself feels is right. ....! think I can't add much more to that. Goodnight to you, ma'am" Felicity returned the phone to its cradle. "Well, r didn't need that." The woman, drawing a breath of strength, turned to Sera Jean and pulled her close. She pressed her lips to the girl's forehead and Sera Jean ran an arm around the slim waist, feeling her mother's breast against her cheek. "You be you, Sera." Sera Jean felt warm breath against her hair. "Don't let them push you somewhere you don't wan1 10 go - even if you're not sure there's any be1ter place. Don't let them decide for you. Be the best you can be - but you set the standards. Don't let anyone else do that for you." They were silent for a moment before Sera Jean's mother pulled softly away to retrieve her bag and disappear on sure steps over the worn stones. Sera Jean sank down onto the wooden stoop !hat led into lhe greenhouse. She looked over her mother's garden and out into lhe shadowy cove, dark almost all the way to the top of the ridge where her grandfather lay. There a rising moon had just cast its blue-whiteness into lhe trees. Rising, Sera Jean crossed the kitchen and pulled open the door to the refrigerator. She took from it eggs, red bell peppers, and the soaking mung beans. She thumped the small melon and made a face at the sound. It seemed far from appetizing. She washed the food, took down a cutting board, and was placing a big bowl before her on the table when she heard lhe door open and shut and the tap of her falher's step on lhe stone walk. His voice drifted in, light and out of key singing a little ditty. The tall, drawn man entered between stone and wood. His kind face brightened into a sincere smile when his eyes met hers. "Well, howdy, stranger." "Hey, Duane." - continued on p. 24 Fall 1986 �l;y Martha Lal4Tie Overlock n t e story that follows, I share wit you a persona experience with death and transformation. Through this experience I have learned more about trusting my i111uitille wisdom and my inner voice. This experience may seem surprising and somewhal paradoxical. I believe we are given the information and experiences we need to live life nwre fully. We are always changing .... always growing. Manha l. Overlock The season is Fall.. ... the time of change ..... of iransformation. I was on my way to get license plates for my car when I saw Rick and Troy turning right onto Charloue Street As they passed me, they stopped shon and threw it in reverse. With an intense look on his face Rick said: "Ralph - you remember Ralph? - He's missing! He went out in the woods on Sunday and hasn't come back yet..... PRA Y!l" At that moment my body turned ice cold. I did not hear Rick say another word..... Green light - oh yeah - I reached deep inside my being and prayed with all that I am I prayed for life, for healing, for strength and understanding. My body was cold - so cold.... .I could not get warm. I continued to pray, asking God to help Ralph, to guide Rick and Troy in their search. To comfon me! To wann my body! I was unable to get my license plates because they would not take personal checks. As I drove away from that office I knew that I had 10 go out to look for him ..... I knew I needed to drum. As I walked into my apanment and phoned the office to say I would not be in, my body slowly began to wann up. I changed my clothes and scanned my mind to hear where Rick thought Ralph had gone on Sunday. I heard Town Mountain Road. At this point in time I lived behind the Old Manor Inn. I drove up the back roads to the Parkway. I got out of my car and looked at the gravel to see if I could locate any tracks from Rick's truck. I didn't know which way to go.....Once again, I looked inside and asked "Where do I go?" I knew I had to turn left onto the Parkway. Driving.....driving .....higher and higher. I wanted to be there already! I wanted to be in the woods looking for Ralph .....I wanted to give that which be needed. I was getting nervous and antsy. 1 had not seen anyone I knew and I was already at Craggy-Gardens. I stopped and asked two rangers, who were in their truck, if they bad any information about a missing biker. They said they had heard some news earlier in the morning and called the main dispatch 10 get more details. They told me 1here was a car just past Glassmine Falls that had been left since Sunday. Instinctively I knew it was Ralph's car. 11 seemed an eternity to get 10 that tum-off. As I was driving I reminded my self to remain centered and clear to remain open to giving what is needed. I again asked for strength and guidance. I asked for guidance as never before. There were three men standing around their car talking when I pulled up. I introduced myself and learned that these men were federal and state authorities. I asked them if this was Ralph's car. I did not know with my mind if it was or not because I bad never seen Ralph drive .....in fact, I had met Ralph only twice; once during the Summer Solstice Gathering at Sam's Knob and once at the Nothing but Natural store, just a few days earlier. These men were a bit baffled by me. I could not tell them what Ralph's last name was, where be lives, if that was his car. Yet I knew deep inside that he was somewhere in the woods.....alone. I volunteered to go into the woods and start looking for him and was told that it was necessary to wait for more KATUAH- page 14 ople to arrive, so t at we cou orm organize search parties: that way, everyone would be in contact. l felt frustrated .....I kept praying. I asked that the people get here soon. I asked for patience and trust. I asked for help..... I got the feeling that these men thought Ralph had committed a crime. Soon after I felt this they asked me if Ralph was growing marijuana in the wa1ershed. My heart screamed "NO!"..... my mind calmly answered: "No, I don't think he was growing marijuana." Their reason for asking was that three men were seen coming out of the watershed area on Sunday. The watershed is off limits to hikers. The men who were seen ran back into the woods and the ranger never saw them again. He did see Ralph's car there on Sunday and wondered about the connection. He said he had spoken with some folks who had been hiking on the other side of the parkway. They hadn't seen anyone all day. A long time passed before I felt the au1horities believed that Ralph just wanted to be in the woods. I walked the trail with the ranger who had seen the bikers. We both knew that he wasn't there. We also knew that we had to look at all the options. While we were in the woods, volunteer firemen and Forest Service people and friends were gathering in the parking area. Formal search parties were being formed. Rick and I were in the same group. He could not believe I was there. He asked me how I knew where to go. I told him I bad followed my instincts. The whole experience of walking in the woods was very grounding. In that grounded state I began to truly understand the ebb and flow of life, nature, and my self. I realized that everything and everyone has a purpose and it is my responsibility to participate as fully as I am able. I now understand why it was so imponant (or me to know these truths. When we returned to the parking area we were told that Ralph had been found. He'd fallen from the waterfall. He was dead. "O, Mother carry me. ....A chHd I will always be; "O, Mother carry me.....Down to the sea." One week Later, as friends and family gathered to release Ralph's ashes and to say what they felt they needed to say, I went back to the Parkway to play drums and pray .....to say goodbye. I went to a place where I thought I'd see the falls. It was so foggy that day that I could barely see three feet in front of me. As I lit candles and bumed sage, I asked for clarity. As I played the drums and sang, I asked that my songs be heard. As I listened, I saw Ralph's energy field dancing in the mists. He looked like "electric rain", free and strong. He was seen on the same day in the same form by another friend in Linville Gorge. Months later I returned to the place where our searching began. As I stood in the quiet of the night, under e moon and stars, I listened. I could hear and feel the ythms of life all around me. As I played my drum I felt the ower of transformation sweeping through me. That feeling was so strong I began to tremble. In that moment, I experienced death being a part of life, a pan of the whole. One is not possible without the other.....I respect life and I live more fully; 1 respect death and the Crone does not bring me fear. I did not know Ralph well while be was alive. Our meetings were special and the connection strong. I learn re about myself each time I think of him. I am grateful for all the wonder-filled people I have met through Ralph. And I pray for our ~cc. ~ ~ // Fall 1986 �The shape of all our fears Turns fortune into dust Our dreams into mist Our grisly morlalily Feeding on carrion hatred and disgust Kalanu Ayeli'ski Crunches the skulls of our desires Its haunting cry As ii tucks its wings And dives into the darkness within Congeals the blood Stiffens the limbs And shivers in the marrow of the soul Kalanu Ayeli'ski Darkness that makes light bright THE RA VEN MOCKER When of the Great Mystery Motion was born The world was And because there was There was not; One became two And Kalanu Ayeli'ski Spread its dark wings The Raven Mocker To keep the Balance And give meaning to the au of life In fear the greatest of conjurors Cries out: "Kalanu Ayeli'ski!" the shadow Draws near, ruthlessly, sharp claws Ripping out the truth The dripping heart of the matt~r And with a triumphant croak Holding it l1igh for all to see Kalanu Ayeli'ski Greatest of teachus! Greatest of healers! One day we will all Life itself ordains Peer into the malevolent dark eyes And go shrieking down the blackness That opens into the dauJing glare of manifestation Kalanu Ayeli'ski, through you "We are reborn!" Say "KAH·la-noo KATIJAH - page 15 ah·yell·LIH-sld" (Clltrokle) Fall 1986 �The Sweat Lodge We have been told that when the people of the dominant culture came to this land, they subdued the native people of Tunle Island in a very cruel way. They took away the native people's land, and they took away their culture as well. They tried to make over the native people in their image, acting as if they were doing them a favor. We have been told that when we speak of spiritual things, "Religion" as it is called among those of the dominant culture, it should be remembered that these are things of the hcan and the mind - the only things the native people have left. So when the native people open their heans and speak of these things, it should be remembered that these are very, very sacred matters. If anyone truly respectS the native people and their way with the land, he or she should learn everything they can about these ways and what these ways mean to the Indian people before they try to practice them. We have been told that 10 many of the native tribes of Tunle Island, including the Cherokee of the Katiiah province, the sweat lodge is a sacred thing. Its use is for cleansing and healing, not only for the physical but also for the spiritual self. At the same time it pulls people out of their individualism. Many white people are now going into the sweat lodge, trying to capture that good experience. They wish to come together; they wish to feel pan of the whole. When that experience happens, people feel exhilarated and they wani to hug their neighbors, and they feel good about the spiritual things of the world. But we have been told that that is only the external experience. Much goes into the sweat lodge to make that experience happen. It is more than hearing some rocks and putting them under a cover. There is a lot more to it than many people know, and those people should not take it lightly. We have been told that among the Cherokees, apprentices who were learning to lead a sweat lodge would pull rocks, cover the lodge, dig fire pits, and tend the fire for many years - often 15 to 20 years - before they could "pour water" for a sweat lodge. During that time they were allowed to sit outSidc the lodge and listen to what went on inside and to what was said. Although they learned all the mechanical practices very quickJy, this was to teach the apprentices that there was more happening in the sweat lodge than the mechanical chores of its preparation. We have been told that the fire keeper, for example, fed and cared for the fire in a very sacred manner. The fire pit was used for no other purpose. To the Indian people the fire was a very sacred thing. It was a little bit of the sun upon tbe Earth, and it also attracted the spirits to the lodge. We have been told that the one who "poured water," the person who was to lead the sweat lodge, would lay a spirit trail from the fire, across the altar at the door of the lodge, and into the lodge. That line was not to be crossed. That person would use mixtures of tobacco, cedar, and sage - medicine plants - to mark the spirit trail. He would ask all the spirits to come. saying "We are doing a sacred thing; a sacred happening is happening here tonight, and these tw<>-leggeds are coming to join us all." We have been told that if one was above the lodge looking down at it with a spiritual vision, it would look like a turtle - with the fire being its head, the spirit trail its neck, and the lodge as its shell. If people go across the spirit trail, they cut the trail, and the lodge will not work. We have been told, too, that when the people gathered the rocks to be heated for the sweat lodge, they would not gather just a.ny rock. They would have a sense of which rocks had power, which rocks had people in them. They would bring only these special rocks to the fire pit. When the rocks wCTC heated, they would be laid in a hole in the center of the sweat lodge in a ccnain way. The first seven were dedicated to the directions, with the one in the center being for the Great Mystery. Each rock was "doctored" specially, and laid in its proper place. Everything was done for a reason. The rocks arc special people in the lodge because they are carrying a bit of the sun with them. These are all good things that come together to make the sweat lodge a sacred thing. We have been told that the one who pours the water on the stones is a channel for the spirits and a guide for the other people in the lodge. But at the same time this one should be a part of the group. He or she should know that the power they feel is not theirs alone. It is the power of the Spirit, and the power of the group. ,If they become confused by their own ego, then nothing will come through them. We have been told that the one pouring the water should know when there is something bad in the lodge, and he or she should know how to get rid of it, because the sweat lodge is a cleansing and healing place, and people often carry a lot of negativity in there. Things come up in some people that are dangerous to the others in t.h e lodge. The one pouring water is responsible for the two-leggeds in the lodge, and there is a real chance that one could be badly hun. When someone is ca!Jing the spirits and docs not know what he or she is doing, it comes back on them. Sometimes it hurts people - and not by being burned on the stones, either! The sweat lodge is strong medicine, we were told, and the only thing it should be used for is medicine. People should know that before they come into the lodge. It is not a social function. People should come in there to have a spiritual experience. Everyone who goes into the lodge takes responsibility for what they are doing, and the one who pours water takes responsibility for the energies that they call down. It is a serious thing. �To the Cherokee, we were told, all sacred things happen in fours and sevens. So there are four rounds to the sweat lodge. The first two rounds are to adjust to the place, to adjust to the people, to see how hot it is, and to bring up all the things the people want to be rid of. But the last two rounds are to work with the power of the spirits and the power of the people in the lodge. People should speak out in the lodge and participate! The energy the people put into the lodge is the energy they get ou.t of it. They should try to sing the songs even if they do not know the words. It is the people singing together in unison that caJJs the Spirit, not their voices. We were told that the Spirit Likes singing. The sweat lodge can do good for a lot of people, we have been told. It does good not just for the individuals in the lodge but for the people as a whole, for the sweat lodge is a very powerful thing, and it puts a lot of power behind the prayers that are made. It 1s a velucle tor common voices. When people truly "drop their robes" in a spiritual sense and join their energies freely, there is incredible power. Then it is no longer one person. It is 12, 15, ...20 people, and if they can all move evenly and not be self-indulgent, they can have a Jot of effect upon the planet and the situations we face today. We have been told that the sweat lodge was also used by tribal people in ancient Europe. The Finnish people arc well-known for their use of the sauna, and this practice is descended from a time when it was a sacred cleansing. The German people had a form of the sweat lodge in their culture, and the Jews also used a purification ceremony involving the sweat. The sweat lodge has been a pan of many cultures across the world. It has always been related to cleansing and healing. Even now, the Laplanders that herd reindeer in the far nonh of Scandinavia have a spiritual sweat lodge, as do nomadic Mongolian people in the steppes of Russia. We have been told to remember that native American people are not trying to deny anybody their tradition when they caution people of other races about using the sweat lodge. The sweat lodge is a gift of the Spirit, and it should be t.reAted as such. But the native culture of Tun le Island and of Katilah developed in this way. It is the gift of the native people to talk with the spirits in this way, and that is to be respected. If a Cherokee did a sweat with the Sioux, he would sweat m the manner of the Sioux. That kind of respect was basic. It was a traditional thing. In the same way, a white person should not take a sacred pipe into the lodge without understanding it. fr is the wrong thing to do, and it could be hannfuJ. One does not give a loaded pistol to a child. We have been told that women in their "moon lodge" (during the time of their menstrual period) should not be in a sweat lodge. This is hard to explain to women who come from a culture that considers a woman's flow dirty, unclean, painful, and inconvenient. Women arc very powerful beings, we have been told, and their mosr powerful rime is when the menstrual blood flows. Why else are men so afraid of women? European men have always suppressed women because they have sensed the women's power and have seen it as a threat instead of a sacred and glorious thing. This we are told: we all suck the breast - man, woman, and child. But we all cannot offer the breast. Women are sacred beings. But in the dominant culture women have nor been taught that. They have always been suppressed, and having a period of flow was something inconvenient to men, and somehow it came 10 be considered unclean. lt has been this way for generations. But we were told that a woman's moon time is not a negative thing at all. The reproductive cycle is a very sacred process. Women arc the mothers of everything. Everything comes through the mother. The moon time cannot be separated from ovulation time. During the moon rime, the products of ovulation are discharged. It is a sign that a woman has the power to create life, and it is a very sacred thing. A woman going through this time in her cycle, we were told, is more powerful than the sweat lodge. The lodge is a cleansing, healing process. A woman at this time does not need to be cleansed. She does not need to be healed. She is in a sacred rime - her most powerful and strong rime. It is so powerful that it interferes with the power of the lodge. She nullifies it It is self-indulgent for a woman even to want to sweat at that rime. She should not do anything at that rime. And she should not be interfered with sexually at that time. Perhaps she should go off to fast, meditate, and pray. When she is at her most powerful time, that reproductive spiritual energy should be used for good things. We have been told that one person cannot tell another person what to do, because each one must follow his or her own path and take responsibility for their own actions. But the native sweat lodge must be seen in light of the whole culture within which it grew. To take just one element of the sweat lodge ceremony without being aware of the whole context will lead to misunderstandings and mistakes. Spiritual matters are affairs of the bean. As such, they cannot be told, but must be experienced and felt. If one does not know how to do a sweat lodge, he or she must find a lodge someplace where they know the person is doing it in a spiritual way. lf this is not available, they may take a sauna, take a plunge in the river or creek, and when the time com~ to sweat, then it will be time to sweat. (/ �.... ·······-·········-············:·~./;.> .....·· .: ·········· .... · ...... NATURAL ....···· ........···.·.:::::<-·········.' WORLD :"' .:· NEWS RNER OTTERS RETURN by George Ellison BAD NEWS FOR BEARS N11unal World News Service THE DROUGHT N11unal World News Service Was it because of holes in the Earth's ozone layer reponed over the South Pole? Was it the "greenhouse effect" caused by air pollutants? Or was it simply a fluctuation in the normal weather cycles? Whatever the cause, the drought of 1986 was unquestionably the worst ever recorded in the southeast. TV A measurements show that the rainfall for the past year and for the past two-year period were the lowest recorded in the nearly 100 years records have been kept In the upper Tennessee Valley 71.5 inches of rainfall have been measured in the past 26 months out of a normal 112 inches of rain. Throughout the whole valley only 32.3 inches of rain fell during the past year compared to a norm of 51.7 inches. The worst of the drought occurred this spring and summer. In Asheville during the time between January and July 20, only 11.5 inches of rainfall were measured - less than half the norm of 27 .2 inches for that period. Springs have gone dry in the mountains that had provided water for families for as long as anyone could remember. In Jackson County, on the Nonh Carolina side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, it was reponcd that 1200 springs went dry and that well-drillers were working o\>c:nime. The dry weather has placed particular stress on small farmers. Already threatened by a poor balance of prices on the farm market and unsympathetic federal policies, for many family farms the drought has been the last, dry straw. Particularly in the Piedmont, farms have been closing out in numbers unprecedented since the Grea"' Depression. · fl KA1UAH- page 18 As many as 200-300 black bear cubs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park are in danger of starving this winter due to a poor acorn crop caused by the severe drought this spring and summer. Black bear cxpen Dr. Mike Pellon of the University of Tennessee and the Tennessee Wildlife Commission repon that acorns and other hard mast, staples of the black bear's diet, arc in shon supply. The mast shortage will cause both adult bears and cubs to roam funher in search of food this fall, tbus making them more vulnerable to bunters. In the mountains, Nonh Carolina's bear hunting season is from October 13 November 22, and December 15 - January 1, making ii the longest bear hunting season in the Southeast. Realizing that an early fall bunting season jeopardizes the female bears, both Virginia and Tennessee have limited their hunting seasons to the last week in December, after most of the females have gone into their dens for the winter. Warburton's 1981-82 study of the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary revealed that of all the bears being monitored there, 60% of them were killed, and 75% of those killed were females. Pisgah Disaict Ranger Art Rowe has indicated that of the 15 bears currently being monitored in a North Carolina State University study, only three are females, and only one is of breeding age. To express your concerns about the survival of the black bear and to request that the bunting season be limited or eliminated. write to: Paul Wilms Dept of Environmental Management NC Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development Raleigh, NC 27611 For more information, contact Paul Gallimore Bear Action Nerwor:k: Long Branch Environmental Education Center Rt. 2, Box 132 Leicester, NC 28748 Otters were once common throughout North America, but by the late I 800's they had become rare in the streams in western Nonh Carolina and cast Tennessee. By the time of the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 1934, the otters (or "oners" as they were called by the native mountaineers) had nearly been exterminated from the Smokies. A group of three were reponed in CataJoochce in 1927. One was trapped within the park area in 1931, and a pair was reported on different occasions near Elkmont in 1934. Still another was reported near Mount Sterling in 1936. But the last reliable sighting was made in 1934, the year the park was established. In 1he ensuing years, the indigenous otter population in Tennessee apparently was eliminated. In North Carolina, they have remained relatively abundant throughout the Coastal Plain and sporadic in the Piedmont In a program under the coordination of Jane Griess of the University of Tennessee, 16 river otters were obtained from a trapper operating in the New Bern area for reintroduction into the Great Smokies National Park. They were fitted with radio transmitters, and on March 10 were released in five male-female pairs a1 intervals along Abrams Creek below the Cades Cove section of the park. One of the older females died after release and was replaced with another female. In all, there are about 80 square miles of lowland streams in 18 drainages within the Smokies that are considered potential otter territory. Abrams Creek was chosen as the release sire because it represented the most suitable habitat - pools, long stretches of slow-moving moderately deep water, waterfalls, riffies, and rapids. Griess has been monitoring the activities of the otters on a regular basis and will continue 10 do so until July 1987. They apparently are adapting, using old groundhog boles for shelter a.nd feeding off crayfish, frogs, fish, and snapping turtles. If the project on Abrams Creek is successful, similar reintroductions in other suitable areas of the Smokies could follow. -excerpted with permission from a reporl In the Asheville Citizen I Fall 1986 �LOW-GLOW LOW BLOW Narunl World News S~icc "PINSOUTHERN GOVERNORS ASSOCIATION@IT/ON THE DUMP ON THE CHUMP!" 5Pf0Al $ -JUST CUTOUT THE llAZAl1DQ.IS WASTE o:wrAIWERS Bao,..t. Now il's official. The eight states of the Southeastern Low-level Nuclear Waste Compact have met and have chosen to award Nonh Carolina the honor of being host state for all the low-level radioactive wastes (LLRW's) produced by the member states over the next 20 yea.rs. The Nonh Carolina state government will now begin the unsavory business of finding some county to stick with a landfill that would eventually receive 37% of the nation's low-level nuclear waste. Five sites in the Piedmont are among those under consideration. And a popular movement of citizens is gearing up to sec that some county will not have to eat eight states' low-level radioactive trash. The Conservation Council of Nonh Carolina (CCNC) is calling for a state-wide ban on shallow burial of LLRW's and is demanding that the legislature adopt location standards for radioactive waste disposal facilities. While state regulations call for "engineered barriers" to control the wastes, there is no mention of what these barriers would be, and the CCNC is calling for public definition of this term. The group is also asking the state legislature to require Nonh Carolina's main nuclear waste producers, Duke Power and Carolina Power and Light (CP&L), to take responsibility for their own radioactive wastes. These two private companies, that m1xs~P1~. IU~ATLEfT. 1'l>JU5T 8l.llJl>f()U)I A11t> GO~ /T!.. .. are turning huge profits, produce 97% of North Carolina's LLR W's by curies (radioactive content) and 87% of the state's waste output by volume. State disposal of their radioactive wastes amounts to an enormous government subsidy to encourage the production of nuclear energy and to discourage energy conservation and waste control. The Jackson County group Citizens for a Choice on Nuclear Waste has already begun to circulate petitions calling on the NC Legislature to 'either pull out immediately from the Southeastern Compact or to submit the decision to a binding referendum by the state's elect0rate. "The compact is a poor concept," said Avram Friedman of CCNW, "because it encourages irresponsible production of nuclear wastes. We would like to do away with the compact idea altogether, so that each state will have to become more aware of the effects of nuclear waste generation.'' Contact: Conservation Council of NC 1024 Washington SL Raleigh, NC 27605 for petitions: Citizens for a Choice on Nuclear Waste P.O. Box 653 Dillsboro, NC 28725 ··- BUNCOMBE COMMISSIONERS CONSIDER COMPOST N11ural World News Service ln the past winter the Buncombe County Commissioners were considering mass-burn incineration as the method to handle the county's solid waste (see KatGah #12). They had contracted a $10,000 study to investigate the feasibility of co-incineration of sludge and solid waste. To people concerned about Asheville's air quality and the economics of waste recycling things were looking grim. However, through the effons of Paul Gallimore of the Long Branch Environmental Education Center, the commissioners were introduced to Elliot Epstein, a former researcher for the US Department of Agriculture research station in BeltsVillc, MD. On April 17 Epstein gave a presentation to the commissioners on the "static-pile" composting system he developed and "refuse-derived fuel" (RDF) systems. Both these systems are methods of turning waste into useful and beneficial products. In the static-pile composting method treated sewage sludge and solid wastes are heaped into piles around a framework of KATUAII - page 19 pipes through which air is blown into the pile. This sets up conditions for microbial action that quickly convens the wastes into a soil conditioner rich in organic matter. Refuse-derived fuel systems process waste paper and cardboard into briquetS, pellets, or "fluff' to be burned in boilers to produce steam and/or electricity by co-generation. These materials could be sold to industrial customers, or, according to local engineer Erik Nielson, it would be profitable to build a boiler and sell the trash-produced electricity into the grid. The commissioners were impressed enough with Epstein's vision and expertise t0 offer him $15,000 to study the possibility of developing composting and RDF systems in Buncombe County. Epstein announced the results of his study to a meeting of the commissioners on August 12. They expressed their approval of his findings by extending his contract by $38,000 to do preliminary market research for selling municipal compost and RDF materials and to design a composting plant that would meet the county's needs. The future for waste recycling in Asheville looks brighter indeed. The city could now possibly be the home for the first composting and RDF plant in the southeast.Yet citizen input is still needed on this issue. It is imponant that people encourage the county commissioners in their decision, for, if they proceed on this path, they will be breaking the trail for other urban centers in the southeast. They need to know they are acting with the support of their constituents. It is also imponant that the NC Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development bold public hearings on the disposal of sewage sludge by the Metropolitan Sewer District Authority, an autonomous agency in Buncombe County regulated by the state and the EPA. This may be requested by writing t0: Nonh Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development Division of Waste Management / 512 N. Salisbury St. Raleigh, NC 27611 Fall 1986 �NATURAL WORLD NEWS USFS 15 YEAR PLAN Nallll'lll World News Service The US Forest Service has developed a revised 15-year management plan for the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests area. The flood of commentS received when the first draft of the 15-year plan was released influenced the shape of the new plan. "We're in a tough spot," said Larry Hayden, ranger at the Wayab District station who participated in the revision of the 15-year plan."We got a lot of feedback from many different interest groups, and somewhere in there is one tiny point where we can balance all these different demands. We are looking for that one tiny point." The demands of local residents were reflected in a reduced area of timber production, a greater emphasis on non-motorized recreation, better bear habitat, modified logging methods, and new management criteria 10 better protect running creeks. The greatest change was in the area available for timber cutting. Where previously 800,000 acres had been open to logging, the modified plan proposes only 550,000 acres of timber production. This means that 250,000 acres of forest would be taken out of timber production altogether, at least for the duration of the plan. However, timber quotas were not low~red, !Deaning that the areas open to logging wtll be cut more heavily in the next 15 years. The acreage to be cut is set at 7,360 acres, which is acmally an increase over the amount proposed in the original draft. Of this area, 2,500 acres are to be cut by the shelterwood method, whereby 60% of the timber is removed in a first cut, and the remainder is taken out in a second cutting either 10 or 60 years later depending on the management plan for th; particular site. In some areas this is being done to help regenerate the oonhern red oak, a valuable timber tree which has been losing ground in the national forests. In other areas shelterwood cutting would be done strictly to alleviate the ugliness of a large clearcut in an area visible to the public. Only 360 acres of the two national forests are to be cut by the group selection method, in which small groups of trees of both good timber and cull grade wood are removed to favor the growth of the next generation of trees. In the public outcry against clearcutting, most of those who proposed an alternarive had group selection in mind. Allotting only 360 acres could be seen either as political tokenism or as an experiment that might lead to changes in forest management in the future. KATUAH - page 20 Another change for the better was a substantial reduction in proposed road construction. Instead of planning to build 156 miles of road per year from a $5.1 million transportation budget, the USPS now plans to build 40 miles of road per year and spend only $1.2 million on transportation needs. However, the reconstruction of existing roads is to be doubled from the original proposal of 28 miles per year to 55 miles per year. That again reflects the decision that areas already in use will be worked harder, but that less territory will be open to human incursion. The establishment of new directives for a riparian (running creek) management zone was one of the major advances of the new plan. These directives clearly state that trout habitat is to be maintained in the national forests. Specifically, there is to be no logging for 30 feet on either side of a year-round creek, and between 30 and 100 feet l~gging is to be done only by the group selection method to lessen the impact on creek life. This will remove a substantial amount of land from timber production and will do much to ensure that streams are running clear as they leave the national forests. Five areas in the forest, a total of 26,920 acres, are under study as wilderness areas by an act of Congress. The legislature will decide whether or not these areas are to receive a wilderness designation, but in the new plan the Forest Service will recommend that the Lost Cove, Harpers Creek, and the Craggy Mountains areas be set aside as wilderness. Also written into the new plan was a promise that the Overflow and Sno~bird ai:eas will remain virtually u~d1sturbed 1f they are not designated wilderness and left in Forest Service control. Under the modified plan, 75% of the Nantahala-Pisgab National Forests area will be reserved for "dispersed recreation" (not open to vehicles). This is a higher percentage than in the original proposal, but the figure is misleading, because it includes areas that would be clearcut and then closed to traffic. It's not much fun trying to walk across a new clearcut!! However, this does ensure that the bears, turkeys, and other wil~life will have a larger part of the nauonal forest for their habitat free of human disturbance, a very important consideration. There is no review period planned for the revised draft of the ForestS Services 15-year plan for the Nantahala-Pisgab forest. "We've already heard what everyone has had to say, and this modified plan is our best attempt to respond to that, "said Larry Hayden. The completed final draft of the plan and an environmental assessment is scheduled to go to Regional Forester John Alcock September 15 for approval.The public will have 45 days to file appeals once the plan has become official, probably in November. . Despite the USPS plan to pass over a review by the people, it is irnponant for us to make our thoughts and feelings known. A summary of the modified plan and a description of the new management catagories is available from: US Forest Service P.0.Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 USFS OPEN HOUSE Natural World News Service The US Forest Service held "open house" presentations on the modified 15-year plan for the Nantahala-Pisgah ~ari?nal Forests on August 7 at the eight distnct ranger stations. The sessions were billed as "informative". Announcements said that rangers would be happy to discuss the P,lao ~d "any concerns you might have , but tt was made clear that the review period was over and the next chance the public will have for input on the shape of the next 15 years in the national forests will be during the formal appeal period after the decree bas already become official. Nevertheless, delegations from the Western North Carolina Alliance went to all eight of the USFS district offices to make themselves heard. At the Wayah District station in Franklin, NC, Clarence Hall of Sylva raised the central area of concern to the WNCA:"Why are there only 360 acres alloted to group selection cutting? That's only a drop in the bucket!" Rangers responded by saying that group selection cutting was economically viable on only the best sites, and that the practice of clearcutting would be modified w~~~ver they c:onsidered it feasible by util1zmg the pracnce of shelterwood cutting. Where a second cutting would be uneconomical at some of the sbellerwood sites, the Forest Service plans to kill cull trees by injecting herbicides to achieve an even-aged stand of young trees. This plan met resistance from the Alliance members who favor all-aged management as being a more natural method of silviculture. The res.idents also objecied to the long-lasting poisons that would be introduced into the forest system and to the fact that the dead trees would be left unused. Rangers also avoided a question about mining and mineral rights under the new plan. "It's always been the law that if mineral rights are privately owned, the Forest Service has to provide access to the mining site. That won't change," said a ranger. "But mining is not a pressing issue anymore " The WNCA members remained skeptical. The residents also criticized the Forest Service for cutting back on road construction and closing parts of the national forest to recreational traffic. The Alliance is in favor of more open roads in the national forests, a sentiment not shared by other environmental groups. "Thirty-five years ago," Clarence said, "I was out hunting squirrels, and I came across some men up on Greens Creek killing trees with those injection hatchets. I begged and I pleaded with them not to do that, but they said that's what had to be done to manage the forest. "Recently at a meeting I talked about that day, and Lewis Kearney, the district ranger, said at that time that killing those trees had been a bad mistake. "I'm afraid that years from now, when ~ of us are g~ne, people may say the same thing about this clearcutting. We don't want to let that happen." The Western North Carolina Alliance can be reached by mail at: P.0.Box 117, Murphy, NC 28906. Fall 1986 �Review THE WIT A~D WISDOM OF RA NGER DOUG Woodslore and Wj!dwooc!s Wjsdom by Doug Elliott (Burnsville, NC 28714; Rt 4, Box 137; Possum Productions: 1986) $7.95 This book is a savory stew of the knowledge Doug Elliott has accumulated during a dec ade of woods-stomping, jungle-jumping, and tidepoo!-splashing throughout eastern Tunic Island and Central America. Woodslore and Wjldwoods Wisdom is actually a compendium of Doug Elliott's greatest hits, as much of the material has been published before. But although you may have seen the classic "How to Use Road Kills" in the ~ Eanh Catalog of years past, and unless you are a regular reader of Wildlife jn North Carolina magazine, much or all of the material in this Ranger Doug reader will be new and fascinating. lt's best, of course, 10 meet and to know Doug and to walk in the woods with him, getting the benefit of his knowledge or the wild, his hilarious stories, his infectious laugh, and the twinkle in his eye. But as an introduction to Doug and whm he knows, Wooc!slore and Wildwoo<ls W jsdom will do j ust fine. He covers a variety of topics from his beloved possums through old-timey apples and the infamous ramp plant of the Katiiah hills. He tells us how to make a rope and a basket from natural materials found in the wild, and talks about herbs, orchids, bears, ginseng, and millipedes. One feature is an introduction to the wondrous underground world beneath the forest excerpted from Doug's book R22!1. And there's more ..... There is little rhyme or reason 10 this book. Its topics are as varied and as far-flung as Doug Elliott's wandering mind. But Doug has a unique and deep perspective on the world, and seeing it through his eyes is always educational and fun. His new book is a wonderful collection of some of the high points of Doug E!liou's literary career, fu!J of woods-sense, common sense, and humor. But ya still got to meet the boy..... \Vood~/ore and Wildwaods Wisdom is avai /able for $7.95 plus $1.00 postage for each copy o rdered f rom Possum Productions; Rr. 4 , Box 137; Burnsville, NC 28714 Also still available is Doug's book B.Juu.s..:.. An Un<lererollnd Botany and Foraeer's Gllkk., an excellent guide co identifying and using the different roots of Katuah's field and woodland plants, illustrated with beauriful drawings. $8.00 plus $1 .00 postage for each copy ordered from Possum Productions. ..-. An Interview with Elizabeth Callari continued from p. S And then there is that period of rest right before you go into labor...and it's very quiet In dying, there's also that period of res t before the work really begins. Twenty-four hours before death. I notice a shift in the person It's usually a hiatus and then, I know, aha, okay now we're really starting. I usually share it with the staff Watch this because this is what's really happening. Notice thar. The last guest who was here - her name was Geneva - that morning that she died, I went in... it was about 5:00 in the morning. I ran my fingers over her arm - which I do a lot - and it felt very strange. I had never felt anything like this before. I thought to myself that her body is just getting rid of the last of the toxins in order for it to be healed. Death is the ultimate healer, you know. And so, I had everybody with the staff touch her ...and feel rhat something was different, very differenr. She died around 3:00 that afternoon. When I go into the room and I feel as though death is coming close, we sran what is called a vigil. The staff comes together those who can, you know - sometimes we are there 24 hours, so we take turns. We pu!J up chairs and sit around the bed, light candles. and then do some meditative reading. Sometimes we read aloud. Sometimes we read quietly. It doesn't matter, they still get the message. If people like to have the Bible read, we read the Bible. You know, whatever their reality is. It all disappears anyway, but whatever they can relate to during that time is fine. So they move into this space in a very gentle way and they're surrounded by people who love them, who are not going to stop the process. You know it's very difficult to die when there is someone standing there saying, "no.no.no, r can't live without you." Nobody leaves until it's time so don't interfere, just don't interfere. If you 're having a tough rime, it's better that you go KATUAH-page21 into the other room just so you don 't interfere with your thoughts. Just your thoughts are going to stop what's happening. The vigil, I think, is very beauuful and that time is so exciting. I know what is happening and I know that incredible beauty, that 'ahhh', that 'what it's all about' is taking place. Careful of your attachments as you go into your dyi ng process because whatever attachment you have, that's what you're going to be drawn 10 afterwards. So release all your attachments while you're living, be totally involved, but not attached to anything, not even to your concept of God because your concept of God is going to change as you go through this process. ~' And if you're attached to your concept of God, the way it is right now, you're going to put up resistance and resistance causes pain - this is a kind of pain that no medication takes care of. In the first two years, I was pretty much doing this work by myself. Now in February of this year, the volunteers really Started coming and I believe that it worked that way because of all the issues I had to work out Until they got worked out, the volunteers weren't going to come. Some of them came because they are so afraid of death ...and I have to admire them because most people step around the issue and don't walk in. These people come because they are afraid of death are walking right into it and they're growing. We all are. The guests who are here are our teachers. It's not someone out there who has a book in front of them who is our teacher. These are our teachers. That's their gift to us. We give them the gift of love and caring for them and they give us the gift of life. The food we prepare here is prepared very consciously and I ask that no one prepare it if they're angry because that goes right into the food. If there is a day when you're upset about something, it's best you don't be in the kitchen. And when I was by myself and I was upset for some reason, I didn't cook either. It's bener 10 open a can of soup or wh atever and hope that the person who processed that soup was happy that day. This is another reason that the people get well for whatever period of time. Food is lovingly prepared and it comes from our gardens, when they want to eat that kind of food. Now, also, people can eat whatever they want to eat here but we offer them a good, cleansing type diet. Usually, they come to us with so many chemicals in their bodies...it's like shovelling through a whole pile of stuff to get to the essence of who they are. Very often, people who come here go off of much of the medication they bring with them. They just don't need it. You don 't need anti-depressants when you're here. We encourage people who come here 10 take responsibility for their life and their death. And in taking responsibility for your death, you make the final decisions. You don't want somebody else to do that So we sit down when it's appropriate. Intuitively, I know when it's appropriate - when the time is right There is that linle clue that they give and so I pick up on it. 'What would you like? Who would you like to have speak?'. Details. We work on the details. You know, when you are sitting with someone who is dying, you don't need an education in anything except to be able to love...and not judge what's happening. It's their game...it's their play. Let lhm..do it. But be there for them when they need you. And if it means crawling into bed and holding them and rocking them while they're going through this, then that's what you do. If it means leaving them totally alone, then ~ what you do. Fall 1986 �DRUMMING LETTERS TO KA TUAH Dear KatCiah, Here are some thoughts that arise when thinking about the "Death and Dying" issue you mention in your note. Death is a familiar aspect of our lives. At rimes death is perceived as being especially "close" when a person or being close to us dies. It is suggested that famiUariry and our perceptions are not the same as an understanding of death. We have rituals, stories, poems, and pictures to deal with death, and still the mystery remains. These comments, influenced by Krishnamurti and others, are offered with a view of death as a necessary and integral part of life. In this view, any aucmpt to separate death from life introduces violence, a violence that may contribute to the fears and lack of understanding that are commonly associated with death. Furthermore, it is suggested that environmental, personal, social and political conditions are subject to the same basic considerations. That is, because of a lack of a realistic view of the world and experience, we tend to deal with familiar patterns as separace aspeccs of reality and experience a kaleidoscopic world based on discrimination through separation. When separation is recognized as being violent, it is no1 surprising that violence is rampant in the world that we help to create. Divide and conqucr--a military maxim also applied with dramatic results in the laboratory. What is conquered with division? Wholeness seems to be "conquered". However, all wars, every experiment, are conducted in a context that remains whole. Division represents a local perturbation in the fabric of reality, but the over·all context prevails. Only those near the division experience the stress of separating forces. The violence associated with separation is a localized phenomenon. The impact of such violence can be moderated by recognizing the more general reality in which the localized separation occurs. One might suggest that the violence associated with nuclear war is not localized, that it includes the entire earth. True, however, the earth is an extremely small part of the universe and can be viewed as a highly localized phenomenon in the general scheme of things. We are somewhat familiar with the earth and have a growing understanding of the connectedness of the many systems on the eanb. Native Americans and ecologists recognize this connectedness and the violence that appears when we attempt to separate the many aspects of local reality on Eanh. So it is with life and death. To consider death "separately" does violence to the unity of life and death. We not only breathe "out", we also breathe "in". To understand inspiration fully, we must include expiration. You may recognize the Taoist perspective in these comments. Yang alone or Yin alone are out of balance. When Yang and Yin are in balance, the Tao is realized and Yang and Yin are no longer discemablc. The violence of separation is expressed in classifications which emphasize Yangness and Yinness without recognizing the Tao as transcending these aspects of division. As we consider death, or the familiar stories and rituals that humans have developed around biological death, it may be well to recognize the nature of the violence possible in KATUAH · page 22 such considerations. As death and life arc blended, the possibility of transcending the localized violence presents itself. Poems, stories, rituals, and pictures can be useful pointers to that which is beyond and in our limited assumptions. HO. Best to you, John Artley Karuah folks, I am impressed and appreciative of the work you are doing. Your journal is a backbone of strength and unity for the bioregion and myself. I enjoy reading a journal in which I am so consistently, practically, philosophically, and spiritually aligned. I was concerned however, that J. Lynn Mackey's review, "Deep Ecology or Shallow Moralism?", in the Wintcr-86 issue might inadvertently have presented a distorted picture of Deep Ecology as a movement Deep Ecology, particularly in the western states, has become a key concept in both the bioregional and radical environmental movements. Deep Ecology, inclusive of concepts of a deeper and deeper questioning of dominant paradigm values, a lifestyle simple in means and rich in ends, reverence for earth communities, and the interrelationship and intrinsic value of all life (animals, plantS, rocks, rivers) on all levels, is entirely conducive to the resacralization and reinhabitation of bioregions. Deep Ecology has been the name for a continuously developing body of environmental thought coalescing in front line direct action by bioregionally centered individuals and groups like Earth First!. It has also functioned as a difficult "middle groundn, a transf~nn~ve area of ideas, for lhose reaching for a deeper connecaon wuh the Earth but soil grappling with the misconceptions of the dominant culture itself. Unfortunately a bioregionaJly specific, close-to-earth lifestyle by itself does not necessarily inspire a harmonious relationshipwith nature. Our western pioneer movement is a case in point. Neither does it necessarily, once tainted with western paradigms, have respect for culturally rich, simple, bioregional lifestyles. Ask the spirit of the Native American. Anyone involved with bioregionally protective activism and developing a spiritually richer community recognizes the difficulty and necessity of the "middle ground" where the peaceful warrior and earth-centered culture meet the forceful domination of mass culture with goal of peaceful rransformation. Deep ecology assists with this space while lending iLSelf to the open ended development of a rich, bioregionally specific culture. Individuals and groups developing practical lifestyles, ritual, thought-outreach, and eco-activism in alignment with the spiritual center of a natural place, are practicing both bioregionalism and deep ecology. . J. Lynn Mackey is right; bioregionally specific, diversified culture is where it's aL We could use a bioregional analysis. and I hope he or someone else takes up that proJecl. Perhaps 11 will assist in changing the world. But until that time, emergent bioregional culture needs to support itS closest allies, and be supported by them, each contributing to the other. Deep ecology is an ally, on all levels, for those who face the full responsibiUty and reality of a localized earth-centered lifestyle in a homocentric, domination oriented society. We draw our allies from vision quests in sacred places, from the land, our friends, and the constant flux of our creative connection with a natural place. We can draw upon and consider Deep Ecology a valuable ally in the work of our Ii ves. Peace and Love, John Morris Chatham, GA Fall 1986 �Dear Katliah, Belief in reincarnation was nearly universal among our pre-Christian European ancestors and was accepted by many native Americans as well. Native Australians, Inuit, native Hawaiians, and many Africans are among the people who believe we live more than once. Perhaps we can call !ouch a belief pan of our native intelligence. According to a 1981 Gallup poll, twenry-three percent of the adult population of North America believe in reincarnation. This is panicularly impressive when one thinks about the lengths to which the church went to stamp out this and other heresies (a word which originally meant "free choice"). Perhaps as many as 9 million people were burned, hanged and tortured cruelly and publicly for witchcraft in Europe over a period of 3 ccnruries. Why did this happen? Perhaps it was a form of initiation for souls who wished to learn Jesus' message of forgiveness first-hand. The experience of the burning time has left psychic scars on many people. Such experiences, like ourselves, do not die but arc transformed. So it is by the light of millions of burning women and men that we are now able to see our way clear of the stinking mess of a situation that our rejection of death has caused. Children fight sleep, grown-ups fight death, adult humans light fear and ignorance. Take Hean, WiU Bason Floyd, VA OPENLETIER TO MEN, HUNrERS Oh, it's alright to send the slug at high speed into the life of a dark bear (faster than the red stain expanded until globs of brain splattered against the trees, wasn't it?) i would never say you had no right to hunting, to kill is something we need to know ("we could always live off game and wild greens") to keep our place strong and free in this land and our boys need to know when they are men and we need to know do we measure up to the measure of this land? Do we measure up to the measure of this land? Does it make the mountains proud? to see one sitting in a new truck 360 horse, 4 x 4 to burn up the back country drinking whiskey (even if it ii illegal) Do the trees? listen with quiet approval to the radio "CCKKKKK!! It's coming to you, Luther" What kind of a man? eases his swollen gut from behind the wheel picks up his rifle that can keep a bear a quarter-mile away and crashes through the woods to a sure shot at a female ("scrawny - the acorns were bad this year and last") the pack of dogs already had treed the bear and itS ways fast from food three days before the hunt plunge seven times into mountain waters clear and cold not touch a woman for a week? How do you go about your business taking a life or is it all as casual? as red globs of brain splattering against the trees The question remains ~ the fro~t of my brain, small and hot 'Why..... in savage rage i ask, roaring, bellowing lips curling away from razor fangs "WHY THE HELL do you~ Jill.CH SQ MOCH taking a measwe we must read what we find when that same bear her entrails still dragging the way you left her returns for you and finds you cringing in a hospital bed barricaded behind wires and machines swallowing magic pills superstitious charms against a death so important simply because it's yours that you think the world is finished why'?" No one, not i, would stand in front of your gun and say "You have no right!" but when did you ever? give time to study, learn, and love the hills, the forest, drunken and blind, only we could go into the forest back among the hills and still not learn the truth about bears. KALANU, TIIB POET KA TUAH - page 23 Fall 1986 �GOOD NIGHT FAOM SHADOWS FALL • continued from p. 13 Sera Jean smiled in return and rose from the table. Her father towered above her, his tanned cheekbones healthy above his beard, which was sunbright like his wisping hair. His green eyes shone wannly down, a large hand came to rest at her waist. "So, how's the old man?" Sera Jean looked up to see his eyes upon her, ttying to see in her more than she could show. "Hc's ..... he's no worse." She turned back to her cooking, taking a cast iron skillet, splashing in some safflower oil. Her father spoke again. "You'd think that old man was enjoying himself up there. "Guess I'll say hello to my big girl. Where's she at?" "Oh," Sera Jean replied anxiously, remembering the message she really didn't want to pass along. "Fe went to a sweat for Elise. She won't be back 'ti! late." The man seemed to sink in on himself. The light in his face wavered, his step became a Limp. He took a deep breath. "Sweet lady Fe. She does love her women." He sighed with resignation, ranging awa.Y toward the far end of the kitchen, to the cedar bathtub which Gran'pa had set into ,the floor before the big glass window that looked up the cove to the ridge top. "Did she leave any hot water? Think I got time for a bath? These old bones could use some warmth." "Sure," Sera Jean replied, moving the skillet to the fire. She looked after the man as he steeped in his disappointment. Slowly, absently he saipped away his shirt while he sat upon the squat, three-legged stool and stared out at the trees where the line of moonglow could be seen descending into the cove as a quarter moon rose over the eastern ridge. She came up behind him. "Dad, let me massage your shoulder." The man's head jerked around in surprise at her offer. "Why, Sera Jean, I believe your heart has gotten bigger." He leaned forward and started the water in the tub, then rose back into Sera Jean's waiting hands.She had stopped massaging Gran'pa's cold body, afraid he would die from her touch. Now she leaned her weight into her father's hard frame, digging her fingers into his shoulder blade as she had seen her mother do. "Duane, why does Fe go out so much, but you hardly go anywhere?" The man seemed to wait, holding himself rcoeptivc to her fingers, and then let his breath out as he answered, "Hmmmmmmmm..... we all make our choices, Sera. Then we are obligated to live up to the responsibilities that go with those choices. You might say I'm feeling lazy these days." "You? Lazy?" Sera Jean queried. "I don't thlnk I could ever say that." "Hmph," Duane replied, amused. "Yeah, I'm k:i nd'a stuck on my ass these days. But the freedom I choose by staying home doesn't require whole bunches of responsibilities. I just stay here and work. KA1UAH • page 24 It's easy. But your mama, she's got to get out there and talce it to the limit, just to see if she can handle it, which is good. We need her to handle it. As long as she brings it back to us, I can't complain." "But you don't want to go anywhere, to do things?" "Sera-girl, when I met your mother, I was running on a ridge, just as fast as I could, doing anything, doing everything doing il twice if it didn't kHI me the firs t time. I thought I had to run faster, get higher, fill myself right up, because that's what I thought life was all about. But if you never share any of that, it piles up, gets heavy. And then I became afraid I would always need more just to be never quite satisfied. "I really didn't believe your mother had the speed to keep up with me. But she brought me here, turned me loose inside this cove, let me run circles around her, and no matter how fast I went, she could always catch me whenever she wanted me. Just head me off at the pass. I've always been amazed, y'know, how easy it is to run so fast and free and good and not hun a soul in doing what I pleased. So, I've got it all, Sera. Right here and now. If I went anywhere else, even with good friends, I'd feel poor and alone." "Even when mom's gone?" Her fingers could feel the man struggling not to lie. There was silence. He looked away, drawing upon the shadowy cove where the line of moonglow had descended closer, getting the feeling right. "Yeah," he said, "even without my sweet lady Fe." He moved, quick as a gentle breeze, his great arms coming around her, Lifting her to place her on his knee. "You can't hang on to things, Sera. Letting go can be hard, but things must pass. You can't stop them." "I-I guess I know that, Dad. But I'm not strong like you. I'll always miss Gran'pa." "I'm sure that would make Gran'pa very sad - to know that you will always be missing him for the rest of your Life. Trying to hang on to what no longer is, you'll miss what Gran'pa has for you now.' "But he'll soon be gone, and I'll ..... " "Gone? Where's be gonna go? To get free of that worthless bag of bones must have him grinning ear to ear. Did you ever thlnk, babe, that if it weren't for you still putting energy into Gran'pa, he might have been set free a couple of weeks ago?" Sera Jean looked out the tall windows and saw the line of moon glow ever closer. "Y'see, Sera, the secret is to spend every day gently impressed. If today comes at you all thunder and lightning, then brace yourself and take it on gently. Don't let it get in the way of tomorrow. You never know where it's coming from. but it's always coming. Take ii on gently. and give it b:ick gently. You'll be alright "Why don't you pack up your sorrow and set it on the rick? You don't have to run on the ridge anymore, ttying 1 gc1 higher 10 0 see 1he last of a setting sun. ll'll still come up behind you in the morni ng. But, if you look right now, ru bet you can find Gran'p:i down here waiting for you like he never left." Sera Jean's downcast eyes caught sight of moonlight creeping over the window sill. She looked up to see that it had set all the cove to eerie whiteness and black shadows, surprising her with a beaury she knew so well, a gentle touch, impressing upon her like Life holding her close. She felt the rough, work-hard hand through the cloth upon her back, and felt ic a comfon. She looked into the kind eyes, old and comfonable too, crinkling around the edges, caring. It was only fair that she should smile in return for the gentle goodness that had replaced the gentle sorrow that had weighted her for so long. "Duane," she spoke in a half-whisper, "Get me up in the morning. I think I'll go to school.'' "You got it, Ace," Duane confirmed. "You and me for breakfast." "What about Fe?" "Well," he breathed, "I suspect Mama will want to sleep in tomorrow. So, we'll just have to do the best we can with what we got." "Maybe we should ask her to come home," Sera Jean suggested. "No," he shook his wisping, hairy bead. "If we did that we wouldn't be living up to our responsibilities. I think we should let her go more often. She just might fall off the ridge someday, and if we haven't let go of her yet, we might find ourselves being tom painfully hard. "Hey, look, big girl. This water's a'waitin' on me, and I think I'll be gettin' to it." Sera Jean rose and stepped away silently, turning her back on the big man as he stood and became a rustling of clothing. She looked back from the summer stove where she poked the embers tighter together and a tiny flame leaped anew. She saw him standing straight in the blue-white moonglow, his hard body sharply defined by shadow. He reached up behind his head to pull the tie from his hai r and a moon-bright radiance dropped about his shoulders. He stepped into the bath, and the gentle sound of lapping water came to her as he sat and was silent. Sera Jean Samuels could see rum, in his silent sadness, staring out into the land of her grandfathers, calling upon them to give him strength, letting the moonlight give him beauty, beauty to liken the womaness he needed. She thought she saw a tear sparkle in the moonglow, heard it drop into the water and be gone. But then again, it seemed only right that it be the part of the man to let go the woman. lUustralions by Rob Messick Fall 1986 �HOW TO H ELP CHILDREN HANDLE DEATH - conunocd from page 10 This can terrify children about bedtime. never coming back). And the third is hope (We're going 10 be okay even without 3. Mommy's gone on a long trip. "Daddy is going out of town on a business trip--is Daddy). Help the child work through these he never coming back? Will I be left all processes, and s/be ""ill be the healthier for it, and stronger when faced with loss the alone? Why didn ' t Mommy tell me next time. good- bye? Didn't she love me? Was I naughty?" Children may think all of these and also wonder, "If Mommy only went Recognize anger, guilt, and away, why is everyone crying?" physical distress for what they are. 4. God took her becau~e she was good. These are all normal reactions 10 loss. A "Then I don·t want to be good. so I won't child may say s/be hates Uncle Bob for have to die. Are old people bad?" This can dying and leaving the family. Or S/be might develop into a fear and hatred of God. say the doctor murdered a brother. Or why didn't Susie's mother die instead of Deceiving children is the worst course, Mommy? because eventually they'll learn the truth. Guilt often results when children don'1 And deception will not help them to face the understand the difference between fan1asy inevitable fact of death. and reality. They can think they caused a person's death because they once said, "I Help children to expr ess their wish you were dead." h 's important to grief. Encourage the child 10 let out his or explain this can't happen and that the child her feelings. It's okay 10 cry--you feel like had nothing to do with the dea1h. crying, 100. h 's okay to feel sad or Many children feel physical distress depressed. It's okay 10 not know how to when faced with 1be shock of loss. act. But emphasize that although the loved Dizziness. nausea, insomnia, shonness of one will never return, s/be lives on in the breath, lack of appeti1e, and inability to happy memories you all share. concentrate are but a few of the symptoms a The grieving child experiences three child may experience. Reassure him or her phases. The first is denial (Daddy didn't that the feeling is natural and will disappear die). The next is pain and despair (Daddy's in time. MAKING BURIAL BOXES - continued from p. 9 Nail the side pieces to the bo11om, using 7/8" nails. The strips should be inside and at the top. Nail the ends, with the good sides out, firmly to the bottom and 10 the side strips. using 8-penny nails, and the job is done. The handles may be stored inside the box and screwed on when the box is used. Likewise, the top may be tacked lightly in place until the box is needed, and then nailed firmly down with 7/8" nails when the box is used. The box, when loaded, should be moved with care to avoid pulling the ends away from the box. After the cover has been nailed down, however, the box is quite strong and can be handled freely. By using screws in the ends instead of nails, the box can be made quite strong without the lid. THE WAKe: - continued from p. 11 graveyard. When my brother died, though, they faid him over on Barker's Creek (on 1he other side of the ridge - ed.). I don't know why they put him so far away. If I had the money, I'd have him reburied over here. But it seems like when someone dies, it all comes so sudden-like and all. that you don't have time to think about all that. I don't know why. but it feels better 10 have them buried close 10 you ....." OLD CUSTOMS SURVIVE Being a tribal people, the Cherokee Indians probably had a custom similar to the wake in ancient times. In any case, when the Baptist missionaries penetrated the reservation of the Eastern Band. the Indians readily adopted the practice of "senin~up". Baptist style, they held the wake in the church, and for the Indians ii was a solemn occasion. The Cherokees are a conservative people, and the custom of "seuin'-up" is srill maintained on the reservation today. KATUAH - page 25 Allow children to attend the funeral. Never force children 10 go, but do encourage it. They are pan of the family and, like other family members. should panicipa1e in this significant event. Be sure 10 explain the details of the service before you go. But remember children need 10 share their sadness and be with others, just as adults do. This will help them 10 accept the reality of death. These guidelines should help to make dealing with death a little easier. Keep in mind that the grieving process (for children and adults alike) takes time. But if, in a maner of time, the intensity of grieving does not abate, or if you have any doubts, don't hesitate to seek professional help for the child. In the midst of their own grief, few people are able to give children undergoing severe grief reactions the suppon they need. Day by day it will get easier. When children understand the meaning of death and are honestly dealt with, they can more readily cope with loss and move forward to maintain a positive attitude towards life and living. And they realize human life is one of our most precious possessions, and will go on 10 live life 10 its fullest. ...:.-<::: When the box is used, two handles should be screwed to each end for ease in going through doors. They may be removed with a screwdriver and brought home from the crematory or cemetary for furure use. When a body is taken to a medical school in one of these boxes, it is customary 10 remove the body from the box and take the box home. To save storage space, these boxes are so designed so that the medium size can nest inside the large size. and the child size inside the small size. Assembly Diaaram Tom Underwood, a white man who grew up on the reservation, describes the tradition: "Once the life was gone from a body, it was never left until it was buried. Now, in modem days, the body is taken 10 a funeral home to be processed, but then it's brought back, and as long as it is in the care of the family and kin, it's never left alone. The wake is usually held in a church, and here on the reservation it's customary for people 10 have food to eat, coffee, and soft drinks. They sing the deceased's favorite songs..... Here, it's not a party, it's an observance." The isolation of the mountains played a large pan in keeping traditional customs alive after they had disappeared from the sophisticated urban areas. But as the roads came in, undenakers began to move out into the rural countryside. Tom Underwood said: "What prompted people to change over was just a feeling that the undenaker could do a beuer job of taking care of the body. Another reason was that in the hot summenime it didn't take long for a body 10 begin to go! "Having it processed meant that kin' who lived farther away would have ome to get there before the funeral. Then, too, people began 10 have more ready cash to pay the undenaker. At first, though, be was paid with chickens, hams, produce, or with work, if there was something he needed done. That's what people had 10 offer." Now, in most places, the undenaker, a man, stands guard over the gates of death, keeping the burial elaborate, efficient, fonnal, and solemn - watching again~t any threats co the "designs of culture". But in small churches high in the coves of Appalachia people still stay through the night: talking, praying, crying, eating, and singing the mournful old songs together. / �704-58&-8729 FRIEDMAN & 8 p -~~·. Q,.J 'I l : r" · < "'i DESIGN, INC. ENERGY SYSTEMS THAT PAY FOR THEMSELVPi AVRAM FlltEOMAH OESl()NER.TECHNtCIAN P O 80XM7 DILLSBORO. N C 28725 CIHlllNIE§I& ACIUDP1UNC1I'IUl!UE NATIJRAL FOOD STORE &DELI ~ llil!H:lil!OILOGY CILOOC MALAPROP'S BOOKSTORE/CAFE 160 Broadway Open 7 Days A Week Monday • Friday (704) 253-7656 9:00 a.m. • 8:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m. • 6:30 p.m. 6 1 RA YWOOD ST., ASHEVD..LE. NC 28801 Where Broadway Meets Merrimon (704) 2S4-6734 107 Menimon Avenue Asheville. N.C. ( 704) 258·90 J 6 Asheville, NC 28801 And l-240 1:00 p.m. • 5:00 p.m. BOOKS • CARDS • Saturday RECORDS Tftl powerful Get.DEN EAGLE " " ' abo•t tllt eiue R•dre in 11111 full color duop. hand·screentd on T· SHIRTS Of 100'!'. PRESHRUNK COT· TON These hl1h quality 1arments Sunday 1\!aga . } :~·~~.=~~~&\i6 Mountain lumber Cd. Soru Adults S.Xl. Sholl$1-tT.Mvl·S1000ppd. r--- · ---------- DILLSBOl\.Oh NC Lont Slt,.t T Ad<olt·S 14.00 ppd. 588-9011 : MallOrdefTt llodttll-r Nahnls 1033'" 8alumRd.. Waynomlll, NC28l8617041456·3003 Check O MUWC•nlH01- - - - - - - --t MoneyO!ftr J VISA Eap. D•t"'- - - - - - - -- t "'"''- -- - - - - - - - - - - - --t AddltH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --1 lonr Sleeve Includes delllled print ol follltt on sleeve. Slltislactlon assured l"hono _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ or rtlllm tor tull relun6. L _ _ _ _-t L CMck htlt .... fREECOlOR CATALOG ol 1ll ou1W1ldhlt lhph!CL O£Al..ER INQUIRIES INVITEO Ul IRAVIOlH PURIFICATION AND FlllERING SYSIEMS SOLAR PAOOUCTS · WATER ANALYSIS Joe Roberts RANOAll C LANIER 704 293 5912 . llWY 107 AT. 68 BOX 125 CULLOWllEE, NC 28723 KATUAH ... page 26 Oavod Reed 258 1038 734 Town Mountain Rd Asheville, NC 28805 Fall 1986 �A CHILDREN'S PAGE: ON DYING I would like to be burned and have my ashes spread over Riverflow (Community in Floyd, Va.). I think after you die you go to another world and each time you go to another world you would be sent there to do something good. Like in this world some of us possibly were sent here to stop war. Some people think when you die all you are is a ghost and just go around scaring people. But I think you go to another world. Asa-9 "Mum, when I get dead I want to be another man so I won't miss the rest of life!" Dylan-4 "When you're dead do you get a birthday? I mean an invisible birthday. When you're dead do you get an invisible birthday? Josh- 6 I think when you die your body disintegrates and you can tum into a butterfly or something. And God will call you and when its your tum he turns you into a baby and puts you in a stomach! Josh-6 0 "Yellow Dog" by Amy - 8 We had an old dog and it died because it was so old. It died and we buried it. We put sage and other kinds of herbs on its grave - and I found a little dead bird. I was going to bury it where we had buried our dog and I found little creatures and I went to tell mom and she said, "I do not know what they are." So, we buried the bird in our herb garden. And almost every day after I found the little bird I would go up to our yellow dog's grave and sit there. Special thanks to Colleen Redmon-Copus We welcome original drawings, stories, poems, ideas, or comments by individual children or groups for this page. Let us know what the children of Katuah are doing! Send contributions to Katuah. -cu KATUAH - page 27 �!9Bb SEPTEMBER 25 Black Moun tain, NC David Wilcox, Folksinger, at McDibbs; 119 Cherry SL; Black Mountain, NC (704) 669-2456. 26 Black Mountain, NC Bill Melanson and Paul Fieldman rockin' out at McDibbs. see 9/25. 9-26 Blue Ridie Parkwa y Mountajnweet Talk Two-act play by The Folktellers. Folk Art Center Theater. More info: Mountain Sweet Talk; c/o The Folktellers; P.O. Box 2898; Asheville, NC 28802 (704) 2.58-1 113. 26-28 B oome r, NC "Dyin g Into Our Lives" Workshop with Dale Borglum, director of Hanuman Foundation Living/Dying Project. At the Center for Awakening. $75. More info: (919) 921-2228. 27 Alum Ridge, VA Nature Attunement Workshop with Tom Williams. Commune with nature spirits and the Devas. Bring lunch and stay for the weekend. Cost $25; Pre-register. Penny Royal Education Center; Rt. HC 67, Box 171; Alum Ridge, VA 24051. C ullow hee, NC Mountain Heritage Day. Traditional music, exhibits, puppets, shows, food, crafts, more. WCU campus. Brasstown, NC Fall Craft Weekend. Blacksmithing, silk screening, kaleidoscope building, and woodcarving. see 10/3. 10-12 OCTOBER 27 Burnsville, NC Folk Music Festival, $5, Patience Mullendore Park, 6-12 pm. Toe River Arts Council, Box 521, Spruce Pine, NC 28777 (704) 682-7215. 27 S p r uce Pine, NC Western Nonh Carolina Alliance Annual Meeting; workshops, business, strategy meetings. $10 includes meals. Contact: Ron Lambe; Rt. 1, Box 127-E; Bakersville, NC 28705 (704) 688-2447. 27 27 3 B r asstown, NC Jean Ritchie in concen, 8 pm. Appalachian music, vocal and instrumental. John C. Campbell Folk School, Brasstown, NC 28902 (704) 837-2275. 3 Black Moun tain, NC David Wilcox at McDibbs. see 9/25. 3-5 H ot Springs, NC "To Leap Like a Tiger". Zen Buddhist Meditation weekend with Barbara Rhodes. Pre-register: Southern Dharma Retreat Center; Rt. 1, Box 34-H; Hot Springs, NC 28743. Big Ye llow Mounta in , (Aver y C ounty) M oderate to strenuous hiking. Spectacular views, rare plants. Pre-register: N.C. Nature Conservancy, POB 805, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. 4 27-28 4 Willis, VA "Balance Through Massage". A weekend intensive with Libby Outlaw; approaches to massage and balancing the body energies. Pre-register: Indian Valley Holistic Health Center; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. 30-0ct 4 Che r okee, NC Cherokee Fall Festival. Indian dancing stickball, blowguns, basketry, carving & other crafts; agricultural exhibit, midway & food. At the Ceremonial Grounds. KATIJAH - page 28 Bonas Defeat Gorge, (near C ullowh ee, NC) Nature Conservancy Field Trip. Very strenuous hiking. Pre-register: see 9/27. Bluff M ountain, (near Wes t Jefferson, NC) Natu r e Conservancy Field Trip. Pre-register: see 9/27. Brasst own , NC Fall Festival. Crafts, music & dance. John C. Campbell Folk School. see 10/3. 4-5 W illis, VA "Personal Integration: Past, Present and Future". Exploring personal history and past lives with Gaines Steer. Pre-register: see 9/27-28. Hot Springs, NC "Meditation on the Mountaintop" with John Orr. Pre-register: see 10/3-5. 10-13 15 Black Mountain, NC Gamble Rogers, singer and storyteller at McDibbs. see 9/25. 16-19 W heeling, West VA Midwives' Alliance of North America 4th Annual Conference. Speakers include Susun Weed, Norma Swenson, and Vera Keene. Workshops include therapeutic touch and herbs for birth. Contact: Ruth Walsh, POB 5, Linn, WV 26384 (304) 462-5617. 16-19 Highla nds, NC Fall Landscape Workshop. A photography workshop exploring the Highlands area. Fee $250. Contact: The Appalachian Environmental Arts Center, P.O. Drawer 580, Highlands, NC 28742 (704) 526-4303. 17 Black Mounta in, NC Dab Hand, music from Ireland, Scotland and the Shetland lslands at McD ibbs. see 9/25. 17-19 As he ville, NC Highlands Oaft Guild Fair, Civic Center. 17-19 C he rokee, NC Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Reunion, Qualia Community Center. 4-5 17-19 Boomer, NC "Caring for the Caregiver" Workshop at the Center for Awakening. Info: (919) 921-2228. Fall 1986 �OCTOBER 19, 1986, NOVEMBER 11 a.m. 2-15 Brasstown, NC Fall Crafts. Blacksmithing, log ho me building, quilting, weaving, enameling & drawing. see 10/3. Hot Springs, NC Meditation and work retreat with Rodney Smith. Pre-register: Southern Dhanna, see 10/3-5. 7-9 Hot S prings, NC "Beginner's Mind" - An introductory meditation retreat with Cheri Huber. Pre-register: Southern Dharma Retreat Center, see 10/3-5. 26-30 17-19 Zionville, NC "Healing in the Wise-Woman Tradition" with "Green Witch" Susun S. Weed, herbalist and healer. Workshops include plant identification, herbal preparations, simple ritual. Sliding scale fee: $75-100, barter, or work exchange. Pre-register: Phoenix Productions; Rt. 2, Dox 59; Zionville, NC 28698. 18 Roan Mountain (Mitchell County} Hiking the heath balds with The Nature Conservancy. Pre-register: see 9/27. 31 SAMHAIN FESTIVAL Celtic New Year (Feast of the Dead) DECEMBER 31-NOV 2 Durham, NC "Ecology - The Spiritual Imperative" wilh Margot Adler, Peter Borrelli et al. Sponsored by Center For Reflection on the Second Law. Registration $25; room & board $60. You may commute or camp. More info: CFRSL, 8420 Camellia Dr., Raleigh, NC 27612. 18 Black Mountain, NC John McCutcheon, Hammer Dulcimer music a1 McDibbs. see 9/25. Hiwassee, GA Old-Time Fiddler's Convention, Georgia Mountain Fair, POB 444, Hiwassee, GA 30546. 24-25 24-26 Brasstown, NC Fall Dance Weekend. see 10/3. Hot Springs, NC "What Are You Expecting from Zazen?" - Introduction to Zen Meditation by Katagiri-Roshi, Abbott of The Minnesota Zen Meditation Center. Pre-register: Southern Dhanna, see 10/3-5. 24-26 Black Mountain, NC Sally Rogers plays traditional music at McDibbs. see 9/25. 5~ H~ Sprin~, NC "Introduction to Sufi Meditation and Dance" with John Johnson, founder of Light of the Mountains Sufi Community. Pre-register: see 10/3-5. 11-13 Brasstown, NC Christmas Madrigal Concert and Dinner. John C. Campbell Folk School. see 10/3. ~ SOUTHE:RN DHARM~ RE:TRE:~T CE:NTE:R \ 1' FALL SCHEDULE October 3-5 10-13 24-26 "To Leap Like a Tiger - A Zen Weekend", Barbara Rhodes. "On the Mountaintop", with John Orr. "Introduction to Zen Meditation (Zazen} - What Are You Expecting from Zazen?", with Zen Master Katagiri-roshi. November 7-9 26-30 December 5-7 27-Jan 4 "Insight Meditation and Work Retreat Weekend", with Rodney Smith. "Beginner's Mind - An Introductory Meditation Retreat", with Cheri Huber. "Introduction to Sufi Meditation and Dance", with John Johnson. "A New Year's Meditation Retreat", with John Orr. 29 30-Nov 2 Berea, KY 13th Annual Celebration of Traditional Music, Berea College. With Doug Wallin, Betty Smith, Sparky Rucker and many others. Info: Berea College, Box 2336, Berea, KY 40404 (606} 986-9341 Southcm Dharma Reireat Cen~ iJ loc.ied in a remote lrC& o.r the Smoky Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina. For further ln!ormatioo about So11lhan DhlnDI or lbout ID)' of the pn>grmns above, call ar write: SOUTHERN DHAltMA RETREAT CENTER RLI, Box 34-H; Hot Sprinp, NC 28743 (704) 622-7112 You Can't Beat a Woman! Contact: Buncombe......................... HELPMATE, lnc................. (704) 254-0516 Cherokee I Clay I Graham....... R.E.A.C.H.,Inc .................. (704) 837-8064 Haywood .......................... R.E.A.C.H ........................ (704) 456-7521 Henderson ......................... MAINSTAY...................... (704) 693-3840 Jackson ............................ R.E.A.C.H ........................ (704) 586-8969 Swain .............................. SAFE, Inc ......................... (704} 488-6809 Transylvania ...................... SAFE, lnc ......................... (704) 885-7233 Polk................................ STEP TO HOPE, Inc............ (704) 859-9721 Rutherford ........................ PA TH, Inc ......................... (704} 245-8595 McDowell... ...................... F AMIL Y SHELTER ............. (704) 652-6150 KATUAH - page 29 Fall 1986 �APPALACHIAN PATCHWORK· Mouniain lales and songs by the Appalachian Puppet Theatre. Cassette tape $7.00 from: Appalachian Puppet Theatre, 3SS Cedar ~ Road, Black Mouniain, NC 28711 (704) 669~1. APPALACHIAN GINSENG CO. • Cultivated American ginseng, s1n1tlfied seeds. seedling roolS T-Shirts with ginseng logo. $9.00 ppd Crom P.O. Box 547; Dillsboro, NC 28725. CEN1C.R FOR AWAKENING needs a volunteer to TI.JRNING lHOUGfff INTO ACl10N: Cen1et for ReJlection on the Second Law. 8420 Camellia Dr.. Raleigh, NC 27612. give advice and assistance in developing an alc.emative energy system as well as an alternative waste system for the Center. Contact Elizabeth Callari: (919) 921-2228. HEALTH and F11NESS SELF-CARE CENTER: A private center offering comprehensive programs or scientifically and medically documented approaches to optimum health and fitness. Seminars, WOtltshops and privac.e consultations for indivil!uals, families and businesses. Contacc Jeffrey Brown: HFSC; POB 278; Lexingron, NC 27293 (704) 246-4919. APPLE TREES GOLDEN SEAL PLANTS and other native and exotic wildilowers. Descriptive ca181og Sl.00 from: Appalachian Wildflower Nursery; RL I, Box 275-A; Reedsville, PA 17084. FRIENDS OF THE MOUNTAINS IS a grassroots organiution involved in lhe conservation and protection of the southern Appalachian hi&hlands. RL 2. Box 2279; Clayt0n, GA 30525. Old-timey and popular conc.emponuy varieties on SWldard. semi-, or dwarf stocks. Send SASE for price list: Jeff Poppen, Long Hungry~ Nursery, Red Boiling Springs. TN 37150. CHEROKEE CLEANSING TEA • over 1 dozen herbs (makes app. one gallon) • $7.50 from Medicine Canoe Products; R1.2, Box 90-E; Old Fon, NC 28762. APPLE TREES Grafted old-fashioned and contemporary. Send SO cents for catalog: Henry Monon. Old-fashioned Apple Trees. RL I, Box 203; Gatlinburg, TN 3n38. In1ematjonal l'mnacuhure Sce<I Year1look •• The annual bulletin, directory. and resource guide for permacullure practitioners; S 10.00; Box 202; Orange, MA 01364. Woman of Powec A magazine of feminism, spirituality, and politics. Published quanerly. POB 827;Cambridge,MA 02238. CRAFTS FROM SALVADORAN AND GUATEMALAN REFUGEES IN NICARAGUA: Cards. plitques, boxes, puzzles, paiches; This trade benefits refugees directly. Brochure from: Dry Crcclc Cooperative Trading 918 Jennings CL Woodbury, TN 37190 a non-profit organization. APPALACHIAN WILDFLOWER NURSERY • Nauve and exotic wildilowers. Descriptive catalog SI from: RI. I, Box 275-A: Reedsville, PA 17084. ASHEVILLE I BUNCOMBE COUNTY SOLID WASTE ALTERNATIVES PLANNING WORKSHOP: A design for handling solid waslCS in any urban context. SIS from Long Branch Environmental Education Cenc.er. RL 2, Box 132; Leicester, NC 28748. DRUM WORKSHOPS • for children of all ages. therapeuuc massage • Relaxes the body & mind ...Call Manha for more info al (704) 258-0616 MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS· herbal salves. uno1wes, & oils for binhmg & family health. For brochure. please write: Moon Dnnce Fann: RL I, Box 72f>; Hampton, TN 37658 CUSTOM CELTIC HARPS • A'Court Bason; Travinnna Farm; RL l; Check, VA 24072. FAIRGLEN FARMS offers organic, biological feniliz.ers for farm and garden. Send SASE for price lisL Biologically-grown produce 10 sell? We are interested in acting as cooperative marketing agents with other growers. Write: Route I, Box 319; Oyde, NC 28721. Shares for sale in FLOYD AGRICULTURAL ENERGY CO-OP; par valued at SIOO each. Will Bason: Travianna Farm; RL I; Check, VA 24072.. ·AS WE ARE" - Women's music by Pomegranate Rose. a four-woman group playing lively original music. Cassette tape available for $9.00 ppd. from RL 2, Box 435; Piusboro, NC 27312. BIG MOUNTAIN • 10.000 uaditional Navajo people threatened with removal by US government to make way for coal and uranium mines. Suppon and donations needed. Write: Big Mountain Legal Defense/Offense Commiuee; 2501 N. 4lh St., Suii.e 18; Flagstaff. AZ 86001 (602) 774-5233. KATUAH ·page 30 HOLOGRAPHIC ASTROLOGY • Every p:irt of a hologram contains all the info about the entire hologram. and each cell in your body contains all the genetic data about your whole body. Similarly, every body contains all the information about the entire solar system • you are lhe solar system and each of your planets is one of your potentials. Chart & Consultation, SS0.00 Harriet Wiu Miller (704) 689-4617. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS • Comfrey, EuoalyplUS, or Golden Seal Salve, Lemon or Lavender Face Cream. Made with narural and essential oils and love. Send for brochure: RL I, Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091. ELACHEE NATURE SCIENCE CENTER • dedicated to the undersrand.ing and appreciation of lhe natural world. For membership or visiting info, write P.O. Box 2771; Gainesville, GA 30503. At ARTHUR MORGAN SCHOOL 24 Students and 14 staff learn together by living in community. Curriculum includes creative academics. group decision-makmg, a work program, service projcclS, extensive rield trips, challenging outdoor experiences. Write: 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville. NC 28714. FOUR WINDS VILLAGE • health and spiritual retreat; home for children in need. For visiting info, write: Box 112; Tiger, GA 30576. LIGHTWORKS • luminous fabric window pieces by Cathy Scou; 734 Town Mountain Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. WEBWORK.ING is free. Send submissions to: .KaWab P.O. Box 873 Cullowhec, NC 28723 Fall 1986 �KJUW wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, drawings, or photographs. Please send your contributions to us at: Kmiiflb; Box 873; Cu/lowhee, NC 28723. The winter KatUah, Issue XIV, will focus on "Keeping Warm". The deadline for all submissions for that issue is October 31. Please send your ideas for future themes for .Katiiih. Medici11tL- Allies GET BACK! issues of Katuah full color T- sfJirts In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today are only diminutive forms of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world, but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier ans:I exist yet in the world as we know it. These beings are called with reverence "grandfathers". And of them, the strongest are Kaniui.. the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati. the rattlesnake, who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwj Usdj, "the little man", as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongei;t power in its own domain. Together they are allies: their energies complement each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing power of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers ofKatiiah have been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunner Naturals on top-quality, all-cotton shirts, they are available now in all adult sizes from the Kan"illlljournal. "To show respect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in tum become an ally in the continuing process of maintaining harmony and balance here in the mountains of Karuah." To order, use the form below. ISSUE TWO - WINTER 1983·84 Yona • Bear Hunters • Pigeon River • Another Way With Animals - Alma • Becoming Politically Effective Mountain Woodlands • Katiiah Under the Drill • Spirirual Wuriors ISSUE TIIRBE • SPRINO 1984 Sustainable Agriculture • Sunflowers • Human lmpac1 on lhe Forest - Chi.ldrens" Education - Veronica Nichola.s:Woman in Politics - Lillie People • Medicine Allies ISSUE NINE- FALL 1985 The Waldee Forest • The Trees Speak • Migrating Foresis • Horse Logging • Starting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees Acom Bread • Myth Tune ISSUE FOUR · SUMMER 1984 Water Orum • Wa1u Qualiiy • Kudz.u • Solar &lipse - Clearcutting • Trout Going 10 Water • Ram Pumps • Microhydro • Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Mille.- ISSUE TEN· WINTER 1985.86 Kale Rogers - Circles or SIOne • Internal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Sieve Knaulh • Mythic Places • The Uk1ena·s Tale • Cryslal Magic '"Orcamspeaking" ISSUE FTVE - FALL 1984 Harvest • Old Ways in Cherokee Ginseng • Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism: Pasi. Present. and Future . John Wilnoly • Healing Darkness • Politics of Puticipalion ISSUE ELEVEN. SPRING 1986 Community Planning • Cities and lhe Bioregional Vision • Recycling Community Oardening- Floyd County, VA • Oasohol - Two Bioregional Views • Nuclear Supplement - Foxfire Games -Good Medicine: Visions ISStJE SIX· WINTER 1984-85 Winier Solstice Earth Ceremony Horsepa.sture River · Coming or the Light - Log Cabin Roots - Mountain Agriculture: The Righi Crop · William Taylor - The Fu1urc of the Forest Living in the Oard~~ Sacred Scarab • Regular Membership........$10/yr. Sponsor.......................$20/yr. Contributor...................$50/yr. Address Enclosed is$ to give this effort an extra boost State Phone Number KATUAH - page 31 Herbal· Oood Back Issues Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $_ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ _ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ _ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ _ _ Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $ _ _ Complete Set (2-11) @ $15.00 = $_ _ T-Shins: specify quantity oolor: tan S_ _ M_ _~ L_ _ XL_ _ Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Area Code ,. the Appalachian .,~Woman Sus1ainAble Economics - Ho1 Springs • Worker Ownership • The Creal Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey · Responsible Investing • Working in !he Web of Life For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 252-9167 City ~t:fo\\, <P' ISSUE SEVEN. SPRINO 1985 KATUAH: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Aopalachians Box 873; Cullowhee, Nonh Carolina 28723 Name ISSUE EIOHT ·SUMMER 19g5 Celebu.tion: A Way of Life • Ka1uah 18,000 Years Ago - Sacred Siles • Folk AIU in the Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer • Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalachia? @ $9.50 each............$ _ _ TOTAL PRICE= postage paid $_ _ Fall 1986 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 13, Fall 1986 Description An account of the resource The thirteenth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on the theme of death as a natural part of the life cycle and hospice. The feature story is on the Center for Awakening, a hospice founded by Elizabeth S. Callari in Boomer, North Carolina. Authors and artists in this issue include: Marnie Muller, Nena Parkerson, David Wheeler, Turrin Keye, Martha Laurie Overlock, George Ellison, Kalanu, and Rob Messick. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. The Center for Awakening.......1 Interview with Elizabeth Callari.......3 Review: A Gentle Death.......5 Hospice.......6 Review: Dealing Creatively with Death.......7 Interview with Ernest Morgan.......7 Home Burial Box.......9 The Wake.......11 Story: "Good Night From Shadows Fall".......13 Poem: "The Raven Mocker".......15 Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge.......16 Natural World News.......18 Review: Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom.......21 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Terminal care--North Carolina, Western Terminal care facilities--North Carolina, Western Hospice care--North Carolina, Western Death--Psychological aspects Children and death Funeral rites and ceremonies North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. https://www.geonames.org/4456695/boomer.html Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Boomer (N.C.) Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Black Bears Book Reviews Children's Page Community Death and Dying Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Recycling Stories Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/3567a630be59b5496463f585671f2635.pdf 61f182d69dcedf09a39a622f12601af3 PDF Text Text f ~ . CK._ATUAH > .... $1.50 ISSUE 18 WINTER 1987-88 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS ._,, • �Photo by Paul Gallimore (j~~-~-T-~H) P.O. Box 873 Cullowhee, NC Katuah Province Postage Paid Non-profit Org. 28723 Note new address, inside/ ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Permit #12 Cullowhee, NC 28723 �• SHELTER IN KATUAH Resource List.... .. ... .. .• • On Bui.Jdlng andDulgn Solar Compo ting ToileL.......... IS October Qysk ............................. 16 P<>tms by Rlla Silns Qull,.n Review by Ju/Ja N11111f411y Duncan Good Medicine: 'On Sbelter"....... 18 The Future of the Black Bcar........19 COf(cnia Rqon Natural World News.. .. ............20 CaldwdJ CtJlllfly I~ SlflOkia Wlldentas Bill Poachers C.,lrt MRS in CDngras Forat Snvla Pba Al1Mll Duh'1 Col~ Cred p;o}«t AslwvUle R«,clJni CenlU A Children's Page......................23 Drummang ...... Utltn to Kalllah • ... 24 ·A Bourn of Buds".. . .. .. .. .28 f'\ l'otm by Miclrod ffodtatlat The presence of shelter embodies much more than just a building. It is a home, a center around which members of a family or community emerge, travel from, return to, and are visited. Many of the most important events in human life find a place, time, and meaning within the structures we build. It is here that we house or integrate the activities of our lives (birthing, growing, eating, sleeping, playing, working, dying...) In many ways, "we are what we build". Through this kind of architectural mirror is reflected the expression of a cultural and personal world view. We now greatly attect the ecology of the Earth by the impact of our collective human existence. The niches we carve out for ourselves very often intrude into the habitat of other animals and plants. Is it possible for us to build our communities in accord with the recycling nature of the systems that surround us? Buildings are inherently open systems that interact with the forces of wind, water, land, temperature, season. and other living things. Our relatedness to the natural world can be acknowledged through designing shelter that is actively aware of the flow of energies coming into, working within, moving out of, and mingling among other systems of the Earth, and, particularly, of a bioregion. By affirming patterns of sustainability in the design of our shelters and communities. we foster their existence and come closer to being in harmony with all that is. -The Editors/ �......---..;~ (i.ATUAH) EDITORIAL STAfF DDS J.s.s!LE; Scott Bird Sam Gray Rob Messick ~1amie Michael Red Foit Manha Tree David Wheeler Muller EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Christina Morrison Bob WiesellTl311 Sarah Jane Thomas Hot Sauce Cover: "Howie's Dome" ne:ir Bethel, NC. Photo by Rob Messick. Thanks lO Eart.hdanccr for the Invocation for this issue. which was reprinted from lhe Educational Resource Ccmcr Newslcucr, P.O. Box The Southern Appalachian Bioreglon and Ma1or Eastern River Systems 460; Floyd, VA 24091 EDITORIAL OFFICE THJS ISSUE: Worley Cove. Sandymush Creek PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co., Sylva, NC WRITE US AT: TELEPHONE: (704) 683-1414 KaWh... Boit 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 01vcrsuy 1$ an imponant clement of bioregional ecology. both ll.llural and soci.11. In lme with this principle, Katllah tries to serve as a forum for the discUSSion of regional iSSlle$. Siincd articles express mly lhc op1n10n ol the authors and arc not ncccuanly the opiruons of lhc Kati.ah edit.ors or Slaff. The lni.cmal Rc•'CllUC Servltc lw declared Kazuah a non-profit organ11.ation under MlCtion SO I(cX3) of the ln=I Revenue Code. All conuibutions io Katuali arc doducuble from personal income rax. 'LNVOCA.TWN STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here in rhe sou1hern-mos1 heartland of the Appalachian moU11Jains, the oldest moUnJain range on our continent, Turrie Island; a small buz growing group has begun to IOU on a sense of responsibility for the implications of tltat geographical and cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on ti~ concept of living within ti~ narwal scale and balance ofumversal syswnr and principles. Within this circle we begin by invoking the Cherolcee name " Katuah" as the old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its journal as well. The province is indicared by its natural boundaries: the Roanoke Rfrer Valley to the nonh; the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the Georgia hills to the somh; and the Tennent/! Rfrer i'nlley to the west. The editorial priorities for us are to collect and disseminate information and energy which pertains specifically to this regwn. and to foster the awareness t/IDJ the land is a living being deserving of our love and respect. LJ1•ing in tltis manner is a way to insure the sustaillllbilicy of tlte biosphere and a lasting place for ourselves in irs continuing evolutionary process. We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a "do or die "siruarion in terms of a quality standard of life for all living befogs on 1/iis planet. As a voice for rite caretakers of this sacred land, Kawah, we advocate a ceruered approach to tlte concept of decentralization. It is our hope to become a support system for those accepting the challenge of s1istainabi/iry and ti~ crea1io11 af harmony and balance in a total sense, here in tliis place. We welcome all co"espondence, criticism, pertinent information, anicles, arrwork. etc. witlt hopes that Katuah will grow to serve the best interests of tltis region and all its living, breathing members. - The Editors KATUMI - page 2 WINTER 1987·88 �PROTECTING THE DREAMER: Vernacular Values in H.cgional Architecture by Sam Gray ln his classic work, Poetics of the French philosopher Gaston Bachelard focused on various levels of architectural meaning. He suggested Lhat a basic feature of those meanings we associate with the idea of Lhe house is that the home protects. It not only protects physically against climate and weather, it protects psychically as well. IL protects thought, reverie, and dreaming. That, perhaps, is its most important function. "The purpose of the house is to protect the dreamer within," wrote Bachelard. Evoked is the architecture of dwelling - protective, sensual. natural - grounded in a locale and a time. In a word, vernacular, ar adjective which connotes in buildint economics, politics. cooking, or a what it once described exclusive! about language or poetry. "Vernacular" is Lhe indigenou the traditional, the homemad1 spontaneous, colloquial expression< anything. If a house of some order (tip cabin. frame house, stone hous1 yurt) is important for huma reflection and dreaming, it is littl wonder that our psyches become s1 entwined with their architecture. The house of our childhood i: an architectural emity, a psychic landscape and a context for memories and understanding. So. too, is the house of our plans, the house we would build - the dream house of the mind that we continuously construct, revise, and renovate. The dreamer. protected by the house, dreams a house and fills n with plans, voices, and ghosts that are themselves protected by the house. In our time, the architectural space that shelters thought and dreams has begun to fill with the electronic dreams, projections. and hallucinations of the national media and markets. It is possible that the traditional purpose of the house has undergone an evolution. The dreaming space, filled from within ~. • continued on page 4 WINTER 1987·88 SM/ton I/oust. llaywood Coun1y. 1876-188(). Two-story frame howt wl1h tngaged /WO-lier /'()rch bu1/1 by ConftlkraJt \'ttcran S~p,..tn J. Shelton. 1he building now hawsts 1he Mumm1 of Nor1h Carolina llaNficr<(rs. Ap1'><11arl11a11 log cabin i11 uniikntifitd locale, circa 1900. Roofln~ is chcstnUI or oaJc slt.:iks. Jesst Cmp I/oust. Graham Counry. tarly 20th cen1ury. Two-s1ary framt hou.~t of a "Y-p/an• foU!ld with some frequtncy in Graham County bw rurt tl_.htWrt KATUAH - page 3 �PR01 EC'Tll\\G THE ORl-:AMER connnucd from J13gC 3 Gallaway llou.u l tanrylv'11lla CoUJtty, clrrn 1878 T'r<o•Jtaq tOC!/ di /armlil>~ '6ilh iabk aJtd ~;iltrlDt r!ld bticl tldM11r11fr0111 '4 • a 114 titr ~roe/p<nlt atTO.U UllW bay Jlar w lla1m. CllLrctLt Co1U1tv, IBSO 1882 f'Wo.srory britl /ttJllU of lftDd 1td •t.i.p/an• ..~111 iltltTID! t1ii,,.J1tp Tl:e "'""'~' porr:h a TOIJ tltLfa t ..idth t:ftM/.itilM ha.I s:mn ..wl lnacltts and balas:radt 71'~ brl "' tbr bltJldint "~" mt:M on ilu Cl111r ~11'1:1 loust lla¥>4'00d COIUIJJ lA:L I II UfllJl.1'1 r ... •r plt111 brW: ho1<u •iJ/I t l l"lpcrtA aucw/att:tk/ta:J:nfll tlt:fldr un.n ..w1 balllft~ KATUAH p:igc 4 tic stCOnd Jnri. \\uh the \\lute noise of the mas dream. loses its cnp!lcit) to protect nnd nunurc ubJCclt\C drenming 1 he contemporar1 mas nrclutccturc of dv.elhng reflects th1 ero 10!1 Demographics, technology. nd the market &re estabh hing n stnndardized hou ing thai fills an urb!lil or suburb:m topogrnph) \\hi ch ha been stripped of all indigenous populnuon!; and fe:iturcs. 1bc re uhing arrangement of nrchitccturnl values lea,es the dreamer (the subjecti\'e self) unprotected, unjustified, and nccidentnl. What has been deleted from contemporury mass architectural expression of the house i the sense nnd presence of the \'Cmaculnr, nn element essential to the protection of the dreamer. There nre two architectural clements of the vemnculnr house thnt ore particularly impon:mt to the protection of rc\erie and drcnming. lbese arc the heanh nnd the porch. Hoth v.crc corn istent features of the vemacular houses of the Kn1unh re ion an former times. ·1bc psychic mean mg of the hearth go fnr b:tck m time nnd the relationship of henrthfirc and drcnm consciousness have been discussed frequently in the poetry nnd literature of architectural meaning. The porch or verandah is n more regional nrchitectur:il feature. Jn its grander, two-storied, b:tlustraded fonns, it is derived from the semi-tropicnl, colonial, Canbbean nrchilecture or the 18th Century. Yet it wns always n feature of 1hc Southern Appalachian log cabin. It is n medinting space situated between the outside, the domain of energies expended in agricultural labor. and the cabm intenor, the domnm of energies regenerated in enung nnd sleepmg. h is n place of repose, n place for dreaming. The photograph oc:ompany mg th1 text offer a sampling of the nch leg C) of vemncul r hou es of the Kntu h region. 1t 1s a lcgnc) that •"' fnst d1sappeanng. These hou es that have protected generations of dreamer hn..·e themselves little protection from the descendants of the dreamers. , Wl~'TER 1987 8 �by Adam Cohen pbns nuke 11 casa to csnmac materials and to by out consttucuon sequence cffiaenlly. My uplllTmion nf building 1n Ka1Wih has been on a personal Incl as ...~11 as on a professiolllll lr:vel. My aperienu rangt.s from building for ma.timum economy to building for maximum luiury BUI 1hLre u a COmmJJn ft•cl111g I get from people n•eryonc de.sires a spucc 111 KIUc:h ro l1vt./111ly. To tmly e.rperitncc life means to live on orhtr lt\•cls bcs1dct the phylical. A /Mng Jpace llumlJ bt. bmh organic and J1exihlc ·it mmt l>e oble w grow and chan~ ro mur all of our nuds. Ir IS rhur fuUng of organic:, tccmorrucal arclurcc:turc rhar I strl~ f<1r 111 m)' wark, /n thu article I will 0U1l1M tlui lxmc.r of bmldmg as rcmpcrtd by my personal architectural phUosophy and practical, professional ~rkncu. But even 1hc best·latd plans run tnto wiforcsccn diffaculncs. 1bc bes& ~-ay 10 deal w11h this 1s 10 be flexible and to devise cn::ulvc soluuons.. If you choose to have a house dra't•lll for you, Rmcmbcr that 1he design proocss 1s yours. One can move walls on papcreauly, so 1akc dmc and uplore many options bcfon: dccidin~ on I rmaJ plan. To begin designing 1 dwelling, oullinc the needs the suuaure should fulfill, lis1 1he areas and livin& spaces desired. 1ncrc arc many ways to pu1 these spaces 1ogclhcr. Whal approximate square foocagc is desired'? Is a linglc·unit or multi·unu dwelling the best for the sile and the inhabitants? Would you late IO hve in a roundish, squarish, turtlc·baclccd, or free-form dwelling? How tall should the space be? Any lofts or second 5'0rics? Are ~J~n spaces « disunct rooms A house rctain5 the energy put into the builJ1ng. tnrusc the bullchn4 process w11h good energy rrum 1hc be4mning to stlllt the new dwelling off In the nght way. smNG Solar houses arc desirable in cvuy biorcgion in the temperate zone. The sun as hfc. Where I bvc in northern K.atiiah. I find lhat we need house£ 1ha1 are flexible. Our weather is iuch 1hat 1hc 1empcra1ure can swing .SO degrees Fin a 12 hour period. We can have snow on 1hc ground and 70 degree F 1empcra1ures outdoors an r:ebruary. 1'hercforc. my emphasis h:is been on houses 1h:11 cnn be easily hCllted as well as cooled. "Inc conditions in Ka1ii:ih indicate 1lu1 we need house.~ 1ha1 heat up quickly :tnd 1hcn rntha1c 1h:11 hc:i1 rapidly. As u rule of 1humb, site n dwelling 10 fnce wuhin 10· 12 degrees or solar sou1h to mnx1mi1.c solar uposurc. When choosmi; a sue, consider 1hc direction of the prcvnahng cold winter wands u well ns 1hc cooling !iummcr winds. but keep 50lai orientat1on 11S a domlnnn1 fnc1or because pl:tnungs and olhcr buildings can serve as 1o1.1ndbrcaks as the homcslead grows. Water supply must also be considered when choosing a she. A rchablc source of clean 1.1.1ucr is csscn1ial for 1 homestead. Gravity flow from a spring above the building site is the ideal shu11ion and lhc C3.Siest to develop. W11cr from a well or another source below lhc house can be pumped to a large reservoir above lhc dwelling to crate a gravity flow. Electric pumps nm bf AC po"'cr from the &rid arc the least dcsuablc way 10 accomplish 1his. Elccmc pumps powered by solar cdls are better, but !hey still arc high-1ech solutions. and they depend on a high-1cch future. Some appropriate pumping systems arc ram pumps. micro-hydroelectric (stt KJllli.aJ1 #4 ), wind·powcrcd DC systems, wind-driven compressed air sysacms, and my personal favorite, the bicyclc·powcred water system. WINTER 1987-88 A chcmical analystS IS worth the pnce dclcrminc the presence: or polluting chemicals or organic m:ucnali in the waicr supply. IO DESIGNING nm SITE Having found a site with solar exposure, wn1cr, and hopefully, 1 windbreak from the winier winds. m4kc a rough site plan to help decide where to locate the building. D111grnm 1hc she, pencilling in essenu:lls like fruu 1rccs, gardens. shop, sheds, animal houses, and p:isturc. I like 10 1h1nk of hvmg structures as p:in or cite landscape. connecting indoor and outdoor space. A wcll·planncd, m1CtCOnncctcd, outdoor IJllCC adds acsthetic: qualuy 10 a homcsle.ad. Our home is a central CCR lb1ICtUre dlll we coaanually arc . ddiftl small aaians a onto. J b1ghly recommcncl dus way of approaching design and buUdin1 lor the owner-builder. Tbc inhial suuc:ture can be C<Jm\'lcted durina the building 1C&10D to provide shelter for the wima. Additions can continue throughout the years following. This also allows rime 10 change design. Jn this n:sidcntS can occupy lhcir home as lhcy build It. Once a general idea of the nccdcd laving areas is clear, draw a "blob dll&rll1l" {sec diagram I) to show 1he 1ntcr-rcla11onsh1p of the d1ffcren1 spaces. The walls, floor, and roof mc~ly hold 1he no1hangness 1ha1 is the living space.The IClUal envelope which contains lhesc spaces can be any shape or fonn. The following hst of arc:tS, Starung from the loundatJon Ind wortcin,1 up, gives some ideas which can be used in design and bu1ld1ng These simplified d1sc:un1ons an: meant only to snmul11e and IO guide the reader's creative war. unagmanon. DESIGNING A DWEU.JNG Designing your own home is a delight. As a general rule, lhc less cxpcricnccd the builder and the mon: OUl5idc help lha1 is going co be ailed on. the more complete and thorough the building plans should be. A complcle sci of plans Includes dimensioned fJoor plans, clcvanons, and sectional drawings, IS well IS dc11ils ror tricky areas and elccuical, plumbing. and hcatin plans. ~o build a umber or ocher pre-cut house. a farm plan is necessary. If much of lhc consttuctlon is to be contnetcd out, complete plans will make lhe work much smoolhcr and much less expensive. Good • Clllldmued oa ma1 pop. KAn.JAH • PIF S �FOUNDATIONS In Katiiah the best foundation is mnsonry. For lo ngevity, bug-proofing, and structural 1megri1y, ~11he house on a stone, 0 block, or concrete foundation 16 1 24 inches deep. Unless the slopes arc very siecp or the ground is very \Oft, this is suflicient for this region. Having said this, I will add 1h:11 a time-honored Katuah foundation is debarked, v. inter-cut, black locust posts set about 30 inches into the earth with a n.11 stone m the bottom of the hole. This can be a very effective method for n quick beginning 10 a structure built to last 30 ye:in. or less. (Of course. posts can be replaced 10 extend 1h1s lifespan.) llus would still outlast most suburban hou~e~ constructed today. for these arc built to a 25 year life expectancy. My favorite foundauon is stone. Begin the wall 16 to 30 inches below the surface and build to whatever height is needed. Another easy foundation is the "grade beam" as used by Frank Lloyd Wright. If the site is sloped, instead of making one large cut, you might consider stepping the foundation in small cut-and-fill operations to save time and money (see diagram 2). Foundation insulation is optional, but if it is used, it must extend at least two feet below grade (ground level). Proper drainage is imponant 10 a lasting foundation. A foundation drain is standard. The site must be graded, so that water runs away from the house. If necessary, French drains can be located a few feet from the drip line in cases with Clltrcmc runoff problems. Photo by Adam Cohen Wood floors arc quite cozy and warm. Finished flooring can be laid on rough-cut joists and subflooring material. Planed tongue-and-groove finished floor is the most desirable, but an inexpensive and serviceable floor can be made by gluing and nailing well-dried boards 10 the sublloor. Should cracks appear between the boards, they can be pointed with grouL R..OORS There arc many types of flooring materials. If someone really wants 10 be "grounded," the easiest floor is din. Din and cement can be mixed for a durable floor. A plain concrete slab can be used or stone, brick, or tile may be laid on. Smooth creek rock makes a pleasing floor surface. If one spent one hour a day collecting small creek rocks, in two weeks one would have enough creek rock 10 do a large floor. If desired, the perimeter of such a floor can be insulated. Soapstone is the best flooring material for solar storage and radiance, in my opinion, and is readily available in Katuah. KATUAH - page 6 WAU..S Sundard "balloon" framing is simple, lightweight, and easy to cover. Use rough-cut or recycled framing rru1tcrials for the best price. My favorite wood technique for building wood-supponed walls is 10 use large, upright members and fill in with stucco, bricks, glass, bottles, stone, glazed block, bone, or anything else you can set in monar. Windows arc framed in with rough-cut wood when using this method. Masonry walls arc relatively inexpensive, if stone can be gathered for free. To speed up construction, a back-form can be used to give a wall that has one side stone and one side stucco (see diagram 3). To construct frce-fonn structures, use rcbar and plaster lath 10 create free-shaped forms on which to lay cement I believe this offers some of the freest expression available in architecture. It is important when designing walls to think about windows. l cannot stress enough how imponant it is 10 have as much glazing as possible on the south side of a home. The sun is vital, and the more of itS radiance we can bring into our houses, the healthier we and they arc. The north side of the building is the darker side and takes the STO!llE.--.... M~AP, fcD~ fL'('tl<X(? Z"4' ~- UP fO~M WINTER 1987-88 �The walls,floor, and roof merely hold the nothingness that is the living space. The actual envelope which contains these spaces can be any shape or form. brunt of the cold winter winds, so nonh-facing windows should be small and well scaled. East and west walls also should have windows, and these should be able to open to welcome in the cooling summer breezes from wherever they may blow. Window quilts are easy to make. They conserve wannth in the winter, if they are put up when the sun sets to keep the day's wanntb in and the night's cold out. It is also important to know that wiring, plumbing, and heating features may be put in the walls. These must be considered when naming. It is too late afterwards. 1HEROOF "Putting a roof over our heads" is not just a figure of speech. The house roof not only keeps rain off, but it can let light in, hold solar equipment, and shape the interior space. ln designing the roof, consider: Docs the house want skylights? How will water flow off the roof? Where should extra bracing be put for solar panels? What shape and how high should the ceiling be? There nrc many possible combinations of answers. I strongly believe roofs should not be flat in Katuah. Even a sod roof should have a slope for drainage. Flat roofs eventually leak. Wood frame roofs can be built on a flat or a curved plane. It is possible to frame a curved shape out of suaight lumber. Galvanized steel or shingles arc the most common roofing materials. Both are readily available and relatively inexpensive. I have buih some roofs with rcbar and lath using insulating cement covered with either concrete or a strong cement scaler. For a good discussion of roof shapes. I suggest reading The Owner-Built Home by Ken Kern and A Timeless Way of Bu1ldjng by Christopher Alexander (sec resource list, page 15). Windows may be obtained from old houses, a window factory may sell seconds, or a neighbor might have a few old windows stacked up in the back of the garage. Material hunting takes time, but it does not cost a lot, it is fun, and it results in a more individualized slructurc. Heating with water in a wood-fired boiler is the most healthy and practical system to warm a house during Katiiah's cold winters. Catalytic converters arc a cheap way to help the environ men" and I advocate their use on all woodbuming stoves. INSIDE OUT SANITATION I recommend the use of the passive solar composting toilet (sec p. 15) in combination with a grey water irrigation system to process human wastes. I strongly believe that the passive solar composler is the most efficient way to take care of human waste, cspccially in Katiiah, where the land is generally mountainous, and septic fields do not function well. The time is coming when many families in Katuah will handle human wastes in a methane digester. It might take the impetus of economic collapse to make it common, but the digester can compost waste and produce fuel as well. Septic fields and waste treatment centers are barbaric technologies and should be phased out in favor of cleaner, better integrated systems. The indoor/outdoor connection is imponant. I suggest the use of decks, covered areas, walkways, porches, living trellises, and other connecting spaces to draw inhabitants out into the fresh air and sunshine. An outdoor kitchen, sleeping areas, and living areas can be used most of the year. The more exposure to air and weather a person has, the more vibrant and healthy that person's life will be. All these aspects should be taken inlo consideration in the design and conslJ'\Jction process. What I have listed here is an outline of ideas and techniques. tf the reader is interested in further details and correspondence on any of these or other building ideas, please write me: Adam Cohen; RL I, Box 217; Oteck. VA 24072 HEATING How we get our heat is important to our health. Wood or coal stoves arc drying, dangerous, diny, and generally unhealthy. MATERIALS An important aspect of economical building is materials. The way to build 11 house for $3.00 per square foot is to choose a design that utilizes simple materials. Check what is locally available for free or for cheap. For example, in nonhc:m K:nuah the population is one-third of what it was in the 1930's. There remains a lot of empt}' structures which contain materials that can be recycled. Stone piles, brick, and glass can also be found for free or for minimal expense Local lumber mills have rough-cut lumber and seconds at low prices. Local building material factories may have inexpensive seconds as well. Auctions provide another source for che11p materials. WINTER 1987-88 Photo t:sy Adam COhen KATUAll ·page 7 �and interpersonal relationships develop. By reviewing a few design patterns one quickly understands how shelter shapes our daily life both practically and spiritually. Consider the one room poplar log cabin built on a stone foundation. When approaching this cabin one immediately feels a cenain rustic blend of the canh with the stone and log much as the mountain landscape itself. Take this log cabin and set it into the side of a mountain so that the earth covers the back wall, wraps the comers of the building, and gradually slopes to floor level on the sides. The front of the building is poplar logs on o stone foundatioon. From the top of the hill one looks down and secs the cedar shingle roof of the house and eanh. Walking around the front and sides of the building one feels a sense of wannth. The cabin appears to nestle into the mountainside. Windows on the front and side walls let daylight and moonlight into the cabin. We walk up the front steps 10 an open porch. It is winter. PostS and beams cover the deck, but the roof panels have been removed. The front wall faces due south, so that winter sun passes into the cabin. The prevailing nonhwest winter winds are blocked by a shelterbeh of white pines that were left when the forest was selectively thinned before the cabin was built. poplar I"~ walls moder.Ile lhc comfon in the cabin as "ell. Sp1mual nrchitccturc creates intu11ive space; ~pace \lthere interaction between structural and human clements takes place. Where the wall provokes new ideas, oot beC3use the wall speaks to us, but because the wall speaks with everything in the environment The ~r in the space is infused whh hght, heat, :ind moisture as byprodu1."1S of the physical surroundings. intensity of color, temperature, and humidity all in1CI11C1 to create a unique ambience of space. I breathe this ambience and it enters my bloodstream through my lungs. I view this body as my cabin. A certain quality lives in this cabin and the quality is a result of everything in it and around it A cool shadow wakes me.The late afternoon sun line angles off of my body, as I sit up on the slate floor. I get up and go wash my face in the kitchen sink in the southwest comer of the room. I am splashing sunlight onto my face, sunlight absorbed into tanks of water located off the southeast comer of the front porch. Water enters the tanks from a reservoir located about 100 vertical feet above the cabin. Gravity pressure gives the cabin plumbing a sLrong flow of water. An indoor shower is heated with solar energy when available, and a large outdoor tub is heated by a wood tire directly underneath. The overflow from the reservoir empties into a small creek that maintains a steady flow of water twelve months a year. Toward the bottom of the valley a rom pump pushes water back up to a second reservoir near cabin elevation. This second reservoir provides water for irrigation of a fruit orchard, a terraced vegetable garden, larger crop fields, 11 solar greenhouse, and assoned animals and poultry. Entering the cabin, one feels a warmth shining from the sunlight scattering across the slate floor and glowing from the coals of a masonry heater built into a central chimney that passes up through a cathedral ceiling. The stonework on the chimney is primitive and beautiful, and as l walk over to lean against it, l feel heat radiating from the stone. I tum and rest my back against the stone and press my palms against the warmth. The slate floor attracts me and my hand reaches for the sun-drenched gray. lt, too, is warm to the touch. Walkin2 across the cabin, I find the nonh wall refreshingly cool, as though the earth on the other side is touching me. I circle the fireplace a few times and strangely miss the feeling of comers in the cabin. An indoor-outdoor thermometer hangs on the wall - indoor temperature, 72 degrees; outdoor temperature, 15 degrees. The sun is high on this winter noon. Shelter can become more th:in just a place to stay warm or dry It also can be :in experience of emotion stimulated by our sensory responses. When we speak of "appropriate" housing or "appropriate" technology. the word "appropriate" has many levels of meaning. I may feel lazy, like taking a nap in this solar heat. That's appropriate for me. On a cold, winter day, I set a one hour morning fire in the masonry heater 10 heat up the chimney. That's it. Let the contoul'l> of the land. the movement of the sun and canh, and the shell of this mountain home follow their natural course. That is appropriate, 100. In my afternoon slumber on the wann slate floor, I think of summer. The sun will not touch the slate floor then. The roof panels will be in place so the south porch will be in shade. The dense floor will remain cool just as the nonh wall docs. Off the southeast and southwest comers of the cabin the hickory trees are in full leaf and they block out the hot morning and afternoon sun Windows on the cast. west, and south walls allow breezes 10 blow through the cabin. Ilidden an the ceiling framing is insulauon, the guardian of comfon. Heat from the sun passes slowly through the exposed roof and is vented through openings around the chimney. The Waste products arc disposed of in specific ways. Human waste is taken care of in an aesthetic, two stall outhouse. Grey water from dish, clothes, and people washing is drained from the cabin into a gravel-filled dry welJ just below the house. Burnable trash is used in wood burning, or incinerated. Plastic~ glass, aluminum, and other recyclables arc collected and delivered to tbe local recycling center. All of the energy systems reviewed in this cabin so far required no electricity for operation. Electricity is a precious energy form and should only be used where there is no other practical substitute. Refrigerarion and cooking are the major electricity consuming appliances, so in this house there is an energy-efficient LP gas refrigerator and a gas stove. Beller to use gns on site and utilize approximately 80 percent' of its available heat thnn electricity, which, by the time it gcrs 10 your house. only provides about 30 percent of its available heat. The solar clothes dryer is a fifty foot rope suspended between two poles. So the only major appliance needing electricity is the washing machine. Other than the washing machine, the house if outfiued 10 provide electricity for lights, stereo, computer, blender, and other small miscellaneous ncms. The creek docs not have enough flow of water to generate adequate electricity for a small hydroelectric system. and wind pauems are too irregular around the house site for a "'ind generator. The final choice for electricity generation is a photovoltaic system that generates electricity. The solar electric panels are mounted on the south facing roof pitch of the cabin and feed into deep cycle batteries, where electricity •~ stored and sent 10 the appliances ns direct current. So we have a simple plan for a mountain homestead. The basic energy needs have been met with appropriate technology, but the technology is incomplete without the human behavior to complement it. We live in an age of plastic and steel. Many of our daily needs are dependent on oil drilled on the other side of the world and automobiles built and assembled on two or more continents. One way to control the use of energy on the planet is to seek out ways to A MOUNTAIN HOME Wnucn lltld 11lustnlltd by Greg Olson Shelter is our tilter from the clements of wind, water. and sun. It lS also a ~work that shapes our environment The home is an enclosure of space where sensory experience conunual on 1'"£C 211 KATUAH - page 8 WINTER 1987-88 �A LOOK AT SOME HOMEMADE HOUSES IN KATUAH ... Madison County, NC Pho10 by Paul Galllmore Floyd County, VA A$he County, NC Watauga County, NC WINTER 1987-88 Photo by Rob Messick Photo by Rob Messick Floyd Coun1y, VA Joci<son County, NC Photo by Adam Cohen Photo by Adam Cohen Photo by Rob Messick KATUAH ·page~ �by Marnie Muller In considering your bomeplace, it is important to understand the earth energies of the place you arc choosing. Cultivating this sense of listening lO the primal energies of a place h;u been practiced by many culture~ over thousands of years. Aboriginal peoples still pay anenuon to these forces. There arc people in China who still consult with their culnue's t:raditionalftng-shui masters. Here in these mountains ofKatiiah, some oldrlmers and "newtimers" listen lo earth energies by means of dowsing n0t just for water but also for the more subtle earth energies. Presently, there is a call for a "new" geomancy in order to design human systems in alignment with earth systems. The ancient I Ching ( The Chinese Book of Changes) speaks of The Great Ham:>0ny. By perceiving the wider rhythms and energy nows of the living earth system in which we participate, we can team to harmonize our individual energy with the wider 'symphony' of place. In particular, in the specific place where we choose t.o live, we can find out about itS special energies-wind, water, light as well as the more subtle realms--and become pan of the process rather than a blockage to it "The id. a or movement of energies in e the earth, of the chl or the earth, and of the possibility of harmonizing with such energies is very old. Associated ideas of blood, water, breath, chi, spirit, circulation, machine, and organism figure here. A 4th century tcXt speaks of the earth, 'flowing and communicating within itS body as if io sinews and veins' (Needham, Scitnct and Civilization in China]. A 14th century text, of interest for current thinking about "universal planetary grid" or "earth acupuncture", refers to a "mysterious network" thus: (it) spreads OUJ and joins iogtther evtry pan ofthe roors of dll! tarth. ..Thousands and ttn thousands of horiU>fllal and VtrticaJ lltins liJce warp and wtft weavt lbgtther in muJual tmbraet ...Taking all (including land and sta) as earth, the stcrtt and mystery is thot the roots communicare with tach other " (Steven Post. Ralst the Stakes) Perceiving the Earth as a living, functioning being, our species can begin to redevelop a symbiotic rel.arionship with the specific eanhplace where we dwell Reacquainting ourselves with the ancient slcills of listening to the vibrant, subtle earth energies is a significant step in lhis process. Then as we live our lives, each aspect from homebuilding to right livelihood to ceremony... will more deeply reflect the undercurrent Life patterns. ; ,,# "In China, the dragon is a symbol of the electrically charged, dynamic, arousing force that manifests itself in the thunderstorm. In winter this energy withdraws into the earth. In early summer it becomes actjve again appearing in the sky as thunder and lightning." From I Ching, Tht Chintse Book of Changes Description of terms: Earth Htru: Energy emanatlng from Ille e:inh, dcieclible by b1otogical means (cg. dowsing) and physical means (with sensitive detection ins1111mcnis (cg. geiger countcrS)) though not normally obvious to the casual observer unless in an especially sensitive state. F1ng Shu/: A Chinese system which recognizes energy Oows and forms in the landscape. It 1J1Cludes mclhods of modjfying these forms 10 amclionue the "eneray climate" of a site. Ljterally. means 'wind/Wald. Grom1ncy: 1lie science of putting human habitalS and activities into harmony with the visible and invisible world around us. "Themes and concepts from architecture, gcomcuy, geography, cosmology, art, archaeology. mctrology, numerology, astronomy, astrology. surveying, religion, and mythology. all complex subjccis in !heir own right, t<1J1 be seen to have a common root in cenaio ancient pnictices which related them to a special place, lime, cosmic position and purposc •. .EV1dcnce from a great number of sources indicat.es that thclC is certainly aomcthing linking all these enigmatic fac.ts and universal practices, an age·old and venerable science which may be called geom1111Cy." ~!ck) Dowsiac: A means of delecting seemingly imperceptible obJCClS or subtle encrcies by the feeJjng of a rod Olf pendulum held m the hand. Traditional wattt divining using a farted haul rod is a form of dowsing which has provided evidence of sublle energies present at sacred sites. Gala: To the ancient Oreets, Oa.ia was lhe Eal\h Goddess. In more recent times the name has been utilised by James Lovelock to describe the entire bimyslem or our pbnet - all !ho pbnis ..... imab and fungi. plus the atmosphere. the oceans and the soil. The Gaia hypothesis suggests that the Eanh's biosySlem as ~-regulating; that. for example, 11 is able to conllOI ilS aunosphcric tcmperawre as well as the composiuon or the air, sea and soil so es to maintain the optimum conditions for the survival of life on the planet. Chi: 'brealh of nature' : basic energy ~ Sacnd Sites: Special eanh pbcea ""h1ch have the '-- ~ '- quality of bnnging an individual tO •more auuncd state with Nature. Often associated wilh having an abundance of "minus" (or negative) ions in the elccuanagnctic field. Eartb Acupuncture: A way of regarding earth energies whereby the living Earth is seen es an equivnlent of the human body m acupuncture terms, with the flows of energy along the meridians and with special energy centers or "ac:upuncture points". (Most of tltac tuwu Jul•c M•1t d~fuud ilt £.,11t; MJSUrlu: Alt l!J1plorator1 l11tro4Mttl.,. l1y BriDn lorkmms illtd Plul'P lfLUluHt.. P"'14'Md by IM Nortlt Eortlt/.fµ:.eriaCl'Ollp.) Suggested Reading: The Earth Spirit: Its Ways, Shrines and Mysteries. John Michell, Crossrond Publishing Co., NY, NY. 197S. The Ancient Scltnce or Geomancy. Nigel Pennick, Thames llld Hudson. Ud., London. 1979. Earth Wisdom. Dolores LaChapclle, Finn Hill Arts, P.O. Box S42, Silverton, CO 81433. 1978. Shu/: The Sci,nce or Sacred Landcape In Old China. Ernest J. Eitel with oommenwy by John Michell. Syoergctic Press, 24 Old GIOOCCSICr Sttt.ei. London WC I Engl:ind.1984. Feng "Geomancy: A Tawny Grammar", Steven Post in Raise tlr.e Stakes, Sprint. 1984 . Plllnet Drum FoundalJOll, P.O. Box 3t2SI, Snn Francisco, CA 94131. Gain: A New Look at Life on Earth. J.E. Lovelock, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1979. Tbe LMn1 Earth Manual of F•n1 Sh11I. Su:phc:n Skinner OUt or print. Nttdtcs or Stone. Tom Graves, Granado Publishing Ltd., NY, NY.1978. Tbe Divining !land: Tbe 500 Year Old Mystery or Oowslnc. Cllristophcr Bird, New Age Press. P.O. Box 1216. Blaet Mountain, NC 28711. 1979, 1985. The Ley Hunttrs Manual: A Guide to Early Tracks. Alfred Watkins, Turnstone Press, Ltd., Wellingborough, Nonh Hampton~ire. 1927, / 1983 / ~---- " • 14 ~~----~;;.uonbyM~M~l~-~ KATUAH - page JO ) I ~,~, \\\ WlNTER 1987-88 �Earth-Sheltered Living by Scott Bird From prehistoric Limes to present, human beings have lived sheltered by/within the Earth... in caves, within rock wwls and cliffs. and in earth-covered lodges and houses. In some pans of the world, members of tribes have gathered toge1her to build their homes in common, underground. Ciries housing thousands have been builL Stone age cave dwellers who used nruural cave forma1ions for shelter, pro1ec1ion, and temperature moderation, benefiued from 1he even tempero1ures of living within the Eruth. For example, the year round 1empera1ure in the Mammoth Cave in Kemucky is 54 degrees F. In many pans of 1he world today earth-sheltered homes are a common way to build and live, especially in China where over 10,000,000 people live in earth-sheltered spaces in the provinces of Shensi, Shansu, Kansu and Henan. Their earth-sheltered population has numbered in 1he millions for generations, where schools, workplaces, temples and shrines have been part of the underground landscape since the 5th century BC, complete with gardens on the roofs. The mountain village of Matmara in Tunisia is home to between 5·6,000 people where most shehers are underground. An open counyard connects the individual homes. Pedestrian tunnels connect different families of the tribe to the main social group. Rooms are built with curved walls and ceilings. In the center of each courtyard is a cistern which is used to collect and store water with a system of water pus. In Cappadocia, a mountainous, barren region in Turkey with severely exLreme temperatures, villagers have lived continuously in 41 under~round cities since the 3rd century. Some cities are built on as many as 10 levels and house 30.000 people. On this continent, the Pueblo Indian ruins at Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado were hollowed-out cliffs built around 300 AD with rooms up to 80 feet in diameter. Other native peoples of the southwest built earth-covered winter homes and kivas. Here within the Katuah province, the Cherokee lndinns constructed earth-covered winter homes and lodges (see "Good Medicine," page 18 of this issue). Pioneer dugouls were built in the Great Plains in the late 19th century as white people pushed wesrward. Building materials were scarce, so grass and s:>il becl:me the simple materials with which the pioneer families made their homes. Though most of the structures were free-standing sod houses, which were vulnerable and shon-lived, some families actually excavated dugout shelters in the earth. Today within the area of the United States. it is estimated that there a.re between 4-5,000 earth-covered homes and an undetermined number of earth-benned or eanh-sheltered homes, that far outnumber those totally eanh·covered. Once again, it seems that eanh-covered and earth-sheltered houses are being accepted by the mainstream population. Eanh-sheltered homes today qualify for immediate financing and immediate insurance, and they have gain~ a high level of consumer acceptance. Earyh shelters ai:e ~mg built by many .ltl"OUPS of people: the punsts, the surv1vaJ1sts, the environmentalists, and ordinary citizens, who might live, for example, on the Great Plains, which are subject to tornadoes and proirie fl.res. And th~n there. are !hose who simply want to tower their home heanng/cooling bills. Earth·benning or eanh·sheltering means simply bringing the earth as high as possible around a structure on the nonh east, and west sides, leaving the south completely open to 'accept the w~th of the sun. i:tie Tf'Of is of conventional construeuon, though heavily insWa1ed. Earth-covued homes, however, entail significantly more expense to provide for extra load-bearing capaciry for the roof, complete waterproofing, and the expense of eanh-moving. People who choose to live sheltered by/within the Earth, do so for many iusons. In a house protec~ed by Earth, both winter winds and summer heat have less impact on the interior. The house takes advantage of the more even, moderate temperature changes of the Earth. Earth-sheltered buildings require less heating fuel and, therefore, relieve pressure on our over-extended biosphere and pocketbook. If planned carcfutJy, eanh·sheltered homes provide all the light and ventilation of an above-ground home. Eanh·protected homes are quieter, require less upkeep. are safer from natural and human-made disasters. They arc also less of an imposition on the life around them. EARTH SHELTER UNDER CONSTRUCTION NEAR BLOWING ROCK, NC. Dalaaed and built bJ Scott Bird. - continued on next page photos by Rob Musick WINTER 1987·88 KATIJAH - page 1 l �...................·.....·.................... ········· .... . ·continued from page 11 As you begin on the canh shelter path, the best place to start is your library. Begin reading about earth-sheltering, subscribe to a journal or two. Talk to others who have buil1 earth-sheltered homes in your area. Look for the pros and cons of each design. When you finally choose a home site, spend as much time there as possible. Get 10 know 1hc sun's path there, 1hc drainage patterns, c1c. Also spend time observing what wildlife lives there in order to determine how you will share the habitlt. Observe the wind pauems for your locale. Also begin an inventory of your land. Arc there natural wind fences on your land that will help to protect your homesite? What is your soil composition? The soil rypc will significantly effect the buildi~ process. What water is in the immediate area? Engaging a local dowser may prevent a lot of trouble and heanache down the road. Besides locating a drinking water source, a dowser can also detect shallow water veins as well as other complications that may be present to your possible homcsite. Resource List for Earth Shelter Construction and Design: Tiie llandbook of Earth Sl1elter Design. Make Edelhart. A Dolphin Book, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY 1982. This book is highly recommetUledfor purring you in touch with the Earth Shelter movement. Very clear and inclusive, lists earth shelter organizations, earrh shelter periodicals, articles on earth sheltering. books, films, as well as earth shelter designers, solar infonnarion by state, etc. Ear th Shelttred Housing Design : Guidelin es, Examples, and References. Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.• Inc., During the energy cns1s of the I970's, people were drawn cowards 1he lower fuel costs of solar, superinsulated and earth-shehered homes. As the fossil fuel economy rebounded, in1erest in earth·sheltering slackened as was evidenced in a major earth shelter journal falling from over 18,000 subscribers to a present 2.000 subscriber b:ise. People once again misiakenly believed thal the fossil fuel supply was endless. Now as our economy faces 1hc possibilily of a major collapse, reliable, energy-efficienl earth-sheltered housing will once again offer an attractive op1ion. At the turn of chis century, Baldasarc Fores1iere spenl 38 years constructing/sculp1ing 65 rooms, courtyards, grouos. 11nd gardens beneath 7 acres 10 Fn;sno, California. The work was complete with atnums and rooms designed to catch 1hc sun. The rooms contained many forms of plant life including one tree 20 feel underground that was grafted with 7 differen1 kinds of citrus fruil. As Baldasare Foresticre's cffons within the Eanh were aesthetic as well as func1ional, we 100 can develop 1hc sensitivity to create a form of Eanh sculpture with our earth-sheltered home designs. h is also time in our hist0ry for us to re-establish a spiritual communion with the planet, and living in an earth-sheltered home is literally "close to the Earth." As a professional homebuilder, the best advice I can give prospective owners of earth shelter homes is to stay closely involved throughout the entire home construction project. Paradoxical as it may seem, special sensitivity is most needed during the initial excavation of the home site. This can make the difference between a site that looks as if it has been cleared for a shopping mall and a homcsite that has been carefully carved out of the Earth with respect and care. You, the owner/dweller, will be the one to know how the Earth looks and feels after the whole building process is completed. The solar warmth pcnncating a structure sitting in the protective lap of Mother Earth can make each day a joy whe~~ one chooses to live with/within the Earth. P" Scott Bird is a professio11al residential designer atUI builder of conven1ional atUI earth-sheltered homes in the Katiial1 region. He works with Appalachian Building & Design. I Earth -Sheltered H abitat: llistory, Architecture and Urban Design . Gideon S. Golany. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., 1983. Notes and bibliography in back of boolc are rich in research. The $50 and Up Underground House Book. Mike Ohler. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., 1981. Ear th Shelte red Homes: Plans and Designs. Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., 1981. Construction information, plans and energy data for 23 successful earth-sheltered I~ A real bible/or ti~ Eanh Shelter fTl()vement, will help quiet fears and insecurities concerning earth shelter planning, design, building and living. Untluground S poc• Dept. of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Minncsoia, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Bi-fTl()nthly journal of the American Underground-Space Assoc. Natural Solar A rchitecture: A Passive Primtr. David Wnght. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc.. 1978. Wonderful. sensitive design with Earth, sun. and environmenl working rogerher Underline Underground Space Center, 790 CME, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Qiurerly Underground House Book. Stu Campbell. Garden Way Publishing Co., Charlotte, VT, 1980. The favorite of many. E n ergy Inform 3528 Dodge, Omaha, NE 68131 Complete bibliography of earth-sheltered writings. $5.00 1978. KATUAH - page 12 WIN'ffiR 1987-88 �..............·•• ••••·• .·~11 •• ••••••••••••••••.• •·•·• .......... •·•·•••••• •••••••••·••·• •·•·••• ..... ........................................... •·•·• ........ •·•·••••·•·•·•••·• •·••• •••••••••••••• -••• • ..::·· Through the whole spectrum of living systems, from planet Eanh to a living cell, the natural world is abundnnt in rounded fonns. Within this synergetic order the organizing principle of a covering, or membrane, that meets 11self around a nucleus is the basis of any regenerative structure. Found in anim31 bodies and the homes they build, as well as in the shnpe of plants, their seeds and the housing for their seed$, is this dynamic pnuern of a membrane with inward and outward curves being strong, insulative, protcctive, and interactive with environments. With this example human beings can build sheller that is in tune with these patterns and can rejoice in this resonance. Ovoid, spiral, polyhedral, and branching designs are a practical and pleasing alternative to many of the dull rectangular schemes we now employ. These ovolo lend themselves 10 many styles and uses as a way of dwelling wirhin surroundings. . '. ·: :: .. .• ·: .. .· (conUll!JCld on s-sc 18) .. :· .. ·. . ' ' '~ .. .: ' ':... © Drawings and Text by Rob Messick~ •/ wn-(rnR.. i'9s7:sil .... ········· ···· ·.. ··· ··· ··· ...... ,... ,. · ···· ····· ... ···.··· .. ······ ·......... ·· ····.... ··· ····· ··· ·.... ·.......··· ·· ··· ··· ···KA.ru.;.:1:i :·p~.&~ 13 �BRUSH SHELTER by Snow Bear As I.he autumn chill deepened into the sharp cold of winter, it was important for native peoples to have a place to keep wann when they were out hunting, away from their villages. By watching how squirrels kept themselves andtheir young warm and dry, native peoples learned the lesson of how to build a stick and leaf nest It was a good way to keep warm and dry without a fire. Here is a description of how to make a temporary, primitive brush hut similar to those of the native peoples here. The brush hut provides warmth and shelter from rain and snow, requiring no cordage or canvas in its construction. I have spent a comfonable 15 degree night in such a hut with no sleeping bag. When well made, it will shed heavy rain; snow laying upon it becomes additional insulation. It takes about I 1/2 -2 hours for a single person to make a shelter. Unden;iand, however, it is not a home or a workplace when made 10 cap1u~ body heat. An additional lean-co srrucrurc can fill the need for workspace; it can be made using the same method. The idea is simple: to construct a low shelter framework with dead and down branches and cover it thickly with leaf liner from the forest noor. Essential to the Structure is a strong ridge pole, at least nine feet long, placed wilhin the fork of a living tree, three feet off the ground. In the absence of a forked tree the proper height, I have used a strong, three foot forked branch leaned against a tree trunk and secured wuh long stakes pounded into I.he ground with a rock. Staning at the end of the ridge pole that lies upon the ground, stack branches up against the ridge pole. As you place branches, alternate from side to side of the ridge pole; the tops of the branches will interlock to keep the branches from sliding off the ridge and serving to anchor the leaves at the ridge. Remember to make the shelter at least twice as SfAKE 'flALL wide as your body: this will make a low, wide framework that will keep its leaves in heavy wind. Less heat will escape if your door opening is narrow and low. You can make a low door after leaves have been put inside by using two forked sticks to support a stout branch for a door lintel (see dingrJm). KATUAll ·page 14 Begin covering by using dry leaves. Always put leaves on the top of the side you are working on; they will settle in to the pince they are most needed. O>ver in dry leaves so thnt when you push your hand in to touch the stick framework, the leaves come up past your elbow. This is essential for n brush hut that will shed rain. Then, if available, use leaves (from beneath the dry, crackJy leaves of the forest floor) that are maned and compressed. These can be lifted off the ground like shingles. Start at the bonom and lay them in rows, overlapping each row. If any funher anchoring is needed, you can use branches. laying them upright as you did to make the frame. To stay wann in winter weather, further insulation is needed. Fill the inside with dry leaves, then wriggle in and roll side to side until the leaves are compressed into a "mattress". Do this at least four times to get a mattreSs that will stay 8"-10" thick when you lay upon it. Then fill it once more with leaves (pack them in!) and crawl in. To funher retain heat, you can weave a door plug with thin green tree branches. After you crawl in, pull the door plug closed from inside and pile leaves against it You may need to leave a vent :11 thc top or the door plug. Spend many hours in practice before you rely upon your skill for your well-being. This is true of any primitive camping skill It would be good to make at least six shelters before testing your skill on a subfreezing winter's night. The consequences of a mistake in building your brush hut could be hypothermia and death. Building a brush hut is bu1 one of many vnluable skills the old time Cherokee practiced; they were a people who could stay warm, dry, well fed, clothed, nnd comfonable with nothing but a knife as their basic tool. May we keep these skills alive, that our people may live in,,.; # strength nnd well being. ,P' Wll\.'TFR 19R7-811 �Resources on Build ing & Design: Books: I.ow-Cost, EntrtY Cfllcltnt SMltu for tht Owner and JJulldtr, Edited by Eugene Ecch. RO<ble Press lnc , Emm3us, PA 1~9. 1976. Furoctmtnt: Bulldlnt with Ctmtnt, Sand. and \Virt .Hnh, Sunlcy Aben:romb1c. Sc hockcn Books. NY. 1977 Tht /Jousts of Mankind, Cohn Dul y. Thom:is and Hudson, NY, 1979 Arrosanti, An Urban Laboratory, Paolo Solen. Avant Books. 191!4. Natural Solar Auhltuturr: A Passil'r Primtr, 03vid Wright , Environmcnul Architect. Van :>;osunnd Reinhold Co.• 1978. Tht Tao Of Archllutuu, Amos th T1ao Chang Princc10n Univ Prc.~s. 1956. Tht Tfmlftu \Vay of Building A Patttrn longuagt Tht Oregon Expufment ChrislOphcr Alexander, Cl al. Oxford Unrver.ity Prc..<;,<;, NY. From Tht Ground Up, John N. Cole and ChNI~ Wing. L1Ulc, Brown and Co.. 1976. Tht Stcond Old llou1t Catalogue, compiled by Lawrence Grow. Universe Books. NY, NY, 1978. &mh Shtlttr, David Martindale. E.P. Duuon, NY. 1981. Passive Solar ArC'hlttcturt- Loglc a nd Btauty, David Wright and Dennis A.Andrejko. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. An Agt of Barns. Enc Sloane Ballantine Books, NY. 1967. l.og Bultdtrs l/andbuok, Drew Lang~ncr. Rod31e Press, Emmau~. PA 18049 Shelttr, Shelter Publications. Mounuun Boot..s. P.O. Box 4811. Santo Barbara, CA 93103, 1973. Tht Vittait as Solar Ero loty, Procttdings of Tht Ntw Alrht1t11 Thrtshold Gtntrir Dtsign Conftrtnrt, E.Wlc.d by John Todd and 1':inc)· Jack Todd, The :'\cw Alchemy lns111u1c. 237 Hatchvillc Road. East Falmouth. MA 02536, 1980. llandmadt 1/ouscs, A Guidt to /ht Woodbutchu's 1t r1, An Bocricke and Barry Shapiro. Scnm~haw Press, San Franci"Co, CA. 1973 Tht Compltte LOI I/oust Boole, Do le M;inn and R1ch:ird Slmuhs. McGraw-Hall, 1979. Building tht lltwn I.of lloust, Charle~ McRoven Thoma~ Y. Crowell Publishers, NY. 1978. llandcrafted Doors and Windows, Amy ZolTarano Rowland. Rocblc, 1982. Mud, Spac1 and Spirit: 1/andmadt Adobe, Virginia Gray, Alan Macrae, & Wayne McCall Capra Press, Sllllta B:irb:lra. CA. 1976. A Goldtn Thrtad: 2500 Ytars of Solar Archittcturt and Tuhnoto11. Ken Buui and John Perlin. Cheshire Books, 19n. Fantastic A rchlttcture: Personal and Ecctntric Visions, Michael Scboyt and loost Elfers. Harry N. Adams, Inc. NY, 1980. Tht Owntr Built llomt; Tht Owner Built Homestead ; Th t OM •ntr Built Homtsttad Rtvisittd, Ken Kem. Scnbners, NY. How lo Malet Eltctrlcily from Wlnd,\Vattr and Sunshlnt, John A. Kucd:en. Tab Boob, Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214, 1979 Rtin habltl ng CitltS a nd Towns : Dtslg nin1 for S us1ainability, John Todd w1lb George Tul.cl Planet Drum Foundation, P.O.Boit 3 I2S I, San Francisco. CA 94 131 Ptrmaculturt Ont. Bill Mollison and Da-.d Holmgren , 1978. Pumaculturt Two. Bill Molljson . 1979. Tagan Books, P.O. Boll 96, Sunlcy, Ta~mania. 7331 Austmlia. Dwtlting, by River, FrceslODC Publishing Co.. 1974. Pe r iodicals: Adbbt Ntv. s, P.O. Boll 702. Los Lunas. N\1 87031 Ntw Shtlttr Magaunt, 33 Ea~t Minor Street Emmaus, PA 1!!049 Altunatiw Sourcn of Energy. 107 S. Ccntml Ave .. Milaca, MN S6JS3 New England Builder. The Journal of Light Construction , P.O. Boll 278. Montpelier, VT 0.5(,02 FiM llomtbu1ldin1. Thc Tauton Press, Inc., 63 South M3in StrccL Newtown, CT 06470 Fine Wood Workin1. lllc Tauton Press. Inc .. 63 South Milin Street Newtown, CT 06470 Thi! Solar Collector (Soon to be The South/ace Journal of Energy and Building Technology). Published by the Southfnce Energy Institute. P.O. Box S506, Atlanta, GA 30307 PASSIVE SOLAR COMPOSTING TOILET The typical live gallon flush IOilet consumes approitim3tcly half of a household's conswnpl.ion of water. This is about 12,000 gallons of waier / pu person I pu yea to carTY 165 gllllons or body waste co the place or disposal . What rcsulis is: • Large amounis of valuable and sc:arcc pure drinking Wlller is used • Ground water and surface water is polluicd • A useful, natural fertilizer is lost • Energy-inicnsive nnd costly waste ucatmcnt plnnis must be constructed • The disposal of sewage sludge cau~ further pollution problems We assume th:lt by nushmg and forgetting we have solved the problem, yet in l'C3lity we have only created several new ones. The watcrlcu composting toilet is 11n alternative to these problems. ll uses no water. thus chmmatlng massive consumption used with Oush L01lcts The <;i-lf.eonUlincd sy51Cm protects ground Md ~urface wai.ers from conLDmmat1on. and valuable nu111ents arc coo,·cncd into a s:in1tary nch humus lhal can be applied directly to the orch:ud. MUmCnl3ls. and the garden. With solar fC3llltCS, 11 needs no additional or outside source of enctgy to complete the decomposition, nnd there arc no mechanical or moving parts. Because of thi~. 11 needs very hule ml\inlCD311CC nnd l'CqWICS no additional Cllpcn5CS after the original mst11llauon .. Watct conservation equals energy conscrvalJOn m that no energy is nocdcd to pump. store, or purify waste. Compo5ting toilets arc a part of an appropriate technology m that they renect a low-cost soluuon to local problems. They are simple co build and mam1:11n: nnd can be constructed from locally available materials. WINTER 1987-88 Scx,.b.\>I :5 .·. · C.IW11'E:Y ·: " .: lllc toilet conslSls of a c:oocreie block vauh with a sloping "air s11u-case• system (sec diagram). The org:lllic was1A:S move down the St:lll'CISC at a rate that will insure aerobic dccomposlllon by the time they reach the final storage chamber. Aerobic decomposition means th:lt the ocg:inic materials a.re breaking down in the presence or oxygen. The compost pile is aerated in three ways: Fir;t, the incoming air stream 1s prchC3lcd by the flat plate sol.3r hot air collcc10r (eliminating the noed for an adcbtio1131 power $0UtCC). and brought undeme:llh the "steps" of the air ~talrcasc so th31 the au can Cll'Culate from the bouom and on up through the center or the pile. Second. the air is conducted through the slotted and perforated four inch PVC pipe ducts that run through the center of the pile. Third, air nows over and across the pile, ovnpor:ating citccss moisture and pulling olT the carbon d1oudc. The solar chimney drives off the air c1rculat1on system for the compostct by allowing the sun to heat the air in the black vent si.ack. thus causing a n3tural draft . The warm air rises by natural convection and in tum pulls more air through the colleci.or and through the compost pilc... the cycle goes on. Also. u's 1 mponant to lldd af1tt C3Ch U5C a scoop or "dry Oush" materi31 nch in carbon, ~ch as &Tl.~' cilppmgs. sawdu~1. leaves. peat. and 111ood ch1J>l' You're building a working compost pile here so you need enough fibrous mlllCriJIJ to miit with the wastes to keep the pile loose so n1r cnn circulate through. All odors arc released through the solar chimney which ensures the bathroom is free from odors at all tim~. The humw; which is remo"cd 1s ooly live to ten percent of the original volume as 9Q.9S percent will be transformed 11110 carbon dioxide and water ,.apor and rcle:iscd through the 'cnt. It will l3kc 3J'Pr0llma1Cly two ycatli for the f~t decomposition pcnod, then with the continuous proce.~s. three to icn gal Ions or humus will be produc.xl per pcrsonfpcr year. generou~ Dct:uled blueprints an: available for SIS.OOfrom Long Branch Environmental l:ducanon Center Route 2. Boit 132 Leicester, NC 28748 (704) 683 3662 KATUAH ·page 15 �Review of Rua Sims Quillen's October Dusk JULIEANNA Bi' Timber, Mon1:1113; Sc•cn BuIT:lloc:; Press; 1987. 26 p:igcs This collection of twenry-thrcc poems is as invumg a.s a cool front porch in summcnimc Md opens to the l"C3dcr a ~orld of Appalachian place, culture, and ritual. In Quillen's poems we arc rooted in a place of apple buucr IT\:lking and calf binhing; a place where people look to the seasons to tell them what work needs to be done. Herc arc hard laboring people who draw such conclusions as 'The potatoes from the garden/ lie scattered in the grass./ Tomorrow we will son them I and store them for winter." This dedication is an intimate and loving gesture which leads the reader to assume the couple in the poem, who sit on their front steps after a hard day's wcrk and whose "eyes meet in the fading light," arc lhc poet and her husband on their own fann. Such intimacy is typical of Quillen's poems and is neither offensively confessional nor self-indulgent, but rather comfonablc and interesting-a glimpse into a panicular Appalachian family's world. ln these p<>cms rich in Appalachian culture, we notice the effects of ume. Sometimes we sense the new imposing itself on the old, as in "Time To Go". Here an old woman sees a countryside overtaken by "multi-level houses"-symbols of the new "American dream". But she also observes young people taking over an "aged" farmhouse and "trying to live in another time": ... solemn young women in earth-colored clothing I chop wood and raise chickens." She realizes that people !Oday arc facing a "hard time," perhaps too hard, and she knows she has lived long enough. We often see old generations passing, as in "Julicanna", in which "Mamaw" sits by the window and recalls her past, not sadly, but acutely: "She can still smell I a hot kitchen full of men I after a hard day ...." She sits with her granddaughter, sometimes thinking she hears her late husband "Paw I saying 'Julie' I and she almost answers." Such moments in QuiJJen's poems are poignant, tender, but rarely, if ever, repetful. They are ultimately not regretful because Quillen sees renewal in the passing of time and people. The poem "Sunday School Lesson" (dedicated to the poet's son) investigates the notion of new generations replacing the old, as the mothet' ponders "how each of my children I resembles someone long dead .•.. /The boy is my father I reborn I with red hair." I find this poem comforting and a beautiful and quite appropriate conclusion'° the collection. My favcrite poems, however, are those that deal with Appalachian ritual, as in "Revival", a poem which depicts a child's perception of an old-time church revival, an event filled with ta1Jc of fire and brimstone and infused with the Holy Spirit ("Many moaned, cried I said Yes Lord"). The child is confused and " [runs] out of the shadow into the clean nl&ht air". The poem doesn't pass judgement on the revival, but certain! y captures the mystery of the ritual as seen through a child's eyes. A second of Quillen's poems set in the church, "Meeting House," offcis a touching glimpse of another country ritual: counship. In this poem we find z.ekc Bays riding his "spooked" mule into a church service. It's not the event itself, despite its quirkiness, that gives this .J>OC:m its reason for being. Instead, the hean of the poem lies in its theme: the discovery of love. While Zeke apologizes fcr his actions, he keeps his eyes on Anna Compton, a young woman in the congregation, and this gesture signals to everyone, including Anna. what Zeke feels for her. They all know that "Zc.ke [will) be the one I to teach her about loving, I sing little songs to her in the dark." These "little songs" arc the essence of romantic love and will be as sweet, no doubt, as that dark countty night when Zeke will sing them. What I ultimately find most appealing about QuiJJen's poems is her use of the concrete, her interweaving of crisp illlllges that l can visualize and metaphors I can savor. In her poems is a mngible world where one sees a "spring burst of white blossoms", and smells "A musry sweat smell" of a crowded country church, and hears "little chimney sweeps I (that! cry in the blackness". This is a living world, the poet's own, J suspect, that she has opened to her readers. We are invited in for a while, and here we can discover, ponder, and, I think, enjoy ourselves immensely. Mamawfin1Jlly swps 11Jlking She siis birdlike by the window on a green vinyl chair. Her toothless mourh opens, closes collapses right inlo the face. Her hands circle slowly around and around as she talks, every ~·ein dark bltl.t and swollen. I warch and wait can'r take my eyes off her. Siu: keeps glancing ar the clock on the mlllllel then back at me. Eyes dull like old window fXJlll!S stare oUJ the window 01 yestudays w/u:n she worked wirh Ju:r /'1llJll in steamy fields. She remembers her babies, rwo alive and grown, rwo dead at birth blood coming out their ears. She can stifl smell a hot ldtchenfull ofmen after a hard day, feel her own light, quick srep move sure through ti~ gardi!n. Someti~ she thinks she hears Paw saying "Julie' and she almost answers. We sit together while the old 1111J11Je/ clock ticks loud, louder. Ouiside the quaner moon, the least lighl ofall, hangs in the air resting lighlly then like that last spoken word. OCTOBER DUSK The evening dark falls all around me, iJs warm bl'eaJh casts a shadow on my face. Sitting 011 my front steps, I am a candle flame drawing moths and moS41'iu>es, holding the mo~nts in my cupped hands. He sils quietly /:Ty~. memories ofthe day's work swift moving cowr shared lilcefall leaves in the yard. The pol/JJQes from the garden lie scanued in the grass. Tomo"ow we will sort them and store thunfor winter. His hand rests on my neck as he slowly stands. He off the other dirty hand us to help me up. Our eyes meet in the fading lighl. We go inside, surrendtring to nighl, d1t: sm411 ofeanh still strong. - Julia Nunnally Duncan KATuAH ·page 16 -------------------.,WINT;-;-;::;:-=E=:R:--:1~9-:::87::-·:-:88 �October Dusk by Rita Sims Quillen MEETING HOUSE When Zeke Bays rode his mule in10 church the sweating preacher froze open-mol.UMd in the middle of a Bible vuse and the sranled men rtoched in rheir coaJS fo r tlu! guns they left at home. Aunt Becky Summey fainted 011 tlu! women's side, a crowd rushed around her as Zeke struggled wilh the mule, its flat hooves senin~ up a deafening echo on the rough plank floor. H What in tlu! \'.'Orldr S1Jmeone said. Zeke meanJ co answer bw the mule walked sideways and jarred a pewfull of deacon's wives. Anna Compron hid a s17Ule untkr a~ whit.e hat when ZekefiniUly managed to steer the mule toward the door. She watclied his hard, dark anns pull aJ the rope. noticed that full and STllOOth mouth, tlu! long eyelashes that made people say he was too pretty fora man. Pausing at the door, Zeke apologized/or himself and his wild, spooked anUnal. said lu!'dfu the door. Everyone tw7red to sr.are QI Anna becm.ue he looked QI her as he talked. She ~d red as her 111/)tWs tinnias. She knew; he did, too. Now everyone probably saw ii: Zeke would be the one to reach her aboUI loving, sing liltJe songs to her in the dart. COLLAGE TIME TOGO Tire old woman spits amber StilT$ in the dust standing on a long road leading nowhere except Elmwood Hills Subdivision where ""'1ti-level houses stand mtJSt/y empty save for the Nnuican dream <fwe.r bars, color1V, and pool tables. And on down the road a piece a lane mOlk l1y VW buses pressing down tlu! grass leads wan agedfarmhouse where rusty bu.eke.rs carch waur from the roof and solemn young women in earth-colored clothing chop wood and raise cAfcAzns: living, walking memories trying w live in another time while the old woman keeps si/en1 waJch She holds lu!r breath, st.anding and ware/ling between the IWO there in the stardusr rood, pocks her jaw with more tobacco. She's thin/clng what a hard time they will all have and congratu/ares herselffor living just long eno11gh. WINTER 1987·88 I hold the dl.m picture close to the light. The background ls faded: an old man's silhouette on a barnwall. black On 8rtl)'· a shaft of white sun slashing his face. He holds a bale of hay on his left shoulder, expruslon dirta dueEast- overlapping with the tiny grantlson in the foreground lying Ill the crib, seemingly soulless in that sl«p beyond remembrance known only to the M\'.born and rhe dead. Yet surely there nwsr /lave been ho~d puffs ofair passing through rhose he.an-shaped lips, the soft body rising with eoch breath.. The missing lin/c is the old man's son the baby'sfarher out ofthe picture somewhere where f Qlhers always are, leaving me to wonder about JUm, impatient wilh my owA curiosity. Ile is1ust another man, seed bearing seed. Why do I go begging for meaning in rhe accidenUJI double - expos11re? KATUAH - pa!!,e 17 �In the old days "shelter" meant just that: a place to sleep and to get out of the weather. A building or a structure was not a place where people spent their ·whole lives, as it is today. Jn a modem city, people go from one building - where they live, eat, and sleep - by car to another building where they work, and then go back again. They even exercise in a building! Only incidentally do they get out into the open air. These people live in a completely anificial environment. They regard the natural elements as inconveniences to be avoided. When I was a boy living with my grandfather and grandmother, we would take all the doors and windows off the house in April. By the end of May we had moved the wood cookstove outside under a liule shelter, and my grandmother would cook out there. We also slept outside. We did not have tents or sleeping bags, so we slept under a liule brush arbor we built to keep the dew off us. We slept there until thunderstorms or a wet spell of several days would make us go back inside for awhile. We lived oucside and did everything under the brush arbor and under the O'CCS until the last pan of October. Then, when the leaves fell, and it swted to get cool, we would put the windows and doors back onto the house, move the cookstove back inside, and Stan 11 up again. But even in the wintertime we would use the dogtrot, which was a wide, covered passageway between the two pans of the house, as a place 10 shell beans. whittle or carve, make baskets, or work on other projects. We would eat there in summer when the weather was rainy and we had company. Folks would always visit and socialize there. Out there it was alright 10 smoke or chew tobacco and spit. When my grandfather was a boy, his grandfather was living with his family. The old man was a strong influence on the boy, telling him many siorics about how the Indian people used to do things. That is why my grandfather always liked the idea of houses with cane mat walls, the way they were built before the white settlers came. He used to say that building a structure that lasted beyond one's lifetime was a burden on the Earth. Back before they were all cleared, the river bottoms were full of thick-growing river cane. The cane was an incredible material that was used for many purposes. One of the main use:. was to m:ike $iding for the houses in the villages along the river bouoms. The women wove the split cane into mats that '"'ere ~even feet tall and six to ten feet long. These were hung on a framework of poles stuck into the ground in a circular pauem. Other poles were lashed across for bracing and 10 suppon roof rafter;. The roof was made of bundles of broormcdge grass. which is waxy and oily and repch water. These were bound in place to make a thatched roof. In this way the people could build a dry structure 1n a very, very shon time. If the mats were still good in the fall, they might roll them up and use them again. In some of the larger, more permanent villages like Peachtree or Old Echorn, they would daub the cane mats with clay. In the smaller villages they would replace the mats every year and never daub them. One time when we walked across the field where Old Echota was formerly located, we found chunks of hard clay that bore the imprints of whole cane leaves and stalks that had been pan of the old houses. They also would build small towers in the fields among the com and squash plants. Kids would take rums standing watch in the small buildings 10 head off marauding animals and 10 throw stones at the crows. The old com-cribs were also built off the ground. They were made of thin poles and were well-daubed with mud. Every crack, even around the doorway, was tightly sealed to keep rats and mice out of the gnin. They put up com, beans, and dried pumpkin in pots and checked their stores frequently. The only permnnent structures were the town house, which was built on a mound at the center of the village, and the asi 's, or hothouses. An asi was a family storehouse, guest house, sweat lodge, and winter shelter. They were eanh-covered structures that were built on the surrounding hills above the fertile bouomlands. The asi was low and na1, usually constructed on a slight rise to help the water run off. They were made of wood, usually locust trees. Medicine people often made their asi's with seven sides. the sacred number, but families usually nude them square, 12 by 12 feet or JS by IS feet. according to the size of the family. The: basic log structure was covered with mats, then broomsedgc would be placed on top of that, and then soil would cover that. Some of the older asi's had grass growing on top of them, but the locust never roued, and very rarely would they ever leak. In the summenime the asi would be used for storage or to house guests if the family had clan \isitors. although the town house was also used for overnight lodging. The asi would also be used for sweat lodge ceremonies. A family would move its thi~gs out, and they would heat up a pile of big rocks in a large fire outside and carry them into the asi. A lot of people could crowd in 10 sit around the steaming rocks. The sweat lodge was one of the - continued on page 28 KATIJAH - page 18 WINTER 1987-88 �'The Grear Spirit did not give man the right to destroy this great life." (ucuptsfrom a ra/A: ta the bled btar conftrtnct by Kay Littfr)Ohn. a Chcr'1Ut Indian} My fotlu!r 011d grandfather and their grandfathers before were asked to speak on behalfof our animal relatives, which were rapidly disappearing in their times: the snail darter, the ivory-billed woodpecker, the passenger pigeon, ti~ CoroliNJ parrot, and 1.lte list goes on and on and on. Each one of my ancestors wlro spoke om against the destruction of our relatives. saw that tire native people of this country were placed here by the Great Spirit as caretakers. We see this great gift of mind 011d creativity as something we use 10 share witlt all those two-legged, four-legged, winged, water, and root creotiues. We see ourselves as something not set apart from our environment, but as a pan of the whole ..... There is hope in me tltat thest people who hove removed us as caretakers will see the responsibility that we all share. I om responsible/or pollwion, the disappearance of the animals and plants, for hate, and prejudice, as eoclt and every one ofyou are. Our people were swept aside with tire j11stijicotion of "manifest destinyH. This archaic expression was used in tlte post to ju.rtify cruel and unjust acts. This some plulosoplty exists today, when it comes to the nvo-legged, four-legged, roots, and insea creanues Let's not let "manifest destinyH be the ckstruction of al/ life. The Great Spirit did not give man the right to destroy this great life Great Spirit, my prayer is for Yonoh, 01u brother, ti~ black bear. Concern for the black bear (Ursus omericonus) in the Southern Appalachians drew over 200 people to the Owen Conference Center at the University of Nonh Carolina al Asheville on September 29 10 hear a schedule of speakers presenting different perspectives on the present and future condition of the black bear and its mountain habitat. The conference was sponsored by the Environmental Studies Program at UNCA, the Southern Appalachian Black Bear Federation, Long Branch Environmental Education Cenrer, and Klu.UBh. The presenting speakers agreed that the black bears had survived intense pressures, but that the species faced even more difficult times in the near future. caused primarily by the ever-expanding human population. Opinions differed widely as to the nature and the projected impact of these pressures, but the mood of the conference was one of guarded optimism that if people of different points or view could work together, the problems facing the black bear could possibly be averted. As Dr. Michael Pelton, professor in the Depanment of Wildlife, Fisheries, and forestry :11 thc Univer.;ity ofTenncssec said in his keynote address. "We are sitting on the last major long· term population of the WINTER 1987-1-iR THE FUTURE OF YONAH, THE BLACK BEAR black bear in the Southeast." He said that the indigenous black bear population had by its remarkable adaptability overcome the threats posed by the massive deforestation of the Appalachians by the timber industry in the early years of this century and the chestnut blight, which wiped out the American chestnut tree, the bears' most stable and abundant food source. "Diminishing habitat has without a doubt been the single most imponant factor that has impacted these animals," said Dr Pelton. "It is unlikely that any new habitat will be created," he said, and called for policies to proteet and maintain large blocks of forested lands in the Appalachians for the far-ranging black bear species. "More miles of open roads and forest management policies that decrease hard mast (acorn and nut) production will lower the carrying capacity of the forest for black bear," said the biologist. "Roads affect bears either through direct monality or by bears having to shift their habitat to more marginal areas, making them more vulnerable to monality. A road policy must be clearly defined and strictly enforced. That is very important to the long-term stability of the situation. "We also need a management strategy to perpetuate and stabilize hard mast production in the Appalachians. This means long tree harvest rotations to allow oalc trees long-term mast production when they reach maturity." Roben Zahner, professor of Forestry at Clemson University, underscored the need to encourage the different oak species in the mountains. "At this point," he said, "When we're talking about bear habitat, we're talking about acorns. "Oak trees are showing signs of decline in different areas, and there is some reason to believe that atmospheric pollution is an influence." Zahner also warned of the approach of the gypsy moth, whic.:h has the capacity to defoliate whole forests and is moving toward the Southern Appalachians. There is no way to predict what the elfcc.:h of the moth infes1ation will be on the black bear, but the larvae or the insect prefer green oak leaves, and it will have a strong negative effect on the mast-bearing trees, he said. In light of these pressures to come, Zahner advocated extending the roration age of trees; implementing a strong oak regeneration program; and keeping large blocks of forest land intact to cushion the effects of future pressures on black bear habitaL Lauren Hillm3n, wildlife biologist for the US Forest Service, said that "population management is a second critical factor for the future of the black bear." Citing population studies in the Pisgah-Nantahala National Forest, she said that "monality is at or approaching its maximum sustainable limit..... Population in the Pisgah-Nantahala National Forest is probably not declining, but the population appears to be characterized by a preponderance of animals in very young age classes." This affects the availability of breeding females necessary to keep the reproduction rates up to the level of occurring mortality. Shortening the bear hunting season or pushing it back later in the year tends to protect females, who go to den earlier than the males. A bright spot in the conference was a report by Kei1h Langdon, resource management specialist for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, who spoke of promising results in the the breeding of blight-resistant American chesmut trees that one day might be able to reinhabit the species' former range. New genetic techniques developed by researchers affiliated with the American Chestnut Foundation have produced encouraging results in eitperiments in Minnesota, said Langdon. John Stokes, storyteller and musician, and the dancer Zuleika presented on Iroquois Indian story about the bear. In closing, Stokes said, "We have only one statistic to offer you. That is that we arc 100% sure that the sumval of the black bear is not a question of number-s, but a spiritual question." pfll' KATUAH- page 19 �NATURAL WORLD NEWS FIGHTING THE BIG BURN IN CALDWELL COUNTY by Barbara Kirby (from a talk before t~ WNC A//iQJICe) For nearly 1wo ye:irs the people of the Mt. Hennon Community near Hudson in Caldwell County, NC have been involved 1n an intense fight to get rid of a hazardous waste incinerator on nearby Lick Mountain. The history of the incinerator goes back 13 years to 1974 when the county decided it would purchase the equipment to burn hazardous wastes trom t.:aJClwell and surrounding counties. Caldwell is a m.'.ljor furniture producing area, with a lot of noxious wastes as by-products. In 1975 a fire in the incinerator plant forced its closure, and the county officials decided that they were not qualified to operate the facility. It was leased it to a man named Charles Foushee, who began Caldwell Systems, Inc. (CSI). Charles Foushee is the man who operated the Mitchell Systems incinerator and was unceremoniously thrown out of Mitchell County a year and a hnl r ago. In 19&3 the county commissioners agreed to renew the CSI lease for 25 years. There had been complaints of odors, smoke, and pollution, but they were low-key, and few people had been involved. In 1985 a man named L. C. Coonse began serious opposition to the waste incinerator. Following his lead, a group of people organized as Caldwell Concerned Citizens for a Clean Environment. Their first act as a group was to ask the county commissioners to form a study committee to investigate the incinerator and determine if any health hazards did in fact exist Since that time we have met with continuous obstruction. The study committee was started eventually, and they have done an excellent job with the aid of hired legal and environmental expcns. The study committee found several instances of unsafe operation of the incinerator planL As one example, the manufacturer of the incinerator reoommends that it bum no more than 1,882 pounds of hazardous waste per hour. But the operators go by the state regulations, which allow them to bum 4,018 pounds per hour. The incinerator bums 22 million pounds of waste per year. Halogenated hydrocarbons, a very serious health hazard, are burned at the plan1. On August 22, 1987 phosgene gas (also known as mustard gas) was released into the air. Several Mt. Hermon residents were stricken by the vapors. KATIJAH - page 20 Numerous employees have been sick, and one person is probably going to die from injuries sustained there. Caldwell Concerned Citizens has continuously pressed the county commissioners to do something. We have pressed the state. The state has been very reluctant to work with us. They have started studies and refused us access to the data generated. Our group has raised $5000.00 to do our own soil and water studies, all of which have shown contamination. The county commissioners have been under tremendous pressure from the state Natural Resources and Community Development (NRCD) and others to lceep the incinerator open, because since the closing of the Mitchell Systems plant, it is the only commmercial hazardous waste incinerator in the state. We have found that part of the problem in regulating a hazardous wa~te incinerator is that there are very few regulations. So tho incinerator operators can truthfully say, "We meet all regulations," but that does not mean that they are not hurting anythUig. In October, 1987 the srudy comminee finally recommended that the Caldwell Systems incinerator be closed. At a meecing on November 2, the county commissioners said that they would ask CSI to leave. The announcement was met with cheers from the more than 400 people in the audience. The commissioners continued by saying that they would allow CSI to sell its business and equipment to another company. They did not set a deadline for when CSI had to be ouL They did not tell us who would be the new buyer. They did not say anything about cleaning up the area, which in Mitchell County was a job of several months duration. A near-riot ensued after that announcement. and the commissioners left under the protection of lhe sheriffs departmenL The outcome of all this is still not clear, but there is cause for hope. At a special meeting on November 9 the county commissioners voted to temporarily close the CSI plant. The final result still remains to be seen. Citizens is an orRanization of mountain people just like all of us Their experience shows us that we can learn what we need to learn w deal with these issues. Ir's as simple as chal.") SMOKIES WILDERNESS BILL PASSES THE US HOUSE N.wnl World News Service A bill co-sponsored by Rep. James McClure Clarke of NC that would officially declare 90% of the Great Smoky Mountain National Parle a wilderness area has won unanimous approval in the US House of Representatives. Wilderness status would protect the greater part of the Park from road-building or any olher development. This bill formally ratifies the past management policy of the National Park Service and gives it the force of law. The House bill authorizes a payment of $9.5 million to Swain County, NC and forgives a $1.6 million loan to the county by the Farmers' Home Administration to redeem a promise made at the Park's inception for a road to a family cemetary located at Deals Gap within the Parle limits A similar bill, S. 963, has been proposed in the Senate, sponsored by NC Sen. Terry Sanford and Sens. Sasser and Gore of TN. Sen. Jesse Helms has proposed countering legislation in the Senate that would cut the amount of land to be put into wilderness and authorize the road to the cemewy to be built through the Park. Congressman Clarice expressed optimism about the Sanford bill's chances in the Senate, saying, "I think this is the best chance we have to get this controversy behind us. Everybody, even Senator Helms, feels that the 23 mile. $400 million road to the cemetary will never pass the Congress." (Taylor Barnhill ofthe Western Nonh Caroli/Ill Alliance says, "Barbara Kirby is not an environmental ex:perr. She is a school librarian ar Maiden Elementary School in Catawba Coulll)', NC. Caldwell Concerned WINTER 1987-88 �CONGRESSIONAL ACTION ON THE MRS Nlllllnll Wmld News S.S-.a POACHERS CAUGHT; POACHERS CONVICTED Acting on an anonymous tip, NC wildlife officers caught and charged seven men with bear baiting on Mackey Mountain near Manon, NC. The seven appeared in McDowell County Oistnct Coun on Nov. 9. Four of the men pleaded guilty to bear baiting, which is illegal in NC, and were given a minimum fine of $250, a suspended jail sentence, and lost all hunting privileges for two years. Two others contested the case, but were also found of guilty of the same charge. They stated their intent to appeal the decision. The remaining case had not come to !rial by the end of the day. The poaching !rial was monitored by the Southern Appalachian Black Bear Federation, which is initiating an active program to discourage poaching in Katiiah. 'This is the most flagrant case I've ever seen. They've been doing it all summer." Frank Pennell, enforcement officer for the NC Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC) in McDowell County told the Charlotte Observer. Responding to the tip, wildlife officers investigated the baiting site, which was just outside the boundary of the Mackey Creek Bear Sanctuary. The officers found enough snack cakes at the site to fill two bushel baskets. Cellophane wrappers from hundreds of other snack products littered the ground around the area. The bait was placed by the poachers to lure the bears off the protected sanctuary lands, so they could set dogs on their trail and run them in unprotected parts of the Pisgah National Forest. When the bears would finally be shot, they would miles from the incriminating bait site. The actions of poachers threaten the stability of the black bear population in the Southern Appalachians. Poached kills go uncounted in bear population management statistics, and poaching from the state bear sanctuaries violates areas that are set aside to provide females a safe breeding ground for a core population to maintain the numbers of black bears in the mountains. Defend the bean! Write to: Ass'L District Attorney Sandra Pugh P.O. Box 2143 Marion, NC 28752 Tell her that you arc watehing the bear poachers' appeal case and that you care about the outcome. If any signs of other poaching activity are seen, one may call the WRC "Wildlife Watch" number, 1·800-662-7137, to repon known or suspected violations. Confidentiality is assured. It is dangerous to personally intervene with poachers and far safer to call wildlife enforcement officers. Compiled 111 patt from o uport ur tlw CharlOlu Qbrmz, The US House of Representatives and the US Senate are on a collision course on crucial high-level radioactive waste legislation. ln the House. a move toward a momrorium and independent review of the nuclear waste management program is being led by Rep. Morris Udall (D-Utah) and Rep. Jamie Clark of the NC Ninth District. The vehicle is HB 2967 which would institute a study commission to review the actions of the US Department of Energy (DOE) and halt any funher site selection work for the two planned high-level nuclear waste dumps and the MRS (Monitored Retrievable Storage). which the DOE would like to site in Oak Ridge, TN. Senator Bennett Johnston (D-LA) is pushing Senate Bill 1668 (the Johnston-McOure bill) that would authorize an MRS. The MRS would store 80-90% of the nation's high-level nuclear waste. If Johnston were to succeed in his efforts, Karuah would not only be threatened by the MRS, but would be one giant step closer to receiving the second high-level nuclear waste dump in the Ellc River geological formation, just outside of Asheville, NC. Congressman Jamie Clar.Ice; US House of Representatives; Washington, DC 20515 deserves thanks for sponsoring HB 2967, and NC Senat0rs Sanford and Helms; US Senate Office Building; Washington, DC 20510 need to hear from people in the region who do not want the MRS and 1hc high-level waste dump. fA PAC AGAINST THE COMPACT •• Nlllnl World News Service The NC Political Action Committee to Dump the Compact has been formed to elect legislators to the NC Senate and General Assembly that will withdraw the state from the Southeast Low-Level Radioactive Waste Compact, which plans to dump 32 million cubic feet of radioactive waste in the state over a 20 year period begiMing in 1992. The group is planning to mount a strong campaign around the state's May 3 primary and November 8 election in 1988. Contact the organization at: P.O. Box 26071 Raleigh, NC 27611 FOREST SERVICE PLAN UNDER APPEAL - AGAIN! NllUnl World News Service The Western North Carolina Alliance (WNCA) and the NC Chapter of the Sierra Oub have both entered fonnaJ legal appeals of the Pisgah-Nantabala 15-Ycar Management Plan to the Chief of the US Forest Servicein Washington. The WNCA is filing on the basis of several violations of the Forest Management Act of 1976. The act requires that forest management be done on a site-specific basis, that management promote biological diversity in the National Forests, and that multiple-use management (which includes water, wildlife, and recreational needs as well as timber harvesting) be practiced. The WNCA in its suit says that the Forest Service is not considering management practices based on conditions at individual sites, but rather is making blanlcct prescriptions for clearcuning in all pans of the forest. They cite the Forest Service for managing the forest to promote a few selected varieties of trees, rather than promoting the wide diversity of trees found naturally in the Appalachian hardwood forest. The suit goes on to say that the widespread practice of clearcutting destroys protective cover, old denning trees needed by many mammal species, and mast-producing trees necessary for many species' survival. The WNCA favors uneven-aged timber management by means of selective cutting. The WNCA suit also protested the extensive use of prescribed burning by the Forest Service, calling the practice "excessive and environmentally damaging." The suit mentioned in particular the controlled bum that was triggered by dropping napalm in the Mica City Creek watershed. Both the Sierra Club and WNCA suits called the Forest Service to task for making many below-<:<>st timber sales. saying that the agency did not, in the words of the USDA, "accept a considerably greater burden of proving that a below-cost timber program is necessary." The Sierra Oub lawsuit also charged the ForcSt Service with projecting excessive road building into the 15 year plan. • continued on next page WINTER 1987-88 KATUAH-page 21 �- continued from page 21 RECYCLING CENTER OPENS AT ASHEVILLE LANDFILL Nannl World News Scrviee DUKE POWER MOVING IN ON THE MOUNTAI~S N-1 World News Scsv..,.. Duke Power Company is planning to scour and nood 1,200 acres on Coley Creek in 1hc heart of the Jocasscc wa1ershed 10 build a reservoir for a pumped s1oragc hydroelectric project The watershed is in the sou1hcrn reaches of Transylvania Coun1y, NC, jus1 above the South Carolina st111c line. The Horscpas1urc River, which was rccen1ly inducted in10 1he National Wild and Scenic River System, and the Whuewater, 1 hompson, and Toxaway rivers now through the area. The Jocassce Watershed is currently undeveloped and unspoiled. The well-known Foothills Trail crosses I.he area, and it is home to the endangered Oconee Bells flower and several types of rare fems that grow on I.he north-facing sides of some of I.he many waterfalls in lhe drainage. Two colonies of lhe green salamander, rare in this re~ion, live on Coley Creek. But the high nunfall and abrupt chan~cs in elevation that malcc this a unique area m the East also make ii a prime area for hydroclectrical development Duke Power has submit1ed a draf1 application 10 I.he Federal Energy Regulation Commission fora 2,100 mcgawan pumped s1orage facility that will cost $3.3 billion to construct. Plans call for a dam to flood the main valley and two or three side valleys and coal-fired electric plan1s that will produce energy 10 pump water back uphill during slack pcnods. A new road is proposed from NC Route 281 10 the cast side of Thompson Ridge - a 1,000 foot drop over nine miles - to transpon heavy equipment to the Coley Creek sile and to maintain the project. The Jocassec Wa1ershed Coalition (JWC) has been formed to oppose the flooding of Coley Creek and to press for inclusion of the Whitewater, Thompson, and Toxaway rivers in the federal Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The JWC is comprised of citizens' groups, cnvironmcn1al groups. and individual landowners and hunters tha1 use the watershed. They arc being aided by the Sou1h Carolina Wa1er Resources Commission, which, fearing damage to tr0u1 fishing waters, is urging protection of I.he rivers in I.hat state. 'lhis is going 10 be a mon:: difficult taSlc than saving the llorscpastun::," said Bill Thomas, co-chair of the JWC, "because Duke Power has owned the land since the 1960's." The JWC is suggesting to Duke Power I.hat providing incentives for energy conscrvarion 10 reduce overall electrical consumption would be a cheaper alternative that would possibly obviate the need for I.he Coley Creek dam. Utility companies, par1icularly in New England and the Pacific Northwest have been using this option to avoid installing nuclear power plants or other unsightly and polluting electrical generating facilities. Research has shown I.hat it is twO to four times cheaper to invest in energy conservation in preference to energy generation. At a meeting with Duke Power, JWC representatives proposed tha1 1he company hire a consullant 10 do preliminary research into the possibility of invesung in energy efficiency as a possible option. The company refused. "It seemed like a prcuy good idea to us," said Thomas. "parucutarly since a consultant would only cost $30,000 as compared to the $3.3 billion budget for I.he Coley Creek project." The JWC 1s requesting that Katiiah residents wrire to: Tommy Rhodes NC Depanment of Natural Resources and Community Development P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 2761 I to ask that I.he 1hree rivers of 1he Jocassce Wa1crshed be placed immediately under state prorection. To contact the Jocassec Watershed Coalition, wricc: Gil Leebrick c/o Highlands Biological S1ation P.O. Drawer 580 Highlands, NC 28741 Duke Power is also deepening its involvement in the mountain region be buying out the Nan1ahata Power and Ligh1 Co., which provides electricity 10 1he five wcstcm-mos1 coun1ics of NC. Veronica Nicholas, a county commissioner of Jackson Coun1y. NC and tong-time activist in citizen struggles with Nantahala, calls this process "changing masterS." She observes, "By adding Nantahala's area and resources and developing the pump storage facility in Transylvania County, Duke Power is a-ying to create an in1cgrated generating system. I think they're loolcing to a time when they won't be able to rely on nuclur power." The Buncombe County Board of Commissioners, with the support of Quali1y Forward, has opened a recycling cen1er at the Asheville landfill, located seven miles north of Asheville on Highway 251. Clear glass, colored glass (brown and green separated), newspaper. corruga1ed cardboard, and aluminum cans may be recycled. The cenlcr is open during regular landfill hours: 8:00 am-4:30 pm, Monday-Friday and 8:00 am- I :00 pm on Saturdays. The usual landfill tipping fee of Sl.25 is waived ror up 10 10 bags of garbage for !hose who bring four bags of recyclables. II has been estima1 that up 10 ed one-lhird of all solid waste can be recycled. Recycling to this cxtcn1 in Buncombe Coun1y would depend on other recycling 1echniqucs as well as 1hc recycling area at the landfill. Curbside pick-up, on-si1c separation, and small, local commercial recycling businesses would all make recycling more convenient and profitable. The remaining two-thirds of the genera1ed waste could be composted, 1umcd into fuel pellets, or compacted and landfilled. All lhesc methods arc currently in use elsewhere. The Asheville landfill recycling center is a response on the pan of citizens to the idea of mass-bum incineration, which is one waste-disposal technology under consideration by the Buncombe County Commissioners. The major advocates of incinera1ion arc mega-industries trying 10 comer 1he SIOO billion spem annually in I.his country on waste disposal. Incinerators arc the most expensive solid was1e management technology a community can choose. They arc expensive to opera1c, involving massive inputs of non-renewable fuels, and repairs have proven 10 be devastatingly expensive. There are also major heahh and environmental problems involved in incineration. Fine particles of lead, cadmium, mercury, manganese, antimony, tin, and other heavy mc1als arc released in the incinerator smoke. Dioxin, the mos1 highly carcinogenic of the synthc1ic hydrocarbons. has been identified in significan1 amounlS in incinera1or gases and ash. The ash i1sclf is slated to soon be designated a hazardous waste by the US Envtr0nmcntal Protection Agency. Although a small s1cp, the recycling center at the Asheville landfill is a start toward bet1er waste managcmen1 practices and deserves resident use and support./ WINTER 1987-88 �A CHILDREN'S PAGE Underground House - Abigail Bird, Madison County, NC Under Water House Sarah Reany Floyd County, VA I would have a big house under the ocean and you got there by going through a door in a house on an island. My house would be shaped like a big mushroom. I'd have a big window on lhe top or lhe ocean to get sun power. And I'd have a fire at the bottom or my house and a boot and I'd have a bumblebee for flying away. I'd have a big flower so the bumblebee can drink. j J ( 11..i Mn 1 .: ..... h" (; .m ifJ v f 11t 1.1t1 ~ ,t u1~t -t11e 9n"vtn../. ti! ..>. t.l.."l'OU..9"' Ofltr( 5LiJQ - .... flJ1Jl. lC j()(:;.o h 1..s B td __ _ Underground House - Michael Flowers, Madison County, N / WI NTER 1987.:88 KATIJAH ·page 23 �Dear Friends • DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Ko.lWth 1s still a\ good as alway\, but I do agree it Y.ould be a i;ood idea to keep the old format. I'd hate for ~omc folk~ to i;et left out becau~e the price Y.Cnt up. Ju\t some or the feedback I've also heard from some people who enjoy looking forward to the ne:itt issue. Keep up the good! Tara Cla)1on Rougcmc:nt. :\C .....Thanks for a great fall issue. In response to your question: I'd rnthcr sec )oU mainl3in the ine:\pcnsive, rccycleablc newl>print. Keep up the good Y.Ork. Jeanene (Cabanis} Cashiers. t\C Dear Friends • Let me tcU you what I feel is important in my life: I stan a fire by spinning a wooden spindle. In doing this, r re-enact a ritual that transcends the bounds of time. Smoke curls from powdery, hot, black dust, and I am re-establishing my link with nature through an act of primitive humanity. I skin the gift deer with a stone knife I made, and butcher this friend who has given life for continuation of life. Eating this sacred food cooked on my fire, I realize that the deer is inside me and becomes pan of me, and I become pan of 11. I wear clothes made from this deer's skin, and. as I move, the deer moves with me. We arc one. 1 bathe in the stream, and the life blood of the Mother Eanh cleanses me, and again I sec the connecting link between my being and all of the universe. By panicipating in a primitive life, in immediate contact with the natural (real) world, I find comfoning, meaningful relationships with all of my relatives in this universe. I have lived outside for over eight years, nunurcd by this primitive exi~tencc. During thi!> apprenticeship with nature, a chief activity has been the use of natural materials for appropriate "Earth Skills" technologies to make a lhing, following techniques that natives have used in this area for over 12,000 years. I feel I have learned something valuable. and I want to share it. I have found how useful "Eanh Skills" arc in connecting humans and nature and stimulating spiritual insight, :ind I te.ich these methods to others. "Earth Skills" are life suppon activiucs through which people involve themselves in nature, primiuvc technologies, and primitive thinking processes. In the barren realities of modem American life and thought, "Eanh Skills" arc an avenue to understanding another way of perceiving the world and developing a foundation for spuituality based upon interaction with the natural world. On the surface, making a bucket of tree bark seems practical only because it provides a wild woods container. But in our day and culture, the experiment has a much more valuable benefit: we gain a very strong perception and understanding of a connecting linlc with the foreSt and with the primitive skills that our ancestors depended upon. By experiencing the physical connection, we arc opened to appreciate the spiritual value of the event. Leaming "Eanh Skills" relates an individual with the na11ual world to produce a craft or ~riml!nr that brings a person to the awareness of the connectedness of all things, humans included. •Earth Skills" lessons arc inherently spiritual. I never need to mcnuon the word "spirituality" or to scare conscrv:mves with phrases like "change m world view." The latent revelations, connections. and meaningful guides need never be anicul:ued. They just happen. "Ennh Skills" give a strong, practical foundation for under.;tanding spiritual realities by sharing Y.ilh the spirits of the wild places. Eustace Conway 602 Deerwood Drive Gastonia, NC 28084 KATUAU ·page 24 Durable magazine format vs less durable newspaper format · I'll opt for qunlity in either presentation. One awaits Katuah eagerly each season because of hannonious weavings of philosophy, issues facing our Mother Eanh, teachings to share, verse to stimulate ponderance, etc. For me the present format works!... .. Bern Grey Owl Raleigh, NC I'm making a prayer I'm gathering the kindling I'm making a prayer I'm clearing the way I'm making a prayer I'm striking the flint I'm making a prayer Lhat will illuminate that will warm or cedar and oak Of maple and pine Of coming Logether I'm making a prayer because iL is time • Colleen Redman Dear Editors: We have high praise for the Fall 1987 K1IiiA!L and its excellent anicles on the black bears of Southern Appalachia. No bear species anywhere on Eanh can survive without local and regional suppon, and that suppon depends primarily on what people know about bears and their needs. Your issue on the bears of the Kau.iah Province is a landmark step toward meaningful protection of bears and their habitat in your region. As planet Earth becomes less inhabitable as a result of traRically misplaced national and international priorities, the b:mle to keep p3tlS of Earth, habitable for wild bears will help prcscIVC the health · and life - of the planet as a whole. Keep up the fine work, because we arc all in this together. Sincerely, Lance Olsen President, The Great Bear Foundation Missoula, MT W1NTER 1987-88 \! �Dear Editor - While on a hurried VJSll Alar. your l.J.NJfturtd !M. At tlir" bthtst )IOll btc~ my ad\/Usary BtctJJ<U )'Oii .,.f:rt blood brotJo.u IO myfo~r llibc I Ww -,Ollr tlto1111w GS )'Oii p11rswd IM, I could 110t li111u to std 110rvislrmt111. 011 ONl on. yo11 pllTswd IM. Soon I 1rtw wtak, nut to tartlt. Ytt wht11 -,011 slew this body. I did llOI dit. My soul tlldiutrlt. to the new library at Appalachian Suue this past week, I chanced to see the notice of the upcoming symposium on the black bear in Nonh Carolina. It occurred to me that you might find the enclosed poem, "Nemesis," appropriate at this time. You will recall that Wilburn Waters was noted as the famous hunter and hermit in the White Top section of Nonh Carolina. He was credited (?) with killing 108 bears as well as many wolves and other animals. J became interested in his story when I learned he was my great-grent-grc:11-uncle. Rev. M.D. Han raised the funds and built the monument with the imposing black benr on top. I visited the graveyard where it srnnds this past summer, and it is still standing in good condition and has numbers of visitors each year. It is located near Lansing, near Tuckerdale. The symbol at the bottom right of the poem is the Cheroke word for Yo-nu, the bear. Sincerely, Mrs. Ruth Trimble '----------------~-~"""' E11t11tually )'Oii too. my bro/her. wtrtftlltd by rht inaor~ 1umd of mortality. NEMESIS Once./ was as you wert. A m1Jn tal/ and proud. Ordained by the GreaJ Spirit 10 toll OJld :t'*'l!al so 1ha1 I mightfted upon 1/itfruits of my labor. In thtfv.l/nessoftlme I beCDml! ll'l!Oritd by tht constant struggle 10 sustain lift. Encwnbtrtd by fau.• I langtd 10 be lilt:t tht Btar • frtt to roam DI will. gathtring the berrits and mast. I grnv faint with my disconttnl . Tht GrtaJ SpiriI ltntw my OJlguish. Maniftstiltg I /is arcant power I It gra111td my heart's dt.wc OJld cJiangtd mt into Btar, c/ollting me in long si/Jcen hair. I was Yonu, mighliesl of tht crcaturts. None challengtd my right 10 bt Yo11 lit tnto!nMd high on this /ouly kMll. Mtnftlt ltd to trtet an effigy of me· froztn ill rime • ovtr your grave 10 show rtsptct for your prowess. They tOd /IOI perceive thtir efforts wert dirtcrtd by tht Great Spirit and nor of thtm.ttlvts. I. too. ha11t rtsptctfor -you, mybrothtr. but I SIOJld htrt not to honor you. Rathtr. I stOJld guard 10 OJlChor your spirit firmly ill rhe tarth until Yonu rerurns unw his own 111 rht secret dtpdis and NXlows. Ohly thtn w1/l I relinquish my vigil so thal your spirit may ristfrom its fc11us and soar .,.;,h """' 111 the etastlw harmony of rhe Uniwrse. Ulllil )'OIL We reprint two ofthe pomufrom the Drumming section of last Issue. A typographical error changed the meaning ofone, and two verses ~e inadven0t1ly lef1 ow ofthe other. Our apologies to the poers and to our readers. Ajirs1 rule of survival in any region is to stay on 1he good side of your IDcal poetS! The Lessons of the Hunt Persimmon seed, I am•... let me glisten in the sunlight to paint you colours, gold, bronze, amber forever. let me be free 10 grow to bear.... to w3tch my young sway, to grow, to bear. let me not lay on the cold, damp ground trample me not for the Earth is my food and the sunlight my wonderment Persimmon seed, I am .... betraying no man. - Bun Grey 01111 Wouldst learn the lessons of the Hunt From those who know them best? Then one must go to marsh or wood Where hunters seek their prey. "Patience" says the stately Heron As it stands in the shallows, Waiting for a fish or a frog To obligingly swim by. "Concentration" says the Heron As, one slowly moving foot at a time, It stalks A shining minnow. "Patience" says the tiny Jumping Spider As it dans along a vine, Its huge front eyes alert For an insect's telltale twitch. "Concentration" says the Jumping Spider As, forelegs el(tendcd, It takes aim At a foolish fly. ''Patience" says the coiled Rattlesnake As it lies beside a log, Waiting for an unsuspecting mouse To follow its accustomed path. "Concentration" says the Rattlesnake As the mouse scampers closer, For there can be But a single strike. "I see and understand," say I "And thank you for your gifts. Now I can tre3d the inner paths To seek my own prey, Truth." © Douglas A. Rossman WINTER 1987-81! KATUAH · page 25 �An Appeal At the turning of this new year, we would like to express to you some thoughts and feelings about the Katuah journal at this point in its existence. We have been gratified at the expressions of love and support that have come in from readers and friends from all over. Our primary goal is to have KatUah be read and used. We see the journal as a way for each of us in the region to share our learning experiences, as we all try to find a balanced, harmonious way of living in these mountains. This element of sharing is very important in the ongoing process of us growing together and growing into the land. Katuah is produced as a collective effort of folks from around the region. ( Most of us live several hours apart from each other.) While some of the original members have been continuously involved, the editorial circle still opens and reforms after each issue of the journal. Doing Katuah is a demanding task that requires a lot of time and offers little material recompense (but, oh, such rewards to the spirit!). Most Katuah jobs are volunteer (though a few arduous tasks like bookkeeping are compensated). Katuah does offer expense money like gas and telephone calls, but simply getting to the various meetings and to layout is a big demand on people who are working for a living. This is taking its toll on the editorial collective. We would like to be able to maintain the journal at the standard it has come to reflect in the course of the last few years. By breaking the job list up into smaller pieces, we could make it easier for everybody, while bringing more variety and excitement to the pages of the journal. Opportunities are available to participate in the Katuah adventure. With added input, the journal could not only continue to exist in its present form, it could expand its functions in any direction the participants wish to take it. Besides help with actual production and lay-out, Katuah also needs writers and artists (and, of course, cartoonists!) to work with the journal or to submit material relevant to the region. The more submissions there are, the more variety and interest in the pages of Katuah. Even if submissions are not about the selected theme for an issue, they could fonn the nucleus for a future issue of the journal. Also needed are: - An advertising manager. who could bring in needed revenues for the journal, but also help Katuah consciously encourage a regional marketplace by spotlighting biorcgionally beneficial business enterprises. - A "Webworking" editor, who could work to encouraie trade and barter between people, help oottage industries to develop, as well as ftnd interesting and creative additions to mnlce a Lively individuals' ad section. - A distribution manager, who could help get Ka11iah out onto new store shelves and magazine racks and help keep up the network of community contact people. - Additions to the poetry committee that evaluates submissions and guides them into the pages of the joumiJ. - There is also a niche for a person or a committee to keep track of the Katfiah T-shirt sales and offer books, tools, stickers and other bioregional pamphemalia through the mail order system. - A calendar editor, who could compile a definitive events Iii.ting and perhaps transfo"" the "Calendar" section into a sun-moon-forest-garden-people almanac, creatively showing the upcoming cycles for each season. - Someone to be Natural World News editor, one of the vital sections of the JOumal. At present it is a patchwork of material picked up as we go along. This section needs an on-going editor to stabilize news presemations. keep in touch with contacts, add depth and continuity to our coverage, and become kno""n as a regional news conduit. This is a position that could become an important one for shaping news coverage 1hroughout the region. We have ulkcd often about expanding NU/Ural World News beyond the p3ges of the journal, but it would lllkc a person or a group with vision and commitment to actually make ~mething happen in this area. �1"tNttR. TRAVEL tNG "R.OUNDAJJOUT ~'JUA1l " It has also been a fond hope that Katuah could develop interest groups 1n areas of importance for b1oreg1onal life. People sharing a common interest 1n certain broad areas could meet independently, at first to see that their area of interest gets adequate and incisive coverage m the Journal, but developing into regional "think tanks" to develop and deepen bioregional thought on their chosen topics and perhaps to publish independently of the journal. Forestry and Wildlife, Water, Energy, Agriculture and Regional Diet, Healing, Education and Personal Growth, Sustainable Economics, Shelter, Bioregional Theory, and Spirituality are topics that have already been suggested, but any aspect of the new Appalachian culture could be treated in this way. Thinking bioregionally opens up new worlds to our mind's eye and our heart's touch. It's a participatory experience. If you think KatUah as a journal or as an idea is a useful form that helps you relate to life in the the Blue Ridge Province, help us help it to grow. If you can see your way to doing it, jump in. Share the excitement of a group venture, and join us as we seek to better understand the mysteries of this place. Blessings upon you at the turning of the year's wheel. - The Kstush sta"/ 11as wt.nter t wifl he traveling tlirou9l1 Xatunli to botli broarfen anc! aeepen tf1e biore9ionnf network tl1ougliout the province. t wi([ travel as extensi.vely as time and rcsotuces permt.t. 1he purpose of the trip is to hudd up tfie Xatuah cli.stributwn/local contact people network. and to strengthen tire two - way communication between the journal cma the communities of the reljion. tf you woul'cl like me as a representative of Xatuali to visit your area, q you woul'cl like to arrange a m eeting (!ar9e or small, pubUc or private) to talk about our region, if you can offer a floor to s~p on as t 'm passing through, please write and let me know, so we can taa. specifically about the trip 's timing and schduling. We can tf,o mutings or discussion 9roups about b!acft, bears, nukes, !and use plans, or any of the sugtjeSud "special interest areas ". We could hole! beljinnf.ng semf.nars on the meantn9 of the wore£ "biorel]f.on " and our own unique area. IVe could tell stories about clra9ons and the Uttk people. IVe could p!alJ drums. IVe coulc! tf,o sweat Coclljes. IVe could mut wi.th school 9roups or 9arc!en. clubs. IVe can tf,o whatever is rUj/Jt for SJOUr weak. Tfsi.nlt- about bei.ng a Xatuab contact person for your area. 1he contact system is tlie basic frameworF., of the XotUoh networft-. IVe would Uke to 9et more local news, local i.nterviews, local pi.ctures, stories, and opi.nLons from around the regf.on. Let me know, and we'{! get totjether to talk about U. Hope to hear from you. 1hese are excULng times to Uve in. Let's maft-e the most of them/ .Jlfl"' c Io -Davie! Whakr X.aUiah BLorUJional Journal Box ~8 Lei.cester, NC 28748 KATIJAH • page 27 �9004 nuttc£ne continutd from pace 18 A Mountain Home conunucd from page 8 As well as being above 1hc valleys, the asi's were always si1ua1cd on 1he wanner south- or west-facing slopes of the nearby hills. When the weather got cold, wc1, and nasty, the villagers would retreat up the hillsid~ 10 spend the winter snug and dry in their asi 's. The opening into the asi was so low that one had 10 crawl on hands and knees 10 enter. There was a wooden wall inside the doorway Lo cul off Lhc wind. so one entered by crawling in and turning to the right. The wooden partition cut off most of the light, too, so a bright fire of pine knots was kept burning inside to provide light while the asi was inhabited. Sometimes there would be a smokehole, sometimes the smoke would drift out the door. From time to time the people of the family would smoke their asi thoroughly with fragrant cedar or hemlock to ex1ermina1c insects and vermin. It must be remembered that the asi was intended only for a sheller and not as a living space. On nice, sunny days, even in winter, the family would work in the sunlight out of the wind in the warm, protceted area in from of the asi. The men might be carving or making arrowheads, and the women would weave mats for the walls of the summer houses. Weaving the walls for your house each year would seem like a long, tedious job to people today, but the lndians would sit together and talk while they worked, sharing ideas and gossip. It was communication; it was a social event, and if one was raised knowing that the mats for the walls of the summer house had to be made each year, then it was just one of the realities of living and was not seen as a burden. The asi also offered a place safe from the spnng floods that came down the river each year. The people could s11 on the hillsides and watch the river sweep away everything on the old village site except the townhouse, which remained safe above the waters on its raised mound. When the weather warmed and 1he waters subsided, the people returned to the bottoms and built their summer dwellings oriented around the townhouse. The floods also deposited 11 layer of fertile silt over the planting fields, so when the houses were reconstructed, the people set out seed for new gardens for the new growing season. It seems like an easy and practical way to live. bencr utilize local resources for energy production for our shelter. As we implement appropri3te ways of living, we become continually more aware of the spiri tual nature of shelter. The soil is the flesh, the water is the blood, the rock is the bone, and the wood is the sinew. For a person to experience the energy of his/her daily lire within and without IS II gifL Greg Olson tksigns passive solar and energy-efficient homes and teaches courses in the E11viro11mental Swdies Program at rile U11iversity of North Carolina at Aslrevi/le His course "Environment, Design , and Solar E11ergy" is offered every fall semester and focuses on tlie use of alternate energy systt!TTIS i11 building design. Write Greg at 211 Stoney Knob Rd.; Weaverville, NC 28787 or call (704) 658.()834. MEMBRANE HOUSES continued from page 13 Here are some specific LCChniqucs for creating thcJc: pod-Idec houses 111 KatU3h: •Build ribs or metal or plastic 1ub1ng on a saonc or c:cment foundnlion. Sttttch wire mesh over I.his frame and, by band, fcrroccmcnt lhe shell in a numbet or I.ayers leaving openings and shuL-offs. Pigments can be added 10 cement mix1urcs along wilh ol.hcr mnrkings put on the membrane for a mote involved blending with the land. It can take around 28 days for a sl3lldatd cunng or cement in Lhis process yCI there is a method of 7 d3y mois1urc 0 cur111g. A Bourn of Buds With an eye to woe and one to wonder, I regard late January daffodils just budding from the bare warm ground beside my tilting woodshed, a way too early to convey the full flame to the greentime. Near them I stand, a little tilted myself, feeling in the dawn sun some lightened sadness. - Michael Hockaday •con)truc1 fiberglass (or even cardbo3td) molds, with horiwnaal scnms for casting purposes, 1111d blow a dry miiuurc or sprayed cement cnllcd gunnne at high prCiSUrc onto the mold and connccuvc mesh. The mixture as dry enough IO suck 10 ceilings and can be shaped soon aftcr spraying. Adv111113gc) to this method arc lh31 a mold can be reused, and the curing umc for gunnue i• only about 3 dnys. •Malec a frame in which to inOa1e a I.hick l»lloon lh3I can then be covered with wire mesh and fcnoccmcntcd on the out:;adc. Also. in a m11Ch more m1t1caie process. steel fibers can be added 10 the concl"CIC mix - as a strenglhcncr • and sprayed al high PfC.\'iUl'C ona.o a I.ayer of 11\lulation from the inside of a I.hick balloon. The 51CCI fibers being put in the mix itself arc a replacement for the ribbing and meshmg of fcnoccmenL Air pressure can be wed as a 1113in suppon during lhe spraying process. •A grcnL mnny combinations of lhC$e LCChniqucs can be used. along with canh henning and adding on IO exilUng suucaurcs. Rob Messick is a graplric artist and an avid student of synergetics and whole systems. flis work with mandalas, m£mbranes and other organic forms portray a wide spectrum of enviro~nts from tire macrocosm 10 tire microCQsm. sraphic by ChriotJna Mormon KATUAH- page 28 wrNTER 1987-88 �Green B..gcr Kin&) Boont,,C (704) l64·5866 • • • • • • • • • • • • K"'-"r'UAfi l\oa-\E [) £.SIGl"I ~,p;:: -c t.•J ;::,,;\•'t'R.M~~.i,,·_ 1~£!..:...~rJ ·4-)E..? ~, ,\t_·, 11..f: h .. ;..:...- l:. -> \ ,- ..,. '~ .. , •"v:--~. ( 1:.l~ 1 :~ :-. . ~a .. _, ·=---- Green Line, lhe newsletter of the Western North Carolina Greens, has just published its second issue! Conceived as a project in solurion-~riented, ecology·~as~ journalism. Green Line began pubhcauon 1n Occober, with a well-received four-page issue. "Respect for diversity" is one of the ten key values of the US Greens, and the current issue, now eight pages, has further expanded its already . diverse mix~ure of local, regional, and n:monal news to include political cartoons and essays that aucmpt to penemue beneath the surface of the issues to the core beliefs, values, and elhics of Green philosophy. "Decentralization" is another key Green value, so the content of future issues of Green line is very open to our readers' contributions. Karzlali's readers are welcome to submit reports, essays, poems, graphics, or anything else that fires the imagination. Charter subscriptions are available for $5. The Gretn Une WNC Greens P.O. Box 144 Asheville, NC 28802 noon• llrli:his Shopplna C•nl<r (h.:hind . " . e Now " On Lme L10 ... ....) ... ' t.ii•\J ...4:;.. • ~ ~ (iL 7 ..:: .....-...., ",.. t"~4 o 1L (70~) Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology Clinic Natural Food Store & Deli 160 BroadWay Ashevllle, NC 28801 253-5383 Where Bro.c!wri meets Merrlmon Ave & 1-2.0 OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK Monday·Saturday· 9am·8pm Sunday 1pm·Spm <1>$5'.ffl~~cn WJ~ ll'JlD'.K§@ ©~~ !l The Elk River Coalition asks people throughout the mountains to tum off all electric lights in their homes and place a candle in the front window from 7:30-8:00 pm on Sunday, December 6 as part of the Sunday Nuclear Boycott (SNuB). . Boycotting nucle3;1"·ge~erated elec~ city for that shon penod 1s a symboltc protest of the federal government's nuclear waste policy and its implications for the mountain region and all of the natural world. For further information, contact: The Elk River Coalition c/o Madison County En vironmental Defense League Mars Hill, NC 28754 J im Wayne Miller LITERARY FESTIVAL Emory & Henry College February 4-5, 1988 More info: John Lang, English Dept, Emory &. Henry College, Emory. VA 24327 Rt One With lbe Earth is a 1ounng collection of Native American art on cxhib11 al Ille Museum of lhc Cherokee Indian now through Dec. 14, 1987. Located Highway 441 N al Drama Rood. Cherokee. NC. Open daily 9am-Spm. (704) 497-3481. (704) 683-1414 68:M795 342 Merrimon Avenue Asheville, NC {704) 258-9016 (704) 253-7656 'J\i(lee, 'lt~f 'Na~r~ BOBCAT T-SHIRT SHORT SLEEVE T: $10.00 ppd Colors: Ecru, White, Sliver. Sufoam (II. grHn) THI LONG SLEEVE T: $14.00 ppd. (lnclut»1 P•w Print on SIHv•) ColOl'I: Ecru, Sliver, Te•I, White S•tlsf11etlon •~red or ,.tum for full ,.fund. Ple•u Indicate size, color, sleeve length, qu•ntity. ........,. r'I ~ Introducing the BOBCAT This full color design Is hand-screened on T-SHIRTS OF 100% PRESHRUNK COTTON We •l•o IN AOUL T SIZES S,M,L,XL h•v• • tine or 1weetshlrt1 •nd WINTER 1987·88 kids T-Shirts I -... =.::::.~.,........ ~- ......c... .. I:.""" .• ,.l.110414t6 a.l "'- ccaoca_,,,,.,_u1o111111•---· '--==~=---1 . IUUl_.-111 Village Hands or llandm:ide Objects Beaut) rrom :ill O\er the world! •ptciatWoi: in ile.m~ rrom llotp:il &Tibtl Open Dail,> 11:00am-6pm 43 Broadway Ashcvllle, NC (704) 252-4336 Located across from Stone Soup KATUAH - page 29 �vf€BW0Rl51t§ APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN, blucprinLS and foll working drawings for homes, shop$, and sheds. Creauvc dnlftina - your idc:is or ours. Harmony Sunbuildcrs; P.O. Box 194; Sugar Grove. NC 28697 NC FARMERS can gel 75~ reimbursement for conservation m11113gement practices from NC Soil and Water Conservation Comm. Cropland conversion, tcmices, gm.•>s«I waterways, and other erosion prevention measures. ConUICt locnl Soil and Water Conservation District officci.. STARSPAN ASTROLOGICAL PROFILES: Relationships, lire chart, forccasL~. Charts and profc«101Ul taped readings also available. P.O. Box 10413; Raleigh, NC 2760S GUATEMALAN REFUGEE SEED FUND: help refugees in southern Mexico maintain lhcir culture and d1i;nity by shirring a variety of •-egct:1blc o;eeds directly to farmers. Write to: 2292 Grant Si.. Vancou,cr, BC, Can.:id.1 VSL2Z7 EUSTACE CONWAY· Guule and Teacher of pnmitive Emh Sl1lls with cmphasi~ on fire building, hide tanning, shelter, and foraging. He ieachcs at public school~. parks, cnvll'Onmcma.I centers, and classes of all lands. For mocc information CODl.1Cl him at: 602 Deerwood Drive, <i~ 1'Ci280S4 u call Allcm Stanley al (704) 1918 SIMPLE LIFESTYLES CALENDAR • Photos of "Cnf1SpCOplc or Appabchia" by Wam:n Brunner and suggcs11ons for simple h"mg for each day. S6.00 from App:ilachia-Scicncc m lhc Public lnlCrcSl; RL S, Box 423: LivingslOll, KY 4044S. All prOCCCds bcnc!il lhc WOf'k or ASPI, a llOll·(llO!il corpomuon. ROSE AROMATICS - csscntilll oils have been healing body, mind, spirit, since ancient Egypl. A most pleasant therapy! Dabney Rose; Rt. 3. Bo~ 286-A; Candler, NC 2871 S CHEROKEE INDIAN LANGUAGE clnsscs. For info, write Robcn Bushyhcad; P.O. Bo~ 70S: Cherokee, NC 2871 ROCKTN' WITH BILLY B • Do lhc DO!lct of I~ Dragonfly or the Roel 'n Roll of PhotoS>nlMsis in lhe "Music and lhc Natural World" work•hop. Avnilablc for bookings for schools or local groups, fan. 29-Feb. 4, 19gg, Great mouvalicin for kids! Call Ken Voorhis (615) 448-6709. FUTOl'S by Simple Pleasures • afford:ihly priced. Send SASE for info ID: Simple Pica.sum;; Rt. I , Al TERNATIVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL· At Arthur Morg:in School 24 students and 14 staff lcnm 1ogether by living in community. Curriculum includes crcnl.ivc ocndcmic:s, group dccision-maling, a work program, scrncc projccis. extensive neld uips, challenging outdoor experiences. Wri1e: 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville. NC 28714 (704) 675-4262 CUSTOM CELTIC HARPS • A'Colltl Bason: Tra"ianna Farm: RL 1: Cbcck, VA 240n. DRUMS • CllSIOID bandaafi.ed ceramic dumbc:cks &. wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Robcns at (704) 258-1038 or write to: 738 Town Mountain Rd.: Asheville, NC 28804. Box 1426; CbylOll, GA 30S2S (~) 782-3920 A\tERICAN l!'.'DIANS of 1/16 blood. any tnbc, accepted as mcmbcn of the Soulhc:lstcrn Cherokee Confcdcro<:y. For application, wore: Chief Wilham "Ratll<:.'>nakC" facl:son: RL I, BOJt 111: Leesburg, QA 31763 sn-79n graphic lilt to express and enhance our hvcs. l..ogos, brochures, boou, porua1ture, window and wall hangings. ConLict Manlui Tree (704) 7S4-<i097. ASHEVILLE I BUNCOMBE COUJl<'TY SOLID WASTE ALTERNATIVES PLANNING WORKBOOK: A design for handling sohd w:ll>lCS tn nny urban context. SIS from Long Branch Env1ronmcn111I Education Center. Rt. 2. Box 132; Leicester, NC 28748. BARTERING NETWORK forming. Call Peter al (704) 926-6250 for 1nformooon. Am&.· stone.~ from folk uuditions till around the M. TREE DESIGNS· lllustrauons and Design • Beyond the p:igcs or lhi~ JQum:il, I work. in pencil, colored pencil, inl, cul paper, :ind b31.ik. Fine and AND THE EARTH UVED HAPPILY EVER world chosen lo help protccl all living beings by bringing the world society a few steps clo,cr to pc:icc and respect for all life. Edited by Floating Eagle Fca1her. S7.00 ppd. (All profiis go to Greenpeace and the Peace Museum). Order from : Wages of Peace: 309 Trudeau Dr.; Mellirc, LA 70003 DA YSTAR ASTROLOGICAL SERVICE· natal, transit, companson chans. Very accurate. Only S3.00 each. Chris and Will B11.wn: R1. 2, Box 217; Qie(:k, VA 24072 (703) 6Sl-3492 STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT CENTER - • qu1c1 space for personal mcd1uuon, group interaction through study and communuy work. 8lld spirit.u.11 semi run. Conlatl Leon Fr.llllr.cl; RL I, Box 326: Wayncsv1Uc, 1':C 28786 CRAFTSPEOPl.l'i • send pncc l1rungs 10 Ci/t~d /lands of NC, 331 Bl.lie S1; Raleigh, l"C 27601 (Att'n: Bern Orey Owl) • unique shop prucnling 35-40 crahcrs' works in R.ilc1gh"s C11y M.utcL All a:lfl~ coosidcrcd. FLOWER ESSENCES • H.vmony v.alh Na1ure &. Sp1ri1. Ocnllc cmOOC>llal ~ppon during lrnll~itions, specific: hsucs, rcla11onship~. Opens communication~ Sclr·OdJUSling, non · lox1c, awareness "U>Oh" for 1mprovmg lhc inner quality. Correspondence 10: F.b1nc Geougc, c/o PDtchwork Castle, Cclo, 3931 llWY 80 So.• Bum!IY1llc, NC 28714 MASSAGE/BODYWORK THERAPIST 1mcrcsicd m c~changmg trcatmcnL• for other 1CtYICCS/produc1S. Call Peter 11 (704) 926-6250. KATUAll - page 30 MEDITATION CUSHIONS from Carolina Morning Designs. Traditional and inflatable .c.afus. For free brochure, write: RL I, Box 31-B: Hot Spnni;s. NC 28743 (I? GRAFICKS • I u~ lhe media of rcncols, colored pencils, gouachc, pen and mk, aaJ pltolognlphy in creating unique !inc and gralicl art. I can make diagrams, logos, finished pnnLS, and dc$igns for brochures, calendarJ, Cllrds, books. cte.. Mandalas and symbol> arc my tendency among other styles. Concact Rob Messick (704) 754-6097. THE APPALACHIAN HERB NEWSLEIJ'ER: exploring lhc potcniial for herbs as ca'h crops 1n Appalachfo. Subscriptions S 12/yr.. Wruc: Appal3cbjnn Herb Ncwslcucr - ASPI; Rt . S, Box 423; Livingston, KY 4044S MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS herbal salves, tinctures, & oils for b1nh1ng &. family hc3llh. For brochure. please wri1e: Moon Dance Fnrm; Rt I, Box 726; Hampton, TN 37658 SAMADHJ FLOAT TANK for sale. Spcalcers and pump. Foe back pain, medaation, relaxation.. Sl2.SO (nc:goci:lble). Call (704) 68'.l-1103. CAROLINA MTN. MACROBIOTIC CENTER ortcn natural foods cooking classes, diewy counselling, cducauonal lccUJn:~ ror a healthier life. Torn or Debbie Alhos. Call (704) 254-%06. WEB WORKING l~ free. Send submissions to: KaJ.ua.h P.O. Box 63g LciCCSICr, NC Kaliiab Province 28748 WINTER 1987 -88 �Mtdfcfn,.. Alllts Kil.IiJJJh wants to communlcace your tho11ghcs and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send chem to us as letters, poems. stories. drawings, or photographs. Please send your conrribiuions to us at: K1lnJIJ.h,· Box 638; uicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748. There has betn a profusion of topics proposed for articles for the spring issue. Send in ':iJ1W ideas! January 16 is tire submissions deadline/or Issue 19. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE ISSUE TWO · WINTER t983-84 Yon.ah. Be.- Hunlal Pigeon River . AnOlher Way Wilh Animals • Alma • Bccomln1 ful I rolor T-s61rts ISSUE TEN· WINTER 198.S-86 Kile Rosen • C1tclcs or Stone • lruc.mal Mylhmakin1 • Holistic He&lm1 on Trial • Poans: SICYe Knal>lll • M y1hic Pbces • The Uktena'• Tale • Crysral Maalc • "Dlelnwpealana" Politie&lly Effective - Mounlaln Woodllllds K&lah l.1nder lhc Drill Spiritual Wrnwm ISSUE THREE· SPRINO 1984 SUJl.wble Asnculnn. sunnowen • Human. lmpacl on lhe Forui • Childrau' Ed11ea1ion Veronica Nlo:holu:Woman in Politic. • Ullle People· Medicine Alliea ISSUE ELEVEN· SPRINO 1986 Community Planrun1 • Citiu and Iha BicnaionaJ Vision • Recyelill& • Community Glldcn&na· Floyd Col.ay. VA · Ouobol • Two BiorePonaJ VMwl • Nudec Supplemau Fo11"1tt Oamu. Oood Medicine; Visions ln the traditional Cherokee Indian belief, the creatures in the world today arc only diminuitive fonns of the mythic beings who once inhabited the world. but who now reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know it. These beings are called with reverence "grandfathers". And of them, the strongest are Kanati, the lightning, the power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the raulcsnakc, who personifies the power of the earth plane; and Yunwi Usdi, "the littJc man", as ginseng is called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up power from the underworld. Each is the strongest power in irs own domain. Together they are allies: their energies compliment each other to form an even greater power. As medicine allies, they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian Mountains. The medicine powers of Karuah have been depicted in a srriking T-shin design by Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by Ridgerunncr Naturals on top quality, all-cotton shirts, they arc available now in nil adult sii.cs from the Kan!:ID journal. "To show respect for this supernatural trinity of the natural world is to in turn become an ally in the continuing process of maintaining harmony and txililnce here in the mountains of Karuah." To order, use the form below. ISSUE FOUR ·SUMMER 1984 Wauz Orum • WIU# ~ • Kudzu • Solw Eclipse • Cturcuuma • TJ'OUI • Ooin& ., Wala R11n Pimps • Micl'oll)'dro • Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair. Jlm Woync Miller ISSUE EJGKT - SUMMER 1985 Cclebn11on: A Way or Life· Ka1u.ih 18.000 Yeat11 Ago Sacred S11es • Folk Atu in lhc Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon C)lolo • Poems: Hilda Downer Chtrok.ec Hcnlige C.-nu:r • Who Owns Appalshui? ISSUE NINE· FALL 1985 The Waldce Foru1 • The Trees Speak • Migra11.n& Fore.ts • Horse Louin& • Startma a Tree Crop • Urbln Trea • Acom Bread - Mylh lune Address Enclosed is $ to give this ejfort 011 extra boost WINTER 1987-88 Phone Number ISSUE FIFTEEN • Spring 1987 Coverlets . Woman Forester • Susie McMahan Midwife Ah.emaltvo Contraception • 81osuuali1y · Biorcaionalism and Women • Good Medicine: M.in.tcharial Culan ·fad ...,....... ISSUE SIXTEEN· Summer 1987 Helen Waite · Poem: Visiona in a Garden • Vision Qucsl • Fant Plow lnitiaLion • Leamin& in lhe Wildcrneu · Cherokee Ollllcnge • ·va1uin1 Tn:cs· ,~---- ISSUE SEVENTEEN - Fall 19117 Glady • Bear Su.y • M1chad PellOn • Boan Good Medic-inc: •findina Albcs• • Bcai Hun1.1n1 • Champion • "8C&I"." Poem • Grecns "Old Oaluics:" Poem. ·uuering" Back Issues Issue # .@ $2.00 = S_ _ Issue # @ $2.00 = Issue#_@ $2.00 = S_ _ Issue# .@ $2.00 = S_ _ Issue # _ _@ $2.00 = S_ _ Complete Set (2-11, 13-17) @ s20.oo =s__ T-Shins: specify quantity color tan s__ S_ _ M_ _ L_ _ XL_ _ Zip I can be a local contact person for my area Arca Code Siovcmake(s NanaU..e • Good Med1"1ne: lnlalpecies Commurucauon Regular Membership........ SlO/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. State ISSUE FOURTEEN· Winsa 1986.87 Uoyd Carl Owle · Booaen and Mummas - AU Spcciu Day • Cabin Fever Univeniry • Hamel- in Kan.ah • Homemad& Hot Wall:l ISSUE SEVEN · SPRING 1985 Sustainable Economics • Hot Spnnp • Worker Ownership • The Creal Economy · Self tlolp Credit Union . Wild Turkey • Re1ponsible lnvcstul& • Wcn1Un1 m the Web or Ufe For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 City s,.._ ISSUE SIX • WINTl!R 1984-85 Winsa Sohlicc l!&ttl> Caemony • Hancpun.n River • Comins or lhe UgJu • Loa c.btn Rooca • Mounwn Ap;culnne: The Rill>' Crop • W-llliam TayI«· The FD!ln or lhe l'oml J(AilJAH: Bjoregional Journal oflhc Southern Appalachians Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kauiah Province 28748 Name ISSUE THIRTEEN · Pall 1986 Cenler FOT Awahnin& ·Elizabeth Callari· A Gentle Dealll • Hospice • Eme.1 Morgan • Dcalin& Crarively wilh Death • Home Bmial: 801 • The Wake • The Raven Mocker • Woodllorc ud Wild"'OOC!a Wisdom • Good MDC!iciroo: The Lod&e ISSUE FIVE· FAU. 1984 HltVest • Old Waya in Cherokee • Oinscn1 • Nuclear Wuie • Our Cd11c Hcritaae • Biore&ianahsm; Pu1, Present. md Fulllre • John WilllOIY • Hui.in& ~ • Pohta or Participalion @ $9.50 each........... .$_ _ TOTAL PRICE= postage paid $_ _ KATUAH-page 31 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, Issue 18, Winter 1987-1988 Description An account of the resource The eighteenth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on vernacular shelter: log, frame, stone, yurts, earth-shelters, and membrane houses. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Adam Cohen, Greg Olson, Marnie Muller, Scott Bird, Rob Messick, Snow Bear, Rita Sims Quillen, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Michael Hockaday, Rob Messick, Martha Tree, Barbara Kirby, Colleen Redman, Bern Grey Owl, Douglas A. Rossman, David Wheeler, and Christina Morrison. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-1988 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Protecting the Dreamer: Vernacular Values in Architecture by Sam Gray.......3 Dreams in Wood and Stone: Building Your Own Home by Adam Cohen.......5 A Mountain Home by Greg Olson.......8 Homemade Houses in Katúah: A Photo Feature.......9 Listening to Earth Energies by Marni Muller.......10 Earth-Sheltered Living by Scott Bird.......11 Membrane Houses by Rob Messick.......13 The Brush Shelter by Snow Bear.......14 Resource List: On Building and Design.......15 Solar Composting Toilet.......15 October Dusk: Poems by Rita Sims Quillen | Review by Julia Nunnally Duncan.......16 Good Medicine: "On Shelter".......7 The Future of the Black Bear: Conference Report.......19 Natural World News: Caldwell County Incinerator | Smokies Wilderness Bill | Poachers Caught | MRS in Congress | Forest Service Plan Appeal | Duke's Coley Creek Project | Asheville Recycling Center.......20 A Children's Page.......23 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......24 "A Bourn of Buds": A Poem by Michael Hockaday.......7 Webworking.......30 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Owner-built houses--Appalachian Region, Southern Dwellings--Energy conservation Vernacular architecture--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Dwellings High-efficiency toilets Geomancy North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Children's Page Earth Energies Electric Power Companies Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling Shelter Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness Women's Issues https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2f5c7a65526cf67e7320e0c5525d2492.pdf a25df4140491bff73a4b9d4c92436ab2 PDF Text Text ISSUE 23 SPRING 1989 $1.50 BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS �~LJAHjOURNAL Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �THE PISGAH VILLAGE: A Window into Ancient Ways ..~..-··-·-···-"·-·- ··..·-----··-··-..··-......~.. ...... ·' - ....... - -......· -.. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways ..............! by Kim Sandland Planet Art in Katuah............................. 5 by Denise Newbourne The Green City as Thriving City.........8 by David Morris Poplar AppeaJ .................................... l 0 lJy Doug Elliott Written and Illustrated by Kim Sandland Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait... .... 13 by James Rhea "A New Earth" ................................... 14 by Jerry Trivette College as Community Resource .......16 by C.B. Squire Wild l ovely Days ............................... 18 Poems by Elizabeth Griffin Photographs by Gil Leebrick Natural World News..........................20 Reviews: Sacred Latu/ Sacred Se.x Rapuue of the Deep .....................23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age ............25 Drumming: Leuers to Kafllah ...........26 ''Sudden Tendrils" .............................28 a poem by Michael Hockaday Events Calendar................................32 Webworking .....................................34 On a low rise above the Catawba River there was a village .....Once, long ago, the village flourished ..... Flanked by magnificent forests, with mountains rising abruptly on the western side, it stood on floodplain soils, with fields and gardens enriched by seasonal deposits of sih..... lt has long since been abandoned. and now it lies underground, a ghost town enslirouded in the mystery of its demise.....Remains of posts in 1he ground delineate where homes once stood. cold heanhs contain fragments of roasted nuts and seeds and the bones of deer and small game animals.....Picces of hand-formed and decorated clay ea.nhenware. tempered with the sands of village paths, litter old floors .....When one stands in what was probably once the cemcr of the village, there is a pervasive aura of kindred association and the lingering question of why was this village abandoned by its rcsidcnls 600 years ago..... The old town has been named the Pisgah Village by mhaeologists presently excavating the Cn1awbn River site. Ken Robinson of Warren Wilson College and his field workers are only now uncovering the village, and it will be some time before a thorough picture of its rcs1den1s' wiy of life is pieced together. Excavation hns already taken months of work, and the project will continue through October of 1989. Laboratory study of the artifacts recovered from the site, photography. drawing, mapwork, and comparisons with other sites will take much longer. NOTE. The exact locOUO!t of the "Pisgah VI/Inge" article 10 protect tlit #le fro111 po.r3iblt di!.turlJanus before ucawJlion rs c:ompltttd. is 1101 11l•tlf 111 thU Archaeology allows us to reconstruct the lifeways of chose who lived here before us. II allows us to determine the distribution, availability, and use of natural resources by peoples of 1he past; climatic conditions; cultural, behavioral, and spiritual traditions and their material representations. Archaeological fieldwork can also tell us when - and possibly even why • such cultures dlsappeared. The Pisgah Village is one of thirty promising sites that were identified in McDowell County. North Carolina. Three of the sites were tested for future study, but this is the only one currently under inrcnsive study. The site is interesting. says Robinson, because of its location at the edge of the mountains on the boundary between 1 very differe nt wo geographical situations. This was not typical of late prehistoric settlements. The Pisgah village presents lhe first opportunity for study of what is possibly a definitive boundary between the ancestors of the Cherokee and the ances1ors of the Catawba peoples. whose culrurcs were evidently very differenL Anifac1s so far recovered indicate two occupations of I.he village sire - the first from about 500-1000 AD, the second from about 900·1500 AD. The focus of the current research is on the later occupation, says Robinson. He hopes to shed some light on why the Pisgah Village site was ab3ndoned. Widespread disruption of narive settlements throughout the Southeast occurred around 1450· l 550, and the dissipation of such (oonunucd on p:ige 3 �~LJAHjOURNAL ·- EDITORl AL STAFF THIS ISSUE: Will Ashe Bason Michael Red Fox Richard Lowenthal Rob Messick Christina Morrison Marnie Muller Kim Sandland David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Scou Bird Manha Tree Jack Otaney John Creech Jay Joyce Marsha Ring Patrick Clark Chip Smith COVER by Rob Messick INVOCATION - a poem, •world.~ by Elizabeth Griffin PUBLISHED BY: Kauiah Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mow11ainecr Press WRITE US AT: Kail1ah Journal Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 !ELF.PHONE: (704)683-1414 D1vcrsi1y is an 1mport:tn1 elemcm of bioregional ecology, both nawrol and social. Tn line wath Iha~ principle, lhe KaJ1'ah Journal uics 10 ~e as a forum for the discussion ot regional Issues. Signed arucles e~rcss only lhe op111ion of the aulbors and arc not necesSill'il)' Ille opanions of the Karliah Jounw/ tduors or stnff. The lmcmal Revenue Servtce bas declared Kat11ah a non·pront organiza1ion under seer.ion SQl(cXJ) or Ille ln1cmnl Revenue Code. All conuibwions lO Katiiah are deductible from person.al income tl.it. tNVOC.ATWN the vJorld is as W9- are TH£ SOtll'HERN APPALACHtAN BJORECJON AND MAJOR EASTERN RJVER SYSTEMS STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Herc m lhe souLhcm-most hcattlund of Lhc App:ilnchian mounuins, 1he oldest mounlllan range on our continetll, Turtle lslnnd; a small bu1 growing group h:is begun IO mke on a sense of responsibilhy for Ille implicau(ln.~ of lhl11 gcogr.tphicnl nnd culturol heritngc. This sense of responsib1li1y c:cnu:rs on lhe conccp1 of hvmg w11hin the ruuural ~ and bal3nce of universal sysiems Md pnllClJllcs. Wilhan dus circle we began by invoking Lhc Cherokee mime • K;u.Ualt' a.~ lhe old/new name for this nrca of the mouniains and for ii.s joU!Tllll as well The province is indicated by •L~ naUDUI boundarie$! the Ro:inokc Ri~cr Valley 10 the nonh; the foollulls of the piedmont area IO the cast: Yona Mount.am nnd lhc Georgia halls lO lhc :>0u1h: and the Tennessee Raver Valley to the west. TI1~ editorial pnootieli ror u:; arc t0 c:o!Ject and disseminate mfonnar.ion Md energy which pcrL'llllS specifically LO lllls region, nnd IO ro.u:r IJ1e awareness 1h:u 1hc land i~ a hvmg be.mg de$CMng of our love and rcspeeL Livmg in this manner is a way IO ansuro the su.~n:ibility of the bao.~phcrc and a la.rung placc for ourselves m 11.S continuing cvolutlonary process. We seem IO h3ve readied Ille fulcrum Point of a• do or die • si111t1tion m t.cnrn; of a quality standard of life for all living beings on !his planeL A~ a voice for lhc can:lakcrs or llus saarcd land. Kaniah. we advoc:uie a c:enlefed approach 10 Ilic cooccp1 of dccenlnlli1..otion. II is our hope 1 become a support sysicm for those acocpong lhe .0 challenge of SUStninabilhy and lhe creation of harmony and balance an a total sense, here an this place. We welcome all correspondence, critlcism, perunen1 infonnation, articles, an work, etc. with hopes th31 K.a.tWib will grow ID serve lhe best in1eres1S of lhis region and all us li11'11lg, breathing members. -The EdilOrS let us desire only that consciousness ,r Of life in which the cosmic will and the will to be are.,one Some of lhe K01iiah JourfllJ] Staff: (le1i IO right) Foreeround: Andy Ha!I-Bak.cr Middlr: David Wheeler, Mamie Muller, Rob Messick Standing: Will A.She Bason. Christina Morrison. Chip Smith, Rithiud Lowenlh3l. Lisa Franklin Sprt"'J, 1989 �(continued from page J) well-developed, thriving cultures has never been fully understood. Robinson feels lhat CJCcavauon of the Pisgah Village may lend some support 10 the theory that early Spanish explorers had a devastating effect on native aboriginal peoples. lt has long been surmised that Spa.nish explorers, led by Hernando De Soto and Juan Pardo among others, came up from the east and Gulf coasts through South Carolina and then inlMd to the Little Tennessee River. The routes of these explorers have lately been re-evaluated, however, and much evidence now indicates that they came along the eastern edge of the mountains ~ perhaps even as far east as the Catawba River. Some of the ac!ual records from the DeSoto and l>ardo expcdhions contain references to what are now believed to be villages in McDowell County. a hand in decimating these large animal populations. The burgeoning human population. unchecked by disease and nunurcd by abundance, reached a saturation point. The time from about 8,000 BC to I AD is called the Archaic Period. when human living took on a very different approach. In the woodlands the Archaic peoples hunted small game - primarily deer - fished. and collected plant foods. They were only seasonally nomadic, capitalizing on the migrations of animals, the spawning of fish, the maturing of nuts, and the flush of ripening benics. The people of the Archaic Period were efficient enough in their hunting and gathering that the search for food did not take up all of their time; they also pursued other endeavors. They made basketS and mats which have been found preserved in sites in the dry Southwest desen. They made hand-polished stone articles - some done very anistically, others left undecorated fo~ utilitarian use. Graves from the Archaic Period contain tools, weapons, red ochre (a pigment associated with ceremonies), beads, pendants, and dogs - all mcticulo_usly placed to accompany the dead into an aflcrhfe. Their stone hunting points were made with stems to be attached to sbaftS, an innovation from the time of lhc Palco-Indians. The earliest evidences of human occupation in the Southern Appalachian Mountains date from the Archaic Period. They consist of isolated find.~ of a distinct type of projectile point used for hunting - the Morrow Mountain type - dated to 4500 BC. The Woodland Period The Woodland Period of human habirotion The Spanish brought conflict and murder along wi1h their pack trains. They also brought Q.iseases - smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, and influenza - the likes of which the native population had not experienced on this continent. The Spanish, according to their own writings, burned villages, kidnapped and enslaved natives, abused the native cullure, and spread their imponed diseases. They formed trade alliances with some of the native tribes and introduced European materials. The full extent of the cultural and social disruption caused by the introduction of these trade goods is only now being realized. Robinson hopes that study of the Pisgah Village site will provide new links in the chain of undenaanding. extended from about I AD to 1600 AD. Three primary developmentS marked the transition from the Archaic to the Woodland cuhural iypes: · the development of pottery for cooking, storing, and transporting food and other items: - the cultivation of vegetable crops to supplement hunting and gathering: - and the first pcnnanent settlements. People of the Woodland phase settled in river valleys, where seed-bearing plants thrive. and became almost sedentary. cultivating native grains and then com. gourds, and squash as these crops were passed nonh from Mexico. Projectile poinis became smaller and more finely crafted. The bow and arrow replaced the spear and the dan. Woodland peoples traded across long distances. Mica from the Southern Appalachians and shells and fossilized shark's teeth from the coastal areas appear in archaeological sites throughout the southeast Burial practices continued the tradition of placing grave goods to accompany the dead. Some individuals were bwied in elaborate earth mounds, indicating some status or rank among their feUow villagers. Some of the Woodland Period peoples built tremendous carthworlcs for purposes that are still unclear to archeo-historians. They show a remarkable diversity, some being mathematically executed, others shaped like serpents. birds, and other figures. The full extent of some of these landscape sculptures was fully realiz.cd only after observers could fly above them. In some pans of the Southeast during the Woodland Period, clements of what is called "Mississippian culture" appeared. Mississippian culture was characterized by temple mounds (eanhworks which were the foundation for ceremonial centers). village) fortifLed with encircling palisades of stakes. copper tools and jewelry, and inrncruely designed ceremonial an. The v.intings of early European explorers of the 15th century describe palisaded towns with an ehtborate soctal development and material culture. (continued on JXl8C 4) The First People During the last lee Age a land bridge JOined Asia and Nonh America acrosi. chc Berin~ Strait. Many scientist:. believe that prehistoric people followed the large game animals into the new continent by this rou!e, and by the year 10,000 BC the first humans were well-established in both Nonh and South America. These Palco-Indian people. as they arc called. were nomadic hunters. They had no settlements, and the only evidences of their culture that have been round arc hunting weapons (stone spear points and darts), chipped stone knives, choppers and scrapers used for processing game meat and cutting wood, and animal bones thnt are evidence of their big game kills. By 8,000 BC the glaciers had retreated, and the climate became wanner. Many of the big game animals - species of horse. camel. rhinoceros, and bison not seen today. the great ground sloths and the woolly mammoth - became extinct on this continent Some scientists believe that humans had Spr~"'J. 1989 Ken Rotmisnn and visiring school class t!t.Omi1U! parrially ew1WJ1ed grid .fllUl1re OJ PiSgaJ1 Vi/Inge. Pho•o by Morme1 Mulltf �(col\Ullucd from p:ige 3) In the Southern Appalachians, lhis Mississippian tradition, borrowed from cuhural influences 10 the west is called "the Pisgah tradition" by arch~eologists. Peoples of the Pisgah tradition were the direct ancestors of the Cherokee. The Pisgah tradition of lhe late Woodland Period with its Mississippian influences, marks the pi~nacle of the cultural evolution of native peoples in the Southern Appalachians. Although some cultural traditions persisted until the rime of the Cherokee Removal, the native way of life was altered forever with the arrival or white explorers and seulers. Pottery fragments, called sherds, cons~ilute the majority of anifacts from the Warren Wilso11 excavations. Pottery vessels were fashioned from coils of clay, shaped and rounded. Some of the containers hnd handles or thickened runs and were tempered with sand before firing for extra s1rCng1h. Some were plain and undecorated, while others bore complica1cd panerns created by stamping the unfired vessels with carved wooden paddles. Cords or nets were also used lO l~ve fiber impressions in the wet clay, and des1~ns were also incised with small, sharp. marking tools. Plnin and decorated clay tobacco pipes have also been recovered, as well as small s1one and clay discs. believed to be counters or gamepieces. Also found were clay and soapstone beads and polished stone gorgeis. A hole was drilled into each of the ornaments so that it might be worn around the neck. The Pisgah rradition was a way of life which allowed individualized expression of talent and beliefs. During this phase livelihood was secure enough to allow time for artistic embellishment of functional tools. Carved soapstone bowls were made in sizes to hold from Relics AJong the Swannanoa The Pisgah tradition is best represented by archaeological discoveries made on the campus of Warren Wilson C-0llegc in Swannanoa in Kan'.iah. Artifacts found there preview what might be uncovered at the Pisgah Village site along the Catawba. The Warren Wilson site snw four penods of habitat ion by native peoples. The earliest occupation daies back nearly to the beginning of !he Archaic Period, The snc has been disturbed by erosion, dig~ing. and more recently by plowing. Disturbed sues are more dlfficull to interpret, because artifacts are misplaced, and feature.~ such as building foundations, heanhs and r::rosh pits are scauered. Despilc such disturbances, archaeologists have learned a great deal from the Warren Wilson site. No anifacts later than the Pisgah phase have been. recovered ~1 Warren Wilson. Its residents vanished someume 1n the mid- l600's and never returned. two quaris to 1wo gallons of liquid. Polished stone axes were found, some grooved to be anached to shafts, others designed to be hand-held. The excavation yielded monars and pestles of stone for grinding seeds, nuts, and drie(benies. and caches of red and yellow ochre and graphite used for paint pigments. The villagers who occupied the Warren Wilson site lived in rectangular dwellings. Over the years. the sunken posts rotted and left dark circular Stains in lhe earth, like perfect shadows. ghoslly visions of the past. The walls were Likely made of waule-and-daub, a mixture of clay and grasses. Mose of the dwellings were not within the village itself, but in outlying farmsteads. In lhe center of each house was a raised clay fire basin for warmth and cooking. The heanhs and the storage vessels buried nearby contained evidence of the foods these early people utilii.ed, among them hickory nuts, waJnucs, buuemuts, acorns, persimmons, maypops, grapes, bl~ck cherries. and chesmuts. There were also remains of com, squash, beans, and sumpweed, all of which were cultivated. Trash pits contained the bones of 30 species of animals, including bear, deer, bobcat, weasel, mountain lion, squirrels. turtles, snakes, frogs, and turkeys. From the distribution of foods, it is sunnised that the Pisgah (conbJlued oo page 24) EXCAVATION OF A PREHISTORIC SITE An archneological cxcavarion site is chosen because of the discovery of surface artifacts. because of a promising location that looks likely to yield evidence of occupation, or because th.e area is threatened by development or by destruction by vandals. Fieldwork begins with a surface collection of artifacts. Surface finds are ploued on a detailed map of the site, because their distribution may in itself reveal important information. The plow zone is scraped away and sifted through mesh screen 10 separate out any artifacts. Below the plow zone may lie a surface undisturbed by the activities of lauer-day humans. A grid of stakes and Jines is then laid out over the site, usually in a true nonh-south alignment, to correspond with grid l~nes mark~d on a site map. The area of each gnd square 1s usually one square meter. Soil samples may be taken with augers to determine distinct strata and/or the presence of hidden constructions or features (visible item which cannot be removed from the site and taken to the laboratory, such as house floors. burials, cooking fire pits, etc.). Selected grid squares may be excavated at random if the site is large. Small sites may be excavated entirely. Test excavations help 10 determine where to concentrate digging e!Tons. As the squares are excavated, the wall of each square 1s left intaCt m display lhe stratigraphy (visible layering) of the soil. Small layers, and sometimes whole strata, of soiJ are removed using shovels or trowels, and the exposed surface is levelled. M~terial from each level is sifted and soned. The an1facts recovered are bagged, labelled with their exact location in the soil stratigraphy. Soil samples are taken from each stratum 10 be examined in the laboratory. for even mJcroscop1c elements in the soil {such as pollen grains) may reveal information about the nora of the area and the climate (such 11s periods of drought and rainfall). Each exposed surface level is mapped and photographed, and details arc recorded in field notebooks. Features arc very carefully u~covcred ~s they appear in the strata. To d1~turb lh_e1r placement would be 10 destroy the rnformauon they contain. Small dental picks, 1ooth~:ushes, and even fine paintbrushes may be uuhzed to remove the soil from artifacL~ and features. Laboratory analysis of the artifacts. notes, maps, drawings. and photographs may take months, possibly years, of additional work once the fieldwork is completed. . Artifacts and features from each gnd and srratum and their relationships to the other finds through~ut the site, will reveal the lifeways of the people who once lived there - their t<?Ols,_ trades, rituals, subsjstence. An archaeologist literally delves into the relationship that ancient peoples maintained with the world around them. Archaeological fieldwork reveals details .of th~t relationship. It may te~ how lo~g lhat ~elauonship was sustained, and Dllgh1 possibly potnl to clues as to why it came to an end ;st:t' Sprtng, J!189 • �Art by Denise Newboume Dream f rQl}ment . •• Slt.e fell oslup that mghl and as she dre<uttM her spirit was luult'd through the long spiral tunnel and inII) till! scars. M1uri-dimtJtSional ribbons with Jhimmering citcu.ils drifted past aJ incompreJumsiblt spuds Slie realized she was in 1/ie center of the 1rwi.rplanetary in~rface, a place similar to a radio sroJibn w/ll!re lJfU! can nW'. into past <JNlfimue choices and possibilities for any piaMt, and/inc tune w tlic path ofgre01esr harmony. "Hmmm," she wondered, .,what can that p01h possibly be for the eartlrr Finding ow ~·as as simple as speaking the roMS that most corresponded with Earth's vihrationaljreqrumcy ar tlie prese111 tu~. No soonu had llll! said "John Wayne" than she fo1uld lu:rself in a lwlogram oftill! Earth. Her SU&Sitivc a.11ral rectpum M-Ve overw/11:/med a1fv.~t with an almost 1111/Jearablt colkaion of hurrlingferocities, terrified srreaming, and lrnpelt!Ss fwiliry. She re111(Ji/led calm, knowing from experience tll/Jl often tire jint reception ofsuch planets was the hardest lmagu of marching soldiers appeared before her, rows ofmen 1n unifonns, who turned on their heels and became long rows of ballerinas, all dressed in the same rum dolng rl~ uact SOllW hops and twirls while myriads of musicians all played variatwns of the SattU'! song. A smal I number of "others" hod them wrapped in strings, wl11ch the>• kept rig/rt, and twisted tfl/!nt this Wtl)' and tllDt, like puppets. Then she noticed thOl'-fand:. of beings sitting i11 tlie darkness.paralyzed The dancers and musicians wen' used to dii-en rheir anention from tll/!ir dl!.rperarely repres.ud condition. Then di/! Sct!nario began to change the people in darkness bt:gan to wake 11p and cw the strings. They swpped allowing tl.e cloned do.nurs and arrisrs to llypnoti:e them and started dancing tlll!mSelvts. Nor imuating any form, they simply followed wh1tre their own bodies led tht!ITI. The "official" artisu also stopptd their/~en.sh reprodJJJ:twnr ofprescribedforms long en1mgh w listen to the songs and dances from wid1itt They all begD11 listen.ing to and performing thdr own unique songs and danus. and helping otlll!rs learn tlll! s~. More and 1111>re strings were cw. and tlle ligliJ gr~ brigluer wilh t!llch ""e's gift of color. until of/ the beings became a mandala ofilrlerw<J\'tn harmony and beawy. Her anelllion tllrMd to a man in a belly dancers silks and veils, doing rhl sinuous, anciefll dance of binh She looked closer and saw it war .. John Wayfll!! "What a nice resolurilln," slie mused to herself. "It doesn't seem so hard looking at ft from oUlhere.·· "'do We are now witnesses to the ultimate dead-end created when reason attempt~ to dominate spirit, men to dominate women, science to dominate an. and "civilized" peoples ro dominate "'n:uive" ones. The5e are all external eumples of a fundamental split and sttuggle within e:ich of us. We have come so far from our primordial heritage of wholeness. that many of us arc at a los:. as to how to regain it We are still StrUggling to learn lhnt our fundamental problem is not any category of people. but the \'Cry existence of ~~teg~es.. 9ur problem ~s nOt science.~ power. not an, not ~pintuahty; n 1s the pcrcepuon of these tlnngs as sepanuc rather than facc1~ of a unified whole. ,\ key clemenr of the 1houglit sys1cm in which we perceive each Other ns lw lhan whole 1s the notion lhat some people arc creative and Olhm arc no1. Thi:. is extremely discmpowcring becllusc the power to cn.:.ltC is a cenrral attribute of divinity in all n:ligions. Thi~ c~tivc now from within provides us with 1he knowledge of our own power. b:iJance, and self-wonh. lf we believe that we do not have this rcgcnenitive power, then we promote scarcity for ourselves and others. So here we all nre amidst terrifying psychological scarcity collectively creaccd by the majority of the population who for one rcawn or another do no:i belie~ they arc creo.rivi- nnd powerful The planet cnn only a1wn the pence thut com~ from wholenes.~ when the beings who comprise it acknowledge •heir own and each others' wonh An. ai. we know 11 today. b a mirror for our plnnewy condiuon. There arc some people who do it. and they are n:vercd :is if they have something others do not. There is a funher dhtinction between "fine" an and "folk" an, with the unplicarion that fine an is somehow nobl~-r and better than folk., because it is non-funclionnl. TIUs 1s the alienating idea that an is only real if it is removed from the daily now oflifc. When a peoplCli: he.1.rlfclt. arti~ cxprcs.sion is_ lo;-t or s~tenurically extingu15.hcd, they begin to feel empty inside and often beccmc caught up in a funle effon to saiisfy themselves with utemal g~. 11us exu:mal grasping often IC3ds lO the phenomenon o! ~ictiveness The fact &tlat ~e !'ow ha~oe whole societie~ c:."pcncnang desperate levels of addlCtlOn :uid_ 1is a11endan1 destruction is a signal that it is ume forchoosmg to heal ourselves. One way we can do this is by tapping our unique expression~ and bl~ing ourselves llild the planet ~;th the creative energy that Oows from our spinL Our culrural definition of an needs to expand from the activiucs or an elite few to that or all people. Jose ArgueUes, in his latest book Surfers ofthe luvuya, provides such a definition: "You've all gott.t undcrsuind th:tt you're artists. Nothing fancy, but anists of life. anists of reality....Anything that's harmoniwl. that's an. This is an imponnn1 point ... since the planet's got to (conunllCld on PQ&ll 6) SJJrin9' 1989 ~ ~~~ - 1'.!'9'1 ~ y �be cleaned up and rehnm1omzed, there isn't any1hmg that isn't Planet An." With this kind of definition. an becomes intrinsic to the flow of life. \Ve are now beginning to realize that a11y expression that comes from our own spirits i'> valid, even if it docs not confom110 formerly prescribed ideas of'' an". To see an as a force for hnrmonizing our world is also to odd a higher di~s1on '?f social respon~i~ility to it. 111~. question "Will this conmbute to harmomzing our plam:t? becomes a standll!"d pan of the creative process, and an irnpon:mt criteria for whether or not 10 mar.ifest nn idea. Also integral 10 a holistic perspective is the understanding that an and science are not separate but are indivisible facets of a life-oriented culture. This understanding would ~1e a much-needed ~1al . . responsibility for everyone m all areas of human producuvny What exactly is Planet An? It is about reclaiming our concept of an to encompass all forms of exchange with our world. An is the language our species has used to communicate with the universe for thousands of years. Primitive an focussed on the intimate relationship of a tribe to it~ particular homeplace and all of its inhabitants. Now our homeplace has become the entire planet and beyond...aod our an has begun to rcllect this reality. Planetary an is a conscious awareness of the whole Life community in which we participate and a strong intent to . hannonize with it. lt is vital to our species' survival that we shift to this more active engagement and interplay with the universe. Jn this way. the many facets of our reality become intimately woven toget.hcr...our own interior world, our human cultural communiry, our planetary life community and the rest of the universe. How does the Harmonic Convergencu fit in with all this? Broadly speaking. the purpose of the Converge.nee wa.s 10 reactivate our ay, an:ness of the earth as a consc1ou~ b<:ang and to pro-.idc a time to rcatlirm our choice to co-create with her. Those who consciously made that cho1ce at that umc are the people Arguelles is now calling the "Eanh Force". By next year, Arguelles feels that this Earth Force will begin to manifest itself as a global and cultural phenomenon. He also feels that all need 10 move in a much more direct, mobilized way. By the second anniversary of Hannonic Convergence, he sees the opponunity for a Rainbow Peace Event. That would signal that the Campaign for the Earth has coalesced and bonded enough in the underground to begin 10 manifest as an alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations moving in concen to take measures int0 our own hands. When I think of "art camps" and the "alternative force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations", the bioregional movement comes to my mind. We are a ready-made resource of diverse people who are awan: of the Earth's aliveness and are choosing to assist with her healing process. Karuah is a very supportive communuy for Planet An, and a strong network is already fom1ing. Here are some examples of Planet An going on inKatuah... Heart Dance Pat Sharkey, who lives in Floyd, Virginia, makes beauoful jewelry from crystals and stones. One lhing she has learned from working with crystals is that our own bodies operate in a similar way ... that is, they can be programmed, and they amplify energy. These conceptS have inspired her to create ways for an and science to become pans of a whole... through sacred dance. "Dance is like a gridwork, a system of conduction," she iold me. "By encompassing tones, using our bodies as conductors by arranging them in specific geometric configurations, employing corresponding herbs and stones, and consciously utilizing the energy gridwork of Icy lines on the planet, we can attune oarselves to move any specific energy through, and use it for healing." This kind of work could be done at key sites alJ over the eanh ...those places that amplify energy as well as those in need of healing. She Stressed the impon.nncc of a disciplined preparation of daily meditation for at least a month before coming together to do sacred dance. "The more preparation, the clearer the channel, the more juice we all reccive...the more we personally understand -something, the more authentically we can put it out to others." One way that planetary art is manifesting is through networking. Jose Arguelles, one of the key figures in the 1987 Harmonic Convergence, helped to found The Planet An Network in 1983. According to Arguelles. it is far too late for anything else save for artists, from all medias, 10 converge and produce inter-media performance rituals and other forms of planet art. He feels that these performance rituals should be simulcast via satellite to as many cities as possible to raise the consciousness of humanity. He sees this as a higher purpose of our extensive system of mass communication. When we are able 10 liberate this media system from the forces of fear and domiruuion we will have an incredible tool for dispersing immediate visions of peace. Astrologer Amero Alli envisions "the emergence of multiple 'art camps' ...clusters of resonant core groups dedicated to varied forms of planet an." Again.. the indicauon is that this an js a grassroots, collective phenomenon. Some of the elements for such activities could be music, dnnce, comedy, drama and sign language, combined with visual an. lighting, costumes. holograms. crystals and audience participation. There is no limit lO the possibilities! Drawing by Sbe.IJ Lodge The example she gave is for a Hean Dance, in which men and women would come together nnd fonn into a Star of David ...men forming one triangle, women the other. Rose quru:ii; would be in the center. Pora month beforehand each pamcipant would have spent time meditating daily on healing between men and women. They would then come together in meditation and symbolic movemenrs. and allow their energies to interact for the purpose of healing. The same concept can be used with any symbol, for any healing purpose, anywhere on the planet. Groups could begin travelling 10 other countries f~ the expres.s purpose of performing sacred dance there to amplify the energies of hannony and healing. "This is a way we can utilize all the systems we've learned - astrology, numerology, the tarot...and combine them in perfonnance through our bodies. High technology has become so overspecialized that no one can see the whole anymo.rc. By using our bodies as holographic componenis we are going back to lhe source of all recbnology...our inner beings." Pat is interested in organizing an Earth Dance gathering, and in exchanging inspiration and info with others interesled in this idea. Her address is P.O. Box 606, Aoyd, Virginia, Kaulah Province 2409 l. SprLf19, 1989 �Orandmottu A planetary art exhibit ... The popular Gmndmothc:r band in Asheville, North Carolina is a group tha1 is already doing visionary planet an. The group is composed of four women who each play several different insD"Uments and sing h:innonics 1ogelhl'r. They arc a visual, muhi-me<lia band. incorporating inro !heir performances creative movement, sign language. masks, costumes. acting and comedy. Their inclusive approach 10 music provides an enthusiastic vision of peace. leaving nudiences with a tremendous feeling of satisfaction. l talked with Deb Criss. one of 1he founding members of Grandmother, on her thoughts about Pl:lnet The People of Lhc One Song UV!NG ART F!Xll/B!T An. Her inspiration for Grund mother crunc to her when she was visiting lhe pyramid sites at Palenque. Mellico. She sa1 for long periods of time in the part of the complex that had been the Mayan's theatre. There :;he had visions of "blending ri1ual art into a music concert with respect to 1he four elemems and a ~ensc of oneness with 1he eanh, using costumes and masks. and finding ways io reach ou1 and dec~se 1he distance be1wecn audience and performers.'' ''The original vision l had was for an intentional way of doing a show, beginning by smudging the area, a group prayer and quie1 rime of positive thought We could then play with 1oncs, color, and lights, blended with modem-day music 10 induce frequencies tha1 unify heart, will, and higher mind. People of1en become uncomfonable when things are quiet, sacred, and serious for 100 long, so comedy is also an important part of our shows." Grandmother is very community orienled ... at one of their shows !his past fall four women joined 1he show for theatre and signing. One of them was an 89-year·old woman from Waynesville, the "honored Grandmother" of the evening. "I feel 1hat i1's important 10 in1cgra1e all ages, so that we all have a fuller understanding of the circle of life," said Criss. Their group is a dynamic process of consensus, and chooses to be open to additional aclS (with prior pl!lnning) being part of the show. "Grandmother is the ancient spiri1 of the winds Lhrough lime that speak through the earth to all people ... if s..meone feels that inner voice speaking through them. it is good 10 claim it and find a way to express ii. We hope 1hat Grandmother is a catalystic agent to inspire others 10 do this." For more information about Grandmother, call Deb Criss at (704) 253-4831. Contact Improvisation Also going on in Asheville is the quie1 revolution of Contact Improvisation, a newly arising dance form. Its emphasis is on releasing individual and group creativity through spontaneous movement rather than following a specific 1echnique or choreography. More than traditional dance forms, Contact relies heavily on suppon and cooperation among the dancers. II strengthens both the "I" and the "we" because the movements come from one's own center as well as being shaped by one's interactions with the other dancers. It's a way for 1 physical body to learn he trust. •. in a literal fashion, through physical imerac1ion. rn Contact, there are no wrong steps or movemcn1s---1here is only more or less fiowing, depending on how relaxed, trusting, and sensitive the dancers allow themselves 10 be. Contact is also p:utidpatory rather th:m perfoml!lnccorlented. fl is primarily an expenence for the d:lncel'li instead of for an audience. The movemenlS spring from deep v. ithin and nre a continual source of surprise, even 10 1he dancers This makes 11 nlJ the more dynamic to Y.itness. Audience and dancers are brought together llS both expcnence in different ways the everchanging now of movement coming from spiri1 into form. Leigh Hollowell and Christina Morrison are co-1e.'lching the first Conmct Dance class in Asheville. Chrisuna had auendcd a Dance New E11gland Conmc1 ln1ensivc la.~1 summer and rerurned home excited 10 share this fonn with others. She immediately began teaching friends in Celo and talking with Marnie Muller abou1 the possibility of a regional Dance Kn11"1Ji. Spring, 1989 (continued on pago 29) Who are the People of the One Song? They are ILf a1ul nwre ...They are inspiratian ... />a.rt 14ah.ng into furure ..Funue leaking into past. We invite rlrem into prese111 being ro help us remember rite word.f to The One Song Singing in rite liearrs and mitids ofall Earth's People. Tile People of rlie One Song is an art exhibit centering on the clay pottery faces and masks by artisl/poner Jane Avery-Grubel. The faces, strikingly adorned with beadwork, .shells, and feathers by artiM Jeri Dewey, represent a culture of people dr:Jwn from archetypal memory of natural tribal living. and from the vision of a futuri.~1ic tribe we may become. Out of lhe faces have come stories, written by local poet Colleen Redv.onun, tha1 1ell of the uibe's dreams, ri1uals. roles. and relationships. The exhibit will also fua1ure many local crafts people's works such as baskets, jewelry. clothing, musical insuurnents, pottery and herbs that v.ill repre~ent the tribe's anifacts of everyday living and celebration. The People ofThe One &mg is a \ision of a tribe leading resourceful, crea1ive, peaceful lives in relationship with the Earth and each other. The concept is an expression of 1ime transcending--a merging of pa~r. pn:o;en1, and future 10 cn:ati: a cuhure of our wildcs1 d~a~...one that may have been...could be. The artists involved sec Thr People nf'The o~ Snr.g as a modcl....''Through art we can nffirm a fuum: that i~ noc so dependent on modem 1echnology. Most c~cry1h1og cxhib11ed can be made, grown, or found m na1ure 111e show is a ·work in progress that we are continually crra1ing and recreaung, jus1 as we create our every day rc;tli1y. It's like opening our minds and doing an archeolog1cal dig into 1hc: future." Open through April 1989 at Old Church Glllery. M:un Street. Floyd, Virginia, Katuah Province 24091. For more infonnation or to schedule additional gallery engngcments: _-~ (703) 7-i5-4849 or 745·3316 ~ e • "-I ... >Can.ah Jourrnal pCMJe 1 �THE GREEN CITY AS THRIVING CITY Implications For local Economic Development by David Morris This April, David Morris ofthe I nstiture for Local Self-Reliance will be the key1Wte speaker for the WNC Environmental Summit '89. Here is an article from the conriner110/ bioregionat publication Raise the Stakes that highlighis some ofhis thoughrs. In discussing the greening of ciLies. one is reminded of Lhe slogan Lhat the French s1udents used in 1968. On their posters they said "all that we want to change is every1hing," which comes from that famous ecological dictum, "everything is connected to everything else." When we pull a thread, we may in fact unwind a sweater. The 1wo fundamental assumptions underlying the way we've designed our communities nre the assumptions of cheap energy and cheap disposal cosis. Jn constant dollars, a barrel of oil that cost five dollars in 1910 cost a little over a dollar in 1965. The cost of lhrowing away a ton of garbage remained preuy much the same from 1900 to 1960. We could lherefore ignore lite operating inefficiencies and wastes of the systems that we developed. Cities reflect that inefficiency and waste. Our cities are dependent creatures. A city of 100,000 people impons 200 tons of food, I 000 tons of fuel and 62,000 ions of water a day, and dumps 100,000 tons of garbage and 40,000 tons of human waste a ye:ir. We've accepLed long disaibution systems as the price we pay for progress and development. Jndeed, we've elevated separation to Lhe status of vinue and internalized those principles into our way of thinking about our local economies. J was recently reminded of how much we take 1ha1 state of affairs for granted when Twas in a SL Paul, Minnesota res1auran1. After finishing lunch. 1 got a toothpick, and of course all toothpicks now have an obligatory plastic wrapper. The word Japan was primed on the wrapper. Now, I thought to myself, Japan has no wood, bur it has been considered economical 10 take pieces of wood and send them LO Japan, wrap them in plastic and send lhe whole thing back: 10 Minnesota. Thal toothpick embodied 50,000 miles within it. Well, not to be outdone, Minnesota just set up a fac1ory. Ir's producing chopsticks and it's sending them to Tokyo. This brings to mind an image of two sh1ps passing each other in lhc Pacific, one carrying lildc pieces of wood from Japan to the United States, and the other carrying linle pieces of wood from the United Slates to Japan. That is economical only if one acceplS the twin assump1ions noted at the outset - those pillars upon which our economic system has been established. This impon-expon paradigm is the way our economy runs. It is also the way our waste economy runs. Washington, D.C., for instance, was becoming overwhelmed by its. hum:in wastes, and paid a consulWlt $150,000 to come up with a solution. He suggested they barge them to Haiti. That recommendation was approved by D.C., but Haiti vetoed lhe idea. Haiti decided though they'd been offered the wastes of the c:apiLal of the Frtt World, they preferred nOL to be shat upon. The integrated planetary economy was supposed to make us more secure, but has it? Global trade expands and so do planetary tensions. For example, developing counaies arc now exporting more and more food to the developed counaics to eam the hard currency necessary to repay debts that they incurred primarily to build up their expon indusaies. lndusaial development and utilizacion both have increased. The developed counaies are in an inlCTesting protecrionis1 free trade dance, a pas de deux of late planelruy economics. in which each country tries desperately to preserve ac lease some amount of ils sovereignty and its productive assets. at the same rime trying not to interfere with free trade and the mobility of resources. Capilal has become the lubricant for the planetary economy, the grease that lets the planetary machine functioo. We fervently believe lhat capital should flow at least as freely as raw maLerinls and products. Last year 20 times more currency was iraded than was needed to underwrite world trade. We are more reluctant to embrace the unimpeded rnobili1y of the third factor of production: labor. But we're inching up to it Six months ago the Council of Economic Advisors recommended abolishing all barriers LO migration in order t0 improve the economy. JC.cu .(ui.h ) o"rnal. p~ 8 We've lost sight of the underpinning of a society - lhe sense of community. Mobility is not synonymous with progress. Weve ignored Benjamin Franklin's advice: those who would trade independence for security usually wind up with neither. We have made tha1 crade and in the process have become an increasingly dependent and insecure people. But now the rules have changed. Cheap energy and cheap disposal are no longer available. Despite the recent drop in oil prices, lhe cos1 of energy has risen more than 1000 percent in the last 15 years. Disposal costs have risen even more dramatically. In 1975 it typically cost about three to five dollars to dispose of a ton of garbage. Today in the U.S. it costs between $30 and $50 to dispose of that ton of garbage. In 1970, to dispose of a barrel of hazardous waste cost berween $5 and $10 a barrel •• although most companies just spilled ii on the side of the road. Today, to dispose of hazardous waste costs abou1 $300 a barrel, and for many companies the disposed hazardous wasce now has a legal liability attached to it that is po~ntiallyenormous. What's imponant to note about these price changes is that they have changed not because or the real world exhaustion of supply, but because of a change in political a1tirude. The rising price of oil did not occur because oil began running out, but because OPEC artificially limired the supply. The cost of W3SlC disposal did not rise because we suddenly ran out of dump space but because communities, by establishing new disposal rules, anificially limited the supply. We consciously and willfully changed the cost of doing things the traditional way. One of lhe enduring legacies of the environmental movement is that it bas managed to begin to move the price of doing things to the cost of doing things. The price is what an individual pays; the cost is what the community pays. Let me give you a specific example of price versus cost Rock salt is used 10 de-ice roadways. lls price is very cheap: one to rwo centS a pound. There is at least one alternative to rock salt, made out of plant mau~: calcium-magnesium acetate. It can be produced a1 present for abou1 20 cents a pound · 10 to 20 times more than rock salt. That's ilS price. However, rock salt has some problems. It corrodes the undcrbody of cars, it corrodes bridges, and ill New York City, Coosolidnted Edison has found that it causes a great many problems in the electrical supply system which runs through the sewers. Sprlf\9. 1989 �Sewer water, c1111yi11g dhsulved rock sah. can corrode insulation and lay bare wires. A neoprene gas can be genmued and if a spark occurs. an explosion can send manhole CO\et'S flying. By one estimate Consolidated Edison spends S75 million to n:pa.ir damage caused by rock sah. Thu's part of the cost of roclc salt. Another cost is polluted groundwater and the devastation of vcgetntion. New York S!Atc has made an informal esumate that the acruaJ, internalized cost of rocl salt is 80 ccnlS a pound. Which de-icer should you buy? The individual is unt1warc: of this cost. It is the n:sponsibility of the community 10 make price and cost similar. Even though the rules have changed, we haven't yet adopl.Cd a new paradigm, a new way of organiting our knowledge and our information. One of the principles of that new paradigm should be to extract the mnximum amounl of useful work ecologically possible from the local resource base. Thar sounds like a very modest proposal, but it has profound repercussions. As we begin to obtain more and more u~ful work, we (ind thnt we've begun to be more and more self-reliant and self-conlll.incd. ls self-reliance economical? Whnt do we mean by eoooornics? Whnt do we value in our economic system? Those who praise the global economy and trade as the underpinnings of our economic henlth invariably point to the benefits of comparnrive advantage and just 11s invariably point to the example of bananas. Surely local self-reliance docs not mean raising our own bananas in the United States when the clirruue 1s so much more favorable in Guatemala. Il may be cheaper to impon those bananas. once again, depending on what the price is versus the cost. Bananas that come from Central America cooie from countries that do not pennit unions. arc produced by companies that do not pay any iaxcs, and are grown by production methods that have no environmenta: regulations. I submit that if you ca.lcuhued the number of dollars that have been spent by the Unil.Cd Sratcs in military intervention in Central America, and dh'ided by the number of bananas that 11.rC imponed into the United States, you would find that it's very costly co tmpon bananas rather 1h:ln 10 grow them you~lr. When we look at c<:onornic signals, we need ro look at them in a holistic sense. first, we arc leamio&, as our s)",\tems get ever larger, tlw the downi.hle rhks get com:spondingly gru.icr. Twenty years ago when we wked about a cau1strophe, it meant a flood or an earthquake. Today when we talk about a catastrophe we mean the end of the ozone layer. the end of the human species. Local self-reliance also has a downside risk: you could try '>Omething and it might not work. but the risk Is modest. Second, locnl self-reliance leads to a diversity of cxpcnmenmion. As communities experiment with differcn1 technologies, we advance on the learning curve. Third, local sclf-reliBnCe by definition reduces pollution by improving efficiency. Fourth, local sclr-rcllancc Is economical because It recycles money internally for more productive purposes that would otherwise have to be spent on maintaining the system. A crude estimate that r made recently :;uggcstcd that 15 years ago the United States was spending between one and three percent of its overall income for system maintenance and cleanup. Today we're spending almost 15 percent of our income fOI' that purpo~. And finally. an advan1.1gc of local self-rcli.tncc is that we begin 10 channel our ingenuity into developing new bodies of knowledge that may be appropriate 10 a world that is in a vef} dlITcn:nt cond1tioo. The technologies that we're developing 1n North America, for example, art technologies appropnatc to ruuions that arc resource· rich and pcople·poof. But ISO percent of the world's popufauon li\lcs in countries that 31C rc~·poor nnd peoplc·nch. ff you try 10 make the United State~ !>Clf-~ufficicnt or sdf·reli:mt, the technologies you develop tO do so will be neither appropnaic nor comp:inble wnh the needs of dc\•eloping nat.tons.. Bui if you move towazd m:tking our tknsely populated and rcsou~-short cities sclf·rcliant the i«hnologicsdcvc:lopcd \I.Ill be appropnate to a resource-poor 1.1.orld. The kno1.1. lcdge generated can become a fll!ljor export commodity. But the pnmary benefit or local sclf·rcliancc J~ not economic; it's psychological and ~oc1nl. II improves decision nuldng because the costs or the decision fall on the smne community. We do not separate the productive process over long.dhtllllC~ Psycho.logicall)'. we improve the setf-<XX1fidencc 11nd socunty of our commuruues. We begin to miniaturize the economy. h means achieving v.hat Fritz Schumacher, one of the great cconomim of our time, dreamt of: local productton tor local markets from local rcsourct$. SprU\9• 1989 ls that theory or is that pr3Cticc? ..yeu: it rums out that in ~c scrap metaJ industry, the scale of producuon IS much smal~ than 111 the raw matcrittls industry. The best ex.ample J know of is 1he steel industry, where the newest technology is called the mini-mill. They used to be called neighborhood mills. but the industry decided t.h:u that would rais.c the image or Mao 1.e-<long's backyard fumaus. aod they didn't feel this was good advertising. Miru-mills use 100 percen1 scrap, and arc very sm:all- 200.000 tons a year average produc1ioo. A raw ore-based, vcnically integrated steel mill produces between two and three million ions a year. The healthiest. fastest-growing pan of the steel indu~try is based on scnp that comes from regional matb:ts and products often sold regionally. Another example 1~ the chemurgy movement, created SO yean ago by scienlisti-. from around the world concerned with using the then-large agriculrural surpluses lb mdustrial products. In 1932. the ltalian ambass3dor 10 Oreat Bnlllin arrived at the coun of St James dressed in a sun made or milk. That is, Italian scientists had discovered how to weave the casein in milk into clolhes. Tn 1941, Henry Ford, a devotee of the chemurgy movement, unveiled his biological car. The car body was made or soybeans. lhe fuel came from com, and the wheels were made of goldenrod. The soybean plastic body weighed hlllf as much as a steel-bodied car, so the car was more fuel·eflic1cnt. lf you dented it modestly, the dentS could be knocked back out. The C11r was wanner in the winter and (COISinuoj ... pq• lO) Green C ily 11 How-To 11 Mnnual---Just Published! "Cities need to be<ome more 'green'. They must be transformed illtu places that are life-enhancing an<l regenerarfre." • PelCr Berg <:rr~a Ci11 as a "how-to• m~nual (Of mdlv1<tUllts and O(JJ.n11AllOns antcmo1ed an a :iuswnablc future. tis intnl3C i.s &hat urban att.aS Cllll Cl.isl lunnonlou\I)" with na111nll 1ysu:im • :md 111nctudca bolb practical mid visL;xury :aw1tcut1on1 lh11I •re uppllc•btt 1;; ny ci17 or 1ino11. lbcte ts also 1 ~ 1ts11ng of volllllUlet o.:uv11a with i:lc:a. llbout gctllftS: wried and womns 0 IO'll<-.ds D £n'C1)" fuwrc. • URBA."' Pl.Af.ilNG • SMARTTRASSPORTATIO' • SUSTAIN"BLEPLA,~'t'l!O • RF.l'>'E\\'ARl.ll E.''ERGY • l'."EIOHBORHOOD CHARAC'rnR AND li."IPOWERM£.'lol • RECYCUNG Al'tl> REUSE • CE.l..EllRATtNG l.IF'E·l'L-\C'F. VITA.Un' • IJRBA.'J WILD HABITAT • SOC'tAU.Y RF.SPONSIBLE SMALL BUSINESSES ANO COOP'ERATIVE.S 'Tbe CrttD C117 Proi:nam 11 1V111bblc d1tcc1ty from Pbru:l Drum Foundation for S7 f'CISIP.1ld Mcmben ol lbc Foundation =eh-cu free aloag with lbc hl·annu.:11 ne11;1p;pcr lfluu tM Suills llld Olhcr public:atiol\1 for ~i: yearly membership rec Sl5. Thta llddtc.ss Is PIAnet Drum FoundaUon, Boit 31251, Son 1'111nt11COCA 9413t �POPLAR APPEAL written and illustrated by Doug Elliott W hen I tell northerners Lhat 1 built my house almost entirely of poplar, including the framing, rafters, interior panelling, and exterior siding, they seem confused. When I go on to say that there arc a 101 of old log cabins in 1hc Carolina mountains built from large poplar logs. they look a1 me like I'm crazy. I'm finally learning that to a nonhcmer, the word "poplar" refers to the aspens and other related trees whose wood is light, soft. and vinually useless for house construction. After a bit more discussion, we finally ge1 our terminology straightened out, and I get the response, " Oh, you mean 'tulip tree'". Yes, this magnificent tree has many names and even more uses. It is not a crue poplar, but was so named because iis leaves are attatched to its branches by long petioles (or leaf stems) that allow the leaves to move m the breeze in a manner not unlike that of a quaking aspen. The tulip poplar is actually in the Magnolia family . ' l ts scientific name, Liriodendron tulipifera, translates roughly to m~ "tulip-bearing lily tree". This is a fitting name for the ttee because itS flowers look like a combination of a tulip and a lily. They are a light greenish yellow and each of the six petals has a blaze of orange at its base. OUJ ofa giant tulip tree A grem gay blossumfalls on me; Old gold andfire iu petals are. Ir flashes like a/al/Ing swr. - Maurice Thomas A large tulip poplar lit up wilh hundreds of these large, cup-like blooms in spring is a magnificent sight indeed. The tulip poplar is the king of the magnolia family. 11 is considered to be the tallest hardwood tree in North America. In the old forests of the southern Appalachians il has been known to attain a height of 200 feet with a straight ttUok 1en feet in diameter and clear of branches for eighty to one hundred feet . The largest tulip poplar on record is the "Reems Creek Poplar" in Buncombe County. It was I98 feet 1all with a ttunk IO fcec I I inches in diameter four feet above the ground. When it was burned in April.1935, it was believed to be the largest tulip poplar in the world, possibly over a thousand years old. "But despite the splendor of its dimensions. there is oothing overwhelming about the Tuliptree, bm rather something joyous in ilS springing straightness, in the candle-liU blaze of its sunlit flowers, in the fresh green ofus leaves, which being more or less pendulous 011 long slender sralks, are forever IW'ning and rusrling in the slighres1 breeze; this gives the tree an air ofliveliness, lightening iJS grandeur. So even a very ancieltl tUlip tree has no look of tld abou1 It, for not only does it make a swift growth in youth, but in maturity it maintains itself marvelously free of<kcay. This look of vitality comes partly from the vivid paleue from which tire Tullptree is colored. The flowers which give it 1/Us name are yellow or orange a t base, a liglu greenish shade above. Almost as brilliant are the leaves when they first appear, a glossy, sunshiny pale green: they deepen in tint in summer, and in awwnn tum a rich, re1oicing gold. Even in winter the tree is still flOt UJllldorned.for the .•.cone remal'ns, candel/Jbrum f as/Uon, erect on r/le bare twig ...(1111Iil) all the seeds have.fallei1." - DoNJld Culross P~ Each of the seed cones 10 which Pcauic refers can produce l 00 or more seeds. Each seed is located a1 the end of a blade-shaped wing, called a samara, which keeps it airborne. On windy days 1hcse seeds whirl like tiny helicopters and are dispersed over great distances. Because they are released gradually all through the winter, the seeds arc important to wildlife. They are ca1cn by many kinds of birds as well as by squirrels, chipmunks. and other small rodenlS. On a bright snowy day rwo friends cross-countty skiing in the Pisgah National Forest were surprised to see a white-footed mouse scampering all over I.he snow, so busy collecting and devouring freshly shed tulip poplar seeds that ir seeme~ eomple1cl y unaware of their presence. Old Uses Indians had many uses for the rulip poplar. Us.ing fire and stone tools, they carved dugout canoes out of large straight sections of the ttunks and taught pioneer se1tlers the an. One of the first accountS of this was in 1590 in Thomas Harriot's brief and true report of the new-found land of Virginia: " ... rite irrhabitams that were neere 10 us doe comrtlQnly make tlleir boars or Canoes of the fomi oftrowes (troughs), only with the helpe of fire , ltarcl~IS of stoMS and shels; we have known soml! being so great ...tluu they have carried well XX men at once besides much baggage· 1/ie timber being greor, ta/, streight, soft, lig/11, & yes tough ...". Captain John Smith in 1612 reported canoes large enough to hold 40 men. Daniel Boone made such a canoe 60 feet long, capable of carrying five tons. Into it he loaded his family and all their possessions and in 1799 they floated from Kentucky down the Ohio River and on into what was then Spanish territory. The tree is still known as "canoewood" in some areas. Poplar blossom time is very important to beekeepers. The poplar is one of the most dependable sources of nectar in the Southeast The yield of nectar per bloom is possibly the highest of any plant on the continent and has been calculated at an average of 1.64 grams - or about one third of a teaspoon - per flower. During a favorable season, poplar nectar is secreted so abundantly that honey bees and other insects cannot carry i1 away as faSt as it appears. Sometimes one can feel the nectar dripping down like a gentle sticky rain when sranding under a blooming wlip tree in a light breeze. (People who park their shiny new cars under tulip trees often complain about this.) Because the poplar blooms early in the season, many honeybee colonies are not strong enough 10 fully utilize the abundance. For StrOng hives, however, harvesLS of 100 pounds of hooey per hive have been recorded during just the three week poplar bloom. The honey is dark in color and is sometimes called Spf'tn9. 1989 �"black poplar honey". When held up to the light, however, it can be seen tha1 it is actually a deep amber-red in color. Though it is not as light as locust honey nor as sought-after as sourwood honey, it has a rlch full-bodied flavor that can sweeten fruit salads, yogurt, tea, and other beverages. Poplar honey goes well on pancakes, waffles, cereal, biscuits, cornbread, and other baked goods. Rarely a day goes by that I don'1 eat some. If you want the ultimate tulip-poplar-tasting experience, sip the nectar straight from the flower like the bees do. You need to find a freshly opened blossom within reach. Pick or lower the blossom carefully without josrling it. Then lick. the drople1s on the inside of the petals, and taSte tha1 ambrosial Sometimes the nectar collects in a puddle on one of the lower sepals. If the air has been warm and dry, the nectar will often be thick like syrup. After one taste, you will know you have imbibed the nectar of the gods! In European gardens the tulip poplar is one of the favorite "exotic" American ornamental shade trees, and it has been so for mOTC than 300 years. In fact, the tulip poplar was first described botanically in 1687 from a specimen that had been brought from the New World and was growing in an English garden. In the early part of the 18th century John Lawson, Surveyor-General of North Ol.rolina, reponcd a hollow tulip poplar "wherein a lusty Man had his Bed and Household Furniture, and lived in it till his labor got him a more fashionable MMsion." Of course the senler's "more fashionable mansion" would probably have been no more than a log cabin made of tulip poplar logs. There is many an old tulip poplar log cabin still standing today and new ones arc still being built Using Poplar Lumber The first significant cutting of poplars in the new world was by settlers who were clearing ground for farming. They knew that where the tulip poplars grew, the soil was the richest. Today this still tends to be true. Ginseng hunters look for stands of tulip poplars when SC'Jnning distant mountainsides in search of the moist soil that characterizes good ginseng habitat lt was not until two decades after the Civil War, when the r:>ilroads began 10 penetrate the rugged mountainous areas of the Southern Appalachians, that the huge poplars and other southern hardwoods were harvested. In those days only trees over 30 inches in diameter, each yielding more than 400 board feet in lumber, were accepl.ed at the mills. In some areas tulip poplar grows in almost pure stands. In 1912, a tract of land near Looking Glass Rock in Transylvania County yielded 40,000 board feet of tulip poplar lumber per acre. Nowadays loggers are pleased IO get 10,000 board feet per acre. Foresters call tulip poplar a hardwood because it is a broad-leafed tree, like oaks and maples. Pinc, fir and other conifers arc called softwoods. The wood of tulip poplar however, is as soft and workable as white pine. Because the extensive heanwood is a yellowish tan in color, it is known as "yellow poplar" in the lumber business. The sapwood is creamy white and has been used as interior panelling. When used in this capacity, i1 has been called "whirewood". Because of its lighmess and strength. ii is used for boxes and crates. Yokes for oxen were often made from tulip poplar, because it was so easily carved. lt was one of the favorite materials for building aircraft in the days when airplane bodies were built of wood. Poplar wood has the ability to return to its normal shape after being compressed under great pressure. This property accounts for the wood's popularity for building barrel bungs. Poplar lumber is used extensively in the furniture-making industry. Its porosity and ability to take glue makes it an ideal core upon which to glue fine wood veneers, and, because it talces a polish beuer than any orher native wood. poplar wood is itself often used as a veneer. Kiln-dried yellow poplar wood makes a good framing lumber for house construction. It is moderately lightweight, yet stronger than spruce, fit; or white pine. Unlike the whole poplar logs used in cabin construction. milled, dry poplar lumber has little tendency to split when nailed. The Nonh Carolina Building Code accepts graded poplar lumber as a framing material. However, it has been infrequently used in recent years because of the.abundance of low cost softwood timber, such as Douglas fir and spruce, shipped in from the western Sl4tes. As the supply of western softwoods decreases. tulip poplar may come back into more common use. Dead and Rotting Wood Tulip poplar is also valuable when dead and rotting. The stumps decay quickly and provide an ideal habitat for various wood boring beetles. These beetles and their larva are one of the favorite foods of the majestic pilca1ed woodpecker (often called "wood hen" by mounroin folks). The pileated woodpecker is so named because of its brilliant red crest. It 1s our largest woodpecker. almost as big as a crow. These and other woodpeckers regularly visit decaying tulip poplar. and some people purposely cut poplar slumps high or use the Jogs in gn:rden beds near the house in order to artmct them. Dead tulip poplar is also the favorite growing medium for cenain fungi. most notably the delec1nble oyster mushroom (Pleurorus osrrearus). Oys1er mushrooms arc one of my favorite 'Aild mushrooms. l learned to identify them by Clll'Cfully studying them in mushroom field guides. They arc f.urly easy 10 recognilC, hence they are one of the safest of the edible wild mushrooms. They grow in cluster:., usually out of the sides of logs or stumps. They vary from a creamy. "oyster" whi1e to 1.1n or gray in color and arc distincbve because the gills run down the entire length of the stem. They arc delicious in soups. on p;ista. and can be saut6ed and gently stewed lO make an elegant side dish. Once l had oyster mushrooms fried in fritter batter, and (conunucc1cmJllil&e30) they actually tasted like oyster mttcn.. ~'°""" J--' 9"'JS t t �The bark of the poplar tree can be remo1Jed in the spring and early swnmer and has been used in many ways. Large sheers of Ir were used by the Indians as CO\'trings for wigwams, wickiups, lodges, and orher living quarrers. In the Nonfl Carolina mountain.s, poplar bark has bun used as siding on frame houses. When I first disco11ered it on some homes near Burns11ilfe in Yancey County, I was suuclc by ir.s rustic, }'et eleganJ beaury. As I was building my own house at the time, I wonted to /ind ow how poplar bark siding wa.f made and how long it wollld last. Wizen l asked around, however, it seemed tlw.t most of the builders of these hauses Jw.d long since passed on, but t~y had left a legacy ofpoplar bark. siding thol was sdll holding up well qfter 70 or more years. 1 finally found one older man who was a poplar bark crafts11w..n, and he tk.scribed tlie process UJ me. In early swnrner when the "sap's running", large sheers of the bark are removed from mediwn-sized trees. The bark is carefully pried off tlie trunk with a to0I know11 as a "tan bark spud". This tool hark.ens back to the days w}ien the collecting ofoak, chestnut and hemlock bark was o pan ofevery timber cutting operation. The bark was sold to tanneries as a source of tannic acid. A spud could be Improvised mu of a stout curved stick with a chisel-like edge carved on one end. Those made by blacksmiths look somewhat like a small-lieaded spade. After 1/ie bark is remo11ed, it is cut illro large rectangular sheets, taken ro a barn or other dry p/act and "stacked and stickered" like green lumber with na"ow strips ofwood between each sheet of bark to allow air to circulate. Rocks or other weights pilled on rop of the stock ofbark en.sure that the sheets stay flat and do not curl up as they dry After a month or two of drying, rhey can be cut 10 length and nailed like slung/es onro the building. Armed with th8se minimal instructions. and a lift·long love of tulip poplar, I knew I had to onempt co/leering bark 10 cover at lea.rt part ofmy house. A friend who was building ms own lwuse was about to CUI some poplars on his land 10 use as suppon beams. He told me that if I'd help him cut them and haul them down to the building site, he'd help me get the bark. The first tree we/tiled was aboUI afoot in dianieter, and it fell uphill. We trimmed off the upper br01iches, until we had a length ofclear trunk abou1 30 feet long. With 1he chainsaw, we mode one long CUI throught the bark down the entire length ofth4 l.og. Then, staningfrom the bonom, with one of us on eilkr side of the log, wt wenr at it with the bark spuds, ourf111gers, hate/let blades and whatever else we collld improvise to genJly pry the bark from the log. . .. - TIU! nt•wly formed cambium layer benn•e11 the bark and the sapw(l(Jd was sofr, slippery and Yer)' juics. As the: bark gave way 10 our efforts arul .tepararedjrom ti~ rrunk, it made a slurpy hissing noise. !Ve gradll(l//')! worked our Wll) up the log . The bark was coming ojf bc:outifully. When wc:j1r1ally reached the 11pper end oftlu: log, tire remaining section f1f the bark StpcJrated wirh a rtsowuling hollow "pop" We stood up and ~ere congrarularing ourselves on a job well dmu:, when we heard a noise. lt>okinR down we sow our newly-skinned log heading off down the hi/IT ltsfreshl)• removea bark had created a trough t/IQJ was slick.er tlllJll any bobsled run, and b>· rhe time that log left that piece of bark, it had picW up a terrific amo1u11 of speed and momenlltm. It we111 careenin,g down the mountainside, and all we co11Jd do was watch in astonisl11T1enl as thoJ log leapt over rock ledges and crashed through thic~ts. It fi111Jlly .rropped uh0111 fl!ry yards down the hill when i1 collided with a srump jusr above rhe house .tire. We breathed a huge sigh of relief. If it had nor been sropped by the s111mp, that .flippery bauering ram would hove done considerable damage to rhe ho11se founda1io11. Afrer rhar, we senved a rope to each log before we removed ilS bark. I found ow larer rluJt mountain loggers hove a word/or a log sliding down a nwu111ainside. TluJt log is nball·hootin'," and it is recognued as a serious danger in logging steep f1W11n1al11 ,f/opes during spring and s1unmer. As one old logger told me, 'Them poplar logs is bad/or that. Wilen the sap's up, that bark can slip off a log you're dragging and if tha1 log gets loose and goes a balf-Jwotin' down the mou111ain, buddy, 'hit can kill a ma11l" The bark of small poplar trees can be scored and folded into carrying 11essels ofall sizes from berry baskets to backpacks. /11dia11s daubed the seams with pine pitch and used them as W(ller buckets. I was first introduced to bark basketry by my mountain neighbor and friend Paul Geouge, wlio has been mak.i11g baskets for years. I was enchanted by the way he explained their simple practicalily; "So you've been out fishing all morning .following the creek up in.lb the nwuntain.t. You're cau:hlnJl some of 1/iem nmive speckled trour, bUJ afrer a while the srream gets too small. So you call it quir.s and head up onto the ridge/or rhe long walk home, There you TUii into the biggest patch of ripe huckleberries you halle ever seen. ~You'd 1011e to take some of them berries lwme, hut you ai11'1 go11101hing to carry 'em in. Whor collld you do?" Paul asks wirh a twinkle in his eye. "Well, if you knew how 10 make a berry basker, you'd just find you a young poplar rree, make you a poplar bark basket, and tote tllUn berries home. Now they'd taste mighry g()()d after a fish dinner! ... Between the ower layer of the bark and the sapwood is a layer rich in fibro11s vascular material known as bast. When rorred under controlled condirfons it can be used to mah ropes. twine and other cordage. Ir was high/}' valued by Native ~ricansfor rhese tiles Poplar bark has also been 11sed medicinally as a tonic and a remedy/or fevers, stomach ailments, dysentary, rhe1unari.sm and gour. It is a source oftulipiferine, an allt:aloid that acrs as a heart stimulanr. / 2 ! ff.'" • Doug Elliou's most recent book, (that includes step-by-s1ep instruetions on how to make a rulip poplar bark basket) is entitled Woods/ore and Wildwood Wisdom. It can be ordered from him at Possum Productions; R1 1, Box 388; Union Mills. NC 28167 for $10.00 post paid. Sprl·"'J· 1989 ""'' .... - �CLEAR SKY a drawing by James Rhea The concept for the drawing derives from my years growing up in the southern foothills and hearing Cherokee follclore, and being fascinated by their lifestyle and contributions. I have always been inspired by other culrun:s, especially so called primitives. This picture is pan of a series of portraits of healers or philosophical leaders, who arc inspirational to their people, representing cultures throughout the world. From that I envisioned a change of bean from a life of war and bloodshed to one of service and ~ce. This choice was indicauve of several individuals who laid the foundation for the later culturnl flowering of the Cherokees. Clear Sky is more of a composite of an ideal figure lhan a definite ponrait. The Cherokee people in the late l700's were in a state of despair and desperation because of the encroachment upon their lands and military defeat by European scnlcis. SC\'Cral individu:tls came to the forefront to encourage and inspire their people. To the Cherokee. they were lcnown as beloved persons. both men and women. They felt a need for a transition or integration into white society, but at the same time they hoped to retain the best of their past for cultural survival. Clear Sky's dress is typical for the time. He wears a blue EngltSh bro3dcloth shin and has a Spanish trade blanket around his waisr. The necklace is wampum with a silver gorget. The eamngs are archaic beaten copper with slit earlobes. The hair is trimmed with a dyed egret feather ornament In his band he holds a turkey feather (an with natural bead work. a sign of respect and dignity. lsk.agua CJtr Clear Sky was listed in Duane K. King's book CMrolcee Indian Na1ion as being present and signing a document protesting the tt'Catment of Chickamauga Cherokees by the Americans. The petition was sent to King George m of England aslcing his government to intervene. At the time of the signing, or thereabouts 1789-1791, he changed his name from NeMnoataah, or "Bloody Fellow" to lsk.agua. "Clear Sky." Spr~nAJ. I used several sources Ill compiling his dress, ornaments and general demcaner. but the most informative was the JnditlJIS of the Southeastern Un11ed States by John R. Swanton, Smithsonian Anthropology. James Rhta lives in an old farmhou.st in a rural pan of Cabarras CoUllt)'. Ht is illlertsttd in organic gardening and environmental issul!S and spends time canoeing and hiking for inspiration and peace of mind. His artwork includes tM subfecrs of wildlife as well as portraits. "In gentral" he says •1 favor world peace and holistic liftstyks". ,/ 1989 Xat-~ )o\UnoL ~ 15 �II a Early, al tine o'clodt IWO sbocb ol-an anbqaUe Wlft felt. Tbc boule D cuM:d mid ew:rytbing WU ID mowmelll. The bcns fell to the paid fJOm lheir room ud set up a pi.tifol cry. You cm see chat the white people mR diffaalt bc:ings from us, we are made or.red clay. they of white sand. About lbe J'Cll' 1811 IOIDC of the Cleroba cbamed ud Olha'S RCtiwd. in various ways. cQ11111mictricw from lhe Oral Spirit. all lr:Dding IO discredit die ICbane ol c:ivilization. See 10 ll dw you get back your old Beloved Towns. Yoor mother is not pleased you punish each other so ha1d. I have told you what the Gn:ac Spirit's will is, and you are 10 pass on iL la on:tcr that you might know bow things want to tell you what happened bcrc in the Nation ju,st the other day. ~Pl in die Wkl IDday, I Jusr dne rughis ago I was at a Wk in C>o&1mally. To tha1 place came~ man and two women who to1d that while they were on 11 journey, Ibey came eo an unoccupied house near a hill called Rocky Mountain and enlCttd it in order to spend the night thcte. Just as it had become dark, they heard a violenl noise in che air.•.As !hey went outside to sec abou1 ii they saw a whole crowd of Indians ~g on I.be hill from the sky•... nding on small black horses...their leader beating a drum. .•came very close.• .They were much frightened .•.•. "Don'1 be afraid. we arc your brothers and have been sent by the Great Spirit 10 spcalc co you. The Great Spirit is dissatisfied that you arc n:ceiving the white people into your lnnd•.•.. You sec that the hunting is gone, you are planting lhe corn of the white people. go and sell ii back to them and plant Indian com and pound it in the manner of your forefathers. do away with the mills. The Mother of the Nation h~ fOtY.lccn you. •. her bones are being broken through the grinding. She will return co you if you put the white people out of lhe land and return to your fonncr manner of life. If you don't believe my words then look up at the sky." They did and saw the sky open...an indescribably beautiful light and in it four white houses. "Such houses you are to build in your Beloved Towns... for white men who can be useful to the Nation.. . ." I mn not Ible IO delcribe lhe creat perplexity into which we C11D11 Jasa ...L Our dwelling bowie was in die most violent mDVellXIH IO lhu it seemed IO be Deir II> be falling in. .. .a strongviolent noise beard from the W.N.W. _ .and stteaks of l.ighlning..... This morning between 7 and 81>'c1ock we felt tw0 more shocks without the sli1thtcst noise. ...our house was r:rembling..•the roof moved. The m:es were in movemen1 wilhout !he slightest wind. It is true, the white people must all go from lhe Nation; boWevcr, 4 smiths, S()tne school ceachers a.rid those who arc building mills for us a.re to be toleralbd. but later. they too must return to their own country..•.. Some of them anribuce the occurrence co the sorcerers; some, to a large snake which must have crawled under their house; some to the weakness and old age of the eanh which will soon cave in. . •.they held a grand feast and celebrated a great medicine dance. .• .. . . .if they believed and obeyed, then game would abound, the white ll1!ll1 would disappear. . • .• .• .instead of beef and bacon they would have venison, and instead of chicken they would have turkeys. . . •we heani today from a traveler tb:u in Taloni. •. thiny miles from here along the road to Georgia. in a field 13 sink holes appeared as a result of the earthquake. the largest of \\<hich is 20fcet deep and 120 feet in circumference and is. • .full of gn:enish water. . . .he would like to know whether lhe end of 1hc world were not near. .•• • sprin9. 1989 �J ...many lndians believe that the white people were responsible because they had already taken possession of so much of the Indian land and wruned still more. The Great Spirit is angry...and be wanted to put an end to it through eanhquakes. , Soon after the eanh had tremble4 an Indian was silting in his house in deep thought, his children were lying sick in front of the fire. ...a tall man appe~ clothed entirely in the foliage of ihe trees, with a wrca1b on his head. ..carrying a small child in his ami.~ and had a larger child by the hand. "The small child on my arm is the s ClJC:it Spirit. l am not able to tell you whether the Great Spirit will soon destroy the earth or not. 1be Great Spirit is not pleased that tbc lndillll$. have sold so 111uch land to the white man. :rugalo, wl!K:I\ is now possessed by white people, u; the r~t place the Great Spirit created. There in a hill he placed the firs& fire. for all fin: comes from the Great Spirit. . . .the white people have built a house on th3t hill. They should ab:lndon th~ place; on thru hill there ~hould be grass growing. only then will there be ptaee. ...the Indians no longer thank the Great Spirit before they enjoy the fust fruits of the land. They no longer have dances in his honor before they eat the first fruit~. You arc sad because you thin.le your childn:n m ill, they are not renlly ill. but have only taken in a. little dust.~ •.. he gave him two small piece5 of bark from a certain tree ••• and told him to cook them and to give the drink to his children. and from that they became weU right then. 7 ...the residents of one wwn fled into the hills and tried to crawl into hiding in the ho!~ of lhe rocks in order to escape the danger of I.he hail stones, the size of half bushels. which were to full .••.. ...numbers of the aibe.. .abandoned their bees. their orchards, their slaves, and everything else that might have come to them through the white man, and...took up their toilsome march for the mounwns of Carolina. ..•mills. clothes, feather beds and iables - worse still •.. books, and domestic cats! This was not good· theieforc the buffaloes and other game were disappearing. The Great Spirit was angry. and had withdrawn his protection. The Cherokees must return to the customs of their fathers. They must kill their cats, cut shon their frocks, and dress as became Indians and warriors. They must discard all the fashions of the whites, abandon the use of any communication with each other except by word of mouth, and give up their mills. their houses, and all the ans learned from the white people. ~ Oicrokecs arc at this time in a rcmarlc.able manner - occasioned by the late shocks of the eanh ·endeavoring to appease the Anger of the Ore3t Spirit They have revived thcnr religious dances of ancient origin to appease the Anger of the Great Spirit....with 115 much solemnicy as ever was seen in worship In our churches. They then repair to the water, go in and wash. These ablutions arc intended 10 show that their sins are washed away and that they are cleansed from all defilements. These fanatics or prophelS tell them that the Great Spirit is :ingry with them for adopting the manners, customs, and habfo; of the white people who, they think. are very wicked. Some of the females an: mutililting fine muslin drcsses and arc told that they must discontinue dancing n:cls and country dances whieh have become very common ampn~l the young people. . . .!here is llllk ...in the space of 3 months the moon would again become black. and thereafter hail stones as large as hominy blocks would fall, all cattle would die Md soon the earth would come to an end. A sorcerer said uncil then there would be peace; how things would be after thnt he did not know. that a new earth will come into being in the Spring.••.. •• ,it has bc!en revealed by the Great Spirit th:u there would be an intense darkm~ss and that it would last three day~ - during which :lll white people would be snatched away as well as 1111 Indians who had any clothing or household articles of the white man's kind.••• •.• they should put aside everything that i:. similar to the white people and that which they had learned from them, so that in the darkness the Great Spirit might not mistake them and snatch them a~ay. ... many llre doing away with their household articles and clothing.•.• The above ma1trial if parr fJf a /011ger work in progress. Jr is drawn entirelyfrom actual occounLS uf the events ~ntitmed, a.s recorded in ltrrers and diaries from the period, many of wlrich were locared in rhe Mortn•ian lfrchh'es In Winsron·Salem, North Carolina. 5 �Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around the region and beyond.... A Look at the Black Swan Center By C.8. Squire College students encouraging community economic development in the community that surrounds their campus? Thai is exactly what's happening in the Swannanoa River Valley. The effon is being carried out by student-faculty teams from Warren Wilson College working ou1 of the BlacJc Swan Center. The Black Swan Center. named for Black. Mountain and Swnnnanoa, !he two towns in !he Valley it embraces. is currently located on the Wnrrcn Wilson campus and serves as a community resouN:e organization for the entire area. A key ob)ective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and ce-0nomic development projec ts," according to Black Swan directors Laura Temple Haney and Louise Solomon. Initially funded by grants from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and the Broyhill Family Foundation, the Center operates with a work/study crew made up of students and faculty advisers responsible for various individual projects of the Center. This "work crew". made up of fifteen students majoring in Sociology, Environmental Studies, Social Work, Political Science, and English, meets regularly to review their various projects centered around !he "community economic developmem" concept. The Black Swan Center grew out of lhe Swannanoa Valley Projcc1 (SVP), a land-use planning and economic development study carried out in 1985 by Swannanoa Valley residents and Warren Wilson College Staff, faculty, and students. Funded by the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation and TV A, the SVP found that most project participants wanted the Valley to reverse its downward economic trend "while remaining an essentially rural area wilh a viable economic base." It became apparent thm what wa!"> needed was an ongoing community resource center to serve these needs. Thus, the Black Swan Center was born. The vital importance of a community planning and resource center such as this cannot be overestimated. Tf we wish to preserve and enhance the quality of life here in Kaniah, in ways thar nre ecologically and economically sound, we can no longer allow the haphazard and Shon-sighted type of growth and development that has predominated for decades. The key factor in reversing this trend and in finding truly workable solutions is to encourage local initiative, self-reliance, infonnalion exchange, and cooperative effort. This can be a very powerful grassroots movement, with far-reaching effects, but it demands susmined local commitment and involvement. This k:ind of sustained effon can best be supported JCQti&Qh Journot pc:M)e by citizens and businesspeople acting in concen with local academic institutions. After all, should we not make the mo.st of all of our available local resources, in order to assure the contin ued well-being of our communities? Only in this way can we intelligently deal with the tremendous forces of change that are confronting us. It is now critical !hat we re-learn and re-create the an of community - and projects such as the Black Swan Center arc beginning 10 lay the groundwork for !his crucial renaissance. In fact, this dynamic pilot project has already achieved tangible results. Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years, if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around lhe region and beyond. ... A key objective is to explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own backyards for community and economic development projects" ... In its first year, the Black Swan Center has been focusing on three essential components: (I ) A community economic development class for Warren Wilson students to prepare them to work in the Center; (2) development of a college work crew made up of faculty and students which operates and coordin:ncs Black Swan ruitivitics; and (3) a community-based education course for Valley residents designed to promote new business ventures, develop rural leadership Skills and teach community economic development concepts. AU three components are in place, with the community-based education course starting in March. Organalcd by Lisa Waners, a Sociology mnJOr, the course, "Community Development and the Economy in the Swannanoa Valley,''. is ~imed at .~elpmg Valley residents (l) "gain the leadership skills and ab1hoes that can make positive changes in the lives of the people that live in the Valley; (2) explore the Swunnanoa Valley community and its resources; (3) understand the problems facing the local economy; (4) seek: solutions. and; (5) determine what small businesses might succeed in the Valley." 16 Sprl.n.g, 1989 12 �As Lisa points out. this type of course was designed by the Highlander Center in Tennessee and has been used in such co~uniri~s. as Jellico,_Tennessee, and Dungannon, Virginia. Unlike tradiuonaJ educauon, the course doesn't separate learning from doing, theory from practice and education from work. "When Y?U put 'community' in front of 'economic development'," says Lisa, "it means ordinary citizens revitalizing their communities and stimulating quality economic development from within rather than waiting for the 'expens' to do it, or for outside industries 10 come in and provide jobs." In the long run, "community economic development doesn't only mean jobs. because ic can aJso make the difference in peoples' environments and quality of life." exploring options for municipal structures for the community of Swannanoa. He is also helping to draft a legal document that can be used as pan of an offical petition to the state to incorporate as a township. Christy Allred, an Environmental Studies major, and Katherine Crum, a Social Work major, are working with TV A 10 identify fanners in the Valley who are interested in growing specialty crops such as shiitake mushrooms and baby watennelons. Two workshops are planned, one in May, the other in the fall of 1989, that wiU bring Canners from Buncombe and Madison County together 10 discuss agricultural problems and trends facing the area and how to effectively market specialry crops. The 10.week course will be fnciJiiated by Louise Solomon and Laura Temple Haney, both faculty members at Warren Wilson, and Marilyn Bass, of the YMJ Cultural Center in Asheville. In the second part of this course, they will be joined by Tim Richnrds, of the Small Business Technology Development Center, and Dana Smith, of the Self-Help Credit Union, who will specifically instruct participants on how to work with a business idea. One of the more impn:ssive activities growing out of the Black Swan Center is a waste management center, directed by Melissa Gildersleeve, an lntercultural Studies major. Alrendy in operation on the College campus, the Center includes a processing pavilion for rccycleable items, including a baler for cardboard and specially designed "drop-off' bins for recycling glass, cans and newspapers. The waste management center grew out of a class exercise in an Environmental Policy cl:iss artd has resulted m the recycling of much of the 25,000 lbs/yr. of ttash generated by the collegc--trllSh that had been caned to the county landfill at a cost of up to Sl2,000/yr. Melissa bcheves that within a couple of years the college's waste management costs will be entirely covered by n:venucs from recycling. Her bu.~iness plan includes e~panding the College's program by establishing five more "drop·off' collection sues in the Swannaoa Valley, possibly as early as this spring. While important to carrying out the aims of the Center, the course in communicy economic development th.is spring is by no me~ns ~h~ center's sole: agenda_. A small ~usincss development project is in progress with the rum of "keeping more money in the Valley" by encouraging businesses in the area to buy from each other whenever possible, explained Brad Brock. another Sociology major and one of the Business Development coordinators for the Center. He added that the Black Swan Center and the Swannanoa Valley Ch:tmbcr of Commerce have almost completed a business directory of the Valley with one section made up of chamber members and the other. "the green pages". listing all valley-owned businesses. Brad and his partner. Rebel Bailey, an Environmental Studies 1113jor and owner of a flourishing backpack business. have a!so been working with Nonh Carolina REAL Enterprise (Rural &onomic Alternative Leaming, localed in Raleigh, North Carolina) 10 design a curriculum on developing student-owned enterprises for Wam:n Wilson College. Fffty people attended a five-pan series of workshops called "Business Basics''. Post-workshop follow-up has resulted in consulting sessions with four entrepreneurs with a "good strong prospect" for getting a business up and running in the Valley. Still another project for Brad and Rebel is the Stan-up of a breakfast club, modeled after the Briarpatch program on the west coast, that will provide networking opponunities for local entrepreneurs and owners of small businesses in the Valley. Another Black Swan project, headed by Heidi Erick.son. :in Environmental Studies and Education major, is a literacy program with a new twist-worlting directly with the business community to improve literacy. Heidi explains that those unable to read and write are often reluctant to tell their employers or their lack of reading skills. But one area employer, Charles D. Owen m, has agreed to have a literacy project operating at his plant site, with employees receiving half-pay for the time they spend on learning to read. Heidi's project has already trained 12 people at Warren Wilson College to teach such courses. Still another project of the Center involves working with the Alternative Energy Corporation. based 1n the Research Triangle area, in developing a "Community Energy Campaign~ for the Valley. This project plans to help weatherize non-profit buildings anc,1 to audit heat loss in college and community buildings-including the former Carver Alternative School property in Black Mountain which the county has just acquired from the town's Parks & Recreation DepanmenL Eventually, with this campaign, the Center hopes to help the community save much of the 40 miJlion dollars a year or so lhat leaks out in energy cosrs in the Swannanoa Valley. Dan Scbeuch, a Political Science major, has been working with Swannanoa Valley residents and the Nonh Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Co1TUI1un1ty Development in Sprt.nq. t989 Although all the ~tudents working at the Black Swan Center have different 'main' projects they are working on. they all have one thing in common. Each panicipates in one another's programs... wch as lending the experti~e the1y have gained in desktop publishing, to knocking on doors of local businesses. to picking up the College'!\ waste and recycleablcs from around campus once a week. For the future, chc Black Swan Ccnu;r hopes 10: organize n Swannanoa Valley community work day: perhaps relocate the Center more into the heart of the community: encourage other small colleges in Appalachia to explore setting up a similnr program. and, in general. coordinate the community development projects and courSCS and the starrup of at least one student-run entesprise. One of the most promising aspects of this entire project is for the Black Swan Center to serve as a working model for other insututions in the region. They. too. may want to embark on a similar cooperative program of community development that., in the words of the Center's grant application, "will overcome the 'LOwn-gown' barriers that separate so many colleges from their neighbors." To quote Gnscom Morgan, son of Arthur Morgan who founded the Cclo community in Yancey County. and who bjmself for the last four decades has inspired and assisted the cause of community through his association with Community Service. Inc.; "We need fol,k colleges-people's colleges...not jus1 for intellect.uals or whites, b11t to do what Highlander College (now Clllled Highlander Center) has done for Appalachia and the South. lf we had folk colleges 10 which the working class and rural people from across a region could come and htive association with the intellecruaJs--then rerum to their local communities with the strength and conviction of their own culture--tbese different groups of the common people could reinforce each other.• Morgan's dream is being rcallz.ed by a group of pioneers: so~ fifcecn students with very diverse background.<>, two faculty advisors, and an involved community•..... You are welcome 10 visit this dynamic center or call for more infonnation. The Black Swan Ctn1er, 701 Warren Wilson Road, Swanrwnoa, North Carolina 28778. (704) 299-9306 �wlld lovely days the wild lovely days come with a wind tossed violence they awaken a tantalizing bitterness of memory the spring morning of lilacs the wilting high noon of orange poppies the late afternoon sun of autumn marigolds and now the great wheel of night spins with dazzling circles of blue and gold light �dancer the tender talents of earth swelling with rapture birdsong and blue sky fluttering encore a thousand thousand leaves turning rich dark colors awaiting opulent carnage exalted limbs rising against dark skies crucible answer I who hurried thru lhe years running this way and that sometimes strangely knowing sometimes weeping beside the road spent at last, alone bereft of all I sought you came to me slowly without my knowing you touched me the stream carries me my face is wet I am submerged I will not let fear of drowning darken the bright water all that rs bright and clear filters thru the translucent waves of faith, the ineffable substance that fills the yearning crucible with timeless light endless peace Selections from the book Wifd Lovely Days. portraits of moments In time and nature expressed in complementary words and images. THE POET· THE PHOTOGRAPH:R; Ellmboth Griffin Is an artist, poet, and former lawyer residing in Highlands. Katuah Province. Gii Leebrick is an environmentally concerned falher, husband, mediator, photographer, and director of the Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in Highlands. �.:•····;••·.................................... .,.... .. .... .... .~~· ~ ~ i{ NATURAL \~. : wORLD : ~ ~ ~ ~ ·! i: \. .. :I .. NEWS .. .. ·~. .( .~ .. "!, ·:. .: ~~~~~.·~··· · · ~·.·.·.•.•.•.·.·· · · ....~::::::!: .!· ?· PANTHERTOWN RESTORED! Nllllnl World NCWJ Str-i= In one Inst expression of disdain for Congress and the Appalachian b1orcgion, the Reagan administration m the la.~L days of its reign took away money slated for the pun:hase of the Pa.nthenown tract high in the headwaters of the Tuckasegee River. Through an arrangement with Duke Power Company, which wants to run a high-voltage power line across pan of the Panthenown area, Congress hod appropriated $8 million to buy the remainder of the propeny for inclusion in National Forest Jnnds. Under a rechnicaliry the our-going administration stole away that money. plus $47 million for other land appropriations. to pay the costS of fighting the famous Yellowstone fire and other fires that occurred in the summer of 1988 in drought-soicken western states. On March 13. 1989, however, the Office of Management and Budget reversed the order, and put the money back into the special Land and Water Conservation Fund, where it is once available for land acquisition purposes. It is expected that the Panthcnown purchase will be able to be completed this summer. COLEY CREEK IS SAFE! Systems Research Group, to review the Coley Creelc plan. The study group pointed out that fuel prices would have to escalate considerably lO make the Coley Creek project economically viable. However, cbe consultants' review found that the most economical approach would be to emphasize "demand-side programs." These programs hcreate" extra energy by promoting conservation on the pan of utility customers through steps such as rewarding customers for efficient energy use pancrns and helping to cut down on energy consumption by wealherization programs, promoting energy-efficient appliances, etc. A more careful and judicious use of energy reduces the need for increased energy production. The report showed that through energy conservation Duke could make avnilable the same amount of energy that the Coley Creek pumped storage project would have provided. but at one-third the cost. The repon outlined five different demand-side programs and gave srep-by-srep directions for their implement.arlon. Bill Thomas, co-chair of rhe Jocassee Wate~hed Coalition, said, "h could be very imponant for a company like Duke to stan a series of pilot programs in energy conservation. Even if they weren't completely convinced that this was the best way to go, they should :u least experiment and find out for themselves what programs wo11ld work and what wouldn't." "In September the Nonh Carolina Utilities Commission will hold a series of six hearings at locations across the stare to gather public comment on a proposed least-cost planning rule that will include demand-side management items. A good tum-out by people s~ak.ing on behalf of these measures wouJCI show the COinmission where the public suppon lies." The Jocnssee Watershed has obtained a reprieve from funher depredations by Duke Power, but efforts continue to gain binding legislauve protection for the basin through designation of the Thompson and the \v'hitewater as Wild and Scenic Rivers. (The Horsepasturc River already has protected stntus.) Preliminnry studies have already been completed, and show very definttely that further srudy is justified. "We need to g~t legislacors to press the North Carolina Natural Resoun:es and Community Development Department to complete their sruclies so that the lcgislat.ion can proceed," said Thomas. "We arc asking people interested in the future of the Jocnssee Watershed to contact their state n:presentatives and ask them to get involved with this.'' ...AND NOW CHAITOOGA Duke Power Company has announced that it is postp<>ning indefinitely the Coley Creek Pump Storage Project, which would have done devastating environmental damage in the beautiful Jocassee Watershed area in the foothills of the Blue Ridge. Officially, the company said that a review of fuel prices and the economics of the pumped storage alternative convinced them that providing power by coal plants or combustion turbines was economically more advantageous. What the company did not mention was that they had met stiff resistance to the project every step of the way from the Jocassee Watershed Coalition, a broad-based organization of hikers, hunters. fishermen, and environmental groups. which may also have influenced their decision. With a grant from the Babcock Foundation. the coalition had hired an independent consulting firm, the Energy ~ )o"'nat P • 20 Officials of Rabun County, Georgia and the Associated Consulting Group are conspiring to build a jetpon on a mountaintop in the upper reaches of the Chattooga River, which is designated as a Wild and Scenic River. Preliminary design studies of the site illegally conducted by Associated Cousulting at the request of the Rabun County government have detennined that they would need t.o level the entire mountaintop to make room for the jet planes to land. The jets would take off and land directly over the river and roar over remote wild areas in their flighL The potential impacts on the Chattooga watershed would be devastating. They include massive sedimentation, wildlife habitat destruction, and noise pollution, as well as the fouling of the water and air. The remote and wild character of the Chattooga whitewater run would be severely degraded by the low-altitude overflighcs. The US Forest Service has refused ro talce a position to protect the "wild and scenic" status of the Chattooga despite their legislative mandate under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to do so. The agency has even backed down from an earlier comrninment to require an Environmental Impact Statement for actions affecting any Forest Service site. The American Rivers organization and a coalition of local citizens is working on behalf of the river. They say, ''Since t.be Forest Service has refused to direct the county away from the Chanooga site, citizen voices are essential to prevent the Chattooga site from bemg selected. The county and Associated Consulting are known to have a bias in favor of the Chattooga site, and only overwhelming public sentiment against lhe site can change their minds." Make yourfeelings known! Write: Associated Consulting Group 3 I5 W. Po111::e de Leon Ave. (Suite 125) Decatur, OA 30084 Kenneth Henderson, Forest Supen·i,s()r Cl111ual100d~e National Forest 508 Oak St. NW Gainesville. GA 30501 American Rivers 801 Pennsylvania Ave. SE (Suire 303) Washington. DC 20003 WHAT'S AN EIS? (or JUDGE HALTS VULCAN) There will be no rock quarry in Flat Creek nt least not anytime soon. Vulcan Matenals Company had planned to dig a 58-acre, open-pit quarry near Weaverville despite protests from local residents until Buncombe County Superior Coun Judge Roben D. Lewis voided Vulcan's state permit early this 'd year. Some 450 North Buncom be rest ents snowed up at the last public hearing in October of 1987. Most were against the quarry projecL The group fonned the North Buncombe Association of Concerned Citizens, which filed suit against VuJcan, a Fortune 500 company, and several state officials. Residents claimed in their suitS tha1 the mining permit was issued 10 the company despite evidence from expens that the quarry, which would have been sited about two miles nonh of the town of Weaverville, would deplete and pollute area groundwater. Spri-n9, 1989 �INCINERATORS THREATEN AIR QUALITY Jllmnl World News Service "Cloudy skies" would be the long-term weather forecast for meb'OpoliUUl Knoxville and all points downwind if four new waste incinerators were to come into operation in the area. Three proposed incinerators in the Knoxville area and one that is already constructed 1hrea1en 1he Great Smoky Mounrains National Park, only 40 miles downwind, and the already beleaguered mounrains of the Kan1ah province. Cum:n!ly, air in the Smokies ranks it among the ten most polluted of all the National Parks. It used to be that the Park was only "smokey" during the summer months when natural chemicals from the forest vegetation combined with panicles in the air. Now, even on a clear winter day, the view is noticeably hazy. An estimated 70% of the pall is due to air pollution. The Department of Energy (DOE) has built an incinerator at the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. According to engineer John Patton of the Division of Air Pollution Conttol for the State of Tennessee, it is licensed under the Toxic Substances Control Act to burn radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and other wastes which are generated at the DOE facilities at Oak Ridge, Paducah, and the Ponsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plants. The incinerator bums only propane gas now, but when it goes on line in the summer of 1989, it will burn 3000 pounds of r.idioactive waste every hour. A similar incinerator was defeated in Rocky Flats, Colorado through public opposition. A private company mis-named the Safe Ecology Group is proposing to build another incinerator on Bear Creek Road in Oak Ridge that will bum low-level radioactive waste for volume reduction. According to Lisa Finaldi of the Nonh Carolina Clean Water Fund, this incinerator will take low-level radioactive waste from states that are members of radioactive waste compact agreements, such as North Carolina and New York, reduce the volume of the waste, and then send it back to the states for disposal. The capacity of this incinerator will be 10,000 pounds of radioactive waste per hour. Also in the site selection stage is the East Knoxville mass burn incinerator that will be operated by Foster-Wheeler Power Systems of New Jersey. The proposed incinerator will bum 900 tons of municipal garbage a day. According to a Solid Waste Authority spokesperson in Knoxville, "The incinerator and recycling will be used to decrease landfill dependency.'' Opponents of the incinerator, however, declare that incineration will decrease the recycling incentive, since the operating company has a flat guarantee from the city and the county that it will receive a certain amount of waste to bum 10 produce electricity. Recyclers fear that quota will be filled by waste that would otherwise be potentially recoverable. . Electricity sales will not cover operation and maintenance costs for rhe incineraror facility. A group called CARE in Knoxville claims that the Solid Waste Authority did not compare the cost of incineration, which will come to $370 million over a 20-year period, with the coStS of alternative methods of reducing solid waste, i.e. commercial Sprl.ncj, l989 and household recycling, baling (compressing THE FATE OF THE ROSE garbage), and composting (brush, leaves, etc.). Even with an incinerator, about 40% of from• n;iort by N~ Blmhlrdl solid waste must be landfilled. A new landfill will Years ago the Agriculture Depanment be needed in Knox County whether there is an incincr.1tor or noL Incinerators actually raise the brought the multiflora rose into Virginia for soil cost of disposal, because incinerator a.sh is a conservation and to attTact wildlife. Now the state hazardous waste and must be sto1ed using encourages the eradication of this plant and may be expensive protective techniques in special making a mistake that will tum out to be far more serious than the spread of the shrubby muhiflora landfills. The CARE group also points out that, even bush. Montgomery and Grayson counties have with air pollution conttols, incinerators pose a passed, and Floyd county is considering, risk to public health that carries an incalculable legislation to force landowners to keep the plant cosL The most dangerous chemicals cannot be from scrting seed on their propeny. Farmers say that the roots of this plant arc seen or smelled. hard to lc:ill. Pulling multiflora roots out of the Finally, next door to the proposed site for ground usually causes tbero to start new plants. the Knoxville mass bum incinerator, the Dixie The multiflora grows in too many out-of-the-way Cement Company may bum bai.ardous waste in a places to keep it all cut. Therefore, the st.ate convened cement kiln. recommends herbicides to lcilltbe plant - herbicides that are particularly apt to contaminate groundwater. Dicamba and 2,4-D arc both on the list of pesticides which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers most lillely to leach into groundwater. Piclorfam, which is also on the EPA leaching list, is conrained in the pellets ofTordon, a restricted-use herbicide. SLUDGE ISSUE STILL STEAMING Though 2,4-D is not restricted and is classed only as a "possible carcinogen," it may soon be reclassified, because recent studies by the National Institute of Cancer have shown a link There is a new development in the bat!le between 2,4-D and cenain types of cancer. As over the fate of Buncombe County's sewage 2,4-D breaks down, it can form products of decomposition rhat are more toxic than the original sludge: Advanced Alkaline Stabilization. With encouragment from the Buncombe formulation. Like Tordon and Dicamba, 2,4-0 can County Commissioners, the Buncombe also be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are Metroplltan Sewerage District (MSD) has agreed cancer-causing. or more immediate concern is the stress which pesticides put on rhe kidneys and 10 hold a hearing on this waste treatment process, which mixes sludge with kilned lime dusr other pans of the human body. William (quicklime). ~ng pathogens and raising the pH agronomy at Wes1 Bryon, associate professor of Virginiu University Wiil> quolcd of the mixture, thus binding heavy metals and making the resulting material suitable for in the Roanoke TimtS of January 29, 1988 that herbicides cannot eradicate the multiflora rose and spreading on farm pastures. The hearing is are not wonh using. He also mentions a natural scheduled to be held in Asheville on March 21. rosette disease Foes of che sludge incinerator say that che control called Missouri. Thiswhich is spreading this way from disease, spread by outcome of that hearing will detennine their future a mite, can accomplish what the herbicides can't strategy. "If the MSD continues to favor the and kills the multiflora in a few years. incineration process," said Paul Gallimore of the (conlinucd on next .-ae} Long Branch Environmenral Education Center, "we will push for a review of the Environmental Protection Agency's health risk assessment that OK'd the incinerator proposal. "The EPA assessment is flawed. They looked at only one possible pathway for airbome pollution from the incineraror to enter the body by air inhalation - when actually there are four other possible parhways - through direct contamination of food, food grown in contaminated soils, dermal exposure, and inhalation of contaminared soil or dust. "After some method - any method - of sludge treatment is chosen, the next step is to put pressure on the MSD to righten up industrial pre-ueatrnent standards for wastes. Carcinogens and heavy metals should not be allowed to leave the point of origin regardless of the waste treatment technology selected." The MSD has agreed to institure a pilot operation to tesc the feasibility of composting sewage sludge no mauer what treatment process is used for the bulk of the county's wasre. "This is very positive," said GaJJimore. "Where an incinerator will give out in 20 or 30 years and have to be completely replaced at great expense, a composting operation just keeps turning out the humus. Biological microorganisms just don't quit." �(CQn.tinucd from pag$ 21) MOUNTAIN PEOPLE SAY "CUT THE CLEARCUITING" Nanni Wcxld News Savice The Western Nonh Carolina Alliance (WNCA) bas launched a public campaign to Fuade the US Forest Service (USFS) to change us primary timber management technique, even-aged management. Under that scheme patches of the National Forests up to 40 acres in size an: cut to the ground so that the resulting regrowth is of uniform size and easier 10 harvest. Alliance members held an anti-clearcuuing protest demonstration in front of the Forest Service headquarters in downtown Asheville. Banners and signs proclaiming "Cut the Clearcutting" were hoisted by the protesters who want the Forest Service to adopt a timber management strategy that relics heavily on uneven-aged management, which is based on careful examination of individual siteS and logging prescriptions that call for the thinning of undesirable trees as welJ as the removal of good sawtimbcr. so that future growcb is improved. Uneven-aged management requires greater expertise and auention to detail on the part of foresters, and the Forest Service claims it docs not have the budget to suppon these extra demands on its staff. Demonsttators lined the sidewalks in front of the USPS offices with tree stumps to ~give the flavor of what a forest of stumps looks like," said WNCA member Monroe Gilmour. Also displayed was a 90-foot long petition containing over 1,700 .names of Katuah residents opposed to clearcuning. The campaign was also carried into local ranger districts at several meetings held to give local community members a chance to speak about proposed clearcurs in their immediate areas. Over 100 Clay County residents auended a community meeting in Hayesville to protest planned clearcutting in their county. Retired fores1cr Walton Smith, chair of the WNCA Timber Management Taste Force, told the gathering that since the clcarcuuing method was iniri:ued the qualit) of the timber production had substanrially declined. Smith noted that the growth of sprouted limber, as found in clcarcuis. was substantially faster, but produced trees of poorer quality than trees grown from seed. Sprouts produced a cross-grain growth that created a weakness in the lumber, he said. Smith recently walked scveml clearcuts with USFS Regional Supervisor Bjorn Dahl. Smith said Dahl was "quite surprised'' to see a tract under uncven-:iged management thnt W3S full of young seedling trees. whereas the clearcut areas were full of sprouts. In another meeting with Forest Service personnel and a.ides to legis!Ative representatives, 150 Madison County residents met to protest proposed road construction and clcarcuning at the top of Bearpcn Ridge. The residenis complained that the road and the clearcutting operation would cause sedimentation in Hickey Fork Creek and would destr0y the trout hatchery there. The cold creek waters offer challenging fishing for rainbow and native brook trout The steep. remote forests in the Hickey Fork Creek watershed ~ovide excellent habiiat for bears and other wildlife, and the area is popular with bunters. Many in the assemblage were bear hunters who were concerned that the new roads and the clearcutting would cause bears to shy away &om the area. They were especially alarmed JGcitilah 'o~Ml P • 22 to learn that a stand of large white oalcs on top of Bearpen Ridge were t0 be included in the clearcut The hunters. who were all familiar with the woods and wildlife in the area. agreed that this .stand was one of the most imponant mast-eroducing areas in the region and that it was heavily used by bears. After hearing their concerns, Frank Roth of the USFS indicated that he would set aside an acre of so of the largest trees so that they could continue 10 provide wildlife food. The WNCA is plannning a "Cut the Clearcuuing" rally on April 15 at 11 :00 in the City-County Plaza with music, talks, and presenta1ion of a protest pe1itioo to USFS officials. For copies of the petirion in favor of uneven -aged forest management, or more informt111on on the "CUI the Clearct1tting" campaign, write or aJil: The Wesrern Nonlr Caro/iM Alliance P.O. Box 18087 Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 258- 8737 To win $50 in the "Ugliest Clearcut Photo Contest," send entries 10 tlU! Alliance by April I. Bjorn Dahl, Regional Forester US Porest Service Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802 (704) 2574200 . ............. PEREGRINE FALCONS FLEDGE While the Natural World News often seems gloomy. here is a linle light: Scott Ball. a temporary eml'loyec of the NC Wildlife Resources Commission's Nongame Program, perched high up on Whiteside Mountain, observed lhe first confinned naturally-bred peregrine falcon to fledge in the Kal\fah province since 1957. With the help of volunteer falcon wa1chers, wildlife biologists found five pairs of peregrine falcons defending territories at mountain cliffs last ycor Three of these pairs made nesting attempts. Two pairs each raised a single chick to fledging age. Wildlife biologists seem cau11ously optimistic. While this level of reproduction will nol sustain 1he newly-established peregrine population, these successful auempts may augur well for the fuwre of this magnificent predator in Karuah. Biologisis will continue releases of young captive-bred peregrines for several more years. but will release a smaller number each year. ln 1988 18 young falcons were released along the Blue Ridge near Mt. Mitchell and on Grandfather Mountain. Biologists have released 63 young peregrine falcons in the mountains since the restoration effort began in 1984. If five breeding pairs can be csmblished in the Southern Appalachians, the program's emphasis will then switch to protection and management of the nesting peregrines. Excerptedfrom a report by John_ Alderman \..: CHEMTRONICS SPEWS POISONS Toe infamous Chemtronics plant in Swannahoa. North Carolina has dumped hundreds of thousands of potinds of a highly toxic industrial solvent into the air over the past several months, despite pleas of a company chemist to install equipment that would h.ave caught 90 percent of the chemical. . The plant has released 256 596 pounds of tetrachloroclhylcne, which is acutely or chronically toxic. according to \he US, Environmental Protection Agency '<EPA). The .solvent i~ also believed to destroy ozone in Jiu; high atmosphere, allowing increased pen~~at1on 9[, l;larmful ultra-viol~t radi;nio.o from ~he sun. Terrachloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen and contribwes 10 s111o,g and air poJtutfon close to the Eanh's.$urface. .J • , Cbemtronics senior sc1entiSt, John Tylldall. who charted the releases. said a11 9ne.poln1t 'The cnvfronmental . impac~ (<~f the (eleases) is enormous. and wt:. need \o act on this situation immediately." He has since beep laid off by Chemtronics. Plans were approved for the installation of a recovery system to capture the escaping solvent, but Chemtronics' parent company, Halibunon Corporation. never advanced the money to pay for the lnstaUa1ion, according to a ~ll_en;llronics official. rn other recent and' rel~ued news, negotiauons between the companies responsible for dumping toxic industrial wastes at the Chemtronics Supcrfund site in Swnnnanoa have broken down, delaying clean-up of the former military munitions plant there. according to the EPA. Chemtronics, along with former owners Northrop Corporation and Ce~nese Corporaiion cannot agree on who should pay how much. The breakdown in ncgotialions means a delay of months and possibly years in the clean-up operation if the disagreement 1s submiued to litigation. according to EPA official John Bomholm. Celanese Corp. bought the now-polluted propcny in 1959 and made explosive!\, solid propellants, shells, rocket motors, and chemical agents the.re. Northrop Corp. bought 1he facility in 1965 and continued the military contracts. Jn 1971 Ainronics. Inc. leased the site and continued the work through its Cbemtronics division. Chemtronics bought the plant from Northrop in 1978, about the same time the EPA discovered the presence of more than 50 organic chemicals which had leaked into the surrounding soil and groundwater. In another recent corporate shuffle, the Halibl.lrlon Co. has dissolved its Chemtronics branch. and has turned the Swannanoa plant over co its Je1 Research subsidiary "We'rl! going LO be a lot more responsible company environmentally," said Bob King, Jet Research vice-president. "Jct Research makes warheads and other explosives for the military, but the processes will not involve the release of dangerous substances into the air and groundwater, as was the practice at the plant for so long." -SprLnq, 19U �REVIEW: Sacred Land Sacred Sex RapIUTe ofthe Deep: Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life by Dolores LaOuipelle (Pinn Hill AIU; Silvcncn, CO; 1988) '7n this kind of learni11g, there is no knowledge, in the usual stnse, to process and convey; thert is instead a deepening of anenlion to the pattern ofall lift around you, so tltat you ~gin to /Jw 'JOllT life accordUtg to thal pattern.• - DoWu LaC•Ue "Biorcgion" is a word of power. It encompasses what scientists call an "ecosystem," but goes beyond the mechanistic limitations of scientific nomenclature. A bioregion is clearly a community, a land alive - plants, animals. soil, water, sunlight, all the elements of life womng tOJCther. each sustaining the others. "Bioregion" is a word with the nng of rightness to it. The word "biorcgional" follows. It is descriptive, "panalcing of the qualities of the lioregion," but it is a little longer and the truth that resonates in the original noun is just ever so slightly diminished. But "bioregionalism" is a word that cmies no force whatsoever. Whenever the odious "-ism" is added to an otherwise usefuJ root idea, it completely drains whatever value for powerful communication that original word may previously have possessed. That simple suffix, just three letters, hardens a worthwhile approach to life into a dogmatic school of institutionalized thought, limits flexibility, and rums a life-giving relationship with the natural world into a set of precepts to be debated pro and con in sterile classrooms. "Deep ecology" is an alternative phrase inspired by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess to define the auth of our individual and collective relationship to the natural world. The phrase has drawbacks. It is based in part on the Greek word meaning ''study," because ecology was developed as an interdisciplinary course of i:nstroction to explain the relationships between the different elements of a place and how they work together to sustain life. Now, however, the word "ecology" has grown beyond the idea of "a course of study" to mean an acrual life community and the web of relationships on which i1 depends. "Deep ecology" lacks the evocative sense of a phrase like "furure primitive," which describes people living in the world. "Future primitive" predicts a technology thar is sophisticated to the point of simplicity. It refers to a people whose culture is beautifully complex rather than needlessly complicated, because it is based on primal values as well as biologically accurate observation. Yet, while the actual choice of words may be somewhat stiff, the definition of "deep ecology" is eloquent. lt is ecology with a difference. The essential tenet of deep ecology is that there is intrinsic value to life in all its fonns. To fully understand deep ecology one must identify one's "self" as "all that lives." This in tum demands perceiving the world with more of our brain than the neo-conex, the seat of the intellect. Sensual and instinctual responses are as valuable for survival as intellectual analysis. It is also assumed that a full realization of the principles of deep ecology requires that one acts on them - it is necessary to defend the Earth and to work at changing our culture. This is what living is all about. This is "bioregionalism" as it should be. "Deep ecology" is useful as a t:ranSitional concept to describe our odysse.Y back into the world. It is not the perfect turn of phrase, but usage ts what lends definition, and those who are maJctng the strongest stance for the Eanh are doing so in the name of deep ecology. It is deep enough to suffice until we simply can say ~being," and other people undersmnd. ~ing, Because that is what it is all about, isn't i1? Being, simply here. Yet in these times that is such a complicated mauer. And it is the hardest of all things to express. The sages have always said, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao.• And that is where Dolores LaChapelle steps in. She has attempted the impossible - and done it valiantly. Her book Sacred Land Sacred Sex Raprure of ti~ Deep oies to communicate in words what can only be known through experience: the essence of deep ecology. Dolores LaChapelle herself is well aware of this paradox, which is faced by anyone who writes. And, like all writers, sbe feels compelled 10 wrestle with iL So in writing about deep ecology she takes another approach. Like a hawk, Dolores circles, circles. She first describes the essential mystery by describing the conditions of itS absence, and tells us the story of how we Lost touch with it. She then directs us 10 teachers who can demonstrate ic our animal relations in their rituals; authentic members of primitive cultures; scientists and psychologists who explore our deeper self And she introduces us to guides who can help us to find our own way: sage, the drum, the gourd rattle, Tai Chi, ritual, and, of course, the mounulins. Sacred land Sacred Sa Raprun of the Deep is a beautiful book - as deep in the telling as in the subject maner - created through a blend of hard scholarship, an unswerving dedication to the sacred, fierce passion, and the life experience of one of the true elders of our clan. (continued on next page) �(continued rrom page 4) (cantinuad fJom ~ 23) It is a difficult book, because I.he closer one approaches lO the essenr:ial truth, the more do ideas become unbound. ~e more do words betray their meanin&. But Doto~ La Chapelle is a_ woman of great intellectual stamma. Th~ stones and observatt.o ns we encounter along this convoluted JOume.Y arc ~th ~mg and wonderful. and each episode of the book is absorbing m itself. But, tnken together, the insights delineate an infonnational fiel~ that conveys a full sense (not mctely a pinned-to-the-board analysis) of what deep ecology is all about Impossible as it is to transmit an experiential stnte through linear type, the book Sacred land. Sacred ~G ROf~"e of tlu! Deep expertly i.rtfoans inclividuaJ cxpenence. It 1s a trauung manual that reaches the reader how to open up to the deepest elements of his or her own life joumey. After reading Dolores LaChapelle's book, we know the danger signals to watch for in our culture and in our own psyche. We know where io look and how to call for instruction. And we know what it feels like when we reach hannony, the center of the world We arc prepared to experience the sacred. Hopefully, the day will come when the concept "deep ecology" is obsolete, books will no longer be needed, and our minds won't be enmeshed in ideas. Then we won't have 10 sacrifice U'CCS to our earnest attempts IO explain the Mystery. Then a story, a night of love, a smile, or the wind moving a leafy branch will be communication enough. But until then we should be glad we have teachers such as Dolores LaChapelle. • reviewtd by David Whultr #' "AFFORDANCES" From Sacred land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep phase peoples cultivated most of their food, and supplemented their crops with native foods hunted and gathered from the forest. There was a ceremonial center with room coougb for large gatherings, built on raised earthen mounds. Ther~ wer~ semisubterranean eanh lodges. progenitors or those bwlt dunng the historic Qualia phase by the Cherokee. . . Pisgah phase peoples ma.de cane mats, the 1~prcssions of which were found in graves, even though the actual amcles no longer remained. Graves were dug in the floors or dwellings, and the dead were usually buried in a flexed posicion (lying on their sides in foetal position). They were accompanied by turtle shell rattles, bone neck.laces, tools of srone and bone, and pottery. Support Your Local Ar<:haeologist The Pisgah Village sue in McDowell County has been excavated primarily with volunteer labor, much of on the pan of local residents. Robinson is grateful for such suppon; in fact, it was local interest that made excavation possible in the first place. Archaeologists usually receive funding to conduct retrieval of information only when n site is threatened by development The rather comical image of the archaeologist busily sifting through the din in front of a moving bulldoi.eris all too real Robinson urges everyone who discovers artifacts or a possible archaeological site to contact him at Wam:n Wilson College, or get in touch with any archaeology laboratory. such as those located at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, or Appalachian State University io Boone. Archaeological sites are resources to be preserved, protected, and revered. It is only by careful recovery of the infonnatioo they contain, which often takes many years of study, that we will benefit from these historic resources. At a time when population saturation, disease, and decimation of our narura.I resources threatens our very survival, we cannot afford to desrroy the evidences of our region's past, which might perhaps offer answers for our fu1ure. Persons i111erested in leaniing f11()re abow archaeology can contact the Archaeological Society of Norrh Carolina; Research Laboratories of Archaeology; Universiry of Non/1 Carolina, and the Friends of North Carolina Archaeology, NC Depanmenc of Cu/rural Resources; 109 E. Jones St.; Raleigh, NC 27611. Archaeologist Ken Robinson may~ co111acted by writing him a1 Warren Wilson College, SwannallOQ, NC 28778 or calling (704) 298-3325. ~ "The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill." "Afford." as a verb, is found in the dictionary, but (James J.) Gibson (of c.ome11 University) made up I.he word ''ajforda.nce." He explains that this word refers to both the environment and the animal (including the human) "in a way that no existing tenn does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment." This is precisely why I think this word is so important In our culture, we tend lO think that humans have discovered all these amazing things; in some ways we believe that these things didn't even exist until humans found them. I've been trying 10 break down this laner presupposition throughout this work; first, by showing how the affordancc we call the gourd gave us agri.culture and later with other examples. Once you begin using this word, you will find that every day you will realize how nature provides affordances for us to use. It's all there before us - it's not dependent on humans to figure it out This is a giant step forward in overcoming our culturallr,-induced split from nature. These affordanccs 'arc the way specific regions of the environment directly address themselves to particular species or individuals. Thus, to a human, a maple tree may afford 'looking at' or 'sitting under,' while 10 a sparrow it affords 'perching,' and '? a squincl it affords 'climbing.' But these values are not found inside the minds of the animals. Rather I.hey are...a reciprocal interchan~e between the living intentions of any animal and the dynamic affordances of its world ...The psyche .. .is a property of the ccosysLCm as a whole." _, - Dolores LoChopelle ' FOR FURTI!ER READING: Dickens, Roy S .. and J(JJ'MS l. McKinley. Frontiers in the Soil: The Archaeology of Georgia (Chapel Hill; Fronriers Pub. Co.; 1979) Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians (Kn<>xville; University o/Tennessu Press: 1978) Keel, Bennie C .. Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the Appalachian Summit (Knoxville; University of Tennessee Press; 1976) Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J . Crow. The Prehistory of Nonh Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium (Raleigh, NC Div. of ArclUvesandHistory: 1983) McHargue, Georgena and Michael Ro~rrs. A Field Guide to Conservation Archaeology in North America (PhUadelphla: J.B . Uppincorr Co.; 1977) Wetmore. Rwh. First on the Land: The North Carolina Indians (Winston-Sa/em; l<>hn F. Blair, PublishQ; 1977) Wa.m:n Wilsoo College will offer an archaeologic:al f"icld 1thool 1his summer lhnt wdl focus on the Pisgah Village site. SllldclllS will lc4m survey and excavation leehniqucs mid will also be involved in lhe aruilysls of altifact and site da.13. Contact: Kt11 Robinson. Proj«t Dim<:t.or; Box 5277; Warren Wiison College; Swanannanoa. NC 28778 (704) 298-3325. s �Video Review: "Stopping the Coming Ice Age" Dirccled by l.JuTy Ephron Produced by the Institute for a Future (57 minules) Looking back, it ~eems tha1 1988 was ~ ye:ir for important, "new" environmental issues and concerns to surface. ln particular, ibis was the year in which the idc.i or lhe so-called "greenhouse effect" finally gained public acceptance. if not notoriety- a year lhat saw record-breaking drought. hurricanes, and forest fires. Suddenly, the idea of global warming was appearing everywhere in che media, and it seemed that concerned scienliSlS and poliricians were unanimous in their suppon for the global warming scenario. However, this unanimity is an illusion, media coverage to the contrary. ln fact, there is much contr0versy within the scientific community ns to the chmatic effects and socio-polilicctl nunificalions of the greenhouse effect. It is far from cenain that the climate changes we're seeing arc leading to/caused by global warming. In fact, there is ac1ually considerable evidence that points to a very different conclusion: lhn1 1he planet may be teetering on the brink of another Ice Age. One of the foremost proponents of this laner view is John Hamaker, a mechanical engineer who has cx1ensively analyzed clima1e and ecological paucms, and hn.<; developed a comprehensive and holistic approach to understanding global climate change. His lheories, expressed in h.is book The Survival of Civiliza1io11, arc now being supported and dissemina1ed by a foundation called "Institute For A Fu1urc", which re<.-ently created a remarkable video pr~ntation: "Stopping the Coming Jee Age". This video is inspiring, frightening, challenging, and very infonnative, as it takes us around the world in search of answers. While Hamaker agrees that the greenhouse effect is a very real Lhrea1, he believes - and backs this up with hard data and expert opinion - that it will [ll2l.warm ihe Eanh unifonnly, but instead will increase the temperarure differential between the equator and the poles, causing increased thermal convection, atmospheric turbulence, and rapidly shifting and biz:zare weather patterns.Jn this scenario, high winds moving from the equator tow111ds the poles will drop their abundan1 moisture in the h.ighcr latitudes in the form of snow and ice, often creating drought condicions in the temperate regions. He believes that lhe tropical and sub-tropical zones will indeed get hotter, but the tempenue zones arc likely to get cooler and drier. Hamakcr"s understanding of the greenhouse effect talces us far beyond the popularized, watered-down information available Lhrough the mass media because he explores deeper levels of cause and effec1, process and purpose. The mos1 profound information presented in this video concerns the connections beiween lhe greenhouse effect and the development of an ice age, and the importance of understanding long-tmn cycles (100,000 years!) of clima1e change. The video demonstrates the causal connections linking together all the different environmenuil/atmospheric phenomena that combine to bring on an ice age: 1) soil erosion and demineralizntion 2) the subscquem weakening and dying of the forestS 3) the resulting increase in insect inrestations, forest decay, and massive fortst fires 4) I.be dramatic increase in C02 released into the atmosphere by these na1ural causes, which induces the greenhouse effecL 5) and m the 20lh century - as opposed to 100,000 years ago man-made pollution and our destrUCtive tampering with the natural balance of life are intensifying and hastening the process. According 10 Hamaker. an ice age performs a vitally necessary natural function. As tbe glaciers advance and then retreat, they move and grind up immense quantities of roclc,thus spreading gravel and rock dust over much of lhe Lcmperate zones. This process, along with the winds that help distribute lhis rock dust even further, gradually l'Cllllneralizes the soil· which feeds the planis and forests, promoting rapid and healthy growth • during which lime the plants breathe in much of the excess C02 in the atmosphere • wh.ich gradually stops the greenhouse effect! The plants of the world breathe in C0 2, use the carbon, and release the o>cygen back into the air whlch we, and all other animals, breathe! SprLnq, 1989 Thus, n primary function of glaciation i~ to ttminerali1.e and help reforest the Eanh. The reason this video is called "S1oppfng the Coming Ice Age" is that Hamaker thinks we humans can indeed must. if we wanr our cwilization to survive • reminemlizc the Earth oursefres. We ourselves can fulfill the vital rolt pluyed by an ice age, rendering ~uch a geological event obsolete. This means, however. that the government~ and peoples of nil countric:; and regions would need to make it a top priority to remineralize our depleted ~ils, and also to engage in massive reforcs1ation projec1s, planting billions of trees worldwide. Without hc:aJthy forests, we have no chance at all of slowing the ttemendous C02 buildup which fuels the greenhouse effect. As the video pu1s it." The trees of the world are our best friends now. and only they can save us". Obviously, then, we also need 10 i;iop clear-cutting our foresis. both here and in the tropics, and to limit our fossil fuel burning, wh.ich has been accelerating the greenhouse process. Only by doing all these things, says Hamaker, can "e avoid horrific consequences for humani1y in the very near foture. The audacity of this theory and lhis proposal lies in its utter simplicity and common-sense quality. Yet many people may not heed H.ama.ker's message and information because we have become so enamored of "high- tech" solutions and shon-tenn planning, gratification, and profit. Hamaker's plan demands a clear understanding of our planetary dilemma. and a deep comminnent t0 creating a viable future, as well as some sacrifice or comfon and convenience. The video concludes with these questions: "Have we got the guts to do it? How much do we really want to be here?" Whether or not Hamaker's proposal is ever implemented on a large scale, we can all do things individually and collectively to help educate people and help heal the planet. The video pointS out 1hat even if these theories aren't totally "provable", or even completdy accurate, we should X1ill do the things Lhat Hamaker suggests, for 1he sake of ecological balance, conservation, and planetary sanity. rn addition to the ideas discussed in this review, this video explores JDl!.W! other aspects of our ecological and social dilemmas • many more than can be dealt with here. There is so much vital information presented, within such a comprehensive framework, that this video ranks as a definite "must see'· for anyone at all concerned about environmental issues and social change. • "Stopping The Coming Ice Age" is available for $20 from: lnstitue for a Future, 2000 Cenfer St. Berkeley, CA 94704. For info on other offerings of the lnstirutc call 1·800-441-77Cll • To arrange a showing or this video in the Asheville area, or for more information, call Richard Lowenthal ar(704) 251-2526. ~ LOCAL RESOURCE I ACTION INFORMATION • The December t988 issue or "American ForeSIS" m;igirant (published by the American Forcsuy Association) 11 cle110~ almo~1 ent.Ucl)' IO tropical defore.suuion, lhc gJCCnhou.sc effll(:I, and lhc prc.~ng n~ to ref~ the e:inb. II highlights the AlSOCiotion's nx:ently-formcd Olobal Ro-Leaf prognun, which aims to cducaLC Americans aboul Ille vil,DJ 1mpc:111.a11CO of rcfottsuulon. lllld to "cl'Cl!IC a new ruulon31 nctwort. (If c1ti~n aetiv1su· whU:h will, 11 i• hoped, plant at l~t 100,000.000 ll'Ce.$ nntiOCl·wiclc over the ne~1 sc~eral ycatt. For more informalion, wriie to: Amcriciln Forestry Association, PO Box 2000, Washinguin, DC 20013 (202) 667-3300 · WNC Alliance "Cut l.M ~Jng" c.imJiaign (st.o pege22 ! : P.O. Box 18087, A&be\'IUC. NC 28814 (704)2$8-8737 • Forest Voices - •an /;jormatlon netW'Ofk lhat assi.sls citiz.cm m pal'_llcipating in 1hc planning and managcmcmt or the Pisg:ih and Nant.ahala .h'!uional (919j.182-36'33 Fol'CSIS"· P.0 Box 1275. West. lcffttiOn. NC 28694 • Adopl a Tree· a muhi-faceted ~on which "works 10 make the vital connection between (IC(ll>lc 111d ttee•' and wcrts &c!;tly will\ rtfon:St3tion: P.O. Box 144, Supr Gnwc. NC 28679 • The Fctwwy 1989 publ~ "Mounuun ~Al Risk! the FulllTC of the Southern Appalachlari National ~13" )160+ pages, intludina 1ru1ny cxccllentchart$ and appendices). Available on rcqucst from: The Wilderness Society. 1819 Peaclusee Rood N.E. (Suite 714) Atlanlll , OA 30309 Drawing by rob mcJSlc:k (404) 3SS-178l. �What a wondetful journal! - a beanening combination of slwp-eycd icalism and full hearted poetry. I feel rve encountered a true compt111ion. Thanks IO D3ve Albert who passed iL on with your review of my book. J0311na Macy Bctb:ley, CA DRUMMING LETIERS TO KATUAH Friends in Kallia.h - "In the field or opponuni1y, it's plowing lime again.· Those or you working in the cnwonmenllll. public henlth, resource ma.nagcment fields may be questioning (tllllhority?). 1f your profe.~slOllal orienllllion is on the same path as your human development and land~lhie perogntivc. My Friends at Katliah Journal· Your publication is beautiful and 111Spirlng. I n:c:eived a complimentary copy {Auwmn, 1988) conceming the great chcsmul n:vival. and enjoyed lhe entire journal. I visil I.be Kaul.ah bioregion each year (feeling very Sll'Ongly lhat I was and am "born" lheic.) I am so cooccmcd about lhe negative human impact on this n:gion, and would be in~ed in anylh1ng I could do for l'CSIOnllion. rd<Xallll.ion. pl'CllCCUon, eu:.. Blessings. Nancy Llgnitt Olalhe, KS P. S. • Forgive my ignorance-.could you please lei me lmow the correct pronunciation of "Kanlah1" (Sure! Probably o lot of otltu ~pie have b4ie11 woNlerilog, IOO. bul Soy, "lea - TOO • ah.• jiut did11'1 d/Jre IO osk. Reody, fl/JW? Guruu!Mil! • eds.) Dear Kat.Udl • Many friends or mine propose pcrfeclioo (In lhe ronn or intcrpCtS0031 peace) as a .solution 10 Ille llul:aL or wincllOCl. I tell them, "Hey, I don't think we've got Ume.• l think I saw the snmc thing happening In Katli.ah JourMl 22 bul in an opposilC way. Thete the dhugence of individual, corpome. and govtmmcntal behavior from the ideal was plCSClllCd so forcdully as tO make any suggesuon of solutions ou1 or place. i wnnl tO argue lh41 in both lhcsc in.~ ideals malfunction when they an: mnde JWOX}mn1e goals rather !ban guiding beacons. One p;ndox of idealism is lhlli lhe greai.cr the con1ras1 bdWllCll lhc IC.Ill and ldCal behavior of people, the more wfficuh it Is to argue lhal Ille JdcaJ is naturul (to them). the mon: claboralC mast be the explanation as to how they got so aberrant. and lhe tw rusonablc it IS to hope Ibey will Ulkc the 1113Jly.111lUly steps from one to lhe other. Usually the conimst is sortened :wt hope ~by thc stnuch or cenlUries, millenia or aeons presumed 10 inluvcne between ~ and ideal But in the presclll crises the conuast and ~are ui=ased. Wh'fl Wlw I see happcnmg 11 thal lhe apocolyplic p0!>'iibili1y of our cnviroomcn141 and mililllrist trues is malung people shnnk the middle ground bctwcoo rc:il and ideal, mlllung them tlunk the ldeol m1m be nuained right away, u we are to survive. The resuh Is that the I~ ome lhctl) is left for clunge. the mocc of 11 is demanded. We use ideals to get at wlufs trul)' wrong bul then in a cnsis rrusiake lhcm Lo be a pracllcal progTI1111 for se1ung thmgsright. In conuas1. thc closer we appro:ich disaster 1he mote focused should be our analysis, the less suidcnt OU/ Judgcmcnl.s, the more specafte and llmillld our prcscripuons. Out ideals C:tll still gwdc 11$ bu! from a dl$UIJIOC. subonlloate to a goal of swvival as a ~ics w11l1 a 5uswnable OIOde or exislcnc:c. Once that is a,s_'>ll'Cd weC1111 resume lhc ncYCJ endulg wOlt or moving oursclvt$ and the world IOW8td the 1dc;al Respectfully yours. JlcltOwley M:idison County, NC I would like to begin gcncmting plans fora small compt111y of icsponsiblc people co promote land S?ewardsbip lllld conscrvlltion of natural resources. We11 provide professi01131 and 1.CChnico.I consulUttion and CSU!blish bioregi.oJllll criteria for environmerually sensitive site devclopmcnl silviculturc, archiiecturc. fanning. wau:r use. nnd small Cl\C.f&Y production. rm intcreSICd in communicating with others who an: ready with ide:is for lll!lking ~ TRANSmON to perpetual livelihood in a Clll'CCr lh;t1 will reward our f11111ilies as well as our PLANET. Sincetely. Steve Ovcndcn Box;JS Pntmcuo. Ft. 34220 Dear Katllah Friends · I saw the "Sheller" issue of your journal and especially love and use the Invocation (to WlnlU) - k's so beautiful to say. l was CMCCived and born 8lld also love those moun1auJS and tree$ tllld fresh air and flowing creeks. 1banlc you so much- .. the issue I saw wns bcauuful. iruly. Blessings, JUlllUI Forest Octr0it. Ml Docs my dog bite1 Lady. Lhat dog's so old lllat he'd only gum you If he caught you if he even hnd the gumption toehaseyou which he don'L Why do I keep him? Hah! Lady, that'~ the best watehdog ICYCJhad bar none. How do yau mean? Why, he don't chnsc chldtcn• or run hvestoek or keep me awake barking all night. Burgl:!n7 Lady, 1fyou see anylhing around here worlh r.i.cahng point ltOUI and l'll nulc:e )'OU a 11!31 good price on 1L 'Ccpl mlybe my dog. • RonJohnson Spn."9, 11109 �: .. equal "p:lttllCrSlup" with all Olher living entities. I dream of a world whcie long-sllllldmg cu1Lu!'111 tr3d11ions are honored and s upponcd, bolh in hCICIOgcncous groupings of oil kinds of people living 1.ogcthcr and in more isolntcd, sell-conlllined indigenous communities. h 1s being said · and even channeled · lhal we are entering o pcnod of 30 to 50 years of ca1BClysmic changes on the eanh. Some beings will pass on in this ume of purging, while othetS will come in to !like iheir place. Some or us wiU sUllld in the forefront of change and IJUllsmut.ation while others of us wiU follow close behind. Let us begin then LO create the v1s1ons that will ullimaiely provide the blueprints for our future on !his planci., and begin to eultiva1e the liUlc poclu:IS oC mmly and wholeness Lhal will evemually be the models from wrueh the rest of humanity cnn draw msp1r.11ion and duectioo. The time has come_ dear comrades, lei us dream ... together· Jay Joyce Asheville. NC ·. Dear Friends· c.ome. dream 11 liuJe dream with me. As we all sil~ inexornbly tnLO thc not-so-nif1y nmcties. its becoming clearer nnd c:ltlim dial life as we trow it mLISI be draWcally altered if we ait to reverse the lides or ecologic:il desuuction gaihcring fon:e nround the globe. h is clearly ume for us iocn:aie new visions for the rurure. lO look iownrd the 2 lst centW')' with a sense of hope and purpOSe and direction, and OOl just foreboding. And it i.~ in this spirit that I'd like to offer a few personal images far a new bcguming, an altcmru.ive futun: - and LO invite compatriots everywhere to color in these prclimm111Y skcu:hes fwther. Farst of all, I sec a plllce where boclc:ynrd fences have been lOOI down, and neighborhood gmdens, quiet ~cs, play SUUCUUCS. and gathering pl:ices sprawl acro&s the land insicad. Theo l see community ocntcJS blossoming :i.mong the dctri~ of ab:lndoncd school buildmgs nnd agmg warchow.es, where recycling proJCCU, compost dumps, and communru gardens repklce blllciclOp parking lots; and where weekend Ilea mnrkel.nnd bloclt panics. moon celebrotions, and ecology fairs fill those huge l<>nely spaces. where computer nctwolks and refemil scrvtCCS and gallery car~ keep people in touch Greetings Brochers and Sisu:ss of Ka111ah • r love you all and pray with you always, and alwoys my heart is so full wbeo I receive my copy of Ka1Uah JourMl. ll takes me back to the Appalachians and the memories flood m. r thought tha1 if your magazine came OUI be fan: Lbc equinox, you could pnn1 something from • Aoccwoo,• the Maori name f<W" New Zealo.nd. since ii seems 1hc chcslnut arucles (KOJiiah Journol #21 · ed.) cre:it.ed some communicauon. We rue organizing o gaihering on a friend's propeny 111 lhe end of o rood in a Nal.iOlllll Par1t, one or the mos1 beautiful places m lhe world. This is the only gruhcring this year as our annual "Towards 2000" workshop-oriented gathcrin~ wcrcn'1 held this yu.T. The annual nonh island "Tc WaiOU3" glllhcring hosn't happened foe lhc l3Sl two yClll'S or our "Hui Waiata." which is a musical glllhcring. Although there arc loL\ of open-minded folk and mony good things bnppcning here. we are going through a phase of fcwct gnthcrings ond feel the need for folk t0 gel tQgct.hcr to share their ideas and views and feel strong in their commitment to healing lhe Earth along with other brother! and !isters. Hopefully, our pthcring will provide llus opponuru ty, as it's mo progre$$ive area wilh communities. ocgaruc forms. and iCs a long way rrom any ctties or polllllion. so a lOt of naturul beauty along wilh a good growing climiue which has aurnc1ed 1'11311Y ovcneas follt. so we have an opponuouy to share Lbcir visions, as ITIOSl of them come from a vccy comamintued Northern Ht.maspbcrc. As USUllJ, alu:malive folk find 1t hard to deal with local authorities, but this is one of the few areas where people can make the effort ID be pin of local dc:cislon·makmg and help make folk fll01C aware of what is hnppcrung to our Mother and the roles W$ can play IO bcal Her and OUl1iClves. with each other. t look forward also LO a time when we all learn LO lhink about each thing we "tlvow away" long enough to decule how u can be recycled or properly disposed of. I imagine a place· ll Smithsonian of the mind. if you will • whc:re a few old TV's, microwaves, electric am-openers. wa1apiks, air-purifiers, etc. are kept in a museum lO remind us of whal we almost buried ourselves in . .• while the rest oC them ~ no longer nccdcd or wanted. I dlcll!n or a time when we no longer use tars, and freeways a.re no longer necessary eitcept roe skalcboordulg, sledding, skhng, bicycling, and wllldsurfing. I envision a scienlifx: communny thal seeks ou1 ways to gel rid or the nukes, cleanly, lO biodegradc the phlsuc. 10 trunsfOJ111 ihe 10X1e chemicals, IO clean up thc :ur and w.ucr, to cure the diseases, and IO develop stmplincd, life-nunuring ways Cot all ihe criUCIS still 3.m0f18 us LO reinhabil the pbneL I look forwllr<l to a lime when children learn IO love leaming, when they arc iniegmtcd into ihe life of their communities and when !hey Ill'!: openly adcoowlcdged and supponcd ror the grC&l comnbutions they mlllcc to our lives. 1 imagine a ume when people enj()y learning a> much ttbout lheir loctll ccosySlCITI as they now blow about the plol developments of the lalCSI soap opelilS and lhe lifcstyles or lhc rich and famous. I envision a time: when bUIDQll betn.gs 1cam LO QCCepl I.be Cllc:1 lha1 !hey tnhab11 one small niche m the pta& an:le of the eanh's ccosysicm end therefore leam IO uucmct m loving, Drllwmp by Sheli Lodge Love, Pc1ctOay 16 Jarrow Plac;c Christchurch 3 New 7.ea1ruld �Earliest February I begin searching along a neighbor's hedgerow for just a tendril of the coming miracle. Or gatlog as one stricken upon the si Us of morning when the fir'lt dreamy memories of daffodils return. l breathe a wisp of a vast movement stirring and alluring me. Deep in e veins of southern sloping woods. I know beside the coldest laughing waters bubbling and glittering in the soft. buucry sun some rich, mysterious. fragile awakenings unfold. Long before the geese come winding surely homeward, I discover and behold an anicle of r.ransfonnation that by narure disregards mere joy or faith or sorrow, to which uncr defeat or sheer victory remain the same. So even in this old hean of winter full of woes. the barrer1 season ofdui.t and frost is washed clean away. And this, I suppose. is why l wander seeking ccnitudc. ruming a 11one over by the path, or gazing above treetops. or gliding clflike lhfouJh the forest's solemn ~lonnadtli. for in this ~un-goW rime as the eaith starts siirring, c:ven the ~' n dcith of my brother is cased and gree the ve, delicaie, relentless mari:h of Spring. Alt. 1i\U.. ~ '"" 1'4Wah )ournal p«UJe 28 - Mitliattl Hockaday. Sp rlfMJ, l 989 �Planet Art conunucd rrom page 1 Christina then found Leigh Hollowell who had srudied Contact extensively on the West Coast and who was also very interested in seeing Contact happen in this area. Leigh enthusinstically agreed to co-teach a ContAct class with Christina. They knew that if they wanted to have people to do Contact with, they would have to help create a Contact community first. Leigh love:; Contact because "it's natural - it'~ not based on socialized preceptS but on an open exchange with other people in the reality of the present moment." She is aware that for many people dance classes and physical education have been emotionally painful and repressive, because they were not encouraged to learn their own natural movement but to imitate others. Her main goal is "to provide a positive movement experience for people so they can become friends with their bodies and learn to perceive it as a resource of creativity." I asked her how she felt that Contact would affect the larger community, and she said. "Because it is not based on any one culture's movement and is a form naruraJ to all human bodies, it is an effective way to trunscend barriers between people..• it would simply create a more trusting, and therefore more peaceful, community." l have been panicipating in this dance class since November and have been able to experience it "first hand". ln Contact dance, we maintain a ''point of contact" with another person, and it constantly shifts as both move. When we try to control where the movement goes with our minds, it becomes stiff and awkward. When we stop trying to control and simply focus on the point of contact, that point guides us in a flowing way towards movements that are easy and spontaneous. Our minds are shocked at how well we can do without their control. Imagine a society in which we allowed our interactions to come from our point of connection instead of our differences! For more information about Contact Improvisation, call Leigh Hollowell at (704) 252-4475. Art here in Karuah has begun to reflect the reality of our connection wilh the planet.... making art-all fonns of creative expression and ritual-a pan of our daily lives. By acknowledging the sacredness of our co-existence with the rest of ~Water Systems WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT SOLAR PRODUCTS Membar NC Water O~lty AasoclaOon RANDALL C. LANIER 704-293-5912 HWY 107 RT 68 BOX 125 CULLOWHEE, NC 28723 che universe, we are beginning 10 harmonize with it Many of us, though, have closed off our energies to the vision of a hnrmonit.ed planet because it seems so elusive and far away, and we don't like feeling disappointed. Others have refused to sec and accept the truth of the planet as it is because il is painful .. and think that if they "shut their eyes it will go away.• The tnJth 1s that the sooner we open our eyes and accept what is there, the more effectively we will be able to deal with iL In a book called The Path of Ltas1 Resistance, a simple and effective method for manifesting a choice is given. This method can apply lO planetary as well 3S personal mmsfonnation. lt is lO constantly hold in our minds two things ... exactly what our vision is and the full truth of our current reality. It is based on the idea that "in order 10 ge1 where you want to go, you need to know where you are." Since we are all planet anisrs, this technique needs to be widely understood. As we hold our vision firmly in mind and continue to acknowledge what's happening now, new nod unexpected ways of achieving our goals will come to us. Jn order 10 do this, we need co be aware of the deep, undercurrent regenerative processes that exist around and within us that we can tap into. As more and more of us choose to love and accept our planet and all her inhabitanlS no matter what is happening, the easier it will be. A lot is happening in our region, and J'm sure there are many more people here with ideas and enthusiasm to contribute towards a biorcgional program of Planet An. Some suggestions arc... a traveling multi-media show that would tour the region to network and share bioregional idens...communicy rituals for healing the la.ad... restoring our environment with "Clean-Up An" events... synchronizing with planetary peace and art events ... All Species Day with parades and festivals ...Joining in the preparations for Earth Day '90. There is no linu1 to what we can dol...there is no shonage of things to rcharmonizel It's time to find out who we all are as anists and get our networks in place. At the next K.atuah Gathering we can come together and bntinstonn. t can be contacted by wrirtng P.O. Boll: 278, Asheville, North Carolina, KatUah Province 28802 or _,, ~ calling (704) 253-4831. ~ DE.S IGNS by Rob Messick Illustration & Design In Pen & Ink and COiored Pencil Po eox 2eoi • Boone Nt. 28W7 • 171l41r...i 1>0117 WIU> OllU> DESIGNS T-SHIRTS. SWEATSHIRTS For ADULTS and CHILDREN Clothing, Fabric A.rt and Miracles ORIGINAL HAND·PRINTED NATURE DESIGNS A DIVERSE COLLECTION OP WEARABLE ART Peac~ AIDbassador Garm~ats l\ta&icRob6 CALLor WRITE for 'Olousu and Pnothos _A,. ......,., tfubal Bdts THE ALTERNATIVE HEALING HOT-LINE l -800-544-4980 /\ lrtt 10 thl' public rel~rr.&1 servi~ •Ml N•llnn•I wrtlnt"<~ 5..;1chboml. •• J,. n1....1.•., P..,..1 /J., "ATIONAL DIRECTORY OF HOLISTIC PRACTmOSERS. HEALt::RS, SCHOOL<;, CENTERS & RETREATS l'bollt' I~ HOT-UN£ fo Rr>d Cltli how yo1it pr•cti«, s.chool, ~&Jina anter or tt1"'111 nn be Usitd in the N•tloMI Oirttto • Sprl.fMJ, 1989 .u Jler/Jg11J111 eti1tit 'lljaee, 'Ry~r 'Na@r~ FREE COLOR CATALOG e1ti1te1t At11p1Utct11re Drt~PillOW'I Appliqu&I &: Painted Deslgns Fur R/J1111I, ThtalT~, & S11f-&mpow1rmtt11 Send S 2 ror fuU-<:olor caulog/ Custom onlcrs llYlilablc t>en l.se New&oTJI. P.O. Box 178, Asheville, NC 28801 (70-4) 25).431 �POPLAR APPEAL Green City conunucd rrom p.9 cooler in the summer. and it wai. quieter - if you knock on steel and then knock on a soybean, you unders1and the sort of deadening chMIClerislics on the inside of lhat car. The dreams of Henry Ford and the rest of the chemurgy movement were postponed. but they seem to be resurfacing again. Russell Buchanan. a scientist in Maryland, envisions the rise of botano-chemical complexes, as he calls them, rather than pcrro-chemical complcitcs, as we learn to eittract from cellulose the same things that we extract from pcuoch~micals. One ts a hydrocarbon; the other is a carbohydrate. Compare these words and they're basically the same. One of the differences. however, between a botano·chcmical complex and a pcrro-<:hemical complex is that it's easy 10 transport oil over long distances, whereas it's not easy to transport plant mauer over long distances. So botnno·chemical complexes will tend to be locally based and rurally based near their sources of raw material~ and supplies. Local self-reliance can become an economic developmem strntegy, and cities ate the best place to try it out, for several J'C3.'\0llS. Mose of us live in cities. Cities tend to be large enough 10 have an internal market, and can in fact become laboratories. Cities are concentrations of science and technology. They have the ingeouil\', the expertise and the machine toolshops to build prototypes and try them out. Bur what is your nearest city's research and development budget? h's probably zero. The local self-reliance scenario is not inevil3ble nor is it even probable. It depends on political decisions. Economic development must be seen as a means to an end and not an end in itself. Alben Einstein once said that perfection of means and confusion or cods characterize our age. We're so mesmerized by technology and development that we forget to ask, "Technology for what?" and "Development for whom?" We have become consumers of change, bul we don't know the difference between change and ,erogress. To Bertrand Russell progiess is ethical and change ls scientific; change is inevitable, while progress is problematic. In other words. progress is valw:·laden and as we change, we need to ask ourselves, "Will we progress?" We can have a green city within a brown world by moving all or our production and disposal systems for away from our city. But 10 truly embrace the ecological motivation behind a green city, we must ~ome responsible for the wastes that are generated for our convemence. And the only way to do that is 10 begin 10 return that loop of production, use and disposal, b.'ICk to the community. Marcel Proust once said that the voyage of discovery consists nm In seeking new lands but in seeing with new eyes. It is in seeing O!Jf communities and our citi~s with new eyes, in pursuing a globe of Vlllag~s and not a global village, that we begin to create a new paradigm. @ lnsli1utc for Local Sclf·Rcli:incc. 2425 Ulm Sucet, t<W WllSbinguin. DC 2000!>. Also w1lh pcnnission fl'Ofll Raise IM Stt1lls. Planet Drum Foun<bLinn, P.O. Box 31251, San fran(isco, CA 94131. This anlclc appc:arcd 1n Winter 19118 issue. M.El>1.CtNE ALLtES 'J-SK1.1t'J tQllUnued from page 11 h wru; always a rare oy~rer mushrooms - that is. und special occasion when I found until I su1J1cd roaming the hills with my older mounuineer buddy Theron. Theron was rai~ed gathering roots and herbs at his grandmother's knee, and he knows the woods well, but he had ulw11ys been wisely hesitant about sampling unidentified wild mushrooms •tllc first few times in our wanderings when we found some oyster mushrooms. Theron would help me gather them and he would carefully examine them, but be always declined to share the harvest nnd rnke some home to em. However. after heming me talk so much about how good they were (and seeing that I was still thriving), he finally tried some. He and his wife enjoyed them immensely, and from then on it seemed that. with Theron's help, I was hardly ever without oyster mushrooms. From Theron I learned 10 visit areas 1ha1 had been logged a few years previosly and look on tulip poplar stumps after a spell of rainy weather. In the$C Meas we could find man)' pounds of the savory mushrooms in any season of the year. We often found enough to dry and store for times when the fresh ones were scarce. When Theron and I sn down together and share a meal of oyster mushrooms and other wild edibles, I think about what a strongc pair we make: me, a naturalist from the Oat land with a university education, and him, a tradjtional mountain wood~man and fanncr who barely finished eighth grade. Yet we both realize that if we hadn't met and been open and receptive 10 each other's knowledge. neither of us would be earing this delicious wild mushroom supper. Traditional knowledge and book learning can go well together. ©1989 by the tlJ.Uhor. Reprl111edfrom Wildlife in North Carolina Magazine. "Ranger Doug" EUiolt, as he is known to rite cltildren i11 the group, is an excellent naJuralist, but is also known as a lively~ storyteller and ''a real nice feller." p A Directory to North Carolina's Natural Areas (published by 1.he NC Natural Heritage Foundation) As pan of its important work in rare and endangered species identification and habitat preservation, the North Carolina Natural Heritage Foundation, a non-profit organization, has compiled the guidebook, A Directory to North Caroli11a's Namral Areas. The compact guidebook features dC!ieripcions of more than 100 natural areas open to the public in the state. The descriptions of each aro:i include infonnntion about natural history, geology. 1111d uuvcl information. To obtain copies of the book, send S5.00 10 the NC Natural Heritage Foundation; Box I I 105; Raleigh, NC 27604 Each is tl1c suongcst power 1n iis own domain. Together !hey lll'C allies: !heir C1111tgics complement each 01hcr m rorm an e\'et1 greater power. As medicine ollics, they rcpre«ent 1he hc;Uing powers of lbC Appalnahian In lhe tr.1d1uonal Cherokee Indian belief, lhe Moun1:11ns. TI111 medicine powers of Kl!uiah Juve been depicted crca!Ure\ in the world lOclay arc only d1minu11.ive forms or the mythic beings who once mlUlbucd the world, but who in o ~1r1l.;ing T-shin design by Ibby Kcn11:t. Printed in now fC$idc in Oal11na'IJ, lite 5pmt world. the highest 5-coloc silksi;irccn by Ridgerunncr Nnwr.ils on top qu:ility, he;ivcn. BuL • few of the ongmal powcr~ broke lhrough !he all-couoo shin.~. 1hcy arc avallnble now in all adul1 shes !!p1riLUAI barrier and exist yet m the world a~ we know il. from KALANU; Boit 282; SylYll, NC 28779. These beings arc called with rcv.:rcncc "grandfalhas" And or tl1cm. the suonges1 arc K.allilti, lhc ligh1mng. thc power Pl~ specify ~ir.t: Sm .• Med., Lg.. X·Lg. or the sky; utsa·nau, 1he r:mlcsn:tke, who pcrsoniries the Prke: S9.SO pOStf131d power of lhc cnnh pL'lllc: lllld Yunwi U!ldi, "I.he li1Llc !Mn". W.98 pns1pa1d for NC re.-i!knts as ginseng is called in I.he S!Crcd ceremonies. who draws up JlOYo er from lhc underwocld. "To .f/ww TU~l"lftx lhlS lll{lctflOllll'DI /Tinily of thl: Miura/ world iJ 10 111 111111 bcc0t1v t111 ally tn thl: con1i11w11g fll'OUS!. of niai111<Un111g harmony and bal1111Ct htrt 111 thl: moll/IJJJJJU of Ka1Uah" Spri.f19. 1969 �Emironmcntol Politics: 11Vlou.nttiln Ug'hl H!!:twork Lessons from the Gras.'>routs. Bob Hall. Editor Mountam Light Network is an eclec1ic, 1n1entionally group of people living in the Kaulah srea. Th<: tntercsts of the group include 3 deep commilnlCnl to 1nd1vidu:il llnd planct:u) peace. and to ecological hannony, with emphasis on coopera1ion between human, animal, plant and mineral kingdom~ . Other areas of interest include subtle energies, h~::iling, and techniques for utilizing new forms of power. Many w11hin t~c: g_oup n:lion::ite wi1h N?tive Indian philosophies and r ;;eek to h~c in ~~c1ous balanl'c ~nh the land. The mu;ority are involved in hohsuc heallh, explonng new paths now developing. Some _ re invot:--ed in the Anciem Wisdom and spiritual a <li-•c1phnes. Survival and food 11toragc are also of interest to many individuals We meet 4 times a year at the Franklin Communitv Center on Sundays. at 2:00 PM near the Sol"iccs and Equino11tes. There iU'C tables for those who wish to 5ell products or promote ideas; many books arc available a!; welt. We feature a speaker at each meeting. We have a directory of names. skiUs and intrn-~1~ Our aim is to provide a time and place for communication and exchange of ideas to become neighbors in a loose-I.nit network of people in our area. Part1c1pauon in meetings is free and open to all people of Like mind. This year our meetings an: on March 19, June 18. September 17. and Dcccmbct 17, 1989. For more anform:uion, call (404} 746-2454. ~structured ln.'itltule for Soul hem Studies, P. 0. Bo>< SJl, Durham. f\C 17702. 1988. ~7.00. 12? pgs. Whal can you do when an our·of·slalc corporation an_nounc~ plans for a hazardouli was1c rrearment facility a few nulc:s from your home. or when stare officials ~ay 1hey wan1 to pave 11 highway through your neighborhood? Where can you mm for help if real esta1e developers wuh close ties 10 local politicians decide to build a condominium or shopping center in a sensitive water;hed are;i? _ How much energy should you devote 10 door-to-door organizing, or seeking auention from the media, or gelling involved in elecrorul pohtics? For rhe past three yc:.m;, lhe lns111u1e for Southern Studies has conducted an investigation of environmental and land·u>e controversies in one state, Nonh Carohna. rn a remarkable number of cases. locnl citizens groups · even lhosc in relatively !solatcd. rural areas • have won s1gnifican1 victories ag:unst 1mpress1ve odds. They h:ive beaten well-endowed corporations and forced state policym:ikcu to change regulations, enforce ex1snng standards, and enact new laws. _Th~y have built ad hoc coalitions and enduring orgamzauons, occas1onally across rucc lines, more often across class and cultural divisions within the white community. And they have moved from crisis-oriented, hit-and-miss organization to sophisticated political lobbying and effective electoral activi~m. The key ingredients of these successful citizen-led camprugns are described in dwlll in the first chapter. The next 10 chapters chronicle the episodic. fragmented, yet growing cnv1rorunental movcmenr in consc.rvwve North Carolirui. The focus h less on the grim threats to life as we know it than on why pe~p~e respond, whar they do to win, and how grassroots acuv1s_m and electoral politics (including lobbying and voter educanon) imersec.1 to produce i.nstitutionru change. The result 1s a storybook of grassroots experiences. a handbook that lets our own past teach us bow to wodc. for a bener future. And while the location may be Nonh Carolina, the common lessons running through these stOrics are plainly uc;cful to people throughout the Soulh Md beyond. - excerpted from tlie preface ,..0 &..ot4(;t" WA.) I " ' ..nw i-c.t t,_f ------ TPC.. two ~Kt H~O M&.L.01.0 AMO I loll', 1' C.111''1 HO!ISf..l SprL119. t 989 JUST RECEIVED' Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of lhe Soulh~rn Appala&llian Nalional Fonsts by Laura E. Jackson The N:uional Forests of the Southern App11lachian Mountains are the last remaining habitar area available for many species of pl3Ilts and wildlife. The book Mountain Treasuru ot Risk says that these valuable habitat areas should be managed from a regional viewpoint and offers valuable infonnation tQward rcaliting n new vision for forest management which emphasizes the values of life suppon and ~gional biodiversity. Handsomely bound, profusely documented with photos, tables, and charts. Copies free on requ~t from The Wilderness Society; 1819 Peachm:c Rd NE (Suite 714); Atlanta, GA 30309. ... Katuah Journal is not just lull of Information. It is also full of images, and we appeal to all visual artists interested in ennching lhe pages of this journal, plus some exposure for you, to send us copies of your work Many times we need graphic images that are specific 10 a given article, yet there Is often space to put Images that are not specific You would be surprised the kinds of synchronicities that can happen when you send wori< in• Drawings in Ink. prints, photographs, borders, symbols. and cartoons that you think have some relevance to the journal are all welcome Don't be shy. we need your talent and image·ination to help visual-eyes a clearer relation with Katuah ... �evencs 2-8 BRASSTOWN, NC Spring Music and Dance Week. Music. StOries, dance, nature. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 8 BLOWING ROCK, NC Ocan-up of the Glen Burnie Falls Trail . Blue Ridge Group. Sletra Club. Call (704) 264-3931. MARCH 8·9 HIGHLANDS, NC Chiefs from the Native American Elders Circle meet at the Mountain to discuss Ecology and An. ''TIJU care how you place your 17-19 moccasins upon tM Eanh,step with care,for the faces oftM I unve generarions are looking up from Earth waiting their turn for life." $137. The FARNER, TN Leam "Wild Foods and Earth Medicines" with Snow Bear at Pcppcrland Farm Camp: Sw Route: Farner, 37333. (70<!) 494-2353. ™ IJ.16 GATUNBURG, TN Womyn·s Weekend Rctn:at: Spccilll Gu= Grey Cal, Lucinda F1odin. Write 10 P.O. Box 936: Gatlinburg. TN 37738 for more info. Mountain; 841 Highway 106: Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526- 5838. NEW MARKET, TN sn> (Stop the Poisoning!) School a1 the Hishlander CcnlCf. Learn bow to figllt 1nduslrinl pollution For more info, call (615) 933-3443. 30 UNICOI, GA "Spring Earth Skills Workshop'' with Snow Bear, Darry Wood, Doug Elliott, and Yanna. Leaming the ways of the woods. $65. Comact Bob Slack at (404) 878-2201. 31·1 HENDEltSONVILLF., NC Workshop on Local and Regional Land Trusis. Kanug.a Episcopal Center. For more info call (704) 692-9136. WAYNESVILLE, NC Kanna m Daily Life-A Spiritual Rctrcal, with John Algeo. Stil·Light Tbcosopbieal RCllC41 Cent.er, Rt I, BOA 326: Wayncsy1lle, NC 28786 (70<!) 452-4569. Neighborh ood" confcronce sponsored by Asheville League of Women Votcts. Time and place TBA. Call (704) 258-8223. ASHEVILLE. NC A six-we.:k course. "Finding Your Path with HC3rt", begins a.t the Spiritual Growth Foundation. (sce4/l). The focus will be on finding our "lruC vmce• and expressing Lhc lifc-affinmng energy of l1W" Heart's desire. 17·18 ASHEV l LLE, NC Red Foll/Second ll.311gin', play prcscnltd by I.be Roadside ThcatTC. S)l3rU'lnburg. SC. For ume and location. call (606} 633-0108. nLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Robm Williamson. •a wl1.lltd of words and music:.· "'I h~ hunter ond the hu11ted howl 011e howl.• McDibbs'; S6 tdYanc~ door. 8pm, 119 Cherry Si., Black Mtn., NC 28711: (704)669-2456. ASREVlLLE, NC " Betw"n a Rock and a Hard Place: Westtrn No r th Carolina's Noclur 17 14-16 21-23 IS ASHEVCLLE, NC "Cut lhe Clearcutting!" says WNCA. From 1t am. Music, dancing, speakers. City/County Plaza, Asheville. Write Western North Carolina Alli:lncc; Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814, orcall 258-8737 15 ASHEVILLE, NC The Enrth First! Road Show wilh Roger Featherstone and Susan Grace Stoltz, audio·visuals, news on EF! issues and actions. Lipinsky Auditorium, UNCA. 7:30 p.m. Students $1. General admission $3. For more info, call (704) 251-6144. 18 31·2 APRD.. 1·30 CHEROKEE, NC William Holland Thomas. "little ASlll-:VlLLE, NC Hum.an Potential Education Foundation Spring 1989 Conference, "Healers and the Healing Proces:~." For regiwation and brochure conw:c Human Poumlial Educlllion Foundation, Inc.: R1. s. 89 Tt1nyrud Rd.: Greenville. SC 29609. white chicr or lhe ChclOkec. cxhibiL OicroJcoe H~14Sc MUNCwn and GaJlcsy. I&8 28-30 ASHEVILLE, NC 'Commumcation and Healing." a lWO·Jllll 28-30 NEW MARKF.1', TN STP (Stop I.he Poisoning!) School Bl the Highlander Ccntcr. Learn how to fight tndu.suial pollution. ~3/21-23. wotlcshop focusing on inner commumon and outer communicauon as Yilal tools for bcaling ourselves Md our rclalionsh1ps. 10-Spm each day. Led by Richard l.owenlhBI. M. A. Spiritual Growth Foundation: 891 Haywood .Rd. (704) 252-3508. 2-5 PISGAH FOREST, NC Rockclimbing clinic for beginners Tedmiques, safely, gear. S28S. Eagle's Nest Camp; 43 Hart Road: Pisgah °Fon:.'ll: NC 28768. (704) 877-4349. X.~.Jo~ pgqe 52 · 29-31 FARNER, TN KATUAH SPRING GATHERTNO. Come celebrate. dance, play, meet. and talk with the family from all over the region (see announcement next page). mustratlons by Jackie Taylor- �JUNE 29 MOUNT AIRY, NC 18th Annual Ml. Airy Fiddler~ Convention. A weekend of lrod1tion:il Appal3chian Music. Bring instruments. tenlS, food. Regiwruion SlO. 2-3 SWANNANOA, NC Environmental Summit '89: Ethics, Economics and the Environment. This 5th annual summit will focus on environmental problems of immediate interest in WNC. and on how environmental and economic realities affect each other. Keynote speaker: David Morris of the Inst. for Local Self-Reliance. Warren Wilson College. 9am-4 pm. $5. For more info or to preregister call (704) 298-3325, ext. 250. 9· 11 CLOUDLAND CANYON Caving weekend w11h Snow Bear as instruc1or and guide. Equipment provided. Call (704) 494-2353 for more info. 9-11 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Mythology - The Modem Search for the Holy Grail" with Joy Mills. Stil-L1ghL See 3/31-4/2. MAY llRASSTOWN, NC June Homecoming Music/Dance Weck. English counuy dancing wi1h Jim Morison. John C. Campbell Folk School, 28906. 11·17 5-7 WAYNESVILLE, NC "Music as Meditation" with Diana Dunningh:un. S20/day. Sul-Light Center: See 3{31-4/2. 21-25 HIGHLANDS, NC Nature Photography Workshop. Prc.rcgisicr. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center. Sec 5/12-14. 6 LINVILLE, NC. Grandfather Mountain Prorilc Trait wildflower hilce. Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. Call (704) 2974098. 6-10 PISGAH FOREST, NC Whi1ewa1cr Canoe Clinic for novices and m1crmedia1es. $455. Sec 4/2-5. 12-14 lllGllLANDS, NC Spring Landscape Retreat Photography Workshop. Pre-regisicr: Appalachian Environmental Arts Ccnicr; Drawer S1l0: Highlands. NC 2874 I (704) 526-4303. 19-21 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC The Black Mouniain Spring Festival. Three days of traditional music and dnnce at Black Mountain College/Camp Rockmont. Brave Combo, The Horsenies, Grandmother, David Wilcox, Phil and Gaye Johnson. For advance tickets call Grey Eagle and friends, (704) , 669-4546 from 2pm- IOpm. o~ ~3. &q o.ncL 3o o± -p e.p~et' la.rd.. ~ t()J\ft'l 7f.n ~ u.a -to ~~N.b..ooY 19·21 flfGllLANDS, NC Wildflower Pho1ogruphy Workshop. Pre-rcg1s1er. Appalachi$ Env1Tonmcnt.al Arts C..:nicr. Sec qy'~ 5/12-14. u.ou.aL I~~ ~ o..cliN~ a.r0.wo¥k shO(:.>s ~ o...d.uJtto 19-21 MILLBORO, VA EARTH FlRST! Appabchian Rendezvous. Talk, drum. s.we au things wild. For more info, write: Box 2(>6; Millboro. VA 2.4460 or call (703) 997-9448. BRASSTOWN, NC May Crafl/l)ance week. John C. Campbell Folk School 28906. 27-29 WHITTIER, NC Cclebralion on lhe land al Union Acres Communuy. All friends of Kauiah welcome. For more Info., ca11: Cynthia and Roy Gallinger, (704) 293-9230. spil.NJ, 1989 µ~~. ~ u.;tl.L ~ -t:hL- NEW MARKET, TN STP (Siop the Poisoning!) School a1 lhe Highlander Ccnier. Leum how IO figh1 indu.~trial poll111Jon. Soc3nl-23. 19-21 21-27 ().rd_ a.rd. ch.U.dA.t.n ' Pre-registration, by April 15: $15.00 adult $10.00 child under 12 After April 15: $17.00 adult $12.00 child under 12 .For mon: infonnalion, write: Snow Bear and Khallsa; Pepperland Farm Camp; Siar Route: Farner. TN 37333 or call: (704) 494-2353 or (704) 586-3146 �vfEBWO~ SEEKING TO JOIN OTHERS m a mlllllally -.upponivc comml.INly. Singl.c mamn: womon. ll'lis1-1eac.htt can offer skills: early childhood education. llU, earth llb111:, wri!Jnl Wn1c Alwyn MosJ., 1007 Turner SL, Blacksburg, V/> 24060: ("10'3) SS2·6331 VAGABOND GUJBETR01TTNG Stale of tlw Art. Revised Edition., by M.L. Endicoll. One of lhc moll compRhensivc insuucticm manua!J ror <yro uavelcrt SUS; Enchlridlon lntemational, Cullowhcc, NC 28723 ASCENSION Beg1111ttr's Mon.uJJ. a self-help boo1t for auaining lhc touchable ruii1y of lhc ASCENDEO <taic. usually lhou&ht to be bt!yood Raeh. By Theodore A lluoody, Ir~ $13.SO pp; &lcctic: Pren, 205 Pigeon SI. Waynesville. NC 28786. WlNCS WAY bttbal products. For pnce list. wme: Box 1477; Old Fon. NC 2.876Z EUSTACE CONWAY- Ou.ide and !Udler of (ll1lnit1ve £arlh Skills wilh cmphasi.t on rue blll1dln,. hide tanning she.Iler. and fongilla. He ILachti at public schools, parks cnvimnmencal oont.en, .and cJuscs ol .all tinds. For tllOl'C informllion coniact lum II' 602 Deerwood Drive, Oastonii. NC 28084 or oall Allcln Sianlcy al (704) 872-7972 FUTONS by Simple Pte.uuru affordably priced. Send SASE for Info io: Sunplc PICU\lrtJ: RL I. Box 1426 Clayton. GA 30S2.S (404) 782·3920. APPAJ..ACHIAN GINSENG CO.• sua.tified seeds. PEPPERLAND ofrcn a variety of ouldoor cdu.eation po,grams for chl.Wdl, school. or cMc gn>Up& ycu· round. Wo will help you ~pl a pogrom for your group. Send for infonnwon J*1c.ct to: Pcppcrland Fum Camp; Sw RoUlA!; Farner, TN 37333. R£AllERS' REACTIONS AND INSIGHTS wanic.d i.ganling lhc "consum«" culun we five in, and lhc idea of "consumaism" u a lifestyle.. Plcue write to Richard Lowenthal, 53 Greely St.. Asheville, NC 28806 (or call seedlings. roots. Send for price li51 io: P.O. Box S47 Dillsboro, NC 28725. M. TR& DESIGNS: UlllSIJlliom and Der;gn • Beyond lhc p!l&CS of lhis journal, I work DI penal. colored ponril. ink. QI\ paper. md t.lik. F'mc and graphk an to cxircu and cnh...,., our livea. Logos, btochuru, boob. ponnl1ure, window and wall h&ng~. Concct Manha Tree (704) 7S-4-«l97. STit.·UGHTTHEOSOPHICAl..RETREATCENTER -a qu1c1 spaeo for JlC'nOnal medilali<m, aniup inc.cractioo lhrough study, and community .-011<. and spintual smiinU$, Contact Leon Frankel; Rt. I. Box 326; Wayncs•ilk. NC 28786 WANTED: LAND 111 WQt.cm NC. Famlly f«b Sor mon: ICtCS. prd"crobly near Cullowhee. IO pr<S<TVC and evcnlll.ally inhllbil. U}'OU have or kno..•of afford.&blc l111d, oonlll:t Bob llld Miry Davis; 213 Wcrunorcland Cc., Ccorgetown. KY 40324 (502) 8634167. MOON DANCE FARM HERBAl..S · herbal salvC$, tinc1111cs. & oil• for b1nh111g a: family health. For bcochure, pt.,,.e wrii.:: Moon Dance Farm; Re. I. Box 726; Harnpcon. TN 37658 FREE t..ABOR • I would like ID learn about beekeeping and building New Ag< Housing Willing to wo1'k for free during summer. All I ask b a pl- for my tcnl and .., occasional muL Con11e1 ClvU Irwin; 1712 Whhc /we.; Knoxville:. TN 37916 (6lS) 673-0653. BUCITT RESISTANT CHESUIUT ·hybrid AmcricanlCluncS 0wman c:hcstnut treea • blight rcsisW\I timl>C!r pc>wth form. productive orchard crop wilh luge. sweet CQily·pcc\ed nuu. Cbutnut Hill l'luncry; RL I, Bo>. 34 l·K: Aadiua, FL 3261.S (904) 462·2820 ORGANTC FERTIUZERS. belts, and arganically-groMI. local produce 11 the> WNC Pannen' Marked Look for the FaiJglcn Fanns slllll. units F and 0 in lhc wholesale 1tU of' lhc F.umcn' Matkrl; 570 BteVud Rd.; Asheville, NC ("104 252-4414 Trudeau Dr.; Mc.Wrc, LA 70003. CENTEJl FOR AWA.KENlNC scck:ing 2 full-time, live.in volunlccn w/ main1cnance and/or n11ural food prep eitpericnce. RmManl. Wri1e; Human Services Allianoc Bo• IS42; WinSIOn.Salcm. NC 27102 (919) 761-874S. APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR des1111. blueprints and full wor.king dnwings for homes, shopt. and sheds Cr.,•llve dr1fling .....yow- ideas or ours. Harmony Sunbuildets; P.O. Bo• 194; Suiv Grove. NC 28697 SONGS OF LOVE ANO NATURE by Ron Lambe fcawring the voice of Hearuingcr wilh Slcphen Klein, Pi&no. Lavaul<r Lieder Records; R1 I, Box I JS; Bakcnvillc, NC 28705. (704) 6884791. B~c I01J.r111!1 inlo o f«alm of Evolution.ary lodvt:llllD'e by Pauick Clerk. A inu: -=ounl of a bicycle tnp from NATURAL FOOD SlORF. for ulc in Brevard, NC. E•ccllcnt IOCllion. $80,000 CJOS1 sales. Growlh poienti&I Owncn n10ving. mus1 p•U ii on. Call IDiubcth (704) 293·9534 evcnin&J. ORCANlC FOOD PRODUCING CO-OP land. aqwprncnl, apcrienced fannen provided for members The Bioclomc Pannet~lup; Rt. 2. Sox 184; Waynesville.. NC 28786. (704) 926-935$. ECO HELP NEEDED Long 8r111Ch Envlfonmcn1al Education Ccrue:r D«dJ volwileetlN!ICnlS 10 help "'•lh orchards, gardens, farmworl. rainbow 1tou1. cmrgy-efficimc bllild1ng. cnvimnmmtal/wildlifc/pmn1· cul11m issues and organizing. Room and boatd negntiable. Paul Calllmoce; l.BF.EC; RL 2. Box 132; ~icc.icr, NC 28748 YOU CAN CO HOME AGAIN· A Down To &rth JOURNEY INTO THE SLICK.ROCK Wildcmcu Atca Boys. falhu-son. falher-daughter cxpcdttJoN. Learn ob<•rvttion and woodcraft in lhe deep woods. Bun ~gay, upericnced guide Slicktock ElpeditionJ; Box 1214; Cullowhec. NC .28723. AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS · Comfrey. EucalyplUS Oii C.olclcn Seal salve. ~mon ar LA•cncler (ICIC ctam. Medo: wilh natural and c=nlial oih and love. Send for brochure Rt I. Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091. HAND.CARVED WOODSPIRITS. ln)"ucal hiking ital~ FINDING OUR "PATH WITH HEART" c.QI be v11al t0 O\lt health Ind ~•lfoxprasion. I offer guidcl<:e lhrou&h courueling, spimual 111uncmm1. ..1rolog1cal rcadings WOJbhops, common·llCJUC ftedbt.ell. For more info or an appoin1mcnl, call Richard Lowenthal , M.A . (704) 2Sl·2526. Sliding scale fcea. ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY on bcauuful land~ Cbualccc, NC sr<king r1milirs domring gi:c11tt c:oopenlicm and self·sufficlen<:y. Based on Jpiricual Ind ocological valuea. Pcoperty now av11f1ble. Call (404) 77S.S7S4 for info. Wuhinglon, D.C 10 Ille au1boc's native home of Cullowbcc, NC. following muah of lhc Bluc Ridge Parkway. Avai1oblc for $7.95 pose paid from Dandylion Publicatio111. 47 Pmola. Sc., Ashcvillc NC 28801. COMMUNION WITH NATifRA • Long proclauncd to be cclcsual •tan &fOllllding their radiance on Mot.bcr !!viii flowers ""' the rcvcl11ion of lhc plan!. Come •hllfe in NATURA'$ sacred play. moyonunUJe facililJtin&. 3931 Hwy 80 S. Toe River, Bunuvillc. NC 28714 ("104} 6~-4806 CARDE.NERS arc ..-UJated t0 v11u our Parad~ Gardens for insirucuon and inspirauon (!'reel and/or peicmial plan11 sale (cheap). Artisu .re 1nvncd IO c:omtt and c:ru1c 1n tile gllda> • painUng. drawing. and phDioanplty arc cnMunged We oho ba,·• • cabin avtJ.IAblc mcxcrumgc for warlcin& in lhc ganlcn. Mount.m Gardens; 3020 White Oak Creek; Bunuvillc, NC 28714 (704) 67S·S664. and wall hAAgmp by SICVc Dunc111 For broch1... plcuc write Whippoorwill Swctio; llt 4, ~ 981; Manon. NC 28752. MEDITATION CUSHIONS Crom Carolina M<>mUll Do.signs. Troditionll ancl mllwblo 1.afus For free bnx:hurc wrii.e; RL I. Boa 31·8: Hot Spnng1, NC 237<13. HANDMADE RATTI..ES fot the 'JMlual warrnor or hcal~r made wilh maic.rial• provadcd by !he animal ltin1dom. <;:oncact: Jc._ HltnS Bathrict.-; SW Cm.notill AttifilC~ 1307 lvcnon St.: Allmta. GA (404) 588-0296 • INDIAN VAUEY RETREAT· 140 acrci in Blue Ridge mountains wilh faeilitiea available to rent far group1 or individual ll!lra!S. dlha 3J.1ided or unstn1C;1Ul1>d. Send for infom111ion and seasonal c1lo.ndar of h.e aling, transfl>ITil&live evcnlJ lo: lndu111 Vllllcy Holislic Center RL 2. Box S8; Willis, VA 24:180 h.Alld TN! Earth Li•ci /lappity Ever After - .caries from folk lrlditioni all ltOWld the wtidd chosen to help prolt:Ct all living beings by bringing 111'1 world soc1ecy a few steps do5Ct to peace and ~l for 1111 fife. Edited by Floar.ing Eagle Femhcr. $7 .00 ppd. (All profits go IO Clrempacc IJ1A! !he Pcau Museum.) Order &om: Wages of Peace; 309 704.251 ·2526). • MOTHER'S BREATit HERBAL PRODUCTS high quali1y b"fbal c•"'""· oin1ments, and 011J, lov1n1ly aa1cd. Send for free brochure 10 Re . 2. Ro• 251. Vllas. NC2K692 EARTH REACH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1cae1Un1 pnmitivc skills 10 children md adulu.. Roben Manin. Jr and JC&1111C Moo!\!'. RL I, Box 178-A. Fcnum, VA 24088. BEAUTIFUL EUCIUOE MOCCASINS Custom aitcd to your f~• AO narural ma1erials. Sof!SOle $2.5/lw<holt SSO. Send tncm& of your fool to Na1ivc American FoQ1wcar, 47 Panola St., Alhevillc NC 2.8801; 7~ 2:Sl·22.SO WEBWORK!NO is &cc 5""J •ubmis.1u1cu to: K01"4Jt J<><1rnal P.O. Bo• 638 ui=ler.NC Kall!ah Pro"incc 28743 SprinlJ, 1999 • �The Kaulah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as leners. poems, stories. articles. drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your comnbutions to us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748. • The summer issue of lhc Ka11iah Jo11.rlllll will deal with the meaning of the word "Pence" as a dynamic process lhal can replace cxisung SU"Uctures of donunation with vibrant new relarionships. Please send us descriptions and contact infonnarion for individuals and groups in your pan of the province that are doing lhings that are helping co create peace Ill the world. We would also Hke to know what is your definition of pence. We would like to get a collection of the mo.~t interesting and accurate definitions of that elusive idea. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AV All.ABLE $1.50 -·· ISSUE FIFTEEN Sprin& 1987 Coverlets - Woman Porcsler - Susie McMdwl Midwife . Alternative Conlncqmon • Bio>CJtualily - 81orcgionalism ~ Women Good Mtdic:inc: MmWdlal Clll~ ,_, WWJ[fl~- ISSUE THREE SPRJN(l 1984 Sustain.thlc Agriculture . SunOowas Human lmpac1 on lhc: Forut - Childrcns' Ed11c111ion Vct0nlca Nicholu·Woman in Politics Llitlc tsSUESIXTE:EN-Summerl987 Helen Wauc: Poem: Visions 111 • O~ . Vision Que,r1 - Fim Flow - ln11ia1ion • 1.umina in lhc Wildemeu • Cherokee Cllallcngc "Valuing T,_. People. Mcdlrinc Allies • ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 198'1 W11c1 !>nun Water Quably Kudtu Solar Ecli~c Ctc:arcuttin& T1out • C.omg IO W111r1 Ram PllmP" • Mic:rohydro - Pocnu: Bennie l...ec Sinclair, Jim Wrync Mnlcr ISSUE EIGITTE.EN WUUO' 1987 88 VcmacuIIT Atchiittl\ITC - Dl'c;ams an Wood Q! Sione - Mount&Jll Home - E.Ulh l!ncrJi.. • Eanh-S!u:hcrcd Livmg • Mcmbr- Houses Brush Shchci - Poems· Ot:to«r Du.d • C'oOOd ModX:.nc: "Sheller" ISSLF. FIVE - FALL 191!4 llarv1:11 • Old Ways in Chc1ok"" GinKng Nuclear Waste: • Our Cchic Hcri1•ge Biorcgionalism: Put. Ptuc:nt. and Fu1ure Jahn Wilnol)' • Healing Dlltkness Politics or ISSUE NINETEe.N -Sll'Ulg. 19811 Pcrloandra Cltdtn Spring Tonics · Blueberries WUdOo11>cr O•rdcns Granny Hcrbalis1 • Flll"'l:r Es.cncea • lho Origin of lhe Animal : Stoty -Good Malicmo: "Po.. cr" • Be ATroe Paructp:iliDn ISSLIE SIX. WTNTER 1984-85 Wini.:r Soi.ti« Eanh Ceremony· H0<scpiu1u;i, ISSUE TWENTY · S11m1na. 19811 l'reM!rve App.alathilll WildcnlU.J • Hi,ghbnll of ltoan - Cel<1 Community - L.nd Trun • Arthur Miqan School • Zoning 'Wuc • ·'"The Ridgo" - Fanncrs Ind lhe Fann Bill • Cood Mcdir.:lnc! ''Lind" · Acid Rain · Duke"• Po..,cr Play Chaoic< Microhydro ProJCCI Rt\CT Com1111 ol lhc Llshl • Log Clbm Roo1a- MoUlll&in Apicullurc: Tho Righi Crop - W11l1am Tayl11< The Fuiun: of lhc: Forc.t ISSUE SEVEN SPRING 1985 Su.'ll&JA•blc Ec:onomic:J Hot Srrinp - Worlte; Ownership - The Great &onomy - Self Help Crccjj1 Union Wiid Turlt.cy - Rcsponslbl• lnvuting Workitlg in Ilic Web of Lite JSSUE EIGtrr - SUMMER 1985 Celebra11on: A Way of Life - Kat\Wl 18.000 Ye&l'J Ago • Sacred Sil.Cl - Follc Ans in lhc School& - Sun Cyc:l~oon Cycle • Powu: Hilda Downer Chcsolcu Heritage Caw:r • Who Owns Appaladlhl? ISSUENTNE- FALL 1985 The Wal~ Forest - Thi> Tfl'cS Spc:alt • Milf&llng Foruts • llcme Logging - Stanmg a Treci Crop Urb&n Trees · l\oom Btc«I - Mylh Tane ~- ISSUE Et.EVEN SPRINO 1986 Community Planning - Cities and the: Biotcgional Vision - Roc:yclmg Community Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Ouoliol Two Biottgional Views • Nuclear Suj)plema11 FoiU= Oarne.s. Good MtdldM: Visions Box - The Wake - TI1c Raven Moclcor Woodslorc and WildwoodJ Wildom Oood tsSUETWEHTY-ONE · Fall, 1988 Chc:stnu~ A 1~i.1ura.1 Hl11ory • Rostoring w Cheiulut. ·p~ orl'rcs<!rvation Uld Praise" Canunuing the Quesl Farella and Wildlife Chos1ru111 in Regional 011~1 Chcsuuu Ruoun:u - Hctb Noic - Good Mcdn:mc: "Changes 10 C<!me" • Rev~ Wkr# le&~Nls Medicine: The Sweat lodge ISSUETBN ·WINTER 19l!S-86 Ka1c Rogas • Circles of Slone • lnicmal Mylhmalcing - Holl•lic: Healing on Trial Poem$: Sieve Knaulh • My1Juc Pbc:c:s The Uklona's Talc: Cry11al Magic - Li~ ISSUE FOURTEEN - W-mi« 1986.t7 Uoyd Cul Owlc. Boogers and Mwnmcn - All !SSUETWENTY TWOWin1ct", l9S8-89 Cilobal Wmnaig and Kat4ah .irire This T~ • Thom.u Deny on "Biorcgsons" - Eanh E.xcrase Ko~ Loy McWluru:r • All Abundance oI l'..mplincSJ - LETS • Chninicl.. or Flo)'d - o.ry Wood lnlcrf!ICW The 9.,.., Clan ISSUE THIRTEEN · Fall 1986 Ccnlcr For Awakening - Elinbc:th Callari A Clc:n1lc Dca1h • Hosp>CA! Eincsl Morgan Dealing Crcalivcly with Dcalh Home Bunal Species Day - Cabin Fcve1 Uni•aaity • Homelcu !JI Kaiuah • Homcinadc Hos Wiler S1ovanJtkCf'5 Narrauvc • Good Meche.inc:: lntmpcci.. Conununication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ,, ~UA~ QURNAL 0 -- - - - - ~ -------- For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414 Boie 638; Leicester, NC; KatUah Province 28748 Regular Membership........ $10/yr. Sponsor........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Name Enc/Med is$ Address City Area COde Sprl.nq, 1989 ro give this ejforr an extra boost State Phone Number Zip l can be a local contact person for my area Back [ssues Issue#-_@$2.50= $_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# _@ $2.50 = S_ _ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _ Issue# __@ S2.50 = $ _ _ Choose any 5 issues: SIO.OO=S_ _ Complete Set (3-11, 13-16, 18-22) @ $35.00 = $_ _ XAwaf1 Jou~ncit Pt«J~ ~s � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 23, Spring 1989 Description An account of the resource The twenty-third issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on varied topics such as the ancient ways of the first people groups in Appalachia; "Planet Art;" tulip poplar trees; the Black Swan Center; and environmentally-friendly economics. Authors and artists in this issue include: Kim Sandland, Denise Newbourne, David Morris, Doug Elliott, James Rhea, Jerry Trivette, C.B. Squire, Elizabeth Griffin, Gil Leebrick, Michael Hockaday, Sheli Lodge, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Dolores LaChapelle, Martha Tree, Laura E. Jackson, and Jackie Taylor. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways by Kim Sandland.......1 Planet Art in Katúah by Denise Newbourne.......5 The Green City as Thriving City by David Morris.......8 Poplar Appeal by Doug Elliott.......10 Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait by James Rhea.......13 "A New Earth" by Jerry Trivette.......14 College as Community Resource by C. B. Squire.......16 Wild Lovely Days: Poems by Elizabeth Griffin | Photographs by Gil Leebrick.......18 Natural World News.......20 Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep.......23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age.......25 Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......26 "Sudden Tendrils" a poem by Michael Hockaday.......28 Events Calendar.......32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--History Excavations (Archaeology)--North Carolina, Western Mixed economy--Appalachian Region, Southern Poplar--North Carolina, Western Community development--North Carolina--Swannanoa River Valley Human ecology in art North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Cherokees Community Earth Energies Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Education Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Geography Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Politics Reading Resources Recycling Shelter Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/e8b264ef4ec25f6e96204d3ae515c995.pdf da3b1c41e52d67bec48c8df227746edd PDF Text Text /-� �UAWURNAL P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 Postage Paid Bulk Mall Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 �FromMountains to the Sea uy uafMyczack........................•....• 1 Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed: The Little Tennessee River (An Interview with Dr. William Md.amcy) rtcortkd by David Whttlu.....................3 Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub b y William Mclarney.........••.•.........•..5 Mudwatch and Fmoount: The Environmental Survey of the Little Tennessee 6 by William McLarnq.......................•• Headwaters Ecology and Blgh Quality Habitat by Mary Kelly.........................•.••....? "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" by Mitlit Buchanan............................8 Water Power: Ac.tion for Aquatic Habitats.... IO Dawn Watchers uySncw Bear ................................ 11 Adventures on the River uy uaf Myaack.............................12 Accessory toMurder: Watts Bar Lake and the Public Trust uy LeafMyczadr........•.........•......••...14 Poem: "Country S10re" by Witliam MU/u...••.......•........•......14 The Nonh Shore Road: Environment or Development in the Great Smokies by Pmrick Clark..............................15 The Long Branch Composting Toilet by Paul Gallimore ..•...............•.....•... 11 GoodMedicine: The Long Human Being....18 Katuah Sells Out!! by Bud Young and Rodney Webb............ 19 Watershed Map of the Kauiah Province......20 Namral World News. ...........................22 Green Spirits: Karuah Rains by Lte Barnts................................26 Off the Grid uy Jim lloustr ...............................21 Drumming (Letters (O Katuah) .................28 Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth ls Coming! uy Ed lytwack..•......•....•............•...30 Poem: "Unbound" by Gaston Siniard............•........••.....31 Events.............................................36 Webworking.....................................38 TaUMint.u, 1990 FROM MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA by LeafMyczack It begins as dense, moist clouds riding the prevailing winds 11p from the Gulf of Mex.ico. Meeting the Corest updrafts from the AppalachianMountains, the clouds release their wet cargo over the rich forest below. The rain drips to the ground through the leafy canopy, seeps into the dark soil, gathers, and begins to triclcJe down the mountain slopes. Ct is here where the River is born. SmaJJ riwlets become streams, splashing and tumbling down rock strewn beds. When enough of these feeder streams converge, creeks form, and Lhey in rum • receive additional aibutaries. From the slopes of the old mountains of Kanlah, the growing rivers bring their watery gifis 10 the valley lands. But rivers do not lend themselves to arbitrary beginnings. The health of a river is the culmination of an ongoing, cyclical process. The health of rivers depends on atmospheric as well as ground conditions. Sulfates, nitrates, and toxic gases are washed to eanh in the form of acid rain. Here the contaminated water combines with herbicide residues used by forest abusers and with din paniclcs from bulldozed land. The first stream f ormed is already poisoned. Add industrial chemicals, silt from road construction, salt fertilizers, utility company herbicides, raw sewage, and the result is a river much diminished in itS capacity 10 suppon life. Even before the rivers leave the Appalachian foothills, their health is often severely compromised. Most humans have forgouen that we arc dependent on the interplay of all life. We think we can clear the forest without harming the river, or that we can diny the atmosphere without harming the forest. Even when confronted with historical evidence of environmental impact, ecologically destructive patterns continue unabated, especially when there is money involved. Greed seems to be the engine of destruction. Cut, rape, slash - "How much money are we making?" Rivers, in order to be healthy, must have a healthy watershed. The atmosphere and the ground must be clean in order to maintain the aquatic environment. To protect the life of the river, steep slopes musr be closed to logging and development. The less roads, the better, for roads only promote the migration of ecologically abusive people and materials. Rivers are intended to be pathways for rich organic nutrients leached from the mountain slopes to feed the diverse aquatic communities living in the estuaries. Damming rivers inhibits this cycle. In place of nutrients, rivers now carry water-soluble toxins that are deposited in delta and estuarine habitats. This Katuah region, sacred in all its biodiversity, is in great danger. The forest ones and the river ones call out for help. The scream of pain is almost constant among them. But their voices are not going unheard. Joining these voices are human voices - Lhe voices of caretakers, poets, Earth defenders • aU advocaLing a respect for all of'life. Ycs, brothers and sisters, trees and rivers do have rights Lo life and good health. Let us sing and dance to life in aJJ its many forms. The dance of life must supersede the chant of death, for without our relatives we are diminished in spirit, mind, and body. It is not a political struggle we are engaged in, but a spiritual quest to find the wellsprings of our soul. Listen closely, and you will hear great wisdom from Karuah. Be creative with your work and your life. for these are your honor song. - illustration by Cielo (canlinucd p, 12) XAtuah Journot � t �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 29, Fall/Winter 1990 Description An account of the resource The twenty-ninth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on water quality: the Little Tennessee River watershed; Watts Bar Lake; development in the Great Smokies; and solar composting toilets. Authors and artists in this issue include: Leaf Myczack, David Wheeler, William McLarney, Mary Kelly, Millie Buchanan, Snow Bear, William Miller, Patrick Clark, Paul Gallimore, Buck Young, Rodney Webb, Lee Barnes, Jim Houser, Ed Lytwack, Gaston Siniard, Rob Messick, Bob Clark, Marnie Muller, Marlene Mountain, and Susan Adam. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. From Mountains to the Sea by Leaf Myczack.......1 Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed: The Little Tennessee River (An Interview with Dr. William McLarney), recorded by David Wheeler.......3 Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub by William McLarney.......5 Mudwatch and Fincount: The Environmental Survey of the Little Tennessee by William McLarney.......6 Headwaters Ecology and High Quality Habitat by Mary Kelly.......7 "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" by Millie Buchanan.......8 Water Power: Action for Aquatic Habitats.......10 Dawn Watchers by Snow Bear.......11 Adventures on the River by Leaf Myczack.......12 Accessor to Murder: Watts Bar Lake and the Public Trust by Leaf Myczack.......14 Poem: "Country Store" by William Miller.......14 The North Shore Road: Environment or Development in the Great Smokies by Patrick Clark........15 The Long Branch Composting Toilet by Paul Gallimore.......17 Good Medicine: The Long Human Being.......18 Katúah Sells Out!! by Buck Young and Rodney Webb........19 Watershed Map of the Katúah Province.......20 Natural World News........22 Green Spirits: Katúah Rains by Lee Barnes.......26 Off the Grid by Jim Houser.......27 Drumming (Letters to Katúah).......28 Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth is Coming! by Ed Lytwack.......30 Poem: "Unbound" by Gaston Siniard.......31 Events.......36 Webworking.......38 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Watersheds--Tennessee, East Watersheds--North Carolina, Western Watersheds--Virginia, Southwest Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern Gypsy moth--Control--Environmental aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. https://www.geonames.org/4666185/watts-bar-lake.html Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Watts Bar Lake ||||osm Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Alternative Energy Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Community Economic Alternatives Education Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Health Katúah Katúah Organization Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Recycling South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Water Quality Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/0791c74f61bfeccd6b0575a3e53240f5.pdf e919144545b326bd6e557ea5b917f958 PDF Text Text ISSUE 33 WINTER 1991-92 $2.00 �Drawing by Rob Messick ~UAHjOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 ti} C, Q,- Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 ~ ... j\ Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Fire's Power.................................. by David Wheeler 3 What Is Natural?.............................. 5 by David Wheeler Do Clean:uts Mimic Fire?.................... 6 Smokey and the Red Wolves................ 7 Fire in Jeffreys Hell.......................... 8 by Vic Weals Poems.......................................... by Barbara J. Sands 9 Fire and Forge................................ by Jan Davidson and David Brewin 11 The First Fire.................................. A Cherokee Legend 12 Hearth and Fire in lhe Mountains........... 14 by Barbara Wickersham Good Medicine................................ 15 Midwinter Fires............................... Poems by Jeffery Beam 18 Natural World News......................... 20 Who Will Have !he Power?................. by Veronica Nic/10/a.t 22 Litmus Lichens................................ by Rob Messick 24 Reading the Inner Tree....................... by Charlo1te Homsher 25 Review: Where rite Ravens Roost..................... 25 Around the Fire............................... by lee Barrres 26 Drumming..................................... 27 Poem: "Sky Mangler"........................ by Mike Wilber 29 Review: The Sound of Light........................... 31 Events.......................................... 33 \Vcbworking.................................. 34 Wlntcr , 1991 -92 Fire is one of the four Great Beings, the elements !hat move Creation. Fire is the catalytic spark of the life essence. Living, we are warm and moving; non-living, we are like ashes, cold and dead. No wonder ancient wisdom associated Fire with the directed passion of the will. It is fitting that through the ages the spirit of life has been depicted as "the sacred fire." Fire radiates all around us in the life-giving energy of the Sun. Fire is at the center; in the slick and sweat of love a spark is ignited between a male and a female and life is born anew. Fire in its many forms powers the movement and the production of our societies. The hearth fire is the center of the home. Fire cooks the food, warms the dwelling, and from the fireplace the old stories spring alive into the family room. In the heart of every green plant cell the sunfire drives the process of photosynthesis, upon which life on Eanh depends. But ftre is also the changer, lhe destroyer - a demon of voracious appetite that gobbles indiscriminately all it can ignite. Fire unleashed destroys the house it warmed. Under the power of drought, forest becomes desert. Fire is the nuclear terror, shriveling all life to ashes. The most terrible punishment the bishops could imagine was to bum a witch alive at the stake. Fire in the hands of the invaders torches Lhe village huts and razes the crops in the fields. Old cities are bombed and guued by Fire. Wildfire, the major force of change in !he forest around us, is capable of overturning in a matter of hours vegetative associations that have stood for centuries. The four elemenml beings circle in the Great Round, the world we know. Fire needs earthy fuel 10 eat, oxygen from the air to breathe. Fire and water are complementary - at firSt look they seem in total opposition, but upon a second glance they are seen to be in a careful and delicate relationship. There is fire on these mountains only because there is water to grow the wood that bums. Born of the union of fire and water, life is forever suspended in that balance. But what is the role of fire in our human lives and in the life of the mountain forests that surround us? Where is that balance? Fire flickers and dances...too quick, too changeable, 100 close to the essence of life itself for us to ever expect definitive answers to those essential questions. But it is worthwhile for us to begin the process of understanding. We need to know Fire, one of the great powers that shape our being in these mountains, on this Earth. The Editors Drawing by Rob Messick XAtuah J~mat PQ9"- l �EDITORlALSLASH: Heather Blair Emmeu Grcendigger Charlone Homsher Richard Lowenthal Rob Messick James Rhea David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Acasia Berry Christine Detweiler John lngruss Billy Jonas Bill Melanson Mamie Moller Donna Stringer Rodney Webb Thanks again IO Mountain Gatdens for hospiUllily and inspiration. Thanks to Larry Tucker for able computer assiSlBIICe. As always, thanks to JH. Thanks 10 Gene for the car, we couldn't ruive done ii without you! COVER: by Rob Messick ©1991 PUBLISHED BY: Kattlah Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THTS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, WRITE US AT: Katuah Journal Asheville Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kauiah Province 28748 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an important element of bioregional ecology. both natural and social. In acxord with this principle Katuah Journal tries IO serve as a forum for the discussion of rcg.ional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Journal editors or staff. The lnlCmal Revenoo Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-profit ~anization undu section 501(c)(3) oC the lnu:mal Revcnoo Code. All contributions IO Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income tax. Articles appearing in Katuah Journal may be rcprinltd in Olher publications wilh permission from the Katuah Journal staff. ConLaCt the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. 'LNVOCA'Tto'.N When my skull lies with yours, Will you sing for me? The long sleep heals. We will find new life in the spring. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Ka1uah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom berween the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Tunic Island continent of Mother Ela, the Eanh Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring this connection inro the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we Listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limiis of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a Living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminfahed as well. Katuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak 10 the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors Doug Peacock - Criuly Years Border by Ja.son TudlCf KATUAH JOURNAL wants 10 communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them 10 us as leners, poems, sroriu, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send yoiu contributions 10 us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0 . Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kattlah Province 28748. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be concerned with "Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet". We need your input on topics including: sustainable agriculture (alternative ag., low input, appropriate ag., permaculture, biodynamics, etc.); seed-saving techniques; wild-foods and medicinals; regionaVcommunity food production and marketing; Xatimf~ )ournot J>°'Je 2 seasonal diet and recipes; food preservation; green manures and composting; agroforescry; and especially recommended resources, guides, and contacts. Send all material by January 30th, 1992 to Lee Barnes; Box 1303; Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-5716. THE SUMMER, 1992 ISSUE will be involved with the continually controversial topic of Councils, and how to create more viable methods of decision-making in the ful\Jre. Possible topics include: Native American sovereignty, the State of Franklin, Town Meetings, Council of All Beings, Regional Rainbow Gatherings, Grassroots Groups, Conflict Resolution, and more? Submit all material by April 30th, 1992. ,.,lnur. 1991-92 �FIRE'S POWER The Influence of Fire on the Evolutionary History of the Southern Appalachians by David Wheeler Thunder rumbles over the old hms. Ir is just after dusk, and the nwtmtains steam in rite humid air ofsummer. 011 the somlrwestem lrorizo11 great cloudbanks roil up i1110 tlte sky, arching over tlte land like a pouncing beast, blotting ow the stars. High in those clouds, invisible to the eye, thermal fron1s meet and clash. creating turmoil in the skies. The collision of hot and cold air creates violent gusts and downdrafts of wind. The clouds become enonnous electrical generators. Humid air condenses into raindrops then into ice crystals within the whirling confusion inside the cloudbank. The electrical forces generated by the clouds become polarized. In the space of only tens of milliseconds, there is a branched discharge of energy within the cloud called the "stepped-leader" that moves first horiwntally and then downward at one-third lhe speed of light. The Eanh is also electrically charged. As the tip of the stepped-leader approaches the Eanh's surface, an answering discharge rises from the Eanh. The two join and cause a "return stroke," a surge of intense ionization that moves back up the leader channel toward the cloud in the brilliance ,~e see as cloud-to-ground lil?htning. The whole process has 001 yet taken a whole second, but there has been an elecaical discharge of, on the average, 40,000 amperes although discharges of 340,000 amperes have been measured. The temperature within the leader channel reaches 30,000 degrees Kelvin. After 40 10 80 milliseconds a new leader is l.>i.ntcr, 1991-92 D,awmg by Jomes Rhea formed and again the process is repeated. Most visible lightning consists of two to four return strokes. The rapid expansion of the super-heated air around the lightning channel produces a shock wave, so that shonly after seeing the glare of lightning arcing through the sky, we hear the booming sound of thunder. Lightning strikes with awesome power. 011 a l11gh ridge a sta11di11g dead snag is seared by the blast and explodes imo flame. leaves 011 the ground ig11ire from the hear ofthe blaze, and the fire is 011 tlte move, traveling uphill.fanned by the wind. The experience of a thunderstonn with lighrning is intense, but it is a common and completely natural process. There are about 40 million cloud-to-ground lightning saikes in the United States each year. It is esumated that around the world there are 50 10 100 lightning discharges every second, although half of these remain in the clouds. Lightning is one of the great powers of nature. In the Southern Appalachians lightning saikcs are frequent during the summer storm season, which lasts from April through August. There are usually between 40 and 60 thunderstorm days/year. A review of the records of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by Lawrence S. Barden and Frank W. Woods showed that between 1940 and 1969 lightning caused 77 fircs wit.hin the park boundaries. During the course of an eleven-year study they recorded six lightning fires per year in their one million acre study area. In the conifer forests of the West. with their dry summers, lightning strikes often start raging holocaustS that climb into the high 1JCC1ops and sometimes bum off thousands of acres. Our image of lightning fires is based on that model. But in the Southern Appalachians lighcning saikes during the summer rainy season when the deciduous leaves arc green and full of moisture and the fuel on the ground is damp. There are few dry lightning strikes in the Southeast, and lightning fires usually are soon extinguished by a drenching rain or subdued by a steady rainfall. It has been estimated that the average lightning fire burns five to 10 acres of forest. Thus, the effects of ligh1ning fires seem 10 have been small, irregular dis1urbances, localized on south-facing slopes and ridgetops at higher elevations which would show the driest conditions and be most prone to lightning strikes. The deep coves and nonh-facing slopes were so moist as to be vinually fireproof. But if the effects of lightning fires were limited, there was another source of ftre in the southern mounm.ins that unquestionably had more impac1: the human beings. The best archaeological evidence we have uncovered says that the first humans were present in this area 12,000 years ago. These were hunting-gathering people. Fire was unquestionably pan of their technological toolkit. Geographer Carl Sauer says in his essay. "Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth," "Speech, tools and fire are the tripod of culture and have been so, we think, from 1he beginning. About the hearth, the home and workshop are centered. Space heating under shelter, as a rock overhang, made possible living in inclement climates; oooking made palatable many plant product~; industrial (oonunuod annul P'&") X<ltuan Jouri!"f p ~ 3 �(c:onunued from page 3) innovators experimemed with heat treatment of wood, bone, and minerals. About the fireplace, social life took form, and the exchange of ideas was fostered. The availability of fuel has been one of the main facton. determining the location of clustered habitation." Besides using fire in the village, the human occupants of the Southern Appalachians during the Paleolithic period also set fires in the surrounding countryside 10 encourage the growth of grasses and forbs and thus improve the range for the grazing animals that were the foundation of their diet The humans also used fire as a hunting technique to drive animals either wward waiting spear-throwers or over steep cliffs. Around 10,000 years ago the life of these Paleo-Indians began to change as they moved into what is called the Archaic cultural period. As they became more familiar with the land and itS inhabitants, they began to settle more into sedentary villages. As we are told in the ''Good Medicine" column (see page 17), they burned the area around their villages to keep out pesrs and for better defensibility, and burned up the mountain slopes in the fall of the year for hunting purposes, to encourage berries, and to make nut gathering easier. Light burning every year also kept down fuel loads, thereby preventing the possibility of large, hot fires that would harm the forest and destr0y their villages. Keeping the understory clear greatly facilitated travel, particularly on the ridges and along the riversides, where the fires helped the beavers to clear the bouomland meadows. Between 800 and 1,000 AD the Cherokee tribe adopted maize agriculture and became firmly established in a mixed agricultu-m.1/ hunting lifestyle. They practiced a rotating "slash and burn" agriculture, burning their fields off annually and continuing lO fire the mountainsides every year. Unlike lightning, humans could start fires in any season of the year, wet or dry. Autumn, when a fresh layer of light, dry leaves covered the ground, was the preferred season for burning off the forest floor; spring was the time to bum over the fields. Thus, human-caused fires were of greater frequency, often of greater intensity, and covered larger areas than lightning fires. To be talking about the prehistorical impacL of fire on the SouLhern Appalachians is to be talking mostly about human impac1 on lhe mountains - through their main tool for change: fire. Fire was the the most imponant disturbance fa~tor i~ th~ Southern Appalachians; through the rrullenma since the retreat of the last glacier it has been a major shaper of the highland forest communily. In general, the light bums caused by lightning and the primitive people thinned out young trees and opened up the forest floor. When trees got to a certain age and girth they became less susceptible 10 fire damage, so that on fire.prone sites they loomed over an open forest noor that struck the first white explorers as "park-like," reminding them of Lhe carefully tended parks of Europe. Generally, it was the moist coves and north,facing slopes had the shrubs, the herbs, and the ephemeral flowers that we associate with the deep forest. We will never know many of the ways 1ha1 fire ha.c; influencc.:d the forest around U5. It changed the chemical and te,ctuml composition of the soil; it altered lhe microbial populations of Xat1&aW-Jou.rn«l ... p"4)v '-f ', p~sJ genlo,...,-- the forest: it killed insect and infestations of parasites and disease where it was present. Yet Lhere were visible signs of the force of fire's impact. Because of the abundant rainfall in 1he southern mountains, the forest cover recuperated quickly from burning, but openings remained to testify to fire's passing. Professor Kenneth L. Carvell of West Virginia University wrote, "When the first trappers and traders penetrated the Southern Appalachian wilderness, they discovered scattered treeless areas. These forest opemings were of several kinds; some natural. some man-caused (sic). In cenain localities these made up a considerable acreage. Treeless areas could be grouped into five categories: sphagnum bogs, resembling the muskeg of the nonh country; grassy glades, dominated by tall grasses; upland meadows, of debatable origin, but perhaps the result of Indian burning; "old fields," areas formerly cleared by the Indians for agriculture and now starring to grow up; and finally the high elevation balds, dominated by shrubs and stunted tree cover, but not a true tree line. Although obscured by the dense forest. these openings were discovered readily, since the first trappers and traders followed animal trails, and these often led from one glady area to the next. These openings, particularly the grassy glades and old fields, were sought out at an early date by the homesteaders and settled first, since they were spared the difficult task of clearing the dense forest cover to provide crop and grazing land. "ln spite of these scattered openings, more than 90% of the land was forested, and in the Southern Appalachians 90% of the forest was hardwood." The early European explorers spoke of grazing animals like elk and a small woods buffalo roaming the forest along with an abundance of deer. Deer are leaf-browsers that like forest edges; elk and buffalo eat grass, which grows in the open, indicating that. particularly in the bottomlands, there were substantial areas that were open and clear. The grassy balds were found at the top of the highest ridges (see KattW, Journal #5). They were thought 10 be created by extreme climatic conditions during the last Ice Age, but they were apparently maintained largely by fire since the climate warmed. Since fire suppression has caused natural succession to overtake the open balds, they are returning to forest cover. These bald areas con1ain species of grasses more commonly found in grasslands 1hat fire ecologist E. V. Komarek says "did not develop wilhout a history offire." Fire has changed 1he species composition of the tall tree canopy, exerting strong selection pressure among tree species on dry si1es. There are species of trees living in the forest today lhar are completely dependent on fire for their continued existence. There arc other tree species that 1hrive on di:aurbance and are thus pamcularly adapted to fire. Dr. Roben Zahner, formerly professor of forestry at Clemson University, tells us, "Most of the oak and pine forest stands in eastern North America were fire maintained. Oaks and Pines are not climax type species. Without d1s1urbance, they would have been displaced by maples. basswoods, hemlocks, beeches. and other cove hardwood species. In an area with rainfall as plentiful as the southern mounuuns, 1~ese 'cove· species would do well on anr good sne. However. they are not at all fire tolerant. so they were restricted from the dry south slopes . • I I ~ ano ridgetops that wire liable 10 burning. 'The mature trees of fire tolerant species can survive burning. White pines are the most fire tolerant trees. White pines have a thick bark and can withstand any kind of fire except a crown fire. They can survive when every1hing else is burned. Their seed requires an exposed mineral soil to germinate. Burning creates a good seedbed for them, so that when they drop their seed the following season it regenerates and produces a strong stand of natural white pine. "White pine does not have serorinous cones that pop open in the presence of heat, but the pitch pine and the Table Mountain pine do have serotinous cones. These species, too, require exposed mineral soil for seed germination. They like a crown fire that climbs into the trees, kills everything, and opens their cones with the heat of the names. Within a week they send down a rain of seed onto the newly cleared ground. Pitch pine and Table Mountain pine are completely fire-dependent for their germination, and since fire suppression has become the policy in the national forests, their populations have been diminishing. "Oak trees' reproductive strategy is to set a lot of young seedlings and saplings in the understory. The young trees are relatively shade tolerant, so they just stand beneath the canopy and wait for a disturbance to open up a hole for them to grow into. "Oak trees have tough roots, and are less likely to root-kill than most other species. When a fire comes through, it will kill the young and medium-sized oak trees right back 10 the ground, and then - with much of the competiuon wiped out - they will resprout into vigorous oak stands. "Yellow poplar has a lot of weedy characteristics and is another species that does well in areas likely to be disturbed by rues. Poplar has two major reproductive strategies. First, the tree will sprout at almost any age. Secondly, each mature cree will put out tens of thousands of seeds every year. Leaves fall and cover the seeds up. This process continues year after year making layers of seed underneath the leaf cover. Poplar seed can remain stored in the litter for 8-10 years. When a fire - or a disturbance of any kind - does occur, it strips off 1he layers of leaves. Many seeds die. but the seeds on the layer left exposed genninnte and begin to grow. "Black locust trees are not fire tolerant, but they are dependent on disturbance for regeneration. Locust seeds are generally not viable. The tree has become so effective at regenerating from root suckers that it has virtually lost iri; ability to reproduce by seed. But it doesn't need to seed itself. The extensive root system of a locust cnn recover a burned-over site almost immediately. "Sassafras, too, is an early succession tree. Like locust, it is a good sprouter, but it also sends out lots of viable seed. 'The ericaceous plants, such as rhododendron and mountain laurel, are also fire-dependent. Like the pines. they actually encourage tire by the fuel in their leaves. Rhododendrons can survive for 3 long time in the forest understory, but they can't bloom or set seed in the shade, so they drop their leaves each year and wait. When a fire does occur, it bums fast and hot on the depo~ited fuel and kills everything. including the rhododendron i1self • but also opens up the canopy overhead. (cor11111ood on pite 30) ,.,ultct, 1'!19 f.l-02' �WHAT IS NATURAL? The Fire History of the Mountain Forests The usual strategy for bioregionnl reinhabimtion is to restore the narural life processes and native species of a region while simultaneously working ro change human living patterns and limit the human presence to lessen the impact of our species on the land. We are largely unaware of the many subtle relationships that maintain the life ofa biorcgion, and we are usually ign_orant of_1he nature and imponance of the mynads of uny organisms that live around us and are so necessary in keeping up !he vitality of the community. In our ignorance, all we ca~ do to heal a place is 10 restore the macro- species and macro-processes of life support and allow enough space and freedom from h:1nun interruption that the land can find 11s own natural equilibrium. For rhe Kaufah Province this poses a problem: what is "natural"? It was hardly a "forest primeval" that the first European explorers encountered on the\r arrival in the New World. What they found JO eastern Turtle lsland was actually - at least in part - a managed landscape. Yet, particularly during the ninereenth cemury, wrirers continued to purvey the image of "a foresr so thick that a squirrel could travel from the Atlantic to the Mississippi without touching the ground." Francis Parkman, writing in 1892, described a scene beneath an impenetrable foresr canopy where "all is shadow, through which spors of timid sunshine steal down among legions of lank, mossy trunks, ... maued bushes, and rotted carcasses of fallen trees." While scenes like !his did abound, today we tend to see rhe old forest as a mosaic of different types, doued with openings, due largely t0 the presence and use of fire. At anolherextreme was forester llu Maxwell of the US Forest Service, who wrore an article on the "Use and Abuse of the Forest by the Virginia Indians" for the William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine in 1910, when foresters were coming 10 see fire as an unmirigated evil which had no place in the forest Maxwell had a decidedly uncomplimentary view of the First People and their fire habits. ''Though white men are rated high as destroyers of forest, they arc not JO Lhe same class with Indians," he stated. "...They are wasreful and destructive, as savages usually are, and the word economy had no place in his vocabulary...The Indian \s by nature an incendiary, and forest burning was the Virginia Indian's besetting sin." Maxwell described "open, park-like" forests unencumbered by undergrowth. He described lands cleared for agriculture along the riverbanks, and also spoke of damage done by unextinguished campfires. He quoted William B>Td, who surveyed the Virginia-Nonh Carolina line in 1728-29: "On their way, the fires they make in their camps are left burning, which catching the dry leaves which lie near, soon pu1 the adjacent woods in a flame." i.>lnt«. 1991 -92 The 1n1th about the ecological impact of burning by the First People lies somewhere between the extremes of viewpoint contrasted above. A multi-disciplinary research team from the University of Tennessee, which included archaeologists Jeff Chapman, ethnoboranis~ Andrea Shea and Patricia Cridlebaugh and paleoecologists Paul and I foz.el Delcourt, investigated the environs of old O,erokee village sites in the valley of the Little Tennessee River, and found seeds and pollen in stralified soil samples that enabled them to deduce some of the narive people's use patterns. Samples taken around the village of Tuskegee showed heavy use and burning of the bottomland and the low- and mid-elevation terraces by the Cherokee 1,500 years ago. Samples from an upland site near the village showed that the higher elevations surrounding the Little Tennessee Valley were under continuous forest cover for 3,000 years - fires may have burned Lhere, but they did not . pennanently thin out the forest canopy · unul 400 years ago, when weed seeds began to be regularly deposited in the soil. The team's research seems 10 support rhe general conclusion made by retired forestry professor Roben ?,aJtncr. "In valleys like the Little Tennessee River Valley there h.ad been conlinuous large se1tlemen1s by early cuhures since Jong before the Cherokees. When white settlers came into those valleys they found the land already largely cleared of forests by the lndian~. _The vall~ys and the !ow!lr slopes surrounding the villages w~re heavily and frequently burned. but the high mountains were not, as a generJI rule. Some balds \\Cre burned 10 maintain elk habitat, but deer and turkey were largely found 31 lower elevations, so that is where the bulk of the burning occurred." So what is the "natural" vegetative ,, . pattern of growth in the South';_ffl Appalachians? In !he sense of . natural _a.., .. "growth unaffected by human mtcrvenuon, Dr1w111g by J:«a1 Tuclla we will never know. Twelve thousand years of continuous habitation is a long time span. There have been major climate changes during the time the Fll'St People have been here. Evolutionary adjustmenrs have been m~e in that time, which must have included adJusnng to the presence of the humans - and their fires. Although their numbers were few, it seems that the native inhabitants, primarily through !heir use of fire, had a profound impact on the natural history of the Southern Appalachians. They did not dominare . evolution in the mountains, but they did influence the composition of the native flora in certain areas by opening them to the sun and encouraging fi~dependenr and fire-tolerant associations. They influenced predator/prey relationships by enhancing habi1a1 for deer, elk, and other game animals, encouraging their populations and thereby providing fo~ greater numbers of the other predator species who also hunted them. We will never be able 10 replicate the conditions of 12,000 years ago, or the changes that have happened since: But _we know that, in spite of human modaficauon, . this was still a magnificent land.i;cape when 11 was first encountered by the whites. The human inhabitants were clearly a factor influencing the process of change, but they were only one factor among the many that created the diverse mosaic of forest associations scattered throughout the mountains. While there were disturbed areas that supponed the early-succcss1on, shade rntolernnt trees, there were also nonh-facing coves 1ha1 went without a major disturb3ncc for hundreds of years at a time. Fire was an influential force in this region. Fire-dependent tree species have been (cominocd 011 ,,. ., Jll&C) Xat,101' Journm paga 5 �(canunued hom pqe S) maintained in these mountains for many generations. The grassy balds, that were created during the last lee Age but were apparently maintained by fire and grazing pressure since, arc only now falling 10 forest succession. The power of the element fire can still be fell in the forest, even after 75 years of fire suppression. The Firs1 People, largely through their use of fll'e, exened a strong influence on 1he regional life community, but not a debilitanng one. The First People found a balance, a niche, within that community that 1he natural life suppon systems could maintam. Unlike the Europeans, the native inhabitants did no1 render their environment dysfunctional, but only moved it 10 a different point of balance. The region still had itS integrity; it still was operating at full capacity. Since it is impossible to recreate a virgin mountain landscape, how then do we restore an optimally adapted ecological community? Clearly, fighting every fire is not necessary or advisable. Lightning fires have been allowed to bum for all but the last 75 years of human habitation. They are a pan of the natural landscape and should be allowed 10 return. But do we have to bum off the mountainsides every year 10 mimic the ruuive influence? If so, how much should we bum? How could we maintain the precious layer of humus 1ha1 contributes so much to 1he growth and health of 1he forest? On the other hand, if we let narural succession run its course, are we going to lose DO C LEARCUTS MIMIC FIRE? . The current policy of the US Forest Service is to clearcut lI"dCts of up to 43 acres where all the vegetation over one inch in diameter is removed and the cleared area i~ either replanted to ruws of monocullured while pine (around which is sprayed ht.-rbicidc to prevent competition from any intrnding native hardwoods) or allowed 10 regenerate by natural sprouting and seeding. This n:suhs in large areas of ''even-aged" tree s1andli that are easy and economical 10 cu1 when the loggers retum to "harvest" the adolescent regrowth 60-80 ye:m; later. ~ This method "mimics natural processes of disturbance, like fire." claims 1he Forest Service. But that is a hotly disputed claim. "Simply put, clearcu1ting docs not emulate nature in mixed hardwoods," declared retired Forest Service silviculrural researcher Leon Minckler in a recent anicle. "Oean:utting advocates argue thal clearcurs replicate wildfire bum parches. This statement is questionable in the arid Wc:;t ond almost irrelevant in the humid East where large. high-intensity forest fires rarely occur.'' Minckler is reinforced by all the environmental groups working in the Southern Appalachians today. "To begin with," says Haywood Greer. a local activist, "fires don't bulldoze 15 foot wide system roods that tear up slopes; cause erosion and siltation in ~trcams: and open the forest_ forever after 1 poachers, picnickers. 0 arsonists, campers, hunters, ORY'ers, and whoever else has st.renglh and commitment .. XotunI1 Joumot pCUJr. 6 .., • 9 t I r t, f t.,fJ valuable diversity and endangered species? Can we afford that? Two examples illusl!'llte the dilemma posed by this uncenainty. The first case centers around a concern that communities of Table Mountain pine might be eliminated from the moun111ins because of changing conditions due 10 fire suppression. Table Mountain pine occurs in association with mountain laurel and galax. All three species are fire adapted, and the Table Mountain pine needs fire to survive. The tree has serotinous cones. meaning that intense heat causes them 10 open and spill their seed. The species of the Table Mountain pine association encourage fires hot enough 10 "crown," to bum into the tops of the trees. Crown fires are hot enough 10 kill some large trees, bum the cover off the forest floor down 10 bare mineral soil, and cause the serotinous cones of the Table Mountain pine 10 open. Those fires would regenerate the Table Mountain pine association. which would then work to perpe1ua1e itself by making ilS habi1a1 area more flammable. Ftre suppression is clearly causing the demise of the Table Mountain pine tree. Existing stands are becoming old and decadent and there is little regrowth of new stands. Should we set intentional prescribed bums 10 preserve this fire-dependent species? That depends on whether we consider this species to be "natural." Lightning fires (as we saw on page 3) tend 10 be small in area and low in intensity. Lightning fires seldom produced the crown ftres necessary 10 regenerate the Table Mountain pine. enough 10 pul a vehicle in gear and gas enough to make it up the hill. "A fire doesn't come in with a chain saw and a skidder cut all the tree~ and haul them away out of the woods. Fires in the mounrnins - depending on the time of ye:ir and the dryness - arc usually cool and run lo,.., 10 1he ground. burning off the leaf cover and 1he underbrush. S11;all sarlings ;md understory trees are someumcs killed. hut unless a lot of fuel· like Jogging slash· h:i~ built up on the forest floor, fires seldom get large enough 10 kill 1he biggest trees. If the big trees are ktl led, they s1and n long time as dead snags, offoring 1he finest kind of den location for over-wintering animals. 1l1e forest biomass stays in the woods. Eventuallv the dead trunks rot out and topple over. and their bodies decompose 10 enrich the soil for the next generations of trees. "Also, fire~ around here don·t bum everything in a 20 or 40 acre area. Most fires hip-hop around and bum at random • maybe heavily here, but maybe only slightly burned over there. Fires tend m create mosaics of disiurbance on these steep ridges." Robert Zahner. formerly a forestry professor at Clemson University. talks more specifically about regeneration. ''The species that rclllm after a fire arc somewhat different than what comes back after a clearcut. l\aiural eanh-healing species sprout up after a fire weedy planL~ mostly. 1ha1 gro"' from :;eed that had tx.-en stored in the soil under the litter until the liner was burned off and 1he seed was exposctl. Most of the herbaceous seed that germinates following a fire is quite different from the seed th:il would grow follm, ing a We do not know about the fires set by the native inhabitanLS. There probably was great variation in the intensity of the fires 1hey sci, but generally, since they burned certain areas often, it would seem that they would keep the fuel loads down and have light, cool fires every few years. The great conflagrations occurred in the mountains after the logging era. The loggers left great piles of slash in the forest that, when ignited, caused hot, destructive fires that burned the whole landscape. The Table Mountain pine could be only minimally sustained by lightning fires. In the moun1ains, the tree inhabits only the driest sites or reclaims badly degraded areas. It seems very likely that, while it has long been present, the species came into its own through 1he over-burning of the white mountaineers, and expanded its influence due 10 the logging boom. h does not seem reasonable 10 perpetuate abuse in order 10 maintain a species that to a great extent was a product of human abuse. h seems that 1he ecological need for the Table Mountain pine has largely passed away, 1ha1 it is not a naturally endangered species, and that we do not have 10 talce special measures to re1ain it, but could lei narure 1ake its course. A second case is the oak tree family, widespread throughout the mountains and an important source of mast upon which many species of wildlife depend greatly. As we were told by Dr. Robert Zahner (on page 4 of this issue) frequent, light fires are influential in the continued regeneration of oak stands in (continued oo page 30) clearcut "I-ires also release nutrients in the residual ash which change the soil situation. Leaf liuer and sometimes foliage is burned in the fire. Carbon and nitrogen arc given off, but 1hc minerals stay on the site and oc·t as an instant shot of fenilizer, which changes the pH and the nutrient bal:lnce and generates a different populallt)n of herb.,ceous plants. ''After clearcuuing, some sites are prep:m:-d hy intentionally setting fires called "prescribed hums." In tcm1s of the site, thai's probably a better wuy of,.., orking than clearcumng alone - unfortunately they bum a site to prepare it for planting white pine tree~. Thal negates nny advantage there might ha, e been 10 1ha1 technique. "Right now there arc plenty of open areas con1aining early successional species. We don't have to create them. By way of immediate policy recommendations. I would suggest we let present old-growth stands continue to grow, keeping out uny fires except lightning fires. Lightning fires we should let bum. Because they bum during a rain, lightning tires don't usually burn very much, and they give a nke mosaic of disturbance. ''Why not just let lighming do it'! If we are trying to maintain natur.tl systems and narural biological diver.;i1y, then just letting lightning fires bum would be the best and easiest way to do it. Mo~t of this forest is so disturbed. beat up. and cut over anyway. It\ a long. long way from being a natural syscem. t would prefer 10 let lighming-ignited fires burn wherever they are going 10 bum, and just let them help the foreM 10 recover." , . Winter, 199 1-92 - fr... ,__,, J I f �SMOKEY AND THE RED WOLVES For many years after white settlers staned moving into the Southern Appalachians, fire pauems changed linle from the days of native habitation. The whites were farmers, coming from Europe where the great forests had long been leveled. They tended to see the forest as an enemy 10 be overcome. Wilderness equaled "wasteland" in their minds, and they started out energetically 10 overcome the forest to make it produclive fannland. But for their ally Fire, it would have been a losing battle. The whites used fire in clearing agricultural fields as the lndians had, but the immigrants first girdled trees with their steel axes, planted crops in the resulting "deadenings," and then later felled and burned the standing snags. Their numbers and their steel tools made the newcomers more effective at clearing land - and keeping it clear - than the Indians had ever been. The forest began to recede up the hillsides. The white people also began to mimic the Indians' practice of burning the forest noor. At first they did it for identical reasons, but as they became more settled and the predator species were thinned out, the Europeans began to free-range livestock in the woods. At frrst there were only a few scrawny cows and scattered bands of domestic pigs roaming the forest, but as the numbers of white inhabitants grew, they put more and more animals out to forage on the mountain slopes. And they staned more and more fires to encourage grass and open grazing areas. As old-timer Taylor Crockett of Macon County has said, "fn those days people vinually replaced the native wildlife with cattle, hogs, and sheep." Firing the woods became an annual ritual, supposedly economically justifiable - but also exciting and fun. The early white settlers found one purpose to which the First People had never employed fire: genocide. One example was Colonel James Grant's raid of 176 I. In retaliation for a Cherokee victory ai Fon Loudoun, Tennessee, in which 50 white people were kiUed, Grant was ordered on a campaign through the Little Tennessee and Tuckaseegee River Valleys. He rode with a vengeance, destroying crops and every village he found. In his journal Grant bragged that he had torched fifteen towns (including the principal town of Katuah): ravaged "l,400 acres of com. beans, pease, etc."; and driven about 5,000 men, women, and children "into the woods and mountains to srnrve." As more and more Europeans flooded into the mountains, the increased use of fire became detrimental to the forest. Although fire Winter, 1991 92 was still being used largely in the traditional manner, its use was so frequent and so universal that the forest was degraded in many areas because it was not allowed time to recuperate. H.B. Ayers and W.W. Ashe, in their repon on The Sowhern Appalachian Forest, published in 1905 for the US Geological Survey, wrote that, "More than 78,000 acres of the region examined have recently been so severely burned as 10 kill the greater ponion of the timber. but the greater damage has been done by light fires creeping through the woods year after year. scorching the butts and roots of timber trees, destroying seedlings and forage plants, consuming forest litter and humus, and reducing the thatch of leaves which breaks the force of the rain. Evidence of such fires is found over approximately 4,500,000 acres, or 80 percent of the entire area." At one study site in Cades Cove in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, researcher Mark Hannon found that the mean interval between fires on south-facing slopes between 1855 and 1940 was 12.7 years. Considering that observation, Peter White, also of the Park research st.aff, said that in Cades Cove, "During the period of Euro-American settlement, fires were so frequent that few treeS reached a size capable of surviving even cool surface ftres." The damage to the Appalachian forest and waters began to be noticed by the late 1800's. People began to complain of the erosion caused by the frequent burning and the resulting decline in stream quality. A history of the US Forest Service in the southern mountains, Mountaineers and Rangers, mentioned a survey of the Southern Appalachian forestlands published in 1902 by Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson and Gifford PinchoL The survey said that "the special hardwood forests of the beautiful Appalachians were being destroyed by lumbering, fires, and - perhaps worst - by mountainside farming. These agents of destruction were causing the soil 10 leach, slopes to erode, and streams to flood their banks with rain and melting snow." It was not a coincidence that the tum of the century also saw the beginnings of the forestry profession. The Biltmore Forestry School, the first forestry school m the United States, was located in Pisgah Fore.\t, North Quolina. It was begun by the German forester Carl Schenck, who was brought over by the Vanderbilts, and subsequently directed by Gifford PinchoL Suddenly the mountain forests were attracting professional imercs1. There was a growing awareness that the yearly burning was destroying a fonune in timber, and, since the railroads had finally penetrated into the mountains, there was at last a way 10 get at it To the foresters a forest was an investment, more than an ecosystem with its own processes and priorities. The newly-convened foresters saw burning the woods as the utmost stupidity. 1n 1923, Nonh Carolina Forester J. S. Holmes surveyed rural residents to determine the answer to the "burning" question: why did they ftre the woods? He fouod that some fires were staned by ''carelessness" and others by "negligence." "Locomolives," "hunters," "sawmills," and the blanket category "matches. cigar stumps, boys, etc." contributed their share. While the most common reason stated for starting woodland fires was "to improve the range," Holmes' survey showed conclusively that by far the greatest proportion of fires were sraned by people "without much object, 10 see it bum, etc." The damage to the forest was considerable, but the worst was to come. The large timber companies followed the railroad into the mountains. and the Appalachian timber boom was on. The timber barons were ruthlessly exploiting a resource. They lo;ged widely and indiscriminately. Whole hillsides were cleared. Yet the greatest descruction came from fires that staned after the loggers had left a site. ln their greed and carelessness, the logging companies left behiod on the desecrated slopes great piles of slash, the tops of fallen m:es. This build-up of fuel caused fierce, hot fires that destroyed the remaining crces, burned up the organic layer of the soil, caused massive erosion and siltation. and even degraded the potential of the forest to recover. 1n the eyes of the foresters, and increasingly among the general public, fl.l'C began to be perceived as an unmitigated evil. ln his book Fire in America, Stephen J. Pyne quotes lines from a poem of the period. 'They are loosed from their hiding And the red wolves are riding There is blood and blast and fury in their eyes And their packs go a-crashing There's a crackle and lashing Breathing smoke and sparks and splinters to the skies. - Anthony Euwer, "Red Wolves" (canunucd on next page) x.atuar, Journat pQCJe 7 �(continW'd from page 7) The Southern Appalachians came to be seen as a national disgrace, and a call grew for the establishment of timber reserves in the region. It seemed to be the only way to halt the fires and the flooding. The timber companies were agreeable. They had already used the forested eastern mountains. Now their sights were set on the tall old-growth stands of the Pacific Nonhwest. They were happy to sell out and leave. Timber barons and politicians alike found that it was sttategically wise to blame the problems of the forests on fire. Fire control enjoyed a political unanimity that controversial initiatives to regulate logging practices did not. "To save the forests, the main thing is to make laws to stop the fires," intoned timber magnate F. E. Weyerhauser before a congressional committee in 1908. The Weeks Act of 1911 provided for federal purchase of timberlands in the East, and the US Forest Service was born to care for and manage the lands. The new Forest Service rangers in the Appalachians saw their first task as stopping fire. They consn-ucted a fire lookout system and organized fire-fighting crews. They began a large-scale enforcement and public education program to convince local fanners to give up the practice of firing the woods. Throughout the l 930's and the I940's, as the forest gradually grew back and began to repair the scars of its mistreatment, firefighting and prevention was a major focus of the rangers' effons. In a stroke of advertising genius, they recruited the aid of Smokey the Bear. The national public relations campaign was successful beyond all eitpectations, and as a side-effect greatly enhanced the image of the by Vic Weals East Tennessee rivers were at their lowest flow in anybody's memory, and the 15.38 inches of rain that fell in the first seven months of 1925 were less than half the normal. The Knoxville weather station was in its 55th year, and 1925 was the honest a.nd driest yet recorded, meteorologist J.I. Widmeyer told the local newspapers. The temperature for Monday, Sept. 7, ~ 925, is still the highest recorded on that date in all the 109 years of the Knoxville weather station. The official reading was 102 degrees. Logging camps had their greatest exodus of workers. Heat without letup and short tempers had sent many a man packing. Benha and Frank Coppenger were still working for logging contractor Gold Millsaps a1 the beginning of September in l 925. Bertha remembers Saturday, Sept. 5, 1925, as a notably ominous, uncomfonable day in Jeffreys Hell. There was smoke in the air from the woods fire that had now burned more than two weeks across the ridge on South Fork. Frank was working at scaling logs that Saturday. He measured them as they were brought to the rail landing, and kept a record of 1he number and kind and size. Frank brought Will Graves, the camp foreman, home to the Coppenger quarters after their work day ended in the afternoon. ~~lU\» J(!Uf~t pm.JC 8 Forest Service as the friends of Smokey and all the forest crearures. Smokey's massive propaganda campaign did help greatly in the fire prevention effon, but it also had some negative results. Only in recent years has it become once again acceptable 10 talk of the positive and necessary effects of ' THEN JT HAPPENED! SOME CAREI.E55 PE.RSOIII i'LIPPEO A LIGHTED MATCH ••• From 'TM Tr,u Story a/Smoky tM B~ar· naturally-caused fire in some ecosystems. The Tall Timbers Research Station in Florida, for eitample, opened up new pathways in fire research and for 20 years has sponsored an annual scienrific conference on fi.re ecology. ln 1963. the Leopold Report. presented 10 the National Park Service, and th~ 1964 Wilderness Act both called on federal agencies to recognize fire's role in wildlancrs. But because of the degree of one-sided conditioning, the general public is having difficulty accepting the fact that fire is a process that is natural and, in some ecological communities. essential. One guide to the future is the fire policy in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park which has the avowed goal of maintaining an FIRE IN JEFFREYS HELL Frank filled his homemade poplar-board bathtub with warm water and invited Will to take his first bath. Frank told him to take his time, and Will did, soaking for maybe half an hour in the last great enjoyment he would experience on eanh. Benha says they had dinner early Sunday, and right after that, about 12 noon, the men were called out The fire was coming across the mountain into Jeffreys Hell itself. "Frank left with the other men to tty 10 smn a back-fire and maybe save the camp," Benha says. ''There was nothing fo.r me 10 do but 1alce the children and ge1 ou1 of 1hcre," Bertha explains at this point 1ha1 her two oldest daughters, Sylvia and Beatrice, had left camp only a week before for the Stan of the school term in Tellico Plains. It was the two youngest daughters, Bessie and Lula, who were in Jeffreys Hell with their parents on that fateful day. "I got my husband's suit and draped it over my ann," Benha continues. "I put the Bible into his front pocket. The Bible had all the family binh records in it" "I had a new dress from Sears and Roebuck. I had never worn that dress. It was still in the box that it had been mailed in. I ecosystem similar 10 that present before white settlement for the purpose of human recreational enjoyment. Flawed though the guidelines may be from the point of view of habitat preservation, the Park still represents 550,000 acres of (nearly) de /aero wilderness. Under current laws, the Park is not able to use prescribed bums and must suppress every fire ignited within the Park boundaries. However, a draft policy recommendation is being prepared which will suggest that naturally-caused fires be monitored and, in some cases, be allowed 10 bum. Under the new policy, the Park might be able 10 use fire in cenain situations - to suppress eitotic species invading the Park, for example, or to reestablish habitat for species like the red cockaded woodpecker, which once inhabited the Great Smoky Mountains. This bird likes open woodlands, and when the undergrowth in its nesting area grows up more than 10-15 feet in height, it abandons its nesting site and moves elsewhere. However, due to complete fire suppression, there is no "elsewhere'' in the Park and little in the mountains as a region. The woodpecker has been sighted in eastern Tennessee. but the las, confirmed sighting in the Park was in 1982, although in recent years there have been several unverified sightings of birds that could be red cockaded woodpeckers. Like the red wolf, a policy that allows narurally-caused fires to bum may be reintroduced in the Southern Appalachians vio the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Fire has a place in the forest, of that we are sure. We are less sure of how 10 bring fire back into its proper place in the scheme of things. ~ took it out of the box and draped iL over my arm with my husband's suit ttWe started down the railroad toward the town of Jeffrey. It was several miles, 1 forget exactly how far. "We walked the crossties. I couldn't make it very fast because I wasn't used to walking on crossties. "And my least linlc girl, I had to carry her most of the way. ''And it looked like every few minutes we were going to be cut off by the fire. ''The train came up the grade, but didn'1 stop for us. The engineer motioned us down toward the town," she recalls. She says the locomotive had been in the repair shed and was taken our hastily that Sunday to go on the emergency run. The screen that should have been in place on the smokestack to catch sparks from the fireboit was not in place. And as the engine scattered hot cinclerS into Jeffreys Hell, it set new fires behind it. Garfield A. Milsaps also worked for logging conttactor Gold Millsaps, and lived in the same camp with Frank and Bertha Coppenger and Bill Graves, the camp foreman. He remembers Sunday morning. September 6, 1925. "Bill Graves told me to get the horses out of there while I could. We had them fine big logging horses • Nonnans and Percberons (continued on page 10) loJ\.I\WT, J99J-9'2 I �Barbara J. Sands In Less Than Ten Moons A message for my Brothers at Lewisburg In less than ten moons, the moans of pleasure in a moment's quiet passion flow steady as the river into moans of labor. The blending of two spirits in sacred dance, in less than ten moons, the creator weaves beneath my skin into a new life. Karuah for Hawk I listen to you deny your power to change, to rise above the habits of self devastation that have always held you back. You tell me that you are too weak, that il is too hard ... In quiet understanding, l smile... Do you think you walk alone? In these quiet hills the swirling mist curls skyward, Mother Earth offering her pipe to the Great Mystery. It is easy to feel her in these ancient mountains. My bare toes dig into the damp soil. The breeze plays with my hair and shoulders. I am invisible here, part of the whole. My brother, when you can see the other road, the birthing has already begun. I grow roots, deep into the body of the Mother. Her energy flows through me, caressing me, warming me. I join the timeless flow of all things. Does it help you to know that it is useless to tell me what can not be done? Three times, I have felt the swelling of life within my belly, Three times, I have birthed between my legs a Jiving miracle, Three times, I have watched the first breath of a warm, wet, newborn And seen with my own eyes, and felt with my own flesh, and known with my own heart, the power of the Spirit That Flows in All Things to change the world ... In less than ten moons. I dream. I am a mountain lion. An eagle. A rock in a swiftly flowing stream. A leaf floating in the breeze. A seed, waiting in the earth. I am everything. I am nothing. The day breaks. Father paints the sky with gold. And I never want to leave this place. k1lntcr, Hl91-92 Dnwin& by Rob Mmiclo. �~ • • a. -- ... ..,. ' Drawing by Rob Levacn (cantinuod &om page 8) and ClydesdaJes and someoLhers. We had 18 head of horses. "We tied them Logether single-file and led them down the railroad track. Fred Allen, George Robens, Oley Hooper and Jape McClure (now deceased) helped me. There might have been some others. "We walked the horses between the rails where the ballast between the crossties made a smooth path. Sometimes there was a smoother trail beside the railroad. We took to the creeJc to get around trestles. Horses won't hardly walk a trestle. "We tied the horses below the store and post office at Jeffrey. Then we all went back up the creeJc to help fight the fire." Walter J. Evans, wife Grace and their first two sons, Leslie, about 4 years old, and Bill, 15 months old, lived just up the track from the Gold Millsaps' camp and within sight of it. "Me and Frank Coppenger and a bunch of men went to the fire line along the top of the mountain," Walter recalls. He says they thought they had the fire controlled there. "We got up there a linle ways and we heard the train coming up the railroad. "We ran back down and Frank was ahead of me and got to the train, him and several more of the boys did. "'The fire cut me and a bunch of the other boys off and we didn't get to the train. "We had to go back 10 the top of the mountain to where the fire had already burned over and get out thataway," Walter recalls. One of the people with Walter was a young relative who was quite drunk. "He was too drunk to be afraid of what was happening to us," Walter says. Walter himself was only 31 years old but he said to the younger man, "Son, I ha~ to leave you here to get burned up. But I've fooled with you till I don't know whether ru get out or not. I'm going to have to leave you." Walter says he began to run, and left the other man. "But in just a few minutes he passed me running. He ran over trees and rocks and turned somersets and outran me to the top of the mountain. "He wouldn't get scared until be seen Xawan )oumat I 4J t •: 1 )P'": 1t ,• pQCJa l O JI so • that I left him. He got scared then." Garfield Millsaps, returned from leading the horses down the valley, was caught behind the fire in the group with Walter. The men were running side by side when Walter threw away his ax. "What was that you throwed away?'" Garfied asked him "My ax," Walter said. "Don't throw our cools away," Garfield said. "Where we're going in a few minutes we won'c need none, and I ain't taking none with me," Walter told Garfield. "I was sure we were all going to die right there and right then," Walter says. ' Everybody in that group survived, though. And of !he dozens of men scauered over the thousands of acres of Jeffreys Hell that day, only Frank Coppenger and Bill Graves died. Fronk and Bill and the others !hat made it to the train were able to load the household furniture from Walter Evans' shanty car and one other onto the train. Then they had to leave, because the fire was moving in. Cinders from the locomotive's stack had set new fires down the creek and closed off that escape. Engineer Dave Dockery started the train on up the valley. There was no alternative. . Walter says there was a big, new log landing beside the creek in a curve of the railroad about 300 yards above the camp. The landing was smned in March, and the teams had been bringing logs in for six months now and only one trainload of logs had been hauled away from it. Frank Coppenger and Bill Graves left the train there. 'The men told me later that they wet their handkerchiefs in the water of the creek and started up over that landing " Walter continues. ' 'They thoughc they could make it across the mountain to Willis Tucker's camp to warn him about the fire." 'They got up just a litde ways and had to run out of the slddroad into a field of green touch-me-nots. That's where they got burned up," Walter says. _The wind was up and updrafts were carrying great masses of flame from ridge to ridge by now. Frank and Bill were thought to have died of suffocation before their bodies bumed. Big portions of both bodies were burned a~ay; Frank's was identifiable by !he gold in bis teeth. The buckles from Bill's overalls were found under his corpse. Too, Bill had on a hat and Frank didn't, and the hat insulated Bill's head so that it was burned less than Frank's was. . All the people who stayed on the train survived. They left the train on the first leg of a double switchback at the head of the valley. They were able to run to safety through a hollow that had burned out two days previously, Walter says. Bertha sensed on Sunday afternoon that Frank was dead. She waited beside camp most of the night while searchers depaned and returned. Her two oldest daughters came across the mountain from Tellico Plains to be with ~er. All four daughters, Sylvia, Beatnce, Bessie, and Lula, were wi1h her when word came that Frank's body had been found early the next morning. The watches of both victims, Frank and Bill, had been welded by the heat and stopped at 2 o'clock, two hours after their Sunday dinner. :;, R~pri,1ud wi11t pumissi()nfrom /M Knoxville Journal ofMarcJi 22, /979 and Marclt 29, /979. At,: Fisherman/ (t:.~= Fire Plevcntion Ad from 1923 Wlnur, 199 1-92 :r IIJIH i, ,•11 '•' �'!Tif'" .' • • t I t •• "# ~ • crossroads. These men worked iron for a trade, but it also was common for homesteaders to have a small anvil and forge on their farm. Just as homeowners today usually have a power saw and know how to drive a nail, so fanners in those times knew how to do many of the small repairs that wcrc always necessary. So, although the blacksmith was important and respected in the community by right of his skill, he had no monopoly on the trade. It was a common, egalitarian line of work. In that period, labor was cheap and materials were hard to come by. The smith provided a service, and so took whatever the community could provide in trade for his work. Iron was a valuable commodity. new or us~. ~d the ~~y was also a salvage shop. Sm1~mg and nulling were the high points of !he village technology; but the smithy probably looked more like a scrap yard than a prosperous local business. FIRE AND FORGE by Jan Davidson and David Brewin Just as the fire on the hearth was the cemer of the home, the bl:icksmith's fire was the center of community production in the mountain villages of the European settlers. Before the Southern Appalachians and the other rural areas of the country were tied into the mass market and che nattonal manufacturing system, a simple local technology was shaped at the blacksmith's forge. Upon it was based a self-sufficient rural economy. The guiding principle was, "Figure out how to m~e it and hammer it out," according to R. 0. Wilson, of Speedwell Community in Jackson County, NC. Shelter was the first thin~ a frontier family_ thought of on arriving at a likely locanon. With a double-bitted axe, a broadaxe, a foot adze, and a square, they could put a log house together. The next necessity was food. The blacksmith made the tools for food production. Unless a fanner wanted to work with a wooden plow, he went to the blacksmith. The smith also made equipment for handling the draft animals, not only the horse shoes, ox shoes, and mule shoes, but also the bns and rings of the harness. The t00ls to cook the food with were also made in the smithy, as well as the wagons that hauled the produce to market. ~ot every blacksmi~ could make a wagon of iron and wood, but m those remote mountain villages, where people had to be self-reliant, a lot of them could do the job. Any good blacksmith's shop could fix a wagon and pUl "tires" (as the steel rims were called) on the wheels. The whole transportation system depended on the blacksmith. The blacksmith made all the edged tools lo>tntcr, 199 I -92 Iron Work by David Bttwin · knives, axes, saws - that a farmer took into the woods when going to hunt meat for food or to cut wood for building or heating lhe home. The gun he carried was often made in the same village he lived in. Guns were critical to the early mountain families for food and for defense, and gun-making was a branch of blacksmithing. The blacksrruth could make a loom. The blacksmith could make a grist mill. "You had to have hoes, you had to have plows and horses, cradle blades, mowing blades, axes, mauocks and wedges, go-devils, all of these things," says long-time mountain resident Mary Jane Queen. ..•And single-tree hardware, hinge pintles, staples. naiJs, cooper's adze.-;, ginseng hoes, bear traps, bullet molds, cowbells, augers, barking spuds, pothooks, sickles, post-hole diggers, froes. spatulas, ladles - all of these were products of the blacksmith's an. For food, clothing. shelter, and tronsponation. almost every aspect of the community except its spiritual life, people were dependent on the blacksmith. The smithy was a focal point for the village. It was a center for the village economy, but it also was a men's social center. ln those days a person did not drop something off and say, "!'II be by to pick this up after J do some shopping." When a man brought a job in, he and the blacksmith worked on it together. "They would go there, the men folks would, if they had tools to have fixed, and they would help grandpaw run the forge, and they'd sit and talk· then they'd get up and work a while, and then they'd talk awhile." remembers Mary Jane Queen. There was at least one blacksmith in each town and often there was a smithy at the Blacksmithing was always associated with magic. For a srni!h to lake what looked like ~lain rocks from the ground, draw out hard iron, and transform that iron into tools and weapons that gave their social group an immense technological advantage must have seemed magical indeed. In Christian Europe when the technology of ironworlcing had become common, the blacksmith was still held in some awe, but it was not the elevated stature the smith had held in the early days of civilization. Particularly in PoJand and Russia blacksn:tiths ~ere thought 10 be in league with' the devil. h 1s easy to see why. The smith's sweaty, blackened face and torso dinied by working all day at the sooty forg;; the forge fire. hot and bright; the incessant ringing of metal on metal; the showering sparks in the smith's gloomy shop. which had to be kept darkened so the smith could ·:iccurately sec the color of the metal he was working: all the images associated with Hell were drawn from the blacksmith's trade. The mountain story of "Wicked John and the Devil" carried the connection over into the New World in the tale of a blacksmith who was "meaner'n the devil himself.~ Well-known mountain storyteller Ray Hicks tells a "Jack tale" that relates how Jack magically trapped seven devils in his sack. Jack took his sackload to the blacksmith, who pounded them 10 cinders on his anvil. In a different tradition, iron was supposed to defeat the magic of the fairies or the Little People. In the British Isles some travelers would wear an iron pin to protect tl\emscl,ves from ~sfortune along their way. The smithy, where iron was the stock in trade was obviously a safe place, free of magic. ' Other folklore followed the blacksmiths' trade across the ocean. One custom held that the water in which the smith quenched the hot iron was a cure for poison ivy. There were many others. Even today some blacksmiths tap the anviJ three times at the end of the workday to ''chain the devil." In Europe, the basic tools of the blacksmith • the nnvil, hammer, forge. and bello~s - had all taken their classic shape by the Middle Ages. Their design has been little changed to this day. . The other primary tool of the blacksmith 1s fire. People do not usually think of fire as a (a,ntinued OIi DCJCI ~ ) Xatilall Journa£ paqc 11 �which earned it into the forge 10 aerate the f1re. In the forge, lhe ore was formed into a "bloom," a roughly spherical blob of semi-molten iron, air bubbles. and impurities. The bloom was beaten under the uip hammer to remove air and foreign materials. When it was done, it had been beaten into a nauene.d "ham." The Hanging Dog Bloomcry Forge turned ou1 1wo or three hams a day, each weighing about 20 pounds. The hams were shaped into b~ with curved ends like sled runner,; so thnt a bundle of them could be dragged behind a t¢.'lm or oxe~ to local blacksmiths' shops within a five or six county area. This level of production me1 1he needs of the area until the railroad came and tied 1he region in10 the national industrial system. It quickly became more economical to dig iron Photo councsy of Ille Mountain Heniagc Center (continued Crom page II) 1001 because it is no1 a solid objec1 that is picked up and manipula1ed wi1h 1he hands, bu1 fire is crucial 10 every stage of the blacksmilh's work. Woodworkers shape 1heir ma1erial by removing some of it. bUL, while it is hot, iron is a plastic me.dium thal can be reshaped with li11le or no material being losL The forge is the specialized fireplace that holds the blacksmith's superheated fire. In early times, blacksmiths used charcoal as fuel, but shonly after the Civil War coke came to be the most common fuel used in the mountains. Coke is soft coal burned slowly at low temperatures to remove the impurities., as charcoal is made from wood. The bJacksmjth made his own coke, healing it slowly and with almos1 no air around the sides of 1he forge. The blacksmith's fire was kept very hot by the continuous ac1ion of a bellows. (foday a blacksmi1h is more likely to use anelecuically-powen:d blower.) For each process perfonned by the blacksmith, the metal must be a1 precisely the right temperature. For some processes the metal must be heated to over 2000 degrees FahrenheiL As the temperature of the metal changes, so docs i1s color. The color changes arc the blacksmith's thermometer, and the smi1h must learn to distinguish the various gradations of color in the heated metal. The iron changes from pale yellow to straw yellow, purple, blue, gray, dull red, sun rise red, cherry red, light red, almos1 orange, and then white as its internal rempe.rruure rises. More time in the heat of 1he flames turns white heat to incandescent white and then to a liquid yellow, which indicates that the surface has become semi-molten. • When the metal is hca1ed 10 the right degree, the smith can flntten it or taper it, in a process known as "drawing out." Or the smith can "upset" the metal by drawing it back on itself. If a tool needs holes, the smith can punch them out. Two pieces of hot iron can be joined together by ''forge welding," hammering them together on the anvil. Blacksmiths' hammers come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Some are swung, while others are sci on the piece and StrUClc with a sledge wielded by an assistant, "the striker." In a small shop 1herc is usually only one anvil, but it is capable of doing many different jobs. The flat face of the anvil is used 10 hammer the metal into the various shapes. The Xatunfl JOU-ma! page 12 horn is used in bending circles or arcs of various sizes and can also be used to speed up 1he drawing out process, since the roundness of the hom acts as a lens to focus the energy of the blow. Af1er shaping, the tool or part being worked is heat treate.d to give either the hardened metal of a axe head or the springy, shock-absorbing metal of a saw. As in forging, the color of the polished metal tells the smith what kind of hardness, brit1leness, or springiness the finished tool will have. Axe heads or chisels can be treated to vary the hardness wi1hin the tool. A cold chisel tempered by a smith can be hard and tough at the cuuing edge and relatively soft at the baner end so 1ha1 the force of the blows is cushioned and the chisel is less likely to break. Today the hardening and tempering of tools is done in computer-controlled factory ovens. Treating tools in large batches may be economically more efficient, bul an old blacksmith would consider the tools that we use today to be of inferior quality. Contrary to a commonly-held stereotype, mountain life was not completely agricultural and not all a matter of handwork. Blacksmithing was pan of a sclf-rontained, localized industrial process. Even the iron used in the blacksmith's shop was produced within the region at "bloomery forges," like the two located in Hanging Dog, North Carolina. Wood for charcoal and limonite, iron ore, were found near 1he site, and 1he operation was powered by wa1er power. The ore was washed under a scream of water and crushed to powder beneath the weight of a 750 pound water-driven hammer suiking at the rate of 100 times per minute. The powdered ore was mixed with chan:oal and healed in the bloomery forge. The forge fire was kepi hot by the "trompe," a simple, ye1 very sophisticated mechanism that fed a continuous stream of air to the forge. Running creek water filled a tank at the top of the trompe. The water fell through rwo tubes, which were pierced with small holes. The falling water drew air through the holes into the tubes. At the bottom, the water and air entered what was known as the "wind box." The rising level of the water forced the air upwards and out through the wind 1ubc, out of big pit mines, smelt it in huge blast furnaces, and ship ii great distances. By 1920 the local blacksmiths were being usurped by large hardware companies who were sending out catalogs by mail tha1 offered almos1 everything in the tool line. Small-town country scores would keep a catalog and make orders for their customers. People became accustomed to purchasing standard tools from the catalog, but there were special tools that were never included, and there still were people who would go to the local blacksmith, because they did not have the cash to order through the mail. But they became fewer and fewer, and gradually the local blacksmiths disappeared. When the automobile was introduced, it was a natural step for blacksmiths 10 move into mechanics, body work, or welding. Tourism provided one outlet. In Yancey and Mitchell Coumies, for instance, 1he Boone family succc.c;sfully made a transition to ornamental and decorative ironwork. The company still makes andirons, chandeliers, flre sets, and other ornamental pieces for customers on four continents. Their succes~iul business means that in Spruce Pine, North Carolina there is still a blacksmith shop where a tool can be made or repaired.Other small smithies still operate in the mountains. In recent years, 1he John C. Campbell Folk School has been a center for smithing instruc1ion. Students have come from every part of the country to study there under Oscar Canircll or the internationally known master smith, Francis Whit1aker. Ah.hough it may have been displaced from itS position as the keeper of the village fire, _the tradition of blacksmithing still conunues. p/a,J' Jan Davidson is curaror of the Mou111ain Heritage Center on the campus of Westem Carolina University in Cullowhee, NC. Dtn•id Brewin also works QJ the Cenrer. bur blacksmithing is his first Jove. The exhibit "lron.f in the Fire· is currently 011 display OJ tht MoU11trun lfrritoge Centu. Tht prtse1110twn brings to life tht hinory of black.smithing, shows m llll(l(lrlance 10 tlU! Europt0/1 stllltrs in the IIIOUntuins, and illustrates contemporary app/ica11ons of the art. Tht uhibit includes a 20-minuu mu/ti-image slidt show and is open Monday- Friday from 8 am 10 5 pm. For mare informtJtion, call (704) 227-7129. 1.,1,n~r. t99t-92 �THE FIRST FIRE out again at the same hole, but his 'body had been scorched black, and he has ever since had the habit of daning and doubling on his track as if trying to escape from close quarters. He came back, and the great blacksnake, Gule'gi, "the Climber," offered to go for fire. He swam over to the island and climbed up the tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does, but when he put his head down into the hole the smoke choked him so that he fell into the burning stump, and before he could climb out again he was as black as the Uksu'lu. Now they held another council, for still there was no fire, and the world was cold, but birds, snakes. and four-footed animals, all had some excuse for not going. because they were all afraid 10 venture near the burning sycamore, until at last Kanane'ski Amai'yelii, the water spider, said she would go. This is not t.he water spider that looks like a mosquito, but the other one, with black downy hair and red stripes on her body. She can run on top of the water or dive to the bottom, so there would be no trouble to get over 10 the island. but the question was, How could she bring back the fire? ''I'll manage that.." said the water spider, so she spun a thread from her body and wove il into a rusti bowl, which she fastened on her back. Then she crossed over to the island and through the grass to where the fire was still burning. She put one little coal of fire into her bowl, and came back with it, and ever since we have had fire, and the water spider still keeps her msri bo~. ~v In the beginning there was no fire, and the world was cold, until the Thunders, who lived up in Ga/un'/ari, sent their lightning and put fire into the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an island. The animals knew it was there, because they could see smoke coming out at the top, but they could not get to it on account of the water, so they held a council 10 decide what to do. This was a long time ago. Every animal that could fly or swim was anxious to go after the fire. The raven offered, and because he was so large and strong they thought he could surely do the work, so he was sent first. Ile flew high and far across the water and alighted on the sycamore tree, but while he was wondering what to do next, the beat had scorched all his feathers black, and he was frightened and came back without the fire. \Vahultu, the liule screech-owl, volunteered to go, and reached the place safely, but while he was looking down into the hollow tree a blast of hot air came up and nearly burned out his eyes. He managed 10 fly home as best he could, but it was a long time before he could see well, and his eyes are red to this day. Then U'guk.11, the hooting owl, and Ts/dli, the homed owl, went, but by the time they got to the hollow tree the fire was burning so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them, and the ashes carried up by the wind made white rings about their eyes. They had to come home again without the fire, but with all their rubbing they were never able to get rid of the white rings. No more of the birds would venture, and so the liule Uks11'Jii snake, the black racer, said he would go through the water and bring back some fire. He swam across 10 the island and crawled through the grass 10 the tree, and went in by a small hole in at tne bottom. The heat and smoke were too much for him, 100, and after dodging about blindly over the hot ashes until he was almost on fire himself, he managed by good luck to get ::!II' Version collected by James Mooney inl>tywo{llutC/iuol<LeandSa.:r~ FtxmMlaso/llut CMrouu, published in 1900. A tusLi bowl wos o cloy vt.r~I. scribed w11h o urtain design \l'ht her was the vusel itselfor was the name of the po11tr11 of markings is n •I known, but the IIISU bowl was o .wcred ium. IUSU ' 1.i~nt~r. 1991-92 A Cherokee Legend Drawings by James Rhea �HEARTH & FIRE IN THE MOUNTAINS by Barbara Wickersham The Highlands of Roan is a place of spectaculru- beauty. Seven1.een miles of the Appalachian Trail cross the massif and are reputed 10 be some of the mos1 beautiful stretches of the 2,000-mile 1rek. Settlers started moving into this tumble of mountains in the very late I 700's and discovered vast forests filled with big timber and abundant game; plenty of fresh, clean water, teeming wi1h trout: and possibilities for subsistence farming, "sona hard come by." They brought wilh them to this wilderness a strong need for hearth and lire. . The hearth, called "hath" by the ol~-~crs, was the cc~ter of f!IUCh family acnvny and took prominence m the building of a home. Much care and time was spent in its creation since ii was not only 1he center of family life, bu1 essential for survival. . While I was in Roan Mountain recently, a fnend and I smpped by to see my friend Jim. a mountain man of great presence who is a story teller quintessential, a natural historian, and a philosopher of sons. He has survived many a harsh fire-demanding winter in the Roan Mountain Community and seemed to be a perfect source. His blue eyes squinted thoughtfully as he peered out from under a shock of grey hair, a work-worn hand resting gently on Joe, his big Gennnn shepherd lying protectively at his side. He leaned back comfortably in his grea1 chair and agreed 10 share with us some thoughts about the use and importance of heanb and fire during his growing up years. "First," he explained, "You built the chimley to a house, and you jest got big field stones and clay mud, and you'd lay up a rock and then you'd lay up a bunch of clay mud, then ano'1!er round of rocks and more mud 'till you get high as you wanted, and then you built your hearth." His voice trailed off as he seemed lost in another time, another place for the moment, then sighed, remembering, and continued. "You hunted as big a flat rock as you could find to make a heanh out of. Gen'ly had to build up small rocks under it to make it level with the floor. What it was for was to catch the fire 'till it wouldn't get out and bum the house. They'd be three to four fec1 long and a1 least about that deep back. Then you got a big backstick that was to go in the back of the fircplace ... throwed the heat out Sometimes hit would be 16 to 18 inches through, sometimes bigger, and jest half it, and il'd take two to pu1 it on. "Sometimes you'd have 10 roll it in, but it'd last all day behind there, and you'd pu1 smaller wood in front. Then you had a fire, and you usually never let ii go out 'til along after April when they'd have an old cookstove a'goin', and hit went through the summer 'bout all day." Matches to start the fire were not easily obtained. [f available at all, a box of matches cost about a nickel and "it took sometimes an hour to work ou1 that nickel back in the late '20s and early '30s. l can remember well when people would borrow fire, bring a little old bucket, come to borrow a chunk of fire. I've Xatuah J?14n~t J1Q9lt 14 PholO coune,y of lbe Mounwn Heriiaac Caller even know'd 'em to take the shot out of a shotgun shell and put a piece of co1ton where the sho1 was - the powder would still be in the shell - and they'd lire 1ha1 into some real dry kindlin' or punk and it would set that co11on a-fire. Then you jest blow'd on it and you'd have a good fire in jest a minute." Punk is very dry rotten, crumbly wood found inside some hardwood trees. "You could get it beuer out of a hard maple and usually ever'body kepi a little around where it would be dry. Hit wouldn't blaze bu1 made big coals, and once it was a'fire, it s;ayed a'fire." Sparks from soiking cwo pieces of flint together were also used to fire punk. All the fireplaces had an iron rod built into the chimney, usually made of wagon wheel ir<?n. Double pothooks (S shaped) were hung on this rod and meals were cooked in hanging pots. . ''When Mom cooked beans or anything hke that, she pm 'em on early in 1he mornin' and let them cook 'till noon or she'd cook boiled cabbage, lots of soup beans, or when she cooked pork or beef, she cooked ii in a three-gallon iron pot. That's what it took to do us for 1wo meals. "You had to have a fire, and that saved a lot of wood and more time. Stove wood had to be gonen in the mountains where it was dead and dry. Sometimes, owin' to how long you'd been livin' in a place, you'd have to go a puny good ways to get it. You'd drag it in 10 the woodyard with a horse, either on a sled or drag the whole tree, and 1hen chop it "Usually mother wanted dead locust hardest stuff in the world. You'd be three minutes before you'd get one stick off, and 1ha1 would get a stove or a fire really hot, burnt slow, and had a big coal with it, left coals in there. You'd get one good fire, and it'd cook a meal." The cook stove had a bread oven, but in the winter they often used a ponable, lidded. cast iron oven that could be put among the coals on the hcanh rock. They raked back the coals, se1 the oven down, and 1hen covered it with coals. The bread inside the oven cooked to a fine tum. "Mom could tell by the smell when it wns done. Now tha1 was good cornbread! Sometimes she made pone wheat bread, and I have eat some rye bread made that-a-way." Family life centered around the heanh. The room that housed it was called 1he ftrero0m (our present living room), and the mantle was called_the fireboard. It was generally the largest room in the house and held at least two big beds. Sickness was a real problem. since there was little medical help available. and it was not uncommon for a woman to be "sittin' under the (sick) baby" by the hearth all day. Toothache was trealed by putting hot ashes in a rag on the jaw to ease the pain. Smoke was blown in the car to soothe an earache. "Hit worked. Hit was jest something 10 git it warm, I guess. rve had it blow'd in mine many of a time when l was little. They'd jes1 puff it in their mouth, put their mouth right up close to your ear, and blow right slow. When they'd quit, you could see that liule curl of smoke comin' out" Colds were a menace; treatn)ent was simple. Water was boiled in a cast iron 1calceule and poured in10 a pan. Vicks salve was added and the person with the cold leaned over this with a quilt covering both the person and the pan. It worked magic! Babies and small children often had what they called croup. Ir was treated in much the same way. "Kids'd completely choke up and that was the only way they had to break it They'd jest quit breathin." A person with rheumatism clid wha1 they called "bakin' it" by putting a quilt on the hearth and scooting as close to the fire as the intense heat would allow, thus lcilling the pain. A baby animal, unfonunate enough to be born on a cold winter night or just rejected by its mother, was brought in by the hearth and hand fed. Wlnter, t 99 t -9Z �"We'd bring liule pigs in a lot of times, and lambs, and I have brought calves in by the heanh. I remember having baby pigs in a confined place close where they could keep wann when they would come unexpec1edly in the cold time. If they could ever get to suck a pig or lamb, you couldn't freeze it 10 dea1h. But a weakly pig, sometimes you'd have to bring it in and boule-feed it, or a weakly lamb that couldn't get up. Once you fed it a time or two, you bad a pet, and hit was a pest - a sheep or a pet pig is the biggest pest in the world. An old pig would trot after you all day long and squeal, and it not a bit hungry. You've heard the sayin' 'Aggravatin' as a pet pig' - that's whur that come from." Before the advent of kerosene lamps, the room was lit at night by bundles of small pieces of knots from black pitch pines. "They'd go into the mountains whur 1he old black pine had fell over and the wood rots out and leaves them pines a-layin' there. They'd take a 10w sack and gather a big sack full of knots, and they'd be about 1hree inches through." They wouW talce pieces a bit smaller than finger diameter, split them to length, and tie them in bundles "aboul what you could hold in your hand." Rawhide ties were placed at intervals down che 12 to 18 inch long bundles. When needed for light, a bundle was carefully secured in a hole among the chimney rocks and lit. As it burned down, a tie was removed and the next one down held the bundle together. Some people had what they called pitch holders which were made at a black:.mith shop. It, 100, was stuck back among the rocks in the chimney. Kerosene ushered in a new era wilh lamps and lanterns. In the beginning, many of the lamps had no globe and were made 10 be used with wool rags pushed down into the lamp, then covered with kerosene. A bit of the wool rag was pulled through the opening and lit, sucking up the kerosene as it burned. Lanterns soon replaced pitch torches for walking to church at nigh1, going 10 parties, or seeking a missing or sick animal on the mountain. Fire wa.~ used 10 make life easier in lots of ways. Down by the creek 1hey would have a 30-gallon iron keule hung from a rack a fool or foot and one -half above a fire. This was filled with water from the creek and clothes were boiled using homemade lye soap. If clothes were especially dirty, after boiling they would be taken to the creek and beaten on the rocks with a bauling stick. Dry wood was used for the fire, beech, sugar tree (maple), oak, "old apple tree made awful good fire," and the coveted dead locust. Ironing was made easier by starching clothes with a cooked solution made of flour and water. There were no ironing boards back 1hen, and ironing was done using a whi1c clo1h on the dining lable as an ironing surface. Fial irons were h1!.1tcd on the cooksiove, two at a time in order to switch when one got too cool. Most v.omen quilted, and ironing small pieced scams flat with a heavy Oar iron thai wa, often too hot or 100 cold was no easy task. Trying 10 follow a soap or chalk-marked quilting line in the light of a pitch pine bundle or a kerosene lantern was a challenge as well. And lhen...mcn's work. On the mountain farm, neither men's nor women's work was ever done. 1.i11,rcr, 199 1-92 On the evening before hog killing, the men dug a big hole and layered wood and big rocks in it. Very dry kindling was placed on top. About four o'clock the next morning, they would "lire that up, and them rocks would get hot, and we'd fill up a 60-gallon wooden barrel with water, and we'd lay that on an angle, kinda tilted, and we'd throw them big red hot rocks in there, and when you got it whur it would burn you, it was ready. "They would have the hog up on a scaffold and it would take three men to put it down in there and then they'd keep feeling 'till they could tell the hair was comin' off. Then they would tum it and get that side. Usually you scraped it afler you scalded it. They would tum it around and do the other end. You kept your fire agoin', and the water would be gitlin' some cold but not much, and you hung them on the scaffold then, and take the entrails out and hang them to drip, and then they'd git the next 'un. Kept your lire agoin' and kept the rocks hot all the time. Take the rocks out when the water got too cold and reheat them. Would have more rocks all ready 10 put in while the first ones was gettin' hot again." A special smoke house was used to smoke pork. A lire was built in either a hole dug in a dirt floor or smouldered in an iron pot. The meat was hung above this. "Jest let it smoke... had a place in the roof for the smoke to go out...smoked it auer it was cured with salt. Smoked it with hickory or mountain ash wood 'cause they wouldn't black none." Two survival-related uses for fire simply have to be mentioned here. Moonshine was an important source of cash for these mountain people, and fire was essential both for heating water and cooking mash. Another lucrative business was the cutting and sawing of wood. Sawmill boilers fired with wood made the steam that generated power for the big pulley wheel Belts ran from !here to the saw and made it possible to cut giant logs into lumber. M,010 lalcn 01 lhc home of C. E. Willwns 111 Rom Mount.tut. TN by Sort.a Wickcrr.hun There were for 100 many other uses for fire to recount them all, but one more important use was for agriculture. ~New ground" had to be cleared for a garden about every chrce ~ Everything was cut from as close 10 the ground as possible on rhree 10 four acres of land. The brush was put in a big pile, and the log~ were left for a big "log rollin'. "This was a git-together, jest one man a'helpin' another, have 10 or 12 men. They'd roll the logs and the women would cook. You've heard that expression "Jest like cookin' for a log rollin' ...that's what it was. Now they really cat!" The logs werc rolled into piles and set ablaze, burning sometimes four or five days. Once "Old Man" Wes Miller got impatient and decided 10 bum his logs by himself. He rolled the logs together and fired them. As they burned away in the middle, he pushed them closer together to encourage them to bum completely. While so doing, one big log suddenly rolled over and caught his left leg, jamming it tightly between two burning logs. No matter how hard he tried, he could not disengage his leg. His axe lay about a foot beyond his reach. He began clawing at the dirt until ftnally the axe slid toward him. Then he chopped off his leg, tore his overall pants leg into srrings, made a tourniquet, found a crooked stick which he used for a crutch and managed to get back home. "He hewed out a wooden leg for himself, the straight kind, peg-leg they called it. He was real young when this happened and he lived to be a healthy old man. He was a rough customer, he was. He could walk on the mountain even and talce care of his animals....They was tough, back then!'' Jim suddenly fell quiet, a gen1le giant of a man, his hand once again trailing Joe. Truly, they "was tough back then," and !hey still are. / �signify the arrival of the new year, the people would strip, bum their clothes, and then put on fresh garments to begin the new cycle. The mam purpose of that ceremony was 10 make the connection between all the people. The Ancient Red These are tire words ofa traditional Cherokee medicine person: Let me st.an at the beginning. This is what my grandfather told me. The 0:eator made the Eanh and all things, and then the Oeator set up the Jaws of nature to govern everything - so that the wolves wouldn't eat all the deer in one day, and so on. And the Creator set Grandmother Moon and Grandfather Sun in their places. The Sun was supposed to talce care of the humans. The Sun, being a bit arrogant., thought that some lesser being could talce care of such a petty species. So he sent the Fire to the Eanh to represent himself on the planet. The humans were to communicate to the Sun through the fire. The element ofFlfC is known as the A_ncient Red. Ancient Red always refers to Fsrc, although there arc several spiritual beings who are called by that name. The First Man on the planet, Kanati, became the spiritual essence of lightning and thunder so be is called Ancient Red because of that ' conn~tion. In the formulistic language there are different words for Fire that sigrufy Fi.re as Kanati, as lightning, as the wood fire, or as the Sun. The color red signified Fire and was also the symbol of Heaven. Our concept of Heaven is called the Sun La.nd, Beyond the Sun and it is in the East. Red is the color of the ~ t and it is also the symbol of success. When th~ warriors went to war, they painted red and black on their faces; red for victory and black for death. 1n all the medicine fonnulas, the Ancient Red is the most powerful being a medicine person can call. The translation of the word for medicine people is "the sacred fire bums inside of them." Hel_lt _was a prime element in doctoring. The med1cme people would rub their hands together rapidly before going to work to provoke that sacred fire that bums inside and move it into their hands so that they could transfer it to the patienL Some would heat mud daubers' nests and put them on their patients' bodies to cure them. Fire was brought into the sweat lodge in the heat of the stones for healing. Fire is for purification. A sacred pipe is purified over a fire. There arc several taboos about Fuc. People arc not to piss on a fire. Even if they arc up in the woods where there is no water close by, and they have st0mped out their campfire except for a few last coals, they should not piss on it to put it ouL One does not throw anything in the fire that is unclean. Cedar, rhododendron, and mountain laurel woods arc not lO be used as firewood; they are Xatuan )o"maL pQ(Je 16 thrown into a fire 10 change its personality. If rhododendron or mountain laurel are put on a fire when they are green, they scream when you throw them imo I.he fire. The old variety of sacred lObacco is also put into fires to change them. This used to be important to the native people, but to a great extent we have lost that, and it's sad. I have been to stomp dances in Oklahomn, and I have seen people showing remnants of that former attitude around the fire. It is rare to see that any more. Today there are people who piss in the fire or throw irash in it witho~t giving it ~ second thought. The most 1mponant thmg to remember is tha! FlfC ~s a living _ being - a living being with an ~ncredible appeme. You can be frightened of 11, or you can be respectful of it and at one with i~. It will_not harm you if you do not do anything foolish. But people have to recognize Fire as a living being. My grandfather told me that at the Kaniah village there was a sacred fire that was the central fire for the whole Cherokee nation. lt was kept alive with the sacred woods. The sacred woods were sourwood, hickory, cedar, locust, yellow pine, white oak and sweet birch. ' Cedar and sourwood trees, which are considered very sacred to the people, are both connected to the color red. Sourwood is the first red-leafed tree to change. The wood of the cedar has red in it The cedar does not grow in these mountains, but it is really av~able in Tennessee or southern Georgia, so in the old days people would just run over there to get it. Once a year, at the time of the Green Com Ceremony, all the fires in the whole Cherokee territory were all put out. The sacred fire at the mother village was then relit by a person who was designated as the firekeeper, and runners would take the fire 10 all the villages in the Cherokee nation. The old people used lO say that the flfC was the bond that kept the tribe together. It did not matter that the people were members of different clans and spoke different dialects: it did not mauer that we might have different enemies and different friends; the fire was the same. Wherever our village wll!>, we all cooked at the same fire and heated our lodges with the same fire. It was the fire that held us together. . The Green Com Ceremony marked the begmnmg of the new year. It was the tribe's most powerful ceremony. It was the bonding ceremony. When the fires were put out, the people forgave all the crimes of the past year and made resolutions for the next My grandfather said that, after the sacred fire was li~ and the runners were ready t0 leave for their villages, the people would do a special dance around the sacred fire. That dance had its own particular songs about the fire-lighting. To The Green Com Ceremony was celebrated when the first roasting ears of com became ripe enough to eat, sometime after the eighth or ninth of July. No one could eat the new com until then. In the last days before the ceremony, it was hard LO keep the kids out of the field. The adults used 10 satisfy the young ones by letting them eat the com worms, and the com smut off the ears. Com smut is delicious! They would take it before it got black, cut it up a.nd fry it. I understand that among the Mayan Indians only the emperors and the wealthy were allowed t0 eat com smut. The com worms are good too when they are fried. ' ' After the Green Com Ceremony, when the runne~ brought the fire to the villages, they took It to the council house at the center of the town. The grandfather of my ~n~ather told him about the ceremony at the hghung of the fire. One person did a spider dance and carried some smoldering embers in a clay pot to each of the four directions in the village because Spider had carried the FtrSt Fire in a clay pot which she made (see page 13). Then they returned to the town house, and the elder who was designated the firekeeper brought the fire to a blaze with the sacred woods. That fire was kept alive in the council house all year. Just as the One Sacred Ftre was the focal point for the nation and the fire in the lodge was the focal point for the family, so the fire in the council house was the focal point for the village. If a family's lodge flfC went out, they went lO the town house, and the firekeeper would light their fire, honoring all the taboos around it, because Fire was a sacred being. The fire in the council house stayed alive all Y:8'"· :nie _firekeeper was responsible for keepmg u gomg and then called it up with the seve~ sacred woods when they had council meeungs. James Timberlake, when he visited Attakullakulla's village. went to a meeting in the t?wn_ house. Although it was daylight outs1de, tt was dark inside the building, but he could see that the firekeeper had laid out short piece~ of dri~ river cane, one overlapping the next, m a spiral that stanc:d from the fire pit and moved out in a great circle. The elder who was the firckeeper started 10 chant a fonnula. and at the end of each verse he clapped his hands four times and rubbed them together. At that, I.he fire ignited, and the cane started burning. It seemed as though it was spontaneous. Timberlake was amazed. As one piece of the cane spiral burned up, the one overlapping it would catch fire, and the flame went around until the whole sprral was consumed. The people sat in a CIJ'Cle around the burning slivers of cane and used them for liiht during the meeting. Toe fire was also a nmer, because when it went out the council was over. . There was another com ceremony, but thlS one was done at planting time. 11 involved �Waiting; Under the Wing of a Dark Hill We are waiting to break every vow We have made. Hunting the butt-ends, Smoking them under the trees, Dra·wing closer to the lantern We read The razors In bloodKin eyes. We goin idle Search of him, Of the silver one Who is only a flash That crosses our path From time to time (But familiar like the amber And the spittle Or the shadow that falls on our dreams Eyes wide.) lighrning-srruck wood, which, if it was taken from a cree that survived the blast, had the Ancient Red in iL Before planting the com, a large group of women would dance around the cornfield, leaving a small group of women at each of 1he cardinal points. Each of these smaller groups would include an elder grandmother who had a big splinter of lightning-struck wood. When there was a group in each of the four comers, they sang a special song and rushed 10 the center of the field. Al the center of the field, they would plunge their lightning-struck wood into the earth, like lightning striking the ground. This was a powerful symbolic act. The lightning-struck wood represented Kanari, the First Man and also the lightning, and the women represented Selu, the First Woman and also the Com Mother. That was to make the com grow. 1 think it probably did. Com just grows beuer if the women plant it and do things like thaL Fire was of great spiritual imponance, but it was also the people's most powerful tool. Besides using it for basic cooking and heating, I told how ii was used for healing. It was also much involved in weapons-making. The people used fire in making blowguns and in flintknapping. To make arrowheads, they heated up the pieces of flint and then poured drops of cold water on them. And in the earliest days, before they knew flintknnpping, they would bum the ends of sticks and rub them to harden them. Outside the village, the people used controlled fires to bum away the leaves and woody debris around their town 10 protect it from wildfires. When clearing new fields they used fire 10 bring down the trees. They would girdle a tree, and after it was girdled and dried, three or four people working as a team would stan small fires at its base. They would just sit around and chat while the fires burned, from time 10 rime geuing up to chip away the charred wood with their axes, until the tree fell. Jn this way they would also bring down large poplar treeS 10 make their canoes. Once down, the log was also hollowed out with fire. After the riverbonom fields were cleared, the people would continue 10 bum them off every year co get rid of the cane. My grandfather's grandfather told him that he remembered the sounds of the cane crncking and exploding when they burned the fields. 1t sounded like an army - Boom! Boom! BOOM!! They would also bum the mountains 10 gel the chesrnu1s. They would set fires at the bonom of the mountain, and bum the leaves off all the way up 10 the top. h made it easier to get the chestnuts, easier to move around, and it enabled them 10 gather honey. Burning made hunting easier because it 100k away the brushy places in which the animals would hide. Burning the hillsides encouraged grass and sun-loving blueberries and huckleberries to grow up underneath, making better forage for the game animals. From my grandfather, I got the impression lha1 they burned the mountains every fall. I think 1ha1 to a bird flying over this area in the autumn 300 years ago, ii would look like the whole Cherokee territory was smoking. Fire was an imponant pan of the old# way of life. fr' We foam in the bowels We shit and quake at the light Of killing him. (If we could dare Or ferret him out, Tell him apart Prom us While we slept ... ) If we could find What we'd need, We'd cul his green throat, Dance on his green blood, And bury him beneath the sodden leaves (Bury him in the mud and lime Like us) We'd bury himOnly an inch or so Below the surface. Mile and miles From the black coal, And just as far From the Warm, Translucent SKY. David Earl Williams Orn ing by Rob Messick lolu1tcr, 1991-92 By God, We cast pale omens Into camp fire And breath them in. JCnti'mh )ounW J)QIJC 17 �MIDWINT POEMS BY JI MIDWINTER FIRES All branches bare Apple persimmon acorn chestnut hazel The peach gone December the dying month The cold sunken giving up of ghost By the fires your moon-heat wrestling spent harvest winds A knock Admit them Admit them Three keen-faced bulls hindquarters manly shaggy crouching bearing mistletoe and holly berry THE HOLLY Beads of blue Grieve not! The golden bough and holly sprig greet you! blood the air transfigures crimson A crown of thorny green YULE The sun does not die The earth tapers then savors Let's make a fire to cure poison its shine In the wood's gloom a blazing evergreen We'll smolder a log shoulder sorrows away in brass buckets of ash Luck will be ours The singing flint within us Embers glowing glowing �ER EFFERY BEAM EATING THE GOD Having been Ox and Shamrock Having been Queen and Peasant Having been Tern and Blow-fish This strange land takes me Restores my strength The land's fleshy length Such was our custom With jug and grain I by thanks am given SATURNALIA I left the place l was accustomed to COW-BORN DIONYSUS Here you are again Friend of the winnowing heart Back from your far journey I will help you work the lath and hoop to set the stars on an unbitter loop so your sacred frame will hang low and succulent like the eyes of new calves Where the rooster ignites and hails the sun You find me Agoat with a black beard Drawings By James Rhea Borders By la.son Tueller �..... LOGGER -VIOLENCE! •• ' • ' N"1Uril W«ld Newr ~ice On the morning of November 25 1991 Bruce Hare was in the Long Creek Ho~ Restaurant, the local cafe in the little town of Long Creek. Hare had grown up in Long Cre~k and presently owns the Chanooga Wh1tewater Shop that offers rafting trips down the nearby Chattooga River. And because he cares about his home and the river, Hare has also been filing appeals on timber sales offered by the US Forest Service (USFS) near Long Creek in the Sumter National Forest Hare is a former president of the South Carolina Forest Watch environmental group. Forest Watch has been very moderate in pushing forest management reforms, but the group had recently assisted the Georgia Forest Watch in filing several appeals in pans of the Chatrooga watershed that lay in the state of Georgia. This angem:l logging contractor J~s Smith, who also lived in Long Creek but did a lot of work across the state line in the Chattahoochee National Forest Smith came into the cafe with an employee, David Phillips, who has made no secret of his dislike of Hare and his work. Smith was believed to have participated in vandalizing Hare's business several months before. The two loggers came over 10 Hare's table, threw hot coffee in his face, tackled him and started to beat him mercilessly. They brok~ a wooden chair over Hare's back and one of the men held him while the other hit him repeatedly in the face. . "Keep this up, and we'll kill you," they said, refemng 10 Hare's environmental work. They also threatened by name Dr. Billy Campl?c:11 of Wesaninster, SC, a local general pracnnoner and Forest Watch member and :nan Roben Alexandei- of !labun County, GA, a member of the Georgia Forest Watch. They then walked out of the restaurant leaving several shocked witnesses and a battered Bruce Hare, who suffered multiple body bruises a face that was described as "a mass of brui~s " a di~located finger, a chipped tooth, and a ' spramed neck. The two assailants were later picked up by the sheriff's pan-ol and taken to the county detention center in Walhalla They appeared before Magistrate Becky Gerard on charges of aggravated assault and battery and were released on their own recognizance in lieu of $500 bail apiece. ~arc's i:esponse to his bearing is simply 10 conunue his work on behalf of the forest _"l hate 10 see this," he says. "lt's a neganve turn of events. It's like the irresistable force meeting the immovable object. They1I have to kill me to stop me, and I'm afraid that some of the loggers feel the same way. "We're not going to get any help from the couns or the government. It's a real world. ~hether it's Nicaragua or Ireland or right here, its a real world we live in." The reaction of the commercial media to the beating of Bruce Hare has been subdued even though the a~sailants made sure thm H:i:re knew lha1 this was an act of intimidation. The men who damaged Bruce Hare arc now loose on their own recognizance. The court's verdict on the seriousness of their actions will be a clear signal 10 environmentalislS and loggers alike as to how Xatuar, )ou1 not PClCJC 20 ·1-T-ENNESSEE·FIRES ' Narural World N._,, Sc,rvice Afl.C( lwo monlhs of unusually hght rainfall, the <bys 111 the end of lhe monlh of October, 1991 posed a great fire hazard. Wilh lhe rising of a dry wind. conditions became extreme. All it took was a match, and on the western slope of the mount.ains in the Cherokee National Forest. arsonists provided the matches on October 23. For the next lWO weeks approximately 40 wildfucs burned in lhc Cherokee scorching approximately 3.SOO acres of woodlands. The Roclcy Top area was severely burned by several fires, the biggest or which alone burned 1,700 acres. In Greene County, a fire in Polly Hollow burned over such precipitous terrain thnt firefightcrs had to Jet it bum for a full day before iL reached an accessible location where they could begin to fight iL That fire burned over no acres before it was contained. There was a 300 acre fire on Green Mowuain and 225 acres burned on LiuJe Pond Mountain, also in Gn,ene th~ po~ers-that-be view "greenie-bashing" in this region. Not all loggers are like Smith and Phillips, but as the national economy continues to come unglued, people become afraid. Non-violent environmentalists could become likely scapegoats for the social ills that are making some men angry and fearful Desperate men are dangerous. How are violence and intimidation to be de~? Are the couns up to the job? The reacaon to the aggravated assault on Bruce Hare bears careful watching. DISAPPEARING WETLANDS Narunl World News Scivloc Wlul do you do if o wetland area ge1.5 in lhe way of )'QUT bulldoze(! If you arc President George Bush~ ~. US Anny Corps of Engineers, you simply say it 1sn t there and keep on pushin'. The 1989 edition of the Wetlands Dt1l~ation Manual. used by lhe ColJ)s and I.he Envuonmental Protec~ ~g~y to~~ wcllands qualifying for protccuon LS be.Ing reviScd. However, the revisions are more political lhnn scientific. The proposals arc coming from the highest echelons of lhc Bush administration, and they speak more or lhe success of lobbyists for oil, gas. development, and agricultur31 interests than of any new breaklhroogh~ in scientific research. In practice, the change has already gone lhrough. ln the summer of 1991 the US Army Corps of EngillC.CIS was ordered to go back to using a four year old manual lhnt has less stnngcnt definitions for wellands lhan lhc current manual. "The '89 manual was lhough1 to be leaning a lillle too much toward lhe wetlands side." Roben Johnson of the Ashe vii le Corps or Engineers office told lhe Ashtvillt Ciliun -T~s. The chllngc in lhc rules will result in I.he lo.~ of 10 to 3~ of the wetlands in the country, according to the NauOlllll A ~ Society. ~ly, "it is already mnkmg ,;ome d1ffcrtnce," said Johnson. The Corps is a~vm_ mon: construcuon, filling, and dredging g proJCCts m rucas that previously V.'OUld ha,-e been COllSJdcred wetlands. Commcncs on the change in wcdands policy can be direcltd to: Grtgory Pt'dt. En,iron~nta/ Pro1ec1ion Agtncy County. The fue on Rocky Top seemed LO be the worst, wilh flames reaching six feet in heighL Some of the fires crowned, or burned into the tops of the trees, in stands of Virginia pine. There were no homes damaged or dcstr0yed, although there were seveml close calls. During the Rocky Top fire. firefightcrs at one paint abandoned one home to the fire, but because of a sudden drop in wind speed. they were able to retwn and save lhe dwelling. Where possible, bulldoi.crs coostructed fire lines cleared areas in front of which backfucs were set 10 ' consume fuel in I.he palh of the oncoming blllUl. However, 80 J)Cl'CClll of lhe lines were cleared by 20 person crews working 16 • and sometimes 24 • hour shifts to clear brush in rough rerrain. They were n:infon:ed by air tanker$ thnl flew overhead, dropping water-based chemical fll'C relal'dant on the b ~ Helicopters slinging large warer bucketS also cooled backfires lhal looked like they might jump their J;nc and patrolled the edges o( the fires, guiding !hem away rrom buildings and ~ lhat looked like potential hot Spots. Al10get11er, counting fu'Cligluers on lhe line and suppon personnel, more than 1,000 people fought the blazes. 401 MSt SIi' \Vashmgron, DC 2046() Ciuioon by Andrew l.A,hman ,.,inrcr, 1991 - 92 �- .-, -.s WASTES TO BURN USPS IS ARROGANT NUii World~ (TIDS IS f'liEWS?) Nounl World New An article in lhe Sunday, November 10 Kno:cvillt Ntws-Stntind reported lhat the US Department or Energy (DOE) 1w requested the Si:u.c or Tenncssc:c to accept ..tupments or mll!ed hat.ardous and radJoocu, e waste (o, bu ming at 00 R1dgc·s 'TSCA incinerator' (so called because 11 1,1as established under the Toxic Substance:$ Control Act). The TSCA 1nc1ncrator came up to full burn in April, 1991. J~is presently burning liquid wiutes stored in the mile-square K-25 building 81 the Oak Ridge Reserv:iuon. It is esumatcd lh:lt the facility w,11 be able 10 burn two million pounds or waste per year 81 great eitpcnsc ond great d:ingcr to the cnvironmcnL Within two yClll'S the mcincrnt.Or wiU be burning the solid wastes scored in K-25. The DOE ha~ permission 10 import wastes from their facilities at Fernald and Portsmouth, Ohio, and Padooih, Ken111Cky But the agcncy is oho asking to bring 111 7S truckloads or-te from the fac1h1y at Weldon Springs, Missouri as well, pleading that it should have been included in the original wa~te hauling COllll'OCL The Oak Ridge Enviroomcnlal and Peace Alliance (OREPA) is calling on Tcnncsscc governor Ned McWhcrter 10 lllkc a st,ong stance against acccptanee or ony addiuonal wa...ics over the contraeted amounL The DOE ha~ no comprehensive v,1aste management pl.an, and governors in Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, and Nevada have cited this lack in firmly forbidding was11: shipments into their Slates. OR EPA staff member Ralph Hu1cl11son says, "DOE's waste is Wee elccll'icity seek.mg 8 ground - 11 will 1alcc the palh of lc.ast resistance, and where it finds a ground, people will get burned." People all over the K.atuah Province would be affeclCd ,! Tcnncssce allowed extra loading al the TSCA lncincl'8tor. OREPA is calling on people throughout the region to write to: Go~r""' Ntd McWhtncr Stott Capitol Nashville, TN 37219 asking him to prohibit extta twardous and radioactive waste burnings in TcnlleSlitJC. It would also be an opponunity to ~11ggcs1 closing the TSCA mcincrator entlrely, to stop it Crom o;pewing toxic polluUIIJIS into the lllmOsphere. US 01,trict Judge G. Ross Andcrion, Jr. issued a temporary n:$tr.Uning order to 5IOp won in the long-dispui.:d Long Cn:cl umber 'wile m the Picuni. Ranger Disuict or Soulh Carolina's Su nter National Forest. In deciding on I SUit brought by South C.arolin3 Forest Wau:h. the judge berated the US Forest Scrvioc for its "unparalleled arrogance" in its handling of the su~tion. The agency cleru'ly hod been trying to avoid tails with the environmental group and had logging companies poised to begin cuumg. even though the cnse was sull m ooun. The sale gained w i ~ ottcntion when, m the spring of 1991, 1 protc~tcr who identified hu,uclf only &s "Forest B. Green" s!OJIPCd work on the logging project for five days by siu.ing in • tnle. At that lime the USFS was di.rcctcd to come up with a new environmental a.ssessmct1t 3nd discus:s 11 with the Forest Watch group. The USFS did come up with• new environment.al assessment· one which was complcl.Cly unaccepmble 10 Forest Watch - nnd then piclccd up the umber S31e cx.aclly where it had been lc!t off, directing the companies who had previously offered the low bm to begin cutting, meanwhile Slalling on meetings wilh the Forest Watch group. Thi., did IIOl lcnd credibility 10 the agency's environmcn ta! assessment in the eyes of either the Forest Watch group or the judge. The Gruntvi/le News qoOICd Judge Anderson as saying, "I get the impression your arrogance is unp81211eled. You jUSl don't care 10 "' down and talk. 10 anyone except yourselves.• "I'm noi imprc.<t'icd by a governmental agency_lh:11 lends IO forget who's paying its sata,y; the judge said later m the procccd1ngs. !~uatij: ~ USF11lg,ced., ~ihAia.... the s:ilc contraets 111d hold moctinil,' with FotcSI Walth manbcrs. They also agreed to notify Forest W81Ch 30 days before taking any action on the oralc, to prevent any olhct blitwitg Jogging raids and allow the group ample time 10 go to coan should they deem II ncccs.ury. CHEOAH SALE NAILED Nwnl "'\\tor U News Service More than 300 spikes wen: found embedded m ltt.cS slated 10 be cut as part of the Gra.~y Gap and W=a umber -.;iJcs 111 the Chooah Bald area the Nantahala National ~ On Scplember 23, 1991 or US Forest Service employees checked the urea arier receiving a leucr postmarked in Olarlotte announcing the !piking. Oieoah B.ald, formerly• 21,000 acre roadlcss area, ""'11.1111ack.cd quickly after being dtlistcd as a RARE n (Roadlcss Arca Rc.cnrch and Evaluation) ~ite and reduced to 7.000 roadies~ acres. It still is the !ariest unprolCClcd road~ are3 m the N:uuah:lla Nalional forest and on important link between the Great Smoky Mountains National Pan; and the surrounding fon:st areas. The Wildtrncss Society and the Siena Club lhis summer came to an agrccmcnt with the Forest Service th.It allowed timber cutting but no roodbuilding m the W=r and Gl"3liSy Gap s:ilcs. Chcoah District Ranger Glenn McConnell w:is qootcd in the A ,lttvil/t C11iun-Tunes &s saying. "I don't consider this (spiking) a protesl. This is terrorism." The cry was wen up by the newspaper 1L,;clf in its editorial column. The charge was mu because spikes can be dangerous to saw mill opcra1ors if they arc working without safety procecuon when a 5Pike is h11. Neithcl McConnell nor the newspaper unplic.iled umber mmagcrs or logging company owners ,,.ho order workers to continue cutting timber "31cs rcgasdless of the known risk or spikes. ANOTHER GE SUPERMESS N uni World N •.,, The EPA ha.~ recommended three locations in Henderson County, 1'C for a single federal Supetfund cleanup site - ~ith General Eloctric Corporation bemg identified as f'C.\'J)Oll'ible for the contaminauon. GE now has at least 48 Supcrrund sates to 11.S "credit" - more than any OU1Cr corporauon. GE opposes huing the lhroe locauons as a ~mgle site because, although the EPA ha~ found similar contamination by organic compounds, PCB, 1111d pcn:loroethylcnc (a su~I.Cd aircmogcn) 11 the various locations, GE m1111win, lh:ll the propcrues arc not connccl.Od and are underbid by SCIXll'3te bodies of ground water. The cost of the cleanup, which would be borne primanly by GE, has yet 10 be dtltrmincd since the extent of the contaminauon ,~ sun unclear. The EPA 1s "concerned about the potential for tong-term exposure; and recently asked GE 10 sign a consent agreement so cleanup or the site ll\JIY begin 1mmcdialcly, but so Car GE has n:fuscd to do so. Arca tCSldcnts have expressed concern lh:ll property values m the adJOining areas will plummet ii the site is placed on lhc National Prioritit.$ list. Wtntcr, l99l -92 !1RTlOt'1.R. L 'FO'.KFst.S Xawah Journot pa.c:,e 21 �Natural World News SPECIAL REPORT WHO WILL HAVE THE POWER? Winners and Losers in the War to Control the Utilities Industry At fm;r glance it looks like a dull and confusing ''battle of initials": the war over energy and the who, what. and why of its production that is being waged in Washington. If one says them aloud, the tenns FERC, PURPA, SEC, and IPP, (or how about EWG?) sound like body functions gone amok. Rather, they are the initials of agencies, processes, or classifications of electric power generating organi1.ations. We need to include these important abbreviations in the lexicon of our lives. Congressional baules or bureaucratic brouhahas in Washington sometimes seem 10 be far removed from Ka1uah, and yet they are of vital concern to us, because lhey often have dircot effects on our lives. This "battle of 1he initials" is no exception. rt is, quite literally. a mauer of power and light, Duke Power and Carolina Power and Ligh1 (CP&L) specifically. and how those two companies (among those that SCIVe our urea) have wound up on opposing sides in what appears 10 be a regulation dispute. Their split is indicative of a split in the power indusu:y. The battle is over whether or nor 10 change the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PU HCA) of 1935. CP&L feels threatened by the proposed changes; Duke feels that the new act will benefit them. Two years ago, Senator J. Benneu Johnston (D-LA), who chain; the Senate Energy and NaturnJ Resources Commincc, ed draf1 the Competitive Wholesale Electric Generation Act of 1989, which was designed, he said, "1 remove the obstacles to competitive 0 wholesale generation in the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935." This year, his "National Energy Security Act," and specifically its Title XV, "would open the energy generation market to a new form of independent power producer ([PP), called an 'exempt whole!>ale generator' (EWG). that would exclusively marker power io utilities and that would be free from regulatory constraints imposed by the 1935 act" according 10 Leonard S. Greenberger in the April 15, 1991, issue of the P11hfic Utilities Fnnnight/y. At the moment, Bcnneu's bill has suffered death by filibuster, done in by its ties 10 legislation which would have allowed drilling for oil and gas in the Arctic's Coastal Plains. But there is a similar bill in 1he I louse, and the Senate's Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Commiucc, which normally has jurisdiction over PUHCA, is thinking about redesigning the bill. President Bush's National Energy Strategy focuses on PUI !CA as well. It is clear that in 1992. PUHCA will undergo some changes. This bodes ill for citizens and rntcpayers. To under.;tand what is at stake in this ongoing debate, a brief history lesson is in order, The Wheeler-Rayburn Act of 1935. later 10 be called the Public Utilities Holding Company Act, was passed as pan of 1he New Deal legislation designed to break up trusts that exercised monopolies over many aspects of . Xntimh Joun!a ~ p n~c 22 ' ' 0 American life. Chief among these was the utilities industry. PUHCA was successful in making the utility companies more manageable by dismantling the layers of ownen;hip beneath which they hid their assets. The result, as James Cook describes in his Forbes anicle "Camel in the Tent," is thar although US u11Jirics continue to operate as monopolies in their distribution areas, they are no longer so large or powerful as those that existed prior to the Great Depression, and their prices are controlled by the PUHCA regulations. During the energy crisis of the I970's, there was anxiety about the availability of dependable energy supplies :ind our dependence on foreign sources of energy. As a result of these concerns, Congress passed th.: Public Utility Regulatory Policies Ac1 (PURPA) in 1978. The act encouraged anyone capable of producing energy 10 do so - using windmills, water power, solar power, or biomass. The inducement 10 create these al1ema1e energy sources was this: public utilities were obliged 10 purchase whatever energy was produced ac a price equivalent to the amount it cost them to produce it. If chese small energy producers or "qualifying facilities" (QFs) could produce power more cheaply than the utility's cost then the difference between the two prices was the size of their profit margin. lt was a good deal for small operators, particularly at a time when pettoleurn resources were uncertain and nuclear plants were receiving bad press and worse repon cards. fl was unwise to build new generating facilities when small QF's might appear on the scene 10 supply the increasing demands for power. Besides, the competition was viewed as healthy - so healthy that big business and even the utilities decided to try for a piece of the action. Enter the Independent Power Producer (IPP), a larger scale version of the QF. Some IPP's are owned by non-utility industries, others are run by utilities themselves. These IPP's generate power and sell it 10 utihues m the same way that the smaller QF's do, but with this difference: they are subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under provisions of PUIICA. There are several reasons why this arrangement 1s accep1able 10 the utilities. First, il is attractive in the same way that the QF wns: i.e .. it allows the energy supply 10 expand 10 meet the public need without obliging the utilities 10 invest their own capillll. IPP's are also allowed to operate on higher debt ratios (80%, as opposed co 65% for utilities). Second, the 3JT:IJ\gcment is effective. IPP's now make up an estimated 12% of the nauon'li energy supply. Third, and most imponanlly, there is money 10 be made. Cook describes the profit motivation this way: "Because there is no regulatory limit on their returns. the independent power producers have plenty of incentive 10 cut costs anywhere they can. For an independent producer. a penny saved is a penny earned. For a regulated utility, a penny saved over the allowed rate of return risks being returned to the consumers in lower rates." The present attempt at limiting PUHCA, Senator Johnston's National Security Act of 199 I, proposes to create a new type of !PP called an Exempt Wholesale Generator (EWG) that would fall out.~ide PUHCA's scrutiny. As Leonard Greenberger put it in an anicle in Public Utilities Fortnightly in March, 1991: "Anyone could own an EWG. including today's registered and non-registered holding companies. Facilities now under construction could only become EWG's with slllte approval, while affilitatcs of registered holding companies already in existence would need a green ligh1 from the SEC." n ,e new ruling would point the power companies back toward the days before PUI fCA regulation when the energy industry was a maze of holding companies and subsidiaries - a confusing tangle in which ii was often easy to conceal hidden profits and diffuse accountability. Power purchased from EWG's would be sold to consumers at a price regulated by the state utilities commissions, or by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission if the power crossed state lines. But any profits realized from the economical generation of power by these EWG's would go back 10 the EWG or 10 the utility company that owned 1he EWG. Savings would not have to be handed back to the consumer. While it was totally predictable that the public consumers would be the last to enjoy any benefit from this shift, there are also some utilities that are skeprical about the impending change - thus the squabble between CP&L and Duke Power. Spea.kjng for utilities like CP&L, Don D. Jordan of Houston Lighting and Power states: "Tampering with the highly evolved and complicated s1ruc1urc of our nation's electric industry is nothing shon of imperiling the security nnd reliability of a vital part of the nation's economy. The real test of reliability is whether the power will be there when ii is needed." So they say. But the real issue for CP&L is the balance of power within the industry. Some of the uLilities. like Duke Power, have been ambitious and aggressive, acting more like Fortune 500 corporations than service organizations. Other:;, like CP&L, do no1 share Duke's appe1i1e for unmitigated competition. They have relied more on the legal structure that protected their 1erri10ry and their status as regulated monopolies. They are afraid of being carved up and eaten alive. They fear that bit by bit their territory and functions will be taken over by EWG's that are subsidiaries of companies like Duke. Another area of concern for this group of utilities is the access 1ha1 EWG's will enjoy to 1he utilities' transmission lines. They fear that the EWG's. should they be able 10 gain access 10 the public utility transmission lines and use l,lmtc r 191Jl-92 �-··"'JI energy that developed after the war. The public, mindful of the burning oil fields in Kuwait, will be willing 10 embrace Johnston's new bill, the National Energy Security Act. because it promises to create new supplies of energy - a comforting notion 10 consumers v.ho witnessed mass quantities of pett0leum energy going irretrievably up in smoke. And it wa:; definitely unsexy 10 join Jimmy Caner in turning down the thermostat 11nd wearing a wool sweater in the house. The Gulf War may ultimately prove 10 be our undoing - abroad and at home. Veronica Nichnlas was formerly a cmuiry commissioner in Jackson Counry, NC. For ten years she lias dnne bartk with the Nantal,ola Power and Ugh1 Company,fim 10 keep in 1he moun1ai,is 1he henefils ofpower generated from 11wU11111in lakes, and 1hen oi·er I~ siting of a high-w,_lrage power line 1hro~1gh ~ Transyl\·0J11a and Jackson Counnes r.' NWN (con1111uedfro,n par, 21) RATILERSENDANGERED N:ll\lnl World New, Sc,..ice In Scpccmbcr, 1991 I.he Biodiversity Legat Foundauon or Bouldct, CO and IC$Cal'Cher Andrew Wci.~burd fonnally pctilioocd the US F"ISh and Wildlife Sernce 10 list the timber raulesn:ike (Crota!ILJ horr,diu} 3li .i tndangcrod ,;pccics unde1 the Endangered Species Act . them as they liked, would choose to do business with only the most profitable customers and leave the utilities with a base of high-cost residential customers and small business customers. On the other side of the issue is Duke Power, the leader of the coalition of utilities advocating changes in the PUHCA and a company anxious to gain a share of the EWG business. In the withdrawal of PUHCA oversight that the Johnston bill seeks, Duke can expect a return to the good old days of monopoly before the Great Depression when the trusts were fTce to work their will. They are looking for the day when once again "big fish eat little fish." Whatever the tum of events, we, the rate-payers, will be the losers. Marie N. Cooper, director of research for the Consumer redcration of ArncriC3 put it this way: "Captive consumers bear all the risks of deregulatory schemes (like Senator Johnston's) that say 'let the market work and see what happens' because they (consumers) arc the weakest actors in the market. If the market does not work, it is the residential consumer who pays." So, no matter what changes come to PUHCA, the consumer stands to lose, because utilities, no matter which side they choose in the PUHCA debate, fail to understand that the real key to their profitability lies not in mcreascd production but in conservation. For instance, in 1989 the 1ocassee Wlnter, 1991-92 Watershed Coalition was organized to prevent Duke from building a pumped storage .station in the Coley Creek basin of South Carolina. According to Bill Thomas. co-chair of the group, "When we looked into the proposed project, we rcali1.cd that energy efficiency was an even bigger issue than Coley Creek itself." The coalition hired the Energy Systems Research Group of Boston to analyze conservauon and mnnagc:ment programs that could help reduce energy demands on Duke. This investigation showed ulrimatcly that the replacement of all the lightbulbs in the service area with energy-efficient models could save as much energy as the Coley Creek project would produce - at about one-third the cost If this is so. then the question is, "Why arc the utilities persisting in their plans 10 create more energy projects instead of pursuing conservation tactics?" The answer to this question is nor very difficult when one remembers that it is the US Department of Energy (the same people who brought us Oak Ridge, TN and Rocky Flats, Colorado), that is making the judgments about our future energy needs. With this in mind, it is easier 10 understand why utility companies behave the way they do and why they fail to realize that conservation can spell profitability. We can understand even more clearly if we put the expected PUHCA reforms in the context of the Persian Gulf War. Energy legislation has become sexy, in the wake of the heightened national consciousness about Orawina by Rob Mcssidi: The timber raider once ranged from Minnesota to Texas. from the Atlanlic C01$1 wes1 to the urpc1 reaches oC the MJssoun Riva. It occurred in brgc number.; throughou1 the woodlands th:n once covcrod the whole or eastern Turlle Island. Raum play an imponant p.111 in the forest ecology, feeding prinwily on ~mall rodcms. and young rauJcsnakes thcmsel,ea being prey to hawks and owb. The timber ratllcr was Utsa'nori in the liinguage or the Cherokee Indian!!, who con~idctcd the aea!ul'c a "grandfaihcr," or spintually powct(ul being. M.iny of the naovc tnbcs coosiJcr the umber l'IIUla the guardian or the Earth's sacred place$. The species was once so common that the nauvc people s:ud that it ~ put oo Earth to rem ind the humans 10 wau:h wbcsc they 51ep. The lllllbcr rawer IS cxrn:mcly scns1bve to human di sturbmcc and Cll'IDOt Ii vc rn I.be pro~un1ty of human beings. The budding of roads and ORV traib into previously isolaled snaJce h.lb1tat areas, incn:asing resort and !ICCOlld home devclopmenr. commc:n:ial snake hunung. I.he clearing ol bouomland forests for agric:ulrure. and d11cet persecution ol timber nullen by human beings in informal or govcrnmenl-sancboncd raulcsn:lkc hunts and roWldups 1w caused the near-dclnise or the species. Tocby thcrc are on1 y a handful ol kx:atiom "'here I.he bmbcr raulcsnake exists in numbers that arc sufficient to aUow the species to SUtVivc. Most of these critical sites have inadequate pro4«uon. Many other popul3lions arc II a point where lddi6onal persecution wall ~ult in ciu.irplllOO.~. In the SOlllhcm Applllachllll\S, wnber raulets-,: n:stnctcd to the mos1 rugged and rcmoet locauons. The F"I.Sb and Wildlife Service IS cxpccled 10 n:tum a finding on the Biodivasity Lep1 Found:u1011 pcbtion 'l0fflcumc in December. For addition.al 1nformation, contact Jasper Carlton or the BiodivcrsiLy Lcpl Foonda1ion: Box 18327; Bouldct, CO 80308 (303) 491).@9I. (conllmll!d on paac 32) �r LITMUS LICHENS The pages of Karuah Journal have reponed eittensively on a well-known indicator species known as the Black Bear. The health and well-being of Ibis large mammal has been shown to reflec1 that of the mountain bioregion we inhabit. I recently came across an article in the November 1991 issue of Discover magazine lhat brought to light another form of life that directly reflects, or indicates, the condition of a crucial clement of any bioregion; namely the air. This form of life is called Lichens, of which there arc over 20,000 species worldwide. The article by Edwin Kies1er Jr. poimed 001 tha1 lichens have no roots. They collect all their water and food from the air. Through their life processes they also absorb wha1ever contaminants are in the air. Unselective caters that they arc, they can soak up carbon dioxide, sulfur dioitide, heavy metals, radiation, and dust Lichens can hold on to lhese chemical and radioactive contaminan1s even if i1 kills them. Yct every form of lichen is not susceptible to 1he same pollu1an1s. There is a spectrum of sensitivity lha1 can be drawn for each lichen species, and among lichen species in an ccosys1em, wilh regard to accumulations of different contaminants. For instance, some varieties can tolerate relatively high concentrations of sulfur, while it may only sicken some and kill others. By using this kind of grading system of the known tolerances of different species of lichen to various contaminants, scientists can make a record of a region's air quality over time. Pollution sources can be uaced by plotting prevailing wind patterns for ao area and noting whether the species of lichen that arc sensitive to a given pollutant arc cl3maged or not. This sensirivity of lichen hos been used in European countries to study the paths of aunospheric contaminants. Lichenological studies are just beginning in the United States and Canada, yet there arc some telling eumples emerging from work I.hat has been done so far. In the Cuyahoga Valley in Ohio greater than 80% of lichen species have disappeared since they were tracked by naturalists I00 years ago. In the valley called the Delaware Water Gap between Pennsylvania and nonhcrn New Jersey, 60% of Lichen species that have been recorded there in the last century have perished due 10 the effluvia of nonhcrn industrial cities. Lichens arc actually a composite of two different organisms known as fungus and algae. The united organisms fonn a mesh called a thallus in which a fungus threads itself around algal cells and enclose them. The algal panicipam provides sugars through photosynthesis which the fungus uses in making its own nutrients. The fungal participant in turn gathers moisture and minerals from the air that arc used by the algal cells. One way 10 describe this symbiotic relationship would be to say that the alga and fungus arc eating from each other, only they do not cat each other fast enough or in such a way I.hat the whole organism tenninatcs. Lichens are found in nearly every Xoti«lrl Joun~ j~~c 24' continental ecosystem on the planet. from underneath the cover of ice and snow in An1aretiea, to tundra, temperate forest zones, and dcsens. They cling to stone statues, rocks, and trees in the apparent shapes of shrubs, disks, hair, and even as dashes of brightly colored ink. Some of them can live more 1han 4,000 years - think about lha1 next rime you start up one of those sulfur-spewing devices! Lichens can provide a way of monitoring the potcnriaJ for ecological damage due 10 air-borne pollutants I.hat is far cheaper ch.an using electrical gauges. Electrical gauges can be spread out in a given area and linked by computer 10 indicate when cenain pollutants pass a safe level. However, the costs in staff' and equipment are prohibitive 10 their widespread use. A scientist studying lichen can collect samples from specific sites and do tests to find ow what contaminants arc present and in what concentrations. These lichenologists can also transport specific lichens, on logs for instance, from less contaminated sites to more contaminated sites to monitor air quality. One method of testing lhc chemical composition of lichen is 10 heat it in a furnace until it convens into gaseous oxide forms. From there this gas can be piped into a detector to read its chemical signatures. Another method involves plasma atomic emission specttometry in which the lichens are liquified with an acid and injected into a plasma (or hot ionized gas). This process gets the chemical elements to emit distinctive waves of energy that can be identified on a specttomcter. This method can record over a dozen different chemical elements in lichens. When lichen dies it means that it:. chlorophyll has been destroyed, and ii usunlly turns white. Yet it is now possible for rates of photosynthesis in the algal cells of lichen 10 be measured for damage long before the lichen turns visibly white. This has been discovered in work done by Thomas Nash from Arizona State University. He has discovered that in Drawing by Rob Messick Los Angeles one major reason why a species of lichen known as Rama/itl(J menziesii has died out is that the lichen absorbs nitrates from car exhaust which impairs its ability 10 perform photosynthesis. Human beings have used lichens for dyes, as in the tweeds of Scotland, and the Chinese have used a fonn of "old man's beard"' lichen as an antibiotic. One of the most well-known uses of lichen can be found in a species called "cudbear". This lichen produces the chemical erythrolimum which is used to make lianus paper turn blue or red in the presence of alkalies or acids. Their "liunus" use now appears to be eitpanding to include bio-geogmphical air quality testing. Some kinds of lichen arc even edible; but they have a bitter taste (which may not mauer 10 you if you were starving in the forest but for most folks it isn't anything of a delicacy). Some deer routinely cat cenain species oflichen. This proved particularly dangerous in Finland, Norway, and Sweden, as cesium 137 from the Chernobyl nuclear accident drifted into the food chain there entering via lichens and passing on through the deer and on to people. The return of heallhy lichen 10 an area, however, will be a ~ harbinger of clean airs to come. Rob Messick FLAMES The: spuit, its passion. desiring imcns,ty, WM!ing to feel the heat, longing to iouch, to caress the creative spark The same heat tha1 wanns the garden soil, opens the rlIC pine to birth. and runs down the largest hem lock scarring its majesty. this now, is the: force you wish to call your own With cnch step the d::inger intre3SCS, with each movement towards lllere 1., no lhought of turning back, or deny mg the allunng pull. Own the flames • Ille only wny through Plunging inio the inferno The pyre now asscns dominion Thal long ago lhough1 of harnessing Her power now seems ridieulous, The: flames rise. the flesh scrcams 0111. each cell bums as on ember Tum back, hurry before all is destroyed. No! D:lre 10 face Hu, IOUCh Her, become Her, A gasp, a sigh. a surrender, you are Home LyMFink Wlnter, 1991-92 �READING THE INNER TREE by Charloue Homsher There are many ways to get visual clues from the inner 1ree, 10 recognize which trees are more powerful or have a special function in the area. Age and beauty are detennining factors, but not the only ones. Last summer I hiked the Shanry Spring Trail on Gmndfa1her Mountain with a group that included two women who "read" trees in very different ways. The Shanty Spring Trail is a very old Indian trail. The treeS there seem particularly lively and aware. as though they have been observing humans for eons. When we crune 10 a large red oak with long branches hanging over the trail and roots growing into the path, one of 1he tree readers exclaimed excitedly that we had arrived at a gateway tree. She described gateway trees as guardians of an area and enirance gates to the mysteries of a specific trail. The second woman hesitated, remarking that it was indeed a powerful tree but that she saw sad faces in the bark. We examined 1he red oak and found symptoms of disease under the bark. The tree was indeed in severe distress, and it was probably dying. Farther up the trail, the woman who had recognized the gateway tree pointed out another oak which she identified as being the elf throne. The seat of the throne was a large, flat rock which was auached to the tree and supponed by the limbs. This tree reader's primary way of seeing rrces is to recognize their function in the devic kingdom. We found the queen's throne nearby and also the large auached rock garden which was supposedly the fairy queen's nursery. This mammoth rock was covered with dainty, miniature flowers and a variety of well-tended mosses and fems. Between two layers of the rock was a delicate crystalline outcropping. The gardener in question would be a nature spirit or one of the Huie people. Interestingly, there was a side path from the trail all around this rock, made by the many hikers who have been intuitively drawn to that special garden. My methods of reading trees visually have changed over the years. One of the most profound changes in sight and attitude was after a brief encounter I had with an old man who had studied various esoteric traditions. He had offered to teach me a new way 10 see. I did not have the foggiest idea what he was talking about at the time. I was a college student taking art classes and I defined the visuaJ world with aesthetic j~dgments. His idea was that any kind of value judgment was a limited way of seeing, and that the only way to see beyond the outer form was to look at an object with no preconceived notions about what it should or should not be. We spent the afternoon in the school cafeteria practicing the technique with coffee cups. By applying this technique to narure I learned to see in a deeper way. but I was not entirely successful. Like most people. if I describe a tree poetically, it is in anthropomorphic terms, which. of itself i_s :1 value judgment - actually species chauv1m~m. Probably the tree reader who recogmzed ~es as fairy thrones is closer 10 the truth of seerng the inner tree, since she is able to see the tree as having a function completely outside the similarities 10 human existence. The best I have done as a purely visual kind of intuition is to l'1mtcr, 19!11 -92 Drawing by Rob Mcniel recognize that trees do have individual personalities which may have something 10 do with the growth pattern. I can sometimes sense a tree's power, calmness. or distress. But it is still the visual judgments which give me the quickest and sharpest clues. This way of seeing or judging a tree is based on outward fonn. almost like classifying body types. The Tanaic yogis in India still worship at holy shrines inside pipal trees which have cavernous openings reminiscent of the womb. These huge trees are supposed 10 contain more of the Shakti energy or female creative energy. The yogis also consid~r trees_ sacr~d whic~ have female-like crevices or in which the hmbs, burls or bark have grown 10 look like the female torso. These are called the female yoni trees. Determining the sex of a tree this way is purely visual and has nothing to do with the botanical function. There are trees which are divided in10 male and female. Among these are 1he ginkgo, Kentucky coffeetree, and holly. I see a lot of yoni trees. l think that they are the teacher trees of our time. The male equivalent of the yoni tree in the mountains would be the giant hemlock trees. The hemlocks are the sentinels of the woods. They are like the antennae of the Eanh. They take the cosmic energy and shoot it into the Eanh. thus energizing the whole area around which they grow. There are guardian trees, gateways, teachers, grandparent trees, and trees in which spiritS or fairy people live. Trees also have . relationships to each other. The natlll1!1 world 1s an organic whole, and the larger the p1ct11n: we can encompass, the greater our understanding. l don't think anthropomorphic clues cnn tell us everything, yet using them is a valid way (O observe the inner tree. If trees nre the scnucnt, aware beings that I suspect they are. then they are quite cognizant of the crutches that we need. They communicate with us, via a crude sign language. They give us clues by the shape of the trunk, faces in the bark. by 1he mushrooms or rocks that have become a pan of the tree, the animals that live inside 1he trunk or on the branches, or any other obvious signs which we can learn by observation. ~ WHERE THE RA VE!\S ROOST: Cherokee Traditional Songs of Walker Calhoun Will West Long was a well-known craftsperson and spiritual leader of the Cherokee tribe in the first half of this century. He knew the old tribal traditions were dying and worked to keep them. He passed much infomuuion on to c1hnologis1 Jnmes Mooney and also taught his family and other tribal members who garhered at his home in Big Cove on the Cherokee Indian Reservation. One of those he taught was his nephew Walker Calhoun. Walker remembers tr.tiling along after the dancers at the community Ceremonial Ground 50 years ago. Walker, too, saw that the dances and songs were in danger of disappearing, and several years ago he, as his uncle had done before, resolved 10 see that they were carried on. Walk.er (as he told us in the las, issue of the Katualr Journal) has revived the Green Com Ceremony and the monthly stomp dances at the Raven Rock Nighthawk Ceremonial Ground. He is teaching the traditional social dances to a group of young people. among them several of his 23 grandchildren. who perform as the Raven Rock Dancers. At the first great convocation of the Eastern and Western Bands of the Cherokee nation at Red Clay, TN in 1988, Walker was presented with the first Sequoyah A ward for his service 10 his people. ln 1990 Walker was a recipient of the North Carolina Folk Heritage Award. As part of his restoration effort, Walker has recorded a tape of traditional songs (with two Chrisrian spirituals as well) for the . Mountain Heritage Center of Western Carolina University. The tape contains several of the best-known Cherokee dance songs, as well as short commentaries on the songs and the stories and practices that surrounded them. These are undeniably authentic - unbroken traditions that extend many generations back into the human history of this region. An explanatory bookie~ with an introduction an~ a complete transcripuon of the songs and stones acoompanies the tape. Jn Where the Ravens Roosr, Walker Calhoun has given us an irreplaceable gift: a glimpse at the native inhabitantS' a:ibal past and an inspiration for 1he community of the future. Where the Ravens Roostfear11resflure music composed and played by Eddie Bushylread. Tire rape was rec~rded_ and edited /Jy Michael Kli11e. Sou11d engmuring /Jy Kevin FirzParrick For a copy, send S/0.00 plus $/ .00 shipping and J,andlillg to the Mo_untain_ . Herilage Center; Wesrem Caro/ma Unn·er.nry; Cullowhee, NC 28723. X.Otunh Jou.nm{. p<l{)e 25 �; ........ w .,.,.. ., , ~ ,.11 I x ·· AROUND THE FIRE Wood Selection and Firemaking by Lee Barnes Green SpiritS gift humankind with the captured warmth of sunshine, providing fuels for warmth, cooking, and the luxury or campfire stories. Campfires act as a center for our human activity, a focus forlanguage development. socialization, and srory-tclling (oral histories). Having spcn1 years backpacking and building campfires, I offer the following suggestions for reducing your impact on the forest First, carry a one-burner camp-stove for cooking - a stove will quickly provide hot foods without depicting the local area of slowly accumulated firewoods. If you must make fire, keep it small and efficient. Tfind most novice campers insist on a campfire, even in summer, suggesting that campfires wann our deeper selves. Large campfires arc wasteful of Green Spirits, releasing years of harvested sunshine in seconds. Burning plant cells robs lhc local canh of recycled nutrients and organic bulk which would otherwise result in improved topsoil tcxrurc and nuoient holding ability. In respect to Green SpiritS, try to keep fires 10 a minimum for your needs - build small campfires which provide light and steady heat; use them for as short a time as possible. While backpacking during a hurricane, and prior tO carrying a camp-stove, I learned how to find dry woods for campfires. Sufficient dry wood for small personal campfires can be found after even a week of hard rains. Wood collection begins with lhe gathering of dry tinder, and sufficieni dead and dry tree limbs. Gather "squaw-wood" (historically named for woods easily collected and broken by squaws) from young trees, especially lower dead branches of hemlock, laurel, birch-bark:. and "lighter wood" (the "fat-wood" of resinous pine and many evergreens). Laurel (Kalmia /01ifolia) produces poisonous fumes and should not be used as a primary fuel source for cooking. The best tinder-woods are the resinous conifers (pine, fir, spruce, hemlock) or the easily-peeled birch barks. Collec1 only woods which snap cleanly in two. Throw back any woods which bend or twist. I find that I can scout the camping area and find sufficient dry wood for cooking and campfires without carrying a saw or axe. Select dry branches which can be easily broken over your knee or by elevating one end on a log or stone, then stomping oo the them to yield firewood of uniform length. I generally look for dead branches which arc supported off the ground. Search the low branches overhead for wind-fall branches and for small dead trees. Ct's easiest to look for wood on the high ground around the camp since i1 is easier to drag an armful of branches down to camp rather than up! Look for a variety of small to IMget" sized dead bnmchcs, seeking a larger supply of branches in the 1/2-to- 4" diameter size. In camp, sort your woods by breaking the smallest twigs into uniform lengths. A large handful of the smallest twigs (1/8-1/4 " in diameter and 5-6" long) should be sufficient. Xotiiah Journot p!UJ& 26 Break I.he remaining branches into longer, say, 12-20 inch lengths. I find it easiest to progress with the smaller branches, breaking up the same diameter branches into similar lengths. Th.is process should result in several piles of uniform sized twigs which will make adding fuel to the fire easy and efficient. Avoid collecting much "spit-fire" woods which randomly "pop" and eject chunks of burning coals. These woods are great as small tinder, since they rapidly bum and ignite larger diameter branches. "Spit-fire" woods to be avoided include juniper (red cedar), hemlock, fir, spruce, sassafras. soft pines, sugar maple, beech, and hickory. Overall, the best fuel woods for campfires arc hickory, chestnut oak, black locust, dogwood, and ash. White ash is considered one of the bes1 woods for campers, since even the green wood catches fire easily. Tulip poplar is abundant in Ka1uah Province, but bums quickly without developing any long-heating coals. Horace Kephan, a well-published authority on camping and woodcraft, suggests a rule of thumb: "Avoid drift-wood accumulated along stream banks, since most of the timber which grows along streams are softwoods." Small teepee-shaped piles of tinder arc easily ignited. Once a small blaze is going, add 10 the it from the pre-sorted piles of dry branches nearby. These near-vertical piles bum quickly and provide maximum light. Build your fires between 1wo rows of stones which arc open on the windward and downwind sides to allow better airflow. Staek additional wood on the downwind side for better burning. Once a good base of coo.ls have developed, lay larger branches more horii.ontally over the coals, allowing good air-spaces between branches. Push the remaining unburnt ends of branches into the fire so that all woods arc burnt and only ashes remain. Before you leave your campsite, remove lhe stones and spread (or bury) the cold ashes so that there is no sign of your passing. Leave nolhing but footprints ! Firewoods for modem stoves vary greatly in their heat-values, both for absolute stored energy and lasting heat. Air-dried hardwoods average 5,800 British thermal unitS (BTU's) per pound, whereby it is estimated Drawings by Rob Mc.sick that 10,000 BTIJ's are required to heat water for an average sized load of laundry. The NC Division of Forest Resources provides estimates comparing energy equivalentS for a standard cord of wood (a cord of wood is defined as a stack of wood 4x4x8 feet or about 80 cubic feet of solid wood). Based oo laboratory derived values for heating values of wood, a cord of wood is roughly equivalent to a ton of bituminous coal or 5900 kilowatts of electricity or 143 gallons of#2 heating oil. Preferred woods include hickory. oak, and locust. Avoid softwoods such as pine. A modem wood stove avernges 50% efficiency whereas burning wood in an open fireplace is only 10% efficient. Home-grown fuel and fiber sources are critical for the independence of au1onomous bioregions. Homesteaders have estimated that 10 acres of Eastem Atlantic mixed deciduous forest should be sufficient 10 provide for the sustainable heating needs of an average household. Sustainable fanns must promote the production of renewable, locally produced fuel resources, such as fast growing legumes and other nitrogen-fixing trees planted as windbreaks and hedges. The first step to minimize your impact on the forest is to build small, energy-efficient homes. It is imponant to the survival of humans and our plant allies that we no1 waste their wooden gifts. 12th Song of Venta the Naturalist beneath the polished blue stone of sky and suffering its ancient oppression with ancestral stoicism i slowly finger my rugged beard and question the grass and ils idle greening no major answers were given; and no miracle of nanue rolled forth on the lawn 10 bury my soul beneath mystical rebuttals about unreachable conclusions. beneath the polished blue stone of sky and recognizing its ubiquitou.~ face as a fellow freak of fate macerated for lack of knowledge on a planet where blue and intelligent things die. bray mcdona/d t.,iotcr. 1991-92 �grabbing my old box guiiar and headmg mlO lhc forest so nature and I could trade our songs with each ocher. Nawre's songs arc far mo~ beautiful and comforting, bul lhe Grea1 Gn1ndfalhcr spirit knows my healt. and my small songs are acceptable. Often I leave the guitar al home, so i1's one on one. I lhough1 you mighl wan1 to consider this (which is a form of worship lO me) os a possible iopic of di51cussion. Keep up the faithful work, and Mr. Messick. !hank you for the inspired and inspiring DRUMMING LETTE RS TO KATUAH anwork. Ught, Love, &. Life, Jeff Zachary Deru- Ko1uah Family, This pan of Turtle Island cnlled home is the ecoione of Kaulah and the Cumberland Green Bioregions. The divide is here on lhe IOp of the Cumberland Plaleau. We arc fanning a community whose drainage goes inlO Kauiah Province. My wife Joan and I have stayed in lOUCh with both regions for a long lime. Ka1uah is home lO us. The people, plllces, and energies arc alive and connected. I have passed on many copies of your joumal over the yea.rs as I have promoted the nelwork.ing of kindled spirilS. Keep up the grtal work. Receiving lhe journal is always an exciting evenL You do more than you n:aliu, and J wanted you 10 know thru your voice is heard far and wide. We feel lhal we call Kau1nh home even though we rcsl on the far weslem edge. I wanted you 10 know that we are with you. Bravol Namasie, SanfOtd McGee Tkfollowing is e.xu rpttdfrqm o longer ltllu. Dear Fncnds • Five years ago, K01uah Journol published an anicle on the CenlCt for Awakening, described as a plllcc where people can "consciously live and consciously die." llS purpose was 10 provide termin!llly ill people with the suppon they needed lO make the tranSition inlO The Medilltion project has the mission or "peaceful conflict resolution." HSE rccognius Ihm mediation has a greater chance o( achieving hnnnony than docs litigation. There arc no J)(lid employees a1 HSA. There are no fees for clicnl scrvtCCS. The Boord members each votun10er more than 50 hours a month, and not a single Board member has missed any or the Board meetings since HSA came inlo being. Volun!UtS are welcome regardless of their experience level. HSA makes il easy for people with children lO volun1ocr. Janice Ayers, a long-time volumccr, says, "By volun1eering with your children, you can teach them how 10 care about others." If a volunteer shows an interest m a particular area, he or she is lralned 10 be effective in lhal a,ca. Room and boaro are provided, and the volunLCCrs come away with a sense of being part of something grealer lhan themselves, of having given sorn cthing back lO life. The spark which embodies this service organization has resulted in HSA's recognition by Prcsidcnl Bush as one of the Thousand PoinlS or LighL To see this sprutc continue lO grow, Board members would be glad lo help others SUIJt their own facilities lO serve humankind. dcalh. The spa,k behind the Ccnw for Awakening has continued 10 grow inlO a sicady. burning rue. through five years of tranSfonnation, lO wha1 is now called Human Service Alliance (HSA). HSA is now localed between Greensboro and Winsum-Salem, easily accessible from lnterslate 40 and available lO an expanded populruion of clients and voluniurs. II serves clients in four diffcren1 programs: Respiie Care Program. Center for the TC11T1inally Ill, Health and Wellness Program, and the Mediation ProjccL ln the Respi1e Carc Program, weekend crue in a supportive environment is offered lO physically or developmenlally disabled children, gavmg their parents a break from lhe Slte.SSCS of dealing wilh special needs day in and day OUL A brand-new 8,000 square fool btulding houses the Ccn1er for the Tenninally Ill (CTI). errs purpose is lO give gucslS the personal a1ienllon and Jove lhat they deselvc, IClting them know as they approach the uansition from life IO death that they are wonhwhile people. One volumccr observed once thru all Ullflie Sl01>$ lO allow a funeral procession 10 pass, in essence )Xlying tribule lO the deceased indJV1dual. CTI is here to "stop lhc t.mflic" for a dying pen;on while he/she is still alive. The Health and WcUness program is alc;o housed in lhe CTI facilily. Its goal is 10 help clients assume responsibility for their own health. A !Cam of votunlCCl's with a vocation or avocation an health-related areas assists each cliem in gciting lO 1he underlying cause of health problems, rather than jus1 ucaling the sympioms. lv~nt.er, 1991-92 t - t I 1. • • ").' Jo Ellen Ca,son Human Service Alliance 3983 Old Greensboro Rd. Winston-Salem, NC 27101 Dear Koruah, I loved lhe Fall '91 issue from fron1 lO back. "Songs in the Wildcmcss" by Charloue Homsher (p. 24) brought an idea 10 mind, one I'm familiar with. Native music. be il nute, drums, voice, whruevcr - and its impon on na1ure (Bild vise versa) would be an excellent focu.\ for a future Ka1uah Journal. All my life, pe1.1Ce of mind has been as close as Orawin& by Mane Moms I " " Dear K01uah Friends, I think it's lime to renew my subscription. l really enjoy all your issues, good articles and flllC artworks. Someday I'm going to order a few of them from Rob Messick. WeU I'd fjlce to let you know lha1 Ills! September I was a1 lhe "Shasta Bioregional Gathc.ring." I had a greru time • deep feeling. I meet many beautiful people there; from Judy and Peier Berg. Freeman House, Jim Dodge CIC ••• and especially Ga,y Snyder, a vuy special person. I wished to come and visi1 you loo, bul works at home piesscd me lO jcl back early. O.K., my daily ecoccntric practice is improving. The llalilln Wildemcss Association has rccenlly instituted two Wilderness Areas in nonh and south llaly. The llallan Bioregional Movement is going fine. Last month we had lhe "Founh Bioregional Camp." I was there speaking for the wilderness. Hope this lcuer finds you well and an good spirit For lhe Eanh, Moretti Giuseppe ManlOva llaly nott: lfey. Mort/Ii, don't wait t<>C Ions It> order ort -work. Arri.SIS don't live forevu you luww! RM Dear Friends, WE NEED HaP ! 11 Despiie ever-increasing protest, a dam in Czorsnyn in the Plcniny Mount.ains in Poland has been under COIISltUClion since 1968. Since 1989 young ecologists and annrchists have crganaed blockndes of the dam. A geological cawuophc lhrealCnS 10 desuoy Pleniny National Park's hisiorical relics: castles from 1hc middle ages, manor houses, churches, lnldilional buildings, exceptionally inieresung villages, and valuable natural clements. There is no rational reason ror buildulg the dam. lnlellcclUals oppose lhe dam; among these professionals are nwncrous well-known scicnllSlS. This year's blockade suutcd on July 1. The police action was exceptionally brulal. II was an exueme show of foroe and power. The following damages occurred from this suong-a,ming (as of July 4 injuries): a girl with concussion. a boy with a damaged kidney. The couns have thus fa,imposcd f"ines of 40,000 • 800,000?1 on the young ecologists. A hunger strike was sWled in fron1 of the Environment Minasiry on July 6. We REQUEST HELP through lhe picketing and bloclclde of Polish Embassies! Members or the bloc:k.ade in Czo~1>11 6July 1991 P.S Please make these f.lcts known; ,;pread thi.~ infonnation further. Pragowrua KulUU')' Tcay Siowawyokeme 35--016 Kraslcow, uL Polcaiego Sf].1 Td 53- 772 I Xatucin 1oumQ{. ooa& Z7 I " I ,, IJll1 I rn·;_.,,, • - �Dc.KatUllh, To tbc cdit0r. r have just moo articles on lhe repeated violiuions charged agrunst lhe Champ,on Pulp and Pnper Co. and its continued indifference toward lhe honible c:ondil.ion or lhe Pigeon River. We don't expect the Slate of Nonh Carolina lO enforce laws intended 10 prevent Oulmpion's flagrant indiffcrcncc to lhc wishes of the people, but it would seem lh3111llhet than plea-bargain the pclUllties for turning lhe once beautiful river inlO an industrial sewer. lhe Environmental Pro<cction Agency would apply the full foru or lhe lnw Gt iis disposal fot lhc.,c vioouions. Al the S111T1e lime I.hat Champion has been lClling slorics about the great fishing in Clyde and au.empting to beliulc lhc warnings of lhe known danger of dioxin Lo anyone foolish enough 10 eat any fish caught in lhc river downstream from Champion's decrepit old mill. more and more people are becoming awurc of lhc damage Champion bas done, and continues 10 do, IO what could be one of God's greatest gifts co lhe people and wildlife of this region. I am expccung 10 hear any day that lhe famous fish fry Champion puts on foe lhe newly decied politicians in Raleigh will now fcalll!C fish from the Pigeon River, probably lhe most dangerously polluied sewer in this otherwise bcaullful area. Because of the state of Norlh Carol.ina's indifference to lhe Pigeon River scandill, we should all be thankful 10 our neighbors in Tennessee for lhe in!clliguru and courageous Stand !hey have taken to clean up the river, from lhcoutfall 111lhc mill all lhc way into Tennessee. Thnnks and sinccrc appieciatiOn for lhc growing support we arc getting from environmental groups and lhc people in general. Dick Mullinix Pigeon River Action Group Dear Ko/Uah, We arc a group of students at the Arthur Morgan School, and we'd like IO shllrc our feelings about lhc milillll')' maru:uvcrs Iha! will be going on ID Yancey County on November 4lh - 9lh of 199I. As u:enagc,s of !his coun1.1y we believe !hat our opiniOns should not only be IJlken into account, but should be rcspec:ICd as well. It's so peaceful bese. We really don'1 likc 10 have our home turned 1mo a praclice wn, rone. I1 feels like you arc really going to bomb us. Do you rcali7.e wh:11 you arc practicing for? Why docs lhere have 10 be a ncx1 time? You arc crossing the line of our beliefs, because we don't suppon the use of violence 10 solve problems. Even if the miliwy got permission from some people, !hey did not gel permission from us. We don't believe lhcse mow11ains or any other land should have anything 10 do wilh war. How is !his helping the people of Yancey County work for peace? Thank you foe list.cning, David Barrett Monrovia Van Hoose Byron Eastman MoUy Levin Cedar Johnson Rose Testa Alice Delcoun (The three social studi~ classes ot the Arthur Morgon School ore studying contemporary issues. Similar le11us were receivedfrom the rwo other closszs al tilt school.) DcarKotuah, I am saying lhllnlc you to Cbarloue Homsher for ·songs in lhe Wilderness.· Again she has jogged my inherent nature memory, awakening a beauty of my own 1h31 s.hps inlO slumbers more often than n0t. Among.st the many hardened facts and 1rulhs of our reality on Earth today, it is mosi welcome and healing to be strengthened and rcvitali7.Cd by Lhis kmd of ruticle. I'm looking forward 10 l110fC. Sinccrcly, a sister in voice in Asheville Dear Katuah, Hello rrom up north! A few weeks ago a friend of mme returned from lhc Pcnnaculture Conference in Tennessee and brought back wilh him a copy of Kaulah Journal, which I was excited 10 sec and read again. us1 lime I read Kauiah was in Washington D.C. a year ago and since lhcn I haven't seen 1his WONDERFUL journal anywhere in this Non.hca.uern region or the sl.:ltes. I don't even lhmk a journal like ~umh exislS here ID New H:unpshitt/Vermon1 area. I write this !cu.er 10 you with lhMks. and wish 10 give you money for a year's membership. Thanks again! For lhc Ennh, Michael S1onc Painting by Susan Adlm Well l WIOlC "2" first drafis of a teuu 10 you all hoping Iha! 1 could come up wilh a way 10 keep my leuer from sounding dumb, but no such luck. So I figured the best way 10 Lell you my feelings about Katuah is 10 write 10 you all lhe same way you write 10 us in lhe journal. like we're old friends. I was lucky enough to find Karuah in a used book s1ore while my family and I were antiquing in old downlOwn Asheville- I've never come across anything as neru and infonnalive! Florida jUSI doesn't seem 10 be interested in Native American culture. l'm not sure if they're iniercsted m IOO much more lhan m:ikmg money, sending up lhe shuUle, and ripping our environment apart so lhey can build more moc.els for the tourists. I know it's supposed 10 be the mainstay of our economy but why can't lhey leave some trees and wildlife for lhe ones of us who enjoy them. I guess thal's why I love lhe mouniains so much. ll's scary to lhink !hat lhcy might be cleared off in a rcw years too. I lhink that's why I lmve always admired the lndiMs, lhcy used wlmt lhcy needed, and lhru was iL Over lhe past yenr or so I've become vc,y inlClCSted in lcarmng more about the Native Americans, their culture. and heritage. Issue #32, Fall, 1991 was full of great slllm Your interview about "Bringing Back lhc rll'C" was wonderful!! Reading about how lhe Cherokee's got so swept up in their stomp dance lba1 they went au night and bad to stan singing Old McDonald because !hey ran out of songs was so exciting for me! (Corning from a "stiff" southern Baptist background, the thought of being able 10 praise God with everything you can mUStCr malces me wan1 10 get up and do the same!) From lhc little l know and have learned, the Native Americans stnke me as a ru;h and beautiful people who learned to live by faith and the simple lnlth that God provided lhem wilh everything lhey needed because they respected lbe earth and trusted in Him! If we could ever stop and look at how !hey build and try lO incorporate their ways into our evc,ydlly lives - man, wouldn't it be great? I guess the best way IO start is wilh ourselves. One person =hing 2 and in tum those leaching 2 more. Maybe m time we could heal the eanh, as well as ourselves. I've also wondered, are there any books comnining instrucllon on Native American languages? Thanks for talcing lhe time 10 read I lcucr from a young dreamer. Peact Always! Rebecca Hogan Dear K01uah Joutlllll. Last year I bough1 iwo of your issues from a small bookstore in Ellijay, Georgia. I still have !hem with me and they continue 10 help me understand thing$ as I guess I'm mean1 to understand lhcm. Even though we live oversc35, I'd like to 1rubscnbe. Enclosed is money to cover a year's subscription and the extra pos1age. Also. th3nks foe lhe energy you all are releasing. In spiril, Scou & Miriam R1eh:lldson Baguio City, Philippines l.llnUr., l00kt92 �Sky Mangler, from silver halite Image of thy snow twisting The template of thy helix Formed thee when a snot-throutcd White trash lay down your passage to subordinate thee with bullets No permanent dwelling did thou build Possessing no deed - au was the soil of thine own kind The white Earth-mover claims his machine has a mind of lls own On account of falling drunk on oil overland Thou art so praiseworthy for Earth skill Thy impressionless path was purposeful by its appropriate scale The fire-harnessing soldiers executed policy And have soldierly descendants who have yet to conceive and deliver a successful way of coping with the cold and dark Thy way did peris h until the rost Industrial Tribe picked it up The disease of O,ristian Europe, mutated By stresses in the underpinning rock And brains of soldiers - the rotted, broken virulence The settlements laid to waste But for him thou wouldst have slept on the soil of thine own kind But for the war for white convenience of manufacture For lines on maps Dottering trifOcs At the very length of history when We could have gone thy way .. . Lain claim to thy sustainable homelessness Mike Wilber Drawing by Marte Mems Shhh- . .Listen ... ~ FUTONS ETC. ~ 'The area·s oldest and l.1rgcst natural foods grocery • ... the new alt.emative to the sleeper sofa with over 4,000 years of customer satisfaction built in. Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy S11bstit11tes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 414S.ROAN DOWNTOWN JOHNSONCtTY (7~) 264-5220 929-8622 rl 'J"hu W WHOLE FOODS Saru!J Mush Htrb N urse. J ' WREATHS • POTPOURRI VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE • HERBS • TOPIARY 160 Broadway AshevilleJ North Carolina Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from Aloe lo Yarraw Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Wi.nter, 1991-92 A.I.A., Resource Information Analysis Neil Thomas and Andy Feinstein 305 Westover, Asheville, NC (704) 252-6816 Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Phone for appointmerrt to visit (704) 683-2014 �.,. ~r (canunuod liom page 6) the Southern Appalachians. A1 present, oak species seem to be in uouble - they are declining due to a root rot fungus and are no1 regenerating well in sites where they were once strongly represented. Since oak lumber is a valuable timber product, this situation has been well-investigated. Oak ll'CCS have always had a place on drier. south-facing sites in the mountains, but it is only since the demise of the American chesmu1 that the oak IJ'Ce has become critical as a food crop for so many species of wildlife. Since the chestnut blight wiped om the chestnut as a seed-bearing tree, oaks have greatly expanded their niche, moving into sites. formerly inhabited by chestnuts and filling at least pan of that great tree's role as a food-producer. Due to "unnatural" intervention by human beings in the past, loss of the oak species at this rime would be devastating co the life of the forest. What is to be done? If we were co abruptly remove our influence without ensuring the continuation of the oaks, we might precipitate the loss of irreplaceable components of the ecological community and thus make the restoration of natural processes impossible. This is a situation ~ degraded that it appears human management may be needed 10 neutralize past human mistakes. This is a common <tilert'lma. Ecologist Reed Noss says: "Conservation ecologists unanimously rccogniu: the necessity of scientific management in restoring and perpetuating natural areas. Active habitat restoration should apply the best srate-ofthe-an management techniques 10 mimic the natural environmental regime, keeping human intervention down 10 the minimum..." The first step 10 reinstate a natural order in the Katuah Province is 10 proceed with effons to reintroduce the American chestnut tree with all possible speed. Until those effons literally bear fruit, steps will have to be taken 10 maintain the oak tree. Since light ground fires seem to be instrumental in maintaining oak stands, it may be the oak trees that give us the ~swer, at least for the present; I.& t.he quesuon of how much fuc is desirable. Doing controlled bums to maintain habitat for the oak family would also serve 10 restore the macro-process of fire to the woods. The oak irees could guide us to the proper balance for fire use. To restore natural relationships to a community, the minimum amount of !n~erference is the best, and only for as long as 11 ts necessary. In undertaking any restoration policies, it mUSt be remembered that we are "Irrespective of man's viewpoint, change is necessary to maintain a healthy ecosystem." crying 10 help the Earth heal Hen.elf. We would be intervening to allow the recovery of "natural" processes. Paradoxical as that may seem, that may be our present situation. The examples of the Table Mountain pine and the oak family show us the level of paradox we may encounter and the degree of ecological understanding necessary 10 make knowledgeable decisions. We know so little. There is so much 10 be done. While we can never return to a "natural" condition as it was in a mythic past, it is still valid as a guiding conc:epL The great old u-ees of the ancient old-growth forest are still the grandest testaments to the potential of this region. And, while ii would be fruitless to mindlessly mimic the practices of the ancient native inhabitants, they still can serve as a guide for our present actions. The only baseline we have for "original conditions" was the landscape managed by the Cherokee nation. lt was a beautiful landscape by all ac~unts, and it was a stable equtlibrium, as evidenced by the fact that the Cherokees were able to maintain a consistent presence here for ~ore than 2.000 years. The experience of the First People teaches us that humans in small numbers, living respectfully and reverentially, can integrate ourselves into a viable landscape. Perhaps by pursuing these elusive examples we may be able 10 anive at a new and original equilibrium, one that will serve the needs of the future. Perhaps by seeking 10 fulfill the unattainable mcxlel of a ··natural" landscape free of human intervention, we may be be able to reach an equilibrium that is "natural" because ii proceeds from the forest's own dynamic and follows the forest's own needs. In aniving at that state of balance, we would have to change ourselves so we could live within those natural processes rather than in conflict with them. One way in which we could stan would be 10 put our skills and our passion to the task of serving the forest, deeming it an entity greater than ourselves, that surrounds and holds us, and recognizing that the quality of the forest's life conuols directly the quality of our own. Our goal is the circle of life rejoined. We can only sketch ou1 the elements of a functioning natural communiry in broad strokes, adjust our technologies and lifestyles accordingly, and then fine-tune our relationship 10 our environment as we gain a deeper perception of human causes and natural effects. lf we are to continue to live in these hills, we will have to strive 10 keep the life community as close as possible to the evolutionary optimum for this region. Our work on behalf of the nawral life processes and the native species as best we can know them protects the integril)' - or ecological wholeness - of the region. Our goal is a community of life capable of sustaining itself in the face of inevitable change. ~ David Wheele r (continued from i-sc4) Rhcx!cxlendron sproutS up quickly and in its first year in full sun will set flower buds. The followi.ng year the buds bloom and Lhen open, producing an amazing amount of seed." On rhe high ridgetcp, under new sun and new rain, grass has grown over the charred ground, hidfog it away from sight. It was almosr as ifthefve never had been, except/or the lushness of the new sprillg growth and rhe blacuned suletons ofberry bushes and rhod.Jdendrons reaching grotesquely imo the air. Tiny, leafy shoots spring up from the roots. In rlvee years, during the longest days, the meadow will appear to blaze again in a profusion ofpurple rlwdodendronf/owers. later in that same s,unmer, the blueberry bushes will bear fn1il, turning the fresl,/yfertilized soil in10 a prodigious liarvest Fire has brought change - and new life. ;, --~Jo,. -l'tr1 sorr'l Mr. J"ohnson. We found ~our 'llc.coJ'nt to be ·m arrears . "'"' · ~1P'I l.,intu, 1991 92 �REVIEW: TRIDENT TO LIFE SUPPORT CHUCK ROE! "All nuclear stares are composed ofmaJ1y 11a1io11s, bw each is controlled by a single nation that has the bomb. Britain's bomb is English, not Irish; the Soviet bomb is Russian. not Ukrainian; the French bomb is Parisian, not Corsican; the Chinese bomb is Han, not Tibetan; and the US bomb is White American, not lakoran." Each year during the Christian holiday of The Feast of the Holy Innocents, people gather in S1. Mary's, Georgia in opposition 10 the Trident submarine base and in suppon of peaceful alternatives to the militarized economy. This year the theme of the action is "From Genocide to Peace: Celebrating the Conversion of Our Economies." The marchers will remember the native peoples who were decimated during the 500 years of European conquest and protest the presence of a modem tool of genocide: the Trident submarine and its nuclear weapons payload. The event is scheduled from December 27-29 and will include a vigil, fellowship, a Listening Project, and the march to the gates of 1he Trident base which will take place on Saturday, December 28. St. Mary's is on the South Georgia coast, so the scenery is beautiful, and accommodations and camping facilities are plentiful. For more information, write: Feast of the Holy /1111oce111s Pla1mi11g Committee clo Jody Howard 215 McDonough St. Decatur, GA 30030 or call: (404)377-7109 TURTLE ISLAND BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS V May 17-24, 1992 A convocation of bioregional people from across the continent and beyond at Camp Stewan in the hill country of the Great Prairie biome. To register for this event, contact: Gene Marshall Realistic Living Box 140826 Dallns, TX 75214 Upper Blackland Prairie Bioregion hhntcr , 199 1 92 If. ' ' 't read by Thomas Rain Crowe accompanied by Eugene Friesen, c:cllo, and Paul Sullivan, piano "Love is the perfect work" Words on a page sometimes blossom into meaning within the reader's mind. But poetry read by the author is a three-dimensional experience in space, time, and spirit. The listener hears the words as they were intended to be heard and touches the mind that binhed them. When the reading is accompanied by musical instrumentation, it becomes another experience. The woros are then the frame supporting a work that is a collaboration of influences altogether different than words alone. For those of us who were not al the Jubilee Center on Valentine's Day evening, 1990, Thomas Rain Crowe has recorded readings from that event and from another evening at Furman University in Greenville, SC on July 20 of that year. Accompaniment is by Eugene Friesen, bassist for Lhe Paul Winter Conson and a resident of Asheville, and Paul Sullivan, pianist, who heads a musical enterprise called River Music Records in the Gulf of Maine region. Since the recording was made live, the quality of the tape is variable, but the meaning and intem are clear throughout. Crowe, formerly a Katuah Journal editorial siaff member, lives in rural Jackson County, in the Tuckasegee River watershed. He is a gardener and a printer as well as a poet, but he is always watching the interplay of opposites · sound and silence, motion and stillness, the light and the dark - in the seasons of time and of the human hean. He writes of the changes he has seen honestly and deeply, yet always with hope. The musical sounds interweave with the verbal and offer their own meanings, communicating with the listener on different levels. The sensitive instrumentation adds greatly 10 the depth of the presentation. Together they present a pleasing work. Nothing, of course, can match the subtle exchange of energy that occurs at a live performance, but the casseue Sound of light is in itself a wonhwhile artistic statement, full of sound and insight. And knowing what love is, I aw~. In this place in my body. Full of dream 17WSic, Full oflighJ!" • reviewed by KO near Kerrville, Texas • J THE SOUND OF LIGHT .. Selcctlons from lhe poem 'i1ie Pcrl'cc:1 Work" by Thomu Rain Crowe The Sound of Light was produced by John lane and Tlwrnas Rain Crowe. The tape is available for $7.95 plus $1 .00for shipping and handling from Holocene Books; Box 10/; Wofford College. Spartanburg, SC 29303. '- I For years Chuck Roe worked 10 inventory and protect wild lands and native species in the State of Nonh Carolina as the director of the srate Natural Heritage Program. On a shoestring budget, with linle suppon from the state bureaucracy, Roe consolidated resources and labor from a variety of sources and not only kept the Natural Heritage Program functioning, but made it into an effective force for natur.11 preservation. In the spring of 1991, Roe was fired from his job by the Secretary of the NC Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, William Cobey. The reason given was that Roe had overstepped his authority in writing a leuer to support Karin Heiman, who had recently been fired as a botanist for the US Foresr Service. The real reason for both the firings is that lleiman and Roe were being too effective in their jobs and were becoming obstacles to the goals of the powers that be. Chuck Roe is appealing his firing. His legal challenge is an important battle for free speech, employees' rights, and environmental protection. "The costs so far for my legal fees have been $5,000," Roe says, "which has not been easy for my family to afford. Standing up for principles is not only dangerous but expensive, bm I did what was right, and I have no regrets." He is asking help from anyone who is willing and able to contribute 10 his defense. To help, send a check made our to the "Chuck Roe Legal Defense Fund" to the Western Nonh Carolina Alliance: Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814. Contributions are tax-deductible. FRENCH BROAD FOOD CO-OP • • • Consu= Ov.,wd Sinre 1975 • • • We Sell Food that Nourishes I Iumans and Sustains the Earth OPEN TO THE PUBLIC Monday-Friday 8:.30 AM to 8:00 PM Saturday 9;00 AM lo 7,00 PM Sunday 1:00 PM to 6:00 PM (704) 255-7650 90 Biltmore Avenue Asheville, NC 2 Blocks South of Downtown �NWN (co,uinllldfrom page 23) HELP WANTED amc:ndmcnl lh:il would allow logging in areas LO be designated as recreation and stenic are.is. CALDWELL COUNTY: SAVED FROM THE SHAVE Naturul World News Scivicc A new chapt.cr of the WCSJcm Non.h Carolina Alliance (WNCA) has fanned in ~'JIOn.se I O ~ limber sales in lhc Grandfalhcr Ranger DistricL The Foothills Environmental Alli:ince (FEA) is lhc fll'Sl organit.ed crron 10 appeal timber sales in CaWwcll Counly. Hunt.crs, f1Shcf5, and ccologiSIS alike ruc dis1wbed about loog range impaclS due IO excess umbering. Citing excessive cumulative cffcclS from c lcarc:u1ting on both private lands and lhc Pisgah National Forest, an nppc:il has been filed w1lh lhc J"orest Service on proposed sales in the Wilson Creek wau:rshcd. The habillll preservation group Sou1hPAW also ~ubmiucd four appeals of sales on lhe Grandfather District to prcvcnl foresl frogmcnuiuon. degradation of sltC.'lm quruity, and ncg11tive imp:iclS on biodivcrs11y from lhc logging. In November, 1991 siays were granted on lhe proposed soles. and lhc WNCA is prepared tO continue oppeals if R:inger Mike Anderson decides to continue lhc logging. In a meeting belwecn members of lhc WNCA and lhc Forest Service, thc laucr admill.Cd !hat Caldwell Coun1y has had more lluln its share of clC31CuUing. It is lime to pf'Olcct Lhcsc valuable lands. The Poo1hill$ Environmen1al Allianu mrtts al the county library ,n unoir on ,~ ftr$t Thursday of every monlh. US REP. CHARLES TAYLOR: FOE OF THE FOREST One of the siJcs slated for release III Taylor's so-called "wilde.mess" bill was thc Blue Valley area near Hjghlands, NC. Taylor's acllon prompted a storm of proccst from residents who loved lhc area and wnnicd 10 keep it as il is. In response he called an "cducaiional" mecung in Highlands lhat con~ist.cd or a full program of USFS personnel iclling why thcy want.cd IO delist Blue Valley. The citu.cns who packed lhc hall were invit.cd 10 air their concerns by sending lctlet~ 10 Taylor after the meeting. Residents howled. and Taylor bler wilhdrew his bill from consideration. His move agai1151 wildbnds in Georgia was prompted by a bill proposed by Rep. Ed Jenkins (D-OA) which would dcs1gn:ite lhe Blood Mountllln and Mark Trail IIICa.~as wildctnc.-;.~ and add 1,100 acres to the Bn&SSIOwn Wildemcss An:3. h would also create n 36 square mile recreation area oo Springer Mountain, lhe head of lhe Appalachian Trail, and an 11 square mile scenic area on Coosa Bald. Taylor's amendment would have allowed logging in lhe laucr are.is. even lhough Jc:okins took pains 10 mention lhat his bill would hnvc liulc effect on timber quOlllS in the Chau:ihooc:hcc. Jenkins' bill was =enlly passed lhrough Congress SO/IS lhc Taylor amendmcnL ll is 110{ surprising lhat Charles Taylor is so ddigent in the service of lhe timber indusiry. Twcnl)' pcn:cnt of his 1990 campaign contributions ($40,000) c:amc from individuals nnd groups connected wilh the wood producis indusuy. He himsel f is a dc\-clopc:r and tree farmer in TnlllSYlvania and H:iywood Counties. flfonnl Wadel News Service for BIODIVERSITY LEGAL FOUNDATION The Biodiversity Legal Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of all native wild plants and animals, communities of species, and naturally functioning ecosystems.The group is involved in li1igadon in the biocenaic defense of the elements of natural diversity lhat other, more mainstream groups are typically unwilling to undenake. The Foundation closely monitors the programs of the US forest Service for sensitive, threatened. and endangered species and their ecosystems. It concentrates on habitats across the country that are integrnl parts of large, natural, diverse ecosystems. The group's legal actions always stress a multiple species/ ecosystem approach. The Biodiversity Legal Foundation is looking for help in the eastern foresis. They need activists with a strong biological interest to develop a comprehensive review of the status and disaibution of the eastern wood.rat (Neotomafloridiana) and the eastern diamondback mnlesnake (Cota/us adamenters). Both these species are believed to be in serious trouble and require legal advocacy. Those interested should contact: Jasper Carlu,n Biodiversity legal Fowidation Box 18327 Boulder, CO 80308 The congressional reprcscnwivc from Nor1h Carolina's 11 lh District has been busying himself wilh aucmpts to destroy wild h:ibi1111 during lhe past tcnn of Congress. Rep. Charles Taylor this summer uuroduced lhc Craggy Mounr.:tln Wilderness Act, a "w11demcss" bill that released I l,700acrcs of wild lands lO commercial cxploiiation while prot.ccling only 2,400 aacs that arc alre:ldy heavily used as a scenic auraction. He was one or lhc 24 sponsors in the House of lhc "Family and Forest Protection AJ:1; a limber indusuy bill designed 10 hinder ci1i1.cns who would stop destructive n:iuonal forest timber sales. Taylor also tried 10 weaken a forest protection biU mitiau:d ror lhc Chauahoochcc National Forest by Georgia Rep. Ed Jenkins. Taylor proposed an flti. Programs to encolSOge &elf aid Eorth OW01enes.1. celebrotton. klrdhlp ond hope. • You1h Camii- • School Programs • Fa,my Cami,.· Teadler Training • Commuroty Provam• •~Sia~ Tra.,ing • 0uldoor Program~ PO 8ox 130b Go11r>tlL<g. reme- 3n3a 61~ 1'otimfl JoumoC J)n'}C 32 ~\I',\ TaJJcin1 ua...a is a DlOlllhly ,JOUrUal of deep ecology, inspired personal acuvmn rooted in earthen sp,rirualny. Pasl i$SUC$ have featured ar11cles by Gary Snyder, Starllawk, John Seed, Joanna M,cy, Bill Devall, l..onc Wolf Circles. Bubara Mor, etc:. Tn/Jnng ~ for the natural wt'4'1d and for the rekindllOE of our own wild 5Ptnt. uo,-a Suh:\cnpllOIIS an: S24.00 one year/ $48.00 outside U.S. Ta/J:JnglLm-a 1430 Willamette 1361 Eugeoc. OR 97401 5031342-2974 Dra'IVll!g by Rob Musick REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, ?\iPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNCW - FM r 0. Box 804 Spand.ilc, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 l.,L11tcr, 1991-,92 , �•·,I.I, I FEBRUARY €V€0t'S DECEMBER BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Bill Melanson, reggae rock. at McDibbs. $4.00. I 19 Cherry S1.; 28711, (704) 669-2456. 20 21 BLACK MOUNTA[N, NC Pini and Gaye Johnson at McDibbs. $4.00. See 12/20. SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon and Winier Solstice Lodge a1 the Earth Center. Begins a1 noon. ConlllCl lhe Earth Center: 302 Old Fellowship Road; 28TT8. (704) 298-3935. 27-29 ST. MARYS, GA 9th annual Peace Witness at Kings Bay Submarine Base. Program includes Listening Project training, direct action, candlelight vigil, and shnred meal. Pre-regisrration encouraged; donation accepted. Contact Kings Bay Witness; c/o Joy Howard; 215 McDonough St.; Decatur, GA 30030. (404) 377-7019. ASHEVLLLE, NC "Breaking Barrier.;, Building Bridges.• Workshop 10 focw; on brcalcing down barriers of racism, sexism and classism, and on cswblishing cross-cul1ural connection:; for more effccti,e grassroolS organizing. Al W.C. Reid Center. Prc-rcgiSlcr. SS. ConlaCl uwra Deaton, Western Norlh Carolina Alliance; 11 Clock Tower Square; Frankhn, NC 28734.(704)S2A-3899. l HOT SPRINGS, NC "A New Years Rcln:aL" Meditation lO welcome the new year, led by John Orr nod Man:in Rose. Pre-register. S28S mcludes vegan meals and lodgmg. Contact Southern Dhanna Rctreal Center; RL I; 28743. (704) 622-7112. 27-4 VALLEYHEAD,AL Winter Solstice Celebration. ConlllCl Hawkwind Earth Renewal Cooperative: PO Box 11; Valley Head, AL 35989. (205) 635-6304. 22 Winter Solstice 2 SWANNANOA, NC Foll Moon Lodge al lhc Enrth Center. See 12/21. MARCH JANUARY ASHEVILLE, NC Tim Abell, ·songs and s1ories for lhe young of all ages. Bring lhe kids. SS. 8:30 pm a1 Stone Soup Cafe, comer of Broadway and Walnu1. (704) 255-7687. 4 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge al lhc Eanh Center. 18 Feile Oridghe or Candlemas (01 id"in1er) 21 ?l-23 . .... ~8 GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Environmental Education and lhe Arts" annual workshop. Sessions on slOJylelling, dramatics, mum, puppetry and other cmfl.s ~gned lO inspire new ideas for ieaching aboUI lhe narural world. Fcalured gucsl is Denny Olsen. Prc-rcgisitr. S80 includes meals and lodging. Conuict Great Smoley Mounl8ins lnstitute at Tremont: RLl, Box 700: Townsend. TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. See 12/21. ASHEVILLE, NC Christmas uce chippers in locntions Lhroughou1 Buncombe County. For locations, call Quality Forward 254-1776. 26 ASHEVILLE, NC Tree planting in Afion Parle co-sponsored by Quali1y Forward and lhc Ashevillc,Buncombe Youlh council. For info: Quality F«wnrd: Box 22; 28802. (704) 254-1776. 7 ASHEVILLE, NC Jim Magill, plays mountain music in Lhe Celtic tradition on a varic1y of instruments, original music, and stories. SS. 8:30 pm al S1onc Soup Cafe. See 1/4. 18 21 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon and Spring Equinox Lodge al Lhe Earth Cenl.Cf. Sec 12/21. Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards 1Nith artwork you see in Katuah Journal. 28 ASHEVILLE, NC Girl Scoots' 80th birthday tree planting along Broadway. Public p:lrtieipa1ion inviled. Pisgah ~~~-~-'!!!~t~G~ir,;Sco Council and Quality Forward. Sec 3/1. ; I ~ ;,:ut (Envelopes included.) by Rob l/.:esskk Send $11.25 postage paid to: Rob Messick P.O. BOX 2601 BOONE, NC 28607 Drawing b} Rodney Webb whole earth grocery Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt 1, Box 172-l Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 NATURAL ALTERNATNES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING 446 c.p,ukway rr~h center • suite 11 g.11hnburg. tcnnCSS<"C 3n38 615-436-6967 W1Htct', l9!11-92 ' ' An Alternative i NATIVE FLUTES Two styles mode of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Union Acres - - lscrtage for Sale - Smoky Mountain Living with a focus on spiritual and «ologicol values For more information: Cont ad C. Grant al Roule 1. Box 61] Whillier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 NATURAL MARKET WI IOLE FOODS • BULK rooos. VJTA!liflNES . HERBS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Slowing Roell. Rd Boone, NC 28607 �SAVE OUR RIVERS • CllSSClte album by Baro= and Jolm DunC311 and Ille Foxftrc Boys. Onginal tunes by Barb.ira DunclUI; old umll go.,pel lnllllS by the Fodirc Bo),. S10.00 includes poswge .llld handling. All profit\ go to Save Our Rivm, Inc. PO Box 122: Franklin, 1'C 28734: or call (71») 369-7877, For the Cullasaj:i. • Webworking has changed! There is now a fee of $2.50 {pre-paid) per entry of50 words or less. Submit entries/or Issue #33 by Feb. 15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Box 2601; Boone, NC 28607. (704) 754-6097 PEN PA.LS WANTED. I am 30, single, a traditional religious leader and Greenpeace acuvist. I live far from town on a rivcrf'rom hom<:SIC3d. Bear's.Over-Rainbow: HCR 77. Box 382; Cosmopoli.~. WA 98537 I W\'E 'f llE E.ARTII. a ca.~uc: nxord,ng of MUSIC BY BOB AVERY-GRUBEL awilablc on three casscucs. Treasures in IM Stream and Circlt!T Rerunung are folk/rOCl.·,i:lzz, and a rccenl release of original chants and songs, l1g/11111 1/~ Wind. is a ca~Ua Lyric sheets includ..ld Send SJO for each r.apc or S26 for all Lhrce IO Bob Avery-Grubel; RI. I, Box 735: Floyd, VA 2409 I. IIIGHLANDER CENTER· is a community-based educational org;inl7.alion whose purpo<;e is IO provide SJ130C for people IO learn from each other, and 10 developc solutions 10 environmenUJI problems based on thcir values. cxpcnences. and aspirauons. They also put ou1 a qurutcrly ncwslcw:rcallcd 1/igh/andu Reports. For more Info conlaet Highlander Ccn1et; 19S9 Highlandct Way; New Mnrtkel, TN 37820 (61 S) 933.3443 BODY RI/YI/IMS from Plancwy Molhets • a beautiful and pnlCticnl clllcndar for women io ch3rl Lheir ·moonthly" C)'l:les. Send S3.00 plus S 1.00 pOSUlge to: Plnnc&ary Mothers Colloctive (c/o Nancie Yonker): 5231 Riverwood Avenue: Snrasoin. A.. 34231. "BLOW YOUR MIND" • wilh 1hc celestial ~Ing music of "Medicine Wind" by George Tortorelli. Also exotic !ino-1uncd bamboo nuics in many keys aod modes. For more informauon send 10: George Tonorclli; 86 NW 55111 Stttet; Gnincsvillc. A.. 32601. (904) 373-1837 WANTED: FUNDRAISER for the Grassroots LislC.nlng 311d Organizing Program or Ille Rural Soulhcm Voice for Peace. We provide uaining end organiring assislllllCC 10 grossroots groups 111 the South worlting on justice, peace, and environmental issues. Localed 111 micnr.ional community m Blue Ridge Mountams. Modest salary. 30 to 35 hrs/wit., good benefilS. Send lcucr and rcsumt 10 RSVP/GLO: 1898 H31lll3h Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714. (704) 675- 5933. LAND FOR SALE • M:ignif1ce111 view wnh small ho1.1.~ 111 beau1iful Spong Creek, NC. Ten males soulh of Ho1 Springs, NC (off Route 209), and one hour west or Asheville. $25,000 for bnd nnd house. Pcrfcc1 for the self sullkiem life. Crul Lindn Deyo at (704) 675-9575. SLASH YOUR HEATING COSTS· simple and i001pcnsive method 10 locate and stop costly air leaks. Send S3.00ond a SASE 10 M.J Olson: 816 Norlh 4Lh Avenue: Knoxville, TN 37917. Refund if unsatisfied JOIN US -111 lhe Olob:il CeJcbrauon oflhe um versa! day of World Peace and Pl.lnctary Heahng Doo:mbcr 12th 1991. The universal silent rn>cr begins at 12:00 noon. For more infonnation conr.act PO Box 78813: Tucson AZ, 85703 or call (()()2) 326-7522. . Xntu.afl Journot P<UJ'l- 34 . ' cnvironmenial songs by lhc Oreal Smoky Mountains lnsti1u1c at Trcmon1 in celebruuon of the 20th annivcr.;ary of Earth Day. Includes ·scAT Rap," "The 0:lrbagc Blue.~." and more. $9.95 plus S2.50 shipping for each ca=uc. Mail order plus check to Grcru Smoky MounlOins Natural Hi);lory Association: 115 P-Jtl 1-!cadquancrs Rd.; G3tlmburg, TN 37738. Alternatives ... The Dirt:c1<>ry of fn1~n11onul Con1111w,111e.< 1s lhe prod· uc1 or 1wo years or 1111en..1vc n:sc.m;h, .1nd tS lhe most compn:hcnsive and 111:turate Jircclor) a,·ailablc. IL documents lhc: vi~1on and the dally hie or more lhan 3SO commu11111c.~ 111 Norlh America, and more than 50 on oilier conlinents. Each community's hsung includes name, address, phone. and a dcsc11pwn of the group. ExlClls1vc cro-s n·fercocmg nnd ,nJ..,1ng mak~ lhc 111formation easy tn act"C$~ for a wide vancay of user-1. Includes maps, over 2SO atld1uOOAI Resource listings, and 40 related aniclcs. 328 pages K-lnxl I Pcrfcc:1bounJ Ocwocr 1990 1S81' Number. 0 96()27141-4 Sl6.00 Add S::!.00 poMagc & handling for first hook, s.:m rorcach .i.Jd111onJI; 41l% d1'>Coum on ordc~ of 111 c,r more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (503) 9'w-5102 LIV(NG OPPORTUNmES • Needed, Solar Dcmonstrnlion CC111cr CoordinalOr by Spring, 1992. Preferred retired and/or mdcpendcm mcome pcrson(s). Hou,ing provided w11h op110n IO own within ien years. Expertise in Ofi.llllic gaidcnmg and/or appropriaie iechnology required. OJ,ponuni1y IO a.«-~t low-mcome Ccnunl APJX1lach1ans. Wn1e; Appalachm Science in Ille Public ln1ercs1: PO Box 298; Livings1on, KY 4().145. DOG • a chque of Pocuy, SJ)lril. God-is-Life not God-runs-Li fc. Art. Journeys. IMer Powe11;, Munk review~ and Zinc review~. Anlclcs, Dislribu110n of Gypsy Music and more. Inspired 111 Asheville area of NC and in Southern TX. Be positive and cnioy the world arouod you. M:ul 10 Colouf!; or Monroe: PO Box 18752: Corpus Christi, TX 78480. Cost S2.00. VISIT MEXICO· in summer of 1992 wilh lhe Exchange Program between WNC and S!ln Crist6bal de las Casas, Chiapas. The purpose of lhe exchange is 10 build world peace lhrough personal conUICIS across national boundaries. Spend 2~ weeks with a hos1 family, receive language ansuucuon and reciprocate by offering hospiLllily in your home community Minimum cosl IO permi1 wide panicipalion. For more information write: Jenifer Morgan: 2050 Hannah Bmnch Road; Burnsville, 1'C 28714 or call Becca (70-I) 298-6794 or Jane (704) 625-5620. NATIVE AMERICAN A..UTE MUSIC- Richard Roberti, a well known west TN new age nutist (M:a Zero Otims). is now av;ulablc an the Easl Tl'\/NC area. For relaxing aod uplifling pcrfonnanccs or iopcs con1JC1: Richan! Robcrtli: Box 821: Noms. TN 37828 (615) 494-8828 01' Rt I, Box 136 RD; Lamar, MS 38642 {601) 252-4283. PEOPLE OF THE WEB· 224 page book (1990) shows how lnwan mounds, anciem ritunls, magnetic CJtJ)Crimentation on lhc: brain, neru-dcath c.~pcrience, ll1!d UFO obduclions are rclaled. Wilh 94 piclurcs and illustrnlioos. St9.95 sofl.back. S24.95 hardback- Eagle Wang Books: Box 99n. Memphis, TN 38109. NATNE AMERICAN CEREMONIAL HERBS· we offer a large variety of sages. sweet grass, naiurlll resins, and evcrylhing ncccs.,;ory for smudging. Native smoking mixtures, 0uLO music, pow-wow 111pcs, and ceremonial songs. Esscnr.ial oils. and incenses specifu:ally made for prayer, offering, and meditation. For caUllog call or write: Esscncia.l Dreams; Rt 3, Box 285: Eagle Fork. Hayesville, NC 28904 (704) 389-9898. LOOKING FOR OTHERS • fOI' mutual suppon and encou111gcmcn1 111 sc:udl of a bcucr life. Loolung for ~ l e formru.1011 of a rcsidenr.ial community. My 1ntcres1S and strengms are: feminism, pcrmllCUIIUrc, commun11y supponcd agricul1urc, radionics, rot111111 he3ling, and much more. Write Peggy Price; 5807 Poplar Strcei: Doraville, OA 30340 or aill (404) 447-9829. PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE· For !hose who live 10 the Piedmont area, !here's a biorcgional cffon v.-cll underway. Jom Us! We would 3pproc1ll1C any donation of umc or money to help mce1 opern1ing expenses. For a gift of S25.00 or more. we will !iol!nd you a copy of John Lawson's JOumat, A New Voyage 10 Carolina. Also come find out about 1he Lawson ProjccL PBI; 412 W Rosemary Su-cet: Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581. MUSICIANS, MAGICIANS, ACROBATS, ACTORS, jugglers, poets, roadies, cte. wanu:d to JOlll The Bicycle B:ind, a iribal-foU. trnvcling musical circus/medicine show. Must be 101ally self-propelled (no gas-powered vehicles). Conlllct Billy Jonas; 31 Park A,·c.; Asheville, NC 28801 ROOM AV An.ABLE • in exchange for small odd jobs and some cooking. To inquire please coniact Knrcn W,ulcins at Rt 4, Box 389; Burnsville. NC 28714; (704) 682-9263. ,.,lurer, 199 t-92 �BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE· SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agricullure - Sunnowers • Human lmpac, on lhe Forest - Childrens· Educa1ion Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics - Lill.le People - Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984 War.er Drum • Water Quali1y - Kudzu. Solar Eclip.,;c · Clcan:ulling • Trou1 • Going IO Waler - Ram Pumps· Microhydro • Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984 Harvest • Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng - Nuclear Waste • Our Celtic ReriLagc - Biorcgionalism: Past. Present. and Future - John Wilno1y - Healing Darlcness - Politics of Participation ISSUE STX· WINTER 1984-85 Winlcr Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture Rjvcr • Coming of the Light - Log Cabin ROOI. Mounuiin Agriculture: The Right Crop • William Taylor - The Future of 1he Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985 Sustainable Economics - Hol Springs - Worller Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing . Working in Ille Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT - SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Katuah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Folk Arts in the Schools. Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE • FALL 1985 The Waldoe Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests • Horse Logging - SLBrting a Troe Crop • Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh Time ISSUE TEN· WINTER 1985·86 Kate Rogers • Ci:cles of Sione - Internal Mythmalcing • Hol.islic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knaulh · Mylhic Places - The Uk1ena·s Tale. Crystal Magic - "Drcamspeaking• ISSUE THlRTEEN • FALL 1986 Center For Awakening - Elizabeth Callari - A Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dealing Creatively wilh Death • Home Burial Box - The Wake - The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom - Good Medicine; The Sweat Lodge ;'. 33 Ke°UA~9URNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6007 Name Regular Membership........$10/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. Address City Wl.ntef', 1991-92 ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogcrs and Mummers. AJI Species Day - Cabin Fever Univcrsily - Homeless in KatWlh • Homemade Hot Water. Stovemakcr's Narrative· Good Medicine: ln1Crsp0Cies Communication ISSUE FIFIBEN • SPRING 1987 Coverlets· Woman Forcsr.cr. Susie McMahan: Midwi~e • ~tcrnative Contraception - Biosexuality B1oregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Matriarchal Culture - Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987 Helen Wai1e - Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Ques, • First Aow - Initiation • Leaming in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular ArchitCCtW'C - Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home • Eanh Energies • Eanh-Shcltercd Living· Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter. J?oems: October Dusk - Good Medicine: "Sheller" ISSUE NlNETEEN · SPRING 1988 l?en:landra Garden - Spring Tonics - Blueberries. Wilctnowcr Gardens· Granny Herbalist - Aower Essences • "The Origin of lhe Animals:" Story Good Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree ISSUE nVENTY • SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalochian Wilderness - Highlands of Roan - Celo Community· Land Trust - Arthur Morgan School - Zoning Issue. "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Fann Bill - Good Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain • Duke·s Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO-WINTER 1988-89 Global Warming - F"1te This lime. ThOIIUIS Berry on "Bioregions· · Earth Exercise. Kort Loy McWhiner· An Abundance of Emptiness. LETS. Chronicles of Aoyd • Darry Wood • The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WBNTY-THREE- SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village • Planet An· Green Ci1y - Poplar Appeal· "Clear Sky"· "A New Eanh". Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days· Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Sex. Ice Age· Poem: "Sudden Tendrils" State Phone Number Zip Enclosed is $ , - - - - - to give this effon an extra boost ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Direct Action! • Tree of Peace - Community Building. Peacemakers· Ethnic Survival • Pairing Project. "Batl.lesong" • Growing Peace in Cuhurcs - Review: The Chalice and the 8/Juk ISSUE TWENTY-SIX· WINTER, 1989·90 The Ecoz.oic Ero • Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company - Connict Resolution • Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power. Magic of Puppetry • Home Schooling - Naming Ceremony • Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN - SPRING, 1990 Transformation - Healing Power - Peace to Their Ashes • Healing in KatWlh - Poem: "When Len 10 Grow· • Poems: Sicphen Wing - The Belly - Food from the Anciem Fores, ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FALI../WlNTER 1990 From the Mountains 10 lhe Sea • Profile of The Lltl.le Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology. "It All Comes Down to Water Quality". Water Power. Action ror Aquatic Rabimis . Dawn Walehers . Good Medicine: The Long Human Belng - The Nonh Shore Rood - Katuah Sells Ou, - Watetshed Map or the Kalliah Province ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991 Economy/ECOiogy • Ways IO a Regenerative Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" • Clarlcsville Miracle - The Village - Food Movers. Lirework • Good Medicine: "Village Economy• Shelton l.aW'CI • LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE- SUMMER 1991 Dowsing - Responsibilities of Dowsing • Elearical Life or the Earth • Kaulah and the Earth Grid • Call of the Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: ·0o Ag&JCSSion" - Time 10 Take the Time to Take the Time· Whole Science - Tuning ln ISSUE THIRTY-TWO. FALL 1991 Bringing back the F"1te · A Bit of Mountain Levity • Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah • Wal.king Distance· Good Medicine: "Serving lhe Great Life" • The Granola Journal - Paintings: "Mouniain Siories"- Songs of lhe Wilderness Back Issues: Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue#_@ $2.50 = $ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $ - - postage paid $,_ __ Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-32) postage paid @ $50.00 = $. _ __ 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 33, Winter 1991-1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-third issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on Fire: its power and uses. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Vic Weals, Barbara J. Sands, Jan Davidson, David Brewin, Barbara Wickersham, Jeffery Beam, Veronica Nicholas, Rob Messick, Charlotte Homsher, Lee Barnes, Mike Wilbur, Jason Tueller, Rob Leverett, James Rhea, David Earl Williams, Andrew Lehman, Vince Packard, Lynn Fink, Susan Adam, Bray McDonald, and Mark Morris. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Fire's Power by David Wheeler.......3 What Is Natural? by David Wheeler.......5 Do Clearcuts Mimic Fire?.......6 Smokey and the Red Wolves.......7 Fire in Jeffreys Hell by Vic Weals.......8 Poems by Barbara J. Sands.......9 Fire and Forge by Jan Davdison and David Brewin.......11 The First Fire: A Cherokee Legend.......12 Hearth and Fire in the Mountains by Barbara Wickersham.......14 Good Medicine.......15 Midwinter Fires: Poems by Jeffery Beam.......18 Natural World News.......20 Who Will Have the Power? by Veronica Nicholas.......22 Litmus Lichens by Rob Messick.......24 Reading the Inner Tree by Charlotte Homsher.......25 Review: Where the Ravens Roost.......25 Around the Fire by Lee Barnes.......26 Drumming.......27 Poem: "Sky Mangler" by Mike Wilber.......29 Review: The Sound of Light.......31 Events.......33 Webworking........34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest fires--Environmental aspects Blacksmithing--Appalachian Region, Southern--History Hearths--Appalachian Region, Southern--History Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs Cherokee mythology North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Cherokees Earth Energies Electric Power Companies Fire Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Turtle Island Villages https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/5ac6c68fc9a4ef339c7624f779acbcb4.pdf d9ea21ad706d54448902d9872b20ba5c PDF Text Text ISSUE 34 SPRING 1992 $2.00 �•·······.•. .......... .............. \. .... '····: '•\ i ! ....../ _..i ... ; ......... ..···•· ....·· ......··•·· .. ··~ ..... ;..-···· ~UAlrljOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 287 48 G} C, Q:- ,.·..·· ..··.·· •' .....· Drawing by Rob Mcssiclc Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 ¢ ... (\ Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Paradise Gardening.................... 3 by Joe Hollis Community Sponsored Agriculture..5 by Hugh love/ "lfYouDidn'tGrowlt... "........... by Ralph Garrett 7 Eating Close to Home................. by Peter Bane 9 Silas McDowell's Vision............ by Perry Eury 11 Poems.................................. by Allison C. Surherland 12 Native Foods.......................... by Bear with Runs 13 Cover Crops.......................... by Mark Schonbeclr. 15 Plant For Tomorrow: Hemp........ by John Ingress 17 Katuah Cultivars...................... by Lee Barnes 18 Blowing in the Wind................. by Charlotte Homsher 19 The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac................... by Lee Barnes and Rob Messick 20 Good Medicine....................... 22 Natural World News................. 24 "Whose Rules?"...................... by David Wheeler 26 Big fvy................................. by Emmett Greendigger and David Wheeler 27 Drumming.......... .................. 28 Saving Wild Seeds................... by Lee Barnes 29 Resources............................. 31 Review: "Apple Pie in Your Face" .............. 34 Webworking.......................... 37 Events.................................. 38 Sprl.nq , 1992 Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet It is rrom the atoms of our bioregion's soil, water and air that our cells are constructed and renewed. Within many unique webs of life, we become our physical selves and thus must share responsibility for our impact on the delicate systems which allow us life. Bioregions need to become more self-sustaining, self-governing, and self-healing. An imponant step in obt.aining this goal is the development of regional sustainable agriculture and greater utiliz.ation of seasonal diet. Agriculture must be more ecologically sustainable and regionally specific, since each bioregion is unique in its combination of climate, soils, and adaptable plants for food, fibers and fuels. Within each bioregion: • Cultivaled crops should be ecologically produced in harmony with the Earth's gifts of sunshine, frost-free growing season, am renewable cycles of soil fertility. • Sustainable agriculture teehniques must maximize soil regeneration and nutrition produced per acre, rather than simply maximizing yields. • All materials and energies must be more efficiently recycled within the biaregion that produced them. We must blanket our soils wilh greater gifts of cover-crops and green manures . • We must reduce our total dependency on a dangerously narrow base of major food crops and monoculture techniques, and diversify our use of currently recognized and potentially usable wild-food plants. • Preservation of remaining genetic diversity is critical to prevent the final loss of irreplaceable gene combinations. We need 10 renew the use of genetically diverse, open-pollinated seeds to retain variability in our fields to insure protection from catastrophic crop loss due to genetic uniformity. Local seed-saving could allow independence from extra-regional seed sources. • Most imponanlly, humans in each bioregion must accept total responsibility for their region's ecological health and self-sufficiency in food production. A regional diet should be nuaitious and healthy; pleasant to eat; consumed more "in sync" with regiona.V seasonal cycles of production; and involve foods which can be preserved using, low-technology food preservation techniques, such as solar drying, smoking, salt preservation and pickling. We need to review each region's traditional diets, as guides to efficient, non-destructive food production, and carefully learn from each region's own unique seasonal production of abundant crops such as fruits (berries, etc.), nuts (chestnuts, acoms,etc.), and wild seeds (grains). "Getting back to the garden," as Joe Hollis tells us, will be no easy taSk.. We must embra.ce the best featureS of current and developing techniques and philosophies for a sustainable future. In this issue, we address the potential for regional, sustainable agriculture and regional diet by reviewing Katuah's historical foods and agricultural cycles. We explore new ideas for food production and marketing systems, and provide some specific information on wild plant seed-saving, recommended vegetable varieties, and cover crops. We hope this issue will "seed" further investigations into sustainable agriculture, regional autonomy, and self-healing. We are what we eat, and are ultimately responsible for the heallh of ourselves and "all our relations." May we be more receptive to our planet's council, and our mutual future. Dr""'Ul8 by Pcgi - Lee Barnes �~JAH JOURNAL EDITORIAL SLASH: Maria Abbruzzi Lee Barnes Chris Davis Charlone Homsher John Ingress James Rhea Susan Adam Heather Blair Emmen Grecndigger Jim Houser Rob Messick David Wheeler EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE: Sherman Bamford Jesse Jones Bill Melanson Pegi Breeze Bums Richard Lowenthal Mamie Muller Donna Stringer Thanks 10 Celo Community and RSVP for hosting Xa,uah lhis time. Special thanks to l<Alherme Adam and Staff of ATIRA COVER: by Rhea Rose Ormond STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PUBLISHED BY: Karuah Journal Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Turtle lsland continent of Mother Ela, the Eanh PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Mouniaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens. WRITE US AT: Kaniah Journal Asheville Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kaniah Province 28748 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both narural and social. In accord with this principle Katuah Journal tries to serve a.s n forum for lhe discussion of regional issues. Signed articles e.xpress only the opinion of lhe authors and are no, necessarily the opinions of the Katunh Journal editors or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Ka1uoh Journal a non-profit orgnnization under section 501 (cX3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributions to Ka1uah Journal are deductible from ))Cl'SOlllll income c.ax. Articles appearing in Katuah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuoh Journal stnlT. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. tNVOCATLON The Greatest Friend I have in life Has brought me here to dwell Awhile among these green, green hills And by the watery well. The water from that wondrous well Has made my eyes to see And loosed my tongue to sing with joy That such a Friend could be. Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring lhis connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with 1he land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As 1he land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as welL Kacuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and anwork we speak 10 the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Edit.ors j • The Incredible String BQ/ld Bonier by Jason Tueller KATUAH JOURNAL wanrs to communicate your rhoug/,rs and feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them t.o us as leuers,poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your coruributions to us at: Karuah Journal; P. 0. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katua/1 Province 28748. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be involved with the continually controversial topic of Councils, and how to create more viable methods of decision-making in the future. Possible topics include: Native American sovereignty, the State of Franklin, JCQtuah Journat page 2 Town Meetings, Council of All Beings, Regional Rainbow Gatherings, Grassroots Groups, Conflict Resolution, and more? Submit all material by April 30th, 1992. THE FALL, 1992 ISSUE will be about the role of wood in the life of the mountains. Please send articles evaluating the present timber industry, logging stories, and visions of ecological and sustainable ways to cut and use wood. Please also send pictures and drawings of wood and woodworkers. Deadline is July 30, 1992. Spri.ng, l 992 �PARADISE GARDENING by Joe Hollis W c wam 10 save the world, and we want 10 save ourselves. It's the same thing. The problems confronting us arc enormous and at every level: personal, social, planetary. l will spare you a list. My aim is 10 suggest that they are all symptoms of one problem, and to propose a solution. The problem: 10 find a way to live on Earth which promotes our health and happiness, conducive to the full development of our innate potential, and, a1 the same time, is "democratic," that is, available to all, not using more than our share, and harmonious with the biosphere's evident drive toward increasing diversity, complexity, and stability. Our world is being destroyed, in the final analysis, by an extremely misguided notion of what constitutes a successful human life. Materialism is running mmpant and WILL CONSUME EVERY11iING, because its hunger will never be sated by its consumption. Human life has become a cancer on the planet, gobbling up all the flows of matter and energy, poisoning them with our waste. What can stop this monster? Nothing. Just lhis: walk away from iL It is time, indeed time is running out, to abandon the entire edifice of "civilization/the State/ the Economy" and walk (don't run!) to a bener place: home, to Paradise. J ••• 1) Paradfae is, first of all, a garden. A garden in which everything we need is there for the taking. 2) And Paradise Gardening is a way or life which serves to maintain the garden, and is in turn maintained by it. Ecologist Eugene Odum calls this being the 'ecosystem manager:' "an organism that utilizes a small frac tion of the total energy budget and in return provides a service which aids the system in its funclion and continued survival." (This concept "illustrates the ideal which man should imitate in his auempts 10 manage a natural ecosystem.") Genesis, with the characteristic compression of myth, says we were put into the garden "10 dress it and keep it." Same thing. 3) Parndise Gardening is not work. Work is a subjective concept: one person's play may be another person's work. h has nothing to do with effon: tennis, for example, is usually "play" (unless you're a "pro"), sitting at a computer terminal is frequently "work." Work is whatever you are doing when you'd rather be doing something else. Paradise Gardening is "not work" in the same sense that what a bear does all day is "not work." This distinction is the same as that which the Taoists make between "doing" and "not-doing." Genesis refers to the same matter in saying that only outside the garden do we have 10 earn our living "by the sweat of our brow." 4) Paradise Gardening is not agriculture. From chemical to organic sprLr19, t992 agriculture is a step in the right direction, but only the first step. Agriculrure itself is, after alI, half of the one-two punch that knocked us out of Paradise in the first place. Good farmers, to be sure, love nature; but they love her in the context of plowing her up every year and deciding what to grow next. Our addiction 10 annual species and disturbed habitats has put us at odds with the main thrust of the biosphere (and with ourselves). Oh, Eanlt is patient and Earth is old And a mother of Gods, but he breaks lier, To-ing.fro-ing, wit!, tlte plow teams going, Tearing the soil of her, year by year Sophocles, Antigone Every spring, nature begins again 10 clothe the Earth in beauty. It is the process of succession, the initial strands of the intricate web, the rebirth of the Tree of Life. And every autumn we scrape it off, rake it into barns, take it to market: we increase human diversity and complexity (butcher, baker, candlestick-maker ...) by appropriating to ourselves processes which are meant to benefit all ••• Drawina by Rob Messick Paradise is a habitat and a niche. Mircca Eliade refers to the universal "yearning for Paradise": Memories coded into our genes of our place, our fit. How, after all, does a bird, for example, select a place to build a nes1? So many factors to consider (and such a small brain!). It simply picks the most beautiful spot available. It was born with a "template" of paradise. Concerning this the Book ofOdes says, "The twittering yellow bird, the bright silky warbler, comes to its rest in the hollow corner of the hill." and Confucius commented "Comes to rest, alights, knows what its rest is, what its ease is. Is man, for all his wit, less wise than this bird of yellow plumage that he should no, know his resting place or fix the point of his aim?" Like any other creature, we are our niche. By our physiology and behavioral programming we arc born to live a ccnain kind of life. Paradise is our birthright and our duty, Now, instead, we take up a niche in civilization. The premise of civilization is that if everyone is a less than complete human being (''1'11 be the brains, you be the back"), ii will be beuer for all of us. This insulting premise has guided us for so long that many of us are unaware of an alternative. We (cnnunucd on next page) Xotl'.wf, )ourlfflt pcu_,e 3 �(COlllinucd from page 3) equate "making a living" with "making money." Thus we spend the best hours of our lives pursuing our careers, being pan of the cancer. But everything needful to be completely human is available to us close by in our environment - the garden and the ocighborhod. We can rely on the truth of this because "human-ncss" is a creation of the environment, the most recent manifestation of a coevolution between our genes and all the other genes in the world that has been going on since the beginning of life on eanh. Much chancier is the possibility that everything we need to be completely human is available to us in the city, or through money. population level, live and coexist as foragers (ecosystem managers)? "Caught in the devil's bargain " how can we "get ourselves back to the garden"? (Joni Mitchell, "Woods1ock") The strategy here proposed, Paradise Gardening, may be described as :'in1ensified foraging." David Harris, in a scnes of papers has explored "alternative pathways to agricul'ture." Particular!~ valuable is ~s . distinction between "agncultural mampulaaon and transfonnatfon ... agricultural utilization ••• The last time we lived in paradise it was as "foragers": hunters and gatherers, omnivorous, opponunistic exploiters of a variety of environments. Specialists, not of disturbance but of diversity. This lifestyle has attracted much attention recently (at the very time that the last vestiges of it~ being eradicated). Toe view that foraging is an adaptation superior to agriculture is now well established in academia and the same theme appears in popular literature (e.g. Bruce Chatwin, Tl~ Song/Ines and Vargas Llosa, The Storyteller, both inspiring). A revolution in the study of the human niche was prompted by the realization that foragers, far from living on the brink of starvation, as previously imagined, actually had more leisure than anyone else since (Lee and deVore, Man the Hunter). Boserup (The Conditions ofAgricultural Growth) suggests that there have never been any "agricultural revolutions," in the sense of a sudden invention of a great new way 10 produce food; but rather that increases in food production always come at the cost of even greater increases in labor (or fossil fuel) input, that the techniques were always well known to the producers, but resisted until finally demanded by rising population (or the demands of the upper classes for a surplus, a 'cash crop'). "Agriculture permits denser food growth supponing denser population and larger social units but at the cost of reduced dietary quality [less diversity to choose from), reduced reliability of harvest [eggs in less baskets], and equal or probably greater labor per unit of food ... agricuhure is not a difficult concept but one readily available to hunting and gathering groups ... " (Mark Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory). Agriculture, in rum, allowed population to expand more rapidly. Any attempt to live a foraging life in the modem world would seem to be onJy an interesting but ultimately imlcvant exercise of the "historic village" variety. That "there is no going back" is merely a truism. What those who recite it mean to say is that there is no changing direction, progress can be only a straight line - from an original home in natw-c 10 a world eventually completely human, domesticated, fanned. At this point, I would rephrase the "problem" with which this essay began: How can we, with our contemporary tastes and Xatuafl Jou~ P~. 4 "better" future. "No act is good unless its goodness is seen in the innnediacy of the act. An act which justifies itself by appealing to a later good ... all appeals to reason, expediency, and necessity, are appeals to the very forces that wreck all ideals. One must have courage and be willing to take risks." (William Thompson, Evil and World Order) Ecology teaches that a "pioneer" (disturbed) environment favors life forms that are fast-growing but shon lived, wide-spreading, ''greedy" - designed 10 capture the maximum of sunlight and unoccupied soil. But eventually they are succeeded by the trees, which, because they invest energy in making wood, grow more slowly at first, but are more stable, longer-lived, and finally faster growing, more influential, the "dominant species," towering above. We have spread ourselves over the Eanh, and used or burned just about everything that is easy to get The age of the greedy ones draws to a close. (They don't know it yet.) At last, we may hope, the 'competitive advantage' passes to the practitioners of permanence, rootedness, slow growth and steady accumulation, the vertical expansion of the human spirit into realms unchanecl, or long forgotten. A tree derives its satisfaction from the view achieved. ••• may - and, if sufficiently intensive, usually does - lead to the IJ'llnsformation of a natural into a largely artificial ecosystem: lhe replacement of a tropical forest by plantation, of temperate woodland by whcatfields ... But agriculture may also proceed by a process of manipulation which involves the alteration of selected components of the natural system rather than its wholesale replacement - a method of cultivation which involves substituting certain preferred domesticated species for wild species in equivalent ecological niches and so simulates 1he structure and functional dynamics of the natural ecosystem." Harris has recently edited a collection of papers (From Foraging to Fanning) which further explores the emerging realization that many "non-agricultural" peoples were in fact engaged in intensive and sophisticated plant exploitation, previously unrecognized because their plant management practices did not fit our idea of agricuhure. ••• Our goal is to "naturalize" ourselves in lhe environment. This will involve changing ourselves and changing the environment: convergence toward "lit" Perfect fit means the free and easy flowing of matter and energy between ourselves and our environment: life lived as a complete gift from the garden to us, from us to the garden. But that is in the future; what we need now is a process, leading to that goal, which is justified on its own terms. Focus on the ideal Paradise Garden wilJ tempt us to ta.Ice shoncuts, perpetuating the same old panem of selling out the present for some imagined The process of Paradise Gardening involves: - Extricating our life-support system from civilization/the Economy (bluntly, money), and reattaching it to the natural world of garden and neighborhood. This will be a gradual process requiring a real analysis of our needs and expenditures. Thus, for example, cars and gasoline arc nor needs but only the means to the satisfaction of needs. The solution is not gasohol but reducing the reason for travelling (usually the getting and spending of money). Concerning this the TM Te Ching says, 'The country over the border might be so near that one could hear the cocks crowing and the dogs barking in it, but the people would . grow old and die without ever once troubhng to go there." (sec Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. D, ch. 80) for a discussion of ''the political program of the Taoists: the return to cooperative primitivity. ") The key 10 the self-justifying nature of the process is this: things made or done .by professionals or machines may be technically superior to one's own efforts, but are generally lacking in a quality which, following Carlos Castenada, I will call "hean. 0 Satisfaction from things bought usually peaks at the moment of purchase and declines rapidly. Needs which a.re met by the interaction of ourselves and nature are more deeply mer.. and there are wonderful surprises along the way. The truth of this will be evident to anyone who has ever made anything "from scratch." What seldom occurs to us (someone doesn't want it to occur to us) is that an entire life can be constructed on 1h1s basis. (c:on11nuod on page J2) Drawing by Mkhacl Thompson SprLt1-9, !9!12 �.,,.. . .. It , • ' # ' •••••• , ''• ,.,. COMMUNITY SPONSORED AGRICULTURE As lhe end of the century nears, several things must be faced. Tho food supply is not only tainted. it is devitaliz.ed. In particular, foods lack nourishment for integrity, uprightness and willingness. These qualities depend upon individual attitudes, but they require nutritional support Things could get worse, and probably they will. But, here and there people are looking at their options and choosing 10 make a difference. They want to suppon endeavors that remedy the problems caused by lhe bigger-is-better mindset. One of the worst concerns is the loss of more than seventy percent of the world's topsoil in the last hundred and fifty years. Instinctively people sense a need to encourage sound agriculture. At the same time they want 10 buy food that not only is free of pollution, but has an inner, vital impulse toward life. The..-.e and related faclOI'S motivate a trend toward agriculturally based producer/consumer communities that regenerate the land which feeds them. The acronym CSA stands for Consumer Supported Agriculture, Community Sponsored Agriculture, or Community Supponed Agriculture, depending on whom you are talking 10. In all cases it indicates a vertically integrated agricultural operation. However it may be done, the CSA group provides what is necessary to grow their food. Fortunately, not everyone has the same things 10 contribute. Usually fanners who can work the land successfully are in the shortest supply. But, from these farmers' points of view, consumers are in shon supply <>r laborers are hard 10 find at crucial times. The CSA is not functional until farmer, farmland, labor, operating capital and consumers arc lined up in cooperation. CSA fanns vary. Some are located in or near metropolitan areas where consumer interest is high. Olhers involve more distance between the land and consumers. Many sell "shares" in advance of their year's production. Others require an advance deposit, refundable in everything from produce, canned goods, eggs, honey and cheese, to meat, flowers, herbs, firewood or wool. Tn some cases consumers come 10 the farm to get their food. In others, weekly deliveries to distribution points may be necessary. One CSA may have monthly potluck dinners, developing strong core groups and dividing up tasks between mothers, accountants, farm apprentices, lawyers, fixers, and fanners; while others may be seat-of-the-pants operations stripped to the bare essentials. CSA's have several things in common. [n one way or another they all encourage farmers and consumers 10 understand and suppon each other. They enable participants to invest their resources in the land and ilS beuennenL 1be means of production belongs to both producers and consumer.;, as they contribute skill, labor and capital, and take responsibility for leaving the land better off for their use of it. Nevenheless, in some cases the land is owned privately while in Spnnq, l992 by Hugh Lovel others the CSA is organized as a cooperative, a land trust or a research and training institute. Besides nutritious food and a healthier environment there are many subsidiary benefil!i. By having the moral and financial expenses. In 1985 I was laid off as a bridge carpenter in Atlanta, and in 19861 tried to farm full time, selling produce to stores and in pl!lking lolS. It was hardly a way 10 make ends meet. I knew there had to be a better way. The Biodynamic Association quarterly, support of a community, the farmer has backing for experimentation. Members may want exotic items like Chinese cabbage, Annenian cucumbers. Roquefon cheese or Louisiana hot sauce, and the fanner has 10 learn how to produce these items. The CSA can also be an educational opportunity for young adults interested in becoming farmers. By apprenticing on a CSA farm they experience growing and preparing a wide variety of products. Moreover, members and their children learn how their food is produced, and there .ue therapeutic benefits in this especially for those growing or convalescing. Lastly, the farm is a haven from the vicissitudes of city life. Conceivably it will provide alternatives 10 employment in economic hard times. The idea h that consumers support the farm and the farm supports the consumers. Biodynamics, ran an anicle on CSA's. I drew up a prospectus with a copy of the ruticle and distributed it to a few people in the Atlanta area. They told friends, and for the first season l had twenty-eight members sign up. r did not want to promise 100 much, so I only offered breads, honey. pollen, eggs, yogurt. and vegetables in season. I asked for $100 deposits, refundnble in groceries. This money got me through February, March, and April when I planted but had nothing 10 sen. A1 the end of April I had my first delivery of spinach, lettuce, and seasonal herbs. The season went on to green onions, garlic, English and sugar snap peas, yellow onions, potatoes, cabbage, beans, com, summer squash, tomatoes, okra, beets, collards, leeks, winter squash, turnips and Chinese radishes. The garden was finished by mid-November, though I made one last delivery of pork after Thanksgiving. Because che fann, Union Agricultural lnsutute, Blairsville, Georgia, was 125 miles from Atlanta, I made a Saturday run 10 three Since the only CSA I can re.tlly describe is the one I founded, I should tell how it was set up. During the 1980s I directed a fledgling founccn acre biodynamic research and training farm, working off the farm to pay (QOl\linued on nut page) Drawing by Pcgi X.awah Journot pc:a(Je 5 �(OOlllinuod &om pegoS) drop-<>ff points. Members received a weekly newsletter and order fonn that 100k me rwo hours a week at the typewriter and copy machine. Bookkeeping was on index cards with names, addresses, dates, and sums. Mostly I concentrated on running 1he fann, picking the number one vegetables, recycling the residual vegetation through forty chickens., twenty rabbits, and 1wo pigs for fertilizer, and n:planting with the next crop in the rotation. Although I kept bees, the honey and millc for yogun came from nearby farms. 1brought in organica!Jy grown wheat and rye for bread. Out of26 weekly deliveries, I counted on members to order at leas1 half the time with average orders of twenty dollars, a gross of $7,280. I believe I took in a littJe more than that, but my bookkeeping did not prove it. J realize lhis may not seem like much, but my expenses were low enough 10 make ends meet All I had was the land and a small pic_!cup truck, rototiller. lawnmower. scythe, pitchfork, axe, scuffle hoe, claw cuJtivator, wheel hoe, push planter, and seeds bred for response 10 my methods. It was a start. Consumer int.crest was strong simply from word of mouth. I could expand, but a larger investment was required. The fann needed woods, barns, fences, greenhouses. pastures, orehards, and fields all in good measure. none at the expense of the others. I did not have to hurry things. The land consisted of mixed forest slopes and bottomland with good water bur not especially good sun. There was plenty of brush clearing, rock picking and hay planting to be done. And there were only three or four acres that could be added to the truck garden no mancr how I adapted 10 having more help and machinery. At my organii.ationaJ meetings in February and Man:h of 1988 I asked for a S33 membership fee as a capital invesuncn1 in the fann, plus the hundred dollar deposit. Again bookkeeping was only sufficient to show how much was paid and how much was delivered. Picking, bnlcing, and packing orders were changed from Fridays 10 Saturdays, and deliveries were changed to Sundays. This allowed members 10 visit the farm and panicipa1e in picking on Saturdays, while I caught the least city traffic on Sundays and still picked up organic grains and supplies for the farm An apprentice, Matthew Persico, cut intensive beds into three acres of sod with the rototiUcr. We planted a fourth of it in potatoes, for which we had compost In the rest we inu:rplanted com with soybeans for a modest fodder crop. We built a smaJI barn with three sta!Js, hay storage, and an apprentice's apartment. I bought two calves to raise in the small barn yard, and phased out rabbits since the cows made more compost and were easier to feed on a large scale. For fcrtiliu:r I brought in hay, com, and soy meal for the animaJs while J cleared ~ I _pastures, arch~. and hay fields. The m~bon was to achieve self-sufficiency, WJth the £arm producing its own feeds, s~, and ttansplants, breeding its own livestock:, and producing its own compost Starting its fifth year in 1992, this Xatiloh Jouf'nQ( PQ«Je 6 CSA, UAI Coop, can service 80 households. We have a reconditioned 35 year old tractor, three or four apprentices, six aCICs of row crops, cheesemaking, three bovines, eigh1y chicke_ns, two pigs, and a smaJI transplant operanon. . O_u1side_ of i1s soil: the farm is 001 ye1 a capuaJ mtenswe operauon, despite a $16,000 gross in 1991. Dynamics and momentum arc a large part of the operation. Herc are some derails: Peas must be planted as early as possible. In Union County, Georgia 1hat is lat~ February or early March. Lenuce, spmach, and onions may aJso be planted from early March on. Lettuce, cabbage and collards should be planted under row coverings for transplanting as it warms up. The early plantings are better able to stay ahead of the weeds, though frequent cultivation - weather pennitting - is advisable. It helps considerably to have pennanent sod around cultivated beds. In winter and early spring the cows are eating hay in the barn and every so often it can be mucked out to make a compost pile. With spring warmth, the rye and clover covers on the beds shoot up and are cut for fresh feed or for hay. The stubble is cultivated two or three times over a three week period, so that it is digested and mellow before planting. . I set out my cabbages and potatoes in Apnl; followed by com, beans, and cucurbits in May; and tomatoes, peppers and okra in June. Garlic is planted early the preceding October, so that it and yellow onions are harvested in June and followed with bush beans. Crops like spinach, lettuce, com and beans can be staggered to produce a moderate but steady flow of each vegetable, extending the season. Compost is given especially to the greens, while root crops like carrots, radishes, and turnips do much better following behind without compost. Since my grassy borders around beds an: level with the beds, both borders and beds can be mowed simultaneously for the cows, pigs or chickens. In May 1here is so much to cut that haystacks must be made, 10 be fed in the winter when all the summer's com stover is gone. During the growing season the chickens are fenced in a long, hillside coop containing a thick stand of bamboo and a nesting house. At the top of 1he coop, sawmill bark, sprin.kJed with dust from the locaJ granite quarry, is added for bedding. My lawnmower has a rear bagging feature, and every day I give the chickens a heaping wheelbarrow load of grass, clover, and herb clippings from around the beds, which I mow on a monthly schedule. This keeps the egg yolks yellow while adding to the deep litter in the coop. Every so often this is made into a compost pile. I use a biodynnmic planting calendar for working crops according to 1heir root, fruit, flower, or leaf characteristics. For example, while potatoes are actually a swollen stem formation, they are plamed as though they were roots because the roo1-like characteristic is being emphasized. Likewise, cauliflower and broccoli, although 1hey an: flowers, are plan1cd as leaf crops because they have to be held back to 1he leafy stage of development. They an: eaten only as buds, not flowers. l also apply biodynamic preparations, which have profound nutritionaJ significance. And I grow speciaJ crops that do not contribute income but contribute to the overall balance and heaJth of the farm. Finally. I avoid faulty practices. Planting the whole fann in cucumbers or semng off all the compost, 1 would never do. One of the goals of crop rotation is to allow for a healthy nitrogen cycle while cropping. Compost is given liberally to leafy crops that need plenty of nitrogen, such as lettuce, spinach, cabbage, and collards. It may be given more sparingly to fruiting crops which follow the greens, such as com, squash, tomatoes, and okra. It is withheld entirely from the roots, such as carrots, radishes, and turnips, which follow the fruits. Then I plan1 legumes such as beans, peas and lentils to draw in new nitrogen and produce rich compost as their vines are digested by the farm animals. Then the cycle begins again wi1h compost to the greens. Another goal of crop rotation is 10 vary as much as possible the kinds of plan1s grown. Thus it may be a good idea to follow lettuce with carrots, or collards with onions, but it is a bad idea 10 follow le1wce with spinach or carrots with parsnips. There is aJso interplanting. Planting com with soybeans, spinach wi1h garlic, tomatoes with sweet basil, dill with cabbages su_mmer squash with popcorn, and pumpkins with field com, makes for a lively variety. Nature has ways to create abundance. Perhaps most imponantJy, the pennanent grass and clover walking strips between and around the beds keep the soil fauna heaJthy and erosion to 1he minimum regartlless of the weather. We need to think abou1 these things. Not so long ago all farms produced food out of soil, water, air, and warmth because there was life. Nature charged nothing for her pan. Orawu,g by Rob Mcuid< (continued on p. 32) Sprl.mj, 1992 �"IF YOU DIDN'T GROW IT, YOU DIDN'T EAT IT" Food Production on a Self-Sufficient Mountain Homestead as told by Ralph Garrett Way back when Twas a boy, I lived at my grandma's and grandpa's up above the Lown of Sylva in Jackson County, NC. My grandpa was a farmer and a brick mason, and he also made bricks. I grew up during the Depression. IL was a little worse than it is right now, but it's going 10 get worser than this, I'm afraid. My grandpa and grandma owned about three and one-half acres around their house, but we tended a 12 or 15 acre bottom that was up in Addie where the band mill is now. We also planted 10 or 12 acres up on Fisher Creek in com and different things. It was about 25 or 30 acres all told. We grew enough for everybody in our family, some 10 sell besides, and enough 10 feed the animals, too. We raised cows, chickens, and pigs to eat, and we had horses, mules, and oxen 10 help us with the work. With them we plowed and planted com, beans, field peas, Irish 'taters, sweet 'taters, sorghum for molasses, and all different kinds of cornfield crops. And grains. We'd sow a great big thing of wheal for our flour, as well as winter oais 10 feed the horses while we were workin' 'em in the summer time. Then in the garden we had carrots. radishes, parsnips, rumips, and different kinds of greens - leuuce, onions, collard greens, and all those. We also had peach u-ees. I got a whuppin' many a time for getting in the Blue Goose peaches - big, fine, pretty peaches. They'd get to tumin' a little bit, and us liule boys, we'd slip around and try 10 get us one. J remember how we used to eat. The usual thing of a morning when we got up, we'd have side beef or ham - fried good and brickle · brown-eye gravy, some eggs, and some biscuits. Some days we'd have homemade applesauce for breakfasL We'd heat it up and have some hot biscuits and butter, and put the butter and some sugar in the fruit, and you had a good break.fast. We'd also cut com off the cob, and have it fried with biscuits and homemnde molasses. That's what we had a whole lot of mornings. Our big meal was at dinner time, 12 noon. Supper was the evening meal. Al dinner we'd have cornbread, hog meat or maybe beef stew with vegetables. You can get beef stew now in a can in the store, but we had big pois of it, homemade, with two or three vegetables in it, and some vegetables on the side, too. Or we'd have great big pots of homemade vegetable soup. We'd make the soup with okry (olcr.1), tomaters, beans, and onions. We put every kind of vegetable in there. In the summerumc for supper we'd usually have com on the cob, new 'taters, green beans, cornbread, and biscuits. Sometimes we'd eat supper without meal, but Sprtng, 1992 usually we had meat at the table three times a day, whether it was beef, pork, or chicken. We didn't have desserts every meal, like they want now. Dcssens came mostly on Sunday or Saturday when there was family coming. We'd have plain ca.Ices with down there 10 get some flour, some salt, sody (baking soda), balcing powder, coffee, and sugar. We just bought small amounts of sugar, until it come canning time. Then we would buy whatevercanningjars and lids that we needed and 50 and 100 pound bags of sugar to put up jellies and jam. We young'uns liked LO get old-time candy, like wax candy, horehound candy, and all kinds of stick candy at the store. But we never had money to buy very much there. A year on the farm went like this: Winter was kinda slow. We'd be cutrin' firewood, sittin' by the fire, and relax.in'. DrawiJI& by J.,,.,. Rhea applesauce spiced up and pu1 in between the layers. They called that old-time fruit cake. They'd pile four or five of them up in a straight pack with the applesauce in between each layer, then applesauce down over the; top ofic. Now, that was a dessen! Today if someone gets two layers of cake, they think that that's 100 much, but we had.five layers of cake! We ate what we wanted, because it was simple. Or maybe they'd make a cherry pie. What they call a cherry pie now is just a little ol' thing. What we called a cherry pie was a big bread pan full of cherries with dough through 'cm. They call 'em cobblers now, but we called 'em cherry pie. Grandma also used 10 make sweet potato custards and sweet potato pie and put sweetening on it - marshmallows or brown sugar, good things like that. If we didn't grow it, we didn't cat it. That's right. There wasn't no supermarkets, there was only an old country store. We'd go We'd spend time a-shuckin' com and thrashin' out the peas, Crowder peas and clay peas, through the bad days. We also had 10 get our harness and equipment fixed up and in first-class shape. We had to be ready. so that when the ground got right we could go right to work. We didn't use no fertilize (fertilizer). We used compost, and we gathered that in the winter, too. We'd clean out the horse stalls and the cow stalls. We'd throw it in a bin that was outside the winder (window), and we'd mix leaves in with iL That would cause it to heat in the bin. In the spring we wouW haul out that compost. spread it on the field, and plow it in. That enriched our land and made our crops do better. We staned plowtn' in February and March, what we didn't already have plowed. The first crop we put out was the different kinds of greens - cabbage. collard greens, you could do them early. Usually, (canlinucd on nai pqe) Xatuah Journal POCJI'- 7 �(cullinucd from page 7) people around here would sow a bed of turnips or rutabagas, too. Irish pouuoes were planted next during the dark of the moon in Man:h, and maybe we'd put some green peas out in the garden. Radishes, onions, and parsnips were early crops, we could get an early start on them, 100. We would s1an our own S\l,'CCt pouuo sets. We'd get them bedded down between April 10 - 15. Then they'd be a-comin' up in May. Sweet potatoes was a big crop. We used to plant big fields of 'em. Around April 15 - 20, we'd plant the first corn. It would grow up a linle bit, but not enough that a frost would hurt it bad. Unless there come an ex try unusual hard freeze, com would grow on though. Flour com, popcorn, and com for the livestock: those were the main kinds of com we planted. We also had a liule of what we called llim com. When it got hard, it was hard as a rock, but it made real good roasting ears. When sweet com came along, we started planting sweet com in the garden. Now people plant fields of sweet com. The biggest thing was to rotate the com plantings so that they would come in slowly, so we could harvest them and take care of them, instead of having all the com oome in at once. We would plant some com on April 15, some the first of May, and then again at the last of May.Hit's not a dry year, you can plant com in June. It's starting to get dry then, but sometimes a crop'll make. It's a short season up here in these mountains, but some years I've bad three different spaces of com comin' in. We always figlftd the last frost would come around the tenth of May. 1bcn we'd set out OUT garden vegetables. Any kind of plant that the frost would affect - like peppers and tomatcrs - we'd wait 'ril after the tenth of May, after the frost line. The cornfield peas, we'd plant them after we worked (cultivated) the com for the first time. I'd wait until the com was up around my throat, and then l'd plant the peas in between the com. We did the cornfield beans, like the White McCaslan bean or the Kentucky Wonder, the same way. l would plant big com where I was going to plant the cornfield beans. Then the com would support 'em and shade 'em. Shade is what keeps the insects away better than any of this spray that we can buy today. We'd harvest the wheat when the heads bowed and tumed yeller. The timing depended on what kind of wheat we had. and when we had planted it in the fall. We harvested it by hand with a cradle. We didn't have combines like those that cut the wheat now. We had to do it with a cradle. At the end of June, we'd finish up with the wheat and we'd sun our first mowing of hay. We mowed the hay with a mowing plate and raked it up with a pitchfork. We'd shock it • put it in shocks or round piles - and then we'd come through with the wagon or the sled, and load it 10 the barn. and put it in the barn loft We'd pct up great barns full, and then we'd put up big stacks of hay around stackpolcs. We'd sUtCk com tops and fodder the same way around the Stackpole at the XatuQf1-Journat PCUJe 8 barnyard, where we could jusr go get it to feed the cows and the horses. All summer, we were mostly hoeing. It kept us busy. We'd start work as soon as it got light enough to sec what we was a-doin', and we worked 'til dark. Now at dinnertime, right at the heat of the day, we gave them horses a good full hour to two hours to be at rest. And we done the same thing. We ate, we rested, and then, when we went back 10 work, we worked 'til dinner. ln July when the blackberries and the raspberries came in, we'd pick berries. We would take a wagon up on Fisher Creek, and we'd pick washtubs full of blackberries! w11.i) J'"J~ Everybody went, everybody picked, everybody washed - everybody helped with canning berries for a few weeks. Some of the men might be off working on a job somewhere, but everybody up at the house just flew in and got busy. Pretty soon the com would start coming in, and we'd stan getting roasting cars with our dinner. And we'd start canning vegetables. too. We'd can all kinds of vegetables. We canned beans, 'matcrs, peaches, fresh ok:ry (okra), fresh com - all different kinds of food out of the garden. In the fall of the year, we'd be pectin' the apples, and pcelln' peaches. Them Blue Goose peaches came in about the same time as apples. We'd boil the fruit down and make apple and peach bu11er. We had an apple peeler. You just stuck the apple on and tumcd the handle, and ii peeled the apple and took the core out of iL Then we just cut it and made bleached fruit. Or we mashed it up, cooked it, and made applesauce. Bleached fruit is made by burning sulfur. We'd put the fruit on a rack, cover it with a cloth, light the sulfur in a sulfur burner, and leave it all night The action of the sulfur makes the fruit stay white, it doesn't tum brown, and it will keep all winter. Then we would put it in big 60-gnllon oak barrels, and we'd put up so many barrels of bleached fruit. We also P.l!t up ~ I s ofp\cld~ beans. Wr:!d !\ii up big barrels of beans broke up and washed, put water in there and add salt to sour 'cm and make 'em pick!~. The same way about roasting CaJ'S. That was our pickling stuff. At canning time we also fixed a lot of jellies and jams. We'd make apple jelly and grape jelly. And we'd make peach preserves: we'd peel sweet, cooked peaches like we were going to can 'em, and put sugar in there and cook it down until it come clown like makin' candy, and 1ha1 was good preserves. Around that same time we'd also be cuttin' the com and puuin' it up in the com crib. We'd cut the tops, and pull the fodder, and put that up to feed the cows and horses. We didn't leave nolhin' in that field that a cow could eat. We kept the com in the com crib, and we kept the peas in big bags inside in the house where they'd be getting drier and drier from the heat, so they'd shell easier. Whenever we got that done, it was coming to frost, and we had 10 get them sweet potatoes out before it frosted. If it frosted on the vines, we had LO get the vines off right quick before it rained. so that the frost wouldn't run into the sweet potaroes and ruin ·cm. When we got 'em up, we'd wash 'cm, and take 'cm to town to sell them, anywhere from a gallon to five bushels, whatever people wanted. After the frost was the time to cut the sorghum and make molasses. We had to strip the cane down. cut all the blades off it. and cut all the tops off. Then we'd haul all those cane stallcs to lhe cane mill and put 'em through the crusher. The juice would run out into a vat. and we'd cook it off in what. they called an evap<ntor until it came out syrup. Several families made sorghum. Some had bees. We didn't have no bees, but we had some people who had bees. We'd just get some stands of honey from them. We also used to go into the woods and gather up chestnuts. I'd go bacJc yonder and gather up a 75 pound short sack. all the chestnutS I could carry, and bring 'em home, and we'd eat on them. I also used to like to get pawpaws and persimmons. Now I'm tcllin' you, them old persimmons make a good pie. And there were always some bear hunters who would bring in some bear meat. l know I ate a IOl of bear meat. Back when I was a boy, bears were just as common as a milk cow. It was nothin' to see a bear down at the settlement. But they just got to bang, bang, bangin', killin' 'em all they wanted, 'tit there was a 101 of waste. Right at the first of November, we'd have to go back into the fields and clean the 'tater patches off. The usually thing was that there was late roasting cars and some late beans in the 'tater patch, and after we gathered them, we cleaned all that off, weeds and all, so we could plow our 'taters out After they dried good, we'd put 'em in the root cellar. Everybody had a root cellar. Lots of them were dugouts in the bank, but they were still root cellars where we'd keep the bleached fruit, the potatoes, and the lcrnut Everybody also bad a smokehouse where they'd smoke their meat. and they'd (ainunlllld on page 33) Ornwing by Miehkl Thompson Spri.ng, 1992 �~, ... .. w ... EATiNG · LbsE ro HOME c by Peter Bane The Logistics of a Permanent Culture Consider your next meal: It's mid-winter and what can be found to eat nearby? The supermarket offers Iowa beef and Idaho potatoes, Cnlifomia rice and broccoli, Mexican lettuce and tomatoes, salad oil from Brazil or Dakota, Aorida citrus, Washington apples. The Standard American Qiet is a marvel of technical complexity and a sad reflection of cultural banality. Divorced from place and season, available nationwide and year round, itS cosmetic perfection and shiny packaging are a glamour concealing enonnous unmarked costs and catastrophic instabilities. Lurking behind the plastic sheen are the collapse of rural communities, bankruptcy of farm families, loss of topsoil (an average 20 tons per ton of grain produced), poisoning of farm-workers, toxic residues in food, air, soil, and water, cruelty to animals, destruction of wildlife habitat, deforestation, and the cultivation of plagues and diseases heretofore unknown. Most of the food we presently eat is seriously denatured (lacking in nutrient value) by chemical destruction of soil life and is funher degraded by transport over long distance. Our diet, combined with poor air and water quality and compounded by the stresses of crowded and hwried lives has led directly to an epidemic of degenerative diseases: heart attack, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, leukemia, AIDS. Worse than all of this, if that is possible, our food now requires from 10 to 50 times the energy to produce and deli vet to the table as it returns to the eater as calories of nourishmenL We couldn't continue this way without a huge subsidy of fossil fuels. We are literally eating oil. And when it runs out as we know it will in 30 to 40 years - we will starve. Of course, long before that eventuality, our agriculture will have collapsed from a host of other problems: the shortage of water, excess UV radiation, susceptibility of our genetically-narrow monocultural staples (com, wheat, rice, and potatoes) to insectS, diseases, climate shifts, war, and revolution disrupting trade. The production offiber and timber is similarly vulnerable and destructive. If the Standard American Diel is insane and bound for collapse, then how should we grow and eat our food? Imagine, if you will, the life of our predecessors in this land. The Cherokee, the Iroquois. and other Eastern forest dwellers cultivated com, beans. and squnsh; hunted deer. turkey, and small game which were abundam in the woods; gathered wild berries, nuts and greens. They caught fish in lhe streams and collected mushrooms from the forest floor. Around their seu.lemcnts they selected and planted fruit trees. berry bushes, and other useful perennials. The world of global IT3de, of oil W:lJ"S and industrial production is a world of artificial surpluses and scarcities, of unjust expropriations and moral decadence. Yet we have a vision of living in Katuah with natural abundance, and a dedication to libeny and 1 SprLng, 1992 Drawing by Rob Messick justice for all. How then can we move from this disturbed and troubled world into one In which all our true needs and wants are met without despoiling the earth and robbing from our grandchildren and our neighbors in other countries? aim of producing the greatest sum of yields in the least practical area for the murunl benefil of all creatures. He was certain thal small areas dedicated to human needs could provide net surpluses of food, fibre, and energy while augmenting both genetic diversity and We need a new way of thin.Icing and seeing and new tools for problem-solving. And we need to address fundamental human needs: clean air, water, and food in sufficient quantity, shelter appropriate lO climate, satisfying and useful work, meaningful human contact, and immersion in a natural world. This search for a new paradigm in the built environment and our interaction with nature emerged as a response to industrialism and gradually merged into the science of ecology. Frederick Law Olmstead, the great I9th-century American landscape architect. realized that the growth of cities and of industrial work threatened the natural foundation of human sanity. He sought to ameliorate the effects of both by renewing vistas of nature in urban parks and greenways. ln this century, Lewis Mumford extended these considerations of human scale and sanity 10 the choices we make about technology, and Ian McHarg and his associates projected a concept of design based on intrinsic capabilities of landscape. Aui.1rlllian ecologi~t Bill Mollison transformed his own studies of environmental psychology imo a practice of landscape design and coined the term "permaculture" from "~nent agrioonm:." or "pem1anent culture" to describe a proce,;s of assembling artificial ecologies of crop plants and animals to mimic nature with the wildlife and resource conservation. Toe understanding and application of permaculture design over the past fifteen years has taken several main forms: the restoration of degraded landscapes; the creation of naturalized food foreslS as a locus for human habitation; the building and retrofitting of strueturtS to incorporate climatically appropriate energy and water harvesting, and to suppon food production; and the design of economic and communication structures appropriate to local production and trading. The work may be found on American homesteads, in European municipalities, and among African villages. New towns have been created in Australia. and long-term economic decline reversed in regions of Nepal and India using pennaculrure principles. Pcrmaculrurc draws 1tS models from patterns in nature and embraces many integrative disciplines: agricultural ecology, urban planning. landscape architecture. decent:ralist economics. and shamanism. among other.. Key insights which apply to all living )ystems include the following principles: I) Design by Relative Location place all elements {house. pond, road, plants) so as to maximize beneficial relationships and minimize antagonisms. 2) Select clemcntS to perform \lultiple Funclions. (contmual on nc,1 page) Xotuah JounlO! page 9 t �!' ) (001Uinuod &om pegc 9) 3) Suppon every important function with Multiple Elements. 4) Efficient energy planning through analysis by zones of access and Sectors of outSidc influence. 5) Use Biological Resources favor perennials. 6) Recycle Energy on site. 7) Use and accelerate Natural Succession to establish favorable sites and soils. Integrate animals, plants, humans, and StruCt\Jl'CS. 8) Polyculture & Diversity of beneficial species to promote productive, stable, interactive systems. 9) Pay attention to Edges & Natural Patterns. Pcnnaculture rcstS on an ethical foundation of care for the earth, including all living and non-living things; of care/or people, so that all people everywhere may have their basic needs met; and the contribution of surplus time, money, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care. Permaculture also has a Life ethic, valui.ng life and all ilS multiplicity for its own sake. Cooperation, not competition is the key. How then might a permanent culture take shape in Katuah? We can begin at our doomeps by cultivating a diet appropriate to our region - one based on the planlS and animals which grow here naturally and which have acclimated following introduction - and extend that process into gardening and fanning those same species regeneratively. We can learn to eat seasonally even as we take advantage of other cultural IJ'ad.itions to Xatuah Journot pQ(J& l 0 enrich our diet. Anyone can fimd space for a few leafy greens and herbs, vegetables which pound-for-pound afford more nutrition than any other food category. Grown within a few steps of the back door in mulched soils, they will survive almost year round if given a bit of care against summer drought and winter frost. Even apartment dwellers in the city can grow in containers on a balcony or in a windowbox. Cold frames against a south wall, a small greenhouse, or even movable cloches can supply a steady stream of salad which didn't have to cross the Continental Divide to grace our table. The familiar European and Medilerranean vegetables: lettuce, celery, carrot, onions, broccoli, and many others, are adapted to cold climates and may with protection, overwinter in the ground. Root crops and brassicas (cabbage, kale...) are especially well-suited to this method. These same vegetables don't grow best in our summer heat, but that is the season when the tropical American and Indian plants - tomato, corn, beans, squash, melons, eggplant, peppers, and okra flourish. We arc blessed throughout Katuah with generous forests whose dominant members include excellent nut trees: walnut, chestnut, oak, hickory, and pecan. We should recognize these allies for the food resources which they offer. Let us plant them in our yards and parks; conserve and catalog elite trees where they Stand; and take care in harvesting to leave the best, tallest, straightest, healthiest, most vigorous, and most fecund trees for seed, and tnk:ing only the lesser examples for timber and fuel wood. Fruit trees too should be planted in every yard, along roadways, in parks, and in neglected spaces in lhe cities. Besides the traditional apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and apricot, many areas arc suited to ugs. We have the native pawpaw, the maypop vine, and the persimmon which holds itS fruit on the tree well into winter. And the mulberry, which is one of the earliest fruits in spring, is hardy, easy-to-grow. and prolific. Members of the Eleagnus family - autumn olive and itS cousins, provide not only a shower of tasty fruit, but improve soils by fixing nitrogen at their roots, as docs the juncberry/serviceberry/saskatoon tribe (Amtlanchiet spp. ). ~~ By inrerpianting and stacking vertical layers into the garden, we can achieve greater total yields than is possible with single crops. Our naturally forested region provides the model for a productive food forest with crops grown at the canopy, mid-level, understory, shrub, herb, and root layers, and on vines running throughouL These food forests prpvide abundant wildlife habitat and make excellent forage systems both for humans and for domestic poultry, sheep, and pigs where access can be controlled. In very small spaces, even in the city, bees, rabbitS, and pigeons can be tended co augment food production and household income. Even more important than the establishment of food forests everywhere is the organizing of food markelS. We need to connect capable growers throughout the region with networks of town and city consumers to support the development of healthy fanns and to increase urban-rural exchanges. These community-supponcd farms stand a much better chance of implementing the diverse cropping strategics needed for ecological restoration than isolated fanners trying to outwit the commodity traders. Subscription farming is a way to create new jobs in agriculture and offer alternatives to existing farmers. Strengthening the farm economy; marketing food locally; and cultivating our natural suengths in uee crops, fisheries, berry and bulb production, can provide the basis for many new, locally manufactured hand tools, farm implements, craft- and housewares. These burgeoning local economies need methods to augment local trading, and to retain and recycle wealth wilhm the community. Local currency and baner systems work well. The L.E.T.S., or Local Employment & Trading System, is one such example. (Further infonnacion from the Institute for Community Economics, Somerville, MA.). If we ask again about sustainable agriculture and pennanent culture, "What is to be done?", the answer becomes clearer. 1) Eat what you grow and what is available locally and in season. 2) Grow things that you like that arc adapted to the area, and which do not travel well. 3) Plant and tend food forests everywhere people live, especially in cities, using public as well as private space. 4) Conserve genetic diversity and excellence by nurturing elite specimens and by exchanging heirloom seed and scionwood. 5) Trade sw-pluses locally. You needn't grow everything, or even anything, if you're a good plumber, teacher, baker, or candlestick maker. 6) Organize food production to suppon responsible growers. 7) Make direct market links wherever possible. Know ~here your food come~ from and where u goes. ,,P' Peter Bane publishu The Pcnnaculturc Activist. a fUJlional quarttrly journalfor North A=rico Born in Illinois, M now lives with his family in Middle TtnnLSst.t w~re Mis putting his itkas inJo practice. For m«e information please contact him at Route I, Bo:i 38; Primm Springs TN 38476 · Drawing by Dawn Shiner Sprt119, t 992 �I, Silas McDowell's Vision Of Mountain Agriculture by Perry Eury "Amongsr rhe valleys of the somhern Alleg/UJllit!$ somerimes winter is succeeded by wann wearlzer, which, cominuing through the months of March and April, brings out vegetarian rapidly, and clothes theforests in an early verdure. This pleasant spring wearher is renninated by a few days rain, and the clearing up is followed by cold, raking winds from the ,wrrhwest, leaving rhe atmosphere of a pure indigo tint, though which wink bright stars, bur ,ftlte wind subsides at nig/11, the succeeding nwrning shQws a heavy hoar frost,· vegetation is unerly killed, including all manner offruit germs, and the la11dscape clothed in verdure the day before ,ww looks dark and dreary." - Silas McDowell On the morning of April 28, 1858, Silas McDowell encountered this bleak scene when he went out to inspect his fann. The Macon Coumy fruit grower hnd spent almost thirty years establishing his orchard of 600 apple LreCS near the banks of the Cullasaja River. However, this late spring freeze "made nearly a clean sweep from mountain valleys in Western North Carolina of lhe richest promise of a fruit crop that we have ever had." For anyone else, the incident would have been a crushing disappointment. For McDowell, it was another opportunity to examine nature's mysteries and to find a bener way of fanning in the mountains McDowell had deliberately selected a shehered valley for his orchard. Only a settler too poor to buy bouom land would have tried to grow fruit hiJh on the mountainsides. And yet, on this Apnl morning, McDowell realized his mistake. While his own aces "seemed as if clothed in a black pall," he observed on the mountains looming over his orchard a broad horizontal band of vegetation left unscathed by the freeze. Around 1780, Thomas Jefferson had witnessed similar temperature inversions in the Shenandoah Mountains of Vtrginia. He reported, "I have known frosts so severe to kill the hiccory trees round Monticello, and yet not injure the tender fruit blossoms then at bloom oo the t. p and higher parts of the o mountain." Silas McDowell understood that this was more than a quirk of topography and climate. He suspected that thermal belts could be the secret to successful fruit production in mountainous areas. By the summer of 1858 he wrote that "all description of fruit trees which have the good fortune to be located in this vernal region, are now bending beneath a heavy crop of fruit." He began to promote the value of this zone for fruit growers and contributed a repon to the United States Agricu/cural Reports Jor 1861. In his articles on the "belt of no frost" McDowell explained, "The beautiful phenomena of the 'Verdant Zone' or Thennal Belt' exhibits itself upon our mountainsides, commencing about three hundred feet vertical height above the valleys, SprLng, 1992 and traversing them in a perfectly horiz.ontal line throughout their entire length like a vast green ribbon upon a black ground." Born in South Carolina in 1795, McDowell moved to Asheville in his youth for training as a tailor. He practiced his trade in Charleston and Morganton before settling in Macon County's Cullasaja Valley, where he gained renown as a fruil grower, amateur Silas McDowt/1 naturalist and story teller. His articles on the mountains were published in popular magazines and caught the auention of leading botanists, who sought his help in finding rare plants of the Southern Appalachians. When a visiting scientist asked which college he had auended, McDowell pointed to the hills surrounding his farm and replied, "These wild mountains are the only college at which my name has ever been entered as a sruden1!" In a tribute to Silas McDowell, T.F. Glenn remembered him as modest and unassuming, and also "intuitive, impulsive and passionate. His companionship with nature was a marked feature to the most trivial objects of beauty and sublimity. By a native force of genius, by dint of fiery energy of will, by persistent application, he sunnounted obstacles." McDowell's tenacious efforts to raise winter keeping apples had earned him a reputation among southern fruit growers even before the thennal belt episode. When McDowell and his bride, Elizabeth, moved to Macon County in 1830 they brought a baby's cradle filled with small apple trees from her grandfather's orchard near Asheville. Being especially fond of winier apples, McDowell chose varieties recommended by northern pomologists. His results were like those of other southern growers. "I made a complete failure," he confessed, "for when my trees began to bear fruit, it matured and fell from the tree long before the proper time, and though they were an excellent collection of Aurumn Apples, there was n0t a good Winter keeper amongst them." For fifteen years, McDowell struggled to raise winter keepers. Then, the editor of a farm paper in Athens, Georgia, suggested that he lake grafts from native seedling apples. McDowell followed James Cannack's advice and searched the hills around his home for fruit stock. His quest was successful. "Amongst old Oterokee seedling Apple trees - as well as other Southern seedlings, I have succeeded in conferring on Southern Pomology a llist of names of Winter Apples, which both as to their highly aromatic taste, as well as late winter keeping qualities, cannot be excelled by as many varieties of Winter Apples in the United States." His catalog of new apples featured the Carmack, Nickajack, Bullasage, Mavereck Winter Sweet, Royal Pearman, Hoover, Golden Pippin, Buff, Kingrussen, and Neverfail. "None but late keepers in the list," McDowell n01ed with delight. ln 1870, William Saunders with the Agriculture Department concluded, 'There is not a doubt about it, the fmest winter apples in America arc grown on th.ese mountain lands." McDowell could take much of the crediL McDowell, always concerned with the region's economy, believed that vineyards established within the thennal belt could be a mainstay of mountain agriculture. 'The Grape," McDowell predicted, "will never fail to yield to the husbandman a rich and abundant crop of its luscious and hean-cheering fruit; and had the vine locomotion, corporal and mental sense, I would bid it to 'Tarry not in all the plains; but flee to the mountains for its life,' and take refuge under the protection of lhe Thermal Stratum!" Much as he had in his quest for winter apples, McDowell explored the mountains to find superior varieties of grapes. He speculated on the potential of hybridizing some of the specimens, "W e cannot well command our risibles when, in fancy, we anticipate the aspect of that monster Grape that will be produced by the hybridal cross betwixt the Hon. A.G. Semmes's eight pound bunches and the Mammoth Grape Prof. C. D. Smith and ourself measured yesterday, the single berries of which gined three and a quaner inches around." Afler the Civil War, McDowell continued to write on agricultural topics, presided over the Fruit Growers Association and pleaded for extension of the Western Nonh Carolina Railroad. He was constantly learning more - from natural phenomena, the culrure of the Oterokees and the latest farm journals. In his judgement, the climate and the terrain of the mountains did not have to be obstacles to successful farming. Instead, the unique character of the mountains could suppon a distinctive form of agriculture. Diversity was one aspect of the mountain agriculture he envisioned. "Dairying, grape culture, bee culture, sheep (continued on page 34) �Mountain People The grey winter sky hovers over the village, threatening to swoop down with nightfall. A woman carries burdensome logs to her cabin and feeds them to the wilting flames in the heanh. She wraps a moth-eaten quilt tightly about her sinewy frame, to shut out the icy strands of December squeezing through chinks in the walls. Her hands are weathered with time like the mountain, the palms grooved like the tire tracks frozen into the eanhen road. These are hands that once held warm lovers, brought orphaned raccoons in from a storm, angry, caring hands that spanked naughty children, and comfoned them when frightened by distant coyotes, and scratched their backs until they found the itch, and opened the tightest jars of jam... The people of the mountain are quiet, one with themselves, one with the mountain, but in the lines on their faces, in their strong hands, in their calm way, they tell how they work and breathe, and brim with life, like the woman rocking before the fire in that small cabin on the hill, her heart a smoldering ember, warm despite the howling wind outside, whipping through the firs on the mountainside. - Allison C. Swherland Quintessence Never have I seen the sun like one winter's afternoon late last February. The wannth was drenched into those hills of the Blue Ridge, into the stalks of yellow and orange, rolling back finally to the dark mountains, and the still darker clouds. We ourselves were engulfed in shadow, steadily approaching that sunlit stretch of road before us, that splash of quin1essen1 light. A gentle warmth touched !he back of my neck. and I turned, 10 see but a sliver of silvery white light at the horizon, light which eked out from under the stormy tumul t of blue-black clouds. And soon we were immersed in it, bathed in Ught, the light of spring, or almost summer. It glinted through the strands of hair in my eyes, and I squinted to keep looking. So I closed my eyes and breathed, and let it seep into my veins, and warm my forehead and my cheeks and my shoulders. And suddenly it was gone. We were in darkness. among the mountains, and then just shadow. We meandered through those hills of greenblack forests like a mountain brook in early evening, now and again coming upon a splash of sunwashed hills, searching for that light, until the sun went down. - Allison C. Swherland J(Qtu.!Jh Journal p09e 12 Drawings by Mictu,,,I Thompson Spri-119, 1992 �NATIVE FOODS I was brought up in the remote reaches of the Cherokee Indian Reservation. My family were "a-aditionals." That means that they stuek to the old ways of the lncJjan people, believing them 10 be the beSL We did some things in exactly the same way they were done by our people before contact with the white man. As a boy, I used to go into the woods and hunt squirrels with a blowgun, for instance. In other ways, our life, while not exactly similar 10 the ways of the anc~stors, echoed the manner in which they lived and gave a clue to how it was done before. In the earliest times, our people lived off the land. They hunted their meat and gathered plant foods in the foresL Later, agriculture became their base, that's when their culture really blossomed, because they spent Jess time in gathering food. Agriculture was a stable way of surviving, but they also hunted and foraged food from the wild. A srnple food in times past was chestnut bread. This represented the Cherokee's mixed food supply: com from the fields and chestnuts from the wild. An abundance of both. And if one source failed, they could fall back on the other to carry them through. I heard that a professor said that a.bout the time the white man came here the Cherokees were spending about three days a week for survival. Most of my life in modern society l couldn't make a living working seven days. In my life. I've spent a lot of time in the woods, and l lcamed that the secret of survival in the forest is to puc no limits on what you eaL Like a bear, see everything as a potential meal. Everything! Game and fish, of course, but also crawdads, frogs. bugs, worms, grubs in the logs. Hornet larva popped on a hot rock are very good. It used to be a kid's job to sit under a holly tree with a blowgun stuck up between the branches to shoot at the cardinals. robins, or any other little songbirds that came. People say. "How did you pluck them?" but we never plucked them. We just threw them into the fire and rolled them around until the feathers had all been singed off. We treated all the little birds and small animals like that. We never skinned a squirrel. I remember one time I was out, and I ate tent caterpillars that were feeding on a wild cherry tree. I roasted them. The fire singed the hair off - most of it. They swelled up into little puffy morsels. They did have a queer taSte, but I was hungry and I ate all of them I could find. But we did not have 10 eat insects except in famine and songbirds were more hunting trophies for the young. Larger game was plentiful. In the older rimes the people ate woods bison, deer. birds like passenger pigeon and grouse, and groundhogs. Drawing by James Rhea But they would not eat possums. The Cherokees thought the possum was the lowliest creature on the Eanh. When DeSoto came th.rough, one of his company. a man called The Gentleman of Elvas, wrote that when they SlOpped at the village that was near the present ciry of Asheville, they demanded food for their travel-s from the natives. He recorded that they were given "several hundred dead dogs without any hair on their tails." He did not realize how the Cherokees despised the possum as a food sourt:c and what a political sutement this was. Plant food was plentiful as well. The people would gather berries in the summenime, chestnuts in the fall. When the che~tnut trees were alive. there was a large chesmut harvest every year • bushels and bushels of chestnuts. Properly dried and stored, they would last all winter. The people also ate chinkapins. Chinkapins are related to chestnuts. The by Bear W ith Runs tree looks very similar 10 a chestnut tree. The nuts were a little bit smaller than chestnuts - somewhat larger than a beech nut. Acorns were imponanl, too. They leached them in water to get out the tannic acid and then ground them into flour or roasted them in the fire. They probably preferred the white oak acorns, because those have !he least tannie acid. My grandmother used 10 make little cakes out of white oak acorn nour, com meal, and honey. She would also add persimmons, if we had them. Those cakes were good! They were a heavy food • a little bit went a long way In the old limes. the people would eat a lot of ,mnas, the wild potatoes that grow :llong the creeks. And in the spring. ramps and wild greens, like branch lettuce, s/10-1011 (or so-chan, green conenower • ed.). Indian cucumber, and nettles, arc (cxmlinucd on nnt page) :KAtuan Journot ~ 13 �(continued rrom page 13) plentiful. Mushrooms are good, if you know what you are looking for, but they aren't very filling. It's interesting. One person can forage really well alone, while foraging for two people is difficulL But with three people it becomes easier, because two can forage and the other one can prepare the food. When the Cherokees smned planting, they added some new foods to their dieL Com, of course, was a staple, beans, and "punkins," as they called them in my family, meaning any lcind of squash. We ate green com as "roastin' ears," dried corn was ground into flour and eaten as cornbread. Everybody grew their own corn, and everybody thought their own was better than everybody else's. The com we would keep in a com crib. We put the beans in sacks and hung them up in the barn or under the dogtrot (roofed, but open air passageway between two separate sections of a building - ed.) at the house. The early people built very neat, efficient com cribs. They were raised off the ground on poles, bad a tight thatched roof, and walls made of panels woven of bark or wood splits that were daubed with clay or mud to keep varmints out. The com was stored in there on the cob. Mother trimmed the com husks and packed them to save for cooking chestnut bread, bean bread, or com dumplings. The traditional way was to wrap them in com husks and boil them. When the corn shucks ran out, Mother would wrap them in green oak leaves. That would tum the com blue. Mother ground com a litlle bit at a time as she needed it. She never ground very much because weevils would get in into ground meal very quickly. Back long ago, before they had ovens to bake in, they made mealcakes that were either boiled or roasted. We used to do !hat when l was young. We would call !hem hoecakes. We always carried com meal when we were traveling. To prepare the cakes, we would mix the meal with boiling water to "kill the com." Killing the com causes the dough to stick together. Then we would flatten them out, lay them on a flat rock, and let them roast as brown as lhey could be. In the old days, lhc warriors would carry parched com in a long bag by their side when they were on the trail. They parched shelled com by throwing it into a hot fire and leaving it until it got brown (or more likely black), and then grinding it into powder. On the trail, they would trot from dayUght to dark, heading for Iroquois country. When they saw a stream up ahead, they would pour some of the powder into their hand while they were running. As they crossed over the stn:am, they would bend down while they were still moving and grab a handful of water and keep trotting. That was the only food that they would take alo11g their route. Beans were important to us, too. The elderi; told me that the originnl bean was red and white, and it came from the south. Xatuah J~rnoL pf.UJC 14 Pinto beans were my family's favorite, and we must have raised one-half acre of pinto beans every year. A visitor could come into our house any day of the week and find a pot of pinto beans on the stove and bread in the warmer on top of th~ stove - cornbread, and later when l was growing up there were occasionally flour biscuits, but lhat was not often. We had meals only once or twice a day, but we ate whenever we got hungry. That was the way I was raised. If 1 got hungry in the middle of the day, l'd just run in, take a bowl of beans, grab some bread, and eat up. When people found that domesticating livestock was easier lhan hunting, they began raising animals as well as growing crops. My grandfather said that the turkey was the first animal to be domesticated, and it domesdcated itSClf. When the Cherokees began raising com, they would build litllc racks in the cornfield and assign the kids to keep watch to scare off the crows and wildlife. The turkeys loved the com so much they just wouldn't scare, so the people just penned up the turkeys and fed them com in the pen to keep !hem out of lhe fields. The Cherokees ate turkey, but !hey so prized the turkeys' feathers for making ornaments and beautiful capes, lhat my grandfather said, "We used to care more about 'em for their feathers than for the meaL" Because we ate what was provided locally, lhe diet of the Cherokee fndians changed with the seasons of the year. In the green com season, when the first com turned ripe enough tO eat, besides the roasting cars we would cat squash and other vegetables, fish, and chicken. But we never ate game in the summenime, because we were afraid of a parasite we called "weevils" or "foxes." (insect larvae, also called "warbles" by white people - ed.) This was a big wonn that got into squirrels, rabbits. and deer. You could often see two or three of them sticking out of an animal in the late summer and early fall. IL was large and black, pointed on one end. It would bore into the skin and live off the moisture and the blood of the animal. We never ate game at all until the worms were killed by the first frost. There were taboos about killing animals until after the weevils were gone. But we ate chickens. And we caught fish all summer long. The old way to catch trout was with trout baskets. They built up weirs in the stream made out of rocks. They piled up rocks forcing the fish into a narrow channel that flowed into the trout basket. As kids, we used to build weirs in Lhe stream, too. We also ate frogs and any turlles we came upon during the summer season - if we came across a mud turtle, that was just a didn't have any lard on them at all. But they tasted really good. We fed them some garbage 10 keep them around, and they ate bugs and snakes, but we would kill them right after the acorn crop was down, and that's when they would be their nicest. Hogs raised on acorns and com taste totally different than the meat you buy today. Fall was the fat time for everything that lived in the forest - including the Indians. Father smoked meat, and Mother would can trout and other kinds of meat in jars. She would boil them outside in a big washtub that would hold 30 or 40 cans. We ate a lot of meat in the fall and early winter, and then we ate dried food until the spring. ln the old days people would put dried food in clay pots and carry them up 10 the asi, their dugout winter shelter. The food would store there until the wintertime when the people arrived and would live in the asi surrounded by their food supply. My Mother would dry berries, persimmons, squash, any kinds of food we could get. We had a tray about lhe size of a screen door made of honeysuckle vines woven into a mat. h was hung it over the wood stove. We would lower it, she would lay out all the slices, and then we would help her pull it back up. When it wasn't in use. we just pulled it up against the ceiling. It always stayed over the wood stove. I like to think that is how they did it in the old times: hung a mat over lhe central fire in the house under the smoke hole. We had chestnuts, and we had com, so no one really went hungry. The diet may not have been nutritionally stable all year, but we had enough. The hardest time of year was late February and early spring. By then we were craving greens. Tobacco helped with the hunger. Tobacco depresses the appetite. But we were doggin' for vegetables. In the meantime we drank teas: sassafras tea, birch tea, pine needle tea, which had a lot of vitamin C, and spicebush tea. My mother used to make cough medicine for me, anyway l think it was for me, but Grandpa would drink a lot of it. She'd catch him at it, and he'd go "Hunh. hunh, hunh (like he was coughing)." It was wild cherry bark and pine need.Jes. They were boiled down and after all the needles and bark were taken out of it. she added honey until it was really !hick, and then she cooked it down some more. It was nice. It was really nice. It was good and sweet. Then, a little later in the spring, the sho-tan came in. Everyone would have a lot of that. get the shits, and clean out their bodies. My grandmother would also make us a tonic from a gray lichen called "turkey's tail." Later the ramps would be ready, the growing things would be getting green, and everything would balance out / again. treat. We were meat eaters in the fall, for sure. We never did have any cows. 1 didn't eat beef until l was 2 l or 22 years old. But we did have some old skinny hogs. They were as lean as they could be. l remember my father complaining about how lhey In spilt ofth.t: droll nomt he has odopttd/or this articlt, Btc.r With Runs IJ a full-blooded Chtroku Indian. lit livl.S in quiet anonJmity ofl tht Cherolctt India/I Rt.str.•ation Drawing by Pcgi Sprl..™3, 1992 �COVER CROPS On-farm, Solar-powered Soil Building by Mark Schon beck During my four years as an agricultural researcher at the New Alchemy Institute, I chose to focus on cover crops because they perform so many different functions on the farm, utilizing primarily solar energy. The only off-farm input is the seed - a few pounds to one hundred pounds per acre, from which thousands of pounds of organic matter arc accumulated through photosynthesis. In contraSt, most soil amendments entail imponing hundredweights or tons of materials for each acre. A cover crop is a crop grown not for harvest. but to protect, maintain or enrich the soil A green mallW'e is any crop (but usually a cover crop and/or natural weed growth) which is tilled into the soil to add organic matter and feed the soil biota. Cover crops and green manures protect soil against wind and water erosion, suppress weeds, provide habitat for beneficial insecis, add organic maucr, add nitrogen (legumes only), and make other nuoients more available to the next crop. Most cover crops can also be grown for grain (e.g., rye, buckwheat) and/or livestock forage (e.J/ ., clover, annual ryegrass, alfalfa). Cover cropping is a cornerstone of sustainable agricultural systems in most bioregions, and this is cenainly true for Kawah. Why do I make this claim? I'll Stan with a brief digression into soil ecology... In both natural and agricultural ecosystems, plant growth depends on the organic matter cycle in the soil. Soil organisms continually break down soil humus, thereby releasing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients for plant roots to absorb. The carbon from the organic matter appears in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Plants convert carbon dioxide b:ick into organic compounds in photosynthesis. In natural ecosystems, leaves, other plant residues and animal dung thar fall to the ground feed earthworms and other soil organisms. These creatures change the residues into humus, thus replenishing organic matter reserves. Most of the nucrients can cycle back and forth between soil and plant almost indefinitely, except when intense rains wash some of them away. Nitrogen is more volatile, and some of ii inevitably slips away into the atmosphere or groundwater. Fortunately, there arc numerous species ofbac1eria and blue-green algae in the soil that can fix (convert) atmoSpheriC nitrogen back into forms that plants and soil organisms can use. The most effective nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the rhizobia, form a symbiosis with the roots of leguminous plants such as clovers, beans and black locust trees. Sprl.fflJ, 1992 Agriculture disrupts this nutrient/organic matter cycle in three ways. First, clearing the natural vegetation exposes the soil surface to sun, wind and rain. Because humus is a lightweight and finely-divided material, a disproportionate amount of humus is lost when soil erodes. Extreme temperature and moisture fluctuations at the soil surface can also bum up the humus and deter biological activity, leaving a son of "dead zone" in the top inch or so. Second, tillage accelerates the r(lle at which soil organic manerdecomposes. This happens because soil disturbance brings additional oxygen into the topsoil, thus speeding bacterial action. Initially, the resulting burst of nucrient release promotes heavy crop yields, but the soil wears out unless the organic mauer is replenished from other sources. Third, harvest removes nuoients, and these must be replaced regularly. Because synthetic chemical fertilizers do not feed the soil life and tend to upset the soil's balance, biological farmers use organic and natural mineral fcnilizers, such as compost, leaf mold and ground limestone. Organic fanning often entails adding large amounts of organic amendments to the soil. lf these materials are brought in from off-fann sources, this is not sustainable farming, as this removes materials from the organic matter cycle on someone else's land. Also, iransporting bulky amendments from their point of origin 10 the farm consumes a lot of fossil fuel. Composting manure and crop residues produced on the farm is more ecologically sustainable, but may be quite labor·intensive. Often, the amount of residues produced on the farm docs not meet all the land's organic matter needs. Cover crops use sunlight to produce organic matter in place, and, in the case of legumes, to fix nitrogen. In contrast, manufacture of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer uses a tremendous amount of fossil fuel. Once a cover crop is established, its l"OO(S bind the soil together, significantly reducing erosion even before the foliage fully covers the ground. As the cover crop canopy closes, it effectively stops erosion. Cover crops such as buckwheat suppress weeds by growing rapidly and casting dense shade, whereas winter rye, oats and sudan grass release natural substances that suppress weed seedlings (this phenomenon is called allelopathy). Legume cover crops often add 50 to 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre in a single season, thus replacing the nitr0gen harvested in most vegetable and grain crops. Buckwheat, lupines and sweet clover have roots that can absorb relatively insoluble fonns of phosphorus that other crops cannot access. When the cover crop is tilled in, the phosphorus is released to the next crop. Some cover crops and deep-rooted weeds can extract potassium, calcium, or ccnain micronurrients from the subsoil or from insoluble minerals. A mixed gra:.s/legume cover crop (e.g., clover/timothy, or winter rye/hairy vetch) can produce three to four tons of dry organic matter per acre in a year, and the proportion of nitrogen to carbon in such a mixture is often ideal for humus formation. A three ton cover crop provides about as much organic matter and nitrogen as a 10 to 15 ton manure application, and the cover crop does not need 10 be hauled into the field, but simply mowed or tilled in. The biggest challenge in using cover crops is allowing them enough time to reach a good size without sacrificing a whole season of vegetable or grain production. The simplest approach is to plant the cover crop immediately after harvest, but this is often in fall, leaving the cover crop little time before winter. One altenullive is overseeding, or planting the cover crop while the production crop is still growing. In moist, fine•texturcd soils, small-seeded cover crops like clover, alfalfa and ryegrass can be broadcast on the soil surface between rows of com. squash, 1oma1oes. broccoli or other widely-spaced crops. Jn coarser soils or drier conditions. the se.ed can be incorporated by light hoeing or cultivation. The cover crop grows slowly beneath the esmblished vegetable. then spuns ahead after the lauer is harvested and cleared. Another method is to plant a slowstaning cover crop such a.\ clover~ the same time as a grain is planted. After gram harvest, the clover is grown until the following spring, then tilled in. Clover plus grain (ciontinucd an p1gc 16) Ora..,ing by Rob Musick �stubble give excellent wintertime erosion conuol, and provide a lot of organic matter with a good c:irbon-nitrogen balance. When a green manure is ,tilled into the soil, a burst of biological activity occurs which can be detrimental to crop seedlings for a shon rime. Thus it is a good idea 10 wait two or three weeks after turning the crop under before direct-seeding vegetables, especially small seeds like lettuce and carrots. An alternative method is to mow the aboveground pan of the cover crop, and gather the clippings to mulch another bed or build a compost heap. 11 is much easier to spade or plow up the crop stubble withou1 all that shoot biomass there, and the waiting period needed before direct-seeding should also be shoncr. Some cover crops can be killed by mowing at the nght ume. Their clippings can be left in place and vigorous crop seedlings (e.g., cabbage, 1oma10) lnlnSplanted through the mulch without tillage. Success with this varies because the mulch cools the soil and can aurac1 slugs. Clearing an eight to twelve inch diameter area around each seedling reduces these problems. Different cover crops arc suited to different purposes. A few specific examples follow. The first six are non-legumes and do not add nitrogen, the rest are legumes that can fix niuogen. Winter rye is very hardy, overwintering as far north as zone 3a (annual minimum -35 10 -40 degrees F). In the Katt.iah bioregion, rye planted by early October will protect the soil and suppress weeds effectively. Rye planted in early November will do well and produce lots of organic matter in spring, but there is a risk of winter erosion, as the cover will be thin. Rye is useful for talcing up and conserving any soluble soil nitrogen left over from the growing season. The crop can be difficult to manage in the spring because it rapidly gets very tall and tough. When grown alone, it can also ccmporarily 1ie up soil nitrogen and release allelopathic substances that can inhibit growth of the nex1 crop. If ii gets away from you, mow-kill the rye after the heads have emerged and begun shedding pollen. Or let the rye go to maturity and reap some nice grain and/or seeds for next year's cover crop. Seeding rate is 90-150 lb/acre (note: one pound per 1,000 square feet equals about 44 lb/acre). using the higher rates for later plantings. Win~r wheOJ can be used similarly 10 rye, though it is a little less hardy, somewhat shorccr and later to mature. It may also be easier to manage in the spring. Sow 90-120 lb/acre. OOJS, another small grain, is much less frost-hardy, and is generally killed the first time the temperature drops to 15 or 20 degrees F.. Oats can be planted in early spring and mowed or turned under in early summer. They can also be planted in August or early September and allowed to grow until killed by hard freezes. This leaves a thick protective mulch that is easier 10 manage in spring than a live rye crop. though the ~um of organic matter will be less. Sow 90-120 lb/acre.. Annual ryegrass is marginally winter-hardy in zone 6b (annual minimum -5 to 0 degrees F), and can either be planted in early spring or in August-early September. Ryegrass fonns an unusually dense root sysiem that gives excellent erosion protcccion, fosters good soil strUcture and "mops-up" leftover soil nutrients so they don't wash away. Unlike the three preceding crops, ryegrass ca11not be mow-killed, and must be spaded or tilled in. Rye and rycgrass are often confused, bu1 they arc easy 10 tell apart. Rye has the edible, wheat-berry sized seeds, while ryegrass has fme, fluffy seeds that look a lot like lawn grass seed. Sow 20-50 lb/acre. Sudan grass is a fast-growing, fros1-sensitive summer annual that can produce a tremendous nmount of biomass. le requires warm, fertile soil, and is well suited to planting after harvest of early spring vegetables like lettuce or peas. It suppresses weeds through both competition and allelopathy, and can be cut twice for mulch (prized by strawberry growers), compost mmerial or fodder (cawion: let it grow a1 least 24 inches tall, preferably more, before feeding to livestock, as young sudan grass contains toxic amounts of cyanide). The stubble may be subl.tantial enough 10 hold the soil over winter and add a li1tle organic matter when turned under in spring. Sow 20-50 lb/acre. Buckwheat is a mos1 useful green manure for shon fallow periods in vegetable culture. It can be planted any time after the las1 frost, up to the middle of August. Buckwheat emerges and shades the ground rapidly, choking out weeds. It reaches 2 to 4 feet and begins 10 flower about 30 days after planting, and should be mowed or turned under at most 45 days after planting 10 prevent self-seeding. Two or three successive plantings of buckwheat, followed by winter rye, with each crop tilled under, reduces populations of stubborn perennial weeds like quackgrass. Buckwheat is also excellent bee forage, and is good for mobilizing the phosphorus in a rock phosphate applica1ion. Sow 50-100 lb/acre. Clovers are small-seeded legumes that Stan slowly, but can fix 50 to 100 pounds of nitrogen if allowed to grow a full year. White clover is a low-growing (4-18 inches, depending on variety), long-lived perennial, and is suited to "living mulch" applications (be sure you don't confuse it with white sweetclover which can reach five to 10/eet). Red clover is taller (18-30 inches), faster-growing, shorter lived and very shade tolerant. ll is we11 suited to overseeding into established vegetables in August if moisture is adequate. Alsike clover is intennediate between white and red clovers, and is more tolerant of clayey, wet or acid soils. Unlike the 01hers, crimson clover is an annual, which can be planted in August or early September and wi11 overwinter in the milder pans of Kaniah (it's risky here in zone 6b). h can also be planted in early spring. ln addition to fixing nitrogen and producing 3 t0ns/acre of organic matter, crimson clover has spectacular deep red blooms. Sow clovers in early spring or late summer, 4-8 lb/acre for white clover, 8-15 lb/acre for red or alsike, and I5-25 lb/acre for crimson. Clover seedlings don't like ho1 sun, so it helps to plant oats at 35-50 lb/acre with the clover to provide light shade, then mow the oats at heading. Crimson clover can be mow-killed just after 0owering, while the other clovers cannot. Hairy vetch is a legume which has recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest. h is a winter annual vine with small purple flowers and can fix 100 to 250 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Vetch is hardy to zone Sa (annual minimum -15 to -20 degrees), although frost-heaving can be a problem if harsh freezes alternate wilh !haws. It can be planted in September, either alone or with rye, wheat or oats, at 20-30 pounds of vetch plus 50 pounds of grain per acre. Vetch/rye is an excellent combination because the rye is strong enough tO support the vetch vines in spring, 1he rye roots help prevent frost heaving, and the combination is more effective than either crop alone in stopping erosion, suppressing weeds and building humus. Also, vetch can be mow-kilJed once it has begun to flower, which happens about the same rime that rye sheds pollen. Other vetches include bigflower vetch (hardy in most of Katt.iah), common vetch and purple vetch, both of which are winterlcilled at 10 to 20 degrees F. Their residues release nitr0gen in the spring, thus these vetches may be valuable planted in August ahead of the next year's early spring greens. Sweet clovers are biennial legumes with very deep taproots that open the soil and bring up nutrients. White sweetclover likes rich, moist, somewhat clayey soil, and gets very large in the second season, while ye11ow sweetclover tolerates droughty, sandy soils and is somewhat smaller, about 4 LO 6 feet tall. Hubam sweetclover is an annual white variety that produces lots of organic maner in a short time, but may self-seed and become a nuisance weed. Sow sweetclovers in April or August at 12-18 lblacre. alone or wilh 35-50 lb oats/acre. Alfalfa, the "queen of forages" can also make a heavy nitr0gen-fixing cover crop and provide a highly nutritive mulch. Alfalfa is somewhat finicky, requiring deep, rich, nonacid soils high in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Under good conditions, it is a long-lived percMial lhot can be cut for several years for mulch, compost or forage. Sow a1 15-20 lb/acre, pn:fembly with oats at 35-50 lb/acre and/or timothy or other perennial forage gross at half its normal seeding rate. Mark Schon/Jeck Ph.D.•formuly a rcscarckr with Ntw t\lchtmy. is now inll()/vtd with tht fnstitutt for Sustainable Living. Wind.n..-ept Farm; Rt. I, Box 35: Chtck, VA 24072 which products {JII uctlltnt ncwsltlltr, TcJtinh. Sprlll<J, 1992 �Plant for Tomorrow: HEMP by John Ingress "Whal is c/wJ uncercainflush low on the ground, tlwt irresistible rush of mulci111di,w1LS green ? Aformigl,t later, and the field is brown no longer. Overflowing ir, burying it out ofsight, is the shallow tidal sea of the hemp, ever rippling. With that in view, all ocher shades in namre seem dead and coUIII for nothing. Far reflected, conspicuous, brilliant, strange; masses of living emerald, saturated wirlt blazing sunlight." •from The Reign of Law; A Talc or lhc Kentucky Hemp Fields by l=s Allen Lane (1900) Although the Earth has always had "environmentalists" - people and entire cultures who respect the forces of Nature and who try 10 learn from and work wirll those forces - our industrial/scientific society is coming 1ownrds environmentalism from the opposite pole: by discovering how pollution has disrupted the web of life. The thread that binds these issues is 1he non-sustainable nature of our dependence on fossil fuels (and u-ees, because forest habitats cannot be replenished a1 the rate at which treeS rue being cut). To dismiss hemp as a possible solution because ii is of the genus Camwbis with "marijuana" ( a pejorative misnomer) is akin to dismissing Galileo because "the world is flat." For the moment, let's consider only those varieties of cannabis referred to as "headache weed," containing little psychoactive THC. Hemp is one of humanity's oldest cultivated crops. The weaving of hemp fiber as an industry began 10,000 years ago (see Jack Herer, The Emperor Wears No Cloches, 1990). By the 27th century BC. the Chinese cultivated hemp for fiber, medicine, and herbal use. Since that time, cannabis has been continuously incorporated into virtually all the cultures of the Middle East, Asia Minor, India, China, Japan, Europe, and Africa, and its uses for oil, food, and relaxation were developed. The first laws governing hemp in 1he Americas were those requiring colonial Virginia fanners to grow hemp. Violators could be imprisoned. Washington grew i1, Jefferson smuggled Chinese seed at great peril; the first drafts of the US Constitution were written on hemp paper. The Census of 1850 counted 8,327 hemp plantations of 2000 acres or more, mostly in the South. In 1916, USDA Bulletin No. 404 reponed that one acre of cannabis hemp, in annual rotation over a 20 year period, \\0Uld produce as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees, requiring no polluting chemicals. The hemp pulp technology wa~ invented by USDA scientists in 1916, but awaited the mvcntion of dcconica1ing and harvesting machinery. These arrived in the mid-10-la1e 1930's. at the same time as the DuPont Company was patenting processes 10 make plastics from oil and coal, as well as new Spn119, 1992 sulfate/sulfite processes to make paper from wood pulp. Coincidentally - some say conspiratorially - the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively outlawed the entire cannabis plant family on the basis of it's "reefer madness" properties. No1 only DuPont profits, but those of large timber holdings, were wriuen into law. (William Randolph Hearst, whose "yellow journalism" was instrumental in the marijuana scare, owne-0 hundreds of thousands of acres of timber, destined for newsprint). A working definition of sustainable agriculture might be those practices that assure the means of survival - food. fuel, fiber, and medicine. The mining and use of fossil fuels. unless absolutely necessary. is only "economical" in 1cnns of shon cerm profits. As Buckminis1er Fuller poinis ou1 in 1he book Critical Patl1, it took millions or years of pho1osyn1hesis, decay, and accumulation of organic material 10 produce the oil and coal we use today. By determining replacement values. he calculates gasoline to be wonh $2.'i million dollars per gallon! One might say it's priceless. Or. since burning it is killing the planet. one could say it has negative value when removed from the ground for applications for which a renewable, sustainable resource, such :is hemp. is available. The cannabis hemp seed is a complete source of vegetable protein, :ind the USDA food comparisons found hempsecd lower in saturated fats than any other cooking oil. including soy and cnnola.The byproduct of pressing hemp seed for its oil is a high protein seed cake. Hemp fiber makes fabrics that are stronger. more insulating, more absorbent, and tonger lasting than cotton. More than half the textiles we use today are imponed, due to environmental concerns and labor costs. Hemp requires little fertilizer, and no pesticides. Local industry could revive. Hemp is the world's most prolific source of plam cellulose, which is the basic raw material used for plastics, fabrication material, chipboard, fibelboard and other construction boards. For more than 3,500 years, cannabis has been, depending on the culture or nation, either the moi;1 used or one of the most widely used plants for medicines. If legal, i1 would immediately replace an estimated lO to 20 percent of all pharmaceutical prescription medicines and could be added, as extracts, 10 another 20 to 30 percent. From 1842 10 1900 ii made up half of all medicines sold, with vinually no fear of its "high." In 1937, the AMA and drug companies testified against the Marijuana Tax Ac1, because cannabis was known to have so much medical potential and has never caused any observable addictions or death by overdose. It is known to be helpful in ca.~s of asthma, glaucoma. tumors, nause:i resulting from chemotherapy or AIDS, epilepsy, back pain, and stress among its 100 or so kno\\ n applications. If we would let it. cannabis hemp could have a bright future providing humankind with food, fuel, fiber, an~~ medicine. fr For addiuonol informaJu,n on w u.ses of rhe MIii/i plan/, wme 10: Fnendsofllemp: Bo;(98/: Mars /lilt, NC 28754, x.cituah Journal. JJCllF t 7 �KATUAH CULTIVARS Cultivated Varieties of Vegetable and Fruits Recommended for Ka mah Bioregion We received a handful of Kaniah gardeners' lis1s of favorite fruil and vegetables varieties. The resulting list is a chefs' cornucopia. and generally includes personn.l favorites for productivity, taste, nuaition, and relative freedom from problems. Codes for seed sources for the more difficult-to-find varieties (when known) are included at the end of the article. Happy Gardening! We invite Katuah readers to send us your favorite varieties (esp. Open Pollinated {O.P.) or non-hybrid varieties) and your list of not-so-m:ommendcd varieties (this is also imponant info!) for developing a more comprehensive regional listing. Thanks for your giving... Perry Eury (Kalmia Center, Sylva, NC) -rates Red Jewel sweet poiato as a favorite! He continues to have problems with disease on legumes. but has had good luck with a crowder pea, Purple Knucklehull (SH). He highly recommends the recovered "Cherokee" Com, a delicious white com with pinkish blush-- makes lhe BEST cornbread! (from Cherokee Boys Club). Hueh Love! ( Union Agricultural Instirute, Blairsville, GA) -- Hugh is a CSA Producer, dedicated to regenerative, biodynamic agriculture. He loves the English green pea. Little Marvel which does not require staking in his intensive, three rows per wide bed spacings. Sugar Snap edible pod peas are a favorite with his cus1omers. He recommends Blue Lake Pole and Yellow Wax Bean, as productive, but recommends choosing "rust" disease rcsistanL varieties. He recommended Purple Top Tumips (greens and root multicrop!) and rape greens (Vates). Cherry Belle radishe~ are recommended for quick maturing spring radishes, and for Fall planting, Chjna Rose radish. Touchon is a great coreless carrot, and Bloomsdale Spinach is recommended as a standard. Hugh notes that spinach will last longer in the spring (nor "bolt") if you grow spinach with low levels of nuaients (esp. nitrogen). G}en Hubel (Certified Organic Grower. Waynesville, NC) has done well with edible podded pea Snowflake and Sugar Daddy, and the english pea Knight. He suggests the beans Easy Pie and the Yellow Wax bean, Gold Crop. He likes the shon season tomato Russian, but has had much "Blight" disease problems with his tomato varieties. His best crop is his potato crop including Kennebec, Purple Peruvians, Red Pontiac, Yellow Finn (SB) and rates Butte average. He recommend!. agains1 Yukon Gold because of potato bug problems (lururtm, might be a "trap-crop"! ). He has had good yields with Black soybeans and the edible at green-stage Butterbean soybean. His best crops are his lenuces, :IC4Nan JO\lf'nat PCUJe 18 recommending Red Oakleaf, Sangria, Lolla Rossa, and Red Romaine (SHP). Will Ashe Bason (Floyd Co.• south.of Blacksburg, VA) especially likes Lutz Greenleaf Keeper (SESE) bee!li, as the ~ I keeping. sweetest and mos1 render. He grows white, yellow and red po1a1oes, but has had worst "Scab" disease on reds which do 001 keep as well. He likes his yellow poiatoes best! He notes broccoli and cabbage do well. but need to be treated with the biological insecricide, Dipel (B1). He advises to plant fall varieties of cole crops and plant these seeds in late spring. He has found Sunroofs (the native sunflower, Jerusalem Artichoke) easy 10 grow and s1ores well in the l!:r0und over winter. He recommends blueberries as a fruit crop which tolerates warm early spells and l:11e frosts, but recommends additional peal or organic matter in the planting hole. Will states that Shiitake mushrooms are relanvely easy 10 inoculate int0 chestnut oak logs, but may require a year to get going, but then may "fruit " for years. He is especially happy with Scarlet Runner Beans, which are best in flavor, and make a ''preny good" dried bean. These are most easily shelled when ''perfectly" dry. He grows his beans in the garden space left available after the spring crop of snap peas (although this may eventually lead to disease problems in time- ed.) Mark Schonbeck (Instiru1e for Sustainable Agriculture, Windswept Farm, Check. VA) shares his favorite varieties of "non-hybrid, good flavored, nuaitious, with good keeping qualities, resistance to pests and diseases, and ease of haJvest and processing." (Whew! What criteria!) Windswept Farm gardeners were impressed by the grain sorghum. Mennonite (SESE), yielding over 7 lbs. of grain from a 100 square foot plot . The cooked grain iasted somewhat between wheat berries and brown rice (but had 10 be leached of the tannins from the grain by boiling and changing the cooking waters). Hickory King white flour com, although it grew 10 feet tall, survived thunderstorms, showed little earwonn damage, and had little mold or maggot problems. They no1ed that Purple Peruvian and Saginaw Gold potatoes had less potato beetle problems than other varieties. They had problems growing carrots in their poor soil but Danvers U6 carrot grew well withou1 becoming woody, and bad little weed problem. They especially favored Long Standing Bloo~dale spinach, with its excellent flavor and winter hardiness. They recommend several beans including Chinese Red (SESE) azuki beans (yielding equivalent 10 2500 lbsJacre), which grew without any Mexican bean beetle attack! Swedish Brown common bean had lower yields (eqiv. 1500 lbs/A.) but have an unusually good flavor. A local adapted pinio-type October Bean, obtained from a neighbor, yielded well and had slightly less bean beetle damage than other varieties. A Redkloud Kidney (SESE) bean was badly chewed by beetles, but managed to yield as much as the azulcis. Barbara Duncan (Herb Enthusiast, Franklin, NC) -- recommends her favorite perennial Greek Oregano (SHP) which she prefers for its ease-of-culture (although hard 10 genninate) and strong, distinctive taste. Lee Barnes (Plantsman, Waynesville, NC) - I've had repeatable success with Peruvian Purple potatoes tender, finger-sized and beautiful mixed with yellow or white potatoes in Potato Salad! Early Jersey Wakefield cabbage is more tender and sweeter than other varieties. Celery (Golden Self-Blanching and Giant Red(actually pinkish) (SB) does well if seeds are sown indoors early (60 - 90 days prior to transplanting). Favorite superhot peppers are Thai and Habanero (RCS) (great for hot vinegars, too (()() hot to eat!), which do best if transplan1ed after mid-May, or when soil 1empera1ures are greater than 00° F. My favorite eggplant is the tender "finger-shaped" Japanese varieties, and I'm currently addicted to the hybrid eggplant "khiban". Can anyone recommend an O.P. variety? Purple Top turnips are favorites!, while ruUlbagas and kohlrobi do very wcJI if sown 2-3 weeks earlier than for turnips. SESE • Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, P.O. Box 158, North Garden, VA22959 SH - R.11. Schumway. P.O. Box I, Graniteville, SC 29829 HA - Hastjng.s. P.O. Box 115535, Atlanta, GA 30310 SB -Seeds Blum, Idaho City Stage, Boise, ID 97333 SUP- Shephard's Garden Seeds, 6116 Highway 9, Felton, CA 95018 RCS- Redwood City Seed Co., P.O. Box 361, Redwood City, CA 94064 (See KJ # 32 Fall 1991 or master Resource List for additional seed sources.). By Lee Barnes Drawing by Rob Messick Spr\n4), 1992 �.. --BLOWING IN THE WIND by Charlone Homsher When 1 was growing up in southeastern Colorado, my family hnd a Sunday afternoon ritual. Every Sunday we drove to the wheal fields south of town lo check the moisture content of the soil. There were usually live or six children; sisters, brothers and cousins who piled out of the pickup. My father knelt on the ground and dug into 1he soil with his bare hands as we surrounded him waiting breathlessly. If the subsoil was moist Lhcn he held up his handful of din, triumphant. If it was dry, then the eanh sifted Lhrough his fingers. We all goL a chance to look at lhis little piece of eanh, wrenched up :IIld turned over by the sweat of man, the inner eanh which in some mysterious way would either give us an ample crop or wither the grain on the stalk. This memory of my father, first digging and than holding the soil in his palm in a gesture of triumph, is stlU vivid in my mind. More than anything else it symbolizes to me the ambivalent relationship he had to the eanh and 10 his inherited occupation of farmer. Before the Homestead Act of 1862 brought white seulers in hordes, there were no towns or setdements on the prairies. The Cheyenne and other Plains Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers. They found an ample supply of wildlife sheltered in the tal1 prairie grasses that grew as high as a man's chest. By the I 930's the virgin prairie grasses had been plowed under. Everyone knew the plowing was out of contr0l but no one could stop it. There was always a new wave of homesteaders detennined 10 farm. One of the excuses used for plowing up the prairies was I.hat the grasses were just weeds, after all; and like weeds everywhere, they would thrive on their own. Unfonunately the grasses never returned. What did grow back was a scraggly grass, euphemistically called buffalo grass, only a few inches high, nor high enough 10 sprout under the layers of sill deposited by the high winds. Not many people realize I.hat I.he dusrbowl didn't stop with the depression era. Even in the fifties, the fields were still blowing. A dustsronn that would lai;L for days could be sianed by one farmer. If a fanner plowed his field in a dry spell and the farmer next door happened to plow his at the same time, it could stan a chain reaction. The lifegiving topsoil from one field could blow overnight into the next county suffocating all vegetation in its path and causing the hair 10 fall off the backs of grazing animals. Once 1he prairies were plowed there was never a settled farm life. The eanh simply could not sustain the population. The first mass migration off the prairies were the Okies of the dus1bowl era who abandoned their small holdings for California. The postwar era continued the cons1an1 trickle of fanners into the cities. SprtncJ, 1992 Since the land was no longer fenile and intact as it was as a prairie, ii was the evolution of fann pracrioe LO acquire larger properties in order to make a profit This me.int depending on ever more sophisticated farm equipment LO handle all that land, and borrowed financing to pay for the whole operation. The foreclosures and farm auctions of the seventies and eighties where a result of the farmers' inability 10 repay their massive loans. Postwar govemment policies encouraged expansion, as did the ever burgeoning agribusiness industries. One of the biggest hoaxes ever perpetrated on the American fanner was the postwar sentiment that the American fanner was responsible for feeding the world. This grandiose responsibility with its heavy psychological load, was just more fuel for the expansionist fodder of big crops at any cost. Politicians stressed the imponance of the fanncr in protecting democracy, a responsibility that reached beyond national borders. (Empty bellies not only cause suffering but foment revolution.) The postwar farmer had a mission and a duty. Fanning is a pan of the myth of creation. The farmer is supposed to understand things 1ha1 other people don't. He works in cooperation with nature. He knows when to plant and when 10 harvest. The farmer feeds everyone. A land without its local farmers soon shrivels up and dies. or so the myth goes. Or at the very least the food prices escalate. The farmer as supposed to be the sail of the eanh, the real backbone of America, the man who keeps ii all going while the rest of the country runs amuck in the cities. At the same time he is expected 10 remain isolated, cut off from the mainstTCam of society, a laborer whose opinions are considered wonhless. The fnnner is dealing with some heavy propaganda from without and expectations from within. The fanners of the fifties ond sixties were nearly frantic in their push to mtiinstream fanning into the standnrd of living of the while middle class. Fanners wanted cash in the pocket, brick ranch houses and college education for their children. The very idea of making fanning a respectable profession is a historically brazen tissurnption. ln every civilized society the farmer is the low caste, the ignorant, humble servant of the soil. Here is another sticky contraclictlon. Farmers were forced off the fa.nm that they said they wanted 10 keep and lost a way of life that they professed 10 Jove, yet they pushed their children into learning skills that would be of use only in the cities, thus assuring that the way of life could not possibly be handed on. This could be seen as either a foresighted concern for future generations or a disinheritance. I never did find an easy answer 10 Lha1 one. When I was about fifteen my father drove me to lhe original family homes11:ad. We walked 10 the middle of the field behind the rock house between Lhe apple ort:hard and !he sandy banks of the dry creekbed. I hadn't been 10 that field in years. Dad pointed ar the bare eanh under the stubble of lhe last crop. With great solemnity, he told me that he had hired a water witcher (a dowser) who had said that there was enough wa1er in that panicul:!r spot for a well. The drilling crew was arriving the next day and he wanted me 10 know how things really stood. If they hit water, I would get to go Lo college. If no1 ... well ...1here was nothing worse for a young girl than lO rot in some dying farm town. I Ils arrirude was typical of the worry, fear, and despair of fann fathers of that era. In contrast to this dreary scenario, I am reminded of the description of small scale farmers in Japan in the wonderful philosophical treatise on nature and fanning, The One Straw Revolution. In that book, Masanobu Fukuoka describes how fanners of old Japan, before mechanization and before life got so frenetic, took off for a three month holiday in the winter 10 hunt rabbits in the mountains. They also wrote Haiku poetry. Fukuoka claims that there was even a time when fanning was considered a sacred work. In my family, of all the children who knell with my father in the fields and got that first lesson of the harshness of the Eanh and its potential fertility, lam the only one who still owns land and I do not own fannland. In an ironic cwist of fare it was the sudden, unexpected sale of my grandfather's ranch that paid for my piece of mountain. Over the years, l occasionallv run into one of the ex-fannboys with whom I grew up. Meeting them is very similar 10 how I have heard Vietnam veterans de..~be encounters \loith each other. Looking into each other's eyes we recognize the vast expanses of psychic space between our past and our present, the bridges that we have had 10 bum to travel such distances 00Cllinuod on page 32 Draw111g by Rob Messick Xatuah Jo\4rnm pQ()e 19 �~ 5 E p T E M B E A 0 11th • ~fore C.1ting wild edibles, be sure or their com!Ct Identity and proper preparation. Times may vary in your area. Native and naturaliud plant listings rcncct average beginning of �- .- 0 18th ~ - C r �"MEDICINE TRAINING" These are the words ofa traditional Cherokee medi'cine person: My grandfather was one of those who believe that everything has a spirit - the stones, the grass, Lhe soil, everything. To him, it was apparent that anybody could communicate and work with these beings. He believed that no one was any more magical than any other person. It was just a pan of being human, and civilization domesticated that part of ourselves, and turned everybody's reality around to whatever white man's reality is. Everybody had to have the same reality. As soon as I was born, he saw physical signs on my body thOt told him that I was destined 10 be a medicine man. One of the biological signs that he noticed were simian creases (sharply-defined creases extending from between the thumb and forefinger across the palm - ed.). I have two of them. When a baby is born in the hospital, western doctors look at it to see if it's eyes, teeth, nose, mouth, etc., are all in order, and then they check for simian creases, because they are a sign of Down's syndrome. Eight out of ten babies who have a simian crease have Down's syndrome. I had one on each hand. Now my grandfather had no idea what simian creases were or what Down's syndrome was. But he did notice that they were an unusual physical occum:nce on my body. There were other physical signs, but I don't know what they all were. He took the matter up with other old people that he talked with, and they all agreed with his interpretation of the signs. After that, r was preordained by my grandfather 10 be a medicine person and blessed by the elders. They gave me a naming ceremony. They held me up and called in all of Creation from all the directions and introduced me. Then they offered my spirit to the Creation, saying, "This is your relative. This is how he will be known." When I was a child, I would "make things happen." 1t was like fantasizing. 1 would see something happening in my mind, and it would occur. I could make somebody come over to my house. r could find something in the woods. Little things, but r was encouraged 10 exercise that ability. I was also encouraged in things that the white culture would consider foolish. If I came home and said that I saw some Little People in the woods, the adultS would said, "Well, that's great! What were they doing? How were they doing it?" In while society parents would say, "You're a fool," "Don't do thaL Act like an adult," or, if they were very liberal, "Ooh, he's got an imaginary play friend." Most of culture is just habits. If things don't work for you, over and over, then you drop them. If something works, over and over, then gradually it becomes part of your reality and then pan or your identity. And as a child the fact that r had certain abilities just became a fact of my life. I was encouraged in special ways 10 follow a certain direction. For instance, one of the very first memories I cnn remember was seeing a baby push out of a woman. Kids were nol normally allowed to be present for that sort of thing. But the elders thought that I was good luck, juSt by being the. '".~ause people thought that I was special, they reinforced it b) IJ>"..ating me that way. Of course, it didn'l take much to convince me that I was special! Everybody thinks that they have a special destiny. That's unders1andable, and it's true to a certain extent, but it very seldom comes oue in the way that we would like it 10. That was the way they began my training. It was the most natural thing in the world. A lot of it was just being raised by my grandparents and being around old people a lot of the time. Most of the kids my age grew up around fathers who had been in World War ll. My grandfather wns 69 years old when l was born. And as a boy he had lived with his grandfather, who had fought at Horseshoe Bend with Andrew Jackson. Through my grandfather, l had a direcl connection to those times. In my childhood adventure games I pretended 1 was hiding in the mountains during the Removal, eating grubs and bugs, and running from white soldiers with tall hatS. I lived in a world that in many ways was quite archaic. The Cherokee language that my grandfather spoke was an archaic version of the language they speak today. Growing up among these elders, pan of my thinking was archaic. I don't know if it was because of the way that I was raised, but I was more marurc than most males my age. r also had a sense of being content to be with myself. When I think of my childhood, r think of myself as being alone much of the time. That leaves a mark upon you. For one thing, it made me more peaceful being with myself. I never seem to need entenainment. l don't need diversion. My mind is all the diversion I need. My early training was just spending time with those old people. We might be out collecting sho-un or ramps, and we would run across a woman whose specialty was birthing. She would point out a plant and say, "This is good for teeth, cutting teeth, cutting teeth," she'd say. Or "Sore mouth," or "This is good for white tongue," (thrush). Another time we would meet somebody who had a lot of knowledge in another area. That was the way I teamed. lt was structured, but it wasn't a structure. It was spontaneous. Yee I had a sense that it was importanL The only les.wns r learned by rote were hem were long, but the formulas. Some of 1 they all have basic Structures and themes that run through them that make them simple to remember once you catch the pattern. The formulas were in a special ceremonial mode of the Cherokee language that was symbolic in its meaning and older even than the speech my grandparents used. A modem-day speaker would not be able to understand it. When you say, "Way up on high where the four black ravens rest, r call you down here, and r ask you 10 pull the black smoke all over this," what does that mean to a modern Cherokee? It doesn't mean a thing. But II is incredibly meaningful to me. Sprt.119, 1992 �Most of my training was learning how to learn. Leaming how to use my mind. They taught me by giving me the answers to questions· questions I hadn't even asked ye1. I had the answers; I had to find om what the questions were. h's a good way 10 learn. It talces a lot of patience. 1 might be walking with my gr.indfather or one of his friends, and we would sit down and build a fire, cook a little some1hing, and, as we were sitting there, he might say, "Ginseng." Or he might say, "lt's inside yourself." Or he might say, "It comes when all doubt is cleared from the mind." Just out of the blue. It would have no reference to any1hing that we were doing. The first few times, l started to ask questions, but after awhile I stopped asking qucs1ions. My grandfather would say, "You may not understand now, but you will understand. You're not ready for it. But lis1en. Pay attention to everything." "Don't trot around knowledge," he would say. "Knowledge without understanding is worse than tits on a boar bog, so wail Ir will come to you." And it has come to me. I have been caught up in new experiences, when I did not know what to do, and, all at once, the answer would be there, clear as a bell. I'd had the answer all along, and I had finally ran into the question. People talk to me about their life problems. Often they are going through a Jot of suffering. SomeLimes I feel like a third person sitting there watching myself talk to them and helping to solve their problems. rm not egotistical. I know where it's corning from. Still, T feel absolutely amazed. rm not me any more! That's the way my whole life has been: I've had the answers, but I haven't had 1he questions. fve been running into the questions throughout my whole life. In that sense, it has made my life easier. I don't know if I have run into all the questions yet. I'm still looking. though, because sometimes the answers will fit many questions. • canvas bag. He kept everything · absolutely everything • in this bag. I would be walking down the trail past a clump of bushes or a blackberry thicket, and all of a sudden he would sL,nd up in it. He scared me every time. He \\Ould just appear. And he'd grin. A1 that most people, even those who knew him, would run. But he was a boyhood friend of my grandfather, and I think my grandfather was his only friend. He never manied, and, when my grandfather died. in his own way he took responsibility for me for awhile. This wasn·t much, because he was very seldom around. But he always appeared when I needed him · every time r needed him. Owl did magical things. He was the one who taught me how to eliminate doubt in my mind. And that's the best gifL he ever gave me. Eliminating doubt makes magic happen. I was brought up with no limits as to what my mind could do. but then, as I got older and exposed to other people, they put doubt in my mind. Owl taught me how to remove that doubt. He did not give me a set of simple instructions like, ~stick your nose in your ear, and this will all go away." It was a combination of things. He said that 10 clear the doubt out of my mind I had to go through a rational, linear process. It was something that one had 10 be taught over a period of time. And with my formal experience of magic, it didn't talce me very long to learn it. Talso learned how to focus. If I can visualii.e something, and see it in my mind, and hold it in my mind, and do it in my mind • and drop it! - it never fails. When I was a child, I could do it easily. But as I grew to be an adult and developed doubt. I had a more difficult time. The fonnulas would help me to keep my focus, son of like daydreaming. * One of the old men was a special person to me. He was a medicine person. People came to him for conjuring and docroring, and he was good at it. I always referred to him as Owl, but that wasn't his name. He was probably six foot four, if you straightened him out, but as a child his leg had been broken and badly set, and he leaned over to the left. He also had an eye that hnd been damaged, so that although he could see ouc of it, it was puckered up into a fearsome squint. He was a fierce, mean-looking old man, but he was as gentle, caring, and loving as he was scary-looking. He always had a long World War I overcoat with him. I can remember Lhe big brass buuons that went all the way down the front. When he wasn't wearing his coat, he would roll it up, tie strings around it, and carry it over one shoulder. On his other shoulder he would carry a funky old 1 I remember a scene that happened repeatedly. Owl and I would be walking down a trail, and I would be talking to him, when suddenly he would grab me by my shirt and pull me into the bushes. "Stand still and be quiet," he would say. We would stand there, sometimes for ten minutes. Then 1 would hear somebody coming down the trail and look up. It would invariably be somebody that Owl didn't want to see. After the person was gone, I would say, "How did you know he was coming?" Re would say, "You know it, 100! You know it, tool But you're so goddamn busy chattering and talking. Busy! Give yourself a break." He would say, "You know everything." faery time I would ask Owl weighty, involved questions looking for profound answers, he would just look at me and shake his head. He'd say, "You kMw I.he answer," and I.hen "Goddamn it, you don't need no teachers." And it's true. That's the big lesson. The minute we become leaders or followers, we have lost our power. Owl also taught me the imponant principle that most things don't maucr, and I don't have any place to go anyhow. When 1 somehow indicated that I had learned this, he was delighted. "You got it!" he said." That's absolutely wonderful! lf I've never done anything else in my life, this is the greatest thing I have ever done!" /..;:.!Ill" He was great. p- End of PART I ) Drawings by Troy Scwa Sprt.mJ, Hl92 C �., ~ PROTECTING THE PARK AND THE BIOREGION Nanni World News Service Since itS dedication in 1940, the Great Smoley Mountains National Parle has been the crown jewel of the Southern Appalachian ecosystem. The Park is protected as a de facw wilderness throughou1 much of ilS 550,000 acres and is the keystone of the natural habitat in the southern mountains. The Parle occupies a cemral location in the region and acts as a preserve for rcmnanlS of the original old growth forest and many rare and endemic species of plant and animal life. It is a natural habitat large enough to accept ~introductions of wide-ranging mammals like the red wolf and the ouer. It is a dispersal poim from which species can migrate to replenish the the three million acres of less protected national forests that sWTOund its borders. Eoologically, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is of great importance as a stabilizing factor 10 the natural life community of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The Great Smokies Parle also stands as the ecological standard by which we judge the health of the rest of the forest. But although the Park is pro1ec1ed on the ground throughout most of its area, the Park ecosy~tem is deteriorating from pervasive polluuon that drops from the skies. Because of the high altitude of 1he Park's highest ridges, clouds carrying contaminants gather a1 their creslS and drop their deadly burdens. Thus, atm0spheric pollution that affects the w~ole re~on tends to be concentrated at high alntude s11es such as those in the Great Smoky Mountains Na1ional Parle. The Park acts as a barometer for the ecological health of the region as a whole. 1:"10.w the Park is also sailing fonh as a flagship in the defense of the regional ecosystem. Under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, most national parlcs and some of the larger wilderness areas are defined as Class r meaning that no significant deterioration of ' the air quality in those areas is 10 be permiued. Yet continued indusaial d~elopment constantly increases the already senous pollution that is undem1ining the ecological health of the Park and the mountain forests. Thus, in the fall of 1991 James M. Ridenour, Direc1or of 1he National Park Service ~S) of the federal Deparunem of the lmenor issued a statement declaring that proposed developments near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia would have an adverse ecological impact and were unacceptable under the tenns of the law. ln Tennessee, Ridenour's s1mement referred specifically to a proposed expansion b%" me Eastman Chemicals Company in Kmgspon that would include construction of a new$ I00 million coal-fired boiler that woul~ spew 1,542 tons of nirrogcn oxide per year mto the atmosphere. Ni~gen oxide is a precursor of atmosphenc 01.0ne. Resource specialis1s in the Park have already identified 95 plant species that show signs of damage from ~mne contamination, indicating that pollution m the Park already is extensive. NPS researchers also point out that since 1950 visibility in the Park has declined 40%, and the famous blue haze from which the Great Smoley Mountains derived their name has turned into a siclcly gray or a poisonous-looking yellowish white pall depending on the season. ' Because of aonospheric contmination "Soil and water resources are at serious risk " wrote NPS Regional Director James Col~ in a letter 10 the State of Tennessee expressing the Service's opposition to the Eastman expansion project The NPS holds that any debilitating influences within a circle tha1 extends 120 miles around the Park in all directions would adversely affect the air quality of the protected area. LICENSE TO DUMP Nanni World News Service . ~n E~vir?nroental Protection Agency adm1mscranve Judge on February 12 struck ~own challenges.to the discharge permit ISsued to Champion lmemational Co. allowing them 10 put was1es from its Canton papermaking plant in10 1he Pigeon River. The primary objections came from the Dead Pigeon River Council, an organization of downstream residents. The group's ma.in complaint is that dioxin produced in the plant is affecting 1heir health and the health of the environment below the mill. They are also concerned about the color and odor of 1he river\ "':'hich are evidence of the heavy waste load It 1s forced to carry and are hurting the economies of the towns below the Canton plant The five-year discharge pem1i1 has been stalled in coun since 1989. Confident of victory, the company has proceeded with a $250 million modernization plan for the antiquated paper mill, installing new, non-chlorine bleaching lines and water mwcrs for recycling water that may cu1 river use by one-third. The company hopes 10 approach a 50-unit color limit that during the ~nnit c~ntt;?versy ~our years ago i1 &aid was 1mposs1ble 10 attain and would force closure of the plant. The Dead Pigeon River Council is deciding whether 10 appeal the judge's rulmg. ECOTAGE, Nanni World.Newt Service '' In what might be another case of "ecotage" in Karuah, over $50,000 wonh of damage was done to various pieces of logging equipment in the Buck Creek and Rich Mountain Areas of Macon County on February 2, 1992. lnves1igators claim that the incident is the worst recent example of apparen1 ecotage directed at the timber industry in western Nonh Carolina, stating that virtually every piece of equipment on the rwo sites was affected. The saboteurs punctured truck and skidder tires, cut elecaical wires on bulldozers, cut hydraulic and air lines on other equipment, and placed tacks on roads leading to the sites. According to officials of Hennessee hardwood, one of the timber companies hit, new skidder tires will cost $1025 each, and the hydraulic lines will cost from $60 to $400 apiece to replace. Hilton C3bc. an independent logger whose equipment was damaged, said he has no insurance 10 repair or replace his equipment, and Jack Hennessee, Jr. stated that the deductible is so high on his insW'ance that damage suffered by his equipment would not be recovered. No individual or group has come forward to take responsibility for the action, but the loggers are certain the sabotage was a protest against logging in the national forcs1s. "(lbe ecotage) is against the timber industry," logging contractor Lloyd Cook, also of Macon coun1y. told the Asheville Citizen-Times. "They've started a war. 11 looks like we are going to have to defend ourselves. They are not playing fair." The Hennessee company plans to hire security persoMel to guard their logging sites. "They brought it to me," said Hennessee to the Citizen-Times. "I didn't take it to them." Forest Service investigators and Macon County law enforcement officers reported that they bad found foot and tire prints at the sites. On February 6 the Macon Coun1y Chapter of the Western North Carolina Alliance posted a $200 reward for "infonnation leading to the arrest and conviction" of the perpetrators. However, at press ume no progress had been made in the investigation. CUB KILLERS ARRESTED Naunl Wnrld N""'• Scr,,,cc A mother bear and her three newborn cubs were killed by poachers on January 3, J992. Michael Lee Correll of Black Moun1ain, NC was arrested and charged wi1h the slaying. Another man and two women, also from Black Mountain, were charged with transponing a bear out of season. The crimes are all misdemeanors and carry a fine of at lea.,t $2,000 per offense plus a restitution cos1 of $1,035 for 1hc bear. The two men said that they were raccoon hunting when their dogs roused the mother bear. Apparently the mother bear was denning on the ground and was awakened and frigh1ened by the hun1er~. She died, nm only a vicLim of poachers, bur also of a lack of mature den rrees in which she could hide during her winter dormancy. Spr1.t19, 19!12 �RADIOACTIVE SURPRISE Narunl World News Service A congressional hearing held before Rep. George Miller's Interior Committee heard evidence that barrels of hazardous materials sent from Oak Ridge Tennessee came with a free surprise in every barrel radioactive waste! The hearing was caJled after journalist Peter Schenkel of the Stare-Times Moming Advocate in Baton Rouge, LA collected irrefutable evidence that the Martin Marietta Company, contractor 10 the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Oak Ridge, TN nuclear weapons complex, had been mismanaging radioactive waste. Since 1980 the company has sent about 10,000 tons of hazardous wastes containing small amounts of radioactive materials to 16 commercial incinerators not licensed to handle such substances. The company knew it was violating regulations. All references to uranium were whited out from shipping orders. Clyde Hopkins, the president of Martin Marietta, told the congressional committee that the documents were altered for "national security reasons." Leo Duffy, specialist in waste handling for the DOE, disavowed any DOE responsibility, saying that if Martin Marieua thought that changing documents was a proper interpretation of DOE regulations, the company was very wrong. Martin Marieua's actions were not only inappropriate, but also clearly illegal, in violation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, and state regulations. However, no criminal investigations have yet been begun in the case. Ralph Hutchison, of the Oak Ridge Environmental and Peace Alliance (OREPA), said, "What happened was that Martin Marietta unilaterally decided that there was not enough radiation in the wastes to worry about Although the toxic substances contained more radiation than they were allowed 10 bum in their own incinerator, they still sent the shipments on to other private facilities. The company in effect established its own private BRC (below regulatory concern) levels." Journalist Schenkel was investigating Rollins Environmental Services, a large hazardous waste processing facility in Baton Rouge, in January of 1991 when he discovered documents indicating that they may have received waste materials from Martin Marietta Energy Systems that were contaminated with radioactivity. As Schenkel probed deeper, he began to run into the kind of roadblocks that suggested that he was onto a story that was bigger than he had expected. llis persistence uncovered the Martin Marietta activities. Fearing a scandal, the company stopped all off-site shipments of hazardous wastes during the summer of 1991. Shenckel is not content that the full implications Martin Marietta's actions have been revealed. He was quoted in the OREPA newsletter as saying, "I am not convinced by any degree that they know the full extent of radioactive material released." Sprlf\9, 1992 He said that papers recently procured from Oak Ridge give chemical analyses of the shipments. They show the presence of cobalt, strontium. and yttruim, which can occur naturally but often arc radioactive isotopes. The chemical analyses give no clue as to their isotopic form. When Schenkel asked, "Were any of these radioactive isotopes?", company representatives admitted that they did not know and no longer had any way of finding out. What is clear is the nature of Martin Marietta management. Ralph Hutchison says, "Martin Marietta took over (as the major contractor in Oak Ridge) in 1983 after Union Carbide was caught with mercury on their hands, and Martin Marietta has supposedly been doing everything right. Now in the last month we find out that they have been doing the same old stuff." "A PATTERN OF ABUSE" Natural World l',cws Savsu The firing of Karin Heiman (see Karuah Jour110l #31) as a US Forest Service botanist was not an random incidence of arbitrary authority. Repression against employees who arrive at conclusions contrary to agency policy has been a common occurrence in the Forest Service. This was uncovered in hearings held by the Howse of Representatives Civil Service subcommiuee, chaired by Rep. Gerry Sikorski (0-MN). The comnunee found that the Forest Service offered harsh punishment to whistleblowers, even when they were pointing out illegalities in Forest Service activities. At the close of the hearings on January 23. Rep. Sikorski said, "This needs to 1,c investigated by the Depanment of Justice. There is a pattern of abuse. There is a pattern of ignorance. There is a pattern of delay and retaliation." NATURAL WORLD NEWS BRIEFS NO RADIA TION...THIS TIME The truck was wheeling down I-26 on February 27 when just outside of Asheville, NC flame spouted out from one of the wheels. A Buncombe County sheriffs deputy pulled the truck over and Sgt. N. K. Goering of the State Highway Patrol appeared on the scene. It was just another breakdown. "It appears that it was a just a truck that broke down and this particular truck happened to be carrying a radioactive product." What?! Yes, radioactive waste, going from Northern State Power Co. in Monticello, MN to the Barnwell Waste Management Facility in Barnwell, SC. "Until I obtained all my readings, I was concerned," said Sgt. Goering. State troopers carry geiger counters in their vehicles? Apparently the possibility of a nculear accident has become accepted as a probability. "You never know what kind of wreck you might be called to," said Goering, "because you never know who is going up and down the highways." Maybe this is something we need to know. The fire m the radioactive waste truck was contained. No radiation was released. It was just another day on the highway...this time. tnforma1ion from ,~ Asheville Ci1i1.cn-T1mca or '1.mfn. "Warh.tod WatcMrs" art o,-ganizing to monitor move=nt of truck comY>ys carrying nuclear weapons maJcriaJs on 1-40 and 1-26 /OWdl'd tht Trilknl Submarine base in St. Mary's. GA. For in/ormolion on becoming a Warhead Watcher, call Amy Mozingo (704) 253-3854. • To protect imperiled aquatic species and their habitats, the NC Wildlife Resources Commission has submitted a proposal to the state Environmental Management Commission asking that portions of 33 watersheds in IO of the state's river basins be protected as High Quality Waters. Included are portions of the New, the Watauga, the Tuckasegee, the Linville. and the Little Tennessee Rivers. • The "Ballenger bill," proposed by conservative Rep. Cass Ballenger, a Republican from North Carolina's 10th District, has passed the House and awaits action by the Senate. The bill would protect the Lost Cove and Harper Creek areas in the Posgah National Forest. Sen. Terry Sanford (D-NC) has introduced a companion bill in support of Ballcnger's legislation. • Charles Taylor is the best friend the local timber industry has in Washingt0n. It's true - he said so himself before a meeting of the Multiple Use Council, a timber lobbying group. • A Superior Coun judge in Wake County ruled that the town of Highlands needs no environmental impact statement 10 build a sewage treatment plant that would dwnp 500,000 gallons of treated sewage a day in the Cullasnja River. The citizens group Save Our Rivers immediately appealed the judge's ruling and asked for a restraining order 10 stop work on the project until the appeal is heard • Ten otters were reintroduced into streams arounci the Great Smoky Mountains National Park last February. Six were released into Cataloochec Creek and two more pairs were released into Hazel Creek and the Little River. Three of the Otters released in Cataloochee were pregnant females expected to bear young this spring. NII/IJroJ World N~ws I, rdilrd •, e-m Crundit,:rr. �WHOSE RULES? The Drinking Water Protection Controversy in North Carolina "ll's the biggest cave-in in the history of the Environmental Management Commission. lt's remarkable that big money overpowered science and public suppon." This was the conclusion of Bill Holman, environmental lobbyist in the Nonh Carolina state legisl.nrure, about the change in the watershed protection rules proposed by the state's Environmental Management joined the campaign after it got going, but the finances and the strategy came largely from big urban developers in the three metropolitan areas. The development consortium had paid little attention to the 1990 public hearings. In 1991 they turned up the heat. They called up association. Carla DuPuy was formerly a eouniy commissioner in Mecklenburg County. Barnes is from Wilson, NC and Brady is a lawyer from Lenoir. . . ~Wc~s~ ~~~-~:f~~i~~f~:~ , . 'liearings on regulations adopted in 1990. The original regulations, created in 1990 under a mandate from the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act passed by the state legisl:uure in 1989, were designed to protect sources of pure drinking water for towns and cnies across the stale. They basically set up two areas around a lake or an intake point from a river from which drinking water was drawn: a critical area, one mile around the water supply point, and a protected area, five miles around the water supply point. Watershed iypcs were graded according to the amount and iype of development that would be allowed within the critical areas. A WS-1 watershed was the highest grade. in which the entire area was essentially publicly owned and development was not allowed. Residential developmenr was limited from one house per every two acres in a WS-Il area 10 one house per acre in a watershed graded WS-IV. Industrial and large commercial development, like large shopping malls, were prohibited in the critical areas or WS-Il and WS-ITI watersheds, which were designated as primarily residential or agricultural areas. These restrictions raised the ire of well-monied and powerful developers. ln the words of the Charlotre News and Observer, ''The developers realii.ed that the standards the commission approved in 1990 were real con1rols. They actually would protect the water permanently - and thus could threaten the making of forrunes of the quicker, dirtier son." The developers argued thru the EMC had substantially changed the rules since the public hearing, and therefore the commission should hold more hearings. Leadcrniip for the eonsonium came from a development project in Durham called Treybum. The two developers of that project are Clay Hamner and Terry Sanford. Jr.. Also involved were the North Carolina Homebuilders Associntion; Duke Power's Crescent Land and Timber Company; John Crosland, an intluential homebuilder in Chnrloue; the Cornwallis Development Company, which is a subsidiary of Coon Mills textile company; the backers of an0ther project called Watt Creek Park, an industrial development in the City of Burlington's watershed; and prominent developers in Guilford County. Most of the energy for this effort came from the Piedmont. Some of the smaller developers in the mountains, and some of the agricultural interests - like the Fann Bureau :KatilM Journm pO<Jf 26 connections, pulled strings, and contacted local builders and real estate companies across the state to pack the local hearings. As a result the hearings were divided · often bincrly (sec Koruah Journal #32). Because of the public interest, the EMC extended the comment period. They received 2,652 leuers, the most comment the commission had seen on any issue except hazardous waste. Ninety percent of the tellers were in favor of retaining the stricter watershed conirols. But apparently hearing rooms are not where government policy is formed. The developers pulled strings W1Lh the EMC and organized a campaign to frighten local officials about watershed regulation. lf the watershed protection regulations were kept in place, they maintained, economic development in the Stale of North Carolina would cease entirely. The members of 1he EMC wilted under the heal. They repudiated 1he1r fonner conclusions and offeted up a watered-down version of their own proposals. Of a panel of six hearing officers, four supported weakening the rules. and two were opposed. The four supporters were Virgil McBnde, Doug Boykin, Robert Griffith, Carla DuPuy, while Cllnrlic Brady and Michael Barnes opposed the changes. Boykin and Griffith are developers themselves. Virgil McBride was fom1crly a lobbyist. Although he never lobbied for development intercsis directly, he worked for industries closely connecting to development and construction, primarily the trucking Orawu,g by Midu,el Thompson In the end, by a vo1e of 11-5 the EMC cul the size of the critical area in half, from one mile to one-half mile in radius. The new rules doubled the amount of residential development allowed in WS-JI and WS-UJ areas, to one house per acre in WS-n areas and one house per one-half acre in WS-m areas. Under the new regulations industrial development and shopping malls are allowed in the WS-ll and WS-lll areas (only landfills are prohibited), if they do not discharge wastes directly into the streams and lakes from which people will be obtaining their drinking water. In a WS-IV area industrial discharge is allowed directly into the scream. The new, weakened regulations do not go mto effect until 1994, so developers have two years to begin projects that would not come under the junsdiction of any watershed protection rules. Bill Holman's assessment is that, ''The hearings were only for show. Big money working behind the scenes gulled the rules." Whereas the earlier watershed protection regulations were drafted with assistance from environmentalists, business people, local governments, and scientists, '"There was no technical basis in the hearing record for the changes that were made. There's nothing in the hearing record that said it was alright to double tl1e density of development in protected watersheds. There_ was n01hing in the hearing records that said u was alright to have indusoial developmenL The changes were totally political. h was government behind the scenes," Holman Sprl.nq, 1992 said. �Observations by commission mem~r Barnes seem to verify Holman's conclus10n. "I never saw any facts and figures 10 change what we passed in 1990 10 what we have here today," Barnes Lold the Asheville Citizen-Times. Holman said that conservation groups are going to appeal the EMC vote on the watershed protection regulations and that they are going back to the State legislature to ~sk for more specific drinking water protecnons 10 be enacted inLo law. The threat to people's health and well-being resulting from inadequate protection of drinking water supplies is real indeed. However, the drinking water controversy also brings to light broad questions about how decisions are made in Nonh Carolina. The Environmental Management Commission is the policy-making board for the Deparunent of Environmental Management (DEM), part of the Depanment of Health, Environment. and Resources. Many of the s1affo~the pEM have.scientific credentials, but their acnons are gwded by the EMC, which consists of lay people, chosen for their influence and political orientations more than their expertise. And chosen not by the people of the state, but by !h~ go,vernor, who appoints 13 of the comm1ss1on s 17 members, and by the lieutenant governo~ and the speaker of the house, who each appoint two. The Environmental Management Commission makes important decisions, as the present controversy shows. These appointed members of a government commission have great power over sia~e policy the future of the land, and the hves of many people. Yet the~ 3:e insulated ~ro.m informed scientific opinion and pubhc input. rn effect they constitute a ruling elite, ostensibly legal and aboveboard, duly . constituted by state law, yet more responsible 10 powerful special interest groups a_nd state power brokers than to any democrauc institutions or interest in the natural environment. The actions of commissions like the EMC are shielded from public panicipation and control, and are carried out largely unnoticed except in cases such as the drinking water proteetion controversy. The public does not often get to see the degree of power wielded by the members of _th: Enviromental Management Comnuss10~ and the others like them, much less to be pnvy to the directives coming from the high officials who appointed them. l~ their ~c~ons ~ere more visible, the resulung pohc1es rrught be quite different. People need clean drinking water. Aquatic habitats need protection from development. And the power of "government behind the scenes" must be broken. - by David Wheeler BIG IVY The hiker moves quietly, in awe of the great trees beneath which she walks: u_ntil she is brought up short by a splash ofbnlban1 color on the forest floor. A small cluster of the rare Gray's lily shine in the dim forest light. A short way down the the trail her eye is drawn by the bright yellow of broadleaf coropsis, and, there! - t~e pale be~uty of~ bleeding heart plant. This clearly 1s a special place. This is Big Ivy. . Located in the Black Mountains beneath the much-visited Craggy Gardens, the Big rvy area is less well-known but. in its own way, equally as beautiful and scientifically perhaps much greater in importance than the popular scenic attraction above. Big Ivy contains large areas of old-growth forest and a long list of rare plant and animal species. Thirty-two rare plants (including 18 listed as "rare" in the State of North Carolina and 14 species that are "watch-listed" in the state) and eight rare animal species inhabit the area. The large patches of old-growth forests, a disappearing habitnt in the Sou.thern Appalachians, account in part for the vanety of unique species in Big Ivy. But an unusual geological formation has given to the area soils that are "circumneutral," nearly neutral in pH, compared to ~e aci<l;ic soils gene~ly found in the mountains. This has resulted 10 a number of plants and plant as~iati~>ns n?t found in other areas of the Katuah b1oregion. Big Ivy is critical to the overall biodiversity of the Southern Appalachians. But all is not idyllic in Big Ivy. Because of its diversity, the area has c_ome under much scientific study, and sc1enus1s feel that conditions in Big Ivy are declining largely due to timber sates, which have caused loss of endangered habitats and rare species as well as fragmentation of the irreplaceable old growth forest. The area is at a critical Drawing by Mich11el Thomp,on Spri.NJ, 1992 moment: there are healthy habitats and populations yet in Big Ivy, but each succeeding activity in the forest m~es new inroads into already-threatened habitat areas and further tips the balance toward irrevocable destruction. The big trees, however, offer an irresistable lure co loggers and the US Forest Service which concrols the area. In July of 1991 th~ Toecane Ranger District rel~ a draft environmental assessment for a nmber sale in Sugarhouse Cove. The assessment designated approximately 2,3~ acres of timber in the project area as ''swtable f~r cutting." Mentioned in the plan altem~nves was the construction of about four miles of new road into a previously undisturbed area. The response from area scientists and environmentalists has been blunt and passionate. Local biologists and botanists in particular, have offered Lhe USFS the benefits of their research and learned opinions about how a logging ope~tion. would affect the rich diversity of this unique area. Among them is Jim Patrenka, a . biologist at the University ofNonh Carolina Asheville, who in a scoping letter.to the USFS informed the agency that his research indicates that every acre that is clearc~t in Sugarhouse Cove will mean the derruse of some 3 200 salamanders, including members of rare ~d threatened species. This is a death rate, according 10 Patrenka, that will ~ a chronic depression of salamander populanons in the area. Biologists in other specialties share Patrenka's concerns. In the past, accord!ng to local activist Haywood Greer, planned umber sales in the Big Ivy area hav~ caused. some friction between Forest Service officials and scientist.s working with the Nonh Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, who objected to the damage that would be done by the logging activities. Other i:e~hers have found lhm p1m timber upc:niu~~~ in the area have decimated local commumues of sensitive plant species, such as goldenseal, whose recovery has been very slow, if the species is recovering at all. Right now the proposed lo~ing in Sugarhouse Cove is on hold.~n~ng further studies of the plant commumn~,; 10 tJ:ie planned sales units. These s1ud1es will be carried out this spring. Hopefully they, combined with the weight of scientific_ opinion, will dissuade the Forest Se~1ce . from carrying out their plans to cut umber m Sugarhouse Cove. AnOLher action being considered by the Forest Service is the construction of riding trails through Big Ivy for the benefit ~fa nearby commercial riding stable. While.some people would be able to have pleasant rides through the old growth f~st areas, they would unwittingly be cau~m~ severe effects 10 the forest they were enJoying. Big Ivy does not need 10 be logged or suffer rides-for-pay 10 be of value. The area is of greater value as it is: This val_ue can be maintained by only one sunple acnon: to leave it alone. Big Ivy is just too special to end up being just another timber sale. • by Emmm Grw1djgger ond David W~elcr ~ �Wblz Wisdom (01' the Two Uggeds DRUMMING DearKatuah, I found your anicles on the past history and possible future desirability of human use of fire to influence Southern Appalachian ecology t0 be most interesting, and l believe that fire could be a valuable tool for ecosystem management At pxescnt we have 100 much early successional habitat in Kauiah, and we should, for now, lay down the tools (such as fire) that reverse succession. Organic matter is a critical element in the regeneration of new forest soil. The soil organic mauer harbors the life of the soil. It is where microorganisms live, grabbing nutrientS and cycling them back into plant growth, instead of losing them to erosion or leaching. Microorganism.~ also attack rock particles, breaking them down 10 create new soil. Organic mauer also keeps I.he soil cool and moist, protecting plants' fine root hairs and giving I.hem a fertile medium in which 10 grow, thus keeping up plant growth and production. Burning destroys organic mancr, and we should be encouraging and conserving it to nourish the next generation of I.he forest There is also I.he possibility that the greenhouse effect will result in massive fires. We need to protect the forest against that as well. Since the arrival of the white man, cool, moist habitatS have been greatly decreased, and xeric, hot sites have been greatly increased throughout the region as a whole. There arc plenty of overgrazed slopes near human habitations which would suppon pines and oaks. If we want pines, let's plant them on overgrazed hillsides. If we want oaks, let them invade our pines. Cool, moist, habitats are under auack in Katuah, while hot, dry ones are all too abundant Don't play with fire. Sincerely, Jesse Jones Asheville. Swannanoa River Watershed Dear Ka11lal1 staff, What I'd like 10 know is this: how do you do it?! lime after time you people keep coming up with inspiring themes and relevant materials and then laying it all out in visually inviting spreads which seem to get beucr and better all the time? David Wheeler's anicles in the recent Fire issue, as is usual with his work, speaks so clearly and comprehensively. Rob Mes~ick's excellent organic artwork produce depth and flow. I can't imagine the tremendous amount of work, much I'm sure donated, going into the production of each Katuah! What a sense of pride it must be for all involved when it finally slides together and goes to print. Being an "outsider" from over in the Ohio ruvcr Bioregion, I find the journal none the less relevant and immediluely meaningful. At our Solstice gathering l passed the latest issue around and many jotted down your address, so expect to hear from Lhem soon. (Raves on Rob's tunle on the back cover). Hoping the coming seasons bring all of you much peace and contentment, inspirations and joy. Sincerely, Dave Ort Phoc,, councsy or lhc Mounl.lDI Hcriiqc Center Dear Editors, l discovered Ka111ah Journal at Mountain Crossings in Blairsville, GA last summer. That well worn issue has been re-read on many occasions - its time 10 subscribe! While I currently don't reside in Katuah, this summer I'll be moving closer 10 Cherokee County, GA. r wani to rap into the Kauiah spirit and become aware of the environmental issues and concerned people of the area. The Appalachians have always been like home for me, maybe because I spent my childhood summers there. Keep up the good work and positive efforts. Piss not into the water, nor on any mother, child, or father. Water is not the proper medium to relieve repeated bladder tedium. Piss off the walk, path, pavement, or road, piss not on flowers, birds, or toads. Piss near, never on, the plants and trees where no one cares, hears, or secs. To kill poison ivy or athletes feet join Latinos: peace on cet. Never piss in the same spot twice, not anywhere that h's not nice, nor within the sight of prigs or wardens. Piss near borders, hedges, gardens. Piss on national, state, jurisdictionnl boundaries on conventional and nuclear weapons foundaries. Follow wolf and coyote 10 the reaches of your domain. Piss on dogturds and cowpies, mountain and plain. Piss not on the trail, campflIC, bed, or nursery, nor writing cursive, cursorial, or cursory. Piss not on any creature, especially fishes, nor hasty love, slow rage, good wishes. Piss not on tools, machines, electrical devices, electric fences, antennae, nor ho1wire splices, not TV sets nor video games, tho' temptation may be great. Piss on prejudice, injustice, hate. Piss on all oil spills and spillers. Piss on dream-, plant-, or animal killers. Piss on soil and compost heaps, never on sailers, flyers, or creeps. Piss on dirtied or painted stones on sca1tered or unburied bones. Put piss little by little where it belongs, nor in sink, creek, spring, or ponds. Give proper pisscrs privacy and honor. Piss on llfe-pissers, messers, conners. Piss on anyone caught on fire with anything less than true desire. Piss not intO Lhe wind nor in the water but on the idea that it doesn't mauer. - version read at Coifee House one night, Fall,1990 by Erbin Crow.from his legacy SPRJNG Sincerely, Nancy Moreland Kasuah Peoples, Another tender, angry, beautiful, and compelling year of Kamalr Journal! This last year's writings and illustrations were exceptionally insuuctive and reverent. In what other publication does lhis combination of an, education, acnvism, and prayer exist? 1 love you very much, Nancy Ligni12. Old winter has retreated 10 the nonh, her snowy remnants wasting into pools that feed the swelling bulbs and heave life fonh • all bursting cells and swarming molecules. · Caroline Rowe Marrens �SAVING WILD SEEDS by Lee Barnes Individuals should sttive to collect, preserve and increase their bioregions' remaining wild and cultivated plant genetic diversity. (See "Seed Saving to Preserve Biodiversity," Ka11,ah Journal# 32). While the best means of protecting a region's genetic heritage is by preservation of large areas of natural ecosystems, we can collect seeds and cuttings of useful wild plants and further increase these plants in our gardens and backyards. The most valuable, irreplaceable, and exportable resource of a region arc copies (seeds, cuttings, etc.) of its unique genetic heritage, the value of which far exceeds any mineral or energy wealth which could be exponed. Talce care not to collect over a quarter of an individual plant's seeds, leaving plenty for wild animals and natural seed disaibution and renewal. Wild-plant seed collection and germination techniques vary greatly from those commonly used with normally cultivated fruit and vegetables. Our cultivated varieties have long been genetically selected and modified over historical times by gardeners who selected for ease of harvest and unifonn germination. It is preferable to collect seeds of wild-plants which grow within one degree of latitude (about 70 miles) and from similar elevations to which they are to be grown. This is to maximize the favorable selection of locally adapted genetic traits which will result in winter hardiness, and other adaptations to local growing season and regional micro-climate. Wild seeds commonly mature and are released over periods of several weeks. These seeds are genetically programmed 10 be released, remain donnant through winter, and then germinate irregularly over long periods of time. This trait serves as generic insurance by preventing all seeds from sprouting at one time and perhaps be lost to a major natural catastrophe, such as major drought or fire. The simplest seeds for the wild seed-saver to collect and save a.re the "dry" fruit seeds (nuts, dry legumes, sunflower, cattail, grasses, etc.). These dry-fruits mature and release relatively "clean'' seeds which can be collected and stored with a minimum of cleaning and processing. Most seeds need 10 be cleaned of any remaining fruit pans (chafl) to reduce disease and insect damage during storage and germination. Most "dfy" seeds need to be dried to six 10 ten percent moisture, then stored at low temperatures and low humidities. Plant seeds which are usually "dry-processed" include apple, pine, spruce, fir, sumac, and grapes. The most important factors affecting seed life are humidity changes and storage temperatures. Seeds for planting should be stored in moisture-proof (also insect and animal-proof) containers. Save only "sound" and firm seeds and nuts. Some seed-savers place a bay leaf in their storage containers to repel bugs. (Anyone know of local herbs for ~is purpose?). Storage in wide-mouth glass Jars with rubber gaskets is ideal. Preferably, store these at low temperarures between Drawing by Rob Messick Spri.nq, 1992 40-32° F. - each 9° F. decrease in storage temperature below 80° F. (to 32°) will commonly double seed longevity. Plants which produce "fleshy" fruits, (such as persimmons, berries, jack-in-the-pulpit, etc.) require additional cleaning and processing. Aeshy fruits encourage natural disaibution by being "tasty" to animals and humans. These seeds often require additional processing by being passed through an animal's acidic gut, or by natural fermentation by microbes to remove the fleshy fruit tissues. Fleshy fruits (especially members of the Solanaceae plant family) can be processed by a honicultural process called "fennentation," whereby mashed-up fruits nre allowed to fennent to destroy pathogens and chemicals that inhibit germination. Then the seeds arc separated from the pulp, washed, dried, then stored. Another technique to separate small seeds from their fruit is called "floatation." Small fruits are "mashed" and soaked in water for several days, so that microorganisms can Stan 10 soften and digest the fruit pulp. This partially digested fruit pulp is then mixed with additional water and processed by being agitated in a blender using short "pulses" (or by rapid whipping with a whisk). Healthy small seeds then settle to the bottom where they can easily be collected by pouring off the floating "pulp" (some plants have seeds which normally float - look for whole, uniformly shaped and colored seeds). For better results, replace the steel blender blades with a shon piece of tire rubber so as to cause less damage to the seeds. This technique is successful with fruits of dogwood, strawberries, persimmon, holly, juniper, magnolia, and sassafras. Most wild seeds of temperate zone crops require additional handling to duplicate the natural conditions of cold winters. These seeds require a cold, moist "stratification" period to overcome genetic and environmental blocks to germination. Temperate wne plantS have biological means of counting time ("internal clocks"), and measuring day-length and "chilling" temperatures. These seeds will not grow until their internal clocks are satisfied with a sufficient number of genetically detennined hours of effective chilling (for example, requiring a minimum number of hours exposure - hundreds to possibly thousands of hours of temperatures between 4S O and 3S 0 ). Examples of plant seeds requiring moist stratification include beech, walnut, many oalcs, and filbens. It is especially imponam if you collect wild nut trees to be sure to collect seeds from areas which have similar numbers of chilling-hours as the location where you plan to grow them. Another factor to consider when choosing to grow plants from seeds is the mnturation period of many long-lived perennial plants (esp. fruit and nut trees). Perennial trees and shrubs must grow through a genetically influenced maturation period before they begin to flower and bear fruit (a son of transition from juvenile to sexually mature, adult phase). These plants are usually propagated by asexual means (not involving seeds, but by cuttings or grafting). Most of these plants produce seeds by cross-pollination, and do not reproduce "true-to-type" (the offspring are not necessarily similar to their parent-plants) from seeds, and may hove long maturation periods. By asexually propagating fruiting trees (cuttings, budding, etc.), one can select superior plants (such as with larger fruit, or tolerance to pests) and produce genetically identical rooted planrs. These rooted cuttings from marure trees will usually produce fruit in just a few years, thus skipping the I ~20 years (or more!) before fruiting if grown from seeds. Seed longevity (defined as the average period during which seeds can survive and then grow) falls into three categories slum-lived (need to be sewn immediately or within days/weeks of collection, and never allowed to completely dry out); medium-lived (months to S-10 + years); and /011g-lived seeds (which may remain viable IS to 100 years, and arc able to survive until environmental conditions are favorable for germination. Shon-lived varieties (spring-seeded maples, serviceberry, paw paw, persimmon, and sumac) - must not be allowed to totally dry or they will die. Some seeds must be sown immediately upon release from mature fruits to prevent funher development of growth-inhibiting chemicals which affect their ability to grow. This group includes Franklinia, trillium and many difficult-to-germinate seeds. Most medium-lived temperate wne plant seeds (most K.aruah native plants) require cold, moist stratification, whereby seeds are stored in moist conditions (in moist peat or sand) at 32-40° F. for two 10 three months to overcome internal blocks to (continued on p. 30) Xatuah Journot P°'J& 29 �germination. Ao easy way to treat these species is by mixing cleaned seeds with i:qual pans of moist sphagnum moss or coarse sand (in a medium that is moist, but not too wet squeeze out excess water!) in moisture retaining conrainers (zip-lock bags work well) stored at normal refrigerator 1emperarurcs (40-45° F). Many long-lived seeds (thick-seeded legumes, water lilies, morning glories) require physical thinning of thick seed coats by microorganisms, or hastened by partially filing, or nicking partially through the impervious seed coats to allow passage of gases and moisture to the donnant embryo. Saving wild seeds for home germination is the first step in establishing wild-food gardens in your back yard. (avoid trying to transplant mature plants from the "wild" - this is rarely successful due to massive root-damage, and also saips the natural habitats of productive wildlife foods and new plants). Native agriculturists first cultivated wild plants which natu:rally established themselves from seeds and discarded roots thrown onto their trash-heaps (original "compost" piles!) and disturbed areas (fire cleared areas, etc.). ff one can provide the proper growing conditions, the low-input culture of these planiS will allow easier plant gathering without excessive demands on the diminishing wild populations. Earing wild and "semi-wild/ semi-cultivated" plants in "season" will provide one with fresh, nutritious foods and a "reunion" with the cycles of nature. Eat weU and give thanks for 1he tasty gifts of our Green Spirits! C.S. Schopmeyer. 1974. Suds of Woody Plants in tM United States Fon:st Service, USDA Agriculture Hnndboolc No. 450. USDA. 883 pp. • TIIE reference for seed handling and gcrmin3tlon of 188 genera of woody plants ruuive or IUIIW'lll'faed in the U.S. Very detailed with additional rcfcn:nccs. fbrry Phillips. 198S. Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers. U.N.C. Press, 331 pp. $14.95 • especially well-written !llld beautifully illustraled rcforencc on seed nnd spore p~tion or native NC plants. Includes calendar of blooming d:ues and commercial plant production timetable. &ccllentl BURNING BUSHES Azaleas, with mouths aflame, Plant Propagation References Ignite the mountainside each spring: Hudson Hanmann and D. Kester. 197S. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practicer. 3rd Ed. Prwlic:c-Hall, 662 pp.• the defmilive text-book on plant propagation l The-Ory and practlcal inro. cry out In tongues no man can claim, lheir ancient message siuling. Michael Dirr and C. Heuser. 1987. Tiu! Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Sud to Tisiue Culture. A Practical Working Guide to the Propagation of Over I 100 Spt1cies, Varietit!f and Cultivars. Varsity Press, 239 pp. - TIIE guide 10 propagatlon or woody plants used in Nonh America. Includes prcfcmd l)l'Oll0gation ICChniques (seed, cuttings, cu:.}, as well as. seed treatmc,us and specific rooting percentages, etc. Caroline Rowe Martens ddu of the Big Cove dance tpeak• of traditions and tinp tb.c Booger Danu, Com Dance and • dotCJI 01hcrt with drum and ranle. c...,.n WHERE TIIE Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork you see in Katuah Journal. (Envelopes included.) byRobW~ck Send $11.25 postage paid to: Rob Messick P.O. BOX 2(,()1 BOONE, NC 28607 RA YENS ROOST ~ Chcrolcce traditional tonp of Wallcc:r Calhoun __,._...,..., CA.11111'1 ANO IOC*UT It WAIL Sil ....,.. ATTil&c:e,ru$JO MOI/NTAJN tlurrAGl ~ Wll'l'Ul< CAIIOUl'IA Utll\llllSITY Cuu.ow11D, NC l87ll (704)227-7129 Spring, 1992 �I•:.,,. tt•· r ,. 9 Sustainable Agriculture and Regional Diet: Annotated Resources These l'CS0W'0CS were nx:ommendcd by KJlumh ConlribulOl'S as their favorites. Price estimates are included for reference and may not be currcnL Most are in print or available from Inter-Library loans. A more complete liSt ( 11 pps. w/ 117 resowces) is available from Lee Barnes (P.O. Box 1303: Waynesville, NC 28786) for S2.50 ppd. or send five or more annOla!Cd resources for a liee copy. Ho! Sustaioab(c Agrirollocc Trauger M. Groh and S.S.H. McFadden. 1990. Farms ofTomorrow: Communiry Supporttd Farms; Farm Supported Communities. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Associalion. Inc. 169 pp. About $12.00 - begins with several essays on the philosophical underpinnings of CSA's (Community Sponsored Agriculture), then describes 7 successful farms, and concludes with practical info on slllrting and managing a CSA. Valuable to both CSA growers and sharers. Jeavons et al.1983. The BacJcyard llomuttad Mini-Farm. & Garden I.A)g Book. 10 Speed Press. 196 pp., 58.95 • gives economic data about intensive gatdening income profits. Eliot Coleman. 1989. The New Organic Grower. Chelsea Green. 269 pp., $19.95. excellent guide 10 beginning mlltket gardeners, stressing the 8-ycar crop rotnlion developed by Coleman, including inlClScedcd green manure crops, etc. Robert Rodale. 1971. The Basic BOQk of Organic Gardening. Rodalc Press. 377 pp•• a classic (and inexpensive) inlrO to organic gardening principles and techniques. If you buy only one Rodale Book, buy this one! Sustaioabtc Piel t FQQd PcrsccvaOoo Cherokee, 19th, and 20th Century recipes used by sculcr; on Hazel Creek, in Ille Cire.u Smoky Mounmins. Includes information on historical cooking Lechniqucs uulizing mostly regionally produced foods. Jerry Conner. 1991. Eats From IM Peaks Carolina Mountmn lleritage Cookvy. Ridgetop Assoc. Pubt.. 111 pp.• $14.95 - modern adap!Otions of trndilional recipes by n mastcr cheri Delicious! Mary Ulmer. 1951. Cherolc4!t Coolclore. Self-publ. 71 pp.· tradilional Cherokee recipes. Great mush! Stephen Facciola. 1990. Cornucopia: A Souru Book ofEdible Plants. Kam pong Pub!. 677 pp. $35.00 • i.ncrcdibte botanically arranged guide to edible plnnts, the best of its kind! Describes over 3000 edible plants Md lheir commercial .sources. Extensive review of cultivars of over 100 major food planlS. LislS 52 pages of domestic. foreign and commercial sowces for these plants. Exten~ive Bibliography and appendices. Chcclc It out! Lee Peterson. 1977. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Easttrn and Ctntral North America. 330 pp. $9.95 · illustrated with plant grouped by habitat where they can be found. Paul Hlltnel and Mary Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherout Plants and Their Use.s • a 400 Ytar 1/istory . Self-publ.. 65 pp•• reference to 450 plants used by the Cherokee, including botanical names and uses. Noc illustrntcd. Tom Brown, Jc. 1985. Tom Brown's Gui.de to \Vild Edible and Medicinal Plan1s. Berk.Icy Books. 241 pp. S7 .95 • another in a series of spiritually sensitive guides to co-surviving with wildness. H.ighly recommended! Stanley Schuler and E. Schuler. 1973. Preserving the Fruits of tht Earth; How to 'Put Up' Almost Evuy Food Grown in the United States in Almost Everyway. Galahad Books.· 234 pp.· general chapters on methods or food pre.wvation (drying. smoking. brining, etc.) followed by a most complete encyclopedia of foods and tl1eir common preservation methods. USDA. 1977. Canning, Freaing, Storing Garden Product. USDA Agric. Info. Bull 410.86 pp. Free· Excerpt from 1977 Yearbook of Agriculture. Gardening/or Food and Fun. Ovczview or canning and drying techniques • This is representative of nU/ll(l'()us free publications available through your Agricultural Extensioa Service. Be sure to chock out other tax-paid resoun:es available. Bcginnnl Cookbooks t wna-PJ;int Eocai:1011 John Freeman. 1985. Survival Gardening and Survival Gardening Coolcbook. John's Press, 102 pp., $10.95 ea. · excellent guides 10 sustaimtblc. healthy food growing and pre~n. Thorough coverage of human nulriti011:1.I needs and how to meet these using foods from the garden. DW1J1C Oliver. 1990. Cooking on /laze/ Creek: Tlit Best of Southern Mountain Cooking. Sclr-publishcd. 261 pp., $13.95 • ll'lldiLionaJ Spri.tuJ, 1992 Deborah Lee. 1989. Exploring Nature's Uncultiva~d Garden. Havelin Pub!. 195 pp. $14.50 • extmotdinary guide to wild foraging which deals with eastern and west.em philosophy and sensitivity to plants. Very highly recommended! Nccessruy Trading Company: Box 305; New Olstlc, VA 24127. offers wide vllricty of organic glltdcning supplies, naturnl pest controls, cover crop ~.etc. Sandy Mush Herb Nursery; RL 2, Surreu Cove Rd.: Leicester, NC 28748 (704) 683-2014 • extensive Iisling of herb plants, unusual perennials, CIC. (Cat. $4.00) Edible Landscaping; Box Tl; Arion, VA 22920 • specializing in locally-adaptCd, pest-resistant varieties of common and unusual fruits. Qcenoizatioos t Nmslcuccs t blaeazioes The Mountain GardtfU!r Ntwslt!Jtu from Organic Gardening Cooperative; Rt. 3, Box 409-N: Sylva, NC 28779 (ncw/monlhly). sponsors monthly moctings (3rd Wed.ncsdoy, 7:00 pm) at Jackson Co. Library (Sylva). Appropriate Technology Tranefu to Rural Areas. ATTRA 1991. ATTRA l-800-346-9140 -a fedemlly-funded resource organization aimed at tnilarcd information-search for assisling commercial and production-level clients (their funding limits their ability 10 help backyard, individual growers). Have helpful Resource LiSIS. "Videol:/Slides/Tapcs oo Sustainable Agriculuue• (18 pp). "Sustainable Agriculture Organizations and Publication LiSt (24 pp.), etc •• Also produce lnformation Packages on diverse info such as "Green Crops and Gtccn Mllnurcs; "Direct Marteting." CIC. Excellent resource! Writennd thnnlc your officials forconlinued funding of this experienced, J'eSOW'Ceful, enlhuswtic, and dedicated group. The Virginia Association for Biological Farming; Box '252; Flint Hlll, VA 22627 • non-profit organizalion, co-ocdimucs organic cenificalion, seminars, Flltm Held D3ys, and farmer-to-farmer networking. S25.00 year. Carolina Frum Stewardship Association; Box 511; PillSboro, NC 27312 -organic ccnification for both Carolinas. Involved in LISA grnnts, on-farm demos, and annual Farm F'ield Days. The U.S. Dispen.flltory. (any editioo prior 1930.) • invaluable info on plants, their makeup and how olficially used at the tum of the century (avail. for SS0-100 from used boolc dealets). Tennessee Alternative Growers Association; Rt. 2, Box 46-A-1; Indian Mound, lN 37079 Bceioool Sctd aoa r1001 Spoo(i«:cs Georgia Organic Growers Association: 1185 Bend Creek Trail; Suwanee, GA 30174 Southern Exposure Seed EJtchange; Box 158; North Garden, VA 22959 (804-973-4703) • specializes in heirloom varieties adapted to the Central Virginia Mountains. Recently founded "Seed Shares TM: The Gardener's Seed Bank", a project 10 distribute extremely rare plant Cultivars. Also sells Seed Saving Supplies. (OIL $3) ~ R.H. Shumway; Box I; Gmniteville, SC 29829 (C:u. $1.00) • dependable, well established (since 1870) seed house specializing in traditional varieties. Also southern ad:lpted fruit and nut variclies. Kalmia Farms: Box 3881: Chnrlotlc.sville, VA 22903 • spccialiJ.CS in multiplier onions. shallolS and garlic, )C.Qtuafl Journot J)O()C 31 �Parld~ Gardens (con:linocd Crom p. 4) - The (re)integration of needs: not to lhe market for food, the spa for exercise, the doctor for healing, theatre for entertainment, school for learning, studio 10 create, church for inspiration, etc., but to lhe garden for all these ar the same rime. - Enriching the garden with useful and beautiful species and learning to incocporate them into our lives. We begin, of course, with the present and potential natural vege1ation, to which may be added species introductions from similar areas worldwide; then sUgh1 modifications of the environment micro-habitat enhancement - and lhe resultant possibilities for new species: a paleue of plants, a Cornucopia• never available 10 previous generations. - Hand labor. We all have two hands, one lifetime, 24 hours in every day. These are "democratic" factors. Working by hand on a small piece of land we can create a Paradise with relevance for all. Money, and machines can not get us there any faster, in fact can't get us !here at all. They only lead us astray. ••• We live during a narrow window of opponuoity. Having come, at lase, to lhe realization that a revolutionary shift of consciousness and lifestyle is required, we find that we have only a few generations in which to complete the changes, before it will be too late to make a ttansition (environment degraded, resources depleted, species cxtinc1, soils eroded/polluted, population doubled ...). Our enemy is a paper tiger because it cannot deliver the goods. The world waits for examples: to be shown, llOI told, a better way. Paradise Gardening is vastly more meaningful than the 'biodomc' experiment, and anyone can play. We have been putting thls off for too many lifetimes now. Commuaity Sp(IIISC)ttd Agriculture (continued from p. 6) Blowing In the Wind Now we arc told that modem farm inputs make unprecedented levels of production possible. Without heavy spending on inputs lhe world supposedly could not suppon all its people. We have absurd quantities of petroleum and natural gas going into food production, leaving an eroded, salty, toxic wasteland behind. We should know beuer, no matter what our twin "big brothers" of government and industry say. The most basic rule is balance. We want balance between opposite polarities, heaven and canh, silica and Lime, grass and clover, bee and canhworm, give and take. This also means balance between people, plants, animals, microbes, and minerals. With balanced crops and livestock, rhythms and activities build up momentum within the fann organism. This rule implies that the greater the diversi1y the greater the health and stability of the farm. That is something to think abouL In the past five years hundreds of CSA's have sprung into being across lhe continenL It is an idea whose time has come. It is catching on. A few bits of land here and there arc being turned into healthy farms again. Wealth made at the expense of the countryside is seeking its return. In half a century we may no longer see com to the horizon in a toxic cloud. On lhe one hand we face slavery and ruin due to our own hypocrisy and moral poverty - giving ourselves up to the good old new world order. On the other hand more and more people are taking responsibility for their own Lives by way of home birthing, home schooling, alternative medicine, recycling, edible landscaping, and building energy smart, non-toxic homes. CSA's are a natural developmenL We have a choice. geographically and emotionally. Instantly we recognize in each other a shared experience that is purely American. intense, evocative, and yet of which very few people can speak. In !heir eyes I sec bitterness, guilt, denial and nos1algia all at the same time. Many of these ex-farmboys are very successful by city stanclards. They have no more tie to the land than a vague frustration of being tom without emotional healing from their roots. I have often thought that the way we, as a society, raise farmers is a very good way to raise the kind of farmer who so thoroughly hates the land that he would wish to wreak vengeance upon il for not giving him the life he wanted or was told 10 wanL At the very least these fannboys are suffering from heavy psychic wounds. War is a good analogy for what we have done to ourselves and our land. Clcarcuts and plowed prairies are devastated, barren places. Modem, environmental warfare, which threatens the fertility of the land, extends the acts of aggression to furure generations. Some of us have begun to sec the Earlh as sncrcd ground. We realize that whatever our occupation, farmer or not, we are sustained by lhe fruits of the Earth. The real challenge of Earth stewardship is not to rcrum 10 some slavish peasantry, wiling relentlessly upon the soil, but to sec the way (The Tao) in which the rhythms of the needs of man, can fit into the rhythms of nature. My vision of the future farmers of America is men and women who are able to combine the very best of themselves with the cultivation of the Earth. r would like to see farmers celebrate the fenility of the land. I would like to sec the balance between the needs of an individual and the getting of nourishment. I would like to see the plowing of a field done with grace, as an act oflove, quietly waiting for the right moment, then turning the earth gently,,., # reverently. fr llqh lo\lCI is a biodynamic and CSA/ar~r maruting in the Atlanta. GA ar~ At his/arm, Unu,n Agricu/11ua/ Institute; Rt. 4, Box"63S: Blairsvilk, GA 30512, llugh restarchn rtgtntrarive ogricult1Uc and is tk\lC/oping local cu/ti vars of ltafy g r ~ (continued from p. 19) "You see the beauty of my proposal is Jr needn't wait on general revolution I bid you ro a one-man revolution The only revolution tlUJJ is coming" (Robert Frost, "Build Soil") • Corn11COf11a. S. Facciola. Kampong Pub., 1870 Sunnse Dr., V1SU1, CA 92084. Astounding new pubhQltion. Three lhousand edible species, many more lhousnnds of culliva,s, sourocs of supply .ind infonnation for c.ich entry ltH /loll,s mttnds 10 product anothtr amclt dtalmg mL>rt wtth local practice. /It is also dn<tlopmg a ~,.sfe11u b) and/or fJ<fJOnJ, engaged ,n t!M! rtaliuuu,n cf Parodi~ os a gartkn PltOJt stnd ,a-nts. and sugg6tions UJ him at 3020 Wht1t Oai. Cruk Rd : Burn.rvtllt.NC 287/4 l'ho4o COUJ1eSy of Ille Mo11n1ain Hcn1.1sc Ccnll!r :>i:A\hmh Journot JXUJe 32 Spnng, 1992 �o. (continued from page 8) I J !4'1 , •ft -, .,. just keep the meat out in the smokehouse. It was nothing to kill two or three yearlings to make the beef. My grandfather, he know'd how to blister beef and hang it up. He'd bum hickory wood to where it would just be a-making the smoke. We would cure hog meat and smoke that as well. We'd cook a piece of that ham down, and it would naturally-born have brown gravy. Yeah! Not guessed at. I know by experience. We'd always make sure to have greens in the spring, greens in the fall. In August, when we was plowin' the com for the last time, we sowed late greens in amongst the com. We'd sow turnips and rutabagas mostly. As soon as everything was put up, we started fall plowin'. We didn't have these fast tractors that can plow everything in a day or two, so we'd plow whenever we got the chance. We tried to get as much done in the fall as we could. And we plowed in the winter, if we were able. I've plowed many a day and it was snowing. It was a lot of work, back then, growing all our own food. But everybody did it. If anyone wanted to go out and do that now, I'd have only one thing to say ro them: "Get busy!" Halph Garrell is 71 years old, still working as a mason, and still living in his hometown · Sylva, NC in the Tuckasegee Rivu watershed. This article was excerpted from a conversation with Ralph recorded by David Wheeler and Avram Friedman on Jarwary 29, /992. Painting by Susan Adam Kalmia Center, Inc. Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 Custom tilling, organic fe:rtilli:ers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. f'~.~11<\ "I told the Talking ua,-es isa mon1hly JOUfDA) of d~ ecology, inspired pm;onaJ aeriv1sm roo1ed Ill earthen sp,nruali1y. Pa.'il tSSUeS have fea1ured articles by Gary Snyder, Slarbawk, Jobn s-i, Joanna Macy, Bill Devall, Lone Wolf Circle!>, Barbara Mor, ecc. Ta/Jcj11g ua,-es ,peaks for the oarural world and for the rekindling of our oWD wild spmt. Subscriptions arc SI 8.00 one year/ S24.00 outSide U.S. Talking UOl't'S 1430 Willamette 11367 Eugene, OR 97401 503/342-2974 ,prl.n9, 1992 I.lo~. you "' 1n lfflc1 ul!ol9 me lo bllp UI tlluncll II ptOpitOOWIIUlnldol\1Alld I'm ""' ff I OIi lullw lllem I woutan I •Ill IO QIIN'CU!t II 111W datllls f«91' 11 TIii ll\S- IS IIO , - no!'' _.....,,..._'"'- Don't Pay Taxes for War ,fc,tlT'I It I\ 11'\d '"• 0 I! l National War Tex Resistance Coordinating Committee REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. PO Box 774 Monroe, ME 04951 WNCW- FM r.O. Box804 Spindale, NC 28160 12071525-7774 (704) 287-8000 �Si.las ~tcDowen -~n1inucd from p. II , , husbandry supplemented by a woolen cloth fac1ory. Are these the only iu:ms of new indusuies our moumain section is capable of?" He went on 10 suggest one more. "I have recently learned tha1 a man studied Fish culture, constructed him a lhree-acre pond near the city of Atlanta, Ga., and then from Florida procured a can of eggs of the Scaly Trout species." After hatching lhe eggs and raising lhe fish to marwity, lhe man realized an income of fifteen lhousand dollars in one year. Wanting to anempt a similar venlUie with mountain trout, McDowell had a small pond build amid a grove of oaks near his home. ',Oeir feed will consist of lhe waste from the kitchen and table, with all small animals tha1 come my way, chopped up fine, supplemented by a lazy ca1, in an emergency. 1bere is nOlhing but lhe lack of a pure srream and vim to hinder any man having a mountain fann, to do the same thing, and have fat trout for breakfast every day lbe year lbrough." McDowell lived long enough to see lhe impact of extractive industries on the mountain environment. When Western North Carolina's first corundum mine opened near McDowell's farm in 1871, he turned a disaster into a blessing. Thiny years before, a flood had swept across the best portion of his farm, "a fertile bonom field of about 50 acres." McDowell described the damage, " I found !hat field, on which I expected to make forty bushels of com to the acre, to be a miniature Sahara of white sand, and would no longer pay lhe expense of resetting and keeping up the fences." The field had remained in !his condition until the coming of the corundum mine, which was polluting the Cullasaja River. "As the mine was worked by means of a hose-pipe, a red stream of clay and water came running down the mountain's side defiling our beautiful river and Cb8$ing away lhe fish." •" • ·,• ft occurred to McDowell that he could protect the river and reclaim his field at lhc same time. ',Oanks to Sir Samuel Baker for his suggestions in relation 10 redeeming some of the African desens by silting chem with the muddy watc.rs of the Nile. And I forthwilh applied to Col Jenks, who controlled the mine, for leave to run a ditch down the mountain from lhc mine to my sands - a distance of three-fourths of a mile. The next thing I did, was to throw up a dike on the river side off the bottom, 10 hold on lhe sands the muddy waters until they are absorbed - a thing not hard 10 do, as the sands swallow them up very fast and 'thirst for more.' The water of my ditch performs the carrying service of ten dump cans, and does the thing for nothing and we may add, loads itself. This enterprise I view as my last act in life's drama, and I feel ambitious to do the lbing well, and make my bes! bow to my fellow-farmers as the curtain drops." Silas McDowell died in 1879. His life work, promoting agricultural practices appropriate to the region, endures. McDowell brought curiosity, ingenuity, perseverance and humor 10 the task, qualities that would enhance any effons to renew mountain agriculture as we approach the 21st century. 01992 Perry Eury and his wife, Laurel, are the founders of Kalrrua Center, Inc.. an org011iwtion devoted 10 Sfl!Will'dship of the land in •die,u;e to God Kalmia Center is a ,wn-profit organiu11ion ojferiflg sv.ices and produasfor abundant gardening and healthful living. Perry is completing a btx,i, entitled Appalachian Arcadia: Mouniain Fnrms and the _~ ProvidcnceofN31Un:. ~ HAWK'S HOOPS A unique experience in Designing, Creating, and Learning to Play your own Earth Instruments. SPfCIALIZING IN • OE.t}HS 0.:1oqon.,t .,nd Round • f.ATTLE5 Gouto .ind l!••h""' • ftUTE5 I!,,..,, am, and s.,mooo • t.AINHAKEIS c. 11,_1~ Sound l'l.lkm ttJWflUv,,t Rt l So• 2411 O.q,G•, NC 28fila '7041 26:11401 Jenti1ah Journal Pt196 34 REVIEW: "APPLE PIE IN YOUR FACE" as American as you a cassette by Robert Hoyl To paraphrase Edward Abbey, "lf you're going to fight for your country, you have to take on the government." Roben Hoyt remembers one moment that had a profound effect on bis life. He was leaving nonhem California after combatting corporate power and FBI harrassment as pan of the effon to save the old growth forest during Redwood Summer, 1990. A friend met during lhe action gave him a hug and said, "Roben, you're a good American." This insight crystalliz.ed in Roben's mind, and when he arrived back home in Georgia he wrote it down as a song: "All you good Americans read between the lines Help your siblings everywhere w open up closed minds Stand up to those who are ro blame For crimes commi11ed in our name, All you good Americans Things can't stay the same." Roben Hoyt "grew up a child of the military complex," moving from base to base. Yet somewhere along the way he found a vision of hope for a different kind of "American." His vision includes act.ion for peace, racial equality, and the environment; it involves compassion for animals and his fellow human beings. lt also involves outrage that lhe dreamkillers have a comer on the national vision. Roben has launched a personal crusade to assign a new meaning to the word "American." Robcn's original, guitar-driven music is about that struggle against the powers both internal and outside - that want to kill lhc world and stifle the human spirit. His newly-released cassette, as American as you, is a musical treat. The acoustic folk sound provided by Robcn, David Ormsby (bassist), and friends is fast-moving and crisp. Roben's unique singing voice is elecll'ic, charged with intensity and truth. His lyrics, too, are charged particles !hat do not abide a stagnant complacency, and if one harbors secre1 staShes of illusion, prejudice, or selfishness, they can sting. Yet to those whose hearts arc open to the world, the songs of Roben Hoyt arc energizing nnd enlightening. . The S~uth has a new regional pocL W1th his guuar, a paraplegic cat, and a lot to say, Roben is staning to travel more beyond his home city of Atlant3. Lisicn fOr him! We1I be hearing more from Roben Hoyt. -DW 'as American as you" is available on cassette/or $JO postpaid from Folk-the-Boat, 8 ox 2355; Decatur, GA 3003 I Spri-n9, 1992 �Emergency Appeal for European Seed-Saving Groups Political changes in Europe have not only upset govemmems. but have threatened the survival of over a dozen grassroot seed-saving and rare animal pre~rvation organizations. Nancy Arrowsmith, a well-published seed-saving promoter ~ow living in Austtia, repons that the resulung chaos threatens the survival of numerous non-governmental organizations (NGO's) involved in seed-saving projects and the potential loss of irreplaceable varieties of vegetables, grains and rare animal breeds. In her article, "Emergency Appeal For European Seed-Saving Groups"(l 991, Harvest Issue, Seed Savers Exchange), she outlines the activities of over a dozen organizations and provides contact addresses to which donations may be sent. These groups are solely responsible for the preservation and dissemination of open-pollinated, non-hybrid plants and rare animal breeds. For more information contact Nancy Arrowsmith, clo Noah's Arie; Postfach 139: A-3500 KreMU/ Donau, Austria. (DonaJions should bt! by checks made out in U.S. Currency). For a photocopy of the article men1ioned, write to Lu Barnes: P.O. Bo:;c 1303: Waynesville, NC. 28786. "The arc.i's old~ and larg~t natural foods grocery • Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wlieat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skill Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 (70-1) 264-5220 Listening to the Military "Save Our Rivers": The Armed Forces Listening Project, created by the Rural Southern Voice for Peace based in the Celo Community, Burnsville NC is looking for "a few good men and women" to survey active-duty soldiers at miJitary bases throughout the world. The Listening Project (see Kanlllh Journal #24) is an open-ended survey designed to involve both the listener and the speaker in a joint vemure of discovery. The Anned Forces Ustening Project is designed to stimulate nationaJ discussion about alternatives to violence, bridge ideological boundaries, and stimulate discussion about issues of personal responsibility and national ethics. Topics for this Listening Project will vary depending somewhat on the location, but will include: solving intemationaJ conflicts without violence; solutions to racial, religious, and ethnic strife, civilian-based defense, and especially questions generated by previous Armed Forces Listening Projects. The Arnled Forces Listening Project was begun at the US Marine base Camp LeJeune, where conscientious objectors to the Persian Gulf war were being court-manialed The Project subsequently traveled to naval bases at Norfolk, VA and St. Marys, GA. The Listeners found that sailors displayed "a strong streak of pragmatism." They were surprised that half the sailors interviewed were in disagreement with the Gulf War. HaJf the speakers also voiced suppon for nonviolent solutions to international conflict But as important as the stanling answers that they heard, were the effects on the interviewers of personal contacts with military personnel. Volunteer Lois Miller said, "The Listening Project was a revelation to me. I had no idea that I would encounter such depth of feeling from big, tough Marines." To take pan in future chapters of the Armed Forces Listening Project, write: Rural Southern Voice for Peace; 1898 Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 or call {704) 675-5933. The Cassette Tape The Town of Highlands, NC_ h!IS obtained a permit to dump half a million gallons of wastewater per day int~ the scenic Cullasaja River. Appeals, both neighborly and legal, have so far proved futile. This river has always been used for recreation. Since ancient times it has been used for the Cherokee Indian ritual of Going to Water. Since 1837 local churches have held baptisms in lhe river. Local musicians have rallied and produced a tape containing original songs by Barbara Duncan and gospel runes sung by the Foxfire Boys. Barbara sings "Save Our Rivers," the group's theme song; "You Don't Miss Your Water Til Your Well Runs Dry," written years ago but unfonunately still timely; "Go Fishin'," "the only real love song she has ever written," according 10 her husband; and the beautiful ''Rainbow Springs." The Foxfire Boys were recorded live in a concen in Clayton, GA. The churches of Macon County, panicularly the Baptisis, have united in the effon to protect the Cullasaja. The tape "Save Our Rivers" is available for $10.00 postpaid from Save Our Rivers; Box. 122; Franklin, NC 28734. FUTONS ETC. ~~ ... the new al temative to the sleeper sofa with over 4,000 years of customer satisfaction built in. ~ ,. r/ 'Thu ~ S aru!JMush Htrb Nur-se,y WREATHS • POTPOURRI NATIVE FLUTES • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete I ferb Catalog - $4 Describes more titan 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Plione for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 Sprin<J, 1992 Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANI C P RODUCE 160 Broadway Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Asheville, North Carolina Rt 1, Box 172-l Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 )(.ati&an Joumm poge 35 �The Katuah Tapes TURTLE ISLAND BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS V POPULATION EXPLOSION "ln the next seven years the population of Nonh Carolina will explode. Are you ready? 'The August issue of MaIUTiry Market Perspectives predicted Nonh Carolina will be fifth in the nation as a retirement choice. This is in addition to the regular population movement from Florida to North Carolina. "Seeking to escape from a nightmare of pollution, high crime, water shonages, and traffic congestion, these re-retirees are heading north ..." This is not a warning to county commissioners and planners to have their 1.0ning ordinances in place. This is a call to action for developers and real estate investors from Green Watch, an environmental newsleuer for the real estate indusuy. (Environmental? Yes, "the financial environment of real estate." as the paper's masthead proclaims in green ink.) Another word of environmental wisdom from Green W01ch; "Remember, they aren't making any more Nonh Carolina." - - life's nec1:Ssitiesfarlas - - Tara Clayton, a long-time friend of the Kat1wh Journal from Rougemont., NC, is May 17-24 Camp Stewart, Kerrville, near San Antonio, Texas Every two years people gather from all the bioregions of the Turtle lsland continent 10 communicate and celebrate the bioregional movement at the Continental Bioregional Congress. This year the event is being held in south central Texas. The focus of the 1992 Congress is on Circles of Change. These are levels of work ar the gathering and in people's home bioregions: - Mapping and Organizing - Links of Communication - The BioregionaJ Story - Living at Home, and - Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration There will also be time devoted to sharing biorcgional cultures, men's and women's gatherings, and young people's activities. Admission will be by preregistration only and all registrations must be received before May l. Registration is $225-300 for adults, $100 per child aged 3- 11. All food and lodging are included for the entire week of the Congress. Checks should be made paynble to "Realistic Living· TIBC V." now recording the contents of each issue of the journal on cassette Ulpes "for the purpose of reaching elderly Native Americans in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Durham and for nursing homes as well." Others who are interested in procuring recorded versions of the Katuall Journal may be able to purchase tapes from Tara. Anyone who would like 10 send n donation to help this idea along is encouraged 10 do so, as funding for the project is limited. ConlOCt: TaraClayr.on Box461 Ballama, NC 27503 Mail to: Realistic Living; Box 140826; Dallas, TX 75214. FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co,oP 90 Bn.TMOR£ A ~ ~ AsKEvu.LE (704)255-7650 your community grr,«ry•tou ....,.,....,...... 10,_.. ....,....... ,,.. .................... EARTH KIN Programs to 81'1COU'oge 58lf and Earth oworeoess. celetl<allon. kl~p and hope O~<::?Jto c\....., S c ~ s l'\UI\"\..$ to""°'itlG- t.ool(.S CA.~~s ~086~ 1804 ~-\)~'l, M.c. Q.871$- • You1h Camp& • School Program, • Fam,ly Camp& • Teacher Tnalning • CommUOlly Union Acres Programs • Camp Slal1 Tra,n,ng • Ou1door Prog,.m Conl\Jllong An Alternative j PO 800C 130C> Gottinbl.fg. Teme~ 37738 61 S-43o-6203 NATURf\L MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BI.Jl..K FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT FREE FOODS• TAKE OlJT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265 2700 823 Blow,ng Rock Rd Boone, NC 28607 Acrolgtfur Salt - Smoky Mountain living with• focus on spiritlllll and «ologiclll tlQ/ues For more information: Contact C. Grant at Routt 1. &x 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 whole earth grocery • NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING -146 c J>.lrkway cr~ft center • suite 11 g;,tlinburg. tcnn~ 37738 615-436-6967 �ECHOES OF AVERY • a cassellC recording or songs writlen and performed by Avery Q>uniy, NC elementary school Sllldcnts with artis1 in residence Thad Beach. Historical songs with II regional flavor, lyric reciiaLion and singing. Casscuc liner includes lyrics. Send $4 .95 (includes posiage} io: Thad Beach; RL 2, Box 422, Waynesville. NC 28786. THE RJVER CANE RENDEZVOUS 1992 • is on April 28th - May 3rd a1 Unicoi Staie Park an Georgia featuring in-depth canhskills training, tools & techniques for living in the natural world. Over a dozen top.ranked instructors including Snow Bear, Dany Wood, Doug Elliot, Tammy Beane, Jim Riggs, John & Geri McPherson. Scott Jones, Sieve Wa:us and Oierolcee elders Walker Calhoun, Eva Bigwiteh and Eddie Bushyhead. $145.00 regisualion includes meals. For more info eontac1 Bob Slack c/o Unicoi SLalC Park; Helen, GA 30545 (404) 878-2201. BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK· supplemenled with two casseues. Slll:Sses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook wriuen for use in IC8Cbing and learning the Cherokee language. (346 pages) S39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Catalog also available with ca.~ . books. pipes, dance slicks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products and more. Craft supplies also available. (plcaso specify). Send $2.00 to the Muskrat Trader; P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke. VA 24018. HIGHLANDER CENTER - is a community-based educational organization whose purpose is to provide space for people to learn from each other. and to develop solutions to environmenlal problems based on their values. experiences. and aspirations. They also publish a quarterly newsletier called Highlander Reports. For more info contact Highlander Cerucr; 1959 Highlander Way: New Mankel, 1N 37820 (615) 933-3443 PCEDMOm' BIOREGlONAL INSTITIJTE · For those who Ii vc in the Piedmont area, there's a biorcg.ional effon well undc.way. Join Us! We would appreciate any dooalion or Lime or money to help meet opcra1ing expenses. For a gif1 of $25.00 or morc, we will send you a copy oCJohn Lawson's journal, A New Voyage to Carolina. Also come find ou1abou1 the Lawson Project PBI; 412 W Rosemary S1ree1; Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581. EARN $200-$500 • wcclcly mailing travel brochures. For informal.ion send a siampcd 3ddn:.sscd envelope to: Galaxy Travel, lnc.; P.O. Box 13106; Silver Springs, MD 20911. I WV£ TH£ EARTH - a casseue recording of environmental songs by the GrcaJ Smoky Mo110U1ins JnsLi1u1c at Tremont in celebration of the 20th anniversary of Eanh Day. Includes "SCAT rap," "Tho Garbage Blues; and morc. S9.95 plus $2.50 shipping for each tasSellC. Mail Otder plus check to Grea1 Smoky Mountains N&1uml History Associauon: 115 Park HcadqWlltCrs Rd.: G11Llinburg, TN 37738. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS Hnndcrafled Native American Ceremonial supplies, include Drums. Cus1om Pipes. Medicine B3gs, Swcctgnw, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide R:ur.Jes, Tobaccos. Pipe Bags, Native AuteS, and more! For free catalogue write: P.O. Box 1062-K Cherokee, NC28719. • Spf1,n9, J992 NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIAL HERBS • we offer a lllrge variety of sages, sweet gross, natural resins, and evcsything necessary for smudging. Native smoking mix1urcs, 0ute music, pow-wow tapes, and ceremonial songs. EssentW oils. and incenses specifically made for prayer, offering, and meditation. For catalog call or write: Essencial Dreams; Rt 3, Box 285; Eagle Fork; Hayesville, NC 28904 (704) 389-9898. SUMMER APPRENTICE WEEK JULY 3·9 Weekend opt.ion, July 3·5. Wtth Wise Woman Tradition leacher Whitewolf. Workshops, weed walks, harvesting medicinal hetbs, Moonlodge, Women's Spiri1uali1y. Beautiful location one bouJ from Asheville. Cornfonable dorm or tenting: vegelari3n meals included. Sljding scale. work-exchange avai.lable. Write: Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM· is an unconvenlional library, free and open to lhe public. Our collection interests include lhc envll'Ollllleni. social and poliLical issues, lhe media and peace. We have over 200 magazine suMCripLions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environmcot and political concems. Books and VCR's can be checked OUI. A VCR player is available for watehing films in lhc reading room. Located 812 Wall St #114: Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-Spm • Tues/Thur 1-8pm • Sat/Sun l-6pm COHOUSING COMMUNITY BEING FORMED· in lhe Asheville area Residenis organize, plan, and design a cooperative community where individual homes cluster around a common hoUS8 with shm.d facilities- laundry, workshops, children's room, dining room, cu:. Opponunitles for energy efficient, ecologically sound land use. Inquiries invited. Contact: John Senechal; P.O. Box 1176; Weaverville, NC287&7 (704) 658-3740. A VIDEO ABOUT LAND TRUSTS • has been produced by lhe Land Trust Alliance to explain in layman's tcnns what a land trust is. 2.7 million acres of land have been saved by nonproli1 land trust organizations in America, This video documents this movement's successes. Cos1 is S2l.00 for individuals and $14.SO for LTA members (include $4.SO for J)OSl3gc). Contact: The Land Trust Alliance; 900 17th SI. NW Suite 410: Washington, DC 20006 (202) 785-1410. HAWKWIND EARTH RENEWAL COOPERATIVE - is o 77 acre wilderness reucot locatcd on Lookout Mountain Parkway in norlhcm Alobama. Easy access, safe family camping, year round weekend programs fealUring Nalive American elders and earth teachers from around lhc world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discoun1 co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; rescrvali.ons rcqu.irod for all visits please. Childcare often available. Wriie: P.O. Box I I; Valley Head, AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quancrly ncwslcuer 1111d program updlucs send S10.00. TURTLE ISLAND PRESERVE· Summer Youth Camps nre a unique cnvironmcnlal education experience_ Learn primitive living skills, Appalachian Mountain living skills. ond Eanh awareness. • Boys Camp (ages 11-17) June 28 -July 11. •GirlsCamp(ages 11- 17)July 12-July 18. • Junior Youth Camp (ages 7-10) June 14 • 20. For more info conlaCt: EuslllCC Conway; RL I. Box 249-B; Deep Gap, NC 28618 (704) 265-2267. LIFETIMES & AGES - a new release from Bob Avery-Grubel full of new age vocal music ~ploring lhe mystery or life - lyrics included. Available on casseuc for SI0.00 plus :SJ.00 shipping, and oo CD for S 15.00 plus $1 .00 shipping. Send to: Bob Avery Grubel; Rt. I, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24-091. DAVID & CATifY BROWN • known by lheir friends as Ahwi & Wohali arc looking 10 network wilh people who live in lhe Katuah area and who wan1 to form o community along tradilional Cherokee lines as closely as possible. They are both of Cherokee-Scots hcricage. They have lhree home-schooled boys who would like some pen )'31s. If you are inierestcd in ne1WOrking conlllCt: Ahwi & WohaU Brown: 1915 Buckley Sireet; Chattanooga. TN; Chickamaugan D1striel 37404. • Webworking costs! T~re is now a charge ofS2.JO (pre-paid) per entry of50 words or lus. Submit entries for Issue #35 by May 15th 199210: Rob Messick; Box 2(,(JJ; Boone.NC 28607. (704) 754-«>97. Alternatives ... The Diuctory of ln1tntio11al Conumu1111e., is lhe product or 1wo years of intensive rcscarcil, and is lhe mosl comprehensive and accuraic dirccLOry a,ailable. II documcnis the vi~ion nnd the daily hfc of more than 350 communi1ies in Nol'lh America, and more than 50 on other continenL~. Each community\ listing includes name, address, phone, and a dcscnJ)tlon of lhe group. Ex1CDs1vc cross-rclercnc mg and imkxmg makes the information =y 10 access for a wide vanc1y of users. Includes mnps, over 250 addiuonal Resource listings. and 40 rel3tcd a.rucles. 32!1 P3gcs 8-1/]:,.l l Perfectbound Ocwbcr 1990 ISBt,; Number: 0-9602714-1-4 $16.00 Adil S2.00 postage & h3Jldling for first book. S.50 for each additional; 40% discount on orders of 10 or more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood, OR (503J964--5l02 ... �18 GIU".AT SMOKU:S PARK ·Gourmc1 Gnvin' in Ille Great Smolucs· class will le:leh edible pl.int ID and preparation Pre-register S30. For mfo on this and other field courses, comact Smoky Mounlain Field School, Un1v~1y of Tcmiesscc, Non-Credit Programs, 600 Henley St.. Suite IOS, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885. 21 ASHEVILLE/CLEVELAND National Day of Outtage Against the US Forest Service. Let the forests live!! Demonstrations wiU be held at 11 am al Forest Service offices in Asheville, NC and Cleveland, TN. For infonnation about the Asheville action, call (704) 299-0860 or (704) 586-3146. For information about the Cleveland action, call (615) 524-4771. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Spring WildOowcr Pilgrimage. G u,ded walks to the bcs1 wlldOowcr Siu:.s in the Parle. lntcipretative prcscnllllions each evening. Conl3CL 23-25 evencs SWANNANOA, NC Annual Western North Carolina Environmental Summit will be hosted by Warren Wilson College and include infonnation on current issues, workshops and a legislative update. Pre-register: contaet WNC Alliance; Box 18087; Asheville, NC 28814. (704) 258-8737. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC "Facing the Automobile Crisis" cransportation issues conference will examine NC's ttansponation priorities and feasible alternatives. Man:ia Lowe, senior researcher with Worldwatch institute, keynote speaker. Workshops, panels. Ar Camp Rockmont. Pre-register: $75-125 includes meals and lodging. Contact WNC Alliance (704) 258-8737 or (704) 689-5988. 4 28-5/3 MARCH 4 18 FULL MOON/ WORM MOON 21 SPRING EQUINOX 21 SWANNANOA,NC Foll Moon Sweat Lodge beg.ins at noon. Fat info about participaiing, and dau:.s of GSMNP; Gatlinburg, TN 37738. (61S) 436-1262. 24-26 Oilier monthly full moon lodge ccn:monies, con1a0t The Earth Cenlcr, 302 Old Fellowship Rd., Swannanoa, NC 28n8. (704) 298-3935. 27-29 BOONE, NC African Drumming Workshop, presented by Rhythm Alivcl at H1l11Dp Haven Rctrc3t Center. Prc-rcgi5uauon rcqwred: drums available eo rent for lbe woricshop with advllllCC notice. Coniac1 Akal Der Shatonnc 01 (704) 264-1384. for info on Olher dlUmming workshops and events, con111e1 Rhythm Alive!; Box 3331; Asheville, NC 28802. (704) 255-8020. KNOXVILLE, TN River Rescue - cleaning up the fLTSt 50 miles of the Tennessee River. Help the Clean Water Project clean up the river! For infonnation, call the Center for Global Sustainability at (615) 524-4771. 9 18-29 VALLEY HEAD, AL ASHEVILLF.., NC Forestry Commission Forum w1U Seventh generation Cherokee herbalist, Medicine Bear (D. Walt Burchcu) will :Juw knowledge abou1 lhc use or plants during a 1wo diay workshop. Pre-rcgisier: $125. For info on lhlS and n~~.ct WOllcshops, comact Hawkw,nd Eartb Renewal Cooperative; Box 11; Valley Head, AL 35989. inv11e di5cussion of forest use and wildlands preservation. Co-Sl)OnSOl'Cd by Sierra Club and other group~. Contact Nick Stcfanou at (704) 685-3881. (20S) 635-6304. Environmental and Earth Skills Famil)• Gruhcring, with Hawk and Ayal HW1'1. Fire by friction, uacl:ing and $Ulll<1ng, sptnt animal journeys, plant and medicine walks, llinllulapping, cordage nnd hide 13ruling. Adults: $80, chi~: S70. Contac:1 Long Bl'OIICh Environmcnwl Education Center: RL 2, Box 132; Lc1ces1cr, NC 28748. (704) 683-3662. APRIL 3-5 SWANNANOA,NC ApprcntJce cias:; with Morgan Eaglcbcar will e.tpl~ IJlc proper use of herbs and other '1calmg tools from the Native American perspective. First clllS.~ in a four-pan series. For info on Lhii and other classes, con1ae1 The Eanh Ccnlet. Sec 3/21. Xouiah JournaL p~ 38 ' 10-12 17 LEICESTER, NC HELEN, GA ''Rivercane Rendezvous" is Eanhskills !raining, tools, and techniques for living in the natural world. Instructors include Snow Bear, Drury Wood, Doug Elliott, Tammy Beane, Jim Riggs, and Cherokee elders Walker Calhoun, Eva Bigwitch and Eddie Bushyhead. Pre-register: $145 includes meals. Contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi State Park, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. MAY 1-3 TANASr RIDGE Bchane (May Day) Gatbc:ring BJ Morningstar Farm. May pole, song, dancing. Celebrate High Spnng! For informntion and uavcl directions, call (704) 586-3146. 1-3 ROAN MOUNTAJN, TN 34th Annual Roan Moun111m WildOowcr Tours and Birdwalks. Con111e1 Ro:in Moun111in Sl3le Park at (615) 7n-3303. Fl;LL MOON /PTNK MOOS Drawing by Rob Mel.Sick Spr~»9. 1992 �··:KATUAH 2 WFSTF.RN NORTH CAROLINA Clean SIJ'Callls Day will involve coordinated clean.up in Buncombe, Madison, Henderson and Transylvania counties. For info and lrnShbags, contac1 Quality Forward. Soc 4/6. MARSHALL, NC Spoon Carving WOl'kshop is an introduction 10 lmditional woodworking IOOls and rcchniqoes, iaughl by Drew Langsner. Pre-regis1cr: SISO includes meals and camping (dormilory also available). For info on this and other woodworking classes. conU1C1 Country Workshops, 90 Mill Creek Road, Marshall, NC 28753. (704) 656-2280. KONFUSION =· Rob Messic\<. coniact Great Smoky Mount:1ins lnslltulc at Tremoni; Rt I, Box 700; Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. JUNE HOT SPRINGS, NC "Taoist Medilation for Beginners" will include instruction, group mcdiuuion, and periods or silence. Led by Linda Gooding Md Sllaron Reif. Pre-register: S145 includes vegan meals Md lodging. For info on this and other retreats, conLaC1 Southern Dhnrma Rctre31 Center. RL I, Box 34-H,: H01 Springs, NC 28743. (704)622-7112. 5.7 16 FULL MOON / FLOWER MOON 2·3 9-10 VALLEY HEAD, AL Earth Slcills workshop with Darry Wood. "Wilh a knife. on axe, and a saw, I can mnke a life in lhe woods.· R~l and undcrsianding are what allow us lO live ligh1ly on lhe land. Hawkwind Earth Renewal Cooperative. See 3/28-29. 14-18 CHEROKEE NF Sou!hPAW Spring Council. Join the region's biocentric environmental group to plan forest rescue and !he Kan1ah evolutionary preserve. USFS appeals, paving moratorium, Earth skills, non-violence training for direct action, and more. At Jennings Creek area. For travel directions and info, caJI (615) 543-5107 or (704) 299-0860. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Spring Naturalis1 Wccl(cnd is a chance lO lewn about the natural hisiory oflhc park Crom local cxpertS. lnstruciors will include Dr. Mike PellOn, Dr. Fred Alsop, and Dr. Ed Clebsch. Pre-register: S75 includes meals Md lodging. For info on lhis and other progrnms, 15-17 KERRSVILLE, TX The Fifth Tunic Island Biorcgional Congress. Bioregional people from across the continent will gather 10 celebrate and sll':llCgi1.e an ecoccnlric way of living. Pre-register: $225-300 includes meals and lodging. ConlllCt: Realistic Living; Box 140826; Dallns, TX 75214. (903) 583-8252. 17-21 The Black Mountain Festival. Four days of great music with Goose Creek Symphony, Norman and Nancy Blake, Ada Korey, The Chicken Wire Gang, Brooks Williams, songs and stories for children wiLh Bob Rosentahl, Ian Bruce from Scot.land, Steelorama reggae, the Flying Mice, other performers, and more dancers than ever before! $65 for the duration. For more info, call (704) 669-2456. CHEROKEE, NC Sieve Moon, shell engravings. and Joel Queen, s10ne sculplUl'C and pouery, in a two-person show at lhe Musewn of lhc Cherokee Indian. 30 WAYNESVILLE, NC Bead Weaving workshop: me peyote stilCh for medicine or spirit bag weaving. Pre-register. $30 plus materials. For info on this and olhcr programs, conl3Ct Sl.il-Ligh1 Theosophical Retreat Center; RL I, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-456 /, - Spr~. 1992 - ' Kaluah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick a1 (704) 754-6097 PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Regular Membership ........$10/yr. Address Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contributor.....................$50/yr. State Zip FULL MOON 20 SUMMER SOLSTICE AMONG THE TREES Katunh Rainbow Tribe Solstice Gathering. Somewhere in lhe national forest brothas and sisters will gather 10 create a magical village or love and lighL Location Md exact dates 10 be annoWlCed. For information wriie lO HO! Newsle11er, Box 5455; Allania. GA 30307, or call Allanta Rainbow Light Line, (404) 662-6112. 17(?)-21 Enclosed is $::----- to give !his effort an extra boost 12-14 MASSANETT A SPGS., VA 6th Annual National Forest Refonn Pow Wow will include group discussions, workshops and field trips 10 view several forest management techniques. Pre-register: $76-122 includes meals and lodging or campsite. Contact Forest Reform Network; 5934 Royal Lane (Suite 223); Dallas, TX. 75230. (214) 368-1791. 3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-33 - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - Ke°UA~OURNAL Name 15 23-24 - -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- - --- - --- -- - -- City JOHNSON CITY, TN "Places and the Displaced" is drama inspired by lhe quinccntcnninl of Columbus's voyage, written and performed by The Road Company. Box 5278, Johnson City, 1N 37603. (615)926-7726. 22-25 BLACK MO UNTAIN, NC BACK ISSUFS OFKATUAH JOURNALAVAILABLE 34 9-13 ---- Back Issues; Issue# __@ $2.50 = s.--Jssue # __@ $2.50 = $•--Issue# __@ $2.50 = s.--lssue # __@ $2.50 = $____ Issue# __@ $2.50 = $_ __ postage paid $_ __ Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-32) postage paid @ $50.00 = $_ __ Phone Number XA~ JournaL page 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 34, Spring 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-fourth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on sustainable agriculture and regional diet. Authors and artists in this issue include: Joe Hollis, Hugh Lovel, Ralph Garrett, Peter Bane, Perry Eury, Allison C. Sutherland, Bear With Runs, Mark Schonbeck, John Ingress, Lee Barnes, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Emmett Greendigger, Michael Thompson, James Rhea, Dawn Shiner, Troy Setzler, Erbin Crow, Caroline Rowe Martens, and Susan Adam. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Paradise Gardening by Joe Hollis.......3 Community Sponsored Agriculture by Hugh Lovel.......5 "If You Didn't Grow It..." by Ralph Garrett.......7 Eating Close to Home by Peter Bane.......9 Silas McDowell's Vision by Perry Eury.......11 Poems by Allison C. Sutherland.......12 Native Foods by Bear with Runs.......13 Cover Crops by Mark Schonbeck.......15 Plan for Tomorrow: Hemp by John Ingress.......17 Katúah Cultivars by Lee Barnes.......18 Blowing in the Wind by Charlotte Homsher.......19 The Web of Life: A Katúah Almanac by Lee Barnes and Rob Messick.......20 Good Medicine.......22 Natural World News.......24 "Whose Rules?" by David Wheeler.......26 Big Ivy by Emmett Greendigger and David Wheeler.......27 Drumming.......28 Saving Wild Seeds by Lee Barnes.......29 Resources.......31 Review: "Apple Pie in Your Face".......34 Webworking.......37 Events.......38 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Appalachians (People)--Social life and customs--History Community-supported agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs--History Cover crops--Appalachian Region, Southern Permaculture--Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Agriculture Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Congress Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Community Ecological Peril Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Good Medicine Habitat Health Katúah Permaculture Pigeon River Plants and Herbs Poems Radioactive Waste Reading Resources Stories Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/501565e7337d54952a1f1a4f817e1d07.pdf e2930310495291405c931b80c288e056 PDF Text Text $ 2.00 ISSUE 35 SUMMER 1992 ..:··.:·'. .. .... ·· ······· ...... ....... ·..······· ·-·-:.··········· ····,. ..~.. ··..··,. �Drawing by Rob Messick ~UAHJOURNAL PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 287 48 Postage Paid Bulk Mall Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 f .,c.\ e o,. @ C, ,l {IC () r. Printed on recycled papcT ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �eoNrENTs0 Consensus........................ 1 by Caroline Estes Decision-Making Process....... 4 by Joyce Johnson Problems with Consensus...... 5 by Rob Messick Tribal Council.................... 6 by Bear With Runs Elda................................ 9 by Lucinda Flodin The State of Franklin............ 11 by David Wheeler Where the Trees Outnumber the People.................... 14 by Stephen Wing In Council with All Beings..... 16 by Lee Barnes Steve Moon: Shell Engravings............ 17 Good Medicine................... 18 Natural World News............ 20 A Look Back..................... 23 by caroline Estes by Will Ashe Bason Are Bioregions Too Big? ....... 24 by Rob Messick Practices for Full Self- Rule... 25 by Clear Marks Drumming........................ 26 Jury Nullification................ 28 by Karen Fletcher Review: Beyond the limits............... 29 by Rob Messick Events............................. 32 Webworking..................... 34 Summer, 1992 Consensus is based on the belief that each person has some pan of the truth and no one has all of it (no matter how mui::h we would like to believe so) and on a respect for all persons involved in the decision that is being considered. ln our present-day society the governing idea is that we can trust no one, and therefore we must protect ourselves if we are to have any security in our decisions. The most we will be willing to do is compromise. This means we are willing to settle for less than the very best - and !hat we will always have a sense of dissatisfaction with any of our decisions unless we can somehow maneuver others involved in the process. This leads to a skewing of honesty and fonhrighmess in our relationships. In the consensus process, we start from a different basis. The assumption is that we are all truscwollhy (or at least can become so). The process allows each person complete power over the group. The central idea for the Quakers was the complete elimination of majorities and minorities. If there were differences of view at a Quaker meeting, as there were likely to be in such a body, the consideration of the question at issue would proceed, with long periods of solemn hush and meditation, until slowly the lines of thought drew together toward a point of unity. Then the clerk would frame a minute of conclusion, expressing the "sense of the meeting." Built into the consensual process is the belief that all persons have some part of the truth, or what in spiritual terms might be called "some part of God," in them. and that we will reach a better decision by putting all of the pieces of the truth together before proceeding. There are indeed limes when it appears that two pieces of the truth arc in · contradiction to each other, but with clear thinking and auention. the whole may be perceived which includes both pieces, or many pieces. The either/or type of argument does not advance this process. Instead, the process is a search for the very best solution to whatever is the problem. That does not mean that there is never room for error - but on the whole, in my experience, it is rare. This process also makes a direct application of the idea that all persons are equal. If we do indeed trust one another and do believe that we a!J have pans of the truth, then ac any time one person may know more or have access to more information • but at another time, others may know more or have more access or bett.cr understanding. Even when we have all the facts before us, it may be the spirit that is lacking and comes forth from another who secs the whole better than any of the persons who have some of the pans. All of these contributions are impo11ant. Decisions which all have helped shape and in which all can feel united make the canying out of the necessary action go Oraw111g by Rob Messick (contirwed on page 3) Xatimh Journat page 1 �~UAHJOURNAL EDITORIAL STAPH TIHS ISSUE: Maria Abbruzzi Lee Barnes Heather Blair Chris Davis Judith Hallock Charlotte Homsher Willow Johnson, lheQuwcctor Thanks to Jim Rob Messick Nancy Odell Michael Red Fox James Rhea Rodney Webb David Wheeler Houser for inspiring the "Councils" theme for this issue. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PUBLISHED BY: Karuah Journal Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Moumaineer Press EDITOR JAL OFFICE TI TTS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC WRITE US AT: Kattwh Journal Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748 Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land spealcs, we listen and we act We tune our lives 10 the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore lhe land We give !hanks for all that is good TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097 Diversity is an important clement of bioreg,onnl ecology, both runuml and social. In accord with this principle Karuah Journal irics to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional isrucs. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and arc not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Jounial ediun or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-profit organiuition under section 501 (c)(3) of the lntemnl Revenue Code. All contributions to Katuah Journal arc deductible from personal income lllX. Ham1ony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. Articles appearing in KaJuahJournal may be reprinted in other publications with pcnnission from lhc Katuah Journal struT. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. Kattwh Joturwl sends a voice... with anicles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. 'LN VOCA.TLON - Empowering the Cowu:il Feather Great Spirit, Divine Mother, we know this feather came to us from you, we know it's first purpose in lhe Oeation is to fly empower it so !hat each of us who talces it in tum may look down as the great eagle circling over our Council, empower us so that each may speak as the wind speaks from our own comer of lhe Creation, looking down over the long shoulder of the horizon The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants to communicate your thoughts andfeelings to other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings. or plwtographs, etc. Please send your comriburions 10 us a1: Katuah Journal; P.O. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan,ah Province 28748. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be about the role of wood in lhe life of the mountains. Please send anicles evaluating the present timber industry. logging stories. and visions of ecological and sustainable ways to cut and use wood. Please also send pictures and drawings of trees. wood, and woodworkers. Deadline is August 8th 1992. - Stephen Wing/ '\'"' ..... ~ •1 \ • • t.,1 I • I •• J ' .. ... THE WINTER ISSUE will be an assortment including stories for good winter reading and possibly renewable energy systems. Deadline is October, 30th 1992. 8 ti b"• .\Jo/ I ~~~·/~~ �(continued from page I) forward wiLh more efficiency, power, and smoothness. This applies L persons, o communities, a.nd naLions. Given the enonnous issues and problems before us, we need LO use the ways thaL will best enable us to move forward Logether. The above is an ucerpt/rom an essay in Home: A Bioregional Reader, tdittd by Van Andruss, Christopher and Judith Plant, and Eleanor Wright (New Society Publishers, 1990). (First printed in The New Catalys1, 1tJ. Spring. 1986) Speaking with CAROLINE ESTES: A Phone InLerview - May, 1992 Kanwh: When you are faciliLating, how do you see yourself acting in the group? CE: As a servant LO the group; to help them come 10 the best decision they can make wiLh those present. Katlltlh: And 10 do that you have to be assiduously neutral. CE: That's right. Katuah: But it also goes beyond that, because when you are working at the Bioregional Congress, I feel you are putting out a lot of energy to...cemer yourself spiritually, could you say that? CE: Yes, you could say that. The way I put it is that when I am doing consensusmaking facilitation r try to keep myself as a clear stream. I am noL impeding; I have nothing in me that is directing. and yet l am there, in the spiritual sense, LO be as much help as l can possibly be. Ninety percent of facilitation is knowing your group on that level. Only te n percent of iL is knowing the subject matter and understanding the words and all of Lhat. MosL of what you are working wiLh is totally subjective and understanding the "vibes." l don't have all the new age tenninology down, but it's definitely true that as a facilitator of large groups. you have to be in tune with the group. If you're not, don'L facilitate. Karuah: It's not a mechanistic thing at all. CE: Absolutely. That's the reason I get slightly hysterical when people say anyone can facilitate. Katttal1: What is the most difficult job you ever had LO facilitate? CE: I can think of times when it didn't work, bu1 the one thot strained the group the most and we actually got the group Lhrough it, was at the second Bioregional Congress at Lake Leelanauw, Michigan when the group tried LO pass a spirituality statement. A resolution on spirituality was brought before the group. Everyone was favorably impressed and, I think, was preparing to Sum mer, 1992 i\...) . adopt it, when two people who had been on the fringe of the Congress all week moved forward 10 say that they blocked it. That was very hard 10 hear because they had not been integral Lo the Congress, and yet they had been there, and since the Congresses are open groups they had the right 10 do this. They were not articulate, so we could not figure out easily what Lhey wanted or why they were blocking it. I asked the . patience of the group for two or three minutes so I could dialogue with them directly, and in doing so after a few minutes it started 10 emerge that the problem we were looking at was the separation of church and state, which no one up until that point had thought about. Once that was articulated in a way that people could understand it. a numbc!r of people rose. including some who had been on the commiuee, and said that they would withdraw the statement. Others wanted 10 sign it in order to show support for it, but it could not move forward in the group. It was blocked. That was one of the most di fficuh ones in that we had a block from inarticulate people who "'eren't integrally pan of the group and were holding up a group decision that until then looked like it had a "go." l think that was the most lenmin& a group has done on why we have blocking. h also tested the paoence of the group the most. It showed a lot of things. It showed that sometimes Lhe facilitator needs 10 step in to try to find ouL what is really going on. It also tested the group in whether they re:illy believed in the consensual process enough that they allowed the time for it to happen even when it was at the end of an incredibly pushed day. . r,_ It got very emotional, but...the system worked! We hadn't thought about that point., and we needed to think about it before rushing into a decision that might have been 100 hasty. Kattlah Whar do you think is the imponnnce of the continental bioregional congress doing its work by consensus? CE: It's incredibly important. In a sense we have been co-opted by the larger society. Bioregionalism is now an accepted word. For instance, California is now looking at bioregionalism governmentally. They are starting to look at how they could break down the state into sub-regions, instead of towns, cities, and counties. And part of it is, 1 think, the power that goes behind any decision of any group that works consensually. You just have a lot more power behind what you say. Even if it doesn'L get into the mass media, it intrinsically has more power. when everybody in the group is behind a decision. Ka11tal1: That leads to the clincher question: which is the most imponant., the process or the result? CE: (Pause) I'd say Lhe process...if your process is flawed, your decision is going to be flawed_ When people don't want to use consensus it is usually because they are attached to their position. And they are right: if they are attached ro a position and unable to see or allow a better position L be brought o Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on next page) Xat.uah )o"i-l'IQ[. P<J9C' ·3 �(ron11nuoo from p;,i;c 3) resen·ations. Proposal is altered after reservation:, are considered, or it is accepted as is. forth, then they can't work within a consensus process. The resuhing position is not going to have the ~ame power. bu! that\ what's going to happen. I understand It. And I think that a second rea.~on that people don't use consensus. and I really . believe this, is that they don't understand n. Every time I teach a course, I'm teaching it 10 people who have used consensus for years, and they are just learning what it means. So I think that lhose are two points that people are blank about: they're attached 10 a position and/or they don't know the process. ,1greement with reservation recorded - Caroline Estes is a fo1utding member of the i111entio11ai community Alpha Farm in the Cascadia Bioregion of the Pacific Northwest. She lwfacilitated al/jive Turtle Island Bioregional Congresses held co date. People watching her ac work are awed by her strength and clarity. It has often been said that the ability ofthe continental Bioregio11al Congresses 10 operate on the basis of consensus has been due to Caroline's ability as a facilitator, a claim which Caroline vigorously denies. This will soon be put 10 the test, however.for Caroline has said that next year, when she 111rns 65 years old, she plans to discontinue facilitating the Bioregio,1111 Congresses and begin to actively ,,# organize in her bioregion. j7' Disagreement or reservations arc considered. Proposal is altered or is accepted, and reservations arc recorded. Unable 10 write - If one individual is unable to unite with a proposal and is unwilling to stand aside, then the chairperson must decide whether to delay action on the proposal or to ask the individual if he or she would be willing to be recorded as opposed. At the next meeting, very often. agreement is possible after more time 10 reflect on the proposal. Recorded by DW CONSENSUS DECISION MAKING PROCESS by Joyce Johnson Purpose: The group must have a unity of purpose and must clarify the purpose 10 all in the group. Everyone involved must have a clear understanding of the group's purpose. Members of the Group: The group must know and trust each other. That is essential for trust-building. Members must be willing to listen 10 each other with open minds. Willingness to learn from each other; participate in cooperative problem solving and conflict resolution if necessary. Members must believe in the consensus process or be open 1 the process if 0 unfamiliar with it Proposal: An individual or the chairperson can phrase this for presentation co the . group. Adequate time should be taken m order to ensure thorough understanding of the proposal. The proposal might not be clear at the begiMing. It is the responsibility of the chairperson to state the proposal so that everyone understands it. Responses to the proposal: Agreement - Agreement without reservation; consensus reached and proposal accepted. Agreement with reservations - Proposal is generally supported, but there are some Xotuofl Journot page 4 \'· j ,I f 1 I • 1 111/l,t Possible Decisions on Proposal: Accepted - Consensus with full agreement reached. Committee discussion - More information is needed before a decision can be reached. Those with strong opinions should attend this discus:;ion. Sometimes a commi11ee can be empowered 10 act. Usually it will then bring the proposal back 10 the whole group. Delay decision - Group not ready to make 1h1s decision now. Discussion tabled to later time. Dropped - Not enough interest at this time by the group 10 discuss this issue. Chairpcr~on (or "facilitator" or "clerk"): Good guidance is very 1mponan1 10 the consensus process. A good chairperson is very often the difference between a meeting working well or not working at all. There are a lot of tools that a chairperson can learn to use, but only experience can tell a chairperson which tool will work best in a given situation. issue warr.ints, cspec1ally if making a major policy change. • Discipline - Ask someone to cut shon 1hc1r comments if they arc repeating themselves or talking too long. Can also ask someone who has spoken on an issue to wait until others have had a chance 10 make comments. Diplomacy - Chairperson must be responsible for dealing with a chronic objector. Deal with this person considerately. This might be the time to say that we are aware of your disagreement, but it seems that the sense of the meeting is 10 accept this proposal. Be gracious but firm. Dialogue - Members should speak 10 the clerk and not dialogue with each other. Silence - Allow time 10 pause after decision before rushing on 10 the next agenda item. Call for silence if there is need 10 pause when there is conflict over an issue. This gives members a chance to think of a way to-.ephrase a statement or to cool off if angry. Clearness - It is sometimes important to ask the recording clerk to read back the decision to make sure it is clear to everyone what has been decided. Clearness Process - The clerk might ask for individuals 10 meet outside the meeting 10 resolve conflict or misunderstanding. Judging What Is Important - Be careful not 10 be so goal-oriented that the decision becomes more imponant than the process. Some decisions might need more time. After some discussion, the chairper~on might say, "I feel that the group is ready 10 make a decision of this proposal." If some feel that they arc not ready, this will give them an opportunity to say so. The Most lmporram Role of the Chairperson or Clerk is 10 judge the sense of the meeting. lt is the clerk's role 10 aniculatc the unity that he or she discovers in the community and to facilitate the formation of that unity. Consensus Does not Mean Unanimil): Consensus means reaching unity or concorda11ce. Tt has been described as a pianist blending complemenrary notes into a chord. It does not mean that everyone encl~ up on the same note, but 1ha1 complementary notes are blended into a chord. Consensus is not reaching the "lowest common denominator." It is instead the,_# "highest collective consciousness." fr Rt!.fources: Judith Webb and John Olsson, A Consensus Dccision-Makrng Model Miduzel J. Sheeran. Beyond t\.1ajority Ruic: Vo1clcss Decisions in the Religious Society of Friends Responsibilities of Chairperson: Agenda - Put issues in order; do not leave imponant decisions until the end. Try lo set time limits on each agenda item. Group can aid this process. Frame the question or proposal with neurrality. Elicit comments from silent members present. Have show of hands so that those members won't be intimidated by more vocal members. Poll participa111S - Go around the circle for comments from each member present if the Joyce Johnson is a ml!mbcr of the Ctlo CommUJJity and the Ctlo Fritnds Mteting. She i.r currtnily working a.rdevt!lopmtnt coordinator for tk Arthw Morgan School. Slrt has/ocilitated many meetings/or the Meeting and tilt! Arthur Morgan School and help.r the students there practice the consen.fu:r proce:rs 01 thtir sclu,o/ meetings. Joyce conducts workslu,ps on the con.•tnsu.f process/or inJtrt.fted groups She may be reached through 1hr Arthur Morgan School: 1901 /JanMh Branch Rd.; Burnsvillt, NC 28714 (7{},I) 675-4262. Oraw.ng by Rob M~s,ck Sum.mer, 1992 • . • •. ' ,'J, �Problems with Consensus I have finally found the major beef I have with the Consensus Process of group decision making. Namely il revolves around the fact that consensus can too easily boil down to Minority Rule, and this has a specific way of frustrating the proceedings wilhin a group or council. When one person or a minority can block consensus, or in effect decide an issue for Lhe group, then that is Minority Rule. How does this differ from Realms, which in truth are not councils at all but Monarchies? The struggle in human life between inLegrity and the corruption of power has raged for centuries, and we have yet 10 find means of reconciling the two into a process 1hat is both just and livable for all concerned. Consensus is often touted as a solution 10 the many problems of Majority Rule voting systems, such as Congresses or Parliaments, yet it seems co me tha1 this emphasis merely replaces one useless fonn of council with another. It is clear 10 me now that both Majority Rule and Minority Rule forms of council usually result in splintered groups. Is there any way to maintain unity among people or various groups in the human family? Perhaps noL It makes sense lo me that an oppressed individual or group would be attracted to a consensus form of council. Such people have surely been under-represented in the politics of the United States of America and elsewhere. Thus they seek compensatioR in small groups where they can insist that their position be adequately represented. or in some cases OVERLY represented. _l d<? not think that rigid Majority Rule or Minonry Rule systems of council will work in the long run in human group dynamics. I say lhis because we as a species have nasty hisLorical habiLS of not being able to share the power of decision making when people's opinions crystallize. There seems to be a much_ stronger potential for many people 10 ge1 behmd a mob, and get lost in it, than there is for individuals to think for Lhemselves or act on their own conscience. Majorities have a tendency to disregard the righls of minorities, often feeling justified in de~9!uing those who contradict the majority opm1on. How then can people participate in a form of Council that can accommodate the multiple concerns that modem human beings have? Scale becomes important to the accuracy of the decisions being made. Geographical size is also an imponant factor. A council 1hat is too small may nol have enough influence, yet a council that is too large may be irrelevant l0 local concerns. The village, which is composed of a limited number of households, is one of the best examples of an appropriate or workable scale of human council. When Lhese village groups are slable then larger councils can evolve that involve a limited cluster of villages, such as a county or shire. Consensus may have worked better in eras where villages were primary to a given cultural way of life. The consensus process may also have worked beuer when times were not as complicated, or when there were fewer decisions to be made. The Summer, 1992 consequences of decision making in the dislant pasl also were no1 as far reaching as they have become in the industrial era; wilness the existence of plutonium and television. It seems lo me that many small or medium sized groups of today could benefit from having a formal Mediator lo help guide the process of decision making; panicularly when difficulties emerge or when a group becomes deadlocked. This form of mediated debate would differ greatly from an ingrown strain of politics that has stagnated due to a few dominant inclividuals. Instead of bec_o~~g compl~tel~ i_mmersed in battling maJonues and nunonues, a good mediator or facilitator would remind participanLS of their common interesLS and emphasize the an of compromise where it is appropriate. Compromise is a learned skill that individuals in a small or medium sized group can develop to auempl to work out solutions 10 problems in a wa~ 1ha1 does noL leave out any responsible adult who wants to participate in the decision making process. In the case of family disputes a facilitator could assist in clarifying the rights of children as well as the rights of parems. Issues of fairness in a setting where no weapons are allowed would naturally become an ongoing concern. A valid council would not allow weapons a1 their proceedings. It is clear lo me now, Lhrough a beuer understanding of human behavior, thal there are some approaches 10 forming council that work beuer than others. Finding ways that panicipants can let go of the spirit of conquest and still be a pan of the group is primary to working toward a successful approach. There are cenainly no guarantees that this process would work over time, yet adequate spans of time seem to be necessary to forming councils that link people at least as much as they divide them. Most of the politics of today are 100 rushed and inconsistent to even begin to consider susLainability or future generations. Good facilitators would have the skill of being able to suspend their judgements enough, or be sufficiently impartial, to mediale lhe vested interests within a given group. A good facilitator would also be skilled in ways of building truSt among members of a group or council. Once such an atmosphere of trust has been created the various secret and obvious agendas touted by people within the group can be identified, slowly brought out into the open, and confronted. Even though solutions or decisions may not emerge spontaneously, at leasl a good faci.litator can provide a forum in which all posilions are aired. Members can go away from a meeting and contemplate the meaning of these positions. which become imponant lo dialogues in future meetings. Those individuals who are most auatched to their own agendas would probably balk the loudest at having a facilitator or "outSidcr" come into their group process. But, as is often the case in human psychology, it is those who refuse good medicine or good _ ,# council the strongcsl who need it most! J!7' · Rob Mes.sick Dnwing by Rob Messick X.Otunft Jouniat PIUJe 5 �TRIBAL COUNCIL • I n the center of each of the larger Cherokee villages were the square and the town house. In the larger villages the 1own house was buiJ1 in10 a large earthen mound. Seating areas were dug into the mound, so 1hat if you looked at ii from the top, without the roof on it, it looked Like a spiral coming up out of the ground. AI the bottom and !he center of the spiral was the sacred fire and !he seven poles that supported the building. The visible walls were only four feel high, and !he whole building was covered by an immense thatched roof. Some of the town houses at the major villages were enormous. The town house at Old Echota, for example, had 900 poles. Many of !hem were 18" through. A lot of them were locus1. They used the seven-pole construction all the way around and made 1he building very strong. But not every village had a town house. The smaller villages used the square for !heir mee1ing place. There would be seven arbors, traditionally called ''beds," arranged around the square, one for each of the clans. Four of !he beds were localed at the cardinal poinis, and !he others were loca1ed around 1hem. During meetings, all 1he members of the clan sat in their clan bed. In each village there were people who spen1 a lot of lime at the town house, in the square, or n1 1he chunky (a popular gambling game - ed.) grounds, which were locaied just to the side of 1he town house. The old men, in particular, spent a good deal of 1heir time there just talking. Thus, 1here was an ongoing meeting around the town house that was happening more or less all 1he 1ime. Sometimes the meeting got mor..: intense when everybody came to the 1own house to talk about some mauer of importance to the village, bu1 01her times ii was just the old men continually discussing the village affairs. When the whole council met, the meetings became more fonnal. Twelve of the elders sat around the sacred fire at the center of the town house. (In the smaller villages there was one representative from each clan.} The rest of the people of the viJJ~ge sat in the seats by clans. One member of the council represented "The Unborn Yet To Be," and spoke for their poin1 of view. II was important 10 the council tha1 in decision-making The Unborn Yet To Be were always taken into account. They don'1 do that any more. I wish 1hey would. They would talk about problems the village faced, like a bad com crop that year or another village which was requesting theuhelp to make war on the Creeks. Consensus was the way decisions were made. The old people in the center spoke first They did not give commands. They would make suggestions based on their wisdom. And oflen the people would follow that wisdom Part of their wisdom was taking into accoun1 the Unborn Yet To Be. Anyone could speak in the council, but it was done respectfully. The old people spoke firsi, 1hen the 01her people could speak. They had to wait until 1he conversation at the center was done, then they would Xati1nh Jo;ucnnfriP'-90i•i111X stand and wait to be recognized by one of the elders in the middle. They didn't scream or wave 1heir arms, they jus1 stood 10 be recognized. Women could speak in the council. Even a child could speak. Everyone had a right to speak their heart. Once I was privileged to sit at the ceremonial grounds wilh a group of old Cherokee men in Oklahoma while they talked about a problem in their village. l saw an example of how lhe old tribal councils made decisions by consensus. There were 12 or 15 old men in the group. The younges1 one, besides myself, was about 73. These were the people who used the Council House. They 100k into consideration The Unborn Yet To Be. The problem ai 1he time was not really clear to me, bu1 I remember tha1 everybody spoke. They sinned off with the younges1 man and went around the circle, each man speaking his piece and saying wha1 he had 10 say. It wasn'1 a "meeting" the way whi1e people run a meeting. They didn'1 hammer out a decision. In fact, 1hey did not come to any specific conclusion a1 all. If any white people had been presen1, 1hey would not have known tha1 a meeting was taking place at all. To a white person ii would have appeared 1hat some old men were silting in a circle talking casually about a mauer of common concern. They just talked aboul it. Each of them spoke abou1 the problem from his own point of view. The world tru1h among these people was the same, so they already shared a broad agreement By 1he time they went around the circle the silua1ion was so clear from every angle tha1 the answer was obvious. and the old men just got up and lef1. There was a consensus. It was all over. It was decided. I fell very fonuna1e 10 ge1 a glimpse of something that rarely happens anymore, With 1he advice of the elders, the council chose the chiefs, called uku's, for the village. There were two chiefs: a peace uku and a war uku. A person was chosen as an uku because he had a lot of personal integri1y and made good decisions. He was a person the people chose to follow and also a role model for the young people. A chief held his position until he made l01s of mistakes, and the people would choose 10 follow someone else. But if he made wise decisions, he could be chief for life. The war chief was probably the mos1 popular person in 1he village, bu1 he was also the mos1 vulnerable. ff he used bad judgmen1, his mistakes could cost many lives, and his career would be ended. The chief was a leader, bu, he did not tell people what to do. h was no1 like "OK, we'll all go 10 war 1oday," or "Everybody go pick com." Like the elders, a chief could only make suggestions. White people do not know anything about democracy and freedom until they know 1he way tha1 the native culture worked. by Bear With Runs Another important person chosen by the council was 1he Beloved Woman. She was chosen for the same reason as an uku: 1ha1 her character, as a woman, was highly regarded by the men and women of the village. Like an 11Jr.u, she would have to show in1eg:ity and personal power. At one time every village had a Beloved Woman, un1il after a 101 of white influence there came 10 be only one Beloved Woman for the whole tribe. The Beloved Woman could no1 start a war, but she could stop one. She decided what happened 10 captives. She spoke up when !he village was lllinking about moving i1s location, and she had a say on 1rea1ies. Other women came to her frequently for spiritual advice and help with everyday mauers. The Cherokee are called a nation, bu1 the word "nation," in the Western sense of the word, does not explain how the people saw rhemselves. They saw themselves as "The Human Beings" or "The People." In the early days of white contac1, the "nation" was only a very loose federation of individual villages. Each village was a power 10 i1self and could follow i1s own hean to a great extent. The tnbe had red villages (war villages) and while villages (peace villages}, and there were also special sanctuary villages. A person 'Yho committed a crime of passion in his own village could find safety if he could gel to a sanctuary village before being caught. He could s1ay in the sanctuary village without being molested by anybody until the following Green Corn Ceremony, when judgments were decided, and compensations were paid. People would have to make retribution for mistakes they had made. They might pay in com, or sometimes a person would indenture himself for a time of service to make retribution. The sanc1uary villages and the "cooling off period" were probably good ideas, because they allowed people's personal passions to wane somewhat, and judgments were made out of reason instead of hot anger. The Katuah village was a sanctuary. and also 1he Nikwasi village in Franklin, North Carolina. I believe tha1 the seven oldest, "mother" vilJages of the Cherokee were sanc1uary villages, although I am not sure of the status of Echota. There were a lot of warriors based 1here in la1er times. While the villages were self-determining political unilS, it was the shared ceremonies, lifestyles, customs, and world view that kept the tribe together. And there was also the influence of 1he clans. There were seven clans in the Cherokee tribe (ahhough a long time ago there were 14). PeOple were born in10 their mother's clan, and tha1 was 1heir clan for life. The women kepi crack of the lineages. Each clan had its own rules and i1s own taboos. The clans 100k care of 1heir own (tonhnucd on P•&c 8) Suni'ttttr, 11992 "" , �• DnWllli by James Rhea �(continued from p;,gc 6) members. They specialized life within the villages somewha1 and k:PI people ~rom marrying too close 10 theLr own family. A person could not marry within the same clan. Incest of any sort, eilher biological incest or clan incest, was lhe worst crime a person could commit The clan system kept out inbreeding. It also helped 10 govern lhings. Besides lhe family cornfields and lhe communal aibaJ cornfields, each clan would also have large clan cornfields. Any excess com from lhese fields would be given to the old and the elderly of that clan, if their families could nor provide for them. The clans also had somewhat dlfferem functions. The Wolf Clan was the warrior clan - the military and the police if that function was needed. The Wild Poiato Clan was more into agriculture. The Paints were interested in crafts. And the Bird Clan was probably hunters - birds, deer. Each clan had different rules and different taboos, depending on their function in lhe community. While the clan system did serve to sepanue things and provi_de some stru~rure within the village, on a different level tt also served 10 hold the tribe together as a whole. Clan members were obligated to care for each other. This was the basic rule of the clans. A traveler could go 10 a small outpost village up in Kcnrucky that he had never seen before and could find clan relatives who would take him in and care for him. lt held the people together. Even though the dialect they spoke might be different, they would still be clan relatives. They would still be Cherokee. And 1hen there was clan justice. This is often misunderstood. Any time the rights or person of a clan member were viol~ted, then everybody else in that clan was obligated to make swe retribution was paid for the cnme. For instance, if someone murdered a member of another clan, all the other members of that Xotimfl 1 ~ n l:1,.\ 'hll(Je 8 • 101m,nt ,f \""l~'T'!m 1,t I ~·1~,1..., (I i,1111 'lnn:mol 1lrilll \ clan helped 10 hunt that perso~ down and take his life in return. If the offending person ran to a sanctuary village. he could stay there, but if lhe clan members caught him first, it was au over. This was not revenge. This was the clan being responsible for its members based on our reality. The clans kept a balance between each other. That kept a balance wilhin the whole aibe. group - but at the same time they were ~iven tremendous freedom. There were areas m which an indjviduttl could get glory and personal recognition. Someone who was a great hunter was revered. and a gOO? provider was sought af1er by the lad1~s. There was glory for the young males 1n warfare. However, if someone did not conduct him- or herself properly, they did not receive any approval. People would just ignore them. In most cases, their behavior would be modified in a very short time. Native people wanted at all cost 10 avoid losing face and being shamed. Depriving someone of attention or ridiculing him or her was a powerful way 10 get a deviant person back into accord with the group. The ultimate threat of force was banishment from the village. An action that serious was carried out by the whole village council, because it required the support of the whole community. In that situation, somebody was put 0111 of the circle instead of into a jail or prison. The idea of cagin_ up g somebody's spirit was a totally alien idea. The purpose of this village justice was not 10 punish people, but tO change them. The Cherokee did believe in vengeance, but only against other aibes. fn the whi~e. people's system, people who caus<: mJury are punished. They are made to suffer m an equal amount to the harm they have caused - either by years of imprisonment or by ouaight execution. The dominant culture of today is actually a lot of confused culrural biases which share very little consensus as to what is true culture. Within our culture it was clear. There wasn't anything else. It was either this or nothing. If you didn't belong. it was terrible. The urge to belong was so str0ng, it governed the people's actions. Our consensus was based on a world view that was shared throughout the whole aibe. Because of that the Cherokee needed no couns, lawyers, judges, or prisons. We had very few laws. They were mostly just rational, reasonable rules.based on observation. There was a law agamst urinating in the river. There was a Jaw against defecating around the village. There was a law against talcing 100 many deer, because everybody knew thar if they killed too many deer, there would not be any left the next year. There were clear and obvious reasons for laws like that They were based on common sense rules that nature laid down in front of us. One of the biggest barriers between us and the white people was that we did not have any concept of privare property. • Possession meant that "when you were there it was yours." But the white people did a good job of teaching us differently. The word "fndian-giver" came from the fact that a white man would give some Indians a load or goods for their piece of land and the next day the Indians would be back. The Indians had not realized they ~ad sold their land. They had never had any idea of owning it! They took the presents because it would be rude to refuse gifts of friendship. It is hard for white people to understand our ways and how they worked, because they do not understand how the old Cherokees related 10 the aibe. The old culture was holistic. The tribe was the whole, and the loyalty toward the whole was very strong. The desire to contribute to the whole and to move evenly with the rest of the group was ingrained by many generations of cultural reinforcement ll was so much a part of the culture that it was quite abnonnal to ~ an individual. Cooperation was t~e governing force within the community, and m the old days, before we were too muc~ influenced by the whites. our personal integnty meant a lot more 10 us. People were rewnrcted for their cooperation by approval and love from the In the Cherokee aibe, spiritual life was not split a pan from the political l!fe of the village. It was always there. but It was not recognized as something separate. Because of the emphasis on character and personal integrity, the elders tended to be te~chers and spiritual leaders as well as leaders m the council. At one time there was a religion and a priest society in the Cherokee aibe. I ~ave heard stories about this from several different sources. My own thinking is that in !he tribe's early history when we first migrated south, we encountered the late stages of the deteriorating Mississippian culture. The Mississippian culture "."as ~ on M_ayan and Aztec beliefs. Tht1r pracoces, beliefs, .1l ,'J:n :, 1odcr_ 1..1~ · ~1111o•('to'(Q1 DrawinabvlamuRh~• r.r. ~ :),ill ra~, -..-UJ 1 U w • (Continued on page 30) ,.,, ,,r·.4a1, .JU i ~ ..1:~~ ,.'"1~-''·"M"" O\.\TnJ'TUrr"", l!J:J~ tll t1 ' l )~UHI • �O,.wing by Rob Messick © 1992 by Lucinda Flodin Maybe she's the reason I came to live in the mountains. I know she's the reason I swp when I'm near that panicular place. Sometimes I stop nowhere near that place because the feeling comes over me, and I stop. After all this time I still fookfor Elda ... In 1974 I spent the summer with friends in Limestone, Tennessee, recovering from a shattered romance. I would sit on the porch watching the mountains, but more often I would drive to the mountains and hike through long afternoons. On one of these hikes I became absorbed in following a liule stream and lost track or time. When r stopped to rest, I realized that it was getting late. Night came quickly in the forest and I found myself unable to negotiate the path, I finally stopped in a small clearing only to realize that r was now losr. Around me were trees and darkness and ever-increasing fear. A sound sent me into total panic. I had visions of bears and mountain lions and snakes and bugs! l tried 10 get a grip. I smacked a mosquito who was definitely out for blood. My hean started pounding wildly. I'd probably have a heart auack before a bear could even find me. I was hungry ... so thirsty... but there was no food anywhere... not a bite 10 be found! I leaned over to drink from the stream, but I had no idea where I was or what the origin of the water was. I knew I shouldn't drink any water in the wild unless I was at a spring head. How thirsty I was and I couldn't even drink the water! 1 sat and cried - no, yelled - at the trees around me about the unfairness or it all. Finally I ran out of energy and sat down. Just then the.moon came shimmering through the su-mmcr, 1992 ELDA trees, and I rudn't feel so alone. As I looked across the clearing, it seemed that if I just walked around the big tree in front of me, I could get a clear view of the moon's face. As I pushed away the low branches to duck around the tree, the Earth s11dde11/y fell away beneath me. There was nothing gradual about this moment. One second I was on the ground, the next I was in space - learning gravity as I'd never learned it before - tumbling, falling, rolling. It happened so quickly I had no time 10 fear as I bounced through bush and briar. I tried 10 clutch the Earth, but I wasn't sure where it was - sometimes above me, sometimes below, pounding at me wherever we met. Eternity was caught in a single moment. Would it ever stop? At last I became more of the eanh than the sky, and I rolled into a resiing spot in a patch or briars. Pain and eanh grJbbcd me back from space. My last thought was wondering if the spinning would ever cease ... Warm sunlight on my face, my bed felt so good. The dream had been so real. I'd never dreamt so vividly. I decided to grab the journal at my bedstand and write it down . before the memory faded. It was the reaching for this journal that brought abrupt physical pain. I tried to open my eyes. How I hurt! Oh, no! This wasn't my bed! This wasn't a dream! Hope crashing, I opened my eyes to the canopy of young tree growth above me. It hun to look ouL lt hun to breathe. The thought of moving hurt. Maybe I was dead. lf not. I surely would be soon. A tear burned down my face. I could feel my fingers. l could feel my toes. Pain filled them all and soon a strange sleep enveloped me. A sense of not being alone brought me back 10 consciousness. Was this the mountain lion I'd feared? As l tried to move, pain seared through my body. A voice like music. or was it the wind through the trees, said, "Don't move, young one, and don't be afraid. I won't hurt you." As I struggled tO tum toward the sound, r felt movement around me until a woman came into my sighL First I saw her hands, veined like the gnarly roots of an oak, yet wonderfuJJy supple. My eyes moved up to a face which surprised me with itS ancientness; somehow it didn't match those capable hands. The face was an intricate mnzc of lines and wrinkles - there were no flat planes. Then our eyes met and I felt myself falling int0 an ocean of blue clarity. Never had I experienced eyes like those - clearer, yet deeper, than a child's. Suddenly those eyes and her whole incredible face broke into a smile with more facets than a prism in sunlighL And that music - no, it was her voice. "You arc amazed, young one. Good, that amazement will help you to heal yourself." "Are you an angel? Am I dead?" Again that smile, followed by a laugh that would have made me laugh, too, except for how much it would have hun. "No, young one. I walk an Eanh path. Some call me Elda. I answered your frightened call in the moonlighL" I realiz.ed that I no longer was lying in briars. Hadn't I landed in briars? My eye caught a thiclcet of them a little way from when: I lay. (continued on ow page) )(.Qtimh JoUf'tlat PQIJI'- 9 �(CQitinued f'rom pego 9) "Briars don't make for sweet dreams; soft pine needles and grass make for more comfon. You'll rest easy in this baby forest, and the Eanh will help your healing. You have strong bones, none are broken. Your muscles are strained. Only a few of your cuts are deep. This gash is deep for it bleeds stil1, but it has bled enough. Feel it closing and healing in your thoughts, little one." She reached into a pouch at her side and took a pinch of some powder and blew it into the CUI. "What's that stuff?" "A pinch of puffball to stop the blood. It has bled enough now. You are curious? That is good. I like curiosity. I will teJJ you of the plants." I grew anxious at all these answers to unasked, sometimes uninfonned questions. "And you are afraid. Are you always afraid, little one? Breathe or hum a song. It will help." She took a bowl -1 think it was a bowl, though it may have been a hollowed-out tree gnarl - and with a feathery leaf began to wash my cuts. "This is yarrow, cooked in water in the sunlight. It will numb your pain and let us work on your injuries." As she gently washed them. I could feel the pain numbing, lessening. "Th.is will allow us to bathe them again." With the numbness, I was able to move to see myself. Everywhere I could see my skin, it was covered like a roadmap with scratches. The skin around the scratches was deepening as bruises formed. I wanted to throw up, but that would have required movement. "Skin mends, young one." "I'm not that young, and my name is Lucinda." "To me you are very young, Lucinda." As I looked at her ancientness, f felt silly at having snapped at her. Throughout the day as I moved in and out of sleep. I felt her near me. Her words wafted through my consciousness as she washed my legs with chickweed, little star woman, comfrey, burdock, more yarrow. She helped me sip red clover from a bowl. It all was like a confused dream. Sometimes r would hear her talking. Actually, it seemed that she was having two-way conversations with the plants. / must be mad' And then I'd doze again. "Are you magic?" I asked in a moment of lucidity. "No, child... Lucinda. I am a child of the Earth, like yourself. I've tended this forest garden, and it has tended me, for longer than 1 can even remember. We take care of each other." At dusk, a drink with a strong taste... "Skullcap, 10 mke the pain for a deeper sleep." I did sleep - deeply - and without fear. I could hear her voice as I drifted. "You are safe under the trees, on the Eanh, with the stars. Sleep sweetly. Dream wellness." I awoke to the twittering of birds. I stiU hun, but I could move. Again I wondered a1 ~~~ J?~~~. p~!Z ,10 ~e.reality of Elda. then she stepped into my v1s1on. Yes, she was really here. It was like she was invisible one moment and there the nexL Yet I knew she had really been there. She was real. I was overcome by the wisdom I sensed in her presence. "Today you might feel hungry. I've brought you food." She opened a giant leaf which I later learned was burdock filled with violets, clover blossoms and sweet-tasting leaves and berries. She would name them. "It's so much. I'll never remember them." "You don't learn them all at once, dear one. You learn one plant at a time. Each is your teacher." I contemed myself with the nourishment I felt pervading my body. AU that day Elda fed me and I told her of my journey. She only laughed when 1 got to the part of being so hungry and so far from food. She found that delightfully funny, and I felt foolish. But then r looked around, and I, too, was struck with the humor of it. Somehow it seemed that all the plants around us also laughed, but I wouldn't swear to that. Moving became easier as the day went on and I was amazed at how much better all my scratches were. Elda made a poultice (I remember her using that word) of plantain and elder for my bruises. I could feel the soothing relief and the healing begin. 'Tomorrow you will be able 10 travel," she said as the sun was gold in the west. We sat with a bowl of salve which tasted full and thick as soup. "I will show you a shoner route." I didn't want 10 go, but suddenly I thought of my friends, Dan and Ruby, and I knew they must be panicking by now. "I would like to know more about plants, Elda." "Well, talk to them, dear. They like to be remembered." I went to sleep imagining myself in conversation with a fem and wondering about my sani1y. Walking down the mountain \l.ith Elda in the morning was an adventure. It was a completely different path, I think. I wasn't really payiog much auention on the way. She pointed out plants, talked to them as friends. and treated them with re:;pect. Before I knew it, we were at my car She laughed, "Ah, just the friend you need now." And she told me to pick the sticky flowers growing around my car. "Calendula. Make them into a tea to soothe your wounds." "How do I thank you, Elda?" "You don't, dear one. You pick the flowers and make yourself strong." It seemed like just a moment later when a state trOOper stanled me. I looked toward Elda, but she was gone. My friends had reported me missing. He had been looking for me and had found my car. "Did you see that woman?" "No, miss. Just you here. No one Jives up in these pans. I'll drive you." I went home and healed up, though one scar remained on my leg as a reminder of the adventure. But 1 still thought about Elda and wanted to see her again. Several times that summer I returned to that area, but I could never again find that exact spot where I had met Elda. l asked campers and hikers, and I stopped at every house in the area. No one had heard of anyone sounding like Elda. They sent me up 10 Granny Pierson who was the oldest person around and who reponedly became confused at rimes. We talked. She drifted in and out of memory, a sharp contrast to the clearity of Elda's mind. She couldn't recollect much at first, but finally she began, "There was this old woman. What was here name? Something like that, but, Lord, hooey, hit's bin since l was a girl An old 'erb woman. She was old when I was a child. Lord, she'd be in the grave more'n seventy year now. J remember her, though, but my mind's leavin' me." My friends listened patiently, trying to be supponive, but occasionally suggesting that maybe I'd dreamed it. Maybe I'd made her up to keep myself alive. I don't know. Could I have made up the richness that was Elda? Her wiseness? I couldn't have made up her eyes! Thar was sixteen years ago. I live in the mountains now, in the same county tlwugh miles from where I met Elda. I dan't ask abolll her now, excepi when I meet old people. But as I walk tliroughfields and woods, gathering plants and learning abolll them, Ida think of her. In fields where flowers seem to be laughing, I sense her presence. I feel tit.at if I could just turn more qt~ickly, I'd see her there ware/ting me - her wise face full oflife, giving nouris/unent. . After all this time I still look for Elda. # P' There are stories from cullurcs around the world and from ns far back ns the Stone Ages about lhc elderberry. UsWllly lhey involve o woman who lives in the tree and ha~ powerful medicine 10 heal Iler children. (I created the feminine fonn Elda for !hi.~ cho.roclCJ'.) But she con be dangerous at times when she is not shown re,.c;pcct. Old supcn;lilions maimain lhat cuumg elder without pennission or the plant brings illnes,~ nnd/or death. Lucinda Flodin lives with her family in Katuah Province near Hampton, TN and is. among other things, an herbalist and a Mory!Alllcr. The story "Elda" is included oo a new audio tape cnlled Mountain Spirits available for SI0.00 ppd. from: Lucincm Flodin: Rt. I, Box 726; Hampton. TN 37658. �THE STATE OF FRANKLIN Land, Liberty... and Mastery by David Wheeler "A beautiful valley and the almost boundless West lay before them, beckoning all to adventure themselves. The thing most worthy of remark is the far reach and wide range of the vision and the plans of the people of Franklin, and the projective power that gave them and their descendants a very considerable mastery of men and measures througlwut the generations that /rave followed." - Samuel Cole Williams in The Lost State of Franklin they could hunt. They built their own log homes, provided their own clothing, and made their own whiskey. Work parties of neighbors built and maintained what roads !here were. The presence of the tax collectors was !he main evidence of the Norlh Carolina state government. The settlers were poorly represented in the state legislature. They had to cross the mountains to find a court in (1933) In the years immediately following the Revolutionary War the runnoil of the war years continued almost unabated in the former colonies. These were heady times the imperial power of England had been defeated, new theories of government were materializing, and a new continent lay open for the taking. In !he new nation, talk of politics was on everyone's lips, and "libeny" was the watchword. But in the minds of many people was the thought of land - land to be the material basis for their hard-won right to "the pursuit of happiness." In spite of such lofty hopes and dreams among the European settlers, however, the new country was in a shambles. The government of the State of North Carolina, in particular, was pauperized. The war had taken a heavy toll on !he personal resources of the former colonists, and !here had been much destruction and ill-feeling. The central government was weak: and in debt for promises made during the pressing struggle for independence. By its original charter, the jurisdiction of North Carolina extended west 10 the sea, but under the prevailing conditions it was lit lie wonder that those closest to the capital at Hillsborough received the most attention. The mountains of the Blue Ridge were still a formidable barrier at that time. Settlers following the Great Valley of !he Tennessee River had established a bastion in what is now the northeast comer of Tennessee. During the war they had shown themselves to be stalwan pattiotS, pro<ecting North Carolina's rear from hostile attacks by the Cherokee and Chiclcasaw tribes and turning the tide of the war in the South by surging over the mountains to play a decisive role in the battle of Kings Mountain, But now, not only were the wartime claims of these soldiers being ignored, but Nonh Carolina was levying heavy taxes on au its citizens to rebuild itS shattered infrastructure and restore its government. To the settlers in the west, this was blatant "taxation without representation" - just what they had fought 10 end! This feeling was justified. The lands west of the mountains were self-supponing, living off the crops they raised and the game summer, 1092 which to setlle their differences. Although constantly threatened by hostile natives, their state government would send no ll'OOpS across the mountains for their protection. But the worst blow came in 1783. In order to capitalize its recovery, the State of North Carolina passed a law offering land west of the mountains for sale to setllers and speculators. The bill put up for sale the land from 20 miles south of the town of Jonesborough 10 the French Broad and the Big Pigeon Rivers, conveniently ignoring the fact that this land had been guaranteed to the Cherokee in the Avery Treaty of 1777. This made the natives understandably restless, and in 1784, largely to avoid the expense of sending a military force to defend the western settlers from angry Cherokees, North Carolina passed a bill giving up its claim to the lands west of the mountains and ceding !hem to the newly-formed national Confederation Congress. Congress was too weak and 100 far away to protect the settlers over the mountains. Nonh Carolina had reneged on the task. The seulers were used to protecting and providing for themselves. A decade before, earlier settlers had even established the Watauga Association, the first "free and independent community on the continent," in the words of Theodore Roosevelt On August 23, 1784 delegates from the counties west of the Blue Ridge gathered and declared their area a free and independent state. Their declaration was immediately challenged. Norlh Carolinians were surprised and angered at this tum of events, and when a new legislature convened that autumn, North Carolina rescinded the C.ession Act and restated itS cl.aim to the western lands. It was a vain attempt. On December 14, 1784 a second convention at Jonesborough decided to name the new state after Benjamin Franklin and set about the work of drawing up a constitution. The following March, that work was continued, and John Sevier was elected governor of the State of Franklin and David Campbell was chosen as its chief justice and given the task of setting up a court system. John Sevier (pronounced se-VEER) had been at first reluctant 10 become involved with the movement for independence, but from 1784 he was a moving force in the history of the State of Franklin. By all accounts he was brave, charming, and handsome · a charismatic leader. He was a hero of the battle of Kings Mountain and was a renowned "lndian fighter." Instinctively, Sevier was a consummate politician. He knew the value of diplomacy and the power of force. In his dealings wilh whites he could use a winning smile and charming words to win his way; with the native people he was rulhlessly violent Although he was educated and articulate, Sevier's strongest support was always among the rough settlers on the frontiers of the whites' territory. These were his comrades in arms, the mythologized pioneers. It was moslly from these people that Sevier drew the militia for his campaigns against the natives. The backwoods whites loved and trusted Sevier. They counted on him for their defense, and he never let them down. For three years Sevier led the State of Franklin. In that turbulent era the exact powers and role of a state was unclear. Whether the states were to be semi-autonomous republics or divisions of a strong central government was as yet undecided. One thing was certain: "Liberty," meaning self-government, was the overriding ideal. During the three years that the State of Franklin existed, it set up its own govemrncntal scructure, electing delegates and appointing commissioners. It established a judiciary; minted coins; provided for schools; and, of course, designed a "great seal" and a flag. The frontiersmen were already organized as a de/aero militia, but that arrangement was officializcd. The State also began collecting taxes - frontier Style. "Be it enacted," decreed the state's first General Assembly, "that it shall and may be lawful for the aforesaid land tax, and all free polls, to be paid in the following manner: Good flax linen,... woolen and cotton linsey,...good, clean beaver skins,...cased otter sk.ins, ... rackoon (sic) and fox skins, ... bacon, well curcd,...good, clean tallow,...good, clean beeswax,... good distilled rye whiskey,...good peach or apple brandy,...good, country made (maple) (eontinucd on nc:ll page) Xati4af1 Journal: page 11 �(continued from page 11) sugar,...deer skins, ...good, neat and well managed tobacco, fit to be prized, that may pass inspection,..." In certain instances, Franklin also acted like a national power. The state made treaties wilh the native tribes, which in those times with the central government so weak and ~ id~ of self-government so strong in the mrnds of the people, was not unusual But in 1788, when the effort to maintain their ind~~dcn~ was falling apart, Sevier began a ~non wtth the government of Spain. w~ch held the mouth of the Mississippi River. To the Spanish representative Oardoqui, Sevier hinted that the citiuns of Frank.I.in might ally themselves with Spain in exchange for protection, money, and weapons. It was almost assuredly a bluff, but. even in those times, it was a bold bluff indeed. • The foundation of the "Liberty~ of the white immigrants was the very material ~sidcration of land. From the beginning of its history, the acquisition of land was the other driving force in the remarkable story of the State of Franklin. That the native inhabitants had clear tide to their lands that o~ten went back 1,000 years made no ~erence. The p~ure of the migration of whit.e Europeans from over the mountains was irresistible. Also, disagreements over the authority of the different states, the Confederation Congress, and the State of Franklin to sign treaties and ma.kc agreements added 10 the confusion (which was no doubt exploited when convenient). . Always ready 10 make agreements., the whites did not prove so willing to keep them, and the Cherokee in vain pointed to tteaty )CQtuQn )oumQC PQ<Je 12 after broken treaty. On the Cherokee side the Chickamauga villages, under the leadership of the war chief Dragging Canoe, believed in no treaties made with the whjtes and honored none. Their disbelief was quite correct but their actions gave the Europeans ample' reasons for reprisals. It was a war, 10 be sure, and each side could point 10 outrages and depredations committed by the other. But in this war the treaties were meaningless; the real power was in the superior numbers and weapons of the European occupiers, and they would take whatever their military strength could win. A fine tract of land in the Great Bend of the Tennessee (or "the Bent of the Tennessee"), near the present-day city of Muscle Shoals, Alabama was a lodestone to white investors. In 1784, a company of speculators, including John Sevier and prominent men in Nonh Carolina, arranged a "purchase" of the land from some of the native residents, although the area was deep in the territory guaranteed to the red people. Fro~ then on Sevier's eyes were always looking toward the south. It is felt that his initial opposition 10 the establishment of the State of Franklin stemmed from concern about the future of his investment in the Great Bend. When he came around 10 favor the s~ssion, he began to think that the new state could help his venture, and under his leadership the policies of the State of Franklin were always expansionist and pointed toward the south. Franklin encouraged immigration by whites, even when the government knew that the only available lands lay in Cherokee country. ~igration meant profits, yes. land speculanon was a booming industry in the ne.wly-opened lands to the west. But, more unportantly, immigration was crucial to the very survival of the fledgling state across the mountains. Cleared lands and dense settlements were the best protections against anacks by the natives. The Nonh Carolina Act of 1783 had violated the terms of the earlier Avery Treaty by !f!OVing the boundary claimed by the whnes down to the French Broad River. However. the act strictly prohibited entry or surveys by whites south of that line. But as soon as the State of Franklin was formed, settlers began 10 move south of the French Broad. They were encouraged by the state government. In fact, the State of Franklin had a land office in Jonesborough that raised revenue by taking purchase money for land claims granted south of the French Broad. Sevier felt that this siruation needed formal recognition, so he called together a meeting of Cherokee chiefs in May of 1785 and laid out the Treaty of Dumplin Creek, ~h~c~ moved .the ~undary south 10 the ridge diVJd1ng the Little River and the Little Tennessee River watersheds. However, it was only six months later that the United States' Confederation Congress felt that the central government should assert its authority and negotiated the Treaty of Hopewell with the Cherokee. This treaty moved the line back 10 the north . so far nonh that the town of Greeneville, which had just been named the capital of the State of Franklin, was made pan of the native territories! The treaty specifically repudiated the Dumplin Creek agreement and the Great Bend land purchase. It was intentionally vague about the status of the settlers occupying the lands north of the French Broad River, but it clearly stated that all other trespassers would have to leave in six months or lose the protection of the central government. lt appears that the State of Franklin simply ignored the Hopewell treaty. Certainly their defense of the settlers south of the French Broad was no less diligent. After fruitless appeals to the national government, the Cherokee took matters into their own hands and in the spring of 1786 began attacks on the settlements in ll)eir rightful territory. The FrankJinites responded by burning the Cherokee towns in the Hiwassee River Valley. Later in July, Sevier and 250 men revenged the killing of two other white men by b.uming another town. They then camped outs1de the central Cherokee village of P.chota and called the peaceful chiefs Hanging Maw and Tassel (Com Tassel) to make another treaty. Sevier minced no words. He told the chiefs that the whole country nonh of the Tennessee River as far west as the Cumberland Mountains would be setded by the whites who would take it "by the sword, which is the best right to all countries." Though the treaty contained ample references to peace, love, and brotherly friendship, it was obvious it was obtained under duress. Wiuh such a large armed force outside their gates, the chiefs had little choice but to sign. The historian Williams says in his book: The Los1 State of Franklin, "No act of the State of Franklin is Jess creditable to her than this Treaty ofCoyatee." During this time, the Franklin government was constantly pressing its case Summu, 1992 �; I I for recognition as a s1a1e before the Confederation Congress. Champion for the cause was William Cocke, a backwoodsman, marksman, and a fierce fighter, who had put himself through law school and had found a gift for inspired oratory. By all accountS he gave brilliant. impassioned presentations on behalf of 1he Sta1e of Franklin, bu1 it was no1 enough to shake the political support mustered by North Carolina to block Franklin's recognition. By 1786 the strain of carrying on the border wars single-handedly had begun to tell, and the firm resolve of the Franklinites began to waver. North Carolina cleverly exploited this shif1 in sentimenL Under the leadership of John Sevier's archrival, John Tipton, North Carolina attempted to hold an election 10 send representatives from "the western counties" to the state legislature. The Franklin government answered the move by holding their own elections for the North Carolina legislative seats. The Franklinites won overwhelmingly, but this recognition of North Carolina's authority proved 10 be the first stroke of the wedge that split open the Franklin government. Tipton also sponsored North Carolina couns, which operated parallel 10 Franklin courts, often in the same county. Vigilantes from both sides broke up court sessions and took valuable papers. There were angry public meetings, and some brawling took place, involving Tipton and Sevier themselves in one instance. The situation was fast deteriorating into civil violence.. John Sevier made several valiant attempts to save the faltering State of Franklin. Knowing the unifying value of war against the native people, he proposed one idea that would hopefully save his government, win the coveted Great Bend area for the_whites (and his investment company), and gain some respite for the settlers on the southwest frontier. At the time, the State of Georgia was continually at war with the Creeks. Sevier proposed 1ha1 in the spring of 1787 soldiers from Georgia and Franklin join together in a punitive campaign against th111 tribe, which jus1 happened to control the Great Bend are-a. Instead of cash payments, the soldiers who undertook the expedition would be rewarded with land grants in the Great Bend, which they would afterward help 10 retain. The plan never materialized, as Georgia made a temporary peace with the natives. Early in 1788 the sporadic hostilities between the two factions in Franklin flared up. John Tipton seized several of John Sevier's slaves under a Stale of Nonh Carolina court judgment and transported them 10 his home for safekeeping. Sevier was in the las1 few days of his governorship and was tired and discouraged, bu1 rhis was a slap in 1he face that could not be ignored. The separationists surrounded Tip1on's house in force and, although Sevier urged restraint, a melee erupted. Two men were killed and Sevier's two sons were capiured. Tipton wanted 10 hang the young men, but was persuaded to release 1hem. Sevier subsequently lef1 for the border wars on the frontier, "where no writs ran and lhe rough seulers were devoted to him," as John summer, 1992 VIRGINIA --------~.~~.r~ttf)lfWl~if1}r-------------..:::~-,.R-... 1-&KLiN·:·,::"' .. NORTH .-,::.\(}iY:.:\~f{/· CAROLINA _, ~,-- - - - ·- -.,, - - - - - - ------7,.... ' , '------,... ' ',, ' ', \ ' ', 11SS Map Preston Arthur commented. This is generally marked as the end of the State of Franklin. It was in 1790, with more wars with the Cherokees looming, that North Carolina finally gave up and ceded control of Franklin to the United Srates Congress as part of the "Southwest Territory." Franklin was finally admitted to the Union as pan of the State of Tennessee in 1796. The first elected governor of the Staie of Tennessee was, no1 surprisingly, John Sevier, and he la1er served as a congressman as well. appeared as I.he stubborn independence so admired in the Appalachian mountaineers. At other times, however, it appeared as 1he will for mastery, whether over the land, events, or those who would oppose them. Even today, we still see traces of this, the tangled legacy left by the early while seulers of the mountain region. Special thanks to Barbara Wickersham for the valuable research work she contributed to this article. Resources: The wild Appalachian lands brought out both the best and the worst in the firs1 Europeans to inhabit the Katuah Province. They were fiercely devoted 10 ideals of freedom and justice; they were at the same 1ime greedy and ruthless. A deep-seated detennination drove them. Sometimes this Gerson, Noel B.; Franklin: Atrurica·:r Lost State: Crowell-Collier Press (New York, 1968) Williams, Samuel Cole; Ilistory of the Lost State of Franlclin; The Press of the PiollCCIS (New York. 1933) Cornstalk Dreams Poverty is living in a shotgun house with chimney bookends Listening to rain tapping on a cheap tin roof Huddling around the fireplace like a dark medieval clan. Poverty is running barefoot through a maze of corn fields Splitting open a watermelon just for its heart Worrying until payday if we would be fed at least with butter beans and cornbread - Sandra McClinton - .. X.Otimh )ournnt page 13 �WHERE THE TREES OUTNUMBER THE PEOPLE: I<atuah's Regional Rainbow Gatherings In the Mtigical U1nd of the Rainbow, a neo-tribal culture is teacl1ing and learning the arts of Cooperation and Commu,1ity by Stephen Wing "Welcome Home!" The implications arc enormous. Somewhere back in the mythical mists of the Scvenries, a tribe of multicolored folJc called the Rainbow Family began to hold a "Gathering of the Tribes" every summer deep in the wilderness, where the trees oumumber the people. They were "Family" because they considered all people brothers and sisters; they were ''Rninbow" for the harmony of their many colors; and they called out "Welcome Home!" because wherever they gathered on the Mother Earth they were home again. Every Fourth of July lhey observed a silence, praying for Peace and Healing, each in their own way. They fasted and prayed and danced and drummed, and many magical stories have come down 10 us. In the nco-Plcistocene Eighties, our tribal ancestors founded the Katuah Rainbow clan and began to bold a solstice gathering every summer in the meadow below Sam's Knob. Because pan of their inspiration was lhe 1980 Rainbow Galhering in West Virginia, it became one of the first of many regional Rainbow gatherings. It carried on the Family consensus to be free and non-commen:ial, open to everyone, dedicated to cooperative, ecological living, without leaders or rules. It grew and flourished, and Xatuah Journal Pac.Je 14 was known as one of the strongest and most spiritual in the land of the Rainbow. Now at age 21, the Rainbow Family has grown into a large-scale, long-term, worldwide experiment in living out the ideals of the mythical Sixties: a full-fledged al temative culture, woven of many different spiritual, political, and philosophical strands. Outwardly. perhaps it imitates the Nntive American tribes; mwardly, it taps the biological vestiges of one million years of oi baJ ancestry. Everyone involved in Rainbow has their own vision of what it is and what it could be. The vision that is crystallizing for me lately is of a school. Everyone has something 10 teach in the magical land of Rainbow. And somcLhing to learn. Many of us are teachers of something already, perhaps, or know a special craft or skill or even a livelihood worth passing on. You learned your first rai chi step or bcadworlcing stitch from someone. Why not bring it 10 the gathering _and offer a free,. informal workshop? Think of the gathenng as a kindcrganen, not as a university. Even if you feel you have nothing 10 learn there, each of us has something 10 pass along to those following in our footsteps. But there's a deeper level of learning. 0..wUl&J by Rhea Ormond Running away like a bunch of kids playing hooky in the woods is like school turned inside out - a space in which we can a.U enter a kind of second childhood and re~ate ourselves. We heal ourselves instinctively by re-imagining society in a sane way, becoming each other's long-lost extended family, learning how to love and accept each other, and feel loved and accepted in turn • some for the first time our lives. It is incredibly therapeutic just to be in a place where it is okay to love. But in order 10 maintain this magical healing space, we have to work together 10 feed everyone, deal with sanitation, medical needs, children, authorities, parking, drinking water, and camp security. We have 10 make decisions that acknowledge everyone's poinl of view, including the trees, the streams, the wildlife, the genemtions 10 come. This is a yet deeper learning. We are learning to come together as a community, a circle, a tribe - rather than a collection of self-centered individuals - and act for the best interest of the whole instead of our little part. Few of us had the benefit of a tribal upbringing. Ninety percent or more of the ordinary families out there arc dysfunctional, studies now say, producing dysfunctional people. Our tribe is made up of refugees from that world; we cannot create World Peace without some healing. Most of the problems that plague the "national" Rainbow Gathering are problems of scale. But a few stubbornly show up al regionals, too. They are the chronic dysfunctions of the dominant culture, "Babylon": abuse of alcohol and drugs, scamming, inflated egos, male-female imbalance. These arc the things that we cannot leave behind when we leave our cities and cars. l ust4 to worry about them. But then l realized that it is okay. Rainbow is a school. These are our assignmenrs. That is why we leave all the civilized disu-actions behind: to focus on what counts. At the scale of a regional gathering we can do that - but not without a conscious commitmcnL I have seen miracles happen when the wisdom and the will of the people have been summoned to a serious council. Through the magical ans of passing a feather in a circle and listening, of communication and compromise, I believe we can learn 10 resolve any conflicL But we have to practice. And the presence nnd guidance of people who have done some of the inner work themselves is invaluable to those who might otherwise stumble over the same mistakes. Becoming a Tribe may not be an idealistic fantasy from the mythical Sixties forever. We are learning how to live without money, lawyers, governments, police· even gasoline - because it may soon be necessary. We arc learning it, 1 believe, because the future of our families down 10 the seventh generation depends on our learning 10 live together as a functional Family. I hope we are learning it in time. For dirtetioM to tM Ka11,ah Rainbows-, Solstiu Ga1hviltg, JUM 12-22, son~p/ace where the trees OUIIIUl1IMT IM people, coll the A1/a111a Rainbow Ughllillc: (404) 662--6112 or write 10 /IOI. address below. To help out In adllOIICe, contact Katu.ah Roillbow direc1/1 clo l.ulit Wagenheim: 996 Yellow Breeches Rd.; Cosby, TN 3m2 (615) 428-4633. Summu, l!IN �warp ancl "We Call It a Gathering..." At first sight, it seems to be pure magical anarchy in the woods. But there are levels you learn to see. Just under the swface is a layer of hard wolk: people who are not immediately vi~ble because they are in the kitchens, out hunnng firewood, al the parking lot, on a supply run. They carry lhe whole thing literally on their shoulders, often to the point of straining. As soon as we realize we are the tribe and volunteer, the whole thing is easy. Underlying everything we do is the consensus of the council, a periodic circle to pass a feather and listen 10 each person's perspective in turn. Daily councils are a chance to share what makes us different and what we have in common. When something comes up that requires a decision, we enter that siate of unified undersianding called consensus much more easily if we have been practicing. (If ~ere is no co~~cil,just ~u.t up a sign. "Main crrcle at noon 1s the tradit,ion.) Invisible everywhere are the Shann Sena - all of us who are conscious of health and safety and alen for trouble, who have learned to keep the peace in loving ways, deal with emergencies, communicate with authorities - and anyone willing to learn. You can pretend the gathering is a free ride or a carefree utopia; you can avoid the problems and still have a wonderful time. But "sister" and "brother" really begin to mean something when you accept responsibility for the well-being of the folks around you. Then there are the people who are praying. Our circles before meals, sweat lodges and Sufi dances, ceremonies at equinoxes and solstices, etc., carry the natural sense of community one step higher. Participating in the Divinity of each moment helps focus the natural srate of awareness called a tribe. Underneath it all is the root-system of our friendships. Slogans of peace and love do not make us brothers and sisters; a Family forms out of time spent together, real time. Year after year we work, eat, council, and celebrate together, between gatherings we live and travel together. We gather in the parks back home. Travelers come through. We grow 10 know and to trust each other. The Rainbow Family is a vast network of relations. a fabric woven by the physical s,unmcr , 1992 .. , 1 , ~pfrhtlal ~efi-of our•~n& tOgethet. . ruo ~!1-nrr . .-.- {·n· ~ rr·,77-,v.z We have over a generation of history between us now. We are much more than just a "counterculture.'' Traditions have developed, a slow evolution of consensus agreements, along with a tendency to keep evolving. Naturally we have our elders of the tribe - but in this tribe each one of us chooses our elders. Listen for the voice of experience. But don't take anybody's word for iL Look under the swface, and watch who's doing the work. People will be noticing the same about you. To some of us baby-boorners it's news, but work is necessary to survive anywhere. Babylon sacrifices the daily labor of millions to feed a privileged few; a tribe shares the work equally out of Jove for one another, so no one has to do too much. The people who created this magical village in the woods are working hard, making sure you will be safe, warm, and fed. But many of us grew up in middle c~s households where that much was a given we were the privileged few. Don't take it for granted in the woods. Join the dinner circle, pay attention to announcemenrs, spread the word! Go to council; remember to listen before you speak. Say your peace. And if you want to join the tribe, just find a place 10 piteh in and help. As for the panhandlers at our gate, the ego-wrestling and ripoffs, the truckloads of rrash, the bliss-ninnies and rainbozos - it's helpful to remember that compared to most tribes we're still in our awkward adolescence. Most of us weren't born in the Rainbow Family. We were,bom in Babylon. A lot of us got pretty messed up out there before we found our way Home. A lot of Babylon's mess got tracked in on o~r heels. Much of our effort to heal the Eanh 1s an ongoing struggle to heal ourselves and our relationships - to learn how to really be a "Family" - and to raise truly.healthy ki~~Meanwhile for better or worse, Its our Family. As Einst~in's mother put it, "Everyone is a relative." Getting to know o n ~ another over twenty-one years of gatherings ,,: has tended to substantiate the theory. Council Fire Pilgrimage to the old power spot, our abandoned council circle I meet all the pilgrims packing out their tents and trash-bags I find a giant fire-pit dug here since we counciled hard for three hours in the sun to move the council closer to the center of camp Three pilgrims rest here on a log: they too casually join the council of all vanished tribes around the coals of the original fire - Stephen Wing (E.xurp1ed. with "visions by the awhor.from 110!. a ~wsllove /mer to the Rainbow Tribes of the Southeast, Spring 1992 iss~. Contact llO! at Box 5455; At/0/lla, GA 30307) Sun, evening shadows, mist that drifts to rain: the food is ready and we join hands. It's only the clear day's light refracted through the wet nights that makes this Rainbow on the ground. Our circle makes a hole in the ground spirit rising like water in a well, falling like the light on a po11d, the round earth and the rolling sky joined in a circular kiss ... The Circle makes us Whole. Oraw,ng• b)I Ray Ramcs Poems wriuen by Stephen Willg at tire 16th a111111ol Rainbow Garhering, Nanw/,a/a National Forest, Kataoh Province, J11/y, 1987. ~ti1nfl )durnat pnqe IS �In Council With All Beings ;,· , -,r,~ :: •. 3TE by Lee Barnes Human(un)kind's ability to council with All Beings is limited by our human egos, our historical fall from Oneness-WithAJJ. Several "en-Lighten-ments" have aided my personal path towards council with All Beings, including accumulated personal experiences and insights from several books. Council comes to me when I rest my active brain and allow thoughts from All Beings to enter my mind. (Term this as you may - telepathy, insight, second-sight, etc.) We humans have not evolved in limbo from All Beings; rather, we have become insensitive and unconnected from our relations with the great Webs of Life which sustain us. From long experience, I realize that my thoughts (and deeds) do not remain restricted within my bony skull - we can and do touch other Beings with our thoughts. managing to interconnect, apparently without regard to time or distance. Time, mauer, and space appear to be complex illusions created by our physical and spiritual perceptions, historical and modem cultures, mammalian senses, and personal experiences. l totally accept the iraditional beliefs that all things (All Beings) a.re alive and interconnected. We can relate to the other Beings of the world with either an expansive or contractive "attitude." With an expansive "attitude," we can expand our consciousness and encompass All Beings within ourselves. A series of physical and spiritual experiences while hiking over 4000 miles in Katuah forests (and in other regions) has auuned my personal council with All Beings. Usually after about three days in the forest, away from modem "civilized" life, I find myself more in tune with the "real" world. l more closely follow changing day-lengths; more carefully realize the moonlight's effect on animals; better understand the words in the wind; hear the many voices in falling waters; feel the energy of metamorphic and igneous boulders; and recognize the individual tree within the con1ex1 of the forest. I am an unashamed tree-hugger, for trees, especially the forest giants ("wooden Grandfathers") do share energies, and focus Earth energies (although l have felt "indifference" from some trees... ). I have (infrequently) attuned with animal energies by watching hawks soar above, and suddenly becoming "one" with them, glicling over the valley. This was not empathetic daydreaming, but rather I was there in the sky, soaring on wings! I have shared the scene of the land through the eyes of another, equal Being! A specific experience that occurred within a guided group workshop influenced my insight into council with All Beings. During an early morning circle and council based on guidelines from the book Thi11king Like a Mountain: Towards a Cou,rcil of All Befogs (by John Seed and Joanna Macy, 1988, New Society Publishers), I was Xatuah Journnt pnge 16 greatly moved and led 10 a greater appreciation and communication with All Beings. Tllillking Like a Mountain is an inspiring collection of meditations, readings, and most imponan1ly, a guide 10 interspecies communications, which has led humans to greater empathy and union with All Beings. The workshop is usually led by a facili1a1or who guides individual participants 10 "voice" their (telepathic/etc.) thoughts from whichever Beings enter their minds. Typkally in these guided workshops, specific Beings are allowed to voice their cries and frusira1ions wilh human destrUction of their environment and 1be lack of human care about their council. In this particular circle, a "Talking Stick" (brought by a reacher and missionary from African cultures) was passed and used 10 designate each individual speaker. ln council, we heard from several Beings · circling hawks, lowly slugs. and even the voice of the Mountain bcnemh us. 111ese Beings were in anguish, voicing their ~uffcring at the hand of modem human "civilizations" - spoiled waters, fouled air, and their pained existence due 10 human(un)kind's actions. This council would have aroused great disgust towards our human selves, except for the positive counsel offered as 10 how to rcconnec1 with All Beings. While each instance of this method is unique, depending upon the specific seuing and the different panicipants, it remains a powerful personal experience. We two-lcggcds muse seek better council with the universe and with All Beings. We must open our hearts to council, reduce our wasteful over-consumption, and halt the destruction of our fragile planet. Live simply; use only what you need; recycl~ and in all decisions think how the next seven generations of All Beings will be affected. Give thanks 10 the water spirit.~: thanks to green spirits; thanks to the living soil spirits! Give prayer and thanks to All! And then you may learn through council witl1 AH Beings. I encourage all of the two-leggeds, especially the city-shocked brothers and sisters, 10 go simply into the the depths of your existence, leaving your egos (and every restrictive training) behind. and 10 seek open and unrestrictt.'<I council with All Beings. Be open 10 new insights and experiences: be rcspec1ful of all other Beings (whether, stone, fire, water, air...); and offer thanks for council with the rest of Creation. Voice prayers, offer thanks, and continue 10 seek council with All Beings.j - ' # Drawing by Mich11CI Thompson Ho. Sum,ncr, J 992 �STEVE MOON ·1 , " SHELL ENGRAVINGS" The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, a distinctive culture of the native First People, flourished from the east coast to Texas between 500 and 1600 AD. The culture was marked by mound building and elaborate rituals and ornamentation. Among the primary items produced were carved ceremonial drinking vessels and gorgets (chest ornaments hung around the neck) made of shell. Designs were often engraved on the concave or inner side of the shell, which is naturally smooth and glossy. They were sometimes rose tinted. These anifacts are now highly prized by collectors and many of the old mounds have been looted by avaricious grave robbers. Steve Moon is an artist and a defender of the native grave siteS. Descended from a Cherokee-Shawnee great-grandmother, he is proud of the native branch of his bloodline and works in the spirit of the ancient native artisans. He creates museum-quality reproductions of the old shell engravings and also creates original designs based on traditional motifs. "I just sit around and things come to me sometimes," says Steve. "I don't know why, but things pop into my mind, and 1 draw them on the shell and carve them. "It's like closing your eyes and letting the tool do the work. There's really no way to explain it. I just go down into the shell until the color looks right, and r don't go any further. Sometimes rcan control the color all the way around. "I may pick up a shell and it will look like an ordinary mussel shell; another time I will be able to acruaJly feel with my mind down into the shell. The shell gorgets and drinking bowls found in old grave sites were ceremonial objects carefully placed by the body during burial. 'They are sacred objects,'' says Steve, "and it's wrong for people to dig into graves to go after them. The old people were put in their graves to rest. They were not put there to be excavated. "On my father's side, 1 had some ancestors who served in the Civil War. I would be real mad if someone went to Flat Shoals Baptist Church and staned digging them up 10 get the buttons off their coats or something. "In Spiro, Oklahoma during the l 930's, grave robbers dug up a burial site. They were taking stuff out by the wheelbarrow-load to sell to the private collectors. When they found out that the State of Oklahoma was going to stop them, they packed the central burial chamber full of powder and blew it up. The chamber was made of cedar logs, and it had preserved cane mauing, textiles, even textiles made from woven rabbit fur. All of it was blown 10 smithereens. "I've talked 10 looters who went in with burlap bags, and I've talked to looters with doctor's degrees. What's the difference? They arc doing the same thing. 'The bowls and ornaments from the ancient mounds were grave goods. They were not lying around in a plowed field. TI1ey were taken off a skeleton. I think they should be left alone." For Steve, this is a hean-felt commitment. Ile offers 10 donate his work 10 collec1ors who will acc~pt reproductions in return for replacing shell artifacts in their original burial silcs. Steve Moon's reproductions and original carvings arc things ofhl!auty. They shine with a luster and a depth that photographs cannot convey. Their varying textures satisfy the hand that touches them. They truly are representations in tangible form of the spirit that moves Steve Moon 10 his creative work. the spirit that inspires his sense of mission. Stev,· Moo11 can /,c co11tacte,J at Rt. 1, Box 256; Cm,011, CA 30520. -DWA' ~ Original from Moundville, Alabama. Carved in the shell of a lightning whelk. Originals with this design were found in Tennessee, Missouri Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Carved in the shell of lightning whelk. Original from Carthage, TN. Carved in the shell of a lightning whelk Orig111al from Spiro, OK. (The design y, as also found at sites across Tennessee, Alabama. and north Georgia ) Carved in Mankillcr pearl shell. �visiting my grandparents occasionally. "MEDICINE TRAINING" (PARTII) These are the words of a traditional Cherokee medicine person. My gr.mdfather would direcl my training by saying, "You need 10 go spend some rime with this guy. You need to go see him." I would go sec that person. and he wouldn't even know I was going 10 show up. would have no idea at all why I was supposed to be there. I would show up, and I would jusl stay 1here for awhile. I would learn just by being there. It w~n·l at all structured, like lhis guy had Course Three for me or something, but after awhile l could tell when they were aclually going out of their way to teach me something. Some people were more theatrical than others, and they'd make me do crazy things. The strangest one was lhe chicken house. J had gotten 10 where I thought I was real special. I felt that I was really imponant, thal everyone ought to bow and scrape and just be honored lhat I was near them. J was making an ass oul of myself, and. ahhough I never recognized il, everyone else did. And my grandpa 1old me il was time 10 go stay with a man named George. He said that l would have to stay there for awhile. When I got to George's, I asked him, "Where am I going 10 stay?" and headed toward the house. He said, "Hey! C'mere." And I looked and said, "What d'ya want?" He said," You can't stay in the house. We've got lots of guests, and lots of people come by, and we need room for them. We should give 'em the best we have. You stay there." Xatuah Journat page to And he pointed toward a funky old sway-backed chicken house that had a patched-up roof and was about to fall down. r just looked on past it. All f could see was lhc rhododendron thickel behind it, but I thought maybe he had ano1her cabin or a building back there. He said, "Righi there. Goddamn chicken house. Yeah," "Chicken house?" He said. "Yeah. Lislen. that's all I can do." We walked over there. ll was about l5 feet long and about 10 feel wide, with big cracks between lhe boards, and chickens running all about He said, "These chickens are renl 1mponant lo us, we get eggs and meat from them, so I want you 10 use that pile of old lumber out in back, put up a partition, and fix up a room for yourself in the chicken house." I just couldn't believe it. A person of my caliber, my standing, in these conditions! Then I thoughl to myself, "They're trying 10 teach me something," but it was nol until a couple of months Inter that I actually realized what it was. Nobody lold me I was egotistical. I found out myself that I was egotistical. r found out after r had dug tons of chicken shit out of there, put up a wall, split shingles, fixed the roof, got lice. I was absolutely inundated by lice. Sol made lye and covered the whole chicken house with it to kill all the lice. I fixed that chicken house up beuer than it had ever been before. Heck, I didn't have anything else to do. In lhe process of fixing up the chicken house, I became the world's greatest expert on chicken conversation and habits. No one knows chickens any beuer than I do. I spent more than a year in that chicken house, I did chores and helped out, and rhat was the way I paid for my keep. Then people started asking me 10 doctor - small things like wounds and scrapes. After awhile, though, they would ask me questions like, "Johnny, he's off someplace, do you think he's okay?'' And I'd say, "Well, I need to think about this.'' And J staned to give them advice. I had seen the other men do it. 1 had seen Owl do it. I had seen how lhey lalked lO people and consoled them. I soon learned to separate true knowledge from knowledge that you pick up just by hearing things. True knowledge is something that you intuitively know from inside. My grandfather would call it "true knowledge magic." Knowledge that you hear on lhe side like you might have heard some other people lalking about how Johnny was al some whorehouse or in the county jail - thal klnd of knowledge I call "side knowledge." And I knew how Owl took that information and used it to make himself more powerful. He said that he only used medicine in one percent of his work. He said information is much easier to come by. He said that the more knowledge, lhe more magic, and the more power you have, lhe less you use it. When the elden; who had been training me thought I was prepared, they sem me out 10 spend time alone in lhe woods. When I relurned, they beld another nnming ceremony and gave me my true name, my medicine name, my spiritual name, that l never have told anybody. It was done at a campfire way out in the mountains, at sunrise on the new moon, a beginning time. We rook the black drink, vomited, and then we plunged in the creek. They collecled the woods and set the fire, smoked everybody who was 1here, then they sang songs and did different things. Then my true name was whispered in my ear, and I walked to each corner and the elder called the relatives. They would come 10 me, and I uttered my new name in my mind. It was hard lo remember, and I had to get used 10 it. These were men who had hand-raised me. They were all of lhe same generation. They were all old. I think the youngest Sumrm:r, 1992 �pi:rson of th:it group was .50, and he was ai I think that in anybody's hfe there is a the bouom in the pecking order t)f age. I le ~en!ie that things arc se1 out for you. The \\ns a fc1d1er and .i carrier. people who raise you have cenain They were very spiritual in the sense expec1a1ions of you, and if you have a that they followed the t.rndition. They lived loving, caring. nurturing, mutual son of everything that they believed. They had their relationship. you want 10 do everything in own son of reality, like they would leave your power 10 meet their expcc1a1ions. food for the Little People here and there, and You might have long fingers, so mama they talked 10 the spirits regularly. They thinks you ought co be a piano player, so she would all be holy people compared 10 the drives you to the piano. If she goes about it Cherokees of today, but they weren't like our in a good way, you might end up to be a Hollywood concept of a medicine man at au. concen pianist. But you may have been belier They were not what the anthropologists suited 10 be a plumber than to be a pianist. called "priests." They were a different group. You could go on until you are 50 years old The "priests" and famous medicine men lived and srill playing in honky-tonks before you closer 10 town. But these old people were all realize that the piano is not your calling. members of the Katuah Medicine Society. I received a lot of my understandings about Katuah from them, things that l am not ever at liberty to talk about. Because they were in the society, they considered themselves better than most people. They were actually arrogant about tha1. They considered themselves the true Ka1uahs, and there's probably pans of me that still feel a lirtle smug, because I grew up ,-: - with that cenainty. They had signs. Back then, everybody ~ wore a little feather in their hat. But the \ \ ~ ) Karoah people would take the marrow out of 1' ::,J\..... '• the feather, so that when they walked, the ( .r,,., feather would make a fluttering motion. That -\. was a sign. \., \\~. Another sign was a linle silver snake. Owl said his snake was made by Sequoyah. It could have been. Several 01hers had little \. silver snakes. They frequently wore old suit coaLS, welfare clothes donated by white people, and would carry the snake under the lapel. When Karuah Society people from Olclahoma would come, I would see old Owl lift his lapel for the briefest second and let ii fall back. And the other people would make an acknowledgment with their eyes without winking or doing anything obvious. I can't tell you how they did it, it just was I acknowledged. ' Then, without any other invitation, we would go back to the creek. and soon four or five of these people from Oklahoma would just show up I.here. They'd talk and smoke pipe and do Katuah ceremonies together. This would go on all night. I would usually fall asleep, because I was young then. But l am amazed about how much I learned by just hanging out. "Be invisible," grandpa would say. "Be invisible." When I look back at the good and the bad in my life, I always feel incredibly fonunate and content. Despite the pains and sufferings that everybody goes through in Life, I have aJways believed that I have affected my own destiny more than most people do. Sometimes l interfered in the process, and other times I just let the process happen to me. 1 give credit for that to the fact of my growing up experiences, all the things I learned from that strong circle of elders. If the spiriLS had not had another intention for me, I probably would srill be living near my childhood home among the offspring of those old people who raised me. I would either have been an alcoholic or struggling inside the system. '-I ·) i''\,-, ~mmcr, 1992 Drawing:, by Troy Sc,ILlc:r Jn my case, my grandfather saw ~omc physic.11 signs and m:1de an interpretation based on the sign5 and his knowledge. But it was still someone else's in1erprc1.1rion. Back when r was 10 years old, my grandfather taught me how 10 carve little animals out of soft basswood. I can remember that l was fascinated with that for a year or so. Then I went on to other things. That was the extent of my early carving career. The figures I made were crude, but a seed was set for something 10 come. The seed lay donnant until a few years ago when ! saw a carving on a shelf in a house I was visiting. I picked it up and held it. It didn't feel right. It seemed disproponionate and out of shape. The man said. "Can you carve anything?" I said, "I used to fool with it when I was a kid." After I left the house, I said to myself, "I can make something better than that." And so I made a bear. It was 001 very good, but it still was a little bener than the figure I had seen. I fooled around making different kinds of animals for a year, experimenting with different styles and expressions. The animals I made then aren't anything like the animals I carve now. They were somewhat similar in design, but not in quality. I went through the whole process. A lot of the techniques I learned were already known by people all over the world. I probably reinvented the wheel several times over. But I also developed a couple of ideas that, as far as I know, no one else has thought of. And when J finally made an animal that looked like it was alive, it just blew my mind. I said, "Look at this!" The next one I made came alive in my hands, 100. ! said, "Look at this! 1 did this! Mc! No one else! No one set me down and taught me 10 do this. No one told me." Now I am staning 10 get thunder from my carving. Thunder is when other people acknowledge your ability, and it's absolutely wonderful. But what has made all the difference is that r feel an inward drive and detcnninarion 10 do this that I have never felt about doing anything else. I have been detennined 10 accomplish other goals before, but this is purely an expression of myself. II is a force coming from inside of me. This was not/ preordained by anyone; this is the real -: person. Xatuah Journat JIOIJC 19 �BAD NEWS AND GOOD NEWS The j9b of t ~ government o(ficials is to protect the health or citiuns and or the environmenL At best. they have displayed an attitude or unconcern about their responsibilities. Al worst, they have wilfully misled lhe public about a matter of grave danger. Such disregard or Ille lives lhey arc supposed 10 protccl is unconscionable. This 1s a Sillllltion thnt needs to be thoroughly investigated at both the state and county level. Such flagrant irresponsibility must not be allowed to conunue. Nanni World New, Service The Burlington Industries CIIIJlCI plant at the hClldwaa.ers of lhe Little Tennessee River in Rabun County, GA is closing iis doors. That is bad news and good news. The plant employs about 425 people in Rabun and Macon Counties. The plant closing is bad news for~ people who will be summarily dismissed and left wi 1h no means of li vclihood in an increasingly competitive job marlccL However, &ho Burlington pbnl has long been a major polluter of lhe Liu.le Tennessee River, and Ille factory's demise will mean beuer heallh foc lhe river's aquatic ecosystem. '"The plant has been a severe, but not an acute, polluter," said aquatic biologist Dr. William Mcl.amey. '"There have been no fish kills, foe 111s1811CC, but cit tensive sampling of both fish and insect populations have shown that the plant has definitely had a negative effect on the river." If another company buys lhc Burlington plant, it will be regulated by stricter environmental laws than lhosc in effect when Burlingion staned diacharging into the river. Also, a newly-initiated citiun's monitoring group will be traclcing lhe wat.er quality al lhe planL "We will continue to lake samples above and below lhe Burlington plam until there is no noticeable difference between them.· said Mcl.amey. As long as our industrial system operates environmentally destructive means of production, Ille closing of worlcplaces will be at once bad news and good news. RAPE PREVENTION Natural World Newi Scrv,cc For the first time in the Southern Appalacluans, a federal lawsuit has been filed on behalf of biological diversity, challenging the Land and Resou= Manngerncnt Plan proposed for the Cherokee National forest by lhc US Forest Service. Representing a blood coalition of conservation groups. the lawsuit nled by the Southern Environmenl3l Legal Center (SELC) contcstS the Forest Service practice of below-cost timber sales. The suit also contends that Ille Jogging progrnm outlined in the pbn would do urepruablc domagc to native habitat and result an a corresponding loss of biolog,ical diversity in the Cherokee. D:ivid Carr or the SELC rcporis that the CWTCnt plan opens up 60% of lhe national forest to logging and ro:ld construction • much of it on steep slopes and mac=iblc terrain. By FOfCSI Service estimates, there arc presently 80,000 acres of potential wilderness in the forest; more than half of this vital lnnd b:lsc is open to desccr.mon under the plnn. By promoting rood building and cle:ucuumg, the Forest Service 1s practicing t.hc ecooom1cs or extinction. Peter Kub)', regional director of the Wildcrnc!..s Society, note~ lhat the Chcrolcc Plan threatens the extraO(dinary natur.il diversity or the foreM. Kirby points out that tl1e Cherokee Nauonal forest 1s home to 1,000 ~pccie., or flowering plants, 400 species or vcnebr-.uc,, and appl'oxm1atdy 13.S sp<lC IC$ of (hh, "[Ilic fore:,1 plan) calls for the logging of over one-hair of the cove h:lrdwood forcsis. an ccol<'lg1cal treasure trove in the Southern Appalachrnn,; he said. The new Fore.,t Plan wuuld also va.,tly mcn:..1~ rood density (which already exceeds lc(:111 guidelines) providing OC.CC.'i.~ for o greatly mclC:l.<cd amount of commcrci.il and recn:;itional :ict1vi1y - not to mention illegal poaching. Th~ Asheville Citizen-Tunes and Green Line - ~ r s provitkd ,nfor""11ion for this ortk~ USFS TO STOP APPEALS Nanni World News Service BUNCOMBE LANDFILL SCANDAL Nanni World News Environmental sleuihs from lhe Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League blew the cover olT what was apparently a conspiracy of silence among Sl8tc and local governmental officials about leaking contamination from the Buncombe County landfill. In October. 1991, investiga10rs from the Environmental Protection Agency sent a rcpon io Buncombe County saying th:11 u:st results showed "elevated coneentmtions or numerous volntile organic compounds and metals" in lhe groundwater around the Buncombe 1.nndflll. TheAshcvll/c Citiun-Timu reponed that monitoring wells showed six to 3S times Ille legal limit of live indUStrial solvenis - tnchlorcthylcne, benzene, dichlorelhane. methylene chloride, and dichloropropane. Water quality cxpen Richard Maas of the University of North Carolina Asheville told the newspaper lhat the contamination levels were "higher than several Supcrfund sites in the area. In my experience the.~ levels are surprisingly high." An estimated l,125 people living within four miles of the landfill site drink wnter from wells. Yet neither the State nor the county government made any public announcement about lhe landfull lenk or possible hazards to residents' drinking water. At an April 10, 1992 press conference, BREDL activistS dlSJ)layed papers they had dug out or state liles 1n Raleigh that proved that the l:mdlill wns leaking. This W$ the first word given to the public that anything wa~ amiss. Why did government officials not inform residents about the groundwater conUlmination1 County Manager Steve Metcalf blamed 11 on M.uvin Waddey, who w:is Director of County Engineering Service:. al the time. MclCOlf srud that he ju.~t pas.scd on Waddcy's assurance that there were no problems at the l:andlill. W:lddey has conveniently moved out or ~cue. Stale hydrologc.t Bob Lufty said that the ,utc h.id not informed anybody of lhc trouble< because of undcNtnffing. He wW Grun Line ncwspapcr that 1hc st.1tc hrul a two-person hydrology \taff to monitor 150 landlills, Half or thc.sc on: leaking wor;c than Buncombe's. he said, and the re.,idcnts of those commumues do not know nbout the danger.;. either. Now the ch~rn1cals arc moving toward the Fn:nch Broad R111i;r. 'The C,11:en-lim,•., stated lh:n l.ulty s:ud lh:11 lhe subl,unccs would reach the nvcr, · 1,c diluted and evcntually dcSU'oycd." llle solvents 111110l11cd are deailly and per:;islCIIL It may be hundreds of yc;tr.; before they nre ·eventually de.woyed." The US Forest Service has chosen to sell more and more of the last remaining virgin and old-growth fOl'CSIS to the timber industry. But concerned citizens have bad the right to challenge lhese sales through an adminis11'8ti..e appeals process. Many people have fe:irs that to continue ovctCUlting our forests will mean irreparable ecological harm. The appeols process has helped to bring some measure of accountability to the management policies and practices of the Forest Service. However. on Morch 20. 1992, Agriculture Secretary Edwnrd Madigan announced that the Forest Service was proposing to eliminate the appeals process. In ltne with the Bush administration's announced plruls to eliminate "unnc.cded" federal regulations, these appeals were deemed too time -cor.swning and costly, and it was decided that lhey would be replaced wilh a toothless •30 day pre-decisional notice and comment period.· The Forest Service is trying to ignore the fact that most of the appeals filed have resulted in improved dccisons, better management or the fOtcSts. and often citposc inodequat.e environmcnllll analyses. TI1e agency seems to think that any decisions it makes should go unchallenged, and the public should have little or no voice in how Ille Mlional foresis arc managed. ForesL~ arc more than vettical logs. It is insane to continue to cut our last few old-growth stands of timber and destroy native habitat communitlcs to feed the ever-hungry saw mills. The Forc.,;t Service often needs IO be remanded or this. PROTECTING AQUATIC HABITATS Nmural World News Service April 23. 1992, the Nonh Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NC WRC) held a public hearing in Boone, NC to consider a proposal origill3ting within the agency to dc.~ignatc 33 wawrshcds m IO of Nonh Carohnn's miuor river ba.~in.~ as critical habitat for species of mollusks and fish endangered m the Slate. The plan would offer protection a.s "High Quality Waters" 10 portions or the New. Watauga. Little Tenncs,;ce, Johns. and Linville nvcrs and the Warrior Forl; 111 the mounlaln area of the si;uc. Env1ronmcnt:1I acti'lsts present at the hc:iring IO support the mca~urc, commented that 11 was a pl~surc IO appear at a hC'..mng to compbmcnt the m1ua11vc of a ,1a1c ngcncy tn\lC.'ld or nJ1P(Xing iL llic comment J);nod on tl11! WIIJhfe Comm1ss1on's proposal extends until July I. Lener.; of suppon may be sent m: North CtJro/1fld ll'i/dlife RcJo:,ru; Commimon 512 N Salisbury .St. Raleigh. NC 2760-I .. . S11111111cr, lll!IZ a 6 t t I I 8 �.,. .. • WOLF' FLUNKS PILOT TEST Na.tural World News Service One of the four led wolves (Canis rufus) released in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park in November, 1991 was recaptured and penned, according to Park spokesperson Bob Miller. Red wolf Male (#219) was recapwrcd in JanWIJ')' because he showed undue tameness towards humans, and because he caught and killed a chicken in Cades Cove and several domestic turkeys just north of the Park. The livestock owners were reimbursed for their losses from an indemnity fund created specifically for such contingencies. Male #219 may have been a poor choic.e for release s:inc.e he had spent seven years in zoos, where he had become unnaturally tame. He was selected because he was sterile 10 ensure that a bl'eeding population was not established in the Park prior to the completion of the iniual study. He w :J most likely spend the rest of his life in captivi•y. Two new adult wolf pairs arc cum:ntly being acclimated to the area by being held in large pens for the next six months, and may be released in the Park in November. Members of the IVesttr11 North Carolina Alfiance gagged by the US Forest Service. The Alliance prot,:sted removal qJ the Forest Service's appeals process at a press conference held outside the USFS Ashevitte offices on April Phoio Laura Dcaton/WNCA 17.1992. ONE H O NEST MAN N.i1ural World Ncv,,s Sen ice When Dr.William Reid signed on as oncolog1st (cancer specialist) at tlic Mcthodi!il Medical Center in Oak Ridge. 1N early in 1991, he knew little about the production procc.-.scs al the Department of Energy\ nuclear weapons plants and less about the nuclear politics of Oak Ridge. But he did know a sick p:iticm when he saw one, and he saw four Cll'iC.'> of a rare kidney c:inccr, an unusual concentration for such a small popul3tion sampling. I le also saw a ~ignificant number of people exhibiting auto-immune system disorders. Exh of the p:mcnts wilh kidney disease h:id ~n exposed to ·major radiauon." Dr. Reid rcponcd. and the p:itients with auto-immune deficiencies showed "n consistent p.,ucm of blood irregularities." In August, 1991 Reid approached Dr. Daniel Conrad, the medical director for Martin-r-.1:uiCU3 Energy Systems, the priw1c conlJ'3clor for virtually all the opcrauons at the Oak Ridge Rc.'iervauon, 1uking for access to c.lal.l about pos.~ible metal toxicity al the Oak Ridge plants. "Th<.,rc are no problems wuh Mattin-Marictl3 employee~." Reid was told 1111d 11,~1~ ahruptly shown out of the olfice. The young doctCII' wa~ surpnsed ut the brush-ofr he n:cc1ved from Conrad, t>t11 he was more surpnsc-d ,;everal months btcr m December, 1991 when he w1Ls called before a medical review board at his 1nsu1uuon for "treuung pauent~ 100 aggressively," •spending too much money in the treatment of cancer patients." and :illcgcd complaints of incompetency. A<; a rcsult of the review, Dr. Reid WIL~ served ummcr, 1992 an ultimawm: either to pack up and leave Oak Ridge or have his name entered on the national medical black list known as the "National Pr'.icutioncr Data Bank for Adverse Information of Physicians and Other Health Pracutione11>." Since the review hearing. the hospital has p:iid to have another physician monuor all of Dr. Reid's cancer ueatments. Instead of caving in lO this blatant blackmail, Dr. Reid filed a lawsuit challenging the allegations agamst him and comc.~ting the consmutionaluy of the National Pr'dctitioner Dalll Bank. "Tilesc actions arc a ~ham," said Lewis Lcvm, Reid's attorney, of the hospu.1J's measure.~. "The)' were perpetrated again.,1 Dr. Reid only aft.er he refused to be intimidated by threats." And in the te.lt of I.he lawsuit, Levan st:ucd, "He (Reid) opposes the prcvuilmg lct-them-d,e attitude toward cancer puticnts. lie oppo5es dcni.31 of treatment even when 11 1s nOt fully covered by insurance payments. He oppose.~ those who refuse to seek the c.auscs of bi7.arrc patterns in the quality and quantity or cancer seen in Oak Ridge.• The lawsull goc, on to say, "The physicians and hospi111I who benefit from 1he generosity of tlJC Martin-Marietw health c:irc pl.ln 11.ant him to lc:ivc. 1hs p31icnts want him to st:ly. • Reid reports that he has nxc1ved many fate-night pl1one tj1lh from anon>mous supporters. Other caller.; have offered mfonn:iuon lo help llllCk down people suffcnng from health problems clue to radiation and heavy metals tox1C1l)·, His work· and the late-night lips. have shown results. Dr. Reid has found pockets of 1mmuno-supp,cs~ive disorders in the Oak Ridge area and even downstream as far as Kingston. TN. A NOTHER ONE FOR THE GOOD OL' BOYS NawnJ World News Service Yet another example of govcrnmenrav bureaucratic arrogance and insensitivity: the North Carolina Dcpanmem ofTranspocuuion (NC DOT) decided in May to postpOne public hearings scbcdulcd in May on the 1 Transponation Improvement 992 Program (TIP). While this mecis the leuer of the law requiring public hearings, it keeps citizens from having any input on 1992 transponation priorities - in effect canceling any value the hearings mighl have. Without public hearings, citiuns arc effectively blocked out of the decision-malcing process. This becomes even more dist.urbing when one realius that lhe Board ofTransponation iS appointed by Governor Jim Martin on the basis of political favors. It is the plum of state political appointments. Noticeably missing from the Board of Transpoltlltion arc tranSit advocateS, individuals with rail background. environmentalists, and reprc.senrativcs from communiLy groups, neighborhood associauons, and minorities. Perhaps the reason lhe DOT has decided to dispense with public hearings is that the importanl decisions have already been made. Journalist Barry Yeoman has produced a thoroughly researched s1udy publi.shed in the lndependem thal shows a close relationship belween the sources of large political contributions and where highway construction projects are built in the Srate of North Carolina Do you want the NC Department of Transportation to hold public Juuuings? Write to: Larry Goode: ChiefEngiuer (Programs); NC DOT; Box 25201; Raleigh. NC 27611. Reid ha.~ nlso received support from the 03k Ridge Envll"Ollmcntal and Peace Alliance (OREPA), which has accumulated experience in dealing with the authorities and tmcl.ing tOxiC emissions nt the Oak 1 Ridge Rc...crvntion. Stc,·e Smith ofOREPA and the Foundation for Global Sustain1bili1y. said, "This is the first lime a medical doctor within Oak Ridge ha.~ stepped forward 311d begun to identify :idvcrsc h~th cffCC1S in and around the Oak Ridge facilities. "When Dr. Reid first saw these pntu:ms emerging, he was acompletely di~inten:.stcd observer. He had no axe to grind with the DOE. He had no conccpuon of what he was getting mto when hc ~tarted work 111 Oak Ridge." Under pressure from the St:ltc of Tennessee, the DOE 113.S funded a panel of health e.\J)CttS to study cxpo:;urc to radiation among people Ii ,·ing around the Oak Ridge facilities. Dr. Reid has been appointed to that P3ncl, and will reveal hi~ tull fi11ding.q in the cour:.c of that invcsllgnti()n. Hiscao;e i, also under scrutiny by Sen. John Glenn's Government Affairs Commmcc and Rep. John Dingle's lnvcsugauon Subcommlltcc m the US I louse of Rcprc.'iCntJllvc.~. A rccC11t anicle in 1,me magazme c•uvmg H11ppdy ~eat a NuclearTr.ish Hc.ip," 5/l lfl2) ten1'ring on Dr. Reid nlso called aucnt.ion to the situation al Oak Ridge. Now thai the hd of secrecy 1s orr I.ht\ lode history 01 the Oak Ridge Reservation, 11 seems likely that dccJ)CI' probing will n:~ cal more c:uimplcs of abu!iC of the health of hum:ins 11ml the envllQnmcnL II L~ startling lO think that tl1is whole furor began because one person v. 1th true compa..sion entered unawwes mro the heart of the sordid nuclCJr we.1pons industry. It shows the pov.er ol one honcsl man. XGtuoh Jounmt pnqe 2 1 �REGION O'RAGIN' ,: ,. .. •, Nanni World News ServiClC April 21st brought not only a healthy dose or rain io 1.he region, but also a healthy dose of reality people in K:m1ah are outraged with the US Forest Sc,vice! As p:in of a national Earth Firsll effort honoring John Muir's birthday. protCStS organiz.cd by the environmental grollP SoulhPAW and il.S cohorts in Asheville, NC, Atlanlll. GA. and Oevel:md. TN were among lhe more than 30 prou:sts held ruitionwidc. Activists at the Forest Service Regionnl Hcadquaners m Allant.a mllied behind a 4S f00t banner that read: "Environmenlol Assessment of the US Forest Service- Finding of No Significant lnl.Cgrity." Twenty-five dcmonstraoors gathered outside lhc Cherokee National Forest HeadqumterS in Cleveland. while in Asheville 50 people chanted and hollered ouLSide the Pisgah/Nanlllhala National Forest offices. In each city, the message rang ou1. loud and clear: decision-making proc:essc$ which destroy thousands of aaes of habitat come from little cubicles inside concreie and Slecl office buildings. //'you'd liu to wim your frusuaJions with IM Fores, Service in a concerted effort, conJJJcl SowhPAW: Box 3/4/; Asheville, NC 28802. SENATOR WAFFLES Nau,,al World News Scrvia SenalOI' Terry Sanford is threatening lO give in the mauer of the Fontana road, the famous "Road IO Nowhere" in the Great Smoky Mountains National Palk in Swain County.NC. Sanford bas ptOp0.5td legislation I.hat would include aSl6 million payment to Swain County and allow consuuction of the comrovcrslal road. The road would destt0y the possibility of wilderness design:11ion for the southern end of the Parle and open the isolated area up IO possible (ulllrC developmenL Sanford stalTer Alan Thornbwg said 1h31. the Senat0r "just wanLS to pol lhis ITlllller behind us. He is willing lO do w~ver lhe county commissioners dcs1te in lh is local issue.• Sanford apparently does llOl undel'Sland that it is not jost a local issue any more. The s111tus of several thousand acres of h3biw and an imp0Clllllt wildlife migration routc are at stalce, and there are many visilOrS co the Parle who each year apprcciatc the qmet and rcl:ll.ive isolation of the north shore of Lake Foruana. Sanrord's move seems LO be an election year ploy to brcalc Helms' enclave or powct in Swain County. That he would scll out I.he future of a critical habitat area for a palll}' handful of VOies shows a skewed sense of values. lO Senator Jesse Helms' inll'BllSigcnce in To con1ac1 Stlllltor Ttrry SOft[ord abou, his proposal, write him QI 716 llart Senate Office Building: Washington. DC 20510. WE PAY FOR CLEARCUTS! Nlllnl World New• Serv~ Once again the U.S. Forest Servicc has issued a report stating the amount trutpaycrs pay tO subsidize timber sales on North Carolina na11onal foresLS. In 1991 U.S. citi7.ens paid $2.4 milhon ID order lO have roads buih and plOIS of national forest land clcrucut to the state. Even though less limber was harve.~ted in 1991 l.h:m m 1990 (there was a loss or S2 million in 1990), we paid even more to keep Congress nnd the timber IDlcrestS happy. Xnt(iari lournnt ,.,- r, l Z2 nmm lf ll f • If •r 6 t = • ~-WHEELERS ~AT POR&ST Nanni World New, S<tvicc All-terrain vehicles (ATV's) are a pcoblem in lhe region's national forcsLS. In lhc view of the US Forest Service. the desires of different human inteteSt groups lake precedence over protcetion of the rorcs1 ecosysiem. Thus, ATV joyriding is seen as a legitimate "mulitple use· of the forest, and the little bull-bouncers are permitted whetc no mot0ri2cd vehicles should be allowed co chum. Case in point: lhe Wayehutta (locally pronounced •worry-hut") Creek watershed or the Nanlllhala National Forest in Jackson County, NC is riddlcd witlt A TV irails. Sixtccn miles of old logging roads have been given over t0 the mud-slingers for their fun. But that is not cnoogh for the wheel jockeys. Now the Forest Service is considering a plan to add 20 more miles of ATV trails, pcneuating two more water.iheds. Internal combUSlion engines, especially obno11iously loud ones over four knobby-treaded tires, are incompatible witlt deep forest habiw needs. The acres that woold be impacted by the noise, debris. and massive erosion from ATV's are needed much IIIQle desperalCly by wild animal and plant life as homespace. or However, Uie ltanquillily lhis JX)rtion of wild land is tltrca1encd. Adjnce.n1 lO the city uact is the CliITs of Gla.\sie development, a 1,000 acre golf rcson. The Cliffs wants to buy 134 acres of 1bcciLy's propeny 10 expand their domain. The Greenville City Council was agreeable to the sale. but when local conservation groups he:lrd of the proposed transaction, tltey unilCd in vehement opposition. The local Bartram Group of the Sierra Club described the property and revealed the details of the sale in a televised press conference. The land had never been inventoried, said the group, and lhey insisted 1h31. a sludy of lhc area be done before any sale was considerod to dcterminc if it was habilat for any rare or endangered species. The TV broadcast provoked a flood of letterS from local citizens apposing the proposed sale. Under I.hat pressure, the city council bacud off. TI1ey agreed to inventory the 134 acres proposed for sale. Moreover, they have decided to study the biology of the whole watershed to consider a mnnagemcnt plan for the entire traeL The city might still try to sell tho area when the study is completed, but public pressure has proved co be a powerful LOOI. The Highlands Ranger District is scliciting commurls on the proposed A7V trail expansion. Write them 01: Rt. I, Box 247; Highlands. NC 28741. BUYING BAD AIR Namral World New. Scrvice The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is baying 10,000 cons of coxic nitrate and sulfaie compounds rrom the W l ~ Power and Li&hl Company co release inlO lhe air over the Tennessee Valley and the Soulhcrn Appalachians. Docs that sound LOO bimrre to be true? Not at all. Under a clause or the much-toulCd Clean Air Act or 1990, companies that are in •over.compliance" (companies that exceed the minimum smndnrds for air cleanliness set forth in the act) can seU "pollution credits" to polluting companies who don't want to clean up their operations. This provision is a safeguard bw11. into the law ID see that the air does not get cleaned up beyond a minimal level apparently on the theory lhal if air geLS too clean iL is bad for business. Money can buy off the legal system, but it cannot bring dead lJ'eeS back to life. nor can it make polluted air any hcallhicr for those organisms who have lO breathe u. "Pollution crcdiLS" may make TV A think that it has license tO pollute, but 11 will only worsen lite situation in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park where 96 plant species ore already in doclinc from niuogen•gcnerrucd owne and other atmospheric pollutanl.S. The grealeSl irony may be that rai.epaycrs puchasing power from TV A will now know tltn.t, instead of investing in air pollution controls, they ore buying themselves an extra helping of air IO~ichy. Comnu!nls may be stnt 10 the Ttnntssu Valley Aulhoriry; Norris. TN 37818. GOLF DESERT OR WILD WOODS? Nanni World New. Service The City of Greenville. SC own.~ 25,000 acre.\ of land in nonh Greenville County. The ll'3cl is a rugged and beauuful alC.'.l at the foot or the Blue Ridge CSClllplll(nL Bought bad ID lhe l 920·~. lhe land has not~ a bulldo1,er or a chain saw in 60 years. i4 D ACTIVISTS RALLY FOR CLEAN AIR N11unl World News Service A raucous crowd of about 50 people and one coswmed bear demonstralCd beforc the Great Smoky Mountains National Park's Suga.rlands VisilO( Center in GatJjnburg, TN on May 18. 1992. This time the activists or the group SolllhPA W were not protesting government actions, but ~ galhcrcd IO support lhc Dep:inmcnt of the Interior's policy of opposing any new insl.allations within 120 miles of the Great Smokies lluu would add lO air pollution -particularly low-level ozone - in the Park. Signs welcomed curious visitors lO the "Great Smoggy Mouniains" and decl3rcd "We Support the No-zone!• The dancing beat grophically demonslt3llld what happens when wildlife take on overlo:ids of air pollution. Atlanl.8 folksinger Robert Hoyt serenaded the Monday morning crowd with copical songs about the state of the environment and our society. The Soul.hPAW ac11v1s1.S wcce JOined by 20 eighth grade s1udcn1.S in the KARE (Kids Agamst 'Recking lhe Environment) Club at Bridgepon School m Newport, TN. The studcnl.S, who live in the watcrShed of Ilic Pigeon River, knew lin;tband about lite effects of waler pollution, but came 10 learn what air pollution docs co C(()~i.tems. They m:ide tl1c connections quickly and were soon parudpat mi; cntltus1asucally in 1.hc dcmonst.111tion. Su mm.er, ){192 uu �The first building constructed at Sycamore Branch was the community center. It had a large kitchen and dining/meeting area upstairs and ample bathing and laundry facilities downstairs. The next project was a complex that came to be called "the apanments." These were twelve good-sized rooms, each with a couple of sleeping lofts, arranged in two tiers going up the hill above the river. Many families lived for several years in the apartmenrs while they worked on their houses. Today the community rents them out to young couples, the elderly, and visitors. The people decided that most of the houses were to be built in a cluster near the community center. These houses were built by the homeowners who organized themselves into a masonry crew and a carpentry crew. Some homeowners hired replacements for themselves because they had jobs that would not allow for the necessary rime off. These clustered homes were connected by a common water, electrical, and sewer system. They were arranged and landscaped for maximum privacy, set into the hillside, and turned a little this way or that so that each home could have a small private garden. There were many outdoor decks and patios. Another eight homes were built in various places around the property. These homes were simple and designed to be low-impact, most of them lacking in conveniences. There was widespread unemployment as the old international economy collapsed. Many families who lived at Sycamore Branch lost their livelihood and the community started businesses to help. Soon after forming, the village started a cooperative that owned and ran a sawmill, a woodworking shop, and managed the community's garden and kitchen. People could belong to the cooperative that ran the garden and kitchen or they could buy meal tickets. Many people from outside the immediate community bought tickets and some joined the cooperative. Members of the cooperative are currently required to work 14 hours each week. In practice, about one fourth of the people chose to work these hours themselves, one fourth chose to pay, and half chose a combination, doing farmwork during the planting and harvest seasons. This arrangement allowed some people to make a liveli.hood almost entirely from farm or kitchen work. The Village Cooperative kept a small herd of cows and ran a small dairy that also A LOOK BACK by Will Ashe Bason processed milk from local farmers. A village bakery supplied fresh bread that was sold locally. Tofu and tempeh were made from beans that were obtained in trade from a community in a neighboring county that had a better season because of lower elevation. Twelve acres of blueberries were cultivated and most of the berries were dried and sold. There is a blueberry festival at harvest rime, and the entire community helps with the picking. One hundred fifty acres were planted to a mixture Lhal included chestnuts, black walnuts, black locust, and bramble fruits, and this has proved to be a very valuable asset over the years, with chestnut flour becoming a major source of income. Many local farmers and landowners planted blight resistant chestnuts that were supplied by the village and brought tons of dried chestnuts to the sheller and mill. Toe village woodworking shop produces drums, harps, dulcimers, guitars, and flutes. These products have gradually gathered a fine reputation among musicians far and wide, and the shop employs about one third of the people in the village. Sycamore Branch was of vital imponance to Floyd County during the economically unstable rimes of the late '90's and the primary years of this century. It helped formulate the plan for the decentralization of the county's schools and social services. The community has set up four small band saw mills in various parts of the county and organized a crafts collective that markets area crafts on a mail order basis through the satellite communication network. The community has provided blueberry plants, nut trees, shiitake mushroom spawn, and vegetable StartS at low cost (and sometimes free) to local farmers. Sycamore Branch gave technical assistance to many local communities that were creating their own power systems after the breakdowns of the late '90's. They powered several other villages directly and gave assistance 10 many more. There were many economic refugees in the late '90's, and Sycamore Branch offered a plan by which these folks could mostly house and feed themselves. They were influential in Habitat for Humanity's decision to build ecovillages with their own economics instead of isolated homes. The community produced a video series tilled "The Owner-Built Village" which was used by thousands of new cormnunities. The goals of Sycamore Branch, as stated in their by-laws, included not only being of service to the larger community in Floyd County but also reaching out on an international scale. This was accomplished through a sister community program that linked the village to other small communities around the world. Especially close tics were made with the Mayan village of Yonin. Young people from the communities were exchanged every year and sometimes older folk would go down for a year or so. Sycamore Branch marketed xylophones, weavings, and dried fruit from Yonin. Sycamore Branch has cooperated from the beginning with the UN's efforts lo set up international community-to-community trading and cultural contacts. The village has for years sponsored a team ofteehnicians who work to help upgrade poor communities by providing better water sources, waste treatment, and health care. Villagers from these communities are trained to run the solar satellite link and to access weather, health, and technical information in their own language. This gives them access to world markets within the limitations of the distribution system. There is an emphasis on self-sufficiency and the development of a few trade items that can be transponed to the nearest world irading center for shipment to irs ultimate destination through the UNPS network of freight dirigibles, trains, vans, and donkeys. The village of Sycamore Branch was a leader in the move by small communities to take over the economic role of the corporations. We now take it for granted thar small communities work together economically for their common betrermcnt. and we forget that there was a rime when this was an unusual pattern. The breakup of the corporate economy in the '90's left a vacuum that was naturally filled by small communities. The pauems developed in Sycamore Branch and similarcommuniti~# were a vital part of this process. fr Reprinted/rem Tek:iah newsleuer, which is available from the ln.sritwe for Sustainable Living; Windswept Fann; Rt. 1, Box 35; Check.VA 24072. Will Ashe Bason is a farmer and visionary who lives in the Floyd County, Virginia community. Mountain Counsel Blackberry bushes, heavily leaved, Bow as I approach; Offer bounteous gifts Deep black, soft and sweet. Yet remind me of the need To pick with gentle care Or else be pricked by thorns That spring from everywhere. And so it is with friends. - Taylor Reese DnlWUl& by Rob Mcs11ck Summa- , t 992 Xatoofl Journa! JIQ9C 23 �BUlTERFLY In a lazy larval state I ate Everything Fresh and green That lay before me Until I could consume No more DRUMMING Dear KaJuah, This is the sound of Nonh Carolina. ll is the voice of Kilmer Forest - it is the New River Gorge - it is the Haw River - it is ML Mitchell and the Black Range. Little Santeetlah Creek and the French Broad River also speak here. I am Native Choctaw-Scot-Nonh Carolinian and l dare speak in their names. From the mountains to the coast, I see areas rendered unrecognizable due to overdevelopment and misuse. It huns - the street lightS that ruin night vision, the litter, the washed out sides of previously pristine lakes due LO motor-boating. This is not the state I grew up in. What was attractive then is now the money maker of the day. Why do those who come here to "get away from it all" need LO "bring it all" with them? Back LO Nature? My family raised me that way - my grandfathers and greatgrandfathers fanned • a Choctaw greatgrandfather was a proud man in his community here in the Piedmont I still have the land he farmed. At age 37, I still practice what my ancestors left to me - a guardianship of property and the knowledge or how to do it. I love this state, but not what it is becoming. It needs help, and l feel we are losing. Last year I was a volunteer for the Kituwah Festival here in Asheville and will be there agnin this year. I would also like to work wherever possible for your staff on representing Katuah Journal - it has a place! Thank you, Nancy Odell Dear KaJuah, While I have enjoyed the Journal more than I can say, I have not sent in my subscription renewal because J feel you could help me a bit more than you have tried lO in the past. My Llfe's goal is to help re-establish the American Chestnut in the mountains, and to that end I've been trying to locate acreage on which to do this. I wortc with devotion on anything undertaken, but my problem is lack of money for purehasing the size acreage or farm needed to plant, nunurc, and monitor these seedlings to maturity. I sincerely felt there must be, among your readers, someone intersted in seeing this tree again reclaim our forests: some who may not have the time or inclination to do the work needed, but who may be financially more able and who would be willing to help. I would gladly give full accountability for any funding offered. I looked at Land last Saturday near Spruce Pine. Bui I would need some $26,500 to acquire it. along with giving some inherited fine jewelry 10 make up the difference. I'm willing to give everything I have, bu1 cash is something I don't have, unfonunately, and tha1 is what sellers wanL Truely. l felt your interest in this was as deep as mine. l am not some scam artist, simply a person with a limited amount of assets that will gladly give for the finacial help l need. Some of these assets are quite exciting, for instance, r have an original printing of the very first meeting of the Continental Congress (authenticated by the old books department of UNCC); an original copy of Washington's Farwell Address and many very old deeds, etc. l'm not wanting something for nothing, you see. I have quite endless energy and much determination. This determination would go into the raising or the chestnut If you do wish to help me get started (I'm looking at land from the Spruce Pine area west through Madison Counry), you will be proud of what l'II accomplish. Fat and sleepy I slep1 deeply Safe from a hungry world Alone in my own Silk cocoon bed That trembled and twirled Suspended by threads From slender limbs Overhead Waiting Until the warm suns Of summer come And I summon the courage To emerge Transformed and renewed Wings brightly-hued To carry me Free • Rebecca Wilson Hicks Sincerely yours, Dorothy Dickson 113 Autumn Lane Harrisburg, NC 28075 !f\ "he. 5UMe Y- -th e -fiowe.YS b\,oOM f- he beo.Y" w i 11 'rOMe VJ ; f\ 'f"'e 5qVi1TelS 1 e ()\ t WQ'f K °'WO\ifi "~ Wi "t e r Cold +or C\ T\d We+her l'llolobyR.-lyBall tre r 5 P\ in re~ Of Jee cl ".f'or the bi ue TS v\ nJ --fo'( -r~e crow -t~erf Cor Y\ Pl , n teu 0-f +1'.o.-1-· J (poem by Tiyo) age 9 Dear Karuah, I'd like to subscribe to your journal, finally. We love it most abundantly cover to cover. Couldn't bear to slash the graphics on #34, so I send this sheel of paper wilh this message. Beyond the garden, consensus decision making, and bioregionalism, my interest and vocation arc renewable energy systems and sheller. Our house is off the grid and soon our income will be, tOO. Please conac1 me if you ever do an issue on renewable energy in Ka1uah. Blessings 10 ya'II Star and Otter Summer. 1992 �Dear Kanwli, Thank you for the flood of pleasant !Demories evoked by your Spring, 1992 issue. As I pored through your pages, I could see my father pointing out things as we walked through the woods. I learned of wild onions, greens, mushrooms, persimmons, and beechnutS. Berries grew abundantly where I was raised - strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, and gooseberries. I was fortunate enough to live close to a small wooded area, an ecosystem all its own. To this day, I can tell an Oak from a Maple from a Birch from a Willow, etc. ' I'm still fascinated by the life forms in even a small creek. The fish, crawdads, leeches - I even learned to make suckers into a very fine substitue for salmon/mackerel patties. Thank you for bringing it back when I'm ready to see the deeper meanings of the Earth's give-and-take relationship with man. Keep up the good works, Mr. Messick. Stay on the Path, Jeff R. Zachary Dear KaullJh, This is still the best bioregional rag I've seen! Thanks for keeping me in touch with all the real news from home. Gene Dilwonh Dear Friends, I send to you all my thoughts of peace and well being... I hope that this Jen.er finds you all enjoying happiness and good health! I appreciate all your hard work in producing Ka1uali Journal and including Stil-Llght in your calendar of events. ll helps to keep us before the public eye. Thank you!! I am writing to comment on your recycle logo on the Spring, 1992 issue: "Recycle or Die." Recycling in and of itself and one hundred percent population will not solve our problems and create a sustainable economy. Recycling is at best a stop gap measure, something easily understood and do-able by the masses. Until we stop consuming and u111il we stop having so 1111Jny babies (especially in the more afj111e111 countries) we will continue 011 our collision course with exrinc1io11 as a species as we use up all our nomral resources. I agree that we should continue to reri:ind people to n;cycle because it helps, but crying wolf and usmg scare tactics hns never wo~ked. people only do that which is in their own selfish best interest. .. a sad commentary on human nature, but the truth. Just a few thoughts ... Your Friend and Brolher, Leon Frankel Summcr, 1992 Dear Ka11W1, Well, they've done it to us again! Praise be to the "Gcxl Squad" for overiding the couns and sentencing more forests out west 10 lhe saw? The sponed owl may be protected, but only by the edict of loggers and the Almighty Gospel of the U.S. Congress. r thought there was supposed to be a balance of power between the three (to name but a few) branches of our government. Where is the justice in taking a case to coun and then have the "Gcxl Squat" (sic) come and say "Praise the Lord. we gonna Lord it over every forest we can"? Constance Birch From the Groun d Up "You gotta start from the ground up ... " - That's what they've always said - and lhat's it in a nutshell - where civilization's gone wrong "If you don't have yo~ feet on the ground... Then where are you? How do you get sustenance without roots? "We're all going so fast we're gonna crash" - where? - on the ground? The Ground? We've put that in the hands of MEGA CONGLOMERATE ii-?tJ~~Wo.MILLIONAIRE, 20TH FLOOR HEADQUARTERED farmers - Who probably won't touch the ground even when they die But are buried up to lheir necks in their financial statementS - the only thing they care about And speaking of lhe ground... From the Earlh's point of view it must think we're made of rubber for that's all that touches it when we move. We're Gods of power... We have bulldozers to move mountains. A river can't flow without our permission We've gOL landfill expens - like our mission is to fill the land "Landfill" - like a free lunch for the Eanh! (ns if it liked the encrees) Many of the Earth's peoples worship Jesus, a man's creation of the universe (or Gcxl, if you will...) Who gave unceasingly of beauty and healing... even as he died slowly and painfully in the hands of the Earlh's people. If such as he were still alive would we try 10 save him? Or, would we treat him as we do her, lhe Earth? Dear Karuah, I read awhile back the article on the !-,ETS sy~tem and sent for the preliminary mformanon. lam real interested in seeing one get sra.rted in the Karuah region in rural mountain areas. At this time I have not the time, energy, and resources 10 start one by !11YSClf - l wonder if you know of other interested persons you could put me in touch ~th who have the whole study course who might let me borrow it. In the meantime I am starting a simple bancr networking newsletter in this local area (Bryso~ City, Sylva, Franklin). Perhaps you would like a ,~·rue:-up for the summer journal. The Spnng issue of Kauiuh Journal is by far the most interesting one to me in a long time - great articles intended for the already some~hat informed. Erbin Crow's pissing poem 1s a real gem. Airin Green P.O. Box 382 Whittier, NC 28789 Dear Karuah, I have enjoyed recieviog your paper, but there is one matter of deep concern l have. I have noticed several times in recent years the theories of Buckminster Fuller have been mentioned in a positive light, as if he were a worthy mentor for ecology-minded people (see John Ingress in Spring 1992). I recently went back and looked a1 Fuller's opus Critical Path (St Martins, N.Y., 1981), and was alanned to find it was even worse than I had remembered. In the preface he introduces lhe notion that human beings are so smart we can easily provide an "unprecedented higher standard of living for all Eanhians," and claims that "four billion billionaires" would be a worthwhile and admirable goal. Can you imagine how shredded to ribbons the Earth's ecosystems would with "billions of billionaires," a concept Fuller warmly endorses throughout his book?! The rest of Fuller's thesis is well known. High technology is the savior we have been waiting for. lo the future, humans will live packed in floating cities, space platforms, nnd so on, in fully automaied, controlled environments. On page 297 he claims "lhe power of the Amaz.on warershed will be harnessed and considered by designers as an integrated moving assembly line." On page 251 he gets so carried away he proclaims that man has now taken on "lhe competence of Gcxl." I could go on with such examples, but perhaps the point is made. I disagreed with the late Ed Abbey on some things, but in his evaluation of Buckminster Fuller, l lhink he was right on lhe money. ln the meantime there are lOLs of other writ tings on technology out lhere worth reading, such as Lewis Mumford, Jacques Ellul, or Jerry Mandcr's new book. Best Wishes. Bill McConnick • Breeze Burns Xorunfi Jottn«i( p09c 27 �Jury Nullification: Democracy at Work M ost of us have noticed that our rights arc being whittled and chopped away as surely and relentlessly as our foresis. But there is a little known right which can be a defense against an offensive government. II is a right we have because we are entilled to a jury trial. The Fourth Circuit Coun of Appeals in U.S. v. Moylan (1969) put it this way: '1f the jury feels the law is unjust, we recognize the undisputed power of the jury to acquit, even if its verdict is contrary co the law as given by a judge, and contrary 10 the evidence." People on a jury have the right to free people from laws they wouldn't want imposed on themselves. The right and the responsibility. Jury nullification, as this almost-secret right is known, goes way back. Back to ordinary men. Some of the ordinary men were the 12 who served on William Penn's jury in 1670. The British king proved beyond a doubt that Penn was "guilty." He had broken the law against preaching a religion other than that of the Anglican church in a public place. But the jury didn't wane to punish William Penn. They thought it would be a beuer idea to punish the law itself. The king's agent was furious and tried co convince them that the law was more imponant than their conscience. The judge did his convincing by imprisoning the jurors in the Tower of London until they agreed to convict Penn. But pubUc opinion - possibly related to the expense of imprisoning the jurors - forced the judge to let them go, and to admit that a jury had the right to decide not only whether someone has broken a law, but whether the law is just. The right of jury nullification bas consistently been upheld in British and American courts. According to Alan Sheflin and Jon Van Dyke in law and Concempory Problems 43, No. 4 (1980), 'The repeal of (prohibition] laws is traceable 10 the refusal of the juries 10 convict those accused of alcohol traffic." And Hagbard Celine points out in Trajecl()ries newsletter that "the anti-pot law, the silliest of all our drug laws, could not survive in a nation with at least 70 million pot-heads, if juries knew that they had the right of nullification." So what's happened? Back in the 1890's, the U.S. Supreme Court was about as freedom-loving as our current robes. They upheld Lhe right of jury nullification - but simultaneously ruled that Lhe judge not only doesn't have to tell the jury Lhey have this right - but can prevent the defense attorney from telling them that they have ii! power. Only Maryland has a state constitution which requires a judge to inform the jury that they may acquit if the facts prove a defendant technically guilty but the jury believes the law is wrong. (Lots of states, though, have elected judges.) There is a movement in many states to pass Fully Informed Jury (FU) Amendments to state constitutions. For more information, you can write to FUA; Box 59; Helmsville, MT 58843. Jury nullification is a secret that needs to be told. I asked my son if he knew his rights as a citizen. He looked at me and exclaimed, "Mom, I'm in school." Isn't the power of juries a fundamental part of how democratic government - of the people - works? I wonder what would happen even without an amendment if people knew that juries have the right to judge not only people, but laws? If the people knew the power of juries, and the power we would have a grassrootS movement - towards democracy? I am indebted to Robert Anton Wilson and Trajectories newsleuer (Vol. /, No. 8; Awwnn /990)/or m11cli of the infonnation in 1/iis article. Trajectories covers many spheres of interest. Write to them clo The Pennanenc Press; Box 700305; San Jose, CA 95170. - by Karen F/etc71er All juries have the power 10 nullify any law, but any government judge can do everything in her or his power to prevent them from knowing that they have this I: Reprintulfrom IM AuJumn, 1991 ,ssue of /. green light, Mwsleuer of the Cumberland-Grel!II Bioregional Counril; 2513 Essex Place; Nashville TN 37212. The Story of the Man Who Wanted to Become Moss He tried very hard he wore himself like French lace and went to the core of cells where the green lives and pulled out chlorophyll trying to reinvent his structure to take in the sun When he kissed his mother that lay in the moss When he washed his belly that lay in the moss When he sat outside himself that lay in the moss lay in the moss lay in the moss in the moss in the moss the moss moss moss - Jenny Bitner Sumtm:r, 1992 �BOOK REVIEW BEYOND THE LIMITS: Confronting Global Collapse Envisioning a Sustainable Future In I971 , a book was published called The Limits 10 Growth by Donella and Dennis Meadows and J(lrgen Randers. It was a landmark in ecological thinking in many ways, causing many people 10 debate and question the whole idea of unlimited growth in industrialized societies. The notion of growth as a cure for economic problems is deeply ingrained in many people, and this book questioned the very basis of such an assumption al its root. By using the Systems Approach to problem solving and taking a long look at trends in escalating human numbers and the subsequent pressures put on the Earth's resources, these three scientists proclaimed that if present trends continued within the next one hundred years there would be a steep decline in lhe ability of human societies to sustain themselves. This catastrophe could be changed, they argued, by creating a kind of steady-state where human populations and material needs would level off and a new balance achieved between binh and mortality and between extremes of wealth. It's twenty years later, and these same three folks have been working on the Systems Approach regarding the choices we have in creating a future that does not depend on growth as a means of propping up our economies. Their new book, Beyond the Limits, states clearly that human societies have already moved beyond the limits of what ecosystems of the Eanh can handle. Il does not make excuses in order to go lightly on industrialized countries. It radiates respect for the diversity of life in the world and offers some much-needed perspective about the human place in it. The authors are deeply moved by the severity of the problems we face, and yet in many ways they offer hope by providing paths we can follow to ease away from the trend toward collapse and simmer down into a mode of human economy that actS within the limits of Eanh's sustainability. I find that it is much clearer to use a Systems Approach with thorough explainations of feedback, exponential growth, overshoot and collapse, and planetary sources, throughputs, and sinks than the ambiguous notions surrounding human carrying capacity (as seen for instance in Issue #28 of Kat(wh Journal). Human beings are not exempt from limitS to material growth or the perils of overpopulation by any means, yet it is high time we recognized that we have exceeded many of the regulatory limits 1hat exist for other mammals and that we clearly have the capacity to overshoot this carrying capacity at any time. Cultural knowledge may not be enough to restrain our frenzied pace, but it can offer us some of the wisdom necessary co pull back and keep from overstressing life support systems. Whether we will paractice this wisdom remains to be seen. yet Beyond The limits offers some hard-earned distilled knowledge and should be read by those interested in learning how we can panem human societies within limits. We humans do have the potential to be effective problem solvers. Unfortunately we rarely choose the right problems to solve. Beyond The Limits is pub/is~ by Ch,!lsea Green Publishing Company: R1. I 13, Box 130: Posl Mill.f. Vf 05058. Please ccn1ae11km aboui ~ ,P" informtUion on the book. Rob Messick B~byJll!OIITucllct "I told the Prograns to encourage self and Earth awareness. celeblollon. kinship ond hope. • Youlh Camps • &;hool Programs • Family Campa· Tead!o, Training • Community Programs • Camp StaIf Tra111lng • Ouldoof Program Conwtt,ng Look. Y1111 Ill ill l ltld ISklnQ mt ti help kAI • Oonch ot Pffllll down tlltlt I don I k"°" Md I"m 11n ~ I did kMw u..m 1-lclnt wt/I ti ~1111 ti their dNIJII forgd l l TIii an,_ 11 no F«av11 no•·· -'Naly~lbon ..,_ Don ·t Pay Taxes for War Fo ntnrm11.1on ,if'ld o, ,1 c.;i, PO. Bo• 1300 Gotti'lburg. T e<Y'lessee 3n38 615-436-6203 National War Tax R esistance C oordinating Committee PO Bo~ 774 Munroe, ME 04951 1 2071525-7774 Summer , 1992 la'O!\: •nrr 1 ,t - REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNCW • FM P 0. Bo" 804 Spind.ik•, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 �(cootinuo,d from P"&C SJ and decorations were very sunilar. They carried out the same kind of sun worship. I think they were priest-ruled. The Louisiana nibes showed that influence strongly, and there is much evidence of that among the Creeks and Cherokees, probably more among the Cherokees. Because of that influence, we had a priest society for awhile. We became more sophisticated and more warlike and gathered up more territory and more people. But the priest society among the Cherokees became so arrogant and so barbaric that the people rose up against them. I think it must have been about the time when the clans dwindled from 14 to seven. The revolt centered in the Katuah village. The priest society was ovenhrown. After that episode, the spiritual functions of the nibe became more decentralir.cd. There were ceremonial medicine people, song keepers, and the chiefs of the ceremonial grounds. There was a medicine man who could give hunting formulas, and that's all he could do. Another one who could give fishing formulas. And women who lcoew how ro deliver babies, and soon. The medicine people still had influence. but they were not almighty. There were , definitely people who shone among those groups, and they gathered some degree of power, but that was because of ability, not because of their office. The people also gave more power 10 the village councils and balanced the influence of the clans within the villages. so that no one clan became dominant. Thus, it came about that when the white people came, they found us to be a loose federation of villages, more lroquoian in our government than most of the tribes around us. But our power was growing. I think that if the white people had waited 100 or 200 years they would have dealt with one or two governments in the Southeast. We were definitely influenced by the Iroquois. As it was, we were eventually forced by bitter expenence to adopt the white man's system of choosing one civil leader who had ultimate power. Then we got chiefs like John Ross, who passed a law saying no Cherokee could sell land. Until that time. each village acted on its own, and we were overwhelmed. / In spite of his droll pen 11ame. Bear Wirh Runs is a full-blooded member of the Cherokee cribe. He Jives in quiet a,umymity offthe Cherokee Indian ReservaJion. FREE CHEROKEE from Ahwi Brown What is a Free Cherokee? That's an honest question, and ru try ro give an honest answer. Most often a Free Cherokee is a person with a family legend about an "Indian" grandmother or grandfather. While these legends persist in famiUes throughout the land, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has made it virtually impossible to enroll these Free Cherokees on federal rolls. The Free Cherokees are seen by many of these Xotuah JPurnat page ao people as a way to go "home." We do not seek BIA recognition or any other benefit not available to other citizens. We do appeal to our BIA "approved" cousins to join with us in keeping our heritage strong and in resurrecting Tsalagi as a spoken language. It is the hope of this Free Cherokee that the more affluent of the Free Cherokee people talce advantage of the current recession and low interest rates to acquire land parcels in the Cherokee homeland, Katuah, with the intention of establishing Tsalagi kibb1uzim within the borders of the homeland. To explain the meaning of the liebrew word kibbwzim: the Jewish people used this same method to reacquire their ancestral homeland. It took them about 100 years to do it. I hope we can beat that! . . This idea may sound crazy, but so did Z1on1Sm 100 years ago. J reel that this is an idea whose time has come. I release it to the Ancient Red. Allw18rown Chic.kamaugan Band of Fru C~ro/cus 19/SBudleySt Clialtunoogo. TN 37404 Summer, l 992 �:BUN M-OU'.NTA.'L'.N (b. 1979 • d. l 992) It was over a dozen years ago that a man named Jerry staned cooking small batches of tofu in the back of a food co-op in downtown Boone, NC and distributing it around town. This effort was passed on to others who tried to expand the tofu, tempeh, and sprout market to the rest of the state. The soy dairy was small, but it had a wide distribution within North Carolina. A series of owners found it difficult to manage, and it was passed along until John Swan bought the business in 1987. He sought to make Bean Mountain into a viable business by moving it from the slowly dilapidating building it had been housed in for years to a new building in Weaverville, NC. The hope was that with bcner access to distribution routes and better facilities, larger contracts could be gained and the business would nourish. We have recently learned, however, that Bean Mountain could not make enough money to survive in today's market. Bean Mountain tofu and tempeh have been legendary not only in the southern mountains but also in many towns in the piedmont. h will be sorely missed by many people. Hats off 10 you, John Swan, for your gal/am effons to revive this most useful of services to the community. Thanks also to the men and women who put in their sweat and blood 10 keep it going. May the memory of all that good food linger in our hearts forever. - Rob Messick SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BLACK BEAR REHABILITATION AND RELEASE CENTER Or. Michael Pelton, a wildlife biologist from the University of Tennessee who specializes in black bear research, frequently receives calls from people who have found orphaned bear cubs. Panicularly in the spring when cubs are young and inexperienced, they are at risk if they are separated from their mother by poachers, free-ranging dogs, a flood in their den, or any of a number of other causes. Until now, there have not been adequate solutions for this situation. But a dream long held by Dr. Pelton seems about 10 mnterial ize. Under the auspices of the Dragonette Society for the Preservation of Endangered Animals, work is proceeding on the Southern Appalachian Black Bear Rehabilitation and Release Center. a facility specifically designed to renccustom and relocate orphaned, injured, or starving black bears into the wild. The Center is certified as a non-profit organization and has established a board of directors. Backers have donated a site for the project in Townsend, TN near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Architect Tom Caldwell volunteered his skills to draw up a plan for the facility, and the Oragoneue Society is now preparing for a fund-raising effon toward a $350,000 construction budget. The institution's primary focus would be 10 temporarily house and r.reat bears in order to re-establish 1hem in the wild as quickly as possible. "We want to do what we can in a confined situation to enhance the possibility of survival in the wild," said Dr. Pellon. Bears would be held for their protection only with as little contact with humans as possible. When they become strong, healthy, and acclimated enough to function in their natural habitat (a maximum of six to eight months), they would then be released 10 remote areas of the mountains or possibly in black bear reintroduction projects, like the one proposed for the Big South Fork area in Kentucky. The Dragonettt: Society for the Preservation ofEndangered Animals Box669606 Mariella, GA 30066 to"'°'ifka. IOO'U ~t\~S \ I ,-o &c>~ , a04 by Rob M, .. 0$.icl; v ( 7041 69~1 Q.8"118" An Alternative NATURAL MARKET WHOLE rooos • OULK FOODS • VITAMINF..S • Hf:R!lS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS• SNACKS• NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Ad Boone NC 28607 ~ » speaking fpr fhe earfh. --, Union Acres Rob Messick Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC 28645 't lllll • &.234 t1<nc1enonw,..,..c;ie1)!1 C~t\b~~, M.C. Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in Katuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: /•j i - - Acreage for Sale - Smol.y Mountain Living with a focus on spiritual and ecologie11I values For more informalio11: Contad C. Grant at Route 1. Box 61/ Whittier, NC 28789 (704) 497-4964 whole earth gro~ery . ·. .;·,: .. ,, r,.. ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING 146 !.'.parkway craft .:<'ntcr • suit<' 11 gatlinburg, tcnncss"<' 37'738 615-436-6967 �JUNE 12-22 AMONG THE TREES Katuah Rainbow Tribe Solstice Gathering. Somewhere in the national forest. sisters and brothers will gather 10 create a magical village of love and light. Location to be announced. For information, write to HO! Newsletter; Box 5455; Atlanta, GA 30307; or call Atlanta Rainbow Light Linc at (404) 662-6112. €V€0t'S BLACKSBURG, VA Soc1e1y for Conservation Biology Annual Meeting. Symposia on biodiversity issues. Contact DepL or Fisheries and Wildlife: VPI & SU; Blacksburg, VA 2A061 27-7/1 HOT SPRII-.GS, NC "Jndcpcndcncc Week 7.en Holiday." wilh Genlci Snndy Stewart. Medi1ation rcU'C3t held in s1lcnce, culminating ma walk up lhe moum.am. Pre-register: S225 includes lodging and vegan meals. For info on lhi.~ and other rctreais, contact Soulhcm Dharma Retreat Center: RL I. Box 34-H; Hot Springs, NC28743. (704) 622-7112. 27,7/4 IS FULL MOON/ STRAWBERRY MOON 19 ASHEVILLE, NC • AFSEEE's Vision for N:lllon:il Foresis in the Southeast," a public meeting with Jeff DeBonis, founder of the Associalion or Fo~, Service Employees for EnvironmcnU!I Ethics. 7 pm at Humanities Lccwre Hall, Univers11y of North Cnrolinll • Asheville. For info, C31I Dr. Gary Miller, UNCA. (704) 221-6441. 28 BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC "Sunday m the Park," a moveable reast of emenninmcnl, will be at Lake Tomahawk today at 2 p.m. Performers will include Jerry Read Smith, Lisa Smilh, and Bonnie Blue's puppcis. For info on this and other Sunday evcnis, call Quali1y f-orward. (704) 254-1776. JULY (INTER)NATIONAL Day of Action for the 07.one layer. Don a "radiation suit" and demand a ban on CFC's and HCFC's NOW! Picket your nearest EPA office. Local eoniacc John Johnson (615) 26S-67t3 ContincnUII comacc Rhys Roth (206) 943-7259 l 3.9 19-21 WILLIS, VA "The New Dance." an exploration of changing sexual identities with Dan Chesbro. Friday • workshop for men and women IO hcal old wounds, restore Ille balance of power and shnre our spiritwll oneness. SaL, Sun.• a l'CIICal for men wilh music, bodywon:, ceremony. Indian Val~y Rctrcat: RL 2. Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. (704) 789-4295. ASHEVILLE, NC ·wise Woman Tradition: Apprentice W~." will explore herbal knowledge and women's wisdom. For info, contact WhHewolf; Box 576: Asheville, NC 28802. LINVILLE, NC 371h Annual Highland Games and Galhering or the Sc«lish Clans 01 MacRae Field beneath Ornndfalher Mo11ntain. Scottish games, dancing, uilidh, bagpipes, more. For information. call Orandfalher Mountain Highland Carnes 01 (704) 898-5286 or write to Box 356; Banner Elk, NC WASHINGTON, DC First National Carrying Capacity Issues Conference. Discuss the basic issues underlying the CWTCnt environmental crisis with leading thinkers such as Gaylord Nelson, Herman Daly, Anne Ehrlich, Garrett Hardin, Hazel Henderson, and others. $100. Carrying Capacity Network; 1325 G St. NW (Suite 1003); Washington, DC 20005 (202) 879-3044. 20 SUMMER SOLSTICE GREAT SMOKIES PARK Naturali51. nnd Educa1or Week is for anyone who wanis 10 team more abou1 lhc outdoors nnd pass lhc knowledge along. Hiking, natural h1~tory, music, swunming... and Free Tune! Spce111I gucs1 will be Doug ElboU, storyu:ller/ naturalisL Prc-rcgisu:r: S200 includes lodging and meals. For more info about this and other programs, contact On::11 Smoky Mounlllins lns111111e at Tremont; R1. t, Box 700; Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-6709. 22,27 "'1tt'1afi JournnC. pa9(" 32 18-19 GREAT SMOKIES PARK "Great Pandas in Chma and Wildlife in the Smokies" wilt use field lrips in lhc Park lllld group discussions to mnlcc ecological, cultural and conservation comparisons be1wccn Chinn and lhc Smokies. For info about lh1s nnd olher courses, con13e1 Smoky Mounlllin Field School: 600 Henley Su-eel, Suite 105; Knoxville, Tn 37902. 1-800.284-8885. 18-19 SWANNANOA, 1'C Anciem Sw Walke.rs" class led by Page BryanL Included will be 1hc m:iking or a stnr bundle, a Stnr Dance, 111lditional Native American siories nnd sky watching. Pre-register. $85. For info about lhis and other programs, eon1.1c1 The Earth Center. See 7/11. 19-25 SWANNANOA, NC "Old-Time Music nnd Dance Week" of the Swannnnoa Onlhcring 01 Wnrrcn Wilson College. Weck-tong instructional workshops on old-time liddle and guitnr, clogging and conu:i dancing, siorytelling, and more. Ralph BliZ7..ard and lhc New Solllhem Ramblers, David Holt, Don Pedi, and others. S220 + Sl40 meals 311d lodging. Sec 7/12-18. 20 ASHEVILLE, NC "Planetary Acupuncture: Power Points and Sacred Sites and the Healing of the Earth." Breath-taking sUdes and spirirual insights by anthropologist/photographer Martin Gray. 7 pm at Laurel Auditorium, Asheville-Buncombe Technical College. $10. 9-12 28604. 19-21 W-ESSER, 11.C ACA Open Canoe Nolionnl Championsb.ips will feature racers from nll over the U.S. in slnlom and wildwau:r courses on the Nanlllh3!3 River. For info on these and other whitewater evcnis. eoniact Nam.ahala Ou1door Cenu:r; 41 Hwy 19 West; Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. 15-17 10 BLACK MOUNTAJN, NC Robert Hoyt, a radical voice for a New Soulh, and The Billies, rhythmic harbingers or post-mdusuial living, play 31 McDibbs; I 19 ChClT)'. For more info, call (704) 669-2456. MARSUALL, NC "Toolmaking for Woodwoiters" is a class for lhosc intuesled in u-aditional woodwor1cing lechniques requiring IOOls no longer commercially available. SIUdcnts will team IO mnke and modify IOOls, including forge work, uiught by blacksmith Frank Turley. Pre-register. S390 includes meals and camping. with donn aceomodalion available. For info on lhis and olhcr woodworking workshops, conU1c1 Counuy Workshops; 90 Mlll Cree.le Road: Marshall, NC 28753. (704) 656-2280. 20-24 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge is a monlhly eveni; begins 111 noon. Fo, info abou1 panic1pa1ing m the sweat. conU1C1 The Earth Cenier. 302 Old Fellowship Rood: Swannanoa, NC 2377g_ (704) 298-3935. 11 12-18 SWANNANOA,NC "Scouish/Bluegrass Week" oflhc Swannanoa Orubcring 01 Warren Wilson College. Week-long instructional workshop on Scottish and bluegrass music styles with Brian McNcill, Z;in McLocd, the Lynn Moms Band, olhcrs. $220 + $140 meals and lodging. Wnu: The Swannano:i Gntbcring; WWC: Box 5299: Swannanoa, NC 28778. 14 PULL MOON/UUCK MOON Summer, t!l92 �.:!0-:!6 WILLIS, VA Seventh Annual Women's Wellness Weck. Sacred spat:c and mual, movement. sound, storytelling. more with Jane 20 Avery-Grubel, Katherine Chantal, Louise Kessel, Ise Williams. and mhcrs. Conmct Indian Valley Retreat; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380_ (703) 789-4295. -pericarp --seedcoal UUNCO\IBE COU:O,.TY. NC Organic SmaU Farm Tour w1fl provulc an orponunity to soc orgnnic producuon technique,, green m.murcs and pc$! control~ on working farm, m the al'l!a. Sponsored by Carolina Farm S1t:w:udship Ass«ia11on. For info, call Allison Arnold :it (704) 255-5522. FRANKLIN, NC Cnmping. canoeing. rafting. hiking. first aid instruction with a small group of bomcscboolcrs in the Nnntaha13 Mountains wilh the Hcadwntcrs Homcschoolcrs Outdoor Camp. S275. For more info. contact He.id waters at (704)369-6491 or write lO 68 Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin. NC 28734. 23-29 ASU1'; \'ILLE, NC Broom Making Workshop. Go tic one on with instructor Cnrt~n Tuule. For info on this and other craft workshops, contact Folk An Center: Box' 9545; Asheville, NC 28815. (704) 298-7928. 21-23 CULLOWII EE, NC •1..nndscaping with Nauve Plants" conference will offer lcc1urcs Md worbhops by landscapers and horticulturists. Pre-register: S50 + meals and lodging; rcgislCt separately for optional field trips on 7(22. For info, call Sue DcBord at West.em Carolina University. (704) 227-7397. 23-2S 23-8/2 SEPTEMBER Fmuru: 2. -Cn•lot1rn dc11tato, Amoricnn ch•olnul: lonld· ludinol ~ectlnn throu~h " nut, I.H x. WF,STERN NC Folkmoo1 USA brings folk dancers and mus,cinns from Hungary, Jamaica, Belgium. MCllico. Moldova, Panama. Sardinia. Ponugnl, Taiwan and Uzbcldst:111 to perform m various locauons in Kauiah. For schedule and price information, contact Folkmoot USA; Box 523: Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 457-2997. CELO COMMUNITY, NC RSVP Summer Celebration. Picnics, tubing, hiking, dancing with Katuah's homegrown pc:icc networking journal. For trove! directions or more info, call Joseph Heflin a1 Rural Southern Voice for Peace. (704) 675-5933. 7-8 ELIZABETHTON, TN Appalachian Folk Medicine Symposium will include lcc1urcs held al Sycamore Shoals Staie Historic Sile in Elizabethton, lllld demonsr.rations and hikes at Roan Mounlllin Siate Parle. For info. contact Jeff Wardeska. Roan Mountain Society; 4 Bingham Court; Johnson City. TN 37604. (615) 929-4453. FULL MOON/HARVFSf MOON 12-20 AUGUST 12 WESTERN NC River Week celebrates the French Broad River in four WNC counties. Community events will include a canoe trip, raft race, hotdog kayaking, river safety course, and riverside concert. To avoid- being left high and dry, get a schedule from the French Broad River Foundation. (704) 252-1097. 25-26 13 FULL MOON/ GREEN CORN MOON The nrc.1'5 oldest and targc..t natural foods grocery " Kalmia Center, Inc. FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co,op Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. (JOI) ......... .. 255-7650 your comnru1'1ly groury,1ou ._.,., ...,.,., ......... .... .. ,,,... ,... ,..., "'- 811/k Herl>s, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supphwents W11eat, Salt & Yeast-Fn•e Foods Dairy S11bstit11ti:s Hair & Skin Care Products Beer (.-f Wine Making S11J1plies 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 (7(») 26-1-5220 r;f diu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm Summer, 1992 t ·,. ~ NATIVE FLUTES Two styles mode of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sam!JMush Herb Nurse.~ WREATHS •POTPOURRJ • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plm1ts from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �HJGHLANDER CENTER is a communily-bascd educational orgnnization whose purpose is 10 provide space for people 10 learn from each olher, and lO develop solutions 10 environmenllll problems based on lhcir values, experiences, and aspirations. They also pul oul a quarterly newsletter called Highlantkr RtportS. For more info contacl Highlander Center. 1959 Highlnnder Way; New Mankct, TN 37820 (615) 933-3443. FAMll.IES LEARNING TOGETHER exisls in North Carolina as a ne1work or homeschooling families who offer infonn:n.ion, experience, and encouragemcnl 10 each olher. &nelilS of FLT membership include a quarterly newslcllCI, fumily di.roclory, fnmily galhcrings twice a year, media resource file, and much more. If you would like 10 learn more about Ibis o~n group please contacl Tnsh Sc11Cnn or Doug Woodward :ll (704) 369-6491 or write 10 68 Wey Creek Rd.; Frank Im, NC 28734. PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE· For those who live m lhe Piedmonl area, there's a b10reg1onal cffOfl well underway. Join Us! We would appreciate any donation or time or money 10 help mee1 opera1ing expenses. For a gift or S25.00 or more, we will send )'OU a copy or John Lawson's journal, A New \foyage to Carolina. Also come fmd out about the Lnwson ProjccL PBl; 412 W Rosemary S=t: Chapel Hill, NC 27516; Uwha.nia Province. (919) 942-2581 THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM is an unconventional library; free and open 10 lhc public. Our coltecuon intereslS include the environment, social :ind political issues, the media ond peace. We have.over 200 mag3.1.ine substripiioos. The book and video collccuo~ also emphasii.e the cnvlltlllment and political concems. Books and videos can be checked OUL A video player i~ available for watching films in the ~ng room. Localed UJ 2 Wall SL (#114): Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. MoQ/Wed/Fri 6-Spm. Tuesffhur I-Rpm · Sal/Sun 1-6pm A VIDEO ABOUT LAND TRUSTS has been produced by lhe umd Trus1 Alliance 10 explain in lay 1erms whal a land lfUSI is. 2.7 million acres of land have been saved by non-profit land 1rus1 organi7.ntions in America This video docurnenlS lb.is movemcm's successes. Cost is 521.00 for individual and Sl4.50 for LTA members (include S4.50 for posmgc). Con!3CI: The Land Trust Alliance: 900 171h SL NW (Suite410); Washing10n, DC 20006 (202) 785-1410. ~Jli,~ J~~'[.'IOL P0:9.': ~ HAWKWlND EARTH Rl:.NEW AL COOPERATIVE is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcou1 Mounmin Parkway in northern Alabama. Easy access. safe family camping, year round weclc:end programs featuring Native American cldc:G and Eanh teachers from around lhe world. S1r0ng spiritual foundation wilh Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no chnrge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all vis11S, please. Childcnre o(lell avnilllble. Write: P.O. Box 11: Valley Head, AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For qU3flerly newsleuer and program updates send S 10.00. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONlALS - including handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, cuslOm pipes, medicine bags, swee1grass, sage, fcalhcrs. rawhide raules, IObnccos. pipe ~ . native flutes, and more! For free calalog send 10: Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. GOOD EARTH ORGANICS in Asheville has a network-mruketing plan which can provide a substantial prut·time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no !raining required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you slllrted in your own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. UFETIMES .re AGES· a new release from Bob Avery-Grubel, full of new age vocal music exploring I.he mystery of life . lyrics included. On casseue only: send SI0.00 plus Sl.00 for shipping and handling 10: Bob Avery Grubel; RI. I, Box 735; Floyd. VA 24091. BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK· supplemcnuxl wilh 1wo casscues. Sll'CSSCS alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in teaching and learning 1he Cherokee language. (346 pages). S39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. analog also available wilh mpes, books, pipes, dance slicks. drums. feathers. furs, buffalo products and more. Crafl supplies also available (please specify). Send S2.00 10 the Muskrat Trader, Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. COHOUSING COMMUNlTY being formed in lhe Asheville area. ResideoJS organu.e, plan, and design a coopc:rntive community where individual homes cluster around n common house wilh shnred facilities-· laundry, workshops. children's room, dining room, etc. Opportunities ror energy efficient, ecologically sound land use. Inquiries inviled. Coouict: John Senechal: P.O. Box 1176: Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 658-3740. LAND SURVEYOR seeks land conscrvW1Cy, community land trust. and other alternative community and green proJccts. Licensed in LA, ME, NC, NH, TN. Contact Rantbll Orr. RI . 3, Boit 345; Sneedville, TN 37869 (615) 2n-0416. HEADWATERS helps both individu:ils ond families dcvcl0p their outdoor ~kills wilh an awurcness of lhc value or our nmural world. We offer a diver.ily of experiences, rncluding family advcnwrcs, Homc!ilChoolcrs Outdoor Camp, mstruclion m kayaking, canoeing, backpacking. bicycle touring, nmwc ph01ogrophy, and wilderness rafung. For program mformalion, COlllllCt Trish Severin and Doug Woodward nt (704) 369~91 or wntc 10 68 Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin, NC 28734. ETHER IC ANALYSIS • most complete rcpon on chak.ras and emouons as Ibey an:: effecung your being. Include.~ pcrsooalii:cd Gem Elixer 10 balance Auric Body. Mail five hai~ (plucked from your head), name, address, and S55.00 10: Dawn: Rt. 3. Box 9; Llncsvillc, PA 16424. MAGICAL HERBS • planlS, books, and fTCC newsletter. Send 10 Wi7.ard's Way; 75 Broadway; Asheville, NC 28801. Alternatives ... The Dir«1 of ln1enrional Communities is lhc prodory uct or two years of intenS"ive research, and is lhe most comJ]fdlensive and accura1e dircc10ry available. fl documenlS lhc vision and lhc daily life of more lhan 350 communities in Nonh America, and more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address, phone, ond a description of the group. Extensive cross-rercrencmg and indexing male.es themfonnation easy 10 access for a wide variety or users. Includes maps. over 250 additional Resource listings. and 40 related aruclcs. 328 pages 8-1/2xl I Perfcclbound October 1990 ISBN Number: 0-9602714- 1-4 $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & hnndling for first book, $.50 for each additionnl; 40% discount on orders of 10 or more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (503) 964-6102 RSVP SUMMER CELEBRATION - July 25-26th at I.he home of Rum! Southern Voice for Peace in lhe Cclo Comrnuruty. Picnics, 1ubmg, fishing, hilang, dancing, fine food and music! Fnmily Cun for childn:n or all ages. Mark lhe date on your calendar now! Call Joseph Heflin at RSVP ror information and schedule or weekend even is (704) 675-5933. • Webworking costs: There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) for each Webworking entry of 50 words or less. Submit entries for Issue #36 by August, 15th 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. . Summer, 1992 �BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE t ISSUE FOUR-SUMMER 1984 Water Orum • Water Quality· Kudzu - Solar Eclipse - Clearcu1ting - Trout - Going 10 Water - Ram Pumps - Microhydro - Poems: Bennie lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest· Old Ways in Cherokee- Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregion:ilism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Darkness - Politics or Parucipa1ion ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984·85 Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming or lhe Light - Log Cabin Roots· Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Willirun Taylor - The Future or lhe Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRlNG 1985 Susia.inable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union • Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing Working m Ille Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life- Ko1uah 18.000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - f'olk Arts m lhc Schools· Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer • Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalochia? lSSUE NINE· PALL 1985 The Waldcc Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Starting a Tree Crop Urban Trees - Acom Bread • Mylll Time ISSUE TEN - WlNTER 1985·86 Ka1e Rogers· Circles of S10ne • Internal Mylhmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places · 111e Ukterui's Talc Crystal Magic - "Dreamspcuking" ISSUE THIRTEEN· FALL 1986 Center For Awakening· Elizabeth Callari - A Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan· Ocaling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake. The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wild· woods Wisdom· Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WlNTER 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owle • Boogers and Mummers - All Species Day - Cabin Fever UniVCISi1y • Homeless in Katuah - Homemade Hot Waw • S1 ovemaker's Narmtive - Good Medicine: Jnu:rspecies Communication The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE TWENTY-SIX· WINTER, 1989-90 The Ecozoic Era - Kids S:iving Rainforest - Kids Treccycling Company· Connict Resolution - , ~UA~OURNAL 35 PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097 Name Regular Membership........$] 0/yr. Sponsor.........................$20/yr. Contnbutor .....................$50/yr. Address State City Summer, 1992 If ISSUE FIFTEEN· SPRING 1987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife - Alternative Contraception - Biosexuality • Biorcgionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malrinrchal Cul111re - Ptarl ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision Qucsl - First Flow - lni1iaLion - Leaming in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vemncular Architccture - Dreams in Wood and S10ne - Mountain Hoene • Earth Energies • Earlll-Shehcred Livmg • Membrane Houses - Brush Shcltcr. Poems: October Dusi,; • Good Medicine: "Shell.Cr" ISSUE NINETEEN - SPRING 1988 Pcrelandra Garden· Spring Tonics· Blueberries· Wildflower Gardens - Granny I lcrbalist . Flower Essences - "The Origin of lhe Animals:• Story • Good Medicine: "Poww-" - Be A Tree ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Prc.c;crvc AppamchiAII Wilderness. Highlands of Roan - Celo Community - L'llld Trust • Arthur Morgan School - ZOning Issue - "The Ridge· • Farmers and lhe Farm Bill - Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain - Duke's Power Play - Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988·89 Global Warming - Fire This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" - Earlll Exercise - Kor~ Loy McWhirtcr. An Abundance or Empuness - LETS· Chronicles or Floyd. Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE TWENTY-THREE· SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village. Planet An. Green City. Poplar Appeal· "Clear Sky"·" A New Earlll" - Black Swnn - Wild lovely Days· Reviews: Sacred lond Sacred Sex. Ice Age - Poem: "Sudden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in A10mic City - Direct Action! - Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers - Ethnic Survival· Pairing Project· "Baulesong" - Growing Pc:icc in Cultures - Review: I Phone Number Zip Enclosed is$._ _ _ _ 10 give this effort an extra boost Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power - Magic of Puppetry - Home Schooling· Naming Ceremony. Mother Earth's Classroom - Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN - SPRING. 1990 Transformation. Healing Power - Peace to Their Ashes - Healing in Kauiah - Poem: "When Left to Grow" - Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Forest ISSUE TWENTY-NINE - FALl./WlNTER 1990 From !he Mountains 10 the Sea - Profile of The L1ule Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology· "II All Comes Down Lo Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic Habitats· Dawn Watche:s • Good Medicine: The Long Humnn Being - The North Shore Road - Katu:lh Sells Ou1 • WatcrShcd Mop or Ille KlllWlh Province ISSUE THIRTY - SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology - Ways 10 a Rcgencrauve Economy - "Money is the Lowest Form of Weallll" • Clarksville Miracle - TI1c Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy"· Shellon Laurel • LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE - SUMMER 1991 Dowsing - Responsibilities of Dowsing· Electrical Life or the Earth • Kaluah and the Earlll Grid - Call of 1he Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: "On Aggression" - Time 10 Take the Time to Take the Time. Whole Science. Tuning Tn ISSUE THIRTY-TWO - FALL 1991 Bringing back the Fire - A Bi1 or Mountain Levity Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah· Walking Disianec - Good Mc.dicinc: "Serving lhe Great Life" · The Granola Journal • Paintings: "Mountain Stories" - Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-TiiREE- WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - What Is Natural • Fire and Forge The First Fire • Hearth and Fire in Ille Mountains · Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" - Midwinter Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam - Litmus Lichens ISSUE TI-URTY-FOUR • SPRlNG 1992 Pnradisc Gardening - CommuniLy Sponsoccd Agricut111rc • Eluting Close to Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops· Kou1ah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Kaniah Almanx - Good Medicine "Med_icinc Training" • Poems by Allison Sutherland Back Issues: Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __ Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __ postage paid $_ __ , Complete Set: (3- 10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-34) postage paid @ $50.00 = $._ __ Xntuoh )otimitt page'35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 35, Summer 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-fifth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on councils and consensus in governance and making decisions for the future. Authors and artists in this issue include: Caroline Estes, Joyce Johnson, Rob Messick, Bear With Runs, Lucinda Flodin, David Wheeler, Stephen Wing, Lee Barnes, Will Ashe Bason, Clear Marks, Karen Fletcher, James Rhea, Rhea Ormond, Ray Barnes, Michael Thompson, Troy Setzler, Taylor Reese, Rebecca Wilson Hicks, Jenny Bitner, and Ahwi Brown. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Consensus by Caroline Estes.......1 Decision-Making Process by Joyce Johnson.......4 Problems with Consensus by Rob Messick.......5 Tribal Council by Bear With Runs........6 Elda by Lucinda Flodin.......9 The State of Franklin by David Wheeler.......11 Where the Trees Outnumber the People by Stephen Wing.......14 In Council with All Beings by Lee Barnes.......16 Steve Moon: Shell Engravings.......17 Good Medicine.......18 Natural World News.......20 A Look Back by Will Ashe Bason.......23 Are Bioregions Too Big? by Rob Messick.......24 Practices for Full Self-Rule by Clear Marks.......25 Drumming.......26 Jury Nullification by Karen Fletcher.......28 Review: Beyond the Limits by Rob Messick.......29 Events........32 Webworking.......34 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs--History Consensus (Social Sciences) Tennessee, East--History Folklore--Appalachian Region, Southern Cooperation--Virginia--Floyd County--History Human ecology--Religious aspects North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Acid Deposition Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Black Bears Book Reviews Cherokees Community Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Good Medicine Habitat Hazardous Chemicals Katúah Plants and Herbs Poems Politics Radioactive Waste South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance Wilderness https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/d6750f94c0a18f40bca5af30e17a5990.pdf 5e1986979bd6644b0725bad9148dd445 PDF Text Text ISSUE 36 FALL 1992 $2.00 ,.·········~···-..... ...,! ........ I" ? . ~-- -- '··~---.. ..,..•.... •r.--,.•,.--... ···-···_;:) WORKING WITH WOOD �PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 New Address Inside! Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 _. "1''e o,. .,,,. C, () I' Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �Using Wood............................... Appalachian Logging..................... 4 by Lee Barnes Old Logging Days......................... 7 by Frank Hodgin Working the Woodlands................. 9 by David Wheeler Wood Products and Western Nonh Carolina.................. 10 by Dr. John Wade 13 USING WOOD Logging with Horses.......·-··········· 15 'Thi! ecoMmic base ofthe area is rapidly changing from agriculture and primary industry 10 service-related indJAS1ry. especially tourism." Natural World News..................... 16 Invasion of the Giants.................... 19 Depletion for Dollars...................... by Harley Wessman by Nancy McIntyre • The Dra!I Land and Rcsouroe Management Pl.an for lhe Nanlahala-Pisgah National Forests by Buzz Williams From Industry to Endeavor.............. 20 by David Wheele.r Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship.............. 21 by Robcn T. Pershcel Forest S1ewardship Programs........... 22 by Jesse Jones Ecological Foresay for Renewable Forest Values................. 23 by Leon S. Minckler Drumming.................................. 25 The Chair in the Tree...................... 27 by Tucker Windover Reading the Grove........................ 29 by Charloue Homsher Events....................................... 32 Webworking............................... 33 Drawing by Hope Walker f'a(L, 1992 Fanning and logging were the traditional mainstays of the mountain economy. Working with the land was for a long time the only way to live in the remote mountains. Isolated from the national economy more by poor transportation routes than by distance, the white mountaineers lived independently, each family deriving their own living from the fields and forests of their inherited cove lands. The fields grew food; the forests provided additional food sources, as well as a source of wood. The white mountain folk almost literally built their lives out of wood. As well as fuel, it was also used in the making of shelter, tools and utensils, storage containers, and wagon bodies. 11 was even necessary in the manufacruring of the leather that harnessed the horses. The arrival of the railroads changed all that. A flood of ou1side capital rode into the mountains on the rails and the primary objec1 of the corporate desire was the wood growing on 1he mountainsides. Many mountain people drew their first paychecks at the logging camps that sprung up in the hills at lhe tum of the century. The logging boom was in lhe voracious style of capilalism that characteriz.ed that era - it was short and intense, and lhen it was over. The great trees were gone and so were lhe timber barons with their paychecks. But the lives of the mountain people were irrevocably changed. They were integrated into the cash economy and could not go back. Many people left the mountains to follow the logging companies to the Pacific Nonhwest; others migrated to the Piedmont to work at the textile mills. Logging continued, but it was once again small operations cutting primarily for local use. The fanning lifestyle persisted into the 1940's, but once the region was opened to the flow of cash and goods, people increasingly preferred to buy food with wages than to scratch the ever more crowded hillsides for their living. Another transportation breakthrough brought another influx of oucside money and culture and tightened the bonds that held the region into the dominant national economy. The construction of the interstate highways opened the mountains to throngs of people attracted by the region's natural beauty. People came 10 visit, as tourisls and second-home owners, or they came to live, like the many retirees and professional people who found it was much more pleasan1 to live in the mountains than in the crowded cities. Service jobs, taking care of the needs of the visitors and the well-to-do new arrivals, rose sharply and are stiJI climbing. Employment in service occupations is th. e dominant factor in the region's economic picture. Farm employment has dwindled. Most of those who call themselves farmers now work the land only part-time and make the bulk of their living at wage jobs. About the same number of people are employed in the wood products industries as were 30 Drawing by Rob Messick (continued on page 3) "4tuah JournaC page 1 �' ""' ~/ ,, ,I MAST HEADS THIS ISSUE: Sherman Bamford Becky Barwick Charlotte Homsher Steve Lee Pegi L- - - - - -- - - - '/ ,, - ., ./ .•.. COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992 PUBLISHED BY: Kat1mh Journal PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mowitaineer Press EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens, Asheville, NC (love that basil!) WRITE us AT: Kanmh Journal Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-(IJ97 Diversity is an imponant element of biorcgional ecology, both natural and social. In accord with this principle Ka1uah Journal tries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah Journal edil.OlS or staff. The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-prolil organization under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All contributioos to Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income mx. Articles appearing in Ka1uah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from the Katuah Journal siaff. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. ..... . ...,.... ,.. ., ,<'o .,..l.\..,,>" o'\J\),~ ...,to-~ ., ~~'"' .,... ( _., ... ~· ,,,.:~ ,.. . .,._ • ... . .r••••· · .. ., t: · --t··-------- --'.••! I - J. - - - - - - - - - - "" - .,.,,•., . •: , 6';-,. \- . ' I 1,....._··,•• _,,.A: ~..,·:·.....J..,·. .. · .. . -, .... ... ••• ••r'f'· . , .., •..->4·· , - .. ,' ,..,_ ,., •_.... _ _ . •~.. ..;-•.._....,_ -- , ;•• .,.•.~····:!,-" · ... .,__.. , · . --: ' .•... ..,/.:-=---- --- ----:-:,...-i~- ----- - ,.,-::..· : _ ---- Lee Barnes . -~· ,,,- ' ... ~ - -.. . -.. . ,_,.,, ,-' . .••_....;.• ••--!· : .;.;J Heather Blair Jesse Jones Rob Messick David Wheeler ( \ -------- ---~, STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once 1he Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Soulhem Plain on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela. the Eanh Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection to the spirit of lhe land. We bring this connection into lhe being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preserve, defend, and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As the land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. 'LNVOCA.'JWN Oh, trees, Dear sisters and brothers, We stand here To honor you. We acknowledge our kinship to you. We are because you are. You are a part of us, And we are a part of you. We revere your life-giving gifts, Your beauty and your chemistry, Your stability and flexibility. We cherish your life And feel blessed to live with you. Karuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems, and artwork we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, lhe human beings, may find our place in this Great Life. The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wants ro comm1111icare yo11r tltoughts and feelings 10 the other people in the bioregional province. Send them to LIS as leuers, poems, stories, arricles, drawings, or photographs, ere. Please send your contribwions 10 11s at: Kafliah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323: Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 286-15. OUR NEXT ISSUE will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. Images will be the language of this issue. Your contribution is requested. Deadline is November 15th, 1992. Send to Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. THE SPRING ISSUE will be dedicated to sustainable tourism and transport, including green alternatives to uavel. The deadline is February 1st, 1993. OUR LAST ISSUE will be an index to the 38 issues of Katuah Journal, and a listing of bioregional organizations. '.Katimh Journa! pti9e 2 f'aU:, 1992 �(c:ontinUc4 flOltl pqa I) years ago (and to a great extent they arc members of the same families), but the relative percentage of those working with forest products has shrunk as the region's population and employment in other sectors has increased. Today the land-based occupations have faded from their former prominence in the regional economy. The rapacious timber barons arc gone, but the logging companies still arc often seen as the villains in local national forest land use controversies, as logging is the primary on-the-ground activity destroying the old growth forest and degrading native habitats. Logging frequently causes environmental damage on private lands as well. At best a logging site is messy and ugly for some years after the wodc is completed, but poor silviculture and careless cutting practices can leave a poor mix of unhealthy ~ . compacted and eroded soil, herbicide poisoning, and silted creeks. However, we cannot simply wish away wood use, one of our primary land-based occupations. Mountains, forests, rocks, and clear running water are what exist naturally in this place. If we arc going to grow a society that is bioregional, tied closely to the land and based on natural cycles, it will be nourished on food grown in our own fields and orchards. If we arc going to build a regional economy here, it will be built - like that of the early white mountain people - largely of wood. We must restore these "primary industries." Our central challenge in finding our place in any region is: can we live in a good relation with the land? In the Katuah bioregional province, this increasingly comes back to us as the question: working in a right way, can we use wood? In this issue of the Katuah Journal we look at how we arc using the mountain hardwoods. We will examine the wood products industry working in the upland forests today, partly to gain a better understanding of a powerful force in the region's economic and political landscape, but also to sec what changes we must make to create a beneficial and harmonious forestry that could be of benefit to all. The first school of forestry was founded here in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It would only be right for the Southern Appalachians to be the place where we start over and create another school of forestry practice, this one based on the region's native vegetation and natural patterns of growth. Such a field - or forest - of endeavor, done rightly, could be of positive ecological benefit to the bioregion. It could also be a paradigm for a healthy society. "Putting down roots" is the first prerequisite of biorcgional consciousness. When we arc really here, truly aware, we live with future generations in mind. The trees grow from 150 to 500 years in age, or five to 16 human generations. Thinking in those terms would cenainly transfonn our relationship with the land. To people measuring their lives in this time frame, it would be absurd 10 degrade or destroy their - and their descendants' - natural TaCL, 1992 Phoro by Rob Messiclc life suppon processes for the sake of shon-term gain. They would be as unlikely to "high-grade" the forest (cut the best trees and leave the inferior stock) as to pave it over for another shopping mall. To these people, it would also be patently obvious that they should defend the life web from all hann, whether it be the insidious intrusion of atmospheric pollution or disruptive activities . by their fellow humans. When we arc really here, truly aware, we also see the breadth and depth of relationships that keep this land alive. Biodiversity, this is called. The trees arc not the forest, but they arc the greatest plants that grow there. It takes a balancing of myriads of lives, many of them great, many more of them infinitesimally small, to create each living tree. An ecologically realistic viewpoint would see each tree as a culmination of these dynamic relationships. Tall buckeyes and stout beeches are not isolated phenomena that can be divorced from their surroundings. They are integral partS of their life community, and true forestry nunures the health and balance of the whole community to promote the health and growth of its trees. We can learn from true foresters what they learn from the trees: stand tall, grow slowly, develop strong roots, be open to both rain and sun, be green, be of service. Gregory Bateson, who combined careers in biology, anthropology, and psychiatry and is thought by many to be one of the great thinkers of the 20th century, was fond of retelling this story from England: "New College, Oxford, is of rather late foundation, hence the name. It was probably founded around the late 16th century. It has, like other colleges, a great dining hall with big oak beams across the top. These might be eighteen inches square, twenty feet long. "Some five to ten years ago, so I am told, some busy entomologist went up into· the roof of the dining hall with a penknife and poked at the beams and found that they were full of beetles. This was reponed to the College Council, who met in some dismay, because where would they get beams of that caliber nowadays? "One of the Junior Fellows stuck his neck out and suggested that there might be on College lands some oak. These colleges arc endowed with pieces of land scattered across the country. So they called in the College Forester, who of course had not been near the college itself for some years. and asked him about oaks. "And he pulled his forelock and said, 'Well sirs, we was wondrin' when you'd be askin'.' "Upon funher inquiry it was discovered that when the College was founded, a grove of oaks had been planted to replace the beams in the dining hall when they became bcetly, because oak beams always become bcetly in the end. This plan had been passed down from one Forester to the next for four hundred years: 'You don't cut them oaks. Them's for the College Hall.'" "A nice story. That's the way to run a culture," Gregory Bateson would comment . ne F.Alitrrs New Colugutory q/lQlff wllli pm,tissionfr- / ~Nes1 Whole Eanh Catalog (1980). x.at.i&ah Journal pMJe 3 �APPAL?\CHr~N , by Lee Barnes The original forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains contained the greatest diversity of hardwood trees on the con?nent. The majority of the Southern Appalachian trees are hardwood species, with interspersed stands of softwoods, primarily hemlock and pine. These forests occur in natural associations: Upland Hardwood Forest (oaks, hickories, and other species), Cove Hardwood Forest (yellow poplar, ash, red maple, basswood, and other species), Oak-Pine Forest mixtures, Boreal Hardwood Forest (Birch, beech, sugar maple and associated species), and high-altitude Spruce-Fir Forests, which occur in almost pure stands at elevations above 6000 feet. The Spruce-Fir forests are currently under rapid decline due to insect attack and atmospheric pollution. Prior to the twentieth century, the American chestnut was a dominant species in the mid-elevation forests. In 1909, American chestnuts were estimated to compose an average 27% of the trees in the entire Appalachian forest. As late as 1925, 43% of the trees in Buncombe County, NC were chesmuts. Following the introduction of the chestnut blight in the early 1900's, chestn~t trees were eliminated during a 30 year penod as a dominant forest canopy, timber, and important mast tree (one producing wild nuts of acorns). While chestnut root sprouts and seedlings are still occasionally seen in the forest understory, lhese only grow for 10-20 years and then die. Historically, Native Americans used wildfires to modify the forest by clearing shrub tinderstories 10 increase habitat and browse for game animals, especially deer and bear. Fire was used to clear harvested com fields of weeds and insect pests, and to return nutrients to the stream-bottom fields. Forest trees provided the native inhabitants with edible fruits and nuts, medicinals and ceremonial and construction woods. Th~ natural properties of individual woods were well known and utilized by the Indians. For the Indians, each tree, each plant had its parpose - its blessing. Several types of wood were sacred to the Indians, and were not cut or damaged except for ceremonial uses. Ceremonial prayers, gifts, and thanks always accompanied the "taking" of plants and animals. The noted anthropologist James Moody recorded many of the uses and rituals associated with plants native to the southern Appalachians, noting that eastern red cedar was the most.sacred tree to the Cherokees. European settlers entered Western North Carolina forests in large numbers between 1790 and the 1820's. The dense forests were considered as a hindrance by the Xatt'.uin Jou.rnaf; page 4 early settlers who needed sunlight for their domestic crops. Small fields were prepared for planting by killi~g the trees by_ "~rdling," cutting through the mner layer of livmg cells all around the trunk. First season crops were often planted between the leafless girdled trees, which were later cut for household fires or burned in field-side piles. The first settlers had only hand tools such as falling saws and falling axes, and perhaps, a broad axe for trimming and making rough boards. Early homes were built of logs or rough timber, with sawn lumber used primarily for coffins. The surrounding forestS provided.the settlers with wood for fuel. timber, utensils, bowls, and baskets. The settlers quickly learned from the Indians which woods were best for particular purposes. Metal tools were rare and . expensive, so many of the parts for sunple tools and machinery were made from wood. The original forests provided abundant"mast for free-ranging hogs and game animals. Hog and bear meat was best in the fall after the animals browsed on the nutS and acorns, particularly chestnuts, scattered on the forest floor. After clearing lands for homestead and agricultural parposes, the early settlers "high-graded" (cut the best of) the more valuable hardwoods for their own use and the local market. Woods such as black walnut, butternut, white oak and cherry were cut and dragged out of the forest by oxen_ and ho~es. The most desirable trees, those with supenor characteristics (size, straightness of trunk, freedom from excessive lower branches etc.) were cut first from the forestS, with no thought to the loss of gen~tically s~peryor seed-parents. This early ~1gh-grading 1 _s believed to have resulted in a decrease 10 genetically superior or "select" trees, while inferior trees were often left to release their seeds to create the next generation forest. Logging and lumber production in the Southern Mountains was accomplished using only hand tools until the late 1700's, when small-scale water driven "sash" or "gate" saws were introduced. These, too, gradually became obsolete after the introduction of steam-powered circular saws during the latter pan of the nineteenth century. Wood was dragged from the forest by horses, sometimes along constructed "pole roads" made of small diameter poles laid across the path. Logs were also "b~ooted," rolled and tumbled down the mountains, which was very damaging to the understory plants. Later, the horse dragging technique was modified to include specially constructed V-shaped troughs or water-driven flumes. Horses were used to start the downward momentum of the logs, but were hitched so that when sufficient momentum was gained, they could step aside onto "side-out" paths, and the logs would continue sliding down the mountain. Many logs were floated out o~ the . mountains along streams above wh.tch special "splash-dams" were constructed. The dams were built to entrap sufficient water to be quickly released through special flood-gates to flash-flood cut logs down streams where they were collected behind floating booms and then fed into sawmills. The splash dam technique was inefficient and very destructive to plant and animal life in the stream bed. But a shadow was looming over the mountains. Industrial progress was at hand. By the 1860's, the great forests of the northern and middle Atlantic states had been felled to build and fuel the rapidly developing Yan:, 1992 �t;OGGING COUl'IU)' Joraboro Museum. Washington Co1tt1ty TN East Coast cities, and large commercial steam-driven sawmills were slicing up the virgin forests of nonhern Pennsylvania. They were expanding into West Virginia by the 1870's. By the turn of the twentieth century, the original forests in Maine and the Great Lakes states had also fallen before the saw. In 1855, the North Carolina Legislature granted a chaner to the Greenville and French Broad Railroad Co. (GFB RR) to consm.ict a rail line into Western Nonh Carolina. Actual track laying from Greenville, SC to points nonh and west began in 1873. The line reached Asheville Junction (then named "Best") in 1880, 10 years after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The imponant timber and pulp town of Canton, NC was established in 1883 following the extension of the railroad from Asheville. A new age of technology had arrived. Timber interests had spent the last decade buying up lands in the mountains. Now they lost no time in connecting their properties to the main railroad lines. In I 873 Ephraim Shay of Ohio had invented the Shay engine. This railroad engine had horizontally mounted, gear-driven wheels which allowed greater traction to pull heavy loads and climb slopes of nearly 60°. The Shay engine was reported to be able to pull itself back onto the tracts following minor derailments. This unique gear-driven engine was soon nicknamed "Sidewinder." With the introduction of the Shay engine, railroads could now access huge are3S of the mountain forests which had previously been closed to logging. The narrow-gauge logging railroad lines were never safe. Train wreaks were common, and were widely reponed and photographed. Many lives were lost due to :fa[L, 1992 run-away engines and major derailments. But they enabled timber barons to make fortunes in the mountain coves and hollers. To cut the logs coming off the little trains, the well-financed timber companies also installed large steam-driven band saws, which were capable of producing over 100 thousand board feet of lumber per day. Once, long ago, two men had typically sawn 100 sawn board feet in one day and water-powered mills had produced 1,000 board feet per day. The late 1880's saw the beginnings of the US Forest Service. The US Division of Forestry was created in 1881, at the urgings of forest specialists Charles Sargent and Gifford Pinchot, by President Grover Cleveland. The first "forest reserve" (predecessor to our current national forests) was established in 1891. The Organic Administration Act of 1897 defined the purposes of the forest reserves as "securing favorable conditions for water flow, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States." In 1911, the Weeks Acl authorized federal funding to acquire "forested, cut-over, or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams..." The first national forestland in the east was the Pisgah National Forest which was established in 1916 from the land holdings of George Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt's widow sold the denuded land for $5 per acre, after previously selling the timber rights for $12 per acre. Several associated railroads and logging companies co-developed in the Appalachian forests in the early 1900's. Numerous northern and foreign-financed logging companies quickly established themselves in the Southern Appalachians including Suncresl, Crestmont, Bemis Lumber Co., Ritter Lumber Co., Little River Lumber Co., Scottish Carolina Timber and Land Co., Champion Fiber Co., and dozens of smaller companies. Their output was tremendous. An estimated 1 billion board feet of lumber were cut by the Little River Lumber Co. at its Townsend, TN mill; 200 million board feet by a Ritter Co. mill at Proctor, NC; Champion produced 5 million board feet a month at Sunburst in Haywood County, NC; and The Perley and Crockeu Lumber Mill near Black Mountain, NC cut 250 million board feet. Wood too small for lumber was generally used for pulpwood - especially the softwoods, spruce and white pine. Champion Fiber Company's Sunburst community boasted the largest double-band sawmill in the region. Buih along the west fork of the Pigeon River above Canton, NC, the company town consisted of the sawmill, houses, pose office, schools, churches, and had rail passenger service lo and from Canton. Interviews with retired workers from that mill repon thal between 140,000 and 160,000 board feet of sawn lumber were produced daily during typical work days, with a one-day record of 250,000 board feet. The mill burned once in the early i 920's and then was completely destroyed by a massive fire in 1925, along with most of the railroad bridges, logging camps, and the surrounding mountainsides. Not only were the forests and mountainsides forever changed by the industrial logging, but so were the mountaineers, who in the three or four decades of the logging boom grew accustomed 10 steady employment and living a more contemporary lifestyle in the newly consm.icted milltowns. The mountaineers were introduced to electricity, phones, regular health services, community theaters, motion picture theaters, barber shops, and even soda fountains. During this period, a unique private School of Forestry developed. The Biltmore School of Forestry, founded by Dr. Carl Schenck, was the first organized school of modem forestry in the United States (informally founded in 1898 prior to the nation's first Forestry School at Yale University). Dr. Schenck based his lectures on forest management upon his experiences as a student in European forestry and his hands-on experience as the Chief Forester of the Vanderbilts' Pisgah Forest. Schenck was brought to America by George Vanderbilt to manage his newly acquired 125,000 acre forest. Schenck was a student of Sir Dietrich Brandis, one of the first modem European foresters, and succeeded Gifford Pinchot as Chief Forester at the Biltmore estate when Pinchot left to guide the political changes (continued on next page) :K.ati«m Jou.mat page S �were cut, the industrial timber interests set out for the west coast to continue their rampage. For decades after the boom was over, timbering in the Southern Appalachians was canied oo by small, local logging operations who picked over the scraps of forest the big companies had inadvertently missed. Through natural growth and the stewardship of the public lands by the US Forest Service, the forest is returning. Now it faces another crisis as it nears economic maturity once again. ln summary, our region's current publjc and private forests have been greatly modified by humankind, resulting in woodlands greatly changed in composition and character. Our philosophies on forest and wood-use must be expanded to encompass all the values of the forest - sustainability, lum1?Cr, habitat, species diversity, water quality, recreational and spiritual values. Historical destruction and modification of the original forests have resulted in our present forests which continue 10 be damaged by our over-consumption and lack of empathy with the forest's inhabitants. Photo US National Archive (continued from page 5) needed to establish the United States Division of Forestry. Through trial and error, Dr. Schenck discovered that modem forest management D?USt be unique to each specific forest and cucumstance. He continually not.ed that forestry techniques were lightly linked to the availability of inexpensive transportation. Schenck was the first teacher to link classr~m ~eo!Y with hands-on, practical expenence tn different forest settings, and took great care to establish and monitor e~erimental management techniques on different forest plots. He realized that forestry manage!Dent must include not only timber producnon but also mineral, wildlife (hunting and fi_shing) and recreational (hiking, c~pmg) management. Early studentS of The B_ ll~ore Forest School were soon widely clistnbu1ed among the Forest Service and held leadership roles in developing forestry programs for the state universities. About 1914 the steam-driven, "Clyde Overhead Skidder" was developed. This machine consisted of a reinforced. stationary tower-boom with huge cable reels connected to a movable double cable trolley system. Mile-long, 2 inch thick cables could be positioned to "skid" four or five logs up to 40 feet long nearly one mile through the woods to a loading area where they could then be loaded onto railroad cars for transpon to nearby sawmills. The steam-powered McGiffert Log Loader was capable of loading huge logs onto train cars. and even had the ability to "lift iLSelf by the bootstraps." Huge areas of forest were cut using these machines, which carelessly wreaked havoc upon small crees and other vegetation in the drag-lanes. It was reported that one skidder remained working at the same site on Sam's Knob above Sunburst for two years. While huge quantities of timber were >Cat.uah )ournm page 6 removed using overhead skidders, these foreslS were often later scarred by huge forest fires, _often started _by SJ?arks from the heavy machinery, or by lightmng, or deliberately set fires (caused by displaced bootleggers, it was sometimes said) which raced through the slash left behind the logging operations. The massive grassy balds in Shining Rock Wilderness Area, along the Blue Ridge Parkway above Canton, are the result of skidder logging followed by a great frre in 1925. There are reports of fires burning continuously for three weeks. One logger stated that "they burned up more timber than they ever cut." The great fires of the industrial logging period influenced to this day the plant and animal associations found in the Southern Appalachians. When the last stands of the great trees We must see our southern forests as more than a timber base in order 10 realize th~ir full value. Our remaining public and pnvate forests are not just timber and mineral resources. These forests are the biological reservoirs of the land. Woodlands are the lungs and kidneys of the planet, producing oxygen, and cleansing the air we breath and the waters we drink. The forests are our region's greatest biological asset. They need to be managed for the benefit of all species. The living forests shelter us all. They must provide for our need for wood, but they must also proteet the biological diversity which can never be replaced. The sustainability of o ~ forests is everyone's responsibility. ~ Lee Barnes is a botanist and an avid backpacker who has hiked over a thousand miles in the Smokies, including over a hundred miles along trails which were once railroad grades (although he prefers trails through old growrhforests ). �OLD LOGGING DAYS by Frank Hodgin When I was young we lived on Canoogcchayc Creek in Macon County, NC, My daddy was gone, and my mother took care of us children. She never took a job. She just took care of the house and helped us in the fields. We all worked. There's no mistake about it. We all had a job. After school, we'd go to the corn field and work there until dark. If we got behind in the hoeing, I would stay home from school for a day or two and get caught up. That's the way it went. When I was about 14 years old, I swapped our mule for a horse, swapped that horse for a yoke of cattle, and went to work in the woods. I got a wagon, and I hauled telephone poles, "acid wood" (wood like chestnut or red oak from which tannic acid was extracted to use in tanning leather - ed.), and pulp wood. I had to haul it eiiht miles. The other kids and I would go up into the mountains, cue a load in one day, get it on the wagon, and bring it home. The next day I would drive it into town. I'd get back late in the evening and the next day we would cut another load, unless we had quit a few days to work a crop. That was how we bought our coffee, sugar, and the other linle things we needed. When I turned 15 years old, I went to work for a man who had bought a boundary of telephone poles on the government property up in the mountains above our house. l was making $1.25 for 10 hours of work a day. Lord, I thought I was making money. The owner had three yoke of cattle, and not long after I started working for him, the man who was driving cattle for him quit. He let me try driving 'cm, and those cattle and I got along real well together. I got in some tight places, but I never let one of his animals get hun, and I got his telephone poles out. He had a man doing the cutting, and that man would help me rig 'cm. I drove them out to the main road, where they were loaded onto a wagon and hauled to the station where they would put 'cm on railroad cars. I could make two trips a day, carrying five or six poles in each load. When I was 17 years old and of pretty good size, the Blackwood Lumber Company started cutting timber here. My brother and I went to work for Blackwood. We worked for them for years. I worked for the company longer than he did, off and on. I worked through to the back end of "Canady" (Little Canada - the headwaters of the north fork of the Tuckasegee River - ed.), and all over Rough Butt and Piney Mountain. We stayed in their logging camp back up in the woods. It was a big camp with 75 or80 men. Most of the time I drove a team for 'em, skidding logs. We'd get up at 5:30, feed the horses, put the harness on 'em, and at 6:00 a gong rnng for breakfast. At 7:00 the camp foremen turned us out into the woods. We worked all the time. If you didn't work, you didn't stay. We worked differently than the way they do now. There weren't any coffee breaks. We worked from 7:00until 12:00. We had until 1:00offfor 'FPCL, 1992 lunch, and then we worked until 6:00 that evening. It usually took about an hour to get back to camp. We would cat supper, and then the teamsters had to water their horses, curry 'em down, and put in plenty of hay. We Counuy of lhc Atchives of Appaltchia. ETSU didn't have time to relax or do anything after supper, we just went to bed, because at 5:30 the next morning they rang a gong to get the teamsters out of bed and back to the barn again. They always turned us loose at 4:00 on Saturday. They gave us two hours off on Saturday, and we didn't work on Sunday. It took a whole day to travel to Macon County, so we would usually stay at camp for a month or six weeks at a rime before we would go back home. Lacer on, I got married, and we moved to Caney Fork. Then I would walk home through the mountains every weekend. There were trails all through these mounuuns then. In the camp, we lived in long wooden shacks. They had double bunks on each side for the men to sleep in. The kitchen was built off one of the shacks. It was a long building with two long tables running the length of it. Most of the time the tables was just as full of men as they could be. They had good cooks, and whatever you wanted to eat, they had it on the table. For breakfast, they had ham and eggs, and biscuits. They'd have flapjacks, and they made gravy every morning. They'd make fried 'taters, and that gravy would go over 'cm, and there was applesauce on the side. They had peaches, they had jelly, and all kinds of meats on the table. It was good food, but it cost $1.00 a day. Of the $3.00 I made every day, I bad to pay $ LOO for board. That left me $2.00 in wages. Of course, if we stayed in camp on Sunday, we still had to pay for board, so when I stayed over, I made only$ 1.00 for my work on Monday. At lunchtime, if we were close enough to the camp we would go back for lunch. But up on Caney Fork, when we were away from camp, they would load the lunch on a railroad car and a "cookie" from the kitchen brought it out and set it all out in the woods - just like we were having a picnic. After everybody had eaten, he would gather up the dishes, and 1918 after they had loaded the car, he would set all his equipment on the back and ride out. Or perhaps he would walk out, because they ran those trains fast, and sometimes they would jump the track. It was dangerous driving one of those narrow-gauge trains. If one went off the track, it would tear up creation. Sometimes I drove oxen. Sometimes I drove horses. I'd drive six of them - three yokes. The biggest log I ever skidded was a 14 foot log that had 2700 board feet of lumber in it. It was bigger around lhan I was tall. There used to be some big timber in these mountains. I usually hauled a seven-log rig. I'd set the logs up in a line behind the teams. The front log had two J-grabs on it, so that if the logs started to run, you could turn your horses out of the road, the spread hooks would slip off, and the logs would go on by. Sometimes they'd leave the road, and it would be a time getting 'em back on if the ground was slick and icy. They'd get all tangled up, break loose, spread all over the mountain. That was some "rough doin'." I have seen it foul up - logs. horses, and all - and go over the bank. That didn't feel good when I saw what happened. It hun the horses. Some of 'cm got skinned up pretty badly. Some of 'em would get crippled, and they would have to kill 'em. Of course the company didn't care, they had insurance on 'em. I've been in lots of close places. A lot of times the logs would crowd me against a (continued on next page) X.Otuc:an Journot pOCJ", 7 �(continued from page 7) tree or a rock cliff. I had just one chance then. We wore cork boots (with sruds on the bottom - ed.), and I'd jump up on a log and jump off on the other side. Then when I got past the bad spot, I could cross back. It never got too rough to slow down. It didn't matter how deep the snow was or how thlck the ice was, we went out just the same. The foreman would turn us out on a rainy day just like on a good one. We could come back in if we wanted to, and he Most camps weren't as big as ours. Camps usually bunked 30-60 men. There weren't just timber cutters and teamsters. There were a lot of other jobs to do. Back then, they didn't have a bulldozer to make the roads, they made 'em with manpower. They took picks and shovels and dug 'em out The men who worked on the roads were called "road monkeys." They all had manocks and shovels. Where there was rock, they had to blow it out with dynamite. They had one crew that did the drilling and the shooting. Cowtcsy of the Arcluves ol Appal&ehia; ETSU wouldn't say anything about it; it was his job to turn us out, but if we wanted to work, that was up to us. It never got too muddy or too slick to haul the wood out. The railroad would run in any kind of weather. I skinned logs many a time when the road wasn't anything but a sheet of blue ice. It was dangerous. Back then, 1 was young, and didn't pay any attention to it, but looking back on it now, I can see those dangerous places, and it makes me tremble sometimes to think of some of the places I got into. I drove cattle and horses nearly all my life. I've been in some of the roughest places a man can put a team, but I never did get one hurt l guess 1 had enough practice at it. I followed 'em for years. I've worked some real good horses, and I've worked some that were as mean as they could be. Of course, if I got of one of those bad teams, I wouldn't stay long. I'd just move out. I'd go somewhere else, or I'd stay out a day or two and come back and get a different team. I'd haul the logs out of the forest to the narrow-gauge railroad where they would pick 'em up. The narrow-gauge train pulled about five cars, and it would bring the logs down to the top of Indian Camp Branch, where there was a big skidder. They called it the "drop out machine." It would book to one car at a time, and lower it down over a waterfall to the main line. They would unload the wood, give a signal, and the skidder would pull the empty car back and book onto another load. The wood went down the main line to East LaPone, at the bonom of Caney Fork where it joins the Tuckasegee River. Blackwood had two band mills down there. Each of them would cut 30,000 feet per day. That took a lot of logs. Xotiuih Journat p~ B Back at camp there was a saw filer who stayed at the saw-filing shack. In the evening, the cuners took their saws to the shack, and the next morning he gave them sharp saws to take out. There were cooks, and one feller caUed the "lobby hog" who would make up the beds in the morning and would get the wood in and keep the fires burning in the winter. He would get up early in the morning and build a fire to get everything warm before the men got up. They would generally run about five or six sawing crews. They would cut those big trees with that old cross-cut saw, the "misery whip." That's some rough work. Back then they just took the best timber. It had to be number one material. They would get two logs off some trees, but most of the time they would just cut one good log off and leave the rest to rot That's just the way they logged back then. They wasted more timber than they cut. They liked yellow poplar and what they called mountain oak. Of course, they would cut everything big enough to make a log white oak, black oak, basswood, maple, whatever it was. There were a few white pine trees and a linle hemlock up that way, but the yellow poplar and the mountain oaks would bring more money than any other kinds. Working in that big timber was dangerous, no mistake about it Sometimes a man would get bun, and every once in a while, a man would be killed, but not often. It was usually somebody who didn't understand how a tree was going to bust We had a few killed. Someone cutting that oak timber had to know just how to put a lead in it and how to saw it. Otherwise, it would " slab up," break off way up high, and part of that tree would head straight for the ground. If a man wasn't out of the way, it was just too bad. Three men worked on each cutting crew. One man did the "chipping" and the "measuring off." The other two didn't do anything but saw. Almost every tree leans just a little. The chipper had an axe, and he kept it sharp as a razor. He would cut a big notch in the tree right under that lean, 10 or 14 inches deep in a big tree, and then he would stand back and keep watch while the others began sawing behind the notch and cut the tree down from behind. When the tree hit the ground, the chipper measured off the logs they could get off it, and the cutters would saw them off while the chipper started chopping a lead in another tree. People were killed by falling limbs, too. Sometimes while they were cutting a tree, a dead limb would come off and would catch somewhere high in the branches. If they were lucky, they could go cut another tree, and it would come loose and fall. But they couldn't walk off and leave a tree. Eventually they had to go back and get it. The chipper would watch out for the cutters while they sawed the tree and got out. Sometimes, though, it wouldn't be five minutes before the dead limb would fall, and the cutters would have to dive out of the way. People got killed that way, not getting out from under a limb. They had a timber foreman, a road foreman, and a foreman in charge of the whole camp. The big bosses stayed down in the company offices at East LaPone, where the mill was. There's very little down there now, but East LaPorte was a mill town back then. There were more than 100 houses for the people who lived and worked there. The houses went up to the top of the ridge. They had a store down there, but they also had commissaries all up Caney Porlc for the working people. We would buy goods with scrip notes that the company issued. They would give us as much scrip as we wanted and then take it out of our checks down at the the main office. The commissaries had groceries, tools, shoes, boots, clothes - anything a person wanted. It was like a general store. They weren't more expensive than the Sylva Supply store in town. They were just about like any of the stores. Logging has changed a lot since my time. They don't do it now like we were doing it. It used to be an old cross-cut and "get 'em the hard way," but now it's all done with bulldozers, skidders, and chain saws. Chain saws started coming in during the forties. I bought my first chain saw in 1951 or 1952. Early on, some of 'em worked, and some of 'em were mighty sorry. Most of the early ones were two-man saws. They were big ones. They worked pretty well, but they were hard to carry through the woods. We used that kind until the companies put out the one-man chain saw. They were heavy when they first came out, but the loggers still thought they were bener than pulling on the cross-cut all day. They have improved on them a lot since they first staned making them. Things have gotten a little easier, anyway. Those old loggers, they sure had a time. ~ 1'aU, 1992 �WORKING THE WOODLANDS by David Wheeler Western North Carolilltl is abour 76% forest. What we do, how we manage these f oresrs - or how we mismanage them determines our destiny. We can't drill for oil; we can't catch sabrwn; we can't grow wheat. Forests are what we've got. - Charles Woodard,foresrer Looking out from over a high cliff in Katuah Province, one's vision moves across sweeps of green-mantled mountains flowing out to the horizon. Trees in such number and such variety are seen in few other places in the world. It is clear that lhe natural growth in this bioregion is forest. If left to grow, the old hills would be covered almost completely with a bewildering variety of tall trees and the wide diversity of other plant and animal species associated with them. Great and small, each species contributes to the health of lhe forest and makes it what it is. We are positioned between the warm Gulf air currents to the south, and the cold Canadian air currents to the north. The land climbs more than 5,000 feet in elevation change. In some parts of the region rainfall is 40 inches per year, while in others it is more than 90. The wide variety of influences causes a wide diversity of species. More than 140 species of trees are known here. There are, of course, all grades of sites, but on good sites many species of trees find their highest expression in the Blue Ridge. In 1901, H.B. Ayres and W.W. Ashe were sent by the federal government to inventory the Southern Appalachian forest. Of the area around the Great Smoky Mountains, they wrote: "The forests are chiefly of hardwoods, with a large amount of coniferous growth around lhe higher summits and in the deep, cool hollows. On the drier slopes, and especially on the south sides, oak and chestnut form the greater part of the timber, with some black and yellow pine on the ridges. The timber in the hollows is more varied and the stand is heavier, poplar, birch, Jinn, and buckeye being associated with the oak and chestnut. The finest and largest bodies of spruce in the southern Appalachians occur here, along the crest of the ridge and the north slope... " Just as the trees are a central feature of the ecology of the area, they have also historically been a central feature in the lives of the people who lived close to the land. And if we are to re-establish a balanced habitation of this area once again, our relationship with the trees will again be a primary fact of our ex.istence here. Seventy percent of the Southern Appalachian lands are still in forest. Some people hazard the guess that more land is in forest now than 100 years ago when each family had to clear off the acres they needed to grow all their own food. Many of the trees growing in the mountains are hardwoods. f"aU, 1992 Photo US National Archive Since the loss of the American chestnut from the forest canopy, yellow poplar is the most common species, though it does not dominate the region as the mighty chestnut once did. Sixty-four percent of the region is considered "timberland," which is technically defined as sites that would suppon timber utilization. By US Forest Service estimates, there are 16.7 billion cubic feet of "growing stock" (trees that are of a size to produce sawtimber) in the region. There is an estimated 54.6 billion board feet of sawtimber growing in the region according to the latest Forest Service surveys. With the mild climate, abundant rainfall, and dark forest soils, this bioregion is well situated to produce quality sawtimber. For the region, that is a blessing and a curse. For as long as they have been here, people have used wood from the forest trees sometimes carefully, sometimes in a manner that was wantonly destructive. The forest is only now recovering from the onslaught of industrial capital which ravaged the area in search of precious big timber at the turn of the century. The timber barons looted the region both economically and ecologically, and when their plundering was done they fled with their wealth to pillage elsewhere. The timber industry of today is making a positive economic contribution to the region, but often at the expense of environmental integrity - an expensive price. Logging and roadbuilding in the national forests penetrates into the last old growth stands left in the mountains and cuts t0 the bean of the last great habitat area left in the southeastern forest zone. Papennaking pays some of the highest wages in the region, but the Champion mi11 in the town of Canton is killing the Pigeon River with a toxic effluent that contains the deadly chemical compound dioxin. According to latest Forest Service surveys of the region, the industry is annually cutting 747,520,000 board feet (bf) of sawtimber, 1,851,000 cords of pulpwood, and wood for manufacturing 24,332,000 board feet of composite board. Wood is also cut for poles, fence postS, and a resurgent firewood trade. According to North Carolina State University's College of Forest Resources, the value of the timber cut in western North Carolina alone equals $129,231,000. This timber, according to Bureau of the Census figures for 1988, supported 51,354 employees in lumber and wood productS, furniture, and paper-making occupation's in the region. This was 7% of the employment in the whole region. High-grade hardwood sawtimber from the Southern Appalachian forests goes mostly to making furniture, lumber, facing veneers, and ornamental moundings. Some is exported overseas, largely to foreign furniture plantS. Lower-grade hardwoods go into the inside layers of plywood, flooring, pallets, railroad ties, and mine supports. Chips from small or poor quality trees are used in making oriented strand board and pulped for paper, paperboard, and coated stock. (continued on page 11) :K.cituan Journat PCMJe 9 �,,,l:1 'PhtIT ..:rmi1 1:,3wl '{d Juo lllguod ~-J,f 1''tti ~, T" ~;J•, :,~iif·... & n.- bid ru;:i 1ol1C1J11o:J lli:.m?. 11 '{t.UOJ n~•,, bna '-· ., .. ,.. .,,, ;. ,.. , with employment and earnings in the lumber fon:ed to zero. Lumber was chosen since it provides the raw material for fumilUIC and paper. Furniture and paper were not forced to zero values in the Model This is a well established Slalistical teehnique for answering "what ii" types of questions as the one posed here, but it should be in no way taken to mean that the author advocates the elimination or the lumber industry in any way. • On average, lOl3I earnings in the region would decline by over one percent if the lumber industry were losL Disposable per capita income would decline by almost as much. The most affected industry would be paper with losses in earnings and employment in lumbt:r on other industries as captured by the Model, Lotal employment in manufacturing in Western North Carolina would decline approximately two pcrcenL While these losses may not seem great, they are the stuff of strong recessions if comparable losses were to occur at the national level. br" ,f:,n,i,'\ qv Ilg, ri->ti! bl"JI ?Ir,:>.,.,,.,..,.,,, Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade (about 200) over this time period. (In other words. the increase in fumilUrC (300 jobs) and lumber (400.jobs) arc more than offset by the losses in paper industry jobs.) A beuer picture of job trends in these throe wood products industries can be had by looking at the relative position of these industries to the toial picture in Western Nonh Carolina, as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the disparity in job growth in the wood producis industry (lumber, furniture and paper combined) and agricultural occupations with the rest of Wesiem North Carolina. The numbers used in the graph do not represent actual numbers of jobs. Rather. the sectors have been indexed, so they all sharc a common starting point in 1969 that is set equal to one. This is done so that change in the different sectors can be pictured on the same graph. · Total employment in Western Nonh Carolina and employment in the service industry is much greater than in agriculture and wood producis. For example, in 1988 there was a total of slightly over 400,000 jobs in the region of which 16,240 jobs (or 4%) were in the wood products industries. The values on the vertical axis show the percentage change in employment over time. Employment in the service sector has grown by almost 70 percent between 1969 and 1988. Toial employmenl has increased by about 55 percent. In comparison, wood products jobs have been quiie stagnant, evidencing no growth during this time Depanmenr of Economics and F'JNl'IU, School ofBu.rincn, Wcsran Carolina University The trend of the~ few decades towards growing environmenial awareness in the United SUIICS has engulfed Western Nonh Carolina and made some of iis lnldilional industties controversial. An excellent example is in the wood producis area whose lumbering practices have come wider increasing scrutiny from environmentalists. Here we take a two-fold look at the wood producis industries (which are comprised of the lumber, fumitwe and paper industries). F'USl, historical data for employment &om the WNC Ecooometric Model at Western Carolina University and which is fwided by Tennessee Valley Authority is presented to place these industries' role in Western North Carolina economy in perspective. Second, simulations from the Model arc used 10 answer some what if type of questions such as what impact does lumber have on the Western North Carolina economy? EMPLOYMENT TRENDS Figure ] depicts employment in the three wood products industries in Weslern North Carolina Io all three, employment is quite cyclical or sensitive to downturns in economic activity, although paper is somewhat mOR stable than its wood products couoterpans. Although paper employment is stable, it shows a Sleady decline in jobs from over 5700 in 1969 to slightly more than 4700 jobs in 1988, a loss of approximately 1000 jobs. The loss of jobs in paper is economically significant since jobs in the paper indusuy are some of the highest paying manufacturing jobs in the area In fact, none of the wood i-ooucts industries in Weste.m Nonh Carolina could be characterized as a growth iodusuy as far as number of jobs is concerned. The entire group experienced a slight loss in jobs CONCLUSJONS Wood products are a significant pan of the Wesiern North Carolina economy, although their importance is slowly diminishing as fastu growing sectors of the regional economy continue to expand. The regional economy bas already been hun by the loss of jobs in the paper industry which arc among the highest paying in manufacturing. The source of dala for lhis article is lhe Western North Carolina Economclric Model maintained by Professor Wilk al We5tem Carolina Univemty under conlJ'aet &om lhe T"'11\C$SCC Valley Aulhority. The Model cons.isl$ of over 80 equations designed lo show lhc interrelationships among seciors in Western North Carolina Ind between seciors in Wutem Nonh Carolina and lhc TVA md nalion.aJ economics. The UNWlCC of Edward Su=u is grarefully period. "WHAT IF?" CONSIDERATIONS aclcnowledgcd. The views md conclusions in !his article do not nccasarily rellect lhosc of lhe TVA. The Western North Carolina Econometric Model can also be used to answer "what ii" typeS of questions. To further ascertain the value of the wood products industries to Western North Carolina, the Model was used to simulate the regional economy WNC EMPLOYMENT For lhe pwposcs of lhis article Western Nonh Carolina is defined u the fiftu:n counties of Nonh ..,~ Carolina in lhc Tcnnasee Valley watershed. fr INDEXED WNC EMPLOYMENT FURNITURE, LUMBER & PAPER: :1969-1988 BASE YEAR 1969 1.1·~-----------------------, 1.o+-- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -7"--i 1.5•-+--- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - --:7':~--1 1.4.l----- -- - -- - - - ---------,,....,11:-----1 1.3+-- - -- -- - -";p;'e:.i!i::::~~~=--- ----l 1.2+ - - -- -- ---1iil~~~~- =----=:::::::ra,;:----I +--- -~~~--1--~ __.,l!l:::ll!~~ ~---=-'""=-..llb.--Di 1.1 0.9·+ - ..?:::.;,j:.......::..__ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --1 0 .81.J......-.--,---,--,--,----,---,,--,-,---r--.--..-----.---,--,.--,---r---.--.-' 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 YEARS Figure I. Xat-1'.iah Jou.mat pQCJe 10 1984 1987 1-- 1972 SERVICES 1975 1978 YEARS 1981 1984 1987 - - TOTAL EMP. ---- WOOD PRO. -e- AG~I. Figure 2. 1-"0U., 1992 �(continued mxn page 9) Nearly 50% of the furniture manufacturers in the United States and the same percentage of the hardwood plywood and veneer manufacturing operations are located within the five states that include the Katuah bioregion. Much of the furniture-making activity is concentrated on the North Carolina piedmont. That location was chosen because it was close to the mountains, which supply 65% of the industry's raw materials, but still on flat land and accessible to major trade routes. Columbia-Carolina Corporation located a plant in Marion. NC specifically to gain access to Appalachian yellow poplar for plywood manufacturing and now uses 28 million board feet wood per year. AFG Industries in Knoxville employs a large workforce making wooden containers. The Champion International plant in Haywood County is a major purchaser of pulpwood in itS area, and there is a Bowater Southern paper plant in McMinn County, TN and a Mead Company paper plant in Kingspon, TN. Federal Paperboard and a large Westvaco plant in Covington, VA utilize pulp to manufacture paperboard. Abitibi-Price Corporation makes hardboard siding at its Roaring River plant in Wilkes County, NC and Weyerhauser Company turns out more than 50,000 board feet of oriented strand board per day at its factory in Elkins, NC. Most of these companies are on the periphery of the Southern Appalachians and draw only part of their raw materials from the mountains. The smaller sawmills like the large operations for the added markets that they create for lower-grade material. Sawtimber companies, for example, do not like to cut puJpwood; but if they have to cut it, they want to be able to sell it. Charles Woodard, director of the industry group the MuJtiple Use Council, said, ''When we heard that Columbia Carolina was building a facility, everybody said, 'Hallelujah!' because they came for exactly what we were having a hard rime getting rid of - the low-grade poplar lumber." It is obvious that the pulp and chip sectors of the forest productS industry are dominated by the industrial giants. Reducing wood to biomass and processing it into productS is a question of moving huge volumes of material efficiently. This is a job best suited for large-scale, automated, energy-intensive machinery. The investment is substantial, and a high degree of regularity is required. This is the scale of economy at which the giant, centralized corporations like to keep their operations. Most of the smaller, independent companies cut and process sawrimber. This is less complicated and does not require large investments in sophisticated technologies. Sawtimbcr is still an important component of the mountain wood economy, and the wood products industry still retains much of its traditional autonomy and independence in the region. Of the 521 lumber and wood products companies listed for the Southern Appalachian region in the Department of Commerce's Counry Business Pa11erns, 66% employ less than 10 people, 92% employ less than 50. A small logging operation requires less capital than most business operations, J'tlft, 1992 and even today a small contractor can bid a timber sale and then ca1J up friends and family members to help cut it There still are part-time sawmills back in the hills that start up operation when the price of lumber is good, sell a bit, and then cease operation bought out by larger fums. "It's just like anything else. Those who do a good job, keep up with the technology, and keep track of market trends are going to do alright. "There probably some people who can Counesy Jone.sboro Museum, Washington County TN when the price goes down. The mountain forest produc1s industry seems to be generally in good health. There is stiff competition among furniture company buyers for Appalachian hardwood, and no company seems to have an undue advantage in setting prices. The timber industry in the mountains is itself quite decentralized. Most sawmills, for instance, are small to medium-sized by national standards. Many of them are family-owned. A sawmill that supports l 00 workers is viewed as a large operation in the Appalachians. For instance, among the biggest buyers of timber stumpage east of the Great Smoky Mountains are the Parton Lumber Company, T & S Hardwoods, and WNC Pallet. Parton employs 75 workers at the mill and works 80 loggers in the forest. T & S has 54 millworkers and 50 loggers working on contract WNC Pallet employs 120 people at their mill at Candler. AJthough they are independent and fiercely competitive among themselves, the Appalachian loggers and mill owners arc cJannish and as a group wield considerable economic and political power in the region. But changes arc happening within the forest products industry. Dr. Larry Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Wood and Paper Science at Nonh Carolina State University, says: "There are still many small, independently-owned mills operating in Nonh Carolina. However, th.e trend over the last 10-15 years is that operations which are inefficient or which don't adapt to new technologies either go out of business or are cut just for the local market and be successful at it, but the business has become more sophisticated. Operators have to keep tabs on what is happening, always be looking for market niches, and must keep a constant awareness that they are dealing in an inrernational market and must be producing the best product that they can. Because it's much more competitive than it was years ago. h's a tough business. It's very competitive." Loggers, too, arc feeling the same pressures. "It talces so much invesunent in this modem, mechanized equipment, the little feller can't afford to get into it. They are pressed to move a certain volume of wood, because insurance and mechanization costs are putting them in a real bind," says Frank Norris, publisher of the market bulletin Timber Mart South and a veteran forester of 50 years experience. "It's becoming more sophisticated all the time. It's surprising how many loggers...the wife runs a computer and does the bookkeeping for 'em. They don't do it off a paper sack anymore. "They have to go further for wood, and to run the highways now they have to have better trucks. So their costs have gone up quite a bit. "They're being squeezed between their costs and what they can get for their product, so they're going to have to be more efficient or more of 'em will go out. Both of those things are happening. That's the reason you see fewer of 'em in it There's quite a few less than there were 20 years ago." (continued on next page) X.cu:uah ) O\U'nCIC paCJe 11 �t I'• f":. ~ t•• • I • .... -·... l i;""!! (continued (mm page 11) Other changes are going on outside the industry that also affect its future. One of the most influential of these changes is in the growth of the population in the region and the shift in its composition. Currently, most of the growth in population is the result of in-migration from outside the bioregion. The newcomers bring with them new attitudes and different ideas - including different occupations and different approaches to land use. One of the strengths of the independent operators has been that, since the depanurc of the early timber interests in the 1930's, forest products work has been locally controlled. The people working in the industry today arc not the offspring of the timber barons, but arc much more likely to be descendants of the people who worked for them. In fact, the timber industry has become a bastion of economic support for the local people of the region. If the industry were to die, a lot of the local culture would die with it. Today, the strength in this stabiliiy may turn out to be a handicap. The regional economy is changing. As the graph on this page shows, regional employment is rising. The rise in employment in the service occupations is on the same curve, which suggests that it is this sector which is driving the upswing. But while total employment and employment in service jobs arc rising, the number of people working in the wood products jobs is holding steady. And while workers are more likely to be operating a band saw than pulling a crosscut saw in the woods, they arc likely to be members of the same families who have traditionally worked with wood. Thus, while employment in wood products jobs is staying even, their percent of influence in the changing economy of the mountain region is declining. "This change is oocwring panJy :l(otuah JournaL p<M)e 12 because of the changing mix of population ...Fewer people are working in agricultural jobs; more are employed in the government, service, and retail trade sectors. The number in manufacturing has increased slightly in the last decade, but it is a much smaller percentage of the total number holding jobs. There is now less employment in jobs dependent on forest products, such as wood, than in the past. Tourism, however, is an increasingly irnponam pan of the economy," wrote the authors of the Draft land and Resource Management Plan/or the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests in 1985. Another aspect of the change in the region's population profile is the change in land ownership. The newcomers arc buying ll_P the land. Unlike the timber and pulp • 'c3rporations on the coastal plain who own their industrial forests, the mountain sawmills cut mostly on other people's land. In the past the landowners were fanners who depended on their woodlots to provide extra cash and so were glad to have them cut as soon as they were of sawlog size. Now people arc moving in who wish to escape from the industrial madness to a forest retreat. They arc well-to-do and want trees, not stumpage payments. This is sure to tighten the supply of timber in the region. What about the future? The agreement is unanimous that over the long term the demand for hardwoods, and thus their price, will only increase. High-grade sawtimber is especially desired. In the broad outlook. conditions are quite advantageous for the forest products trade. Locally, however, forecasts are that the amount of forest products operations that the region can suppon will shrink somewhat. And the shrinkage will take place in the number of the smaller companies that do not have strong financial backing. The corporate style of operation is not suited 10 the mountains - or anywhere in the natural world, for that matter. The smaller, more flexible timber companies have the potential for working in a way that is much more appropriate. The only question is whether the people in forest products occupations arc willing to adapt to the changes that are currently taking place. Replacing local people with newcomers who embody the new corporate attitudes is no solution. Working with wood offers a cultural reference point and a way local people can keep their place on the land. But exploitative attitudes toward the land, particularly when tranSlated into exploitative ways of working in the forest, will no longer suffice. It is not sustainable to support our species' life at the expense of the life of the land. Let us hope we can learn the lessons of ecology and put them to work. We want people to develop, not tum their backs o~'# their ties to this place. fr J'Alt, 1992 �Jj' ! 'J,1 DEPLETION FOR DOLLARS: THE ECONOMICS OF CHIP MILLS . · . i _ -·. ~J . . ( . .,,.:-_ • , :t... ,_ 1· ...,,-~ ., •l-Ao:~ . , ••.,.:-.~ ,..~_:,,;_ . '-!< • • -- . .: ~ . 1r-· · --- -- _-:.r.- The chip mill issue can be framed as a question of how to utilize the Tennessee River Valley region's forest resources to the best advantage of its residents. One option is to maintain the health of the established hardwood industry by keeping out the remote chip mills. This existing option can be characterized as an environmentally acceptable and sustainable system whose market demand is based predominantly on regional economics. A second option, that of bringing in remote, high capacity chip mills, can be characterized as a mechanized, unacceptable, and regionally non-sustainable system whose marlcet demand is based essentially on global economics. Backlf'OUDd To understand the chip mill issue it is essential to understand the forest products industry structure and the resource base upon which it depends. There are basically two divisions of the industry: the solid wood segment - which requires a continuous supply of mature trees to supply lumber for manufactured goods; and the paper segment • which requires a maximum volume of wood fiber to manufacrure paper products. In order to insure a continuous supply of mature trees, the solid wood segment uses the environmentally sound practice of selective harvesting in which only the older trees are harvested from a site, and many middle-aged and young trccS are left for the next harvest in 15 to 20 years. The selective harvest method can be abused by "high grading," a practice in which only the best trees are taken and no cull cuts are made to insure that commercially valuable species will be available for the next cuL On the other hand, chip mills, in order to obtain maximum fiber volume at minimum cost for the paper industry, generally use the environmentally degrading clearcutting method, clearing all protective cover from the land. If reforestation is planned, it is done with bulldozers and herbicides to insure that f'aU, 1992 the new crop of commercial trees are "released." All chip mills are not the same. There are chip mills associated with sawmills and manufacturers which process mill and facrory "residues" so that they can be utilized as "residue chips" in the manufacture of paper. There are "whole tree chippers" which can be carried from site to site and process whole trees. And then there are high capacity chip mills, sometimes called "remote" or "satellite" chip mills, which are set up to supply a primary facility (pulp or paper mill) that is in another region or country. These "high capacity chip mills" are the chip mills that have applied to the Tennessee Valley Authority (IV A) for permits to locate along the Tennessee River at South Pinsburg, TN. Any further mention of chip mills will refer to these remote, high capacity mills. High capacity chip mills cost approximately $3 million to $5 million, excluding site preparation. They have a mechanical life expectaney of three to ten years, depending on how heavily they are used They generally employ eight people or less. Advocates of chip mills usually try to claim that new jobs are created by log harvesting employmenL However, it is documented in both North Carolina and Alabama that much of the harvesting employment already exists and is occupied supplying established regional industries. Because of the high volume contracts, the lower handling costs, and the high value for the commodity on the world market, loggers and haulers often abandon existing industries and go to work for the chip mills. Harvestin& Impacts Comprehending the purpose, the nature, and the amount of tree consumption by the chip mills is essential to decision making because the region already has a very large manufacturing economy based upon the hardwood resource. The fundamental purpose of the chip mills is to supply fiber for pulp and paper mills ourside our region. TVA estimates that landowners will be paid a $1 to $4 per ton "stumpage" price by the chip mills for their timber as it stands. Following estimates by Charles McGee in the article "Low Quality Hardwood Stands," this is not enough to pay for reforestation. High grade hardwood timber is noc likely to regenerate without management costs. ff the owner is not willing to reinvest funds the resulting stand will likely be suitable only for use as pulpwood. Trees are harvested and delivered to the chip mill (for $18 per ton in my Alabama study area), and then chipped and sold for around $23 or $24 per ton. At that point the resource will be gone from our region with little value added. A ton of hardwood chips brings approximately $122, delivered to Japan. Contrast this "regional chip mill resource return" with our established, value-adding hardwood industries. The landowner is first paid a stumpage price for the timber, the logs are delivered to a mill which saws them into rough lumber; the rough lumber is made into finished lumber, marketed, and transported to a manufacturing facility where it is made into a wood product; this is then marketed and transported to a wholesaler or retailer, who markets it one more time. Value is added at each stage of the process. It should be obvious that when compared to the established hardwood industry "multiplier" for employment, the chip mill employment "multiplier" becomes a tremendous employment "reducer." It is also obvious that there is no value added in the region. Another point is that the chip mills are going to utiliz.e a much greater amount of wood than has been previously estimated. TVA stated that each mill would consume 300,000 tons of chips per year per mill. However, Steve Loveland of Georgia-Pacific Corporation in an article entitled "South Atlantic Chip Supply," said, "Any chip mill (continued on nCJ1l page) xawah Journat poc,e 13 �(continued fro;;. ·page 13) l , f t ,l 1, ,,a .. ; ' can double or ttiple irs chipping ourput by adding shifts and can be virtually run around the clock, seven days a week if necessary." This Statement shows that the figure on which TV A is basing its calculations is a minimum figure. Acrual production for one chip mill could easily be three times that much if economic conditions warranted. In other words, if TV A chose to permit only one chip mill, it alone could consume as much as TV A's predicted level for three chip mills. Another factor that skews predictions of ecological and economic impacts is that the chip mills are committed to providing a steady volume of chips regardless of local prices. There is a large capital investment involved in each of the mills, and many of them are owned by paper mills or are under binding "take-or-pay" supply contracts, meaning that they have to pay cash if they do not meet agreed-upon supply quotas. This artificially-maintained production depresses the price of residue chips produced by sawmills in the region, and is also inconsistent with wise resource and environmental management. Chip mills can also serve in a secondary economic capacity: that of liquidating the regional resource into readily available capital for transnational corporations that are sttuggling to keep their heads above water in troubled economic times. In simpler terms, the chip mills are to provide ready cash to their troubled corporate parents by trying, as rapidly as possible, to tum trees into money. This is particularly devastating to the established regional industries and the local environment. The chip mills do not care if "the regional resource"is liquidated because their mechanical life will essentially be over by the time the trees are gone. The Boise Cascade Corporation is one ~xample. Like most of the paper and pulp mdustry, before the recession hit Boise Csacade made large capital invesnnents to increase their capacity. Now the corporation is saddled with high interest payments in the face of a decreased market demand. Furthermore, due to the tremendous amounts of chip exports from the Nonhwest 10 the Japanese, they are being squeezed by chip prices in their operations in the Pacific Nonhwesr. (Condensed from The Value Line). In fact, according to the December, 1991 PaperandPu/p, Boise Cascade suffered a "$32.6 million loss in the second quarter" of 1991, and third quanereamings sank "to a $49.4 million deficit." As a solution to their predicament, Boise Cascade plans to sacrifice the region's hardwood forests, upon which many local people have depended for decades. Many foreign nations have a labor advantage over the United States on the open international market. The United States maintains its competirve position because of a superior supply of resources. It is clearly a good economic strategy for foreign companies to cur as much pulpwood as possible. If they can use much of the United States' resource, the United States will be that much more vulnerable on the open market By chipping our trees, foreign competitors are improving their long term X-citiuih JouTna£ page 14 I exporting market position. American business and government should be thinking ahead. Our competitors are. tnnuence of Market Conditions Developments in the regional and world markets helped 10 create this confrontation in the Tennessee River Valley between established regional wood producrs industries and transnational corporations. The first was a rise in the domestic demand for hardwoods. Because of a slowdown in the growth of softwood trees, overharvesring, an obvious supply of cheap hardwoods, and the development of new technology for using hardwoods in the making of pulp, the paper companies staned using a significant amount of hardwood chips in the mid-eighties. (The current mix is approximately 31% hardwoods and 69% softwood.) The overseas demand for hardwoods has also boomed. Several deepwater ports, like the Pon of Mobile in Alabama, invested heavily in chip exporting facilities during the 1980's. The federal government also invested $2 billion of the taxpayer's money 10 build the Tenn-Tom Waterway to create a direct route between the Tennessee River and the Gulf. It is ironic that the foreign corporations would be much less competitive with our regional industries if the government had oot subsidized their transportation system. Also during this time many well-meaning foresc industry people decided that they needed to "create" additional markets for our low-grade hardwoods by developing expon markets. They should have known better than to think that they could tamper with the market without creating serious repercussions in the existing hardwood economy of the region. This confluence of trends adds up to a radical market change which today could devastate the resource base upon which the sustainable, labor intensive, value-adding, regional hardwood industries of the Tennessee River Valley depend. Nature of the Chip Mil! Harvest The nature of the chip mill harvest is symptomatic of the market demand that drives it. The original intent behind the chip mills was to create a market for low-grade hardwoods. However, clearcutting for the chip mills takes all the hardwoods - poor ones, deformed ones, plus the well-formed young trees that would have grown up to make high-grade sawtimber. If extensive areas in the Tennessee Valley are clearcut, as they have been _in Alabama, it will be at least 70 to 80 years before any hardwood sawtimber matures. No one seems concerned about what will happen to the small local operators in the meantime. On a more immediate note, the low-grade sawmills and pallet makers find themselves shutting down or operating at a loss because the world chip market demand has driven low grade timber prices out of their reach. A sawmill owner in a nonhwestem Alabama county, where chip mill resource depletion has occurred and the sawmills have been shut down, said ruefully that any sawmill owner would be committing economic suicide to allow a hardwood chip - mill within theit ~ . A visit to the areas of Alabama already clearcut is probably the most convincing economic or environmental argument that can be made against the permitting of the chip mills. Competition for the Forest Resource Does our region have plenty of hardwoods to spare? AU the numbers presented by TV A say that we are growing twice as much as we are harvesting. But there is also the question of availabiliry: all the growing trees are not available for industrial consumption. How much of that volume is actually available for harvesr after figuring in operability factors such as steep slopes and year round water problems, and landowners who do not want to sell their limber? Thomas R. Reed of Champion International Corporation in his article "Industrial Perspective on Hardwood Use," said that roughly 50% of the hardwoods are available. This estimate is considered high by some observers. But TV A neglected to do any kind of availability discounting. They assumed in their calculations that all the hardwood trees in the region were available. The regional hardwood industries already depend on those growing trees. The bottom line is that although we may be growing a lot of hardwoods, we are not growing enough to supply the existing hardwood sawmills, the existing regional paper mills, which are increasing their use of low-grade hardwoods, AND the remote chip mills who are here to harvest the hardwoods of the region for the rest of the world. The domestic paper companies are large and well-financed and will probably survive the crisis, but the small milling operations, which employ roughly 85% of the Valley's forest products workers, will inevitably be sacrificed for the chip mills that will siphon off the region's wealth for huge transnational corporations. In terms of the eovironmeotal impact, or the economic impact oo tourism, the region will be trading the incredible scenery and diverse ecological community that accompanies a selectively harvested, mature hardwood forest for a pulpwood lot checkered with constant clearcuts. If one considers aesthetics as imponant, the impact ori southeastern Tennessee is going to be devastating. The scenery will be a politician's nighnnare: graphic evidence of a bad decision that gets worse, and becomes more visible to the public, with every passing year. ~ - Harley Wessman lnforma1ion for this article was provided by Robert Mitchell. coordinator of the Tennessee Valley liardwood Alliance. a coalition of small hardwood lumber manufacturers whose livelihoods are threatened by the chip mill operations that are seeking permits to operate in the Tennessee River Valley. Contact the TeMessee Valley Hardwood Alliance; clo R.C. Mitchell; 2850 McCa//ie Ave.; Cha11anooga, TN 37404. For more information on how to stop the chip mill invasion, c<>ntact T.A.G.E.R.; Box 764; Souih Pi11sburg, TN 37380. 1"aU, 1992 �LOGGING WITH HORSES by Nancy McIntyre "It's a win/win solution," says Jason Rutledge. He is talking about horse logging, a low-impact and sustainable timber harvesting method. Environmentalists call for timber harvesting to stop on public lands. The timber industry pushes ro cut marketable trees and to harvest them in the cheapest way, preferably clearcurting. Logging with draft horses offers another choice that addresses concerns of both groups. Conventional timbering requires building logging roads, often at public expense - roads that are large enough to accommodate tractor-trailer rigs and which damage the environment. Horse logging needs no road building and leaves minimal disturbance, even in steep or remote areas. Rutledge describes horse logging as a superior technology, "an evolved approach that marries science to culture." He goes on to say that "cUITCnt horse logging is a modem effort that employs specifically-bred heavy draft horses that are harnessed with nylon components and work in multiple hitches with several teams in tandem like the Budweiser Clydesdales, except that I use horses of the Suffolk Punch breed. The teams pull a steel log arch, which has high flotation pneumatic tires that provide front end suspension of long tree stems. This log extraction technique, along with directional felling, creates extremely low environmental and visual impact." Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company, started by Rutledge and based in southwestern Virginia, has harvested over 200,000 board feet of timber from national forests in Virginia. Using "real horsepower," Rutledge and his parmer John Thornton have removed trees from the Jefferson National Forest by the single tree selection method. Defined as balanced, uneven-aged management, this least-damaging, sustained-yield harvesting technique cuts a few peak trees per acre. Tree age, species, site, soil type, grade exposure, remaining growth, and wildlife habitat are among the aspects considered in tree selection. Rutledge explains that "this method of harvesting closely imitates nature's own selection process. Each tree is recognized as part of the interconnected whole. Top wood from cut trees and some trees of undesired species are left lying on the forest floor, while desired species remain standing in varying ages and become dominant in population and size." He adds that the Forest Service and agricultural colleges have many expens who can mark timber for this type of harvesting. "Modern conventional logging equipment does too much damage to the environment to go into the forest on a 10 to 20 year harvest rotation to remove a few peak trees per acre. With horses you can do this, and everyone wins something," Rutledge emphasizes. "Tunber is harvested without clearcutting, and there is never removaJ of den treeS or the total destruction of the forest canopy. Therefore, wildlife habitat is preserved while the forest is still contributing to immediate human needs of building 1-"aU, 1992 materials, furniture, paper, etc. "A healthy forest is maintained and helps to protect water and air. yet jobs in the logging business continue, and forest products still enter the manufacturing channels, though coming in smaller loads from smaller tracts and smaller operators. With horse logging, there is less ground for resistance and appeals from environmentalists and a bener opportunity to avoid below-cost timber sales. Governments in other parts of the world have already recognized the extensive knowledge and teach others," Chaffee says. Rutledge offers formal instruction and apprenticeships, but cautions, "Logging is one of the most dangerous occupations in the country." To learn chain saw use, he strongly recommends the Soran Erickson Game of Logging School, sponsored by the Stihl Company. (Inquire with local forestry deparunents for this nationwide instruction.) "Such instruction can save lives, countless Counesy of lhc Archives of Appalachia, ETSU benefits of animal-powered skidding techniques and have chosen this timber harvesting method for a portion of their timber removal." "Draft horses have other uses in the forest," Rutledge adds. "My first Suffolk, Forest Spring Red Samson, and his brother Forest Spring Bill, under the steady hands of Mr. Thornton, recently pulled materials deep into the national forest for the consauction of a rest area and overnight shelter on the Appalachian Trail." David Chaffee of Pittsboro, North Carolina, a commercial airline pilot and farmer who also breeds Suffolk Punch horses, says, "All you have to do is take four photographs. Take one of an area just logged by horses and another six months later. Compare them with photographs of an area timbered with large equipment, now and six months later. You're going to see erosion with the conventional timbering using large machinery. "In regard to jobs,"Chaffee continues, "horse logging involves more people, noc only the Joggers themselves, but also those raising draft horses and raising feed. These are internally-generated jo~s. whereas with conventional timbering, the heavy equipment is made outside of the United States and the energy is imponed. Jobs in the timber industry can be sustained by logging in a different way." Chaffee has twice stayed at Jason Rutledge's farm in Floyd County, Virginia to work with him and learn horse-logging skills for use on his own land. "Jason seems very willing to share his hours, and many bills," Rutledge says. Jason Rutledge is writing a book on Beginner's Use of Draft Horses for the Twenty-first Century. In articles recently printed in The Small Farmer's Journal and The Draft Horse Journal, he tells that he was raised by his illiterate grandfather "who was a hoss trader and, without an outline or agenda, taught the dignity of what a welJ-tended pair of work animals could do for a man who would work too." Jason adds that he is "determined to maintain the dignity of work animals and working man." Rutledge describes himself as an environmental actualist who has spent most of his life working toward the restoration of a cultural ethic or stewardship. "This ethic of planetary stewardship has to translate into everyday life and, for most folks, into the economic reaJity of making a living. Faith is the bridge between belief and action, and I'm going 10 cross that bridge/# with a horse!" fr For further infonnation: Environmentally Sensitive Logging Company Jason Rutledge and John Thornton 2050 Blue Ridge Turnpike Fincastle. VA 24090 Nancy Mclntyre lives on a beauliful ridge-top farm in Floyd County, VA. She is an energetic clean air and water activist and recently spent time educating people to the harmful effects of chemical biocides as part of the Agricultural Resources Center/ Pesticide Education Project. �ROADTHREAT AN APPEALING ISSUE·· ·· N--1 World Ne... $erYice N--1 World Ne... S.-,ice The Forest Service decision on the abolition of limber sale appcalJ bas noc been released 11 press Lime. In the inlerim, Congress has gouen involved with the appeals question. On July I, Sena10r Wyche Fowler (D.QA) introduced a bill co-sponsored by Pat Leahy, Al Gore, and Olhm that guaranu,cd the right to appeal Forest Service decisions. This bill passed in the Senate by a margin of 57-38. The strength of the Fowler bill indicaics that the,e is support for the appeals process as a chcclc against poor decision making. Laier in the summer, however, Larry Craig (R-ID} inuoduccd a v.akencd substitute for the Fowler bill The Craig measure was passed successfully early in August Under Craig's bill, the lime limit for filing appeals and for the Forest Servtce ~iuon of appeals would be shoncncd to 30 days apiece. It would force appellants to travel to the vicinity of the forest to make their case. The Craig bill would also require appellants to make comments in order to have s&anding. These appear to be minor changes, but the biU is in1e11lionally vague on many points. For example, the,e is some question as to whether or nOI the person who reviews the appeal can be the person who made the initial decision, thus creating a conflict of inrcrcst The changes proposed by the Forest Service are far-reaching and go beyond appeals. Acconting to the Sierra Club Legal Deteme Fund, the new appeals regulalions would eliminale the right to know about and comment on sates of lllllds affCCICd by insects and diseases. The lwldling of insect• and discae-relatcd sales has been subject to abuse in the past. In addition, the proposed changes would make it impossible even IO team about limber sales if one does noc sub!lcribe IO a variety of small newspapers. These and other consttaincs would make it much harder to conuibule meaningful comments or even stay informed about activities in nearby lllllional On May 21, the Virginia Transpor1alioo Board announced the prefen-cd IOULC for U.S. RL 58, a new fow--tane that would spai the southwcaem edge of Virginia between Maninsville and Cumberland Gap. The route would bisect the ML Rogers National Rccl'Cllion Area along Corners Crcett. a cascade-filled IIOUl Slmllll Pond Mountain and Hurricane Mountain. The Mount Rogers area is home to a number of rare animal species, including endangered mussels, rare salamanders, bog turtles, gray bats, and northern flying squirrels. Funher east, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VD01) would have Rt 58 cross the Blue Ridge Mountains berwcen Meadows of Dan and Stuart, Virginia, an area that Includes two waterways that are eligible for scenic river status. Highway consuucuon will destroy ll\3lly homes and farms along the way. Some cilizens con1e11d that the project will be the death knell for downtowns in small communities along the way. In order to respond to the threat to the ML Rogers area (and perhaps 10 ocher threatened areas), the Mountain Heritage Alliance has been formed. Members have begun a national letier wriling and petition drive. The group wishes 10 arrange a meeting with VOOT since VDOT has recently met with backers of a popular but desuuctive altcmalive passing through the highlands around Straight Branch, Whiietop l...aurel, and Grems Cove Creek. The group will iqe VDOT 10 IOUIC the highway along existing highways 1-77 and 1-81. They cite a Virginia Depanmenl of COllltlValion and Recreation recommendation against the highway and the findings of a Virginia Tech cconomiSl who predic1ed thal few CCUICllJlic baldiU would be derived from the road. forests. At the same time the Depanrnent of Agriculture is lobbying Congress to end judicial review of Forest Service decisions. Secretary of Agriculture Madigan told Congress. "We could manage bencr if we were free from the inletference of the caur1S [and] we urge Congress IO do that expeditiously." A few such bills have appeared before Congress but they have been unsuccessful so far. BAN CHIP MILLS Narura1 Wotld News Service Residents of the Tennessee Valley spoke overwhelmingly against pcnn1ts for chip mill facllities along the Tennessee River during two summer public hearings. SpcaJc.crs asked that TV A , stop Donghac, Channel Ch1p/P:lrker Towing, and Boise Cascade from construcung loading clocks and facilities along the upper Tenn-Tom Waterway, which TVA comrols. They told TV A th:11 the ini.cnsive clcarculting associated with chip manufacturing would result m a decline in the biodiversity and hardwood manufacturing economic base of the region. TV A omcials repon th:11 they are "swamped with tcuus· responding 10 the permit issue. The baule may have just begun, however. Boise Cascade Company announced shonly after the hearings I.hat they would open a chip mill without a pcnnit and ltUclc the chips overland to port. For more information, contaet TAGER; Box 764; South Pittsburg, 1N 37380. Xatuah )ouma£ PQIJ"- l 6 CLOSING IN ON CHEOAH NIil.ira! World News Service In a decision notice released lasl month, District Ranger Glen McConnell announced plans to log the Checab Mountains again. Over the past live years, the lofty mountain range that surrounds Checab Bald has seen more than its share or roadbuilding, road-indllccd landslides. and clearcutling. Exrensive logging bas tatm its toll on the forests around Oicoah's Shell Stand Creek, Stecoah Gap, Simp Oap, Grassy Gap, Wesc, and lower sections of Ben Creek. McConnell now plans to penetrate further into the wa&cnhcds of Bert and Franks Creeks to the southwest of Cheoab Bald. According 10 the environmental assessment for the Ben Creek Timber Sale, the Forest Service would build 1.2 miles of roads and harvest limber on more than 300 aaes. Even-aged logging is the silviculrural method of choice for most of the sale unit Activists an: concerned that the limber sale will cause further fragmenlalion of habiw in an area · thal is prime black bear babirat Over one thin! of the stands robe cul are over 100 years old. Fragmentation is also a pocential threat to the cerulean warbler and the goshawk. IWO Endangered Species Act candidates likely 10 be found ll the Bert Creek site. SIUdies have shown Iha the cerulean warbler needs at least 1600 acres of contiguous forest Other rare species at risk include the Indiana bat, East.cm wood rat, and hellbender. An additional issue of concern is the possible occurance of pyrue, a substance that produces a dangerous acid when leached out or a roadcut or log landing by rainwater. Oak decline, a phenomenon that causes a die-off o{ malllre oaks due to drought, infcsta.tJOn, and other su-esscs, is the pretext for the sale. but acuv1stS say the Stands are quite healthy. They claim that few loggers would bid on the umber if they had to share the full costs of F.S. 208 and other access roods built at LUpayer expense a few years ago. During the late 1970s, the RARE D Study recommended the Chcoah Bald area as one of the prem ier road.less areas in the Southern Appalachians. lt has since been opened to developmenL The arc3 still has tremendous beauty and tremendous wildland potential One has only to loolt out from the high ridges above Ben Creek to the Great Smokies in the distance to see what the future could hold. To procest the Ben Crnek Tunber Sale, write Glen McConnell, District Ranger; RL '· Box 16-A, Robbinsville, NC 28771. In order to become part of the national petition drive 10 save ML Rogers, write: Gary Stemp: Mountain Heritage Alliance; Rt 3, Box 589; Marion, VA 24354. TRANSREGIONAL POWER Nwral World News Service Attempts to build a high-voltage powerline through West Virginia and Virginia have hit a snag. Appalachian Power Company (APCO), a subsidiary ofthecoal-fued giant, American Electric Power (AEP), asked for a pcnnit to build a 765 kilowatt powcrline Crom southern West Virginia to a substation outside of Roonokc, Virginia, but it hns been forced to withdraw its applicauon with the We~l Virginia Public Service Commission until an acceptable environmental impact statement is p!'Cllll'Cd. Elsewhere, in a hearing before the Vi.rgini3 Utility Commission, expcn witneSSCS for Citi.zcns for the Preservation of Craig County (Virginia) said that APCO should not be given the right of eminent domain for a transmission line built solely for the purpose of ~ling off unusable excess power at a profiL The powerline would transfer power from the Midwest to the urban crescent of CllSLCm Virginia. Opponents say that the powerhne would cul across the Jefferson N31J01131 Forest between \.1ounuun Lake Wildcmcss and two wilderness areas several miles to the east They claun that the powerline will pass through hundreds of ocres of forest and farm land, lowcnng real CSlllle vallleS and conl8lllJll8lJllg springs with herbicides along the v.;3y They worry about the health effects of elecu-omagnetic fields, citing recent medical research on the subject J"aCL, 1992 �APdH &a'iler'f.~'•-tiftini envuonmenl3l siewardship reicon1. Many residenlS or the Southern Appalachians remember APCO's effort to dam the New River in Nonh Carolina. A few years ago, Appalachian Trail club members discovered dw APCO had built an unapproved access road lhrough the Appalachian Trail corridor. The club concluded that APCO was unable IO - g e their own utility corridor, so it reached an agn:anent with thc utility to manage pan or the power corridor themselves. In lhe meantime, APCO has begun a million dollar program promoting thc use or elecll'ic heal pumps. The figbl against the powertine has reached lhe national level U.S. Represeniatives Nick Rahall (WV) and Frederick Boucbcr (VA) have sponsored a bill that would pro!CCI federally-owned land along lhe New River, blocking access to one of the only f~ible rou1CS. The bill ha1 had sll'Ollg suppon in the House or Reprcsenwives. Hearings on the issue will begin SOOD in thc SenalC. Wrice Cilil.cns to Preserve Craig County; Box 291; New Casile, VA 2A I 27 and lhe National Commilltle for thc New River, Bluestone Project CommiUtJe; Box 103S; Athens, WV 24712. Also wrice your legislalorS. DECISION ON BIG IVY Nlhlnl Wodd News Savice In I.ale July, Ranger Paul Bradley ol the Toecane DiSlricl or thc Pisgah Nllional Forcsi. issued a decision oo the controversial Sugarhouse Cove Timber Sale, proposed for thc Big Ivy arca in BU1100111be County, nordleul of Asbeville.. Big Ivy is III an:a oC unusual circumneutral soils, rare planl communities, and excellent examples of old growth foreaa (see Ka,/Jalt JollnlOl 134), and lbe proposcd sale was bigbly CClllll'O¥a1ial. Bradley was leaning IOWll'd a decision 1h11 would have deVll.1Ulled a unique roadies., area conraining in:es measuring four feet in dialnder and examples of many rare plant species. ScienlislS and IIClivislS r.niliar with the sea rushed to ils defense, informing the Forest Service that die proposcd logging and road building would resull in unaccq,18blc damage. The eovironmeulal group SoudlPAW initialed a teuer writing campaip that brougb1 hundreds of lcuers and petition signaiurcs opposing the sale. Womansong, a choral group from Asbeville, 1111g for the forest outside die Forest Service otricea. garnering media coverage for Big Ivy. In response, Bradley scaled back his logging plans for the waaenhed. He eliminal.ed four of thc five areas scheduled IO be cut and reduced the timber sale volume by 80%. The remaining sale unils are in an abandoned homcSICad, an area that is already relatively degraded. Surprisingly. the Forest Service ~ the Sugarhouse Cove portion, after which the limber sale was named, as a Rcsean::h Natur81 Area. The analysis process resulted in designations of large pans or Big Ivy as either old growth habitat or as "unsuitable for umber producoon." Bradley dampened a poccntially explosive si1ua1ton. Many cnvirorunenl31istS feel lhal the Bag Ivy wau:rsbcd should be scqucsu:rod as a biological rc.o;crve. ActivistS are divided as to whclher to nppcal the timber sale or to turn !heir aucntion to other assaults on Kaluah's biodiversity. JUSI lhree weeks lalcr, Bradley allayed coocems that his districl might llOI meet its timber wgel by issuing a decision to log another scelion of lhe Toccanc. The sice is near Seven Mile Ridge along lhe Blue Ridge Partway. 1'cdl, 1992 1-26 HEARING HEATS UP Namnl World News Service Oo Joly 21, more than a hundred area citizens packed Mars HiU Elcmenwy School to give the NC Deparuneot ol Transportation (001) officials their views oo the proposed Inu:rswe 26 segment between Mars Hill, N.C. and die Tennessee border. Although opponents of the project were in thc minority, they represented about half of those speaking. One of lhe most moving prcserualions was a slide show by Bruce Oarlt showing whole moumainsides deliberalcly logged. deooded. and gouged away on the Tennessee section of the project, which has been underway for more than a year. To dace neither of the SlalC DOTs have fully considered the impaa or the projecl beyond swe borders or oulSide the immediate project area despi lC the fact that the projecl would increase tralfx:, cause displJlcemcnt, and destroy CICCS)'Slel!IS lhroughou1 the • region. Area citizens warned lhe DOT of the pol.Clltial for erosion, runoff, and wucc disposal problems associaled with large-scale "cul and fill" operations. They said lhal the project would disturb wedands and black bear migration corridors along the way. They suggested thal DOT explofe alremative uansponation sys1CRIS like freight uains and mass transiL networts before it embarks on a COSIiy projecl that the swe and federal governments, both in debt. canno( affonl. One speaker ciled a tcuu lhal the DOT sent to Monce Cunningham ol thc WNC Alliance. The 1cucr said lhal U.S. 23 is 1101 dangerous enough to justify mating expendilurea for Ind sand trapS and other safety improvements that Cunningham suggested.. In spice or this the DOT proposes spending nearly a q11111er of a billion dollars on a four-laae projec1 tbll will have no al«y benefilS until it is completed n1111y years bc:nce. The,e and other glaring inconsislmcies ha"VC 1od many citizens to believe that the DOT is • agency that plays by no rules except ilS own. WORKING FOR ALARKA Nanni World News Service Efforts are Slill underway to pr0ICCI the Big Laurel ttact in Swain County, a piece of land also known as AJaita Laurel. The Trust for Public Lands, a foundalion dial buys land and uansfers ii to government agencies. is hoping that ii can facilitate the purchase or the trac1. Officials II the 1JUS1 say !hey want people from Nonh Carolina to decide how bes1 to use the Big Laurel lJ1ICI. The llUSI has negotiated an option to buy the land. Local rcsidenlS have used the Alarka Crcelc watcnhed for horseback riding, camping, picnicking, SCOUl outings. and hunting for generations. According to resident Carl Queen, most or the people in the area "would like 1 see it kept in the pristine 0 Sl3ce that II is in.• The 2,080 acre traet contains a spruce bog. a wetland along Alarka Crnck, and a hctbacoous bog. The red spruce forest in Big Laurel is arguably lhc soulhcmmost on lhe continenL It is unusual because 11 has no1 shown any decline, as m Olher locales. and ii appears to be expanding in10 an area lhal was previously logged. Bag Laurel is also known for populations of brook uou1, pigmy salamander, and other rare ~ies. The Natural Hen1age Program has yet 10 do a survey of lhe area. According to Dr. William McL.amey, lhe area is I crucial mign11ory corridor. It is ~ible to descend from Big L.aurel at 4,600 feet to the LiUle Tennessee Gorge, then proceed to Wesser Bald on the olhcr side, and remain under foresled cover throughout lhejoumey. Shape Notes This little curl of smoke shows where some wood was. From thick tree trunk right down to tiny twig all gave up this cycle's shape to keep those beings in the cabin warm. Now this gray smoke stains the blue sky. It floats up up. Maybe someday in a different cycle those beings in the cabin will do some singing, some shape changing for the wood. Julia Vansclow Mutat Aliquid Ergo Sum (For Dylan-September, 1989) More often, now, the fog at dawn seeps deep into the hollow; creeps up the rodcy Eastern slope with a silent hint of Fall. It settles over everything, so near and distant hills are out of focus, dreamy, and hushed. 1ne first few leaves are spinning down; the Walnut's dropped its fruit. I hardly remember Spring at all when Summer's so dose to Fall, but Winter's hazy memory sits chill on the still night air that drips and drops a sparkling sheen in the haloed morning sun. 1ne last of Summer's fullness fills cicadas, crickets, tree frogs, until late morning melts the shade, dissolves the rainbow dew The Goldfinch canary yellow is dimmed. The last of the Hummingbirds are migrants navigating South. It's a lime we know there are no words that thought can fonn in mouth to really sing the song that sings the music of change, the IIWQTtneSS of things Frank Vogel Drawing by Michael Thompson x.atilah Jownat JJQ9"- 17 �Natural World News THE FOREST PLAN IS OUT! SPECIAL REPORT The US Forest Service bas just released its proposed Draft Suppleme111 (() the Final Environmental Impact Statement (DS-FEIS) for the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests Land and Resource Management Plan. When the original plan was released in 1987 there were four appeals of its provisions, and the Chief of the US Forest Service remanded the plan back to the region for changes, specifically those concerning questions about old-growth forest areas, clearcutting vs. uneven-aged managemen1., protection of unroaded areas, below-cost timber sales, and protection of biodiversity. The proposed amendment is controversiaJ, arousing opposition from both environmentalists and the wood products industry. Public comment will be received through December 16, after which a new plan will be developed. The draft supplement describes the amendments to the Forest Management Plan and how the various alternatives were developed, giving more details concerning the affected environment and environmental consequences. The lengthy document is the result of much work, but it falls short of addressing public concerns about the mismanagement of the public forests. In the short "Highlights" of the Plan, rhe Forest Service statements appear to offer positive solutions to environmental concerns, but further investigation of the "fine print" does not support this initial impression. Much of the discussion focuses on the allowable sale quantity (ASQ) of timber to be cut each year. The ASQ has always been a ceiling for timber cutting, with the actual timber targets falling well below that level. For instance, the present ASQ is 75 million board feet per year, but the agency actua!Jy cut onJy 55 million board feet in the past year. In the draft, the annual ASQ in the Forest Service's alternative is reduced by an impressive margin, from 75 million board feet to 45 million board feet However, subsequent statements by Forest Supervisor Bjorn Dahl assure industry representatives that the amount of timber actually cut wouJd not fall very much, because "45 million board feet is not that much below 55 million board feet," intimating that the ASQ is no longer going to be the ceiling, but the target for each year's annual cut (CHAGRIN IS IN) trees are left standing on the site only to be removed in a second cut 15-20 years later. The Western North Carolina Alliance, a citizens' group which has vigorously opposed clearcutting in the national forests, is bitterly disappointed by this move. Members point out that they have consistently campaigned for uneven-aged management of the forests for years. Shelterwood cuts, like clearcuts, are a form of even-aged management. which yields a stock of trees that are all of the same age. To Alliance members, the agency's change is simply a change in rhetoric. "Shelterwood is simply a rwo-stage clearcut,'' observes one member. Only a very small pan (about 12%) of the total acreage 10 be cut would be logged by single tree or group selection to produce true uneven-aged management. To lessen the problem of below-cost timber sales that has plagued the agency in past years, the Forest Service promises timber interests that they will offer more lucrative sales containing large sawtimber trees and fewer sales containing pulpwood (undesirable trees that bring a low price). These custom-tailored sales still would not turn a profit for the government; at best the Forest Service could promise only that they might break even. Figures elsewhere in the draft show that the Forest Service plans to increase the profitability of their sales by increasing environmental costs. Despite earlier assurances, only 3.3% of the national forest lands would receive additional protection from road construction and logging. Some 44,000 acres of unprotected roadless areas (called "semi-primitive, nonmotorized areas") and nearJy 45,000 acres of land inventoried as possible old-growth would be opened to logging under the preferred alternative. Instead of treating below-cost sales as a signal to improve forest management by saving old-growth and potential old-growth habitats, the Forest Service is using below-cost sales as an excuse to sell those areas off! The Wilderness Society also noted that the Forest Service showed that their interest is not in stopping below-cost timber sales by putting into the timber base over 100,000 acres of land which would not tum a profit, according to agency analyses. Much effort was made to identify and inventory old-growth stands, but the criteria for determining old-growth presence were vastly oversimplified. In the draft supplement, the mere presence of trees older than 100 years indicated old growth. And the old-growth inventory was an empty gesture; while 133,456 acres were identified as old growth, only 5% of the total forest acreage wouJd be reserved for "future old growth values." Wood products industry representatives are expressing great concern about job losses, lower profits, and potential changes in logging techniques. However, the draft supplement estimates that the preferred alternative would offer only 100 less "jobs'' (actually hourly equivalents) than the number offered in the original plan. The new draft supplement shows that the Forest Service has indeed changed and become more skillful and sopb.isticated in its management techniques - it has changed its techniques of managing numbers and manipulating language to more skillfully cover the fact that out in the forest, it's business a.s usual! • by Lee Barnes and David Wheeler Copies of the Draft Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Suuement of the Nanlahala-Pisgah Land and Resource Managt!mellt Plan can ~ st1e11 al most public libraries ill westt1r11 Nor1h CarolillO or may~ reqllt!sted by phoning (704) 257-4200. Send comments ~fore December 16. 1992 to Nantalrala!Pisgah Planning Team; Na1io110I Forests ill North Carolina; Box 2750; Asheville, NC 2 ~ .....-::::::==:::::-.___ The draft supplement proudly announces a significant reduction in the acres of national forest to be clearcut annually: from the 4,500 acres called for in the original plan to 1,500 acres, one-third of the original amount Substituted for clearcutting was the shelterwood method, which in the preferred alternative would be practiced on 2,320 acres of the forest. Under this method, part of the Xatuah Joumat p09e 18 Drawing by Timbcrly Ashe :fa{!, 19112 �INVASION OF THE CORPORATE GIANTS by Buzz Williams Like many others who have chosen to make my home in the province of Katuah, I am keenly appreciative of the incredible beauty and diversity of the native Appalachian hardwood forest. But after living here for some time, one soon becomes aware that these forests, which are the cornerstone of our ecosystem, have been severely impacted by the human presence. For me, the fulfillment of finding my "sense of place" has been tempered with a kind of sadness when I think of what we have lost. But to lament over the past is certainly not productive; nor is the popular notion that further degradation of our environment is necessary for the well-being of our species. On the contrary, recent scientific studies tell us that the maintenance of healthy ecosystems is more than simply leaving a bener place for future generations - it is the key to our future survival. We are learning that a healthy economy is dependent upon a self-sustaining environment. Aldo Leopold stated it this way: "...a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends 10 ignore, and thus evenrually to eliminate, many elements in the land commurury that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning." Leopold's extension of our concept of ethics to include the protection of all plants and animals, what be called the "third element," must now be embraced if we arc to prevent the further degradation of our forests. After devastating the Southern Appalachian forests, the big timber companies moved to the Pacific Northwest. They acquired huge tracts of territory, and the timber supply from that area was instrumental in meeting the increased lumber demands during World War II and the decades of prosperity immediately following. During those years, the US Forest Service became increasingly timber oriented. From 1950 to 1968 timber harvest volumes from our national forests increased from 5.6 to 12.8 billion board feet. Several theories have developed as to why the Forest Service has so willingly become an ally of the timber industry, but the most plausible seems to center on a process called "logrolling." The timber industry financed and helped to seat CongressionaJ legislators who won positions on strategic subcommittees which govern Forest Service activities. including budget appropriations. These lawmakers have been in office for long periods of time and have built up strong concentrations of power in the halls of Congress. Their close connections to the timber industry are not hidden. Sen. James McClure (R-ID) went straight to a seat on the board of the Boise Cascade Company upon his retirement from the Senate. The press statements of Sen. Mark Hatfield (D-OR) read almost exactly like industry statements from the corporations in his state. This year Senate Majority Leader Tom Foley (D-WA) effectively stopped consideration ofH.R. 1-"all, 1992 1969, a bill which would have outlawed clearcutting in the national forests. Power such as this has brought the l!S Forest Service into line with the policies of the timber industry. Pacific Nonhwest. Io addition, the Appalachian hardwood forests were recovering from previous over-cutting. With recently-developed technology that allowed the use of hardwood fiber for making paper products, the Southeast was once again ripe for pluckin~. Cheap land and non-union labor costs m an area closer to their markets were further inc.entives to the timber giants to move south. As early as the 1950's, Georgia Pacific Company was already buying up land in the South. In 1982 it moved its headquarters from Portland, Oregon to Atlanta, Georgia. Others followed. The Forest Trust recently reponed that since 1978, seven of the largest timber comparues in the Pacific Northwest had increased their mill capacity in the South by 121%. They are coming from other directions as well. Bowater Corporation, the largest newsprint producer in the country, announced in Marcb,1992 that it would move its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to Greenville, South Carolina. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, local conservation groups arc currently fighting applications for barge permits by three chip mill companies which would produce over 1.7 million tons of green chips per year. One of the companies, Donghae, is based in Korea, and all the companies plan to expon their chips directly to the Far East (see page 13). The addition of these powerful competitors for timber in the Southeast is In 1990 the fate of the threatened spotted owl became the focal point of the battle to save the remaining 10% of the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest The timber industry screamed that protection of the owl would cost thousands of jobs, but investigative studies found that they were using the spotted owl issue as a smokescreen to cover their own activities. One study found that, even before the owl was listed, 26,000 timber-related jobs had been lost to automation in Washington and Oregon, and, further, that between 1980 and 1989 the practic.e of log exporting had cost 19,200 timber workers their jobs. Closer scrutiny of the timber industries revealed that they were making huge profits at the expense of their employees and the loggers who supplied the mills. Their long-term strategy was obvious: they had overcut their private lands, just as they had done in the Southern Appalachians, and were now liquidating their timber "assets" to produce the capital to relocate to the Southeast, which had begun to recover from earlier exploitation and was out-producing the Pacific Northwest. Acre per acre, the southeastern coastal plains were producing about 1.7 times as many board feet in a 65 year period as the Dnwing by Michael ThompsQn (continued on p,tgc 26)' Xatuah Joumat page 19 �FROM INDUSTRY TO ENDEAVOR .:Forestry is the one area where the inappropriateness ofboth large-scale technology and the slum tenn prof11 motive is most apparent. For this reason, it may be an ideal place to begin to tlUn the tide." - Robert Brothers Timber extraction as it is presently accomplished is a primary cause of ecological degradation in the Karua.h bioregional province. Given that a land-based economy in the forested mountains will depend heavily on the use of wood products, how much wood can we use and how can we use it in a beuerway? Changing the way we think about the land and our conceptions of our role in the bioregion would change our relationship to the land and the way we use the products of the land. New definitions and new values would lead to new institutions and new ways of working. The first and most basic recognition is that we are pan of the natural oommunity and that the needs of the natural community must come first Aldo Leopold, a forester who truly cared for the natural world. stated it thus: "We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." In the Katuah Province, this means first and foremost that the public lands are held as a bioregional reserve, inviolate from logging or other intensive commercial use. It must be understood that all the forestry proposals that follow are for the lands surrounding and buffering the bioregional reserve, and that the reserve proper is to be left as habitat for the native plants and animals, wild and free forever. In its proper place, a buffer zone which includes large areas of sensitively managed timberlands would be a positive ecological benefit, extending the forest cover and protecting the core habitat area from disturbance. Even outside the core reserve area we must constantly remember that "the land is a community to which we belong," and that forests are complex and heterogeneous life communities. In the upland hardwood forests in particular, industrial forestry is not an appropriate practice. We must change the model of forestry 10 one that follows a biological panern rather than a panern of mechanical_production. Forestry is not farming. It is, as the local wisdom puts it, "living off the increase" of the natural forest community. Recognizing this, !t is clear that sustainable forestry does not Sllllply refer to the number of growing trees, but concerns the integrity of lhe forest community as a whole. Continued sustainability of the forest requires that biomass be returned to the soil to maintain soil fertility and site quality. The Institute for Sustainable Forestry in Redway, CA bas defined sustainable forestry as "forestry that can safely be practiced while X.ntuQft. Jou.mat p1i9e 20 by David Wheeler ensuring that the forest's needs are met before any biomass is removed in the form of harvested trees." Silviculture would then mean, as it is supposed to, the art of caring for aforest; not "growing trees" as it is currently defined. A Southem Appalachian Sustainable Forestry Association, designed on the California model, could promote this awareness. Like its western counterpart, it could draw on a wide variety of experience to devise standards for ecologically produced lumber and other forest products. Trained and accredited logging ooottactors and foresters could be given eoological cenification for timbering practices that are both ecologically and eoonomically sound. The group would also do public education, research and development of sustainable forestry practices, restoration forestry, and research on marketing, value-adding processing, and wood product ideas. At present, the greatest hindrance to a sensitive forestry in the Karuah Province is the notion that the land is a oommodity for speculation. Rising land prices and increasing fragmentation of landholdings are discouraging private landowners from becoming involved in forestry. If the land market will not support forestry, the only solution is to remove large areas of land from the market. Non-profit farmland and forest mists allow habitation and use for land-based activities, but free the land from oppressive tax burdens and protect it from the threat of development This arrangement would offer a strong economic incentive to those who wanted land for use and enjoyment rather than for speculation. ~nother neces~ conceptual change is to revise our ooncepnon of a demand-driven market to one that is based on the ability of the forest to provide. Measures to moderate the use of wood products (not including the substitution of plastics or other synthetics for natural materials) could help to lessen the demand. Companies could also utilize the wood that is available more efficiently and more C(:Onomically by ensuring the highest value uses and creating new ways to use pieces that might otherwise be wasted. At the other end of the process, consumers could help to lower demand through the re-use and recycling of wood. "Adding value" is another key concept that could change the face of the timber business. Supplying the furniture industry seems appropriate for the bulk of the timber cut in the mountains, but the growing export market threatens to draw timber- away from the region. It would be of the greatest benefit to the regional economy to emphasize wood products rather than wood as a raw material for a faceless global market Specialty products - hand-crafted wood furniture, wood carvings, boat lumber, musical insttuments, wooden toys and gifts, etc. - offer opportunities for creative entrepreneurs and support small shops that employ only a ~w people each. individually, they seem to be inoonsequential, but studies in the Pacific Northwest are showing that the cumulative economic impact of specialty shops is substantial. Another key word that oould SJ)C1ll great changes in the region's timber trade is "cooperation." Small loggers could oombine to sell their products. They oould thus reach bener markets and sell their wood for highest value. By pooling their capital, they could be more competitive and stay better informed about market conditions. They could also cushion expensive bonding guarantees and equipment repairs. By lightening the money pressure, they could afford to do a bener job in the forest. If the cooperative owned a sawmill, they oould eliminate cheating at the scales, could pocket the increased value of their product, and could provide work hours during periods when they could not go into the woods. Such ventures would be prime targets for community eooaomic development efforts. Another approach would be to organize landowners into cooperative groups, as forest management is organiz.ed in Switzerland. Lislott Harbens, a forester of Swiss extraction, said, "I know of two or three cases where larger landowners are considering pooling their resources and employing somebody to do their work for them" The changes listed above foreshadow a wood products market that is oomprised of smaller businesses that are more decentralized and more individualiz.ed. In light of present Ta(t, 1992 �~ • L by Robert T. Perscher ~ ~ I' • • .._ r.. ,1 f I ~~ • ..._ Pioneering a New Human/Nahµ'e- Relationship ~- - ~ (Thefolwwing is uzlunjrom a report commissioned in 19')() by the New England Section of1he &>ciety ofAmerican Foresters as part of ti~ process ofdrafting anew tnis.sion stare~ntfor the group.) The ex.isling forestry doctrine focused on wood production no longer serves our profession, society, or the Earth. The profession, therefore, needs to develop a new doctrine/philosophy embracing a land ethic and philosophy of ecosystem managemen1. This approach necessitates a reassessment of the adequacy of our ex.isting scienllfic foundations. Our mission must be expanded to the widest possible cooteitt: the preservation of life on Earrh. As foresters we are charged with this mission because we have accepted the role as stewards of what is perhaps the most critical 30% of the Earth's (land) surface. Our srewardshlp responsibility includes some of the most exuberant eitpressions of nature: the trends, this seems to be the direction in which the industry needs to move in the Southern Appalachians to be mon: sustainable over the long term and more regionally responsive. These changes would be only part of a necessary ongoing social and economic shift in the n:gion. Any economy, particularly in a forested area, that is growing faster than the trees can grow is moving too fast. An economy that kills its biological suppon system with toxic chemical pollutants needs to find new methods of production. Any area in which the local species cannot find secluded habitat is overpopulated and overdeveloped. These ills are obvious when our society is compared to the forest, the self-supporting, biological model for growth in our region. A sustainable forest products trade will not be attained immediately. The transition stage is critical. We can take immediate steps toward a more sustainable forestry: 1) Invest in the growth of high-grade hardwoods. This move appears risky in terms of the present economic climate. But the present economic climate is notoriously short-sighted, and long-term trends appear to justify this investment Landowners, however, do need to be educated about the value of improving timber sites and stands, as welJ as more careful logging in order to attain a sustained yield. 2) Provide tax relief for timberlands. Land that is currently being used for agriculture or forestry should be assessed at lower rates than development propenies. "Highest use assessment," in which land is assessed according to the most expensive use to which it could be put (usually subdivisions), virtually assures that the land will be put to that use. At present rates of interest., the only method that pays in the short term is to climax ecosystems of a green and .flowering world. They tend to suppor!_greater stocks of bi?mass and harbor a grea~er number of species than any other ~logic!'1 zone. ~orests play a ~Jor role ir· planetary recycbng of Carix?n, mtrogen anc.l o~g~n. They help detenrune temperature and nuofall. They constitute the major gene reservoirs of our planet, and they are-the main sites of emergence of new species. Life on_ Earth as we know it, human or non-human, IS dependent on our forests. And we, who call ourselves foresters_. are the . protectors of the ecosystems which make this incredi~le l~gacy of ?iversit)'. (>?SSibte. Ir [that protccnon] 1s our ulumate llllSs1on and, as such, must define and embrace all that we do as professionals. To fulfill this expanded mission we must rise to the challenge of recreating our relationship with the forest. We must now establish, as nearly as possible, a direct contact with our place within nature and begin to make our forest management decisions from that place. To accept this quickly clearcut all the young trees in a stand before they have had a chance to make their full growth. In the long run, careful and ecological logging that produces a sustained yield will pay off, but the initial returns are lower as the landowner improves the site and conditions the growing stock. Long-term, low-interest government loans or a capital gains tax differential for income on timber produced by ecological methods would help to make those methods competitive with industrial forestry practices and would make timber investments more competitive with other long-term investments for private owners. 3) States need to train and certify loggers. Two states in the bioregion are taking hesitant first steps in this direction. ~~ - ,.. challenge means that each of us must refuse t.o iux:ept.the least common dcno,;ninaror the loweit level of awareness of the forest that all membc;rs of our society can agree to, for this stifles change and persona) expansion. We must be willing to move beyond th.e comfortable and generally accepted doctrine the profession still clings to and forge a new _relationship that will permeate all levels of the profession. -. To accomplish this change wemust draw on the elemental energy within each of us _th~t originally drew us to this profession. Wuhin the SOlll"Ce of this energy some of us will find a fierce compassion and a true affection for the entire forest ecosystem. These are the fundamental fotees that will now drive our profession. The old doctrines of profit, fiber production, and primary loyalty ro employers will not disappear, but will be subsumed and integrated in their rightful place within the far more expansive vision of preserving life... • Excerptedfrom the April, 1991 issue of1"4 Journal of Foresuy. th4 publicauan of the Society of American Foresters. ~ Tennessee is one of several states that has received funding through the federal eittension service to start pilot logger education programs. Two one-week instruction courses run by the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service in cooperation with other groups and government agencies will provide training in ecological principles, best management practices, forest management, and safety practices. The North Carolina Forestry Association is also considering co-sp0nsoring training workshops for loggmg contractors with the state Division of Forest Resolll"CCs. Attendees would receive certificates of training and their names would be made available to landowners inquiring about responsible loggers. 4) Forest workers must defend the forests. Said Dr. George Weaver, head of the Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries at the University of Tennessee, "The forest products industry, like anyone else who has a stake in a resource, has to be responsible for maintaining and perpetuating that resource." Although he was speaking in a different context, his words ring true. Foresters should be some of our strongest environmentalists. Trees are pan of the forest community (or ecosystem); it is only logical that to protect the trees, one protects the forest that produces them. In the mountains, foresters and loggers should be vigorously "protecting the resource," in particular from the dangers of atmospheric deposition and the pressures of continuing land development. Forest scientists in the piedmont areas are already concerned that atm0spheric pollution might be affecting the growth·of softwoods there, and several studies have tested that connection. Other studies have (continued on page 22) :Fa£!, 1992 :Katuah )ournat p09e 21 �{continued from page 21) documented a connection between atmospheric pollution and spruce decline in the high-elevation coniferous forests. A clear cause-and-effect connection has not been conclusively proven between atmospheric deposition and Fraser fir die-offs, oak decline, dogwood blight, butternut blight, and hemlock decline. However, there is a common suspicion that pollution is implicated in the widespread and severe forest die-back. Other ecological macro-events, such as the gypsy moth invasion, global climate change, and the orone hole, are going to affect the condition of the forest, and foresters need to feel responsibility for these issues as well. . Aldo Leop<>ld spoke of our relationship with th 7forest m terms of "love and respect." Todar It would seem incongruous for a prominent ~orester to use such tenninology. What pracncal value could notions like "love" and "respect" have in forestry? Upon reflection, however, it can be seen that these are of the utmost value. They are, in fact, the very f~undation of a forestry that is truly sansfying and truly sustainable. The First People had been living in these mountains for 2,000 years of unbroken OC<:upation when they were discovered by the w~te settlers. Eve_n though it had supponed the1r culture for millennia, the forest still stood with a grandeur that awed the whites who centuries ago had sacrificed the ' European forests as "resources." There were - intentionally - less of the native people inhabiting the mountains, but that was not the sole reason for their longevity as a people. Their culture was based on love and respect for their bioregion and the other "nations" or species that shared the land with them. They directly addressed the spirits of the other beings tllTough song. Before hunting they addressed their prey in song, and after making a kill, they performed a brief ritual and offered a song of thanks. Recently the environmental group SouthPAW caused great amusement in the timber industry because they suggested in a Forest Service timber sale appeal that singing to the trees be used as a forest management technique. The group protested that the puiyose of their proposal was, of course, sanncal. They wanted to show that, whatever loggers thought of singing to the trees, it was preferable 10 the destructiveness of clearcutting. However, the South PAW proposal, so gleefully ridiculed in timber trade publications, hits directly home. Unless we have that sense of love and respect for the forest and the trees, well communicated by singing to them as the hunters of old sang to their prey, we wiJI not be able to develop a truly sustainable way of using wood in the Southern Appalachians. The day yet may come when loggers stand before a tree and, either silently or aloud, offer thanks for its life. We will know then that we are in balance with the forest and that we are well on the way toward a long-lived human culture here in the southern mountains. ~ Rick Parrish of the Southern Environmental Law Center is investigating the possibilities for initiating a Southeastern Institute for Sustainable Forestry. All those interested in supporting this effort may contact him at 201 W. Main St. (Suite 14); Charlottesville, VA 22901 (804) 977-4090. Forest Stewardship Programs # Two new programs offi:J help 10 landowners who wish lO mana11c their Corests wisely. The Forest S1ewardship Program helps landowners to devel~ s1ewardS.hip management plans for their folCSiS. The Siewardship Incentive Program offors financial help 10 enable Jandowntrs to carry out stewardship plans. Bolh programs wc,e created by the federal Fann Bill of 1990. and are supervised by SJ.ate forcsuy ai:encics, so they vary slightly from state to siate. Federal and sta1e forestry assisl311ce 10 pi:iva1e landowners is not new. What is new abont the Foresl Stewanlship/lncentive programs is the increased emphasis on non-timber val~. the degree 10 which these programs seek IO enable private landowners to ~cvc:lop and implement c0111prehensive plans to conservu wide range of land values, and the dcgteC of commitmel)L requ~ o! landowner.: participating in I.he programs. The new programs ~led in past from the growing controversies over public Jan4 managemt111 in the US. The public lands cannot meet all of our needs for wnber, wildlife (including non-game and endangered spocics) habitat, ~igh quality water nows, recreation. and beauty. Much or~ mosl potcnliaUy productive forestJs he.Id by priv.io landowners. This land could be bcuec managed. ~stewarclsbip -progrnms arc predicated on the bcijef lhat ll\ally privalC landoW!MJ.S will take good ¥ ol their f01C$1S it'they are given educatiollll, ,echnlcal, a,'ld financial help,~ some.recognition. .Landowners owning forested l!ICtS of Oan 10 to 1,000 a~ m a y ~ in ~stcwar~ programs;tQ ~ allllldo"1'tf mukt.naati: some senous comm~: • eqdgrsing tJfc ).)'Sign the •sie~ip aieecr s t ~ i p ~ti;! pledge tO Collow lbeir .slO'l¥8[~ip plan. ~L Z) Commit co improving at lc:&9l dne ol rou I"' ,d vp categ()qi:s ( wildlife_. soi.1/wAJet: timli<:r, '.& a,e f ~ ) and ~ n Ql'Pf1'{cct (l«ber values, ~) ~ i t ;t~d land w)Lfiin the tract~ Sl~ship.1118118~t. ' 41 Actively patficipate in sLe'IYirdsblp jlr.n develQl)llleru. 5) Abide by S1ale and (edc,:al JaW$ affcttin1 for~ activities. , In exe1iangc, for IIJ¢ sicw~blp comrnitmellt, Jhe atate will~ ~wnci, il'I clcveloping a st~dship plan lbat reflCClS thcu- desires fur thcit land. The plan would bedc-vel()pCd either by g(lvemment l1)SOIJroC' mQMgers or by private consuhanis, tunded through the: Stewardsllip l1*:nlive Program. °Tht" foreSUtef,'lltdship program.,; lll'O in &licit in(ancy, and it is diJTieulr tojudge wha{ the loilg-torm lmpaet,w1II be. &tate foresters in TCMe$SCC, North Carolina, South Carol:i'na, and G ~ reportlhat 110 10 l!ID sm-warw:liip plans ha~ been ~l&ed in each of lhesc sillies, and more are bcing-prcparc(1. -Je~JontS For /'/l(Jre informacio11 on 1/te;Fote,-1 Stewardship Pro_grams1n your arta. contacr-yowr stare Jor.estry dBenq, f"n(t, 1992 �,-- -.~ ·----·· ECOLOGICAL FORESTRY FOR RENEWABLE FOREST VALUES by Leon S. Minckler First, what is forest management? Traditionally, it has meant an array of practices designed to produce the most and cheapest timber products. The Society of American Foresters describes silviculmre as the science of "growing" forests. Unfonunately, this concept is widely prevalent. However, true forest management must encompass the whole forest ecosystem, including all its biological and physical factors. Forest management also needs 10 be sensitive to the preservation of the natural rhythms of the earth and the environmental and spiritual values desired and needed by mankind. The key word for forestry should be ecology: an awareness of the interconnections of species, site, climate, soil and soil organisms, water, topography, stress factors, and biological diversity. The real "products" of the forest include commodities and non-timber environmental values. The first objective of forest management must be the sustainability of the forest ecosystem itSelf. This is known as "land ethics." It's not a new concept, but it appears to be one many in forestry profession have drifted away from. Toe land ethic means that we do not "own" the land and waters. Instead, in a very real sense they own us by making life itself possible. The adulteration of natural processes and the overuse of natural resources impinges on our basic needs and desires and gradually renders the earth unlivable. Thus, forest managers can no longer afford to separate environmental and long term economic concerns. ON THE VARIABILITY OF FORESTS Ecological forestry is composed. of the following treatmentS: weeding, thinning, improvement cutting (fSI) and final harvest or regeneration cutting. When used sensitively, these practices are compatible with land ethics and can be implemented to attain biological diversity, aesthetics, water recreation, wild.life habitat, and spiritual benefits. Most foresters make timber production the prime objective of their forest management operations. Often, these foresters are only concerned with maximizing immediate economic returns. Unfortunately, many industry and public foresters confuse short-term profits with long-term sustainable economic returns and therefore ignore environmental valoes. How much is six inches of topsoil worth? How much is two weeks of forest recreation worth? Can aspects of Jove and enjoyment in a natural landscape even be tranSlated into dollars? We have reached the point in our industrialized society where these so-called amenity valoes must be thought about by the people who manage our forests to achieve these multiple values? Well, there is no one way to manage all fo~ts. This should be f"af.t, 1992 obvious, but contemporary production forestry has taken a different path: clear-cutting or single-dimension, one-shot forestry. The relationship between a patient and a doctor is a good metaphor to illuminate the way a forester should approach the management of a forest ecosystem. We must study and evaluate the forest's vital signs - its hydrology, productivity, and climate. We must think long and hard about the forest's internal structure and how we want the forest to appear now and many years into the future. We must decide what we want the forest to provide. And, most importantly, we must carefully consider how to preserve its longevity and natural health. Forests are heterogeneous, not homogeneous. Forests are vibrant and diverse, not streamlined plantations. Forest type, climate, elevation, aspect, past history (natural and human), soil-site, age class, and ecological interconnections are just some of the variables that distinguish each forest from another. CLEARCUTTING VERSUS GROUP SELECTION "Good silviculture emulates nature, but on a different scale." The ecological truth of this statement is borne out by long experience in the woods. By the practice of managing a forest for multiple objectives. By the careful cultivation of the environmental and commodity values of the ecosystem. My experience is mainly with the management of central, southern, and Appalachian mixed hardwood forests and I will focos on them; however, these same principles apply everywhere. Western and southern conifers, and pioneer species like aspen, poplar, and mid-west northern pines, have different ecological characteristics. They each have different ecological requirements and different responses to disturbance. Therefore, our silvicultural treatments must be individually tailored. Simply put, clearcutting does not emulate nature in the mixed hardwoods. These forests are naturally uneven-aged and highly diversified. They contain a wide range of species, age and size classes. They grow in a variety of site conditions. Group selection, however, imitates natural mortality and windthrow. Oearcutting advocates argue that clearcuts replicate wildfire bum patches. This statement is questionable in the arid West and almost irrelevant in the humid East where large, high-intensity forest fires rarely occur. More problematic is the fact that the nature and species composition of completely clearcut stands cannot be accurately predicted. On some sites pioneer species may regenerate. On other sites regeneration may be dominated by coppice sprouting from the root systems of the harvested trees. Still other sites may be entirely covered by maple or tulip poplar seedlings spread by the wind from a single source tree. In the end, however, clearcutting means conversion. It means that the species composition of the regenerated stand will be greatly altered by the end of the next rotation. It means the stand's native diversity and internal structure will be simplified and streamlined. While clearcutting may seem to be the cheap way to go, its long-term costs are excessively high. In order to control composition and growth, clearcut stands most be entered several times. Investments must be made for intensive forestry, fire protection, and intermediate cuttings. Moreover, the end product of clearcutting is a homogeneous forest with few large, high-quality trees. In the East, the Forest Service, and some other land managers, seem to be moving away from large clearcuts toward smaller patch cuts where two to five acres are harvested. Some may call this "group Drawing by Pegi (continued on next page) Xatuah Journat ~ 23 �(continued from page 23) selection," but in reality patch cutting is just a variation of clearcutting. Control is by area and the sites are cut without regard to tree size, species, or stand condition. This is an entirely artificial technique with no basis in ecological concepts. Wide-spread application of patch cutting will result in very peculiar forests. THE PRACTICE OF GROUP SELECTION Group selection is based on the same general concepts as single-tree selection. However, group selection is always combined with stand improvement cuts and efforts are consciously made to make small openings for new regeneration. The key word for the practice of group selection is flexibility. In preparation for group selection management. an inventory of the stand is made and trees are classified as growing stock, financially mature, low quality, undesirable species, high risk, unmerchantable culls, and wildlife trees. The growing stock (rotation potential) trees, from saplings to immature sawtimber and special wildlife trees, are left behind to grow. The others are cut or killed. Foresters base the size and spacing of the harvest opening on the condition of the forest. not mechanical, pre-determined patches of area. In general, shade tolerance, the ability to reproduce in the limited sunlight of the understory, is greater for northern hardwoods: American beech; birch; maple; and hemlock. Appalachian and central hardwood species (oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, ash, and cherry) exhibit an intermediate level of shade tolerance. Often they require more sunlight for successful regeneration than the northern species, but they will regenerate and grow vigorously in openings that are at least as wide as the height of the swrounding residual trees. Larger openings, one and a half to two times the size of the surrounding trees, produces better early growth. It is better to make detenninations of the opening widths based on the heights of swrounding trees, rather than arbitrary acreages, because it provides a more accurate means of measuring how much light is received and how large an opening will be required for adequate regeneration. The novel structure and ecological character of eastern mixed hardwoods makes it easy to create openings in one or two cutting cycles that favor the regeneration of native, site-adapted species. After harvest the whole forest, including the regenerated areas, is then subject to intermediate treatments, such as weeding, release, thinning and stand improvement, for example, scarification of openings on good sites by tractors can result in abundant yellow-poplar regeneration if seed sources are or have been present THE KASKASKIA EXAMPLE In my experience as a research forester on the Kaskaskia Experiment Forest, in southern Illinois' Shawnee National Forest, the worst of the forest's thirty-eight compartment's was a twenty-one acre tract of "poor farm woodland." It was a central hardwood forest with a history of two or three partial cuttings-- mostly what we now call "high grading" with no stand improvement If this stand had been clearcut in 1952 it would have yielded 3048 board feet of sawtimber per acre. However, instead of clearcutting this tract, as many contemporary production foresters no doubt would recommend, we chose to apply a series of ecological group selection and improvement cuttings. Drawing by Michael Thompson In 1952 and 1959, group selection volume cutting on the tract yielded a total of 1762 board feet per acre and killed sixty-seven cull trees (five inches in diameter breast height and larger) per acre. By I967, the forest- now a diverse mix of oaks, hickory and yellow-poplar-was a fully stocked stand of good growing poles and small sawtimber. Fifteen yea.rs after the first intensive group selection and stand improvement treatments, this poor farm woodland tract contained 3167 board feet of sawtimber and fifty-nine good growing stock pole trees five to ten inches in diameter per acre. Obviously, the role of in-growth was very imponant I returned to this stand in 1988 to find a beautiful forest of mixed hardwoods. Diversity was high and quality was unusually good because the poor trees had been eliminated. The differences between a silvacultural clearcut and the intensive group selection from the original stand are easy to calculate. Clearcutting would have yielded a total of 3048 board feet per acre and would have had no market for the many five inch to ten inch diameter poles trees cut Intensive group selection, on the other hand, yielded 1762 board feet ofsawtimber per acre harvested in 1952 and 1959 and left behind by 1967 a volume of3167 board feet of sawtimber per acre. The total volume for the fifteen year group selection was 4929 board feet per acre (1881 board feet more than the cleaicut would have produced), plus many healthy saplings, and living and dead wildlife trees. After forty years, the differences between the two alternative treatments in terms of non-timber environmental values would be astonishing. The group selection cut stand will provide a tall canopied, diverse forest, while the clearcut will be covered by twenty-five to thirty foot tall saplings and poles. The group selection stand will be managed as an uneven-aged forest with volume and diameter distribution controls, while the clearcut will be managed as even-aged stand with area controls. In the long run, clearcutting mixed hardwood forest ecosystems seldom can be justified for amenity, environmental, or timber values. Let me emphasize again that different forest ecosystems should not be treated in exactly the same manner. But foresters must make a choice. They can follow ecological laws and care for the creation or they can disrupt the ecological trends of the forest ecosystem for quick profits and ease of operation. The best regional example of this type ofcareful forestry is Walton and Dee Smith's Waldee Forest in Macon County, NC (see report in Katuah Journal #9). Leon S. Minc/cler is a consultant in tnvironmental fortstry from Blaclc.sburg, Virginia. Dr. Minckler spent 33 years with the Forest Service at four eastern Forest Expuimtm Stations doing research in the silvicuiture and ecology of hardwoods. ExcerptedfromForest Watch magazine. Nov.-Dec., 1990. Forest Watch is published by Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants (CHEC): 3758 SE Milwaukie; f'ortland, OR 97202. I 1 1'"a££, 1992 �DearKatuah, I was musing the other day on the fact that billions of people refuse to see that we're all one big group, and the verse ~mposed itself which, in tum brought to Ol.l.Od the inte~ined lines which should represent our goal of coming together, of a common mind, to begin to heal Ela, Mother Earth. I'm an incurable optimist- it will happen, sooner or later, when enough caring people wakeup. Keep on the path, Jeffery R. Zachary DRUMMI NG What the Big Trees Say Come. Don't be afraid. We were once small and skittish too. Now we have lived so long, stretched our arms so high, loved intensely our own piece of land, loved it so much that we stay fiercely, intimately attached to it, never leaving. Fidelity is an important value in our community. Stay true to your lovers, the sky, the sun, the Earth. We watch over the young things, bearing our leaves, giving them time to grow before we sprout our spring. We don't let young things grow too fast - we shade them from the sun after a while. We know that growth, the best kind of growth happens slowly. We grow just the way you do our hearts expand year after year as our trunks get wider. That's the real growth, you know. Our roots mix more with the Earth while our tops stretch more toward the sun. We span and measure the distance between the sun and the Earth, between the darkness and the light. The gift we bring you is the gift of growing beyond youth, the gift of being in one place so long that your heart spreads wisdom wide, each_ year encircling more and more. We bnng maturity, a sense of deep belonging to an environment. We bring the courage to stand strong and alone as individuals, yet work together with the other plants, animals, rocks, soils and trees in our community. We can teach you how not to become stunted jn your growth, how to seek out the light places where the sun lets you grow. When you cut us down you remove that wisdom we hold for you: Maturity, Depth, Growth, a Widening Heart. Susan Klimczak Dear Katuah, Only just recently have I ~me aware of your flourishing ex_istence - picked you up on a table at the Tunle Island Bioregional Congress V near Hunt, Tens - didn't meet the folks who brought you there. Then a few days lacer I met one Billy of the Billys (of "Billy Home and Gardens, Ashevi~e") - but just briefly. Issue #34 was a hum~ger sustainable agriculture is a hot topic on my personal agenda. Articles by Bane, Hollis, Barnes, et al really cut to the core of the matter. I'm excited to imagine how much more material you have coverd with a similar depth of understanding and presentation. I want to take you up on your offer of back issues - find check enclosed. I'd like to bob with the ripples you're sending across the pond. Truly, Hal Strickland Johnson City, TX Drawing by Jeff Zachary ran:. 1992 Dear Katitalt, Is prescribed burning really best for our forests? I question this. What is the real answer? Sam Booher • Is prescribed burning best for our forests? That is still very much an open question. A careful reading of Karuah Jour_ nal #33 will reveal that it appears that the species composition of today's forest has been influenced by excessive human-caused ~s. particularly in the wake of the greatloggmg boom. For species such as Table Mountain pine, that is not such an i?'1pon~t . consideration. One of their specific ecological functions is to recolonize areas burned by fire. But how about oak trees? There is . accwnulating evidence that their presence 1s somehow linked 10, or at least encouraged by, fire. If fire were removed completely, ii might inhibit the presence of oaks considerably. Since the loss of the chestnut, oaks are a critical mast producer; many (continued on next pagcl �}ccrlllnl*I fmm pea• 1S) wildlife species, including black bears, depend heavily on acorns for their livelihood. Until the chestnut returns. we need to mainmin the oak trccS, and it might require fire to do it This is just one prominent example among many. So, while we all lOYC the feel of deep humus developed under a long-standiJ?g grove of old-growth trccS, we cannot issue a blanket condemnation of fire and its role in the forest. Naturally derived or not, the forest may have come to depend somewhat on fire. We may have to utili2.c fire 1 make a . 0 ttansition to a more narural system. It 1 also s possible that we will have to maintain it indefinitely. . What is narural? A provocanve question. There probably is no final answer. READING RESOURCES LOGGING Books raw stumps jut up through layers of autumn, ! Bwuon, Barry, and Malinda Cruu:htidd, eds.; The Great Fou st: An AppalachiDII Story (The Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1985) whole~han$ in potential falling throufl' live limbs sttairung to break, board-length ttunks cut clean of appendages lie in parallel murder wounds Japing from chain teeth Clary, David; Timber and the Forest Service (Univeisity Press or KllrlsM, Lawrence, 1986) de Steigucr, J.E.; L.W. Hayden; D.L. Holley, Jr.; W.G. Luppold; W.G. Manin; D.H. Newman; and R.M. Shelfield; Southern AppalacNOII Tunbtr Sru.dy, (US Forest Service, Soulheasicm Forcs1Expcrimcn1 Station, General Technical Report SE-56) Susan Parker Weatherford -OW Eller, Ronald. D.; Miners, Mil/hands, and I THINK OF THOSE Mountai~ers: /ndu.srriallzation of the Appalachian Souih, 1880-1930 (University or Dear Karuah, Hello and Thanks! Please keep me on I think of those who have lost the luck your mailing list. I read both issues from They will never sec again, cover to cover. I am in the process of How the hours dwindle down to so much dust simplifying my life. I wan_t to.live i!' hru:mony And the evenings arc stow and labored with nature and your pubhcanon will bring Like a dying man's breathing, me much needed information along with a How the morning comes tacking promise sense of connectedness with others of like With sunshine hidden behind clouds. mind. l lhink of those who have tried to break The life-long spell of neglect; Thank you, I think of the conquered, Blessing and Light The ones who sought the prize and were lert, . MacClarlc Solitary performers, reciting thei r lines to an audience of air. .. Tennessee Press; Knoxville: 1982) Fri12, Edwo,d C.; Clearcutting . A Crime Against Nature (Eakin Press, Austtn, 1989) I Hllrris, Larry 0.: Tht Fragmented Forest: ls/Md Biogeography and the Preserwmon of Biotic Diversiry (Universi1y or Chicago Press: Chicago: 1984) Jackson. Laura E.; Mo11111au1 Treasures at Risk. The Fuiure ef the Southern Appalachian National Forests (The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC, 1989) ' Leopold, Aldo; A Sand CounJy Almanac (Od ord University Press; Cambridge: 1949) (continued &om peg• 19) causing political and economic friction . ~ nee again, as in the Pacific Northwest, the big companies are victimizing the small operations which are more dependent on the national forests and are caught in the squeeze between greater competition for timber and a growing concern for sustainable forest management As they did bef~ the large~ companies are employmg scare tactJcs by lhrearening massive job reductions and making accusations that conservation groups are advocating socialist control of privllC lands. Their aim is to use these claims to detraet from the true issue: that new scientific evidence is showing that current forest management of both public and priva1e lands is not sustainable and lb.at swiu:hing to a more natural form of management. such as selection silvicuhure, would create new jobs for smaller companies while at the same time protecting our native ccosysaems. Fonwwely, we in the Southeast have an advantage against cuporatc effons to divide our people. For ~ l e , in T ~ an alliance rl 40 hardwood timber comparues has organized to fight the chip mills. Indications are that the communities are realizing that if we are to ldcqualely proccct our forests we must accomplish tw0 things: we must embrace a new land ethic, and we must support our neighbors in the timber business who along with the environment have been the real p= ~JoumaL palJB28 victims of bad management policy. We must push f~r posi~ve incentive~ for our local industnes until they can adJust to a form of forest management more compatible with our environment I Minckler, Leon S.: WoodlaNI Ecology: Envirorrmtlll4I Forestry for the Small l.aNwwnu. (Syracuse University Press; Syracuse; 1975) Perlin, John; A Foru t Jouniq: TM Role ef Wood in In conclusion, we must listen to the words of Leopold, who once said, "~n ethical obligation on the pan of the pnvate land owner is the only visible remedy for these situations." Stated another way, the key to good forest management, w ~ it be~ ~blic or private land, will ulbmalCly be individual involvement The evidence of past abuse and the conclusions drawn from recent scientific research combine to support the case for a revision of policy based on a shift in values. We must change our priorities from a focus on short term commodity output to an emphasis on sustainable commun~ : The remedies we use to correct these policies must include choosing the wisest I ~. treating our land with respect, and abstaining from oven:onsumpcion. The choioe is a matter of ethics. Buzz Williams was formerly employed as afortst technician/or the US Forut Service but lost his job wlten lte protested excessive timber salu. He is now working as rite Southeastern Program Director efthe Association of Forest Service Employees f or Eff'llironmelllDl Ethics (AFSEEE). , tht Dtvtlopment ofCivilizalion (Nonon: 1989) Robinson, Gonion: T/te Forest a1ld tht Trtts: .4 Gllidt to Excellent Forestry (lsland Press; 1988) Schenck. Cart A.: TIie Birtli ef Forutry ilt "1Mrica · TIie Biltmore Forut School 1898-1913 (The ; Appalachian Consortium Press; Boone; 1974) Sloane, Eric; .4 Rtvtmice f or Wood (Henry Hoh & Co., l990edilion) Te,cll, Hugh and Bedlel Jr. High School Eighth GradeClals. SoNJ1110:ValleyofthtMoon: • Sut&btust (historical interviews with former woatas • the Sunburst Lumber Co., 1978) Articles Brothers. Robert; "Respectful Forestty," in In Con/Ul, Winter, 1984 ·ean Foresras Romance a Land Elbie?". theme of April, 1991 issueoClheJollTMl efForestry. L...-------------Falt, 1992 �THE CHAIR IN THE TREE There is a special advantage to working with green wood in doing joinery, the assembling of the chair. I use mortise and tenon joints. The mortise is simply a hole partway through the vertical post and the tenon is a tongue on the horizontal rung that fits into the hole. I put the rungs into a small 1ciln for a couple of days to get them bone dry befOl'C I make the tenons. To form the tenons, I have a cutter that works on my brace. The ten0n cutter is matched to my drill size to give an extremely close tolerance. It forms a tenon that is oversiud by about 1/U)() of an inch. I make the mortises while the post is still green. Green wood shrinks as it dries, so after the pieces are joined the mortises dry around the tenons and lock them into place. That makes a tighter joint than anything that can be done with kiln dried lumber. Assembling the chair can be tense, but it is satisfying. I use a rawhide mallet ro . 1moclc the pieces into place. It's a fine feeling to watch all those pans that I made laboriously one by one come together to become a whole chair. I protect the finished chair frame with a few coats of tung oil. I like the natural colors of the different woods, so I don't use any stains. The chairs darlcen slowly and evenly as they age. by Tucker Windover I live now in Madison County and I have been working wood for nearly two years. For me, interest and somc~s inspiration come from the wc:><x! 1~lf - from walking in the woods, from sphnmg firewood. or from seeing a fine table or cabineL Different woods have their own smells and textures. When you become curious about wood, and begin woodworking with a ttcc, you can never be sure exactly what you are getting into. Any piece of wood could contain hidden knots, a twisted grain, or a beautiful curly figure. There is wide variety, even within the same species, so you can't know what to ex~. The cha.irmaking process stanS with finding wood in the fo_rcsL ~u~ting wood reminds me of fly-fishing - n gives me an excuse to be out in the woods. I find myself wandering around looking for tn:CS, or sometimes just wandering around. I remember those moments as I go through the process of buil~g ~ chair. -ro ~p that connection in mind 1 very sansfying. s Like any logger, I am usually looking for trees more than 14 inches in diameter. I search for oak and hick<X')'. Occasionally I have found ash in this area, but I have never used iL Black walnut is always a nice possibility, if you can luck into iL I don't saw the logs into boards. Instead, I split the log into four even sections or qlWterS with wedges and a sledge hammer. Every time I open up a log, I feel anticipation as I drive in one wedge after another until it spliu apart. Ideally tl';C log. splits into two perfect halves. Sometimes n snaps open with a sharp "crack!," and.the two halves roll apan as ncally as opemng a book. Sometimes I fight and tear and cuss and finally have to haul out the axe to get the stubborn log to spliL So~ are hopes and disaPt>Ointments. I never know what experiences lie inside a given ~. and I n~ know bow many chairs a log will make until all the pans are shaved down to their final sizes. Finding good chair legs and rungs in a log is tricky business. To get my "rough stock" (wood which is roughly the siz.e of my finished chair pans), I split the quarters by a process called "riving," which is carefully CO!'trolled splitting. Trees such as oak, hickory, and ash arc called "ring porous woods" aDC;1 are the easiest to split this way, due to their pattern of annual growth. Their spring and early . summer growth consists of large-por:ed. airy cells. while their late season growth 1s dense. The ttcc thus becomes a wrapping of well-defined strong and weak layers. Splitting along these layers is controllable and reasonably predictable. I ming this rough stoelc to the shaving horse - a low bench with a jaw that grasps the wood just below the c~ lev_l of someone c sining on the horse. The Jaw is opened and closed with a foot treadle. With the stoelc held Falt, 1992 steady in the jaw, I carefully shape out the chair pans with a drawlcnife and a spokeshave. A spokeshave is a small to0l that has a mounted blade with a handle on either side. It is designed especially for working rounded surfaces. lt was first used to make wagon wheels - hence its name. I work the wood while it is still greeg. Wood is much softer when it is green and thus men suitable for working with hand tools. I measure and mule my pieces. but I also have to rely on my hands and my eyes. To get a really fine finish on my chairs. I use a finely tuned spokeshave. Sandpaper abrades wood. To get a clean finished surf~ on wood most chainnakas use a lcecn-cutbng hand plane or spokeshave. A good spokeshave can cut a shaving that is thinner than tissue paper. It is simple in design. but it is a remmbblc IDOL Wood shaved by hand has a texture which 1alhcd wood lacks. It sometimes rcuins curves or pccutiarim that are reminiscent of the ttcc's original growth. There might be a tiulc knot, a little bit of twist, or a wormhole. Different woods feel different in your hands when you arc working th~ They give differently under the drawknife. Some are troublesome and can be a challenge ro shave down to a clean surface. Red oak can be very coarse, while hickory shavings tend to be more even and smooth. You can 1eam to recognize green woods by their smell as well as by their feel. Walnut is a favorite wood of mine. It has a wonderful smell It's greaa to have a ~e of walnut shavings in the shop. Red oak lS sometimes called "piss-oak" because of its smell. But it never bodlcn me. I like bow wood smells. Hickory bark is my favorite ma1eria1 for making chair seats. The bark must be harvested in the spring or early summer. At that time of year, when ~ is rapid growth and lots of moisture in the tree, the bark is tender and easy to wark. I choose a sapling (CClllliaad cm Mlll pap) �~continued rrom page 27) make any sense. I recently saw a videotape of an old man from Switzerland, a cooper. He was obviously a master craftsperson. Although he had great dexterity and technical expenise, what impressed me the most was how completely this man was absorbed in his work. While he was working in his shop, he was in his place. This clement of crafunanship - this combination of composure and concentration - is what work is about. If that element of lhe craft is lacking, lhen our labor is incomplete. Fine craftsmanship requires complete attention. But to achieve lhis level of attention, a woodworker needs to understand - to see and to experience - the whole process of lhe object he has wrought, from the forest to the finished piece. There are times when I feel at home with my work. Of course, some days it just feels like hard work. But there are other days when it is sweet, so sweet, to listen to and shave off the outer bark, exposing the inner bark, which is quite pretty. I score lines one inch apan the length of the tree with a jackknife, and peel off the inner bark one strip at a time. I use this inner bark to weave the chair seat. Any woodworker learns quickly that in order to make a living, the hand tool must be dropped at some point and the electric powered tool needs to be used. The process of building a single chair is simply too labor intensive. For myself, however, I am not sure how to define the line where handwork drops off and machine work begins. Machines make production many times easier and faster; but what good is there in having so many cheap mass-produced objects? The real concern is: to what extent have machine tools improved crafrsmo.nship? Here, we need to understand what craftsmanship really is, which is hard to do because there are so few craftspeople around any more. To find someone who can take clay or glass or wool and turn it into something that is beautiful and functional as well, that is a truly wonderful thing. Machines have not made better craftspeople; they have eliminated them, which does not sh,viog, ,,.., off <he woode/ ~ Drawing by Hope Walker Plwto by Elmu Holl "The area's oldest and latgcst natural foodsgroo?fY " c.o"'°'illG- •oo~ Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skin Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies CA.~~s ,ao &6~ aaoc,. C"-\\~~lt,N.C. 2.1-,,r Ill l)•llc,c234 -NC287J9 200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607 ~)6934>l35 speaking f2.r..the earth. whole earth grocery dclcr of Big Cove 1pealu of tndiliom and 1inp the Booger Dance, Crcco Coro Dance and ' ·, .·. '\ I r1 .. NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERBS • FAT PREE FOODS • TAKE OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Rd. Boone. NC 28607 Xotilah Jou.mat page 28 ~ NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVlNG 446 e.parkway aaft center • suite 11 gatlinburg, tennessee 37738 615-436-6967 ~ 14,\ othen with drum and rattk. WHERE THE RAVENS ROOS1 .:.: f'ril (704) 264-5220 Cherokee traditional tongs of Walker Calhoun Sn£Cnsx> AS Ml OOl"STAl,'l)fl,IQ RlUt R£coaDrNQ 8Y THE UIIMltT 0/F• Talking Leaves is a moothly journal of deep ecology, inspired penoual activism rooted in wthm spirituality. Past issues have featured articles by Gary Snyder, Swbawk, Jobo Seed, Joanoa Macy, Bill Devall, Looe Wolf Circles. Barbara Mor, etc. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a speus for the oannl world and for the rekindlioa of our own wild spirit COH(IJIBSS CMmn AND IIOOICLIT S 12 Moul<TAIN HDITA<lt CDrn:ll WIS"lnN CAllOLIN,\ UNTVtUlTY Cuu.ow8i:!, NC 28723 Subscriptions arc $18.00 one year/ SZA.00 outside U.S. Ta/Jcing Lea,-a 1430 Willamette 1'361 Eu,-, OR 97401 503/342-2974 Taft, 199rz �Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher These are some of my observations on how to study trees in a grove with an eye to recognizing che invisible forces at work. In order co find a grove, the first thing you have to do is gee off the main trail. Hiking trails are almost always arbitrary cues that slice across the forest. Exceptions to this are the Indian trails which were the original animal runs or bison trails. Trees do eventually accommodate the presence of the artificial trails, but this is a process that can take several generations of human lifetimes. To get to a grove, I recommend walking barefoot to minimii.e the impact on the forest floor and also to stimulate one's sensual awareness by immediate, direct contact with the earth. Finding a magic grove is something like searching for morel mushrooms. It requires quiet observation, stealth, and perseverance. The object is to find a grove where the trees have no particular relationship with humans but are primarily connected in a group with each other. A grove is defined by specific physical boundaries which may be water, rock formations, or an abrupt change in vegetati9n. The shape of a grove is usually circular. I can most easily recognize a grove if I am looking for a nature spirit home or settlement. To some there may be a question of whether the nature spirits created a grove in a particular way to accommodate themselves or whether a certain panem of tree growth attracted the nature spirits. I think it is co-creation of both the trees and the spirits or of the visible and the invisible. I do recognize a grove as having specific character which changes even a few feet away. A grove supports more variety of life than the trees immediately outside the grove. lfl want to understand the relationships of trees to each other in a grove, I need to stay very quiet and observe as a detached outsider. The tree itself is an interface of superimposed spatial realities. There is energy at every level of the tree, from the deepest taproot all the way up the trunk into the canopy and above the crown. These energies can be felt, or seen as color and/or shape. Those who can see nature spirits describe this creative energy as a variety of spirits which live on one tree. (I am thirucing particularly of Geoffrey Hodson who watched nature spirits change shape and size as they fluidly dissolved in and out of the solid mass of the tree.) Auras of trees blend with each other. Mature trees have expansive auras which bathe nearby younger trees in their light. l believe this is a generational nourishing and teaching process in which the older trees influence the younger trees. Like people, trees can take on a predominate level of energy which can be defined as chakra level or specific role playing. Native Americans referred to trees as the Standing Men because, like us, trees ThC£, 1992 stand upright between heaven and earth. A grove is a family group of separate beings that at the same time creates the one Standing Man represented by all the trees playing different pans to make the whole. What I call the grounded tree is analogous to the grandmother or grandfather and may be the oldest, largest tree. Much like the function of the feet of humiµ1s, this tree is particularly adept at bringing earth energy up through the roots and trunk and making this earth nourishment available to the plant life in the immediate vicinity. It helps in the nourishing process as does the binhing tree, the mother tree. The seeds from the mother tree are particularly potent. There may be more nature spirit activity around these trees, especially of the kind of nature spirit interested in seed saving and propagation. The mother tree supports an abundance of life of every kind. Birds and forest animals are attracted to the mother tree. Moss and growth of all kinds will be abundant on the trunk. The boughs of the tree may extend to neighboring trees in a nesting kind of way. Unusually lush patches of wildflowers or many sapling trees will grow close to the mother tree. The beauty tree is particularly graceful in form and is a joy and inspiration to all the other trees. The speaker rree is the communicator and the mediator. It understands the language of many life forms and relays information. Of all the trees in the grove the speaker tree is the one most likely to speak to humans. If one spends a long enough time under a speaker tree, the tree will begin to influence one's thoughts. It has listened to the stories of woodland animals and migrating birds. It knows about the health of its species and about trees in other parts of the world. The spire tree is the tree in the grove most resp~>nsible for bringu'!g in the cosmic energies. It is usually the talfest tree. It has the most far-reaching view. It helps open up the species or the grove itself into inter-dimensional reality. The reaching bough trees are the good neighbors, the loving trees. They intertwine their limbs with nearby trees and twist their trunks toward their neighbors. They extend the wannth and comfon of their being to the other trees. Not every grove will contain all these types of trees. This is only an indication of the outward form of what I think is an awareness of trees for each other. Young trees do not have enough character to have assumed importance in the relationships of the grove. But if a mature tree is destroyed, then a younger tree, even an understory tree, can be groomed by the nature spirits to replace the old tree. If this happens, the characteristic traits of the mature tree will begin to manifest in the smaller, chosen tree, which may be of a different species. I·know of one grove in which several prominent "trees" are actually old-growth ,,# rhododendron. p Drawing by Pegi �The North Carolina American Chestnut Foundation If the American Chestnut tree is to once again compliment the mountains of the Katuah bioregion, your help will be needed. This is not a hybrid tree. Planted here on a half-acre of land are some forty-seven true American chestnut seedlings. But they cannot grow on such a limited piece of land. They need many acres on which to spread their magnificence; where both human and animal can enjoy their fruits. This is a hypovirulent strain, and therefore blight-resistant. Such trees usually survive attack by the fungus Endotlua parasirica. These seedlings have come from old trees that have resisted the virus. By constant checking and proper nunuring, we may re-establish this tree in our moutains. Will you help? These seedlings must be transplanted into their permanent home no later than February or March of 1993. They are three year old seedlings. and doing just fine now, but they will need land to mature on. Money (for more trees and help in bringing them to maturity) is needed and so is a great deal of acreage. The more land available, the more of these special trees can be grown, and the more the land and wildlife will gain. Are there old farms no longer being fanned for whatever reason? ls their acreage unused? Are there landowners who have no children to leave their land to, who would rather see it go to something beneficial to the Earth and the many animals for whom the chestnut was a staple food? Would you be interested in supporting the chestnut rather than have your land go to the State where, too often, wealth or political power, permit clear-cutting and destruction instead of caring? This work is not for profit. Do you remember as a child the beauty of the tree, and the unmatchable flavor of chestnuts cooked in an iron skillet over an open fire? That beauty and the joy of chestnuts can be shared with today's young people, and tomorrow's. We must have a deep and abiding faith that God will touch the hearts of those who can help this effort to allow these trees their full potential. If you want to help and be a part of this worthwhile goal, generations to come will be forever grateful. Dorothy Diclcson The North Carolina Amtrican Chestnut Foundation l l ] Awumn lane llarri.sonburg, NC 28075 (The North Carolina Amtrican ChestnUJ Foundation is not offiliattd in any woy wirh the American Chestnut FoundallOn.) RARE SPEOES NEED HELP! The Biodiversity Legal Foundation (BLF) is calling on grassroots environmenral activists with a strong biological interest and legal orientation to develop comprehensive reviews of the biological status and distribution of inadequately protected rare and endangered species in the East. Information cpllected in these status reviews will be used to develop and implement effective administrative, legal, and public education programs on behalf of the species or subspecies. These are all species that the Biodiversity Legal Foundation considers to be biologically threatened or endangered. but that have not been added to the official list of federally protected species under the Endangered Species Act Species of special concern requiring priority status reviews in the Appalachian states include: Brachymenium andersonii Cy/indrocolea andersoni Psoralea macroplcylla (scurf-pea) Solidago plumosa lesquerella perf orata (Spring Creek bladder pod) Lesquerella sronensis (Stones River bladder pod) The Biodiversity Legal Foundation conducts biological research to identify species that are in need of protection under the Endangered Species Act and provide the necessary documentation to press petitions before the US Fish and Wildlife Service for endangered species status. BLF staff will cooperate in the development of conservation and recovery plans for petitioned and listed specie:s or will develop legal actions to compel federal and state agencies to comply with the laws intended to protect natural diversity, as is appropriate. Contact: The Biodivusiry ugal Foundation Boz 18327 Boulder, CO 80308 ~vl-~,~-,~ w -~ V' Alternatives ... The Dirt1ctnry of lntt-ntional ConfJ,wnlllt!. is lhe prod· < uct of two years of intensive research. and is lhe most comprehensive and accurate di.rectory available. It documcnis lhe vision and lhc daily ltfc of more lhan 350 communities in North America, aud more lhan 50 on olher continents. Each community's listing includes name, address. phone. and a dcsc,ip•Jon of lhc group. Extensive cross-rcfcrcnr,ni; and mil'-• ing makes lhe infonnation easy to access for., wide vancty of users. Includes maps, over 250 atldit.ional kesourcc listings, and 40 rclared articles. Programs to encourage self ond Earth oworeness. celeblolion. kinship ond hope. Covi~ffiN'i·1·11·~~ Perfcctbouud • Youth Camps • School Programs • Famlly Camps· Te&cher Tra,n,ng • Community Program• • Camp Slaff Training • Outdoot Program Consulting Octobu I990 ISBN Number: 0 9602714-1-4 .~°P P.O. Box 1306 Gon.,burg. Temessee 3n33 6 15--436-6203 328 pages 11-1/hll ~ • •L ~: w t $16.00 Add $2.00 postage & handling ror first book. $.50 for each aJdt1ionJl; 4u% <l rM:ount on orders of 111 w more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR (509)~5102 REGIONAL RADIO Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music programs, regional news and information concerning health, education, government, recreation, and the environment. WNO/II· FM P.O. Box 804 Spindolc, NC 28160 (704) 287-8000 ,=-on, l 992 �TRANSFORM Transportation in NC The Four Directions: Native Literary Magazine The Snowbird Publishing Company of TelJico Plains, TN is owned by Native American Indians and publishes works by native people. Now !he company is offering The Four Directions American Indian literary Quarterly. The magazine will make available the poetry, short stories, anicles, historic narratives, and artwork of the native peoples. Tt will also fearure commentary on issues facing the native tribes today: education, health, women's issues, thefts of native artifacts ("professional" as well as "amateur), and environmental issues. The first two issues of The Four Directions Literary Quarterly are now on sale. Snowbird Publishing Company is owned by Joanna and William Meyer of Tellico Plains. Joanna is Cherokee/Navajo; William is Cherokee/Creek. Between them, the two have much experience in writing, editing, and publishing, as well as working in native communities on issues of concern to the native people. William has been assistant editor and reporter for the American Indian Historical Society and its newspaper Wassaja. He was also editor of publications for fndigena, Inc., an international organi7.ation of native peoples based in Berkeley, CA. With Burke Armstrong, he co-founded American Indian News Team, the first national Indian news agency. TM Four Directions A=rican Indian literary Quarterly is available for $21.00 for four issues from Snowbird Publishing company; Box 729; Tellico plains, TN 37385. CaU (615) 546-7001. POWER TO THE PESSIMISTS! "What's happ'nin'?" Here's how to find out - what's cool and what's not, what's drab and what's hot. lt's Power 10 the Pessimists, a rare glimpse into the mind of (some ot) today's young people, freely offered by the students themselves. The mystery publisher of P llJ the P is identified only as Monrovia, thought to be a student at the Mountain Heritage High School in Burnsville, NC. The stapled newsletter is all '90's - xerographies, paper gra.fitti, poems, personal (very!) statements, random decorative art pieces (doodles), and lots of tenth grade wit and wisdom This paper even has "sensitive boy poets!" - and you thought they were dead! Young people will want to check out Power to the Pessimists as valuable communication. Older people will relish,the perspective it offers on the world as the coming generation sees it. (So, obviously, it's a publication for everyone.) Entertaining and insightful, P co the P is.. .is.. Js... fresh! And definitely worth picking up on. Contacl Power 10 IM Pessimists al: 1890 Hannah Branch Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714 (IL's only $5.00 for one year - bu1 !hey deserve better lhan lhaL) Spurred by a recent series of articles published in the North Carolina Independent, a group of North Carolina citizens gathered on the lawn of the state capitol in Raleigh September 10 10 announce the formation of the NC Alliance for Transportation Reform. The group consists of individuals from many different backgrounds. Some members are veteran road-fighters who want to protect their yards or neighborhoods from intrusive projects. Some are people who see our automotive lifestyle as one that the natural world cannot afford. Others believe they should not be paying the high tax rates that come with unneeded highway projects. The statewide group proposes that the the current system of political favoritism be replaced with <?ne that gives o~ary ci~ens, environmental1sts, planners, pubhc transit advocates, and the scientific community more authority. Transponation Reform would abolish the Highway Trust Fund (transponation funding would be subject to the same rules and budget procedures as all other state projects), and it would require the DOT to use environmental standards that meet or exceed federal regulations. The group will target gubernatorial and legislative candidates during the 1992 election and it will ask the two candidates for state auditor to commit to an in-depth performance audit of the DOT. For more information, write: N.C. Alliance for Transportation Reform; Box 1002; Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514, or call western North Carolina contact Rusty Sivils at (704) 258-8737. Drawing by Hope Walker 1492-1992: NEW VISIONS NEW ALLIANCFS Wbile many ,cc the issues ofColwnbus' invasioa u SOO )UIS in lhc past. llw:rc by ~ob Messick Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in I<atuah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: Rob Messick Rt.8, Box323 Lenoir, NC 28645 Tact, 1992 arc about 1.4 million original North ~ among us loday. They Olce • wide range or life and death issues lo which newer Americans ue o'14I blind. 1491,1991.- NEW VJSJONS, NEW ALLJ. AJ.K:ES provides insights Ullo lhe Europe from ~b Columbus Jmmcbed bis Y(Tj· ages, a mon: realistic portrayal of North American histoiy followmg lhe European mvasioa. and ccamplcs of lhc battles Native AmcritaDS musl still f'3hl lod3y. 30 pp. S4 each. Sl.SO for IS or more. ENERGY rooLS ·l·lfMJ~G, WAWDS· MtD ICIN€ BAGS C.RYSTALS•TI\Ll<INC:i STICl(S • DRU~.S • MEDI C.INE STAFFS•SiONES ANO MO~ ASHEVILLE. NC 704-158- tt'l~I Return to: Mobilization for SUrvival 328 Flatbush Ave., Suite 155 Brooklyn, NY 11238 Drawing by Michael Thompson '.K.atuah Jou.mat page 31 �events 'l WAYNESVILLE, NC Meditation Retreat gives you the chance IO spend the weekend with your reflective self. Leon Frankel, resident managet of Stil-Light Theosophical Retrea1 Center, will offer instruction in basic breath-awareness meditation toclmiques. Pre-register: $40 plus meals and lodging. For more info on this and other programs, contaet Stil-Lighl, Route I, Box 326, Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-4569. ASHEVILLE, NC Reading the Inner Tree is a short course on tuning into tree energy. Learn to recognize special trees and magic groves with facilitator Oiarlotte Homsher. Pre-register. S35 for beginners' two-session class on Ociober 3 and IO. Advanced class will be Octobu 24, and cost $25. For more info, call (704) 253-5917. BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC Southeast Light Linlc '92 is a regional network gathering for those involved in planetary uansformation. The agenda includes large and small cucles to share ideas, resources, visions ... no workshops! Pre-register.$115 includes meals and lodging. For info, contact Anne Gillis, 4311 Harvest Hill Road, Memphis, TN 38141. (901) 761-3435 or (901) 362-8431. 27-29 CHEROKEE, NC Cherokee Fall Festival at the Ceremonial Grounds. Traditional dancing and costumes, dance competitions. For info, call (800) 438-1601. 6-10 30-11/1 WESSER, NC 10th Guest Appreciation Festival and Used Equipment Sale will include music, mini-courses and general family fun. For info on this and other events, CODll!Cl the Nantahala OuldoorCcntcr, 41 Hwy 19 West., Bryson City, NC 28713. (704) 488-2175. NORRIS, TN Tennessee Fall Homecoming is a celebration of traditional mountain culture at the }fuscum of Appalachia. Music, crafts and demonstrations of rural life skills, in addition IO the Museum's regular exhibits. For info, call the Museum at (615) 494-7680. 7-11 SEPTEMBER 18-30 WASHBURN, TN Intensive Pennaculture for the Southeast is an intensive course offering practical training in the design of agricultural ecosystems with the diversity and long-term sustainability of the natural world.Course will be held at Narrow Ridge Farm and will focus on strategies and techniques for the Katuah bioregion. Contact: Chuck Marsh; Box 1488; Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-3535. ASHEVJLLE, NC "Kituwah" - the second annual iniertribal Native American culrural celebration. Drumming and dance competition, traditional crafts sale, juried fine ans show and an educational program for kids will all happen at the Asheville Civic Center. Admission: $5-10. For mo.re info, call (704) 252-3881. SWANNANOA,NC Drum andRanle Making Wodcshop with Hawk Hurst. For more info about this and other programs, contaet the Earth Center. See 10/10. 23-25 3 ASHEVILLE, NC WNC Alliance Annual Membership Meeting is open IO the public as the Alliance marts its lCllth anniversary. Agenda includes workshops and legislative update. Pre-register. SIS includes lunch. For info, contact the AlJjance, 70 Woodfin Place, Asheville, NC 28801. (704) 258-8737. 3 1 7-JS NOVEMBER 6-8 10 SWANNANOA, NC Dance for the Ancestors will follow the monthly Full Moon Lodge at the Earth Center. All-night dancing, singing and drumming to honor the Native People, five hundred years after Columbus. Families are encouraged to come. For more info, contact the Eanh Center, 302 Old Fellowship Road, Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. ~ GREAT SMOKIES PARK Appalachian Crafl Jubilee will provide an oppornmity IO learn traditional mountain craft techniques in basketry, pottery, weaving and other crafts. Pre-register: $100 includes meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contac1 Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont, Rt I, Box 700, Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-67()() 7 SWANNANOA, NC Full Moon Lodge begins at noon each month, followed by a shared meal. cau the Earth Center for more info. See 10/10. 24-27 CULLOWHEE, NC Mountain Heritage Day is a celebcation of the music, dance, crafts and folklifc of Katuah. Shape-note singers, gunsmiths, storytellers. quilters and others will be on hand, in addition to the Mountain Heritage Center's exhibits. For more info, contact the Center at Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723. (704) 227-7234. 26 11 FULL MOON/ HUNTERS MOON 10 FULL MOON/ BEAVER MOON DECEMBER HELEN, GA Falling Leaves Rendezvous will offer serious instruction in the ans and lifeways of indigenous people. Skills include making fire by friction, stallcing and tracking, tool making, plant identification. lnstuctors will be Darry Wood, Snowbear, and others. For info, contact Bob Slack, Jr., Unicoi Stare Part, Helen, GA 30545. (404) 878-2201. 15-18 2-6 HOT SPRINGS, NC From Confusion IO Enlightenment is the title of a meditative retreat led by Thubten Chodron. an American Tibetan Buddhist nun. Pre-register: S 150 includes vegan meals and lodging. For info on this and other programs, contact Southern Dharma Rcireat Center, RL I, Box 34H, Rot Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. S-6 OCTOBER JONESBORO, TN 20th Annual National Storytelling Festival will feawre the best yam-spinners and tall-tale-tellers from all ovet. For info, call the National Association for the Preservation and PerpctuAtion of Storytelling at (615) 753-2171. 2-4 Drawing by Rob Messick 16-18 NEW MARKET, TN STP School is a periodic weekend gathering designed to "benefit members of grassroots groups currenlly working on concrete environmental issues." This session will focus on environmental litigation. Pre-register: cost is low and negotiable. For info about this and other programs, coniac1 the Highlander Center, 1959 Highlander Way, New Market TN 37820. (615) 933-3443. GREAT SMOKIES PARK Winter Highcountry Camping in a backcountry shelter. For info on this and other field COl11'SCS, contact Smoky Mountam Field School, 600 Henley Street., Suite 105, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37902. (800) 284-8885 or (615) 974-0150. 9 FULL MOON ralC., 1992 �GOOD EAR1H .ORGANJ~ - in Asheville has a nctWOrk-~eting p~-wh)ch can provide a substantial part-time income. (Full time in 18-24 months). This is needed in any area, no training required. We provide !raining and all assistance needed to get you started in yoor own business. Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169. RAW. CHEMICAL-FREE HONEY • with comb or withoUL Tulip poplar and Sourwood honey from the foresis of Patrick County, VA. No chemical. no white sugar, no heal - ever. Strained through cheesecloth and packed in glass. Limited quantities. Call or write for prices and availability. Wade Buckholts - Bull Mountain Beelreepers; Rt 2, Box 1516: Stuart. VA 24171. (703) 694-4571. WISE WOMAN TRADmON • herbal healing workshops with Wh.itewolf. • Sept 12-13: Campout and weed walks, Waynesville, NC. • Sept 29 • Oct 4: Apprentice Week near Atlanta, GA. • Nov. 6-8: Fall Rootwork Weekend in NC mountains. Root digging, medicine-making, inner journeying. Sliding scale, work-exchange. Wolf, P.O. Box 576; Asheville, NC 28802. TI-IE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM. is an unconventional library; free and open 10 the public. Our collection interests include the environment, social and political issues, the media and peace. We have over 200 magazine subscriptions. The book and video collections also emphasize the environment and political concerns. Books and VCR's can be checked out A video player is available for watch.ing films in the reading room. Located at 2 Wall St. #114; Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-8 pm - Tues/Sol I0-6pm - Sat/Sun l-6pm BEGINN1NG CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOKNATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS • include handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies. Drums, Custom Pipes, Medlcine Bags, SweetgraSs, Sage, Feathers, Rawhide Raules, Tobaccos, Pipe Bags, Native Autes, and more! For lice catalog send to: P.O. Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719. TREE PLANTERS NEEDED - Men, Women, families. Hare! work (much done for paper & timber co's.) for great pay. December through March in the Southeast Mobile camper rt.quired (pick-up with camper, trailer, van, bus, etc.) Send resume to: Eclcerman Forestry Service; RLI, Box 290-D: Wam:nsville, NC 28693. (919) 385-6838. BACK TO THE SOURCE - is an advenwre in the spectacular beauty of our remaining wilderness and is the highest quality baclcpaclcing guide service available. We specialize in small group, minimal impact journeys into the most remote wildlands in America. For a brochure write: Back to the Source, Lee Mercer; 361 I White Ave; Baltimore, MD 21206. (410) 426-6016. - - life's n=essitiesfor less - - FRENCH BROAD Fooo supplemented with two cassettes. Stresses alphabet & proper pronunciation. The first textbook written for use in ieaching and learning the Cherolcee language. (346 pages) $39.95 plus $5.00 shipping. Calalog also available with tapes., books, pipes, dance sticks, drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products, and more. Craft supplies also available. (please specify). Send $200 to the Muskrat Trader, P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018. HAWKWIND EAR1H RENEWAL COOPERATIVE • is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcout Mountain Parkway in northern Alabama Easy ~ . safe family camping, year round weekend programs featuring Native American elders and Eanh teachers from around the world. Strong spiritual foundation with Earth Renewal emphasis, membership discount co-op. There is no charge for Native American ceremonies; reservations required for all visits, please. Childcare often available. Write: P.O. Box 11; Valley Head. AL 35989 (205) 635-6304. For quarterly newsleuer and program updates send $10.00. • There is a charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) per entry of 50 words or less in Webworking. Submit entries for Issue #37 by November 15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323· Lenoir, NC 28645. (704) 754-6097. • Co,op Kalmia Center, Inc. 90 8u.TMOR£ A ~ 00WIJTOVIN AsHEv!ui Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 ('104) yr,,,r ammumity Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. 255-7650 .....,.,,.,,.,_,,... groary stare ..... ~F--,•t .... •lpm. ......,.laa D f llffi. rl :Thu W WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm fnll, 1992 NATIVE FLUTES Two styles made of cedar or walnut woods in the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt. 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 Sa"'!)' Mush Herb Nursto/ WREATHS•POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more than 800 plants from Aloe to Yarraw Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road Leicester, North Carolina 2874S Phone for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 �D ear Members of Katuah Journal, After nearly 10 years of service to the Karuah Bioregional Province, the Katuah Journal newspaper will be ceasing publication in the summer of 1993. We have not been able to find enough people able to take long term responsibility for a project of this scale on a volunteer basis. While we are stopping the journal, we will keep the non-profit organization "Karuah" alive in order to have the.option of carrying out future bioregional projects. The Board of Directors for the Karuah organization will consist of: David Wheeler, Rob Messick, and Lee Barnes. We will meet at least once a year to keep track of organization business and to discuss future options. Any member who has project ideas or is interested in participating in this process should write us at: Karuah Futures; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645 or call (704) 754-6097. The winter issue of Katuah Journal #37 will be on "Bio-visions" or graphic art representations of what the bioregion is and what it could be. In the spring we will publish an issue devoted to alternative transportation in the Karuah bioregion. The final summer issue will contain an index to the Katuah Journal, a listing of other bioregionally-oriented organizations in the province, and tie up loose ends. Thank you for your generous support of Katuah Journal over the years. Without your help the paper would not have been as vibrant or as vital as it has been . We d ecided to end the tradition of publishing the journal with some measure of strength, rather than watch it slowly fizzle out. If you have comments or suggestions for the future, we w ould like to hear from you. Sincerely, Katuah Journal Staff /1 I would like to order issues: #37 (Winter 1992-93) "Bio-visions" #38 (Spring 1993) Alternative Transportation #39 (Summer 1993) Index & Resources Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ For a total value of $7.50 Katuah Journal Rt. 8 Box 323 Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 Issue #39 of the Ka Mah Journal will contain a resource guide to groups and organizations devoted to protecting and restoring the natural world in the bioregion and working to sustain the web of life and our human economic and social systems in Katuah. We have postulated the following categories of activity: Regional Economy Health and Healing Appropriate Technology Appropriate TranspoTtation Councils &: Decision Making Peace Issues &: Conflict Resolution Xatuaf, Jour naC page 34 Shelter Education Agriculture Spiritual Life Natural Ecology Drawing by Rob Messick Town _ _ _ _ _ State_ _ Zip _ _ __ The success of this project will depend on your participation. Please send us information about your group and other groups that are working in your area. Offer other categories, if you like. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary. Give name, address, phone number, a one paragraph description of their work, and possibly a brief quote expressing their purpose. Enclose a copy of the organizational logo, if possible, and any photographs or drawings of group activities or the products of their work. Please also enclose your name, address, and phone in case there is a need for follow-up contacts. Submissions must be received by April 31, 1993. Mail to Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. rau., 1992 �··:KAT UAH KON FU S\ON :.. b-:, Rob MessicK BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE THREE-SPRING 1984 Sustainable Agriculture. Sunflowers· Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens' Education· Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics· Little People • Medicine Allies ISSUE FOUR· SUMMER 1984 Water Drum· Walef Quality. Kudzu · Solar Eclipse • Clearculling • Trout • Going IO Water • Ram Pumps· MicrohydJO. Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee. Ginseng· Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Dnnmess - Politics of Participation ISSUE SlX • WINTER 1984-8S Winter Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 198S Sustainable Economics. Hot Springs· Worker Ownership-The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turkey • Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life lSSUE EIGI-IT • SUMMER 198S Celebration: A Way of Life- Katuah 18,000 Years Ago· Sacred Sites - Follc Arts in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center. Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE - FALL 198S The Waldee Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Slllrting a Tree Crop • Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Myth Time ISSUE TEN- WINTER 198S-86 Kate Rogers. Circles of Stone . lntcmal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places - The Uklena's Talc • Crystal Magic - "Dreamspealcing• ISSUE THIRTEEN - FALL 1986 Center For Awakening • Elizabeth Callari • A Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dcnling Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The Wake· The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom • Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Dr! Owlc • Boogers and Mummers· All Species Day - Cabin Fever University· Homeless m Kmiiah • Homemade H01 Wa!Cf • Stovcmakcr's N:ur.:ilivc • Good Medicine: lntcrspCCics Communication We have limited 11umbers of particular back issues. Order back issues soo11 lo insure availability. There are no more entire sets of KatuahJournal available. The near complete set of back issues will be diminishi11g as limited copies sell out. rtiCL, 1992 ISSUE FlFTEE.N • SPRING 1 987 Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception • Biosexuality • Bioregionalism and Women • Good Medicine: Malriarchal Culture • Pearl ISSUE SIXTEEN • SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite • Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision Quest • Fll'St Flow - Initiation • Learning in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge • "Valuing Trees" ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular Architcclure. Dreams in Wood and Stone • Mountain Home · Earth Energies • Earth-Sheltered Living • Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter Poems: Octo~r Du.sic· Good Medicine: "Shelter" ISSUE NINETEEN· SPRING 1988 Perelandra Garden • Spring Tonics • Blueberries • WildO.ower Gardens • Granny Herbalist • Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals:• Story. Good Medicine: "Power• • Be AT~ ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wildcmess - Highlands of Roan • Celo Communily - Land Trust - Arthur Morgan School • Zoning lssue. "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Farm Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" • Acid Rain • Dulce's Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988--89 Global Wanning • Ftre This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions" • Earth Exercise . Kore Loy McWhirter • An Abundance of Emptiness· LETS • Chronicles of Floyd • Darry Wood - The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WENTY-THREE • SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Planet Art· Green City. Poplar Appeal • "Clear Sky" · •A New Earth" • Black Swan • Wild lovely Days • Reviews: Sacred !And Sacred Su, Ice Age - Poem: "S udden Tendrils" ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR - SUMMER 1989 Deep Listening - Life in Alomic City • Direct Action! • Tree of Peace • Community Building • Peacemakers· Ellm1c Survival • Pairing Pro.,ec1. "Baulesong• • Growing Peace in Cultures • Review: The Chalice and the Blade ISSUE 1WENTY-SIX • WINTER, 1989-90 The B:oroic Era· Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids Treecycling Company· Conmc1 Resolution Developing Creati vc Spirit • Birth Power • Magic of Puppetry • Home Schooling • Naming Ceremony Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN· SPRING. 1990 Transformation • Healing Power • Peace LO Their Ashes • Healing in Katuah • Poem: "When Left LO Grow• • Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food from the Ancient Foresl ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FAU/WINTER 1990 From the Mountains to the Sea · Profile of The LlUle Tennessee River • Headwaters Ecology • "It All Comes Down to Water Quality" • Water Power. Action for Aquatic HabitaLS - Dawn Watchers • Good Medicine: The Long Human Being • The North Shore Road· Kaulah Sells Out. Watershed Map of the Kaliiah Province ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology • Ways to a Regenerative Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth" • Clarksville Miracle • The Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy" • Shelton Laurel· LETS ISSUE THIRTY-ONE· SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities of Dowsing • Electrical Life of the Earth • Katuah and the Earth Grid - Call of the Ancient Ones • Good Medicine: "On Aggression" · Time to Take the Time to Take the Time - Whole Science • Tuning In ISSUE THIRTY-TWO · FALL 1991 Bringing bac.k the Fue • A Bit of Mountain Levity • Climax Never Came · "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah . Walking Distance • Good Medicine: "Serving the Great Life" · The Granola Journal · Paintings: "Mountain Stories"· Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-THREE· WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - Whal Is Natural • Fire and Forge • The First Fire - Hearth and Fire in the Mountains • Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" • Midwinlef Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam • Litmus Lichens ISSUE THIRTY-FOUR· SPRING 1992 Paradise Gardening· Community Sponsored Agriculture - Ealing Close 10 Home· Native Foods • Cover Crops. Katuah Cultivars • The Web of Life: A Katuah Almanac - Good Medicine "Medicine Training• • Poems by Allison Sutherland ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE· SUMMER 1992 Consensus • Problems with Consensus. Tribal Council - Elda • The State of Franklin - Regional Rainbow • Steve Moon: Shell Engravings • Good Medicme "Medicine Training rr·. A Look Back Back Issues: Issue# _ _ @ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $._ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $,_ __ Issue#_@ $3.00 = $._ _ _ postage paid $._ __ Name Address City State Zip Near Complete Set: (3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-35) postage paid @ $50.00 =$,_ __ Katuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC Karuah Province 28645 • (704) 754-6097 '.Kati.ulfl Jourrn:1( pnge 3S � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 36, Fall 1992 Description An account of the resource The thirty-sixth issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on wood and its role in mountain life: logging, wood products, and forest stewardship. There is also an announcement that publication of the journal will cease in 1993. Authors and artists in this issue include: Lee Barnes, Frank Hodgin, David Wheeler, Dr. John Wade, Harley Wessman, Nancy McIntyre, Buzz Williams, Robert T. Pershcel, Jesse Jones, Leon S. Minckler, Tucker Windover, Charlotte Homsher, Rob Messick, Julia Vanselow, Frank Vogel, Michael Thompson, Susan Klimczak, Jeff Zachary, Susan Parker Weatherford, Mark Anderson, Hope Walker, and "Pegi." Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Using Wood.......1 Appalachian Logging by Lee Barnes.......4 Old Logging Days by Frank Hodgin.......7 Working the Woodlands by David Wheeler.......9 Wood Products and Western North Carolina by Dr. John Wade.......13 Depletion for Dollars by Harley Wessman.......13 Logging with Horses by Nancy McIntyre.......15 Natural World News.......16 Invasion of the Giants by Buzz Williams........19 From Industry to Endeavor by David Wheeler.......20 Pioneering A New Human/Nature Relationship by Robert T. Perschel.......21 Forest Stewardship Programs by Jesse Jones.......22 Ecological Forestry for Renewable Forest Values by Leon S. Minckler.......23 Drumming........25 The Chair in the Tree by Tucker Windover.......27 Reading the Grove by Charlotte Homsher........29 Events.......32 Webworking.......33 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest products industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern Logging--Appalachian Region, Southern Animals in logging--Appalachian Region North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Earth Energies Economic Alternatives Electric Power Companies Folklore and Ceremony Forest History Forest Issues Forest Practice Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Poems Reading Resources South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/6242ad52b617091c87c9539ed560f662.pdf ceae3b1dd3f95de061a292ba6f7dcc7d PDF Text Text ,.-.c---URNAL ISSUE 37 WINTER 1992-93 $2 00 �Green Man (a.Jc.a. Joe Hollis) Photo by Nancy Herman / ~UAHiJOURNAL "- PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748 c, ~ New Address Inside! Postage Paid Bulk Mail Permit #18 Leicester, NC 28748 .ac.\C 0,,l * () ~ Printed on recycled paper ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED �eoNPENTr0 In The Morning.......................... by DcnnL~ Frederick Green Man and Green Woman........ 4 by Rob Messick Floyd 2020.... ............ ...... ......... 7 by Will Ashe Bason Ecology................................... 8 by Rob Messick Drawing of Sequoyah.................. 9 by James Rhea The Legend of James Whitehead..................... by 10 Bnrbaru Wickersham Raven1.................................... by Fran 11 Freudenbcrgcc Kid's Page............................... Rhea's Fairies.......................... . 13 Drawings by Lucile Morgan........... 14 Drawing by Bob Johnson.............. 15 Drawings by Pegi....................... 16 The Solitary Tree........................ 17 ... ,. ... 12 by Charlotte Homsher Wildwoods Wisdom.................... 18 by DougElliou Natural World News.................... 20 Mandalas................................. 22 hy Roh Messick Gourds................................. 23 by M1ch:icl Thompson Poem: A \lu~ Jmm Hawk'.r Nest. .. .. ... 24 by Gcr.tld George Economy................................. 25 by Rob MClisick Drummmg................................ 26 Rev11:ws: Beyond The Beaury Strip Reshapitrg Modern Culture.. ......... by Rob H Sleep well, my darling, Sleep we/1 my love. Srars in the heavens Are shining above. The labor has ended, The journey is done, So resc now, sleep now, My sweec one. 1 "Jack?" The old man rose and looked out the window at the lowering sun, the last rays of the day flowing golden over the ridges. It was so good to feel the spring again, to hear the bird.~ and taste the warm savor of the spring air. It had been a long winter, a hard biller-cold winter. Snow, storms. endless dark, and endless wind. It had been hard on him, harder on her. He looked over 10 where she lay, her profile softly outlined by the crossglow of the sun through the window and the candles around her head. He smiled. She looked peaceful, he thought Rested. "Jack, you 'bout ready?" That was Ethan. He was a good man • good friend and neighbor. I le had been for fony-three years, ever since he and Sarah had moved onto the f!Um next to Jack and Emma. "Yeah, Ethan, I reckon so." McssJCk Events.................................... 32 Webworking............ ... ,............. 33 W~1 1-tcr, 1992-93 © 1990 by Dennis K. Frederick She was so beautiful, so oddly beautiful when Jack first saw her. She was sitting on the other side of the room when the music started, and when he asked her to dance with him, it was all he could do to get the words out When she stood up and moved into his !UTTlS, he truly felt like he was holding an angel. She had dark brown hair and grey eyes and a smile that could outshine the moon. When she smiled up at him he felt like he was melting down and burning up inside all at the same time. And when they kissed for the first time • and every time after • it was ... complete. After they were married, Jack said the greatest joy in his life was waking up beside her every morning. He thanked God for that, every day. "Ethan, do you think that everyone who wants to come is here?" They never had children, Jack and Emma, not a one, not even a quickening. That made Jack some sad. knowing that after Emma died there would be no pan of her to carry on in the world, but then he'd look at her across the room or across the garden and he couldn't be sad for long, 'cause she was here now, and that was enough. And she said she didn't mind at all, 'cause she'd found a way to have all the children she wanted and not a one bother her in the middle of the night, for she became a school teacher. Now, Emma didn't run the usual son of classroom. Oh, she taught them their letters and numbers and all like that, and taught them well. But that was only on days when the rain or the cold kept them indoors. On other days she would have them outside walking in the fields or running through the woods or tromping up and down the creek beds. She said that God's world was the best classroom there was, and the only way to learn about it was to go out in it. And those kids? They loved it. And they loved her. You never saw a brighter, more sparlde-cyed bunch in your life. Drawing by Rob Mcuick (continued on page 3) lultimf~ Journot Jla<J"- �-, ' l<eLJAH JOURNAL -- , ,,-' " ..... .., -- ...,_,,, .... .. .....,,.... ~ · ~:/ I ,_, ,,,,,,.;"" - ~.r- ~·· . -~ ...... ~ . ____________ ,: --------- ..~-. ------/ -----.i'. I ._.,r·'!'· _ _ ,,,1"" ARTITORT ALSTAFFTIIIS ISSUE: Rob Messick (Coordinaror) David Wheeler Sherman Bamford Charlotte Homsher .,,,., ,)"\ .,...... ... ~ - ~~_,-.. , , ,r,~- . ~ .... ._/.. 'J _..c,~ .l· ....~ , - - o~~- ,,...: _.,jJ Pegi Heather Blair RheaOnnond Thanks to Marie Reilly for her inspiration... ................- - - - ~- _..;,._(l~ ~' _._,,..., • ;.·•· :l ~, I ~ ,~ .,... ....:." t -% -------- , ,. --.~,:-..· .- -~-------·-• 0-_,..•"' COVER: byRobMessick ©1992 '!•.b•-,•.t. PUBLISHED BY: KanUJh Journal EDITORIAL OFFICE THIS ISSUE: Backbone Spur Gardens< Globe Valley< Grandfather Ranger District< Pisgah National Forest < Katuah Province WRITE US AT: Karuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC; Katuah Province 28645 TELEPHONE: (704) 754-fm7 Diversity is an imponant element ofbion:gional ecology, both natural and social. In accord with this principle K(J[uah Journal uies to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only the opinion of lhe authors and are OOl necessarily lhc opinions of the Katuah Journal edi«n or slllff. The lntemal Revenue Service has declared Ka1uah Journal a non-profit organization under section 50J(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All coou,1>utions 10 Katuah Journal are deductible from per.;onal income w. Asticlcs appearing in K(J[uah Journal may be reprinted in other publications with permission from lhe Katuah Journal stalT. Contact the journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097. 'L'.NVOCA.TW'.N '-, I ---- - --- L~·.•._•. ,......_•./._..:f. - - *ttt!.. PRJNTED BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press ..-·!·· '.....,_ '. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Here, in the Katuah Province of these ancient Appalachian mountains where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain on this Turtle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth Here, In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep connection 10 the spirit of the land. We bring this connection into the being and the doing of our daily lives When the land speaks, we listen and we act We tune our lives 10 !the changes, to the seasons We respect the limits of the land We preseJVe, defend. and restore the land We give thanks for all that is good Hannony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative. The land is a living being. She is sacred. As 1he land lives, so do we. As the spirit of the land is diminished, our spirits are diminished as well. Katuah Journal sends a voice... with articles, stories, poems. and artwork we speak 10 the spirit of alJ the living, breathing inhabitants of these mountains in hopes that we, the human beings, may find our place in th.is Great Life. The Editors KATUAH JOURNAL wanis ro communicate your thoughts and feelings to the other people in the bioregional provillce. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contrib1uions to us at: Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC; Katuah Province 28645. TJIE SPRING ISSUE will be dedicated to sustainable tourism and transport. including green alternatives to travel. Be sure to include those wonderful drawings and photos on the subject! The deadline is February 1st, 1993. Send to Rob Messick; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645. Jose Arguelles Xatuah Journot page 2 OUR LAST" ISSUE will! be filled with your closing comments and contributions, an index lO the 38 issues of KattUJh Journal, and a listing of biorcgionally oriented organizations in the Province (see page 34 for details). AJI Things Must Pass... Wtnter, 1992-93 �(conlinued from page I) "I think they are, Jack, and she said we weren't to wait 100 long." That last year when she couldn't get out of bed, Emma had cried about being useless. until one day she figured out something she could do. She would have Jack bring in an egg or cwo every few days from the henhouse, and she would lay those eggs alongside her body under the blankets where they would stay warm until they hatched ouL Then she would talcc the chicks and put them in a box beside the bed and tend them there until they were big enough to give away. and then they would go to whoever in the community was in need. That made her smile again. She was quite a woman. "I reckon it's time, then." Jack pulled on his coat and turned to nod at the men waiting in the doorway. He stepped out ont0 the porch and was amazed at the number of people standing outside. There must have been two or three hundred of them. Somehow he'd forgotten 10 keep track of the growth of the community. The new stores, the good roads, the churches, the increasing number of children in Emma's classroom - all this had somehow failed to register in his reality, for Emma was all his world. To live with her on their farm in these mountains - this was all he needed. Just to work ha.rd and love her. The six men brought Emma's coffin out of the cabin and raised it to their shoulders. Up the hill they went. followed by Jack, Ethan, Sarah, and all those others, up to the top of the hill where there stood an old oak tree. Its branches spread wide to shade a little fenced-in area enclosing a freshly-dug grave. They set the coffin down beside the hole, and, wlten all the people had gathered around, Jack spoke to them. "Friends, Emma and I want to thank you for being here. She would have felt honored to know that so many of you came to see her off. We want to thank those who sat up with us last night, we thank the women who got her ready and the men who dug her grave here. She asked me to be sure it was this particular time of the day when she was buried. She loved tile evening. Said it seemed co her a fitting time for a funeral, 'cause this way she got a good night's sleep before waking up to the good Lord's glorious morning - her very words. So, Emma, you sleep now, and these folks and 1, we'll see you on that morning. I love you. Rest well." Jack nodded to the preacher, the service proceeded, the people sang Emma to her rest, the coffin was lowered, the hole was filled in, and the stone was SCL Everybody went back down the hill to the house where there was food and drink and they all stayed awhile. Then they began 10 cirirt away home, the lanterns on their wagons shinning like fireflies disappearing into the woods, until there was only Jack and Ethan and Sarah lefl. "Will you be alright, Jack?" "Oh, I'll be right as rain by morning, Sarah. I'm just going to sit here on the porch for awhile like she and I used to do. She did love it so." ''I'll stop by in the morning." 'Thank you, Ethan. Good night." ,, "Rest well. I'll see you in the morning." Ethan and Sarah's wagon moved off down the road and the musical stillness of the night sectled over the old man on the porch. His eyes looked up to the hilltop, then far beyond for a long while, then they closed. When Ethan and Sarah came by in the morning, they found Jack still sitting in that chair, past all waking in this world. Ethan found a wide boartl and they laid Jack out on it. They put Jack in the back of the wagon, put in a few more boartls. hammer and nails and a shovel, and they drove the wagon back up to the top of the hill to that oak tree. They spent the rest of the day digging Jack's grave, nailing his coffin together around him, and lowering him down to rest beside Emma. They filled in the hole and moved the scone a bit so that it settled down over both.Jack and Emma. They stood in silence for a long time and at last they turned for home. "Ethan?" "Hmmm?" "l've been thinking about it. and I do believe that yesterday was the longest time that Jack and Emma had spent apart since they were married." "I guess he just could'c live with the thought of waking up alone. Well, he won't have to, now." Drawing by Lucile Morgan Wtt1ter , 1992-93 Sleep well, my darling, Sleep well, my love. Srars in the heavens Are shining above. The labor has ended, The journey is done, So rest now, sleep now, My sweer one. The journey is over, The morning has come, So rest now, sleep now, Mylovt. "This su,ry was inspired by somtthing D()(; McConnt'II told mt a couple of~ars ago. and by the spirit of the mountain people who IIOW siuround me." Denn,s Frtduick was born on the sowh s,de o/Clucago in /950, grew up in the li11kfarm town of MuJdldJury. IN. and autnlkd Indiana Univtrsiry mtermi11t111ly for several years. lie moved 10 7ennessee rn 1979 IQ work/or a rouring 1mpro~isa1ional thttUrt company where ht mt/ his wife. Lucinda Flodin, l'hey tool up life together in 1984, and 111 1986 discovatd S/Qrytelling osa tandem pe,formmu:t art. They liw with tlrtv scns. Forts/ and Cody. on 28 acres of mo1,1111llln glory in Carttr Co1,111ry, TN and make 1htir living as uave/i11g storytellers. DeMis and UJ.CiNJa havt produced rwo audio /ape~. Strawberries m the Snow and Mounlain Sptrirs, each SIO 00, ppd from R1.J. Box 726; ~ llampton. TN J7658. ~ X-atuoh Journot page 3 �~tuah Joumal, ..' I pcuw;1,4 lr Orawmga by Rob Musick f _. Wlntcr. 1992-!13 �t.nter , 1992-93 "'1titmi. Journot PCUJC S �----E _ __ -~ :K.nt(~h Journal pa9e 6 Drawing by Rob Muncl< l.>i.ntcr, 1992-93 �FLOYD 2020 by Will Ashe Bason There was little doubt by the mid-90's that the superstonns were the result of global cllinate changes produced by inefficient and thoughtless industrialization. The frequency and severily uf the Sturms increased during the '90's making tens of millions homeless and completely destroying lhe electricity distribution systems of huge towers and wires. The US Army was put to work building communities which could withstand the intense winds of lhe superstonns. Each of these villages had several large underground storerooms in which people could talce refuge in a storm. Some homes and structures were built to wilhstand the high winds, and some were made to be dismantled and stored when a stonn threatened. The US Army built over 5,000 eco-villages housing over three million people during the '90's. Many other settlements were built privately. Jimmy and Rosalyn Caner were leaders in a movement in which poor people came together to build protected villages. Still, millions of people who had lived in beautiful homes wilh many • luxuries were reduced to living in shack.s built of tarps and broken lumber near hastily dug storm cellars. During the mid- and late '90's, refugees from the West Coast went out in waves, each bigger lhan the last, just like the quakes and eruptions that set them in motion. Many of the people who were most tuned in to the narur:il world were among the first to leave. In most cases, people had 10 sell their homes and non-movables for nearly nothing. They loaded up lheir mini-vans and hitched up their trailers and headed east - much as previous pioneers had headed west. Many of the people who had been involved in building cuilural alternatives were drawn to areas in I.he Blue Ridge Mountains where these 1,>lnt.er, t992- 93 alternatives already had a foothold. Floyd County absorbed nearly 3,000 West Coast refugees between 1993 to 1998. After the huge back-to-back storms of 1995, the old power grid was gone for good in Floyd County and throughout most of the southeastern US. About half of the people in Floyd and several surrounding counties were homeless. That year there were so many emergencies that US and UN services were unavailable. The radical restructuring of the world economy 10 our reality-based exchange system was not yet complete, and localities everywhere were reduced to their own devices. A team of local engineers and architects developed several types of buildings which were made of local materials and could withstand extremely high winds. Over the spring and summer of 1995 more than 2,000 people worked on 14 villages which by winter were homes to 5,000 people. These communities consisted of a large central building surrounded by cottages. The sites were picked for favorable water power and they all generated enough electricity for lights in the cottages and refrigeration facilities in the central buildings. The couages seemed like castles 10 people who had been living cooped up with friends and relatives in sometimes amazingly cramped and cold conditions in the winter of '94. Over the next ten yean,, many more small, sheltered, and self-powered communities were buill in the county. Today, Floyd's 14,000 people have 42 communities of more than 100 inhabitants, while in 1990 12,000 people had only one such community. This restructuring into small communities had many unexpected benefits, and today there are few who would trade our present life for the world that the winds swept away. The villages of the Blue Ridge upland plateau differ considerably from each other, as some were fonned by fann families who had been in the area for many years, and some were fonned along alternative lines. Many communities have a Native American feel to lhem, several are African-American, and two are Spanish-speaking. A village near Buffalo Mountain is a Cherokee-speaking community, the northernmost of their confederacy. These various groups all mingle in the town of Floyd, which is still the largest settlement in the county. The Saturday market in Floyd is colorful and noisy. The village of Marin is somewhat typical of the communities that were built in Floyd County in the mid-'90's. Fourteen cottages were originally built and served as homes to over 50 people lhe first winter. The village maintains a sizable herd of cows and sheep and cultivates orchards on gentle slopes. The village has nearly 10 hectares of good river bonom land on which it raises grains and vegeiables. Marin has a water-powered grain mill, saw mill, and woodworking shop. The shop produces several types of wooden flutes which have a good reputation and earn the village most of i1s rrnde credits. This is in keeping with the musical motif of the villages of the area almost all of the local communities suppon themselves most by manufacturing various musical instruments. The Blue Ridge area was one of the most "backward" regions of the old US economy, but it came through the economic transition in much better shape than most other areas. Literacy rates rose sharply and infant monality rates fell, exactly counter to corresponding trends in the rest of the country and most areas of the world. The self-reliance of the old farm communities of the area combined wilh the ideas for alternative economic and energy systems that newer residcntS brought with them to create a ., better way of life. Drawing by Pcgi X-Gtooh )our-nm pQCJe 7 �Xatuml )ournm piiqe 8 Drawing by Rob Mcuick Wrntcr , 1992-93 �Drawing of Sequoyah by James Rhea �...: ·•~ ..... ... ·.~.- :. t;. . ... =~ ::•.= ... •• :.¥_: •• • ... ..... ... :;· :.;:• .. :! : ·.•.· :~ :- ·.~.: ·.~.: .·,; : ... .. ... ..-.: .... ... .... .. . ... THE LEGEND OF JAMES WHITEHEAD by Barbara Wickersham Once upon a time a man named James Whitehead lived up on the head of Tiger Creek way back up in the mountains of Caner County, Tennessee. He had a right nice farm and he loved 10 fish and hunt One day while young James was ou1 huntin' something happened that changed his life forever. It was gettin' kinda late, near dark, and he was 1hinkin' strongly abou1 h~din' home for supper. Suddenly he happened upon a tiny cri1ter lying frigh1encd and crying in the grass. He stared in amazement figurin' as how it must be a new-born baby tiger. h was, of coun;e, a baby mouniain lion, commonly called tigers or painiers by people thereabouts. He quickly looked all around but saw no sign of mama so he picked up the liule fella, gemly wrapped it in his hand.kerchief, and promptly carried ii home for his wife to care for. Now it just so happened that his wife had recently given birth herself, and, since Xotimn Journal page 10 _. ,, I ,I r ,1, --- I tfj .~ fl"'•'t f .J\\~ · l1;.,1~•J:.{ she couldn'1 figure any 01her way to save the little critter· not owning nny tiny baby bottles or eye-droppers - she simply nursed ii along wi1h her own baby. The baby tiger grew quickly, was s1rong and healthy, and soon was returned to the moun1ains where ii belonged. Folks around there got to calling James "Tiger," and forever af1er he was known as Tiger Whitehead, the man who saved the baby tiger. Tiger's real claim 10 fame, however, wa~ his hunting prowess. He managed to keep meai on 1he table for his burgeoning brood most of his 86 years and during tha1 time he actually killed 99 bears. When he was on his deathbed, one of his sons brought a bear cub to him, saying "Kill this bear so we can say you killed 100 bears," bu1 he refused, saying he had never killed except when he had to. His gravestone proudly proclaims "He killed 99 bears." ... Since 1984, Barbara Wickersham has collabaraJe.d will, Ron Vance in gathering stories of the Roan Mountain area. Tile two are both native Appalachian people with a long-rime fascination for the history. fitera111re, and language ofthe white mmmtain folk. In February of /985 they applied for and recieved a University ofTennessee Research Grant to help in the contitu4(Jtion of their oral history efforts. Their primary objective is to co/leer historical facts, tales, riddles, expressions, old plwtos - anything rl111t will capmre the life of the Roan Mountain people just before, during. and after the Great Depression. To clme they have interviewed 62 people and are .Hill working. ifyou have riddles, old games, ghost stories, or a good tale you would like 10 share with them, or ifyou hll\/e a lead on a particularly good interview prospect, they would appreciate your help. Contact Barbara Wickersham at 7314 John Norton Road; Knoxville, TN 37920 or call (615) ...::All' 577-1072. Drawing by Rob Messick p �:.•. ·.•.•;::·.·:~::·:: ,·,·.: • • • '; :•r •• • • • ,,.._.,, ·.•••••••'ho,,••••'\•'*•. .. ... .. ···...... ...... ······ •. ,.u .... .. : ..... ,:·:! .. ·.. .·.:: :::···. ·''"· ; ················· ....·..... . ~ ............ ·. ... .. ..::.::·;... .·. ..·:::_·:·:::::···· ·:··' ·... ·::~~~-~~·-:·-·-... ·.: .... . ...:.,:..:..,.·· . .. . ., .... ': :. . . ....~. .,.. \ ! ... -~--- •. ······· . ····,... ........._ . ... .... , .. - ......... ,\: .... ..... ·' . . ·•···· . ·····-···· ··········"'······ ~· .... • ..... ·- .... ..·· ......... .... Raven! ····..,:,. ;-._.::·.r:?,•,,•::::.,.•, ,..,;::···· . !".::.-:•.. :... :.. ·:., ,, .-·········· .... ···'y··".:-·····.:···. . ··-... .:.....:·:·· . .. -. ························ ······· Fran Freudenberger 1 a storygatherer currently residing in the Crab s Community o f Katuah rro,1nre. For infomiation contact her at TH E O PEN CIRCLE, 1112 W,llow Street; Hcnderson~ille, NC 28739 (70-I ) 696-3659. . .... ........ . .,,,: ..._..:.: ..-·· ... _ Gazed out O\'l'r the charred stillness and thought .. 'This was once the Earth?" I le listened to the smoldering silence and thought ... "This was once Her Breath?" Then Raven raised his wings In Anger and new away. by Fran Freudenberger Drawu,g by Rob Memc:lr. •.•• ···? �KID'S PAGE ___,---=- - ' ,. ., "'J ., ,I Daniel Olson - ngc 7 r .,._.;.. l.. :-::..£,=-- ----.... " ~..• - . . '. ,. • . ~· .. ·~ A i . .' ~,,., ' . . .. , . .... \. . . __ ~-r""·' _.....,,.::.. . ' ........---'\{.' ....~ . .• . ___.... ·---·~("'" • •. t. '·· ..~ • ..-, ..._ -':'-'\~,.,,.., ',•. !-,;_ ••~ ..... i ~~,... . ·,·.. '-.: . ' • -- - .- ..-- lJ .. . . . . ... (~ . ,, .._, ·.... _·:.>•.. ... ·... _., ,. . .,, . ' Jeffrey Hollis - age 4 .· •'f ' ... "Drngon at a Croquet Game" '"7:'-- • ----~. ... .. __ ;,,--- . .. . • .. .,. ···i.l. , - . ., .,, r .. . -.. .. :. . ~ .. . • , ..• ~·-- / / .''- . - - ... . - ~ J'- - -· Desiree Cafaro - age 11 Juniper Myers Walters - age 10 ,C:amal\ Jotmmf paqc 12 Lane Raskin - age 7 . -- ,-l,. 1 a,l., . . ..--,1· Jade Alysen Kornegay - age 8 !.>inter, I 992-' �I, l grew up in Missouri and experienced the Ozarks. Friends of my parents bought some land by a mountain creek and built a shelter. "'rhey called it Rocky Branch and I do believe that was where I first encountered fairies. In my adolescence our family moved lO cultural Cleveland where my father's dream was realii.ed - to play his viola in the Cleveland Orchestra in the great Severence Hall. When I sat in the hall, I would gnze up at the ceiling embellishment and watch the fairies' wings flutter to the beautiful music. I later learned that the ceiling was designed from the lace on Mrs. Severcnce's wedding veil. (l have also found fairies on recent trips 10 the an museum and felt like a fairy while studying ballet!) After years of an school, universities, a teaching profession, and a marriage I realized that I needed 10 get back to the land. The early memories of Rocky Branch were still in my head. lvmtcr, 1992-93 I found some land on a 30 mile reservoir nonh of Amherst, MassachusetlS and began to build my dream, and to connect back to the great Mother Earth. I lived on this secluded land by myself and felt the closeness of all the plant and animal spirilS that surrounded me. My only fear was of the hunters who evemually destr0yed my dream, burning my house down. rt was nine ye-ars ago when I came 10 Kaulah Province from New England. I followed the ridge of the Appalachian Mountains south and landed in a parndise garden. As I drove toward the South Toe River Valley, a rainbow crossed the road and 1 knew that this must be the place where fairies live. At that rime Joe Hollis was looking for someone 10 help in his garden, and 1 enthusiastically agreed. He offered me a yun (Mongolian teepee) to live in which became my home for three years. The gardens expanded and I found fairies flinering about everywhere. Joe took me to beautiful wildflower coves filled with thousands of trilliums, and 10 the ridgetops of the Black Mountains where I first saw galax and other wildflowers that did not grow in the Appalachian Mountains in New England or anywhere else I've ever lived. These mountains have a magic about them that I never felt in any oiher mountain range. Lost and homeless for years, I had followed the mountains south, guided by the faith and hope that I would find a home where fairies dance. Mountain Gardens in Celo. NC is that home where now our son Jeffrey runs through the garden looking~ ~ fairies. p • Rhea Ormond Drawing by Rhea Ormond �Drawings by Lucile Morgan - Coffey's General Sion: in Edgemont �Drawing b~ Bob Joluuon �Xatimh Journat• pnge 16 Drawings by Pcgi l,) i.n«ir, 1992-93 �The Solitary Tree by Charlotte Homsher Nature is not static, but an ever-changing process. Water moves so swiflly we can not focus on the lines of the current. Weather can change abruptly. Encounters with wild animals are fleeting and unusual. Only trees remain accessible to everyone, sturdily rooted in place long enough for us 10 study them. In issue #36 of Kan,ah Journal, I wrote about the relationship of trees to each other in a grove. In this anicle, I address the individualistic trees who stand alone and offer us insight into difficult questions. We live at the close of a century of momentous change, in an era of transition from one age to another, in a time of tremendous challenge. Now as never before we hold the fate of humanity and of the survival of the planet itself in our hands. It is easy to forget, so quickly are events moving in the epoch sense, that the process of decay (which is the grandest transition of all) happens slowly enough within a human lifetime for us to grasp the meaning of the cycle. For instance, the era of the great American chestnut tree came to an end in the thirties, yet the skeletal trunks of the chesmuts could still be seen scanding upright on the Blue Ridge Parkway into the sixties. I believe that even in death trees still teach us. There is a lightning-charred hollow trunk still standing at Catawba Falls. My son, who was silt at the time, told me very matter-of-factly that this hollow tree was where the lndian spirits live. He understood perfectly that the hollow places are homes, protection; not only den trees for bears and possums, but empty places where creation of all sorts can take place. A hollowed-out standing tree would be a good place for a vision quesL Nearly every power place has a tree of this kind. Inside the pregnant darkness of a hollow tree, one can hear a sound, a distonion similar to what one hears from placing a large sea shell neltt to the ear. These trees arc like drums for the Earth. I call the sound that they funnel the roar of the Earth. Jn the Reems Creek area, there is a massive trunk of a dead 1ree that is unusual not only for its size, but also because of 1he way in which the trunk twis1s up from the ground in a spiral pattern. The spiral twisting is indication that the tree grew on a power spot. The tree was able 10 bring up this powerful Eanh energy which came up the tree in a spiral vortex movement, and makes this energy available to the plam life, the animals, and the humans in the vicinitv. I am sure that this was a council.tree, a meeting place, when it was alive. Now that the tree is dead, the Earth energy that comes up through the root system of the trees in that area is now spread out among several mature trees. What is left for us 10 see are the remains of lessons of the past. I have heard of people finding crystals and unusual rocks under these spiral-trunked trees, but 1 personally prefer not to disturb these trees which are, of course, still den trees. 1.,lnter, 1992-93 Even more poignant, arc the trees which are still living, still sprouting even when 1he heartwood is gone, and sometimes when nothing is left but half a hollow trunk. 1 consider 1hese to be medicine 1rees, or healing trees. These arc easy trees to step into, to put one's belly against the sapwood and release fears and sorrows. l have fell no particular grief within these trees. They are very noble. They have a breadth of experience which embodies all of the transitions between life and death, fertility and decay. They have opened themselves up entirely 10 the erosion of the weather and 10 causal examinauon or their internal processes. They continue life even wuhin the process of decay. Healthy, live trees also teach us about times of transition. Double-trunked trees which have grown 1ogether embody many qualities of duali1y. separateness. and blending. The sweet birch is a good example of this. The bark of the young sweet birch is smooth but becomes scaly and rougher with age. A double-trunked swee1 birch, which has one smooth trunk and one rough trunk, may appear to be one tree but is actually two trees of the same species at different ages of growth. This phenomenon of the double- trunked tree 1s even more obvious when trees of different species sprou1 at the same time, seed next to seed. It is common to see trees which have one character, one predominwn shape, yet which are combinations of beech and hemlock, for instance, or ironwood and maple. These are wonderful teacher trees. By studying t'he qualities of the two worlds, the crossroads of separate species, we can recognize ourselves at a crossroads and gain insight into ways of growing gracefully as individuals into the oneness of the greater vision of Iife. Trees have their own cycles and reasons for being that have nothing 10 do with humanity, yet we have intruded into the natural processes 10 such an elttont that O"Ces may not survive without our intervention. I think it is very possible that a time v.ill come when we will garden trees to keep a species alive just os we now garden vegetables. Until that time tllere is still the chance 10 persuade the ,,ild trees to prolong their lives, 10 keep the forest vibrant, happy, and healthy so that our children and our children's children can learn from the trees. We can do this by entering into the realms of nature with /;;!I' humility and genuine gratitude. fr Dr•wing by Pegi �. ./4 "The Serpent and The 1 J f I ,, .,__ / / / \ ,,'.~ In thls joyful compendium of woodslore, ancient legends, humorous !ales, and perceptive insights, Doug Ellion opens our eyes to the world of planes and animals and !he many ways of rediscovering our natural heritage. Wi!h !he easy voice of a storyteller, he shows how nature provides all our needs • not only food, clothing and shelter, but also the spiritual truths that can enrich and transform our lives. In !he pages of Wildwood.s Wisdom you'll view nature through !he eyes of many people from different walks of life, some who embody ancient wisdom, others with sc1cnufic knowledge, and still others who have been touched deeply by an encounter with !he natural world. You'll hang out with • Native Americans, Appalachian mountain folk. and biologists. And you11 hear stories of Pentecostal snake handlers, hoodoo root doctors, possum breeders, and even a New York stockbrocker, to Doug Elliott also adventures - hitchhikir sketching along the Re capturing snakes, colic walking softly in the b expound on plants and small with enthusiasm "This book is abl exploring, and dwellin of an ecosystem 1eemi1 and change. It is about dwelling place within , we interact with the en world at large." The be illusmued with over 01 by the author. Wildwo journey of awakening, world we may not ofte are forever joined. Doug Elliott is a �Egg" and Other Tales ... >name a few. o draws on his own ing across the country, :ocky Mountains, leering folklore, and backcountry - to d creatures great and ri and witty reverence. JOUt being home, about ng oo the earth as pan ing with life and death 11 finding that sacred 1OUllClvcs, from where nvironmcnt and the >OOK i~ abo beautifully ,ne hundred drawings ood1 Wisdom is a :, of being at home in a en sec but to which we 1 naturalist, herbalist, storyteller, and wildlife anist who has been ranging woods and waters since childhood. For the past decade he has lectured, conducted workshops, and performed storytelling in concert with various organizations including the American Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian rnstitution. Doug is also the author of Roots: An Underground Botany and Forager's Guide. He lives with his wife, Yanna, on a homei;tead in Kaulah Province, Rutherford County, North Carolina. To order Wildwoods Wisdom send $22.95 pl1Ls $2.00 shipping to: Paragon /louse; 90 Fifth Avenue; New York, NY 100/ l. To receive a listing of Doug's activities in your area you can contact /um 01: Rt. 1, Box 388; Union Mills, NC 28167 Drawings by Doug l!lliou �1• " ARSON! "I ,t",,t N.nnl World News Savic.: ArsoniSLs suuclc the Hennes.sec Hardwood Company of Franklin, NC early on the morning cl November 30, 1992. setting IWO foes that did more than SS0,000 damage and woonding owner Jack Hennes.~ee in an exch:inge of gunfire. The action was apparcnlly to discourage the logging comp:iny from carrying 0111 a contraCt on the Rich Mounuun umber sale m the Highl:inds Ranger Dl5Ulct of the Namahala National Forest. This was only the la~t in sabotage actions agrunst the Ilcnnessee Company during 1992: vandals dLo;ablcd equipment belonging 10 the company and nn indcpcndcnt su!KontraCtor while Hcnncssce was working the Rich Mountain sale last winter, and the Hennessee office was the target of vandaJig-n earlier in the month or November. In response 10 a threatening leticr, Jack Hennessee. the owner of the company, was keeping watch on the plant on the night or Sunday, November 29. He said lhat after dozing he awoke ai 4 a.m. the following morning to find that a large floodlight overlooking the mill was ouL He went oulSide IO check on the situation and saw that a 100tshed in !he debarlcing section of the plant was on fire. According to Hennessee, he saw what appeared to be a person runn111g around the comer of the shed. He fll'Cd on the person with a handgun. Al lhe same time he saw another fire flaring up ne:uby m the plant's chipping operation. At lhat moment he heard two shots and was knocked to the ground. When he roused himself later on, Hennes.sec called lhe county sherilrs department and lhe ambulance. At the hospital he ICM!ed he had been suuck by a bullet, which passed through lhe flesh of tus back, not wounding hun seriously. Hennessee is convinced that the attack was motivated by opposition 10 the company's logging the Rich Mountain Timber Sale, which 1s divided mto 15 units scauered arowid the town of Highlands in Macon County. Other actions against the company have been din,cu:d specifically against that timber operation. In a widely-publicil.cd incident during February of 1992, saboteurs tore the~ and cut hydraulic lines on skiddersand looders belonging 10 Hennessee that were parked m the Buck Creek area of the Rich Mountain umber sale. On lhe night of November 13, 1992 vandals cnlCl'Cd the Hennessee Company omces through an open back door, dumped drawers and files on the Door about the room. painted slogans Wee "Clcarcuuing Ba.~wds" and "You11 Never Cut Rieh Mountain" on the office walls. A drink machine was broken, and a smaJJ pis10I was also stolen from 11 desk drawer. One week lalllr, Hcnnc.=e emplnyu_~. on doing a routine check before morning sl3Jl-up, found th.11 someone had attempted 10 sabotage the chipper by putting a large p,pe wrench down the mouth of lhc machine where it would have done extcn\1ve damlgc to the blades. ll1en.on Fnday, November 27. 1992, Hcnnesscc h3d received an unsigned letter at the company offices staung that "the end is near." This was what prompr.cd him 10 set a watch on the plnnt and ll1e North Carohnn State Bwcau of fnvcstign1ion is assisting the Mncon County Sheriff's Department 111 the mvcsugation of the recent lll'SOn. OfflCCrS said that mal.Crials had been sent 10 Raleigh for annlysis, 001 that it was too C3rly in the mves1ig;ition 10 say anything about iL, progress. ~tuah Joumat· PmJ" 20 TRYING cmCUMSTANCES FOR CHAMPION Na1ural World News Sarvicc APPEALS UPHELD Nlllnl World News Sovicc In September, 1992, the US Congiess voccd 111 favor of a bill supponing the nghLof the public to appeal Forest Service timber sales. When it was signed by the prcsiden1 Im.ct in the fall. the legislation became law. Some were worried lhat pr0visioos added by Sen. Larry Craig (R-ID) would unduly tle the hands of citizens. According to Peter Kirby, Southeast Regional Director of the Wilderness Society, most, but not all, or the problems with the btU have been resolved. Congress has added a section from Sen. Wyche Fowler's (D-GA) earlier measure that requires the Fores1 Service 10 inform the public about proposed actions and provide specific opporwnilics for commenung. In addition, ciw.ens still have 45 days in which to appeal. llOl 30 days as had been proposed in the Craig bill. The bill does add some new restrictions to the right to appeal, however. The Forest Service will only allow persons 10 appeal ifwriucn or oral commentS arc submmcd on the proposed action, or if the Forest Service is notified about the per.;on's mrcrcst in the activlly. The FOi'est Service will only be given 45 days to review an appeal, 001 100 days, as currently allowed. tr the Forest Service does not make a decision with111 45 days, the original decision will stand. Dissatisfied panics will then have lO talce the Forest Service to court or take Lo the uces. REAL BARTERING Nanni World News Scrvia: The Alarka Laurel saga continue.~. The 2,000 acre trael, which cootains a rare spruce bog and a scenic wa1erfall, was 10 be pun:hased by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission a~ a game refuge, bU1 lhc shifting winds of stale policies changed lha1 arrangcmcnL • The latest proposal is a bnd swap between the TruM for Pubhc Land (TPt.) and the US Forest Service, F ~ Supemsor Bjorn Dahl hlls proposed thal Al:u-ka Laurel be tmdcd for a t .SOO acre uac1 on Fontaf13 Lake. which would then be made available for priv:ue lkvelopmcnL The TPL 8"0!JP 1s agJcc.ible, and the Swam Coun1y Colnmiss10ncn; seem lO favor the idea. Appro,'DI by Swam County re.~idcnts hlls been a major stumbling block in resolving the fate or the Alarlca Laurel tracL Ncgoumions may be ex1cnclcd, and 1he arrangement would requuc a public hearing, which may be held in Bl)·son City as early as December, 1992, although the date was not available when this issue went lO press. A lawsuit brought against Champion Intemauonal Corporation by seven frunilies ftling on behalf of2.600 homeowners on the Pigeon River and Douglas Lake in Tennessee ended in a mi51rial on October 16, 1992 oficr one month of testimony before the US District coun in Greeneville, TN. The plaintiffs soughl S3.9 million m compens:tlion and S365 million in punitive damages for a decline in the value of their wau:rside propcnies allributable 10 the presence of the highly toxic chemical dioxin, which is produced m the chlorine bleaching process used by Champion in the papcmuwng operations at its Can10n. NC mill. Although the jury was hung on conflicting claims of the virulence of dioxin presenlCd by witnesses called by the plaintiffs and by Champion Corporation, the trial made public unponant infonnation abou1 the company and the way it doe~ business. One willlCSS called lO the stand was retired US Navy Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, who ordclCd the release of Agent Orange, a dioxin-laden defoliant, dunng the war in Vietnam. Zumwal1 told how his son was killed by diseases conU'IICtcd from e,qiosure 10 the herbicide. Knowing whal we do aboul dioxin, said Zumwalt, "it is not only unethical. but reprehensible" for the paper indUSIJ'y to continue 10 produce the cancer-causing c:hemieal. Al Smith, a rcured deputy director of the Environmental Protection Agency who worked closely with the Champion permitting process in 1987-88, also testified for the plaintiffs. He contended against consiant objections by defense auomeys for 90 minu1CS on the stand as he tried 10 tell in detail how Champion staged an elaborate campaign 10 manipulate public opinion on the issue of the Canton mill's operating permiL He said that he was convinced that Champion's threal to lay off 2,000 workers from the Canton mill for environmental reasons was "a ploy." Attomeys for the plaintiffs also introduced 11 memo from an executive with the Price-McNabb Advertising Company of Asheville, whicll was hired as a consultant for Champion's media campaign. The memo directed that Champion spokespeople should debate the permit "in a manner that tires the puhlic and the media of the ISSue." Phillip NC31, a rewed eng1IIC(I', added creditability to the clnim put forth by environmentalists that Champion was holding the area "economic hostage· to win its way m the permit ballle. During the permit dispute, Oliver Blackwell. then manager of the Canton mill, Slllr.cd rcpe31Cdly that ll was "technologically unfeasible" for the company to meet stale water color rcqu11emcnts. Neal 1esufied tha1 during the same period the company had held a patent on a proces.~ he had designed 10 remove color from the waia. The proce.s~ wa.~ ne,·cr alluded 10 anJ never used, Neal said. In the closing days of the tn31 a real esmte appraiser stated that the threat of dioxin h.ld adv~y affected land price.~ around the lake. S11ll the jury could not reach a clear decision. The plaintiffs declared emphatically thnt the lawsu11 will be brought to trial again. 1Ji1i.t~r, ,1992>"93 �BOISE CASCADE: "THE PUBLIC BE DAMNED! Narural World New, Service Boise Cascade Corporation. one of lhe companies proposing to build chip mill opua1.1ons that would denude foresllands in soulhea.s1m1 Tenne.~. has declared lhat it will proceed with its consu-uction vlans without waiting for a ~hipping pennit required by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). If they do not receive a barge permit, the timber giant would send the chips to port overland by truck instead of on the river. Because or overwhelming opposition to the dcstrucuve chip mills eitpre.ssed at public bearings, TV A has been "leaning against" offering the permits to the chip mills (see KaJuah Journal 1136). Boise Cascade has put off construction uni.ii January, and environmentalists are wondering if their move is nOl a bluff designed lO force TV A's hand. Local activist Bob Mitchell of the Tennessee Valley Hardwood Alliance was quoc.ed in the Chananoogo Times as saying, "They think that if they go in and destroy the beauty along the river ahead or time, there won't be anything lO argue abouL The whole region is against these people, and it's going lO be a continuous media event if they try to come in hero. "Even 1f it is a bluff, they will have destroyed that section of the river." The local group Tennessans, Gcorgit111s, ond Alabamans for Environmental Responsibility (fAGER), which came together over the chip mill issue, has raised the possibility of calling a national boycou of Boise Cascade if the corporation proceeds with its construetion plans. That decision, too, is on hold until Boise Cascade makes its intentions clC3l'. ART ROWE v. FREE SPEECH NIIIUnl Wedd News Service It seems that the Forest Service has been gerung testy about its image lately. Earlier this year, the Daniel Boone National Forest wrote threatening letters to activists, falsely claiming that the display or Smokey the Bear caricatures was illegal. Recently, Paul Myer.;, a member of the environmental group SoothPAW, attempted lO distribute a mer to visiior.i at the offices of the Pisgah Ranger District and posted a copy on the public bulletin bo:ird. The flier simply asks readers to comment on the draft amendments to the Pisgah/Nantahala management pion before December 16. ltencoumges support for formulating a plan alternative that protcets the Pisgah/Nantahala National Fore.sis as naturally functioning ccosyStems. makes ecological restoration a primary go31, and ends ta~payer-subsidiu:d logging on these public rorests. When Myers discovered that Dislricl Ranger Arl Rowe had taken down the flier, he contacted the district ranger, asking whal he needed io do to post and/Or distribute the Dier. Rowe advised Myers against even distributing the flier, saying that he was "not sure if there is any appropriate authormu.ion" and that "there are rules a.~ to what can and can't be distributed.· Recent coun cases do not suppon Lhis position. Alier the Foresl Service tried to censor signs in the wc.~tcm US. the Department of AgriculbJJC baned the Forest Service from interfering with the right of free speech. The Forest Service could only specify where the distributors could go. and even then, only when there was a clear danger to public safety. Fortst Wateh, a publication or'Cascade Holistic Economic Consul1811ts, observes that the Forest Service typically discourages activities that cast it in a poor light II uses intimidolion when this ploy docs DOl work. Myers believes that Art Rowe is uying to delay distribution of the SoulhPAW fliers until after the deadline for public comment on the plan amendment Stnd fellers on the Forest Plan to: SowhPAW; 3 CI/JXlcm Pl.; Aihe vi/It, NC 28801. They will be prtunttd to the Forest Suvict by December 16. GEORGIA EXPANDS LIST Nanni World News Service Georgia has added 135 species to the 79 species currently proc.ectcd under its suue endangered species acL The upandcd list includes a large number of threatened and endangered planis, birds, and mussels native lO the Appalachians, including the monkey-face orchid (PlaJanthera inlegrilabia), a rare plnnt found near wetlands. The list was expanded in sp11c of objections by a lobbyist for Sea Island n:oort, Union Camp Corporauon, and Georgia-Pacific Corporauon who claimed that the additions would interfere with priv:uc property rights. The Georgia Department ofNawral Rcsoun:cs did not find this claim plau.~iblc: the Georgia endangered species act applies only lO statc~ed lands and federnl lands managed through coopcmuvc agreements with the Sllllc. In addition, national forests typically protect state listed species under a "protcetcd" or "sensitive" species de..~gnation. (c:onlinuod on page 29) For more informo.tion or 10 help fig hi 1/te chip mills, contact TAGER: Box 764: Sowh Pi11sburg, TN 37380 SHOW SOME IMPROVEMENT Nawnl World New, Service North Carolinians are hoping that recent Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) hearings will be a springboard for saner uanspon.ation policy. Members of the newly formed NC Allillnce for Transportation Reform spoke at the hearings for the fina time, advocating a switch to lJ'lUns, buses, van pools, bicycles, 1111d foot-power. At a hearing in Morganion. member.; or the group chided the NC Department of Transportation for focusing single-mindedly on new rood construction while ignoring alternative transpOl'1lltion, better planning, maintennnce of exisung roads, nnd other mOfC cost-effective systems. They cited othct serious costs associated with rood-building, such as declines in wildlife populations and air quality. WNC Alliance Transportation Task Force member Jim Barnes, who came to speak against four-lamng portions of U.S. 221, noted tha1 the NC DOT seemed lO be acting on its own narrow pohucal agenda more than on the public's behalf. Barnes, a com bot veieran, quoted a swement by Secretary of Transportatioo Thomas Harrelsoo that implied that people wocking for transponation rcfOITll were pan or the "CCCP" (Russian communists) and told DOT lO stop the auacks. ~- ....,i ,./r.t_,,.,._ ......... ·~·...· ~ CLEARCUTS in Crandfoth<:r Ranger Obtnct Pi~g;th N•lt0Ml Fol'\'!\t 1967-1992 • • ~IS _ ... Wa1t-r,htrd-,. - - -Watrrway, --r,,g.i.o.w.s...., - , COUJ1171.J,,oo «:. _ _ US....,_~..._.,,__,,.,,,..,,lltrp•u-'""&MM-111,.._,111,,-, . ,.....__,t._&,__..W'ftt._Mll ... lWa. Send wrillen comments on tM TIP 10: Thomas llarrefson, Secretary ofTransP«tmion; J/ighway Building: 1 S. Wilmington St.; Rakigh, NC 2761 l To become a 1ranspona1ion reformer, write: NC AtlitJ11Cefor Transpor101ion Reform: P.O. Box 1002: Chapel Iii/I, NC 27514 ,,.,inter-, 1992,..93 This map was produced for the Foothills Environmental Alliance (FEA) by Rob Messick to document the extent of clearcutting on the "Grnndfathcr Ranger Desert" in the Ptsgllh N11tional ForesL The Allmnce i.1 calling for an end io clearcutting on public lands in lhe diwict, saying thal. so many acres have already been logged that the cumulative effects of so much cutting have affected the area as a whole. Fore.st Service Ranger Mike Anderson has refused to meet with the FEA, so lhe group ha.~ taken their map and their appeal to the media and the public. �MANDALAS by Rob Messick �Michael Thompson was raised in Kentucky and Indiana. His formal education was at Eastern Kentucky University and the University of Tennessee. Michael started his artistic career as a porcelain artist; his porcelain pieces are in many states and several countries. His pen and ink works have been published in Kat11ah Journal and Appalachian Heritage. He has illustrated several booklets and one book. He now lives in Berea, Kentucky where he works in aniques and porcelain restoration. !Ji.nter ,' 1992-93 �POEMS The sun of my mind rises Nourishing and encouraging The growing branches of my heart's wisdom With an enlightened mind And a heart as strong As an old oak tree My body can face the wind And call to joy. The View from Hawk's Nest Pegl 'Tire world's longest steel, arch bridge with a single span of 1700 feet opened on Oct. 22, 1977, as an integral part of West Virginia's interstate system." - from a post card text When the aliens came, they couldn't seem to stand it; They looked at it, some of them even admired it; Had said: "Overthere shall be a sanctuary for Whomever"? The huge gorge, the swift-running river below, the long ages of slow carving; Instead, they ran roughshod right over the canyon; But then they had to get somewhere else; So they spun long strands of steel, and spanned the chasm; they straddled it. What if, standing here for the first time, seeing it, they had decided instead to stop? Had said: ''No, this is it, we go no farther, this edge will suffice"? Had said: "No, what is over there will be theirs who have it"? (Mostly deer, sun-motUed trees, and rhododendron;) Had said: "Let that be the Overthere where we celebrate our restraint"? Xatimh Journot pngc 24 In hardly more than an instant they bridged all that had taken the water forever to open up; And hurriedly went on their way scurrying evermore west to the Earth's end; Then, lo, one particular day, they came back; "Bridge Day," they called it; They dangled ropes down and climbed up it; they put parachutes on and jumped off it; they raced their motorcycles over u; they laughed and then picnicked upon it; 'Once each year we'll come again and mock this gorge," they said; "Once each year we'll have 'Bridge Day'." by Gerald George l,.lu1 trr. 1992- 93 �... . . •. ... ... ~. .......................•.. .. ··•..... l.Jtnu r , 1992-93 . . .. . .. .. . .;~ �DRUMMING Ocnr Kataali, Hey Rob • way 10 go. Looks like you got your anal complex in ncwsprinL Most folks just pu1 it on 1hc outhouse wall or I.ell bath.room jokes to their friends. 111 bel you've grossed ouI half of Kauiah Province. P.Winklor Hickory.NC Ocnr Karuah, Re: lhe "CMOOn" in the Fall '92 Kauiah. "the b10-movcmcnt.•. it's as slow as a bowel movcmcnL• • now CRUDE I not lO mention inaccurate (rm sorry to learn Mr. Messick is constipatcd, but please SJXITC us, your readers, this kind of knowledge in your last 3 h.~c.~). Un<:igncd Charlouc. NC • Reply: Than! you for your commtnt.r. I suppou you tw0 think that art should ncvtr be ojftnsiw:. I don't agree with that. Man) comics and artists use the irracioMI 10 get a pomt acros.r. They also play with taboo sub;ects rtgularly. FrtJ/lltly I have mtt too many tnvirollflll!ntalists who haw: diffic11/ty laughing 01 tht:mstlvts. In the Fall, /991 issuto/Kat~nh Wt" pla}'l!d with tht sumingly sacrosanct KatuahJournaJ logo and it becamt Granola Journal/or this vuy reason Why is it that the sense of humor is among the most controversial of human pursuits? The "Ka1'1ah Ko,rfu.sion~ comic in isslll! 36 hod a play on words that was IIOl =ant to be 1~11 this seriously. I/you would liu to see m()Tt: ufmy 'anal comp/a' please re/t:r 10 Katuah Journal issut 1112 (Summn- 1986) 111 an article t!nlitled "The Sacred Sca,ab"for which I cartooned idtas the Kauiah edito~ hod aboui scarab beet/ts raking care of the sort of miff )'OIi fuul III ou1l,ouses. 1/appy body funcnons! · RM De.u-Katuah, I was inl.CrCSICd to read the review of Kattiah iffl!e #34 in lhc latesl issue of Anarchy mnga.,me. 1lle mrun reason I've written is bccnu.w rm fa1tly heavily involved with lhe UK Earth First! nelwork and am presently beginning 10 compile an nnicle on the Iheme of·Rcfon:sting the Eanh." My intent in producing this article for the UK Emth F'l/'SlJ magll7.ine called Wild is: I) Because a (X)lll~ve n:fon:stmion drive would go a long way to mitigaung many of the disasuous side cffeCLS.of our presenl way of life (who knows, it could even ushet m a ocw "modem primitive• golden age, and talce lhc l)fCSSW\l off our animal brothers and sisterS). 2) It means that us radical c:nvironmentaliStS can be proactive rather lhan reactive • seuing our own agenda rather than always decrying "theirs.• lt is not enough jUSl lO oppose.. A pc)Siti ve vision o( ours acts as a binding force and gives us something 10 strive for mthcr lhan fight agrunsL 3) Living in lhe United Kingdom I yearn for a wilderness, an unn:gulaled expanse. Seeing an American wilderness (of a kind) - Yosemite· had a profound cffCCl on me. XAt6bh. )outnat page 26 4) The planting of U'CCS seems 10 me lO be very life-affuming - a way 10 give somelhing back (or "pay the rent," as US EF! people say). It is a way to create something rather lhan prevent something rrom being desaoyed. I see lhc article as having two secLJons. 1lle fu;t will cover and promoli: groups already engngcd m reforestation - e.g. Trees for Life. Scottish Tree Trust, Sacred Tree Trust, Reforesting Scotland in lhe UK. Gccen Bell in Kenya. Si-A-Paz in Nie4ragua, clC. The second will promote the idea of a uec-based life itself and ex:imine lhc pr05pCCts for tl1is THE. LAST~F~~ l<ATUANS Dear Kataali, My deepest thanks 10 all of you for Ka16uh Journal. It was really good reading, and rm sorry nex1 summer it will be all over. Please, jf You plan 10 publish Katuah again in the future, or any other journal or books. le! me know. Good Luck To All of You, Giuseppe Moretti Man10va. l181y Dear Katuah, We are two historians Crom Austria. For about 1en years we worlt and publish on new spiritual and alcem:itive movements. At the same time we are p:in of lhese movements by ourselves. We are both acLJve in lhc non-prol'it association "For the Earth, for Life/Working Circle Hopi. Auslri3" which suppons traditional lnduln issues and promou:.s spiritual practices in the: Gennan-spcalcing an:a. After the decline of communism in Eastern Europe there is an increasing 1endcncy toward a new regionalism throughout lhc continent. We con5idcr the bioregionaJ,sm a~ a very tn!Cl'Cs.tmg alternative to the estabhshcd stau:-sysiem. We want lO inronn the public rn the German-speaking coonincs by means of sc1cn1ilic work about biorcgionalism which b unknown in Europe. So we request your help by sending us information material on your specific work and acuviucs, and by answering the following questions: • Is your vision of bioregionalism connected with an egaliianan, hierarchical, or other order of society? (which) • Arc foreign people wekome in bioregional areas or is it the aim of bioregionahsm that pc,ople 01 foreign cullll/'U - e11cluded? •There is a big con~uon of biorcg1011al idea~ with Nauve Amcncans. ls there any coopcrall<>n and/or do you SUPJlOll Indian land rights struggles cu:.? We are looking fOfWlltd lo hearing from you. Sinc:crely Yours. Dr. &luard Gugcnbager Dr. Roman Schwcidlcnka A-8984 Kainisc:h 29 Austria, Europe Dear Katuah. I fll'St read Karuah JourMI boci wilh issue 1127. I luld ;ust finished 1wo year. with the Peace Corps in the Philil'fl111CS, and had rclWllcd home 10 Ellijay, GA 10 visit with my Dad. The arucle by Richard Lowenthal :ibo1.1t personal and plancwy healing blew me away. I remember I sat on lhe public bench in front of the Dallon, GA pos1 office and read lhc: article by Lisa Sarasohn about the belly. "If we are lO heal the Eanh, let us st.art as close to home as possible, let us Stan with the ponion of the Erulh which is our bodies.· Since I.hen our wife delivered our fll'Sl child. as a future social model as oovocated by the Such words wri11en by lots of d1ffcrcnl people over Movement for Compassionate Living. George these past few years It.we helped me so much. Mostly French, permaculturists, and so on. I'm quiet, but I feel reassurance m knowing thal Your publication sounded like ii would be others feel things like me. worth reading in n:la!Jon lO this article. If you know What's most imponant for y'all publishing 1hc of any Cun.her relevant matuial, such as lhal I have journal 1s your own healths. Maybe if the journal is outlined above, I'd be very grateful 10 hear from you. diffic:ull to pull iogether using just volunteer input, Youn Sincerely, we could increase our yearly subscnplion to say Dominic Franklin twenty-Ii ve dollars, and then have a small stipend for Brighton,UK lhe core members of the SUlff. I think that Ka1uah semis out a really powetful voice, and I think lhlll ,n times 10 come we'll sec more and more people looking ror such a voice in lhelf search for lhclf place in this Great Life. In appreciation, Scou Richardson Baguio City, Philippines Drawing by Dous Ellioct JJi.ntei. 1992-~ �Dear Kan1ah, ...... ... ..r _; ~-· ... . .... I '·· ·-' (\ : ,fl., ... .. ,• ....~ ··· /-.: i·.. • ) _.: .... ~ \ ·.... ·.......... c::::~ Dear Katuah, 1 ••···: ·--.... l ! ~ { .-:;::> '·-.... ........ ·, ..........··......... ··--...· ILL MISS YOU! BIGTIME With Love, Peace, and Hope for the Future, HalWlllSOn M:ith The Noturt Con.m-wincy Minneapolis. MN _. Thanks C« all your work. We love Katuah Journal and will miss you! The Magic Fac10ry Rome.GA DcarKatuah, lwassoodcnedbytheannoonccmentto discontinue publication of Katuah Journal. Your contnl>ution lO bioregional awan:ncss and thinking has reached beyond K.alliah. The mspuation the joomal has provided for me will be missed• The best to all of you, Tom Hawkins Ravenna.OH Dear Ka1uah, So SrKry to hear you all are ceasing publication • this truly is tht btst biortgional journal in the country! Dear Kataah, Dear Katuah. We recently came to North Carolina to camp in the Sunburst area of Pisgah National Forest. We were there for a weelc and had an opportwlity to visit Cherokee, NC. On the way into the city we passed an interesting edifice which turned out to be Native Traditions, the non-profit organization which suppons experiential education for youth. We wmed in because I thought it was a herb shop and I have a great interest in herbs. (If you know the store perhaps you will understand my mistake.) I was delighted with the enterpnse, even though it wasn't a herb store. My two boys and I were fascinated with the items oCfered frK sale, along with the lending library and Sequoyah Trueblood's concept. While paying ror two crystals the boys had selected. I spotted a C-Opy of Ka111ah Journal on a nearby uibtc. I reached frK a copy 10 add 10 the purchase thinking it was a Cherokee local newsletter and that it would be intem.ting 10 road. The young Indy at the counter would take no payment for ill J wn.~ further impres.,;oo! However I was even more impressed when I finished reading that summer 1992 issue! So impressed that I would like lO ~ubscribe. I subscn'bc to Circlt Ntrworlc News from Wisconsin, Mymcal Realms"from Briton, nnd \Vild and Wudy from ldaho. Thi.~ Katuah Journal is a good counter JlOlnl . I enjoyed it! Thanks again , C. L. Mahoney Ros.~ford, OH "Now is tht Season of Dying Tht Long Dark Night A'bornin' Bui sh.hh! Usttn... The Trus Stand Tall A'gin the Bi11u Wind Awaitm' tht warm glqwA' Morniri'." DearKatuah, Your publicauon 1s right on targeL To me. ltving close to the L'l.lld is the most imponant thing we can do. I am glad 10 send you $50.00 for ALL of your remaining back l~sues. They will become a valued pan of my library as I learn to live hannoniously with my biacgion - The Mississippi River Delta. Long Live the E.arth, George Nctwcrlccr New Orleans, LA (The Forest's W/lll'ERSONG) I was saddened by your news. The passing of an important piece of all our lives - but I'm glad to have known and been a pan of Katuah for the time I was. Peace, Fran Freudcnbcrgcr Hendersonville. NC Thankyou, Dana Vandcr Els Winooski, VT Dear Katuah. Sad news indeed! Have you considered trying to get some foundation in the region to underwrite three years of an editor's salary rK wha1evcr expense is most critical? Send two copies of Katuah Journal with your proposal, and who knows, it might w«k. The Dirtctory of Foundalions is probably available at you local library. Keep Katuah Afloat! Ken Morrison Babson Park. FL Dear Ka1uah. Dear Katuah, Sorry 10 hear about KDluah's ceasing pubIic31ion. A line J()umal which will be hasd to top. I wish all of you well and thank you frK your years of service to the people of the province and the rest of us lucky enough IO come across iL Regard.~ Onwings by Rob Messick LccMcm:r Baltimore, MD Although l did expect it sooner or later I still hoped 1wouldn't sec the ad on Page 34 Fall '92 saying good-bye. It was through Katuah Journal that I rully wised up 10 natural resources • the w:iy they were, arc. and can be again - and I can't po~bly thank you all enough for that , At least you arc going out with dignity, aware that you did reach a lot o f ~ with your message of hope, expressed so beautifully in your "Statement of Purpose." It is my hope that you can, in the foreseeable future, once again send II voice. •• if not. you have accomplished much anyhow. In closing, for th,: benefit of anyone who IS interested in gaming good insight mto just how esscnual lltCS arc to human life, and how wonderous they an: up close, may I sugg~ a book cnlltlcd rhir Green World written in 1942 by Rutherford Plan. in reprint now through Dodd. Mead, and Company. Mr. Plait undcrnood ucts, and his love for them shows through. Though an amrueur Mtumlist. hi5 knowledge SUrplSSCd many "eitpertS" and This Grun World e:imed him the Burroughs Awanl as the year's forcmosi literary worlt in nature writing. I urge folks 10 get this book, if no others. (continllCd on ne,,1 P"&e) XA~,Jin.m9':, ~~. �Dear Katualt, It m:ilccs me snd 10 think about Kaluoh Journal being put to sleep! Fondly, B31tara Wickersham Knoxville, TN (continued from pa;;c 27) Again, lhank you :ill ror guidance when I mo5t needed n worthwhile dinx:llon an life • II won't be forg01ten ..• P.S, - I'd like 10 extend a "good day!" IO S:tm Booher, 'l'hcthcr he i, or isn't rcl31Cd lO the B«>hcrs in £ar Eastern Tennessee. A brother manicd into that clan fnr a while. Keep lhe Path, Jclfl.achary Dear Kllluoh, Thanks for all your good work through the years. Katualt has been 311 inspiration! Pcac:e and Slmhinc, Bob Fairchild E:l.slCmKenwcky Appropriate Technologies Oe.,r Kllluah, I nm oorry lO discover your journal jUSl as it is about IO cease publication. I am currently a graduate student in Foresuy a1 Notth Carolina S131e University. I hope to S1Jlr1 a homestead in the North Carolina Appalachian Mountains soon. Pcrh3ps some day we will meet? Peace, DcnnisOwnond Raleigh.NC Oeat'Klllu,Jh, I am sorry to hear that you will be CC3Slng publiaillon... Katuah 1s a ftl!C joumal and it will be sorely missed! Jennifer Brownlie Gulf B=.c. FL Dc:it Kattlah, We nre sorry to hear about KatJiah Jour11i1I eea~ing publication. especially ~incc we~ recently 1hscovcroo )'OU • •a voice in the waldeme."-'1.• I would also lake to order a near complete sci of lxK le issues. Good luck ond thank you. Cyntlua Maddo~ and Ben C.ampbcll Gn:cnsbom. NC Xoti,ah Journni patJC 28 De:irKotiiah. Sorry 10 hear I.hat Katuoh Journal will stop publicution. Best Wish<:s for the future. Bartxua WhiLCner Salisbury. NC Dear Katualt. We am very sad to hear you will cease publishing Katuoh Journal, We look forward IO each issue. it always lirts our spiriii; ro tCad the ankles and poems. Good luck 10 you all in your future cndca\'Ol'S. Peace, Steve and Jo Knight Allanm,GA Dear Kat(wh, I'd Ii.kc 10 obtain a copy of lhc l:iiest issue of Katiiah JourNJI fcawriog rorcsis, wood woit. and wood workers. Heard that this might be your final issue. ll<>pe it's 1101 true. Every issue I've seen has been absolutely lop notch • mieresting, relevant, cullurally and biorcg.,onally enrich111g. Please say 11 ain·1 sol Thanks very much. OaveKahnn Full Circle Foresuy Gaiberville. CA D.:arKatualt, We are compilmg and editing a ·Good Wood' guide that lisis source.~ of suruinably-h:u'vc~tild wood. and produclS mruJe thereof Do you have any leads for producers in yOllr area that might be mlCl'C6ted? Also, our new ncwslcucr 1s coming 001 an a week or two· would you like LO uchange? We all were 1mpr-cs,;ed by your journal, and were sorry to hear you're closing down. Thanks, Ken lll~titu1c for Sustainable Fon:s1ry P.O. Box 1580 Redway, CA 95560 Pnnt by Laura Braolt Janun • agt II DearKatwh, Over the years I've wriucn about the U.S. Forest Service. May I inlJ'Oduce the Association of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics (AFSEEE)? Among its members arc over 2,000 profcss1on:ils m the Forest Service. They am very upset with the polilici.iation of the U.S. Forest Scr.•ice wherein it no longer serves the best intcreslS or the public. Therefore they are sharing infonnalion to bring about reforms. He.re are quoc.ntions from information they have provided on how to save our National Forests from waste. "U.S. National Forests I) supply only 14% of U.S. wood producis 2) comprise only 8.5% or our country's land lllC3 3) contain SO~of rtffl3ining wildlife habitat in the U.S. 4) supply SO% of the cold-wrucr fisheries habitat in 1he U.S. S) provide abundant clean water and air 6) make up lhe I.isl remaining S% of our native forests in I.he conlinerual U.S. 7) and represent the la~t vestiges or functioning ccosysiems. critical for the preservation of remaining biological diva,;ity. These environr11Cnl:il value.~ eannoc be supplied anywhere else: they can only be found on our remaining public lands. The U.S. does 001 need more wood from the N;11ional f-orcs1s. Consider the following !.implc conservution and recychng ~ll'lllcgy. which would mon: 1han make up for lhecurrcnt 14% or wood products coming from U.S. National Forests: • Increasing the efficiency or our mills in the U.S. IO literally cul mare wood Crom each log. Technology aln::idy ovailnblc and being used in J:ipan would increase our "supply" a full 27%-. almost double what comes Crom National Forests. • Using mon: post-consumer recycled paper producis, making use of both sides of paper. reducing the use of di~lc paper producL~. and eliminating wood wa5te in lhc construction process. These steps m addiuon 10 mill efficiency would save us 50% of the trees we are cutting now • nearly four times the wood coming from National ForesL~. While AFSEEE is not necessarily advocating a halt to public lands devcloprl!Cnl and logging, we do advoe;ite a complete mor310nurn on any development of remaining roadless an::is or old growth. AFSEEE says unul we instJtutc a simple, rauonal conscrvuuon and recycling strategy, the public shOuld not have to give up the incredible cnvironmenllll values or our Notional Fore.,ts for a mere 14% of the wood prducL~ supply. Nor should we lose hundreds of m1lhons of our tax dollnrs m selling lhe heritage of our National Fore,, lands to tamber companies for lhesc unnCCCS'iaf)' wood producL,. • Oc:ir wise friend.,! Un51Crupulous Limber mtcre,L\ pn:,;cnUy conuol lhc admini~ll'lltion and Congreis and are quietly aucmpting to PG"-~ laws so tha1 they can loot our and our children's hcril!lgc. the b,1 rcinnining 5% or ancient forests. Subscribing to lnnrr Voiu (P.O. Box I 1615; Eugene, OR 97440) \\11l help ket'p you infonned. Our conccm:d western cousins need our help 10 save our ancient trees and the life tl1cy suppon. Congrcs~mcn who defer to such special unscrupulous mtcrc51., again~! the public good arc 1m:spoosiblc, de.~f\·ing or a hfe-long vacallon. :111d should be so informed politely. Won't you please help for the :sake of your grnnd.hlltlrcn? Yoo havi: the time and the means. Ancient tn:cs contJnuc to fall n~,ly. Z. Andrew Gerry FranJJan,NC lvint.cr, I qgz-93 I �(continued from page 21) BAD OPPORTUNITY TIMBER SALE APPEALED • BY INDUSTRY! Nllllnl World Nc,ws Sttvi« N•unl World News Set\<icc Following an order from lhe ccnuul office of lhe Southern Region of lhe US Forest ScN1ce. the Jefferson National Foresl has stopped issuing decision nouccs for Opponunity Areas (OAs). OAs average 7,600 acre.~ each on the Jefferson Under the old system, lhe Forest Service issued one-t,me decision notices for mosl ForesL Service ocuv111cs in 311 OA over a period of live or more ycru-s. Freed Crom the rcsLraintS of lhe old sySI.Cm, lhe Forc.~1 Service is planning a flurry or umber "3lcs. ll h:is begun using a rudimentary, nonbinding OA document lhat offers linle hope for expaod.ing nongame habiuu, special areas. or semiprimitivc recreational opportunities. Environmenial groups have nol been qwct., however. In October, represenialives of lhe CitilcrtS' Ta.~k Force for Foresl Management, the Appalachian Trail Conference, SoulhPAW, and the timber llldustry met with Ille Deputy Regional Forcsccr. Only lhe timber industry backed !he change. A second meeting is planned, lhis lime with Regional Forester John Alcock. The Cili,.ens' Tiwt Force ha. provided Alcock wilh a number of aises and materials on the OA system. The group has reminded him lha1 it was he who signed the f0test pl3n aficr lhe OA sysicm was worked OUL The Task Force argues lhat lhe OA system was designed 10 compensate for an otherwise deficient plan. Wilhout it, lhe Jefferson 1'ational FOfCSI is essentiBlly ·ptanless." and must begin opernting on imcrim guidelines until a satisfactory new plan is approved. To lhe nonh, !he George Washington National Forest has been operating on interim guidelines for several years. The C1tiicns· Ta.~ Force ha.~ enlistO<I lhe help of the Sou1hem Environmental Law Centec in preparing its If 1mit1tion is lhe sincetest form of noucry, then lhe Muluple Use Council JUSI /o~s Lhe region's environmental groups! ~timber industry advocacy group adopted an environmcnlalist iactic m Scpccmbcr, 1992 by entering an odmmistralive appcaJ wilh lhe US Forc.~1 SeN1cc on the Sugarhouse Cove limber sale. Sugarhouse Cove is in lhe Big Ivy area of nonh Buncombe County. Big Ivy IS known for us biolog1cal diversity and has been recommended 3S a biological reserve by a coalition of scientists and activists (Si:i!K01uahJourna/ #34). Ths substance of the induSLry appeal was an hi~1orical oulline or the Big Ivy area and a stand history of Lhe timber sale companmcnts. The h1~1orical oullinc went back JO J)IC-Columbian times and traced a history of human use up JO lhe present day. The comention or lhc appca) is lhat lhe umber sale should be expanded. The reasoning is that because there arc species of threatened pl.ants in Big Ivy and becaleiC much of Dig Ivy has experienced periodic human dislurbance, "lhe question might be raised" Ihm "site disturbance is necessary 10 lhcse plants and !he lack of site disuub:lnce may bar lheir recovery as a species." The obvious flaw in lhe logic of the appeal is 1h31 no cause-and-effect relationship is ~hown. Because there are lhrcatcned plant species in an area 1h31 experienced human disuu-bance does not mean lhnl the planlS arc dependent upon diSlurbancc. Much more prolxlble for species of native woodland plontS IS that they are continuing to exist in lhc area in spite of disuubances. The particular species in question were not named in lhc industry's appeal. If disturbance oncouraged lhrealClled plan15, lhc highly disturbed areas or human habilation all around lhc national forests would be rife wilh rare and endangered plant species. Unfonunately, this is not the case. Native species need nauve habitat.. which for the rare forest plantS is lhe old-growlh hardwood foresL For many speci.:s, the public lands are their los1 refuge, and i n ~ human use is lhreatening lheu last haven. Enlightening as is the dissertation on lhe history of the human use or the Big Ivy area, 11 in no way makes an across-the-board case that race plant~ require clcarcuis. case. For more in[ormarion. write: Citizens' Taslc Foret; 2753 Tanglewood Dr. SW; Roanoke, Va. 24018 ROADS CRISSCROSS PARKWAY Narura! World News Service It's lhe law! An obscure passage in !he 1989 North Carolina Highway Trust Fund Act bas cituens· groups and Blue Ridge Parlcway orrtcials worried. Tucked in among the other verbiage is a clause that requires the st:ite 10 rave all its roads - 17,000 miles wnhm IS y~. Fifty to 60 of lhese roads cross lhc Blue Ridge Parkway. When lhe Parkway wa.~ e~Lilbli!Jled as 11 nauonal park, the North Carolina and Virginia Dcpanments ofTran.,ponauoo (OOTs) n:ccived all nghtS of way foe inlefSCcung public roads. The Parkway administration is therefore Lrying to v.ork coopcrauvely w1lh lhe NC DOT. Accordmg to Ranger Jim Fox, lhc Patkway has an cxt.cnsive da1.1ba.o;c on rare plant communities and archaoological sues. It will urge DOT to avoid these are:is and to m.'lke changes whenever road plan~ CJlCOUl'3gc increased uuffte and high speed driving on the 1l3Jtway. Citi,cos groups arc also dismayed by the proposal. Paul Pritchard of the National Parks Md Conservation A~iation has exprcssoo concern about the project's potential to interfere wilh wildlife comdocs along the Parkway, In an Asheville Ciri1e11-Timn artlclc. he stated, "the moce we cut it up, lhe more difficult il is for nalllle to survive the acts of mon." lo>u1ter, 1992-93 OPEN SEASON ON COYOTE Natural World New. Serv,a, CO)'OIC 1, ptrSOfl(J flOfl grata in lhe Stale or North Carolina. The NC Wildlife Rcsoum:sCommis~ion 0.-/CWRC) has cl~ilied the coyoie as a •non-game wildlife specie.~· (hke a groundhog) and is proposing an open, urucstciclcd hunung = n on lhc wil>· canine. Since large nauvc preda10rs have been extcrmina1ed in lhe Sou1hcast. ll1crc has been an open niche in lhe area ecosystem, To fill Lha1 niche, the coy01e has migrated into Nonh Carolina from the wc~1 and has naturnli,cd itself in the Kaniah biorcgion and lhc wesiem piedmont Pockcis of coyoc.c i;culcment have also occurred 1n lhe caslCm part of the st.11e, probably as a rc~uh of human intrOduction. Coyotes arc opportunistic cau:rs. They are naturally prcda!Or'i, :ind will hunt animal~ as laq:e as deer down JO animals as small os rabbits, bird.~. rut.~, and mice. But coyoccs eat whatever is easiest JO find, which may perhaps be scavenged carrion or plant materials. They also will take domestic livC$tock - calvci;, turkeys. chickens, or pig.~. In doing so, lhcy rove run afoul of farmers, who ha\'C :i strong political VOICC. Whecc coyotes e.~lish lhemsclves, the red fox disappears - either outcompel.Cd or killed outright by lhe coyote. Foi1 hunters arc but a small part of the NCWRC con.~utucncy. but lhcy. 100, arc vocal and consti1u1e a strong lobbymg group for !heir aclivilie~. Thus an open season on lhis "undesirable alien." "Nobody believes lhnt lhe coyote population can be eradicated, but we don't want JO hinder anybody's cffons to conLrOI a specific situauon; says Peny Sumner of lhe NCWRC. The coyote may also have a damaging effect on nl!CmptS to reintroduce lhe red wolf, anolhec prcd:itor. The budget for red wolf remr.mduction includes money for indemni1ies to farmers who lose livestock lhrough red wolf predation. The small populations or red wolves presently loose III the wild are fairly easy IO moo11or. But if these populations grow, it will become more difficult to tell if a predation incident is caused by a wolf or a coyoie. Any pralation will lhen become "wolf predation" in lhe eyes of formers who will in~is1 on payment. "This could break lhe budget of the wolf progmm, • says Sumner, and could abort Lhc: whole reintroduction proje,cL TOO MANY DEER N&llltll World News Scrvia, In lhe late 1980s, eminent biologists William Alverson, Donald Waller, and Stephen Solheim reported lluu an overabundance of deer was damaguig ran: undcrsiory planlS in Pennsylvama. including some plants also found in lhe Southern Appalachians. Damaged plants were found even in the middle of a 4,07S acre virgin foresL Now a 1992N01ural A.rtas Journal on.icle by Sco11 Miller and Susan Brnuon documen~ lhc imrac1 of deer browsing on lhrealened and endangered pl.inLS across lhe United States. Based on a review of scientific literature on the \ubjcx:1 and interviews wilh 173 scientist..~. na1ural h~niage inventory bo1.0J11sts, Nature Conscrvoncy land stewanls, federal land resource managers, and US foh and Wildlife ci1pcns, Miller and Bratton compiled a list of 98 rare planl~ commonly disturbed by d<XC ovcrbrowsmg. The ~,udy found Lhat fedcrally lhre:itcned and cnd.mgcred plants like lhe Virgini:i round leaf bU'Ch, small-whorled pogonia, and swamp-pink are at ri~. Olhcc pfanl~ native JO Lhc Southern Appalachmn.s are affocled by deer as well: the list mcludcs over 40 Soulbem APJl31achian species IJlCluding spider-lily, gm,;cng, blazing star, Canada lily, Gray's lily, bog twaybladc, Appalachian 1woybladc, 1111d nonhcrn pitcher plont Miller and Brnuon llOIC Lhal deer populauons in many an:a1 are higbct than they have been hisl0rie31ly. They suggCSt that human disturbance, fragmentation. and a high proporuon of early suce. ~iOIUII gro"''lh are contributing 10 the problem. ... In addition, they nnc.1 that fragmentauon makes rare plant communities more a::ccssible to deer. �used cultum'struggling t6 be heard, Iather than being a pioneer on the fringes. Pathelic Art is not an expression of naive resignation, but an acknowledgement that irony, when you're getting gang-banged in an information orgy, is a pipe dream." Ceremonial chairlbcis 1/iie been for thousands of years by many cultures to provide a unifying force to help bond human beings together in a common spirit with shared values and attitudes. The rituals and ceremonies varied, but the basic principles of developing inner awareness and understanding of the Universe were similar. A oon-projir organiUllion called The Fo1111da1io11 For Earth's Ancestral Voices has been Ionned to work specifically on completing the Sound Chamber in Swannanoa, NC. The foundation is seeking donations in order to comp/ere construction of the dome. For more information write: The Foundalion For Earth's Ancestral Voices; 302 Old Fellowship Road; Swannanoa, NC 28778. - from Ralph Rugoff in tht catalog for a show in Los Angeles tilled "Just Palhdic. • Utne Reader, lpg 99) Noo/D« 1992 ~ SOUND CHAMBER IN SWANNANOA SEEKS HELP The World Peace/Sound Chamber being built at the Eanh Center in Swannanoa, NC is the eighteenth such chamber to be constructed. These chambers are scattered around the world in England, Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, Australia, Germany, Austria, France Finland, and the United States (in New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Connecticut, Tennessee, Florida, Georgia, New York, and Nonh Carolina). An unassuming man known as Joseph Rael or Beautiful Painted Arrow is the visionary father of these chambers. Pathetic Art Has Arrived "... although artists throughout history have been able to stand outside society, secure in their ability to define art and to offer social commentary, today they can fill no such vital role. Artists are more marginalized than ever - and these days, marginality means being trapped inside the media c.o~itlt. taoo~ CA.\'\.~ S ?066~ 1804 ~~bl.!:.~,tt.c . 2.8"7 l.5"' "The arc.1'$ oldest and large,;t natural foods grocery • Programs lo encourage self and Earth awareness, Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains Vitamins & Supplements WJ1eat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods Dairy Substitutes Hair & Skill Care Products Beer & Wine Making Supplies celebfotlon. ldnshp and hope. • Youlll Camps • School Programs • Family Camps· Teacher Training • Communery P,ograms • Camp 518/t Traln.,g • Ouldoor Program Consulting PO Box 1306 615-436-6203 whole earth grocery .,,..ka dda of Big Co.., of iradltloru and •Ing, 1bc Boow<-r Dana, Crttn Corn Dance and other, with drum and rank• WHERE THE RAVENS ROOS1 NATURAL MARKET WHOLE FOODS • BULK FOODS • VITAMINES • HERDS • FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE our FOODS . SNACKS . NO SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL 265-2700 823 Blowing Rock Rd Boone, NC 28607 Xatuan Journ<it page 30 • NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR HEALTHFUL LIVING 446 e.parkway craft center • suit~ 11 g;itlinburg. tcnncsscc 37738 615-436-6967 -r,; ~ ~ , "'~ 200 W. ~.ing St, Boone, NC 28607 GOHlnbt.rg, Temossoo 3n311 ~ Cherokee 1raJi1ional ,oni:, of Wallie, Calhoun Snrero, AS AN wrffM1>1NQ R)U( Rtco,u)jNI) ff T1U: UUAU o, co,:qun CAS<tTn ""° MoulJTAll< IIOOl!UT $ ll Clmu UNIVllUn'Y 1-IDITAG1c WEJ11XH CAAOUNA Cuuowm:r, NC 28723 (7~} 264-S220 TaDing ua,-es is I monlbly jow'na1 of deep ecology, 111SPiml persooaJ ac:11v1sm rooted in eanhea spnitualil)'. PU! iSSUC$ have feanwd art1clts by Gary Soyder, Statbawk, John Seed, Joaona Macy, Bill Devall, Looe Wolf Circles. Bartiara Mor, eic. Talhng UOW!S speaks for the oatural world aod for 1be rekindling of our own wild spu11. Subscriptions arc $18.00 one year/ $24.00 OUISide U.S. Tallci11g ua,-u 1430 W1tlamette 11367 Eu,aie, OR 97401 503/342-2974 Wtnter, 1992-93 �BOOK REVIEWS: Beyond the Beauty Strip: Saving What's Left of Our Forests - by Mitch Lansky This new book by Mitch Lansky has been touted as one of the most imponant books about the Stale of the environment since Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Mitch is a resident of Wytopillock, Maine who has become known as a "premier backwoods rebel" challenging many of'the accepted assertions about the timber and wood producl'> indusoies. His book presents clear facts about what has happened to the North Woods and considers the economic, political and social influences that have added to the serious ecological problems there. A major event that spurred the author into action occurcd in 1976 when he watched as planes dropped pesticides on his propeny. rle later sued the company responsible and sraned the citizens group called PEST {Protect our Environment from Sprayed Toxins). PEST was successful in regulating existing spray progams by introducing the use of compunds such as Bt and creating buffer zones. The group disbanded in 1988 after pesticide spraying programs ceased in Maine. Beyond tire Beauty Strip offers a hard look at the effeclS of industrial forest management and the results of "bottom-line" liquidations of forests so prevalent in the I 980's. Mitch has brought together convincing information that points to changes thut must happen in order for business. human communities, and the forests to find a sustainable relationship with one another. As a man who has done many kinds of work in the lumbering trade, and who has thoroughly researched forestry issues, this book is yet another log of evidence in the clarion call for sane forestry! bioregional circles: "Two monsterS have ruined agriculture and country life, as they have ruined cities and city life. These monsters are private speculative ownership of land and the centralized overuse of the factory." It is reassuring to know that the bioregional movement has such able predecessors. "The School of Living is an educational organization dedicated to teaming and teaching the philosophy, practices, and principles of living that are self-empowering for individuals within the general aim of establishing decentralized, ecologically sound, self-governed, and humane communities. All of its resources, but most specifically the land it holds in trust, arc held in responsible stewardship for present and future generations." This is the mission statement of the School of Living which is remarkably similar to the cuhural side of many bioregional statements. The bioregional movement has sought to blend the preservation of regional biodiversity with the maintenance of human cultural concerns while revealing the impacts these forces have on one another. This inherently antagonistic mix.cure has proven 10 be very difficuh to resolve. to say the least. and has in some ways overloaded the bioregional movement to the point where its very wholism is what makes it vulnerable to exclusion as a "fringe idea" by the general populace. No maner how much a good idea appeals to common sense, those seeking social and ecological justice are not in power, and often don't want to be. This book shows again that grassroots groups and individuals acting on their own conscience must continue 10 insist on justice if justice is to manifest in the world. - reviews by Rob Messick THE INST11lJTE FOR DEEP ECOLOGY EDUCATION otrww A 2-Week Summer School in APPUED DEEP ECOLOGY ~f.14,1993 Shet!M R . - C . - , Philo. C4 sn Reshaping Modern Culture: The Story of the School of living and Its FoU11dtr • by Mildred Jensen Loomis lolitt~r. 1992-93 For a listing ofbooks published by rhe School of Living, including Reshaping Modern Culture ($17.50 plus postage), write ro: School of Living; R.D. I, Box 185A; Cochranville, PA /9330 or call (215) 593-6988. This IS I/IUJnsive tramrng for scwtsts, educators. thersp,scs. and community organizers The program will offer sklll bu,fdmg in eco-psychology. restoration ecology. communrr:y mcervention. end new educational tech111ques for transform,ngenv,ronmenr.alvelues end behavior. Join With our diverse faculty m bndg,ng the "gep· between culture end nature, UI' ben end wild, soc,af 1usace end deep ecology. Order from: Tilbury llouse Publishers; The Boston Building; 132 Water S"eet; Gardiner, ME 04345 ($19.95 plus postage). In 1934 Ralph Borsodi founded the School of Living in southeastern Pennsylvania. It soon became a place where advocates ofself-surlicient living and land trusts came 10 work, :.tudy, and live. The author of the book Reshaping Modern Culrure, Mildred Loomis, joined the school soon after its inception and was a leader in work done there until her death in 1986. With a lively inlroduction from Hazel Henderson, this work gives a detailed description of the history of the School of Living and its founder, but it also serves as an inspiration for relative newcomers to decentralization principles in the bioregional movement. The following statement by Borsodi lc.ipt out at me as a confirmation of the same problems we have come up against in Ralph Borsodi wrote prolificly about the errors of modem industrial society, and his argumencs against it are perhaps even more relevant today than when they were first wriuen. Today the School of Living continues his work with projects in community land trusts, permaculture, geonomics, and alternative education, and production of their membership newsleucr Green Revolution. Facu/tymcfude: Joanna Macy, Bilf Devall, Randy Heyes, Elizabeth Roberts, Ed Grumbine, Rechel CARDS byRobl\/~ Get a set of 10 assorted folding cards with artwork as seen in Katiiah Journal. Send $11.25 ppd to: Rob Messick Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC 28645 Bagby, Freeman House, David Abrsm, Suphsnis Kiwi, Csrl Anthony, Ds l/id HHnks, Uu Faithom, Alan Drwngson, & ~ ers. Greduer.s credit end Continvin(I Educeaon credit IIVStlBbfe. For brochure ca/I or fax: (3D3) 939-8398 or write THE INST1TUTE FOR DEEP ECOLOGY EDUCATION, Bo.x229D, Boulder, Colorado, B03D6. ,C.Otuan Jolmia!. pn1JC 3 1 �DECEMBER FEBRUARY 20 SW ANNANOA, NC Chanting in the newly completed Peace Chamber held each Swiday at 5 pm. For info, contact The Earth Center; 302 Old Fellowship Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28778. (704) 298-3935. 21 8 22-27 MARSHALL, NC Ladderback Chairmaking tutorial with Drew Langsner. Traditional woodworlcing skills and use of specialized hand tools. Enrollment limited to two students. $575 includes meals and lodging. Pre-register. For info on this and other tut0riaJs, contact: Country Workshops; 90 MiU Creek Rd.; Marshall, NC 28753. (704) 656-2280. Winter Solstice ST. MARYS, GA 10th Annual Peace Witness and Reunion at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base. Sponsored by From Trident 10 Life. Contact: Metanoia Community; 1702 Hwy. 70 E.; St Marys, GA 31558. (912) 882-4820. 26-28 HOT SPRINGS, NC Annual New Year's Retreat. Meditation, chanting, and meditative movement to welcome the new year, led by Marcia Rose and John Orr. $295 includes vegan meals and lodging. Pre-register: Dharma Rettcat Center; Rt. 1, Box 34-H; Hot Springs, NC 28743. (704) 622-7112. Full Moon MARCH 27-1/4 8 20 SWANNANOA,NC Fire ceremony offered ror the healing of Earth's waters, held on the 7th of each month. Contact The Earth Center. See · 12/20. 7 Spring Equinox SWANNANOA, NC Sacred sounds workshop offered by Beautiful Painted Arrow (Joseph Rael). For info, cont.act: The Earth Center. See 12/20. 20 8 Full Moon 8 JANUARY Full Moon SWANNANOA, NC Gathering of Tiospaye. Celebration and fellowship with the extended Earth.centered family. Potluck meal. For info, contact The Earth Center. See 12/20. Drawing by Rob Messick 21 SWANNANOA, NC Dedication of the Peace Chamber. Ceremonies will also include initiation of the elders and a Wopelia (''giveaway") of thanksgiving for the completion of the Chamber. Contact: The Eanh Center. See 12/20. - - life's necessiti.csfor kss - - FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co-oP KalmiaCenter, Inc. Sylva, NC (704) 293-3015 Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal, colloidal phosphate & many more products and services for abundant gardening and healthful living. rJ ':Thu ~ Sarujy M,,sh Htrb Nurse,y WHOLE FOODS VITAMINS ORGANIC PRODUCE 160 Broadway Asheville, North Carolina Open 7 Days a Week Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm Saturday 9 am· 6:30 pm Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm NATIVE FLUTES Two styles mode of cedar or wolnu1 woods In the traditional manner Hawk Littlejohn Sourwood Farm Rt 1, Box 172-L Prospect Hill, NC 27314 (919) 562-3073 WREATHS • POTPOURRI • HERBS • TOPIARY Complete Herb Catalog - $4 Describes more tha11 800 plants from Aloe to Yam,w Rt 2, Surretl Co,•e Road Leicester, North Carolina 28748 Plio11e for appointment to visit (704) 683-2014 lv!.ntcr, 1992-93 �•• ~ BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK supplemented with two casseucs. Suesscs alphabet & proper pronunciauon. The first textbook wriuco for use in ieaching and learning lhe Cherokee langW!gc. (346 pages) $39.95 plus S5.00 shipping. Camlog also available with tapes, books, pipes, dance sticks. drums, feathers, furs, buffalo products nnd more. Craft supplies also availnblc. (please specify). Send $2.00 to the Musknu Trader; P.O. Box 20033; Roanoke. VA 24018. THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM · is an unconventional library; free and open to lhe public. Our collection interests include the environment, social and political issues, the media and peace. We have over 200 magazine suoocriptions. The book and video collections also emphasize lhe environment and political concerns. Booics and VCR's can be checked OUL A video player is available for watching films in lhe reading room. Located at 2 Wall St.#114; Asheville, NC 28801 (704) 252-2501. Mon/Wed/Fri 6-gpm • Tues/Thur l 8pm - Sat/Sun l-6pm 0 BACK TO THE SOURCE • is an adventure m the spcciacular beauty of our remaining wilderness nnd is the highest quality backpacking guide sctvice available. We spcciali7,e in small group, minimal ,mpact JOumcys into the most remote wildlands m ,\mcrica. For a brochure wnte: Back to the Source. Lee Mercer; 3611 White Ave; Baltimore, MD 21206. (410) 426-6016. \UTOI\OMF.: DISTRIBUTION - is a unique mail order nnd rCIJlil 0111Jc1, neither •1ef1" nor "right," th:11 cnme-s hanl to find books, magazines, bumperstickcr.., buttons, post cards, lapcs, posters, and ~hirts We rc:iturc items that encourage self-determination and commuruty rather than government or "partisan· !;O(ulions. We dare to dream of a future without o)1Jll'ession, where we aui live m harmony with nnture, while each having all that is needed ror personal dignity, happiness, and hbcny. If these goals interest you, send SI and one 29 cent stamp to receive our catalog: Autonome Distribution; P.O. Box 791191; New Orleans, LA 70179. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, WATER.AND SANITATION - Dealcr/ill.5t.aller of photovoltaic, micro-hydro, and other independent electric systems, energy conserving bulbs and showcrheads, solar and wood-burning water heaters, cisterns and composti.ng toilets, water filtration, and more: Ekat/EcOIOICCh; 1.50 Gravel Licit Rd.: Dreyfus, KY 40426;phonc((i()6)986-6146. WISE WOMAN TRADmON • Spring Greens Weekend will be held April 30-May 2 in the NC mountains with Whitewolf. L.eam to identify and create med!cmes with the healing herbs or Spring and cclebrat.e the return or Green Life! Suggc.~ doruluon SIOO (~liding scale ror work cxchange): Whit.ewolf; P.O. Boll 576; Asheville, NC 28802. EARTI-1 KEEPER. a quancrly publication rediscovering Ancient Wisdom and ArL Earth Keeper is fcawring articles on native ceremonies, spirituality, crafts, simple living, relationships, an, herbs and plants, recycling, and much more! One year sub!lCriplion foe $14. Two years ror only $24: Earth Keeper; P.O. Box 242-K: Whiuicr, NC 28789. NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONIALS· feawres handcrafu:d Native American ceremonial supplies. We carry drums, pipes, mules, flutes, pipe bags, feathers, rawhide, swcetgra.Ss, sage, tobaccos, abalone shells, buckskin, cercmonial herbs, bead loom and bell lots. native maps, and more. Free catalog! Nauve American Ceremooials; P.O. Box 1062; Cherokee, NC 28719. HAYWOOD COUNTY - Are you tired or "uavcling" to workshops and "paying" for knowledge? Are you intere.sl.Cd in Mother Earth; bancring products and services; giving/auending workshops in herbalism, beekeeping, auto mechanics, ete.? Not a "club," a community. Call Dana@ (704) 926-8008 or 452-3538 with your ideas. FOUR DIRECTIONS PRODUCTION COMPANY • J>reSCnts the first program in the \•idco series, "Que.st of the Eanh Kccpcrs," a ,;cries on the ritual~. c:anh-hcaling pracuces, and ccremooics ol indigenous cultures around the world. Featured m the first producuon is •Sun Bear/ Vision of the Mcdic,nc Wheel." a video oo persona.I and planetary healing: Four Dircc:uons Producoon Company; P.O. Box 70; Valley Head, AL 35989. Alternatives ... The Dvectnry of lntentw11,,1I Conununitiet ,~ the product Of two years Of J01Cns1ve n:sean:h, illld IS the most comprehensive and occuraw direct.Ory avadal>le. ltdocu· mcnts the ,•1s1on and the c:btly h£c of more lhan 350 eommunillc.s m North America, and more than 50 on other contincnb. Each community\ hsung include.s name, address. phone, and 3 dcs.;npoon of the group. E~tcns1v,: cross-referencing and 111ll.;.<mg m:Jkc,, the information easy to accc.~li for a wick: vwicty of users. Includes maps, over 250 odd,tiorml RC)Ource listings, and 40 related articles. 328 pages 8-l/2xl I PcrfC<.'thound October 1990 ISBI'< Number. 0-9602714-1-4 Sl6.00 Add S2.00 postage & handling for first bOok, S.50 for each additional: 40% discount on orders of IO ur more. Alpha Fann. Deadwood, OR (503) 964-5102 LM'f BALD EAGLES - arc\tii~g ii; ~nncssee Valley in unu.~ually high numbers this year :is n result of rec«d cold ttmpenuuros in the northern states. The Ch:uunooga Nature Centi!!' IIMOWlCCS "Engle Wateh 1993," a film and eagle view,ng session prcscnl.Cd by the centcr's program coordinator Ray Zimmerman and members or the Emma Bell Mjlcs Chapw or the Audubon Society. Dale: Janua,y 10, 2 to 5 P.M. Cose S2 to $5. Contact Ray Zimmerman@ (615) 821-1160 for details. LAND TRUSTS - have saved over 2.7 million acres in America. In spite of this, most people do not n:allzc how land truSts operate or how lnnd truSts can help individuals and communities protect the land they love. A new video, "Land Trusts in America: Guardians or lhe Future,• is useful to anyone in the conservation community: Land Trust Alliance; 900 Seventeen.th SL NW, Suit.e 410: Washington, DC 20006-2501. THE APPALACHIAN TRAil. CONFERENCE its 32 alrlWlled clubs, and 5,400 members have been mairuaining the 2,143 mile Georgia lO ~-f.ainc footpath since its completion decades ago. Today dedicated volunl.CClll share in efforts U) ensure permanent protection of lhe footpath and surrounding grecnway. To find the club nearest you, writ.e: Appalachian Trail Conference; P.O. Box 807; Harpers Ferry, WV 25425-0807. COMMON GROUND • the annual Journal where grassroots women speak from the heart. Our 1992 issue wa.s wriuen by indigenous women throughout North America. Our 1993 issue will focus 011 farmworker women of all colors and cultures. A second publication, "Groundings." is a !-ea'iOn:il newslci!ct which builds a 11Ctwork of solidarity. published by a community or people who experiment in non-violent v.-ay~ of doing justice: Common Ground; P.O Box 64717; Baton Rouge, LA 70896. THERE ARE AN ESTIMATED 3,000 intentional commun1ues m the United State$. "Follow the Din Road,· a new video by mdcpcndcnt filmmaker, Monique Gauthier, is an excellent introduction tor anyone int=tcd in the succci;.,;cs and struggles of con1cmporary int.eriuonal communities: Send S28 to Monique Gaulh1e{ - FTDR; I Evcrg,ccn Ct.; Landcnburg, PA 19350-9389. GANDHI, A PRACTICING ATTORNEY, once said that "the true function of a lawyer wa~ to un1t.e parues riven a~under. • A new organi.7.alion has been <:litablishcd to create a ncr.worlc or t.,wycrs, law students, and olhcr conflict resolution professionals. The group wdl explore ways to seek resolution of issues through mcdi:u.ion, using the courts only as a last resort. A guiding principle or lhc group is respect for the dignity of each person involved. Another goal is helping children of divorce by reducing the conflict between their parents. Wnie: lntcmauonal Alliance of Holistic Lawyers; P.O. Box 26; Middlebury, VT 05753. LOCAL ACCOUNTANr would like to assist cnvironmcnmlly-awu,c businesses in their accounting and booklcccp1ng wort: Sherman Bamford: 163 Beavetdam Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804. , Wtbworklng i.f available for $2 .50 (prtpai4) for eaeh entry of 50 words or lts.s. Submil tnlriesfor ISSUL 1138 by Ftbruary 15. /993. Mail 10 Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; LtllOir, NC 28645. (704} 754.6()97, 1.littt«, 1992-93 Xotiiah Jour nal JXl(JC 33 I �Dear Members of Katu.ah Journal, After nearly 10 years of service to the Katuah Bioregional Province, the KJltuah Journal newspaper will be ceasing publication in the summer of 1993. We have not been able to find enough people able to take long term responsibility for a project of this scale on a volunteer basis. While we are stopping the journal, we will keep the non-profit organization "Katuah" alive in order to have the option of carrying out future In the spring we will publish issue #38 devoted to alternative transportation in the Katuah bioregion. The final summer issue will contain an index to the KJltuah /011rnal, a listing of other bioregionally-oriented organizations in the province, and tie up loose ends. Thank you for your generous support of KJltuah /ournal over the years. Without your help the paper would not have been as vibrant or as vital as it has been. bioregional projecls. We decided to end the tradition of publishing the The Board of Directors for the Katuah organization will consist of: David Wheeler, Rob Messick, and Lee Barnes. We will meet at least once a year to keep track of organization business and to discuss future options. Any member who has project ideas or is interested in participating in this process should write us at: Katuah Futures; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645 or call (704) journal with some measure of strength, rather than watch it slowly fizzle out. If you have comments or suggestions for the future, we would like to hear from you. Sincerely, KJltrlah Journal Staff 754-6097. D.. I would like to order issues: #38 (Spring 1993) Alternative Transportation #39 (Summer 1993) Index & Resources For a total value o/$5.00 J<atuah Journal Rt. 8 Box 323 Lenoir, NC Katuah Province 28645 Issue #39 of the Kati,ah Jo11rnal \viii contain a resource guide to groups and organizations devoted to protecting and restoring the natural world in the bioregion and working to sustain the web of life and our human economic and social systems in Katuah. We have postulated the following categories of activity: Regional Economy Health and Healing Appropriate Technology Appropriate Transportation Councils & Decision Making Peace Issues & Conflict Resolution Shelter Education Agriculture Spiritual Life Natural Emlogy .D111wing by Mic:haal Thompson Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Town _ _ _ _ _ _ State___ Zip _ _ __ The success of this project will depend on your participation. Please send us information about your group and other groups that are working in your area. Offer other categories, if you like. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary. Give name, address, phone number, a one paragraph description of their work, and possibly a brief quote expressing their purpose. Enclose a copy of the organizational logo, if possible, and any photographs or drawings of group activities or the products of their work. Please also enclose your name, address, and phone in case there is a need for follow-up contacts. Submissions must be received by April 31, 1993. Mail to Katuah Journal; Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, N"C 28645. ,.,inter, 1992- 93 �, -·~KATUAH KONFUSION:·- Katuah konfvs1 on has \>een canceled due to ,.e11 censo,.sn"i?. ihe c:ar"toon i st ha~ 'oeen fired because he. is oe,. full of *@* %. BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE ISSUE FOUR • SUMMER 1984 Water Drum - WalU Quality - Kudzu - Solar Eclipse - Clearculling - Trout - Going io Water - Ram Pumps - Microhydro. Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne MiUer ISSUE FIVE- FALL 1984 Harvest - Old Ways in Cherokee • Ginseng • Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic Heritage • Bioregionalism: Past, Present, and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing Darkness - Politics of Panicipation ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984-8S Winier Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasrurea River· Coming of the Light • Log Cabin Root • Mountain Agriculwre: The Right Crop - William Taylor - The Future of the Forest ISSUE SEVEN· SPRING 198S Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit Union - Wild Turlcey - Responsible Investing Working in the Web of Life ISSUE EIGHT- SUMMER 1985 Celebration: A Way of Life - Katll3h 18,000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in the Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems:. Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center . Who Owns Appalachia? ISSUE NINE· FALL 198S The Waldce Forest - The Trees Spealc • Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Starting a Tree Crop Urban Trees - Acom Bread· Mylh Tune ISSUE TEN - WINTER 198S-86 Kate Rogers - Circles of Sione - Jntemal Mythmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial - Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Places - The Ulaena's Talc Crystal Magic - "Drcamspcalcing" ISSUE THIRTEEN - FALL 1986 Center FOi' Awakening - Elizabeth Ca.llari - A Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan - Dealing Creatively with Death - Horne Burial Box - The Wake . The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom - Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87 Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogers and Mummers - AU Species Day · Cabin Fever University - Homeless in Katunh - Homemade H01 Water • Stovemaker's Narrative - Good Medicine: lnl.Cl$p0Cies Communication ISSUE FIFfEEN • SPRING 1987 Coverlets - Woman Forester - Susie McMahan: Midwife • Alternative Contraception - Bioscituality • Bioregionalism and Women - Good Medicine: Mmrinrchal Culture - Ptarl We 11ave limited numbers of particular back issues. Order back issues soo11 to i11s11re availabilitlJ, TI1cre are no more entire sets of Katt,ah Jounral available. Tlte ,rear complete sets of back issues will be di111i11isl1i11g as limited copies sell out. ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987 Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision Quest - Fust Flow - lnitia1ion • Learning in the Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees· ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88 Vernacular Architeclure - Dreams in Wood and Stone - Mountain Home - Eanh Energies - Eanh-Sheltcred Living - Membrane Houses - Brush Shelier . Poems: Octobu Dusk • Good Medicine: · shelier" ISSUE NINETEEN - SPRING 1988 Perelandra Garden· Spring Tonics - Bl11Cberries • Wildflower Gardens - Granny Herbalist - Flower Essences: - "The Origin of the Animals:" Story Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Tree ISSUE 1WENTY • SUMMER 1988 Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Highlands of Roan - Celo Commllllity - I.and Trust - Arthur Morgan School - Zoning Issue • "The Ridge" • Farmers and the Farm Bill • Good Medicine: "Land" - Acid Raio - Duke's Power Play • Cherokee Microhydro Project ISSUE TWENTY-TWO-WINTER 1988-89 Global Warming - rll'C This Time. Thomas Berry on "Bioregions· - Earth Exercise - Kort Loy McWhiner - An Abundance of Emptiness - LETS • Chrooicles of Floyd - Darry Wood • The Bear Clan ISSUE 1WBNTY-THREE - SPRING 1989 Pisgah Village - Planet Alt - Green City - Poplar Appeal· "Clear Sky" • •A New Eanh". Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days - Reviews: Sacred lllnd Sacred Sa, let Age - Poem: ·sudden Tendrils" ISSUE lWENTY-FOUR • SUMMER 1989 Deep Llsiening - Life in Atomic City - Direct Action! - Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers - Ethnic Survival - Pairing Project · "Baulcsong" - Growing Peace in Cultures • Review: The Chalice and 1lu: Bfodt ISSUE TWENTY-SIX - WINTER, 1989-90 The Ecozoic Era - Kids Saving RainfOl'est - Kids Trcecycling Company - Conflict Rcsolul.ion Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power - Magic of Puppetry - Home Schooling • Naming Ceremony Mother Earth's Classroom - Gardening for Children ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN· SPRING, 1990 Transformation - Healing Power - Peace l0 Their Ashes - Healing in Kaulah • Poem: "When Ldt to Grow· - Poems: Stephen Wing - The Belly · Food from the Ancient Forest ISSUE TWENTY-NINE -FALL/WINTER 1990 From the Mountains to the Sea - Profde of The Liu!c Tennessee River . Headwaters Ecology - •11 AU Comes Down 10 Water Quality" - Ware Power. Action for Aquatic Hnbil1llS - Dawn Watehcrs - Good Medicine: The Long Humnn Being - The Nonh Shore Road • Kattlah Sells Out • Waiershed Map of the Katuah Province ISSUE nnRTY • SPRING 1991 Economy/Ecology • Ways to a Regenerative &onOl'ny • "Money is the Lowest Form or Wealth" • Clarksville Miracle - The Village - Food Movers. Lifework • Good Medicine; "Village l!conomy• Shelton Lawe! • LETS ISSUE nnRTY-ON'E - SUMMER 1991 Dowsing • Responsibilities of Dowsing • Elecuical Life of the Earth - Katiiah and the Earth Grid • Call of the Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: "On Aggression• - Time to Take the T!Dlc to Take the Time - Whole Science - Tuning In ISSUE nnRTY-TWO • FALL 1991 Bringing back the Fire - A Bit or Mountain Levity . Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah Walking Distance· Good Medicine: "Serving the Great Life" - The Granola Journal - Paintings: "Mountain Stories"- Songs of the Wilderness ISSUE THIRTY-Tl-lREE • WINTER 1991-92 Fire's Power - What ls Natural • Fire and Forge The rlfSI rll'C - Hearth and Fire in the Mountains Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" - Midwinter rlf'CS: poems by Jeffery Beam - Litmus Lichens ISSUE nnRTY-FOUR - SPRING 1992 Paradise Gardening - Community Sponsored Agriculwre - Eating Close 10 Home - Native Foods - Cover Crops - Kalunh Cultivars - The Web or Life: A Kalll3h Almanac - Good Medicine "Medicine Training• - Poems by AUison Sutherland ISSUE nnRTY-FlVE - SUMMER 1992 Consensus - Problems with Consensus - Tribal Council · Elda - The State of Franklin - Regional Rainbow - Steve Moon: Shell Engravings • Good Medicine "Medicine Training ll" - A Look Back ISSUE 1HIRTY-SIX • FALL 1992 Using Wood • Appalachian Logging - Old Logging Days - Working the Woodhlnds - Logging with Horses - Invasion of the Giants - From Industry io Endeavor - Ecological Forestry - The Chair in the Tree - Reading the Grove Back Issues: Issue# _ @ $3.00 = $_ __ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $_ __ rssue # __@ $3.00 = $._ _ _ Issue# __@ $3.00 = $._ __ Name postage paid $ _ __ Address Chy Near Complete Set: State Zip (4-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-36) postage paid @ $50.00 =$ _ __ Ka tuah Journal Rt. 8, Box 323 Lenoir, NC Ka tuoh Province 28645 • (704) 754-6097 lvLnter, 1992- 93 Xati1nn Journal p<llJ& 3 S � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 37, Winter 1992-1993 Description An account of the resource The thirty-seventh issue of the Katúah Journal is dedicated to creative works that represent bioregionalism and biovisions: stories, essays, drawings, and local legends. An announcement explains that, while the publication is coming to an end in 1993, there are plans to continue the Katúah Organization which will focus on bioregional projects. Authors and artists in this issue include: Dennis K. Frederick, Rob Messick, Will Ashe Bason, James Rhea, Barbara Wickersham, Fran Freudenberger, Lucile Morgan, Bob Johnson, "Pegi", Charlotte Homsher, Doug Elliott, Michael Thompson, Gerald George, and Rhea Ormond. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-1993 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. In The Morning by Dennis Frederick.......1 Green Man and Green Woman by Rob Messick.......4 Floyd 2020 by Will Ashe Bason.......7 Ecology by Rob Messick.......8 Drawing of Sequoyah by James Rhea.......9 The Legend of James Whitehead by Barbara Wickersham.......10 Raven! by Fran Freudenberger........11 Kid's Page.......12 Rhea's Fairies.......13 Drawings by Lucile Morgan........14 Drawing by Bob Johnson.......15 Drawings by Pegi.......16 The Solitary Tree by Charlotte Homsher.......17 Wildwoods Wisdom by Doug Elliott.......18 Natural World News.......20 Mandalas by Rob Messick........22 Gourds by Michael Thompson.......23 Poem: A View from Hawk's Nest by Gerald George.......24 Economy by Rob Messick.......25 Drumming.......26 Reviews: Beyond the Beauty Strip | Reshaping Modern Culture by Rob Messick.......31 Events.......32 Webworking.......33 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern Appalachian Region, Southern--Social life and customs--Miscellanea Legends--Tennessee--Roan Mountain Floyd County (Va.)--Fiction North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Book Reviews Children's Page Community Earth Energies Ecological Peril Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Pigeon River Poems South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Villages Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance https://omeka-test.library.appstate.edu/files/original/8b28bad70c563af988d313aa9367f9f6.pdf 8097a88c117a588a76a65bf9c99a6059 PDF Text Text URNAL ISSUE 38 SPRING 1993 SUSTAINABLE TOURING $2.00 ��TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives by Michal Smith I am Michal Smith, a writer, editor and researcher. I presently live and work in the state of Kentucky. Since the mid- 1980's I have specialized in workplace studies, including case studi~ of employee involvement processes in the manufacturing sector for the U.S. Department of Labor and the United Nations, a study of the safety implications of the petrochemical industry's growing reliance upon contract workers for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a regional economic development study for the state of Texas, and a study of the impact of tourism development. which I am here today t0 discuss. Specifically, my testimony is based upon a study, conducted from 1988 to 1989, of the impact of t0urism development on local people, particularly rural women, who routinely form the backbone of this industry. The study focused on rural counties in 12 southeastern StalCS, including North Carolina. h concluded that the presumed "opportunities" associated with tourism development are marginal and minimal. In fact, people who live and work in JCot.uah ~naL JX!9e 6 1\1 1 u nuoc ,, w,:,Ju 1 tourism economies suffer the ultimate irony, contributing tax dollars to help promote and support an industry that has done litde, possibly nothing to improve their quality of life. They have watched hotels, restaurants, highways, shops and amusement parks consume their communities while "human infrastructure" -- meaningful jobs, training, health care and child care - has suffered the consequences of government neglect and indifference. Funded by the Ford Foundation, its Aspen Institute Rural Economic Policy Program and the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, my study included a selected county-level comparative analysis of Census data from 1970 and 1980 and a case study of Sevier County, Tennessee, home of Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, perhaps the most successful rural tourism development in the southeastern United States. The 84 rural counties examined in the study were selected based upon 1970 and 1984 employment data reponcd in Colllll)' Business Patterns as compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Census. These counties were identified as having experienced high employment growth in the hotel indusay, which is clearly associated with the expansion of a tourism or travel industry. Twenty-three of the "high-growth" counties identified experienced hotel industry employment growth in excess of 500 perccnL Broadly, I found that beyond the small pool of management and short-term, male-dominated construction industry jobs, tourism economics are sustained by food servers, maids and retail clerks. Traditionally held by women, these jobs almost invariably offer minimum wages, no benefits and virtually no opportunity for advancemenL Among the study's findings about these 84 booming rural tourism developments were: • Uncmploymentcontinued to rise steadily from 1970 to 1984 in virtually every county identified by the study. - Women continued to experience higher unemployment rates than men in rural tourism counties in spite of the indusay's heavy reliance upon a female labor force. - While overall poverty rates declined for families in general in the counties studied. poor families headed by women increased �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records Description An account of the resource Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.  The Katúah Journal was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others. This digital collection is only a portion of the Katúah-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the Katúah Journal. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This resource is part of the Katúah Journal Records collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-1993 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource journals (periodicals) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katúah Journal, Issue 38, Spring 1993 Description An account of the resource The thirty-eighth, and final, issue of the Katúah Journal focuses on sustainable tourism and transportation that is environmentally and culturally responsible. Authors and artists in this issue include: Marcus L. Endicott, Michal Smith, Lee Barnes, Patrick Clark, Mark Schimmoeller, Billy Jonas, Renee Binder, Charlotte Homsher, Douglas A. Rossman, Robert H. Rufa, David Cohen, Brownie Newman, Jasper Carlton, Danielle Droitsch, Stephen Wing, Jan Adkins, Elizabeth Howard, Denise K. Simon, EarthStar, Wade Buckholts, and Rob Messick. Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, later simplified to Katúah Journal, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Toward Sustainable Tourism in Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......1 A History of Tourism to Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......4 Tourism Development: Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives by Michal Smith.......6 Camping & Touring Through Katúah Forests by Lee Barnes.......8 Bicycle Touring in Katúah by Patrick Clark.......10 Unicycle Revolutions by Mark Schimmoeller.......12 The Bicycle Band: Appropriate Road Mode by Billy Jonas.......12 Poems by Elizabeth Howard and Denise K. Simon.......13 Sustainability of Whitewater Recreation by Renee Binder.......14 Sacred Lands by Charlotte Homsher.......16 Cherokee Mythic Sites by Douglas A. Rossman.......17 Napping by Rob Messick.......18 Why Travel? by Robert H. Rufa.......20 Natural World News.......22 Drumming.......24 Events.......32 Webworking.......33 Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Katúah Journal, printed by The Waynesville Mountaineer Press Subject The topic of the resource Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern Sustainable tourism--Appalachian Region, Southern Outdoor recreation industry--Appalachian Region, Southern Bicycle touring--Appalachian Region, Southern Sacred space--Appalachian Region, Southern Tourism--North Carolina, Western--History North Carolina, Western Blue Ridge Mountains Appalachian Region, Southern North Carolina--Periodicals Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Appalachian Region, Southern Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Journals (Periodicals) Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990s Appalachian History Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Studies Bioregional Definitions Book Reviews Cherokees Community Economic Alternatives Folklore and Ceremony Forest Issues Geography Habitat Katúah Katúah Organization Pigeon River Poems Politics Reading Resources Sacred Sites South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness) Stories Transportation Issues Turtle Island Water Quality Western North Carolina Alliance